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1. ON Biomechanics Laboratory School of Human Kinetics University of Ottawa Graph User s Manual Walter O Martindale M P E School of Physical Education and Recreation University of British Columbia and D Gordon E Robertson Ph D School of Human Kinetics University of Ottawa Last revision 29 June 2003 Copyright D G E Robertson 1994 2003 How to Prepare a Graphics Control File GRA for the Biomech Program GRAPH This outline describes how to prepare a graphics control GRA file for the program GRAPH a plotting program used with the Biomech software package GRAPH was programmed by D G E Robertson Ph D for plotting data generated by programs from the Biomech package The Biomech programs are a powerful set of software designed for computing the kinematics and kinetics of human motion from input data derived from digitized film and digitally recorded force data This software is described in another document entitled Biomech User s Manual The format of this manual is similar to that of the Biomech User s Manual in that the graphing control file will be described line by line with examples and the FORTRAN format statement describing the necessary input format of the data Each line in the GRA file will have an associated number to indicate its relative position in the file and each line will be referred to as a LINE Note not all LINEs need to be included in
2. On indicating a time interval between data elements of 02 sec a starting time of 0 0 sec and that the label should be plotted with 1 decimal digit following the decimal point on the abscissa LINE 7 is a list of variables describing the marking of the axes of your plot s 16G5 The listing is displayed as is LINE 2 Example AYMIN AYGRID AXMAX GRHT Contours AYMAX AXMIN AXGRID 0 Oe Iz OF 0 O10 0 20 e777 623 AYMIN is the position of the bottom of the graph in inches based upon the system plot routine s position for the bottom of your plot With AYMIN 0 GRAPH positions the bottom border of the plot about 1 5 inches above the bottom of the paper to allow space for labels an abscissa title and a border AYMAX is the highest position of the ordinate axis In the example AYMAX 9 indicates that the graph will be AYMAX AYMIN 9 0 9 inches in height AYGRID is the spacing for the ordinate axis AYGRID 1 indicates that the ordinate will be divided every inch AYGRID 5 would indicate that the ordinate would be divided every 5 inch and GRAPH would require that NYTICS be 19 to accommodate the 10 marks for O to 9 and the 9 marks for the 5 intervals at 0 5 1 5 2 5 etc AXMIN is the value of the abscissa array used to set the smallest value plotted on the abscissa If AXMIN is specified as zero GRAPH uses the TIME array s first element as AXMIN is scaling the axis AXMAxX is the value of the abscissa array used to set the la
3. 4 Segment 1 potential energy J 5 Segment 1 total segment energy J 6 9 Segment 2 repeated as above 10 13 Segment 3 repeated as above APPENDIX C FORCE PROGRAM FO file NOPTNS 53 1 means FORCE will write net forces and moments of force to a disk file with extension FO in the following order FORCE computes joint forces in the order specified in your Biomech control file Note if a support moment is computed it is the tenth record after the three joints of the lower extremity RECORD DATA 1 Segment 1 proximal joint X force N 2 Segment 1 proximal joint Y force N 3 Segment 1 proximal joint moment of force N m 4 6 Segment 2 repeated as above 7 9 Segment 3 repeated as above 10 Possibly the support moment 10 12 Segment 4 repeated as for segment 3 etc JP file NOPTNS 71 1 means FORCE will write the joint angular velocities net moments of force and the power produced by the moments of force to a disk file with extension JP in the following order RECORD DATA 1 Joint 1 angular velocity rad s 2 Joint 1 net moment of force N m 3 Joint 1 power of net moment of force W 4 6 Joint 2 repeated as above 7 9 Joint 3 repeated as above APPENDIX D FOURIER and NOISE PROGRAMS FR or NS file NOPTNS 2 column 2 0 means FOURIER or NOISE will write reconstructed data to a disk file with extension FR or NS for plotting purposes FOURIER and NOISE essentially reconstruct the digitized data for
4. muscle power at proximal joint W Segment 1 total power W Segment 1 mech energy rate of change W Segment 1 difference between 6 and 5 W Segment 2 repeated as above Segment 3 repeated as above NOPTNS 64 1 and NOPTNS 66 1 means POWERS will write trunk powers to the end of the segmental power records in the same order Thus if you wish to plot data from the trunk A 11 segment you must count records through the segments to the trunk Note if NOPTNS 66 0 POWERS will neither compute nor write the trunk powers If NOPTNS 64 is not equal to 1 segmental powers will not be stored on a disk POWERS only writes segmental powers to disk if you analyze every frame NOPTNS 62 1 means POWERS will calculate and write to disk file total body power records These will write on the end of the same disk file as the segmental and trunk power records You must be aware of what output options you have specified to keep track of the record listing The total body records will write at the end of the segmental listing if NOPTNS 66 1 and at the end of the trunk records if NOPTNS 66 1 Total body power records RECORD DATA n 1 Total body power W n 2 Total body rate of change of energy W n 3 Total body difference W n 4 Total body ideal difference W
5. repeated as above Semitendinosus repeated as above Biceps femoris repeated as above APPENDIX H POWERS PROGRAM PJ file NOPTNS 65 1 means POWERS will write joint power records to a disk file with extension PJ in the following order RECORD ONNDNFWN er O 10 11 20 21 30 etc DATA Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg Proximal joint of seg 1 joint angle rad 1 joint angular vel rad s 1 X linear vel m s 1 Y linear vel m s 1 X net force N 1 Y net force N 1 net moment N m 1 power transferred through joint W 1 power transferred by moment W 1 power of net moment W 2 repeated as above 3 repeated as above If the last segment is the trunk there will be no associated records since it is connected to one or more of the other segments For further clarification of this record listing run POWERS with NOPTNS 63 1 and examine the joint power listings PS file NOPTNS 64 1 means POWERS will write segment powers to a disk file with extension PS in the following order RECORD NNBWN 7 7 14 15 21 etc DATA Segment 1 distal joint power W Segment 1 muscle power at distal joint W Segment 1 joint power at proximal joint W Segment 1
6. RA in the following order RECORD 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 etc DATA Joint 1 relative angle rad Joint 1 relative angular velocity rad s Joint 1 relative angular acceleration rad s Joint 2 repeated as above Joint 3 repeated as above APPENDIX F MOMENTUM PROGRAM MM file NOPTNS 41 1 means MOMENTUM will write segmental and total body momenta to a disk file with extension MM in the following order RECORD DATA 1 Segment 1 momentum X kg m s 2 Segment 1 momentum Y kg m s 3 Segment 1 total angular momentum kg m s 4 6 Segment 2 repeated as above 7 9 Segment 3 repeated as above etc Data records for Segment 2 begin at Record 4 The last four records in the MOMENTUM output disk file are for total body computations RECORD DATA n 1 Total body momentum X kg m s n 2 Total body momentum Y kg m s n 3 Total body angular momentum kg m s n 4 Total body moment of inertia kg m APPENDIX G MUSCLE PROGRAM MU file MUSCLE will write muscle length kinematics to a disk file with extension MU in the following order RECORD 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 21 24 25 27 DATA Gastrocnemius length cm Gastrocnemius velocity of shortening cm s Gastrocnemius acceleration cm s Soleus repeated as above Semimembranosus repeated as above Vastus lateralis repeated as above Rectus femoris repeated as above Tibialis anterior repeated as above Gluteus maximus
7. the GRA file LINE 1 Graph title GTITLE a descriptive title for the plot control file Appears only in the graphic scratch output file A80 Example Joint angular velocity moment of force and power during running GTITLE should contain information describing what the graphics control file will plot The information contained in the GRA control file is often difficult to interpret or to edit if the user cannot recall exactly what the file was designed to plot N LINE 2 a description of the graph borders sizes number of plots to produce and other information 16G5 Variable names are positioned below so that the last letter in the variable name aligns vertically with the end of the 15 field of the variable it describes Example NRECS SNEWX SEFILE SRESC NOS IL ZAI CODE TADHG IVER NGRAPH SNEWY NYES XSIZE ICODE SCF IML TYDEGC EI 0 3 F T T 10 TT 55 90 9 10 F 1 0 pj XNE yY NRECS is the number of unformatted machine language records in the input data file maximum is 200 Each record corresponds to a single biomechanical quantity such as the angular velocity of a marker the potential energy of a segment or the net moment of force at a joint A record includes all the data from frames 1 to NPOS A zero 0 tells GRAPH to read all records until an end of file mark If NRECS is an integer greater than zero GRAPH only reads that many records or to an end of file whic
8. title CTITLE as in the control file for Biomech 80A1 This title appears in the printed output for your plot and does not plot CTITLE is usually in the form Trial code description researcher s initials or name 5 ge zA nn Rumning Sicwehy trial 5 Jame Doe 3 25 86 your TarrialSs This level of explanatory detail may seem unnecessary when preparing your 20th data file but 6 months later when you or someone else has to look at your data to reassess conclusions this detail will be valuable LINE 4 assuming no control file 6CFILE F is the TRIAL CODE which will appear in the legend The program reads 8 characters for your trial code variable name ALEG J J 8 15 and plots this with the graph legend after all of your curves have plotted LINE 5 assuming no control file CFILE F contains the variables NPOS and INCR the number of elements in each input array and the frame increment respectively Format 215 s 5 N 2 g 2 meaning 44 frames of input data to plot with the data plotted for each frame These variables are described in Biomech User s Manual LINE 6 assuming no control file CFILE F contains the variables DELTAT TIMEO and IXDEC the time interval between data elements the starting time for your trial usually 0 0 and the number of digits to be drawn following the decimal point in the abscissa s time labels The format is 3G5 elements should be as F5 2 F5 2 and I5 respectively
9. to cause GRAPH to scale an array to fit such a label LINE 9 contains XLABEL 20A4 and is used only if NEWX is True LINE 2 XLABEL is used to include your own label for the abscissa If NEWX F the default label TIME SECONDS is printed centred below the abscissa If NEWX T your own XLABEL appears centred below the abscissa Example Time milliseconds If you are NOT changing the abscissa label and NEWX F do NOT include LINE 9 LINE 10 contains YLABEL 20A4 and is used only if NEWY is True LINE 2 YLABEL is normally used to label the ordinate axis with appropriate data set names and units YLABEL is normally TRUE since most applications of GRAPH require different labelling of the ordinate Example based upon LINE 8 above Ang velocity rad s Moment N m Power W If RESCY F LINE 2 the ordinate is scaled from top to bottom with one scale factor and thus has only one set of units and one label Example if RESCY F Angular acceleration of the hip m s YLABEL is printed centred on the length of the ordinate axis If you are not putting a label on the ordinate axis do NOT include LINE 10 Note though that this is rare LINE 11 contains GTITLE 20A4 which plots across the top of the graph This is the first LINE of the graphic control file which is specific to the current plot In LINE 2 if NGRAPH is greater than 1 all of the previous lines of information and all of the LINES in your gra
10. will be read and must contain various data If you use a control file the following information will be collected from it Trial code NPOS INCR DELTAT TIME0 TBMASS The various event codes Note If you are plotting data from a Biomech package program and CFILE is T you will NOT need to include the information in LINES 3 4 5 or 6 listed below When you have a control file GRAPH reads your file from FORTRAN unit 8 Your next line in the graphics file should be LINE 7 If there is no control file to read GRAPH reads starting codes and associated frame numbers from the terminal You are prompted by the computer for codes and frame numbers Here you respond with film frame number and associate code number You type data as two integers separated by a comma The program continues to read pairs until you enter the numbers 0 0 IXDEC IYDEC are the number of decimal digits to be used in the printing of X and Y numbers respectively Maximum is 3 0 means print only a decimal and 1 means no decimal part 2G5 IVER identifies the version number of the GRA file A blank area or the numbers 0 or 1 indicates version format A 2 indicates version 2 format Version 2 format combines LINES 14 through 17 into one line See LINE 14 below FT identifies which Biomech filetype is to be used for input Suitable codes include AV EN FR FO JP KM KS MM MU NS PJ PS and RA see appendices LINE 3 assuming no control file 6CFILE F is the
11. APH program DG Imager unscaled digitizer coordinates CN CINEDATA unfiltered marker coordinates DR KINEMATIC changes in relative angles RF BioProc2 reaction force data from force plate SN SIMULATE simulation marker coordinates APPENDIX A AVERAGE PROGRAM AV file The ordering of records created by the Average program depend upon which files and which records were selected for averaging They are not predefined For each record that was averaged four new records are created one is the mean the next is the standard deviation and the last two are the mean minus and plus the confidence interval selected during the averaging process 95 99 or 1 or 2 standard deviations etc Usually there are 101 elements in each curve i e 0 to 100 The file begins with two records that may be ignored The second can be used as the data for the abscissa RECORD DATA 1 Information about number of records 2 Abscissa in percentages 3 Curve 1 mean 4 Curve 1 standard deviation 5 Curve 1 mean minus confidence interval 6 Curve 1 mean plus confidence interval 7 10 Curve 2 repeated as above 11 14 Curve 3 repeated as above etc A 3 APPENDIX B ENERGY PROGRAM EN file NOPTNS 31 1 means ENERGY will write segment mechanical energies to a disk file with extension EN in the following order RECORD DATA 1 Total body mechanical energy J 2 Segment 1 translational kinetic energy J 3 Segment 1 rotational kinetic energy J
12. AT RIGHT FOOT FLAT LEFT COAIDNDNMNFWNK TIM is a logical variable used to include or exclude a plot of the time axis line with tics but no labels wherever a 0 appears on the ordinate axis TIM is used in plotting several curves on the same graph scaled differently on different regions of the ordinate axis NCAPNS is an integer describing how many lines of captions will be plotted on the graph In this example 2 captions will be plotted There captions are read as LINE 18 near the end of the program LINE 13 lets you alter the size of the plot ordinate the position of the legend and the length of the line drawn when the event marks are plotted LINE 13 contains 16G5 Example YMIN YMAX YGRID XLEG YLEG EVLEN OF OF 0 256 2 0 OF YMIN lets you respecify the position of the bottom of the ordinate for the specific graph that you are plotting If YMIN 0 the graph will plot using AYMIN LINE 7 11 YMAxX lets you respecify the top border of the plot to YMAX inches If YMAX 0 the plot uses AYMAX LINE 7 YGRID lets you respecify the spacing of the NYTICS marks on the ordinate YGRID 0 allows the AYGRID to plot as in LINE 7 It is possible to alter the dimensions of each graph using these three parameters This is usually not done XLEG and YLEG are used to reposition the legend The default position of the legend is the top left corner of the graph XLEG moves the legend XLEG inches to the right
13. ch file The programs write the data in unformatted binary records with all of the data from time 0 to time end contained on each record GRAPH reads all of the data in the selected file and plots the record that you select in CARD 14 of the GRAPH control file These records may be copied from a variety of output files from the same original input data and should all be of the same length This is simple when plotting data from the same trial If plotting data from different trials the records will be of varying lengths and the program AVERAGE must be used to fill or reduce the records to the same length The following is a list of the files which GRAPH can read and are produced by the Biomech programs Note all these files are in binary machine language format and are unreadable by most conventional software File Extension Program Description AV AVERAGE ensemble averages and confidence intervals EN ENERGY total body amp segmental energies FO FORCE joint forces and moments of force FR FOURIER Fourier reconstructed coordinates JP FORCE joint moments and powers KM KINEMATIC marker kinematics KS KINEMATIC segmental amp total body kinematics MM MOMENTUM segmental amp total body momenta MU MUSCLE muscle length kinematics NS NOISE noise analysis same format as FR above PJ POWERS joint powers etc PS POWERS segmental powers etc RA KINEMATIC relative angular kinematics The following output files are NOT suitable as input to the GR
14. e is available CODES is a 14 element declared INTEGER array If ICODE is a positive integer usually 9 indicating array element number 9 BEG for the beginning of a trial the program looks in your control file LINE 18 Biomech User s Manual for a line containing BEG with an associated frame number GRAPH starts plotting from the frame number specified as BEG If ICODE is specified as a negative integer GRAPH starts the plot from the frame before that specified with BEG If ICODE is left blank or is specified as 0 GRAPH plots from the first frame of data Another example of the use 4 of ICODE could be if one specified ICODE 1 GRAPH would scan the Biomech control file for the word HSR see the list above and would start plotting data from one frame before that specified for the frame identified as HSR Heel Strike Right LCODE is the event code number indicating to GRAPH what to search for in the Biomech control file as a finishing code In this sample LCODE is specified as 10 or END As with ICODE a negative integer causes GRAPH to stop plotting one frame before the frame specified with LCODE and a 0 indicates that GRAPH will plot to the last frame of data CFILE left blank or declared F False tells that there is NO control file and that your graphics control file must contain the parameters normally found in your Biomech control file If CFILE is declared T True a control file
15. h the upper left corner of the legend s area positioned at XLEG YLEG inches to the right of and down from the top left corner of the graph SS ay LINE 18 is a listing of the captions for the plot 2F5 2 10A4 GRAPH reads NCAPNS LINE 12 lines of data here and plots these captions where specified In the example of LINE 12 above NCAPNS is 2 Example el 0 20 1 00Extending 0 20 2 80Flexing which would plot the word EXTENDING with the bottom corner of the first E starting at the x y coordinate 0 2 1 0 with 0 0 considered to be the bottom left corner of the figure GRAPH reads as many lines of captions here as specified by NCAPNS Based on the reading format the captions may contain up to 40 characters APPENDICES Order of Records from the Biomech Programs All of the programs in the Biomech package of software have optional disk file output for the results of their computations These output options are selected when preparing the Biomech control file as outlined in Biomech User s Manual In that manual output and program option selection is done using CARD 5 which contains switches for telling the various programs to compute and output results according to your needs These switches are called NOPTNS J where the T refers to the column number in CARD 5 The following outlines the optional output NOPTNS specific to each of the programs and lists the order of the output records from ea
16. hest YHIGH 0 to 9 inclusive LINE 8 YNUMS shows the 10 labels going from 50 to 25 by 25s 5 to 5 by 5s and 10 to 10 by 10s Combining the information in LINEs 14 15 and 16 renders the following plot when RESCY T Array 1 will plot with symbol 2 The array will plot between ordinate points 7 and 9 with a 0 time axis drawn at point 8 scaling will be between 10 and 10 Array 3 and array 6 will plot with symbols 4 and 5 respectively Both arrays will plot between ordinate points 4 and 6 with a 0 time axis drawn at point 5 scaling will be between 5 and 5 Array 12 and array 28 will plot with symbols 6 and 9 respectively Both arrays will plot between ordinate points 0 and 3 with a 0 time axis drawn at point 2 scaling will be between 50 and 25 1 P The ordering of the array scaling information is not that important as long as the order of the array list agrees with the ordering of the information in the lines in LINE 16 It is a good idea to start these listings at the top and work to the bottom or vice versa to avoid confusion for yourself later or for others attempting to decipher your listings LINE 17 contains the listing of LABELS for each of the curves The labels are plotted in the legend with a line segment and appropriate symbol beside the label These labels must be in the same order as the array listing in LINE 14 Example Se Angular velocity Moment of force Moment power This will plot wit
17. hever comes first The ordering of the records in each type of file KS RA FO etc varies with the number of segments markers and joints for each trial Each program arranges these records in a specific manner The appendix describes the order by which each program writes records into the data files The output record order from the various programs in the Biomech package are in the appendices of this manual Users of this package may wish to create their own plotting data files containing output records from several different files NGRAPH states how many separate plots are to be produced by the GRAPH program and how many repetitions of LINES 11 to 18 are to be included in your plotting control file NOTE When plotting if your ordinal axes on different plots are to be different you must create separate control files for each of the different axes as GRAPH creates only one set of ordinate axis specifications each time the program is run NEWX is a logical T or F for True or False variable which lets one supply a new X axis label T lets you include a new label in the graphic control file F is the default which labels the abscissa as TIME NEWY is a logical variable which affects the presence or absence of a label on the ordinate axis T indicates that you will include the axis label in the file F indicates that the ordinate will not be labelled 3 EFILE is a logical variable indicating the location of event codes in
18. his particular graph GRAPH reads NCURVE arrays from your data file input logical unit 1 as specified in LINE 14 Maximum is 16 TTL is a logical variable stating whether or not the plot is to have a title plotted Here you can specify T true to plot GTITLE or F false to skip plotting the GTITLE shown in LINE 11 LINE 11 may have a title even if TTL F This will help you keep better record of what your plot control file contains LEGBORD if T true includes a border around the legend If F false or blank no border will surround the legend 10 LEG is a logical variable stating whether or not GRAPH will plot a legend as specified in LINE 17 describing each of the NCURVE curves in the plot EVT is a logical variable for plotting the event marks on the graph If SEVT T event vertical lines will be drawn on the plot at the times frame numbers associated with the event codes specified in your Biomech control file or earlier in this outline LINE 4 If EVT F the lines will not be drawn LONEV is a logical variable for changing the level being plotted in conjunction with the event code and line If LONEV T the event codes will be full word descriptions rotated 90 degrees If S LONEV F event codes will be as listed above LINE 2 ICODE The long event labels ALLOW only of eight elements in order HEEL STRIKE RIGHT TOE OFF RIGHT HEEL STRIKE LEFT TOE OFF LEFT HEEL OFF RIGHT HEEL OFF LEFT FOOT FL
19. of g velocity X direction 5 Total body c of g velocity Y direction 6 Total body c of g acceleration X direction 7 Total body c of g acceleration Y direction 8 Total body c of g mech energy 9 Percent of time elapsed 10 Repeat of 9 The order of the following records repeats for each defined segment 11 Segment 1 position of C of G X m 12 Segment 1 position of C of G Y m 13 Segment 1 absolute angle rad 14 Segment 1 velocity of C of G X m s 15 Segment 1 velocity of C of G Y m s 16 Segment 1 angular velocity rad s 17 Segment 1 acceleration of C of G X m s 18 19 20 28 29 37 etc A 7 Segment 1 acceleration of C of G Y m s Segment 1 angular acceleration rad s Segment 2 repeated as above Segment 3 repeated as above Segment 2 begins at record 20 A good way to track down which record you wish to plot out of this or any file is to create a table i e Segment Foot Shank Thigh CGX 11 20 29 CGY 12 21 30 ANGLE 13 22 31 VX 14 23 32 VY 15 24 33 OMEGA 16 25 34 AX 17 26 35 AY 18 27 36 ALPHA 19 28 37 The length of any of these files depends upon the number of segments as the Biomech package programs with this type of output loop through the unformatted writes once for each segment under scrutiny RA file NOPTNS 10 column 10 0 means KINEMATIC will write the angular kinematics for the joints specified in your control file to a disk file with extension
20. of this position YLEG moves the legend YLEG inches down from the top of the graph These are useful parameters for moving the legend to a region of the graph where it will not plot over any of the data curves In the sample above the legend starts 2 6 inches to the right and 2 0 inches down from the top left corner EVLEN lets you specify the length of the vertical lines drawn with your event codes If EVLEN 0 or if EVLEN is greater than the height of the axis these lines are drawn the full length of the ordinate LINE 14 is the list of arrays that you want to plot 1615 GRAPH reads all of the arrays in your input data file and stores them in memory You select which of the arrays you wish to plot based upon an understanding of the output order of the program which generated your data For instance the segment kinematics output file contains in two s compliment binary arrays as briefly outlined in the NRECS section of LINE 2 A summary of the output ordering from each of the programs in Biomech is appended If you selected version 2 format on LINE 2 the format of this card and the next 3 will be combined For this new format see the section LINE 14 Version 2 below Example I 1 3 6 12 28 a Eee instructs GRAPH to plot arrays from the input file attached to unit 1 as listed If you wish to plot the same array on two pictures in the same run of GRAPH you must be careful to NOT rescale the array the
21. phic control file are general to all plots appearing when you run the GRAPH program GTITLE is the first LINE of your control file within a loop of graph specific data Thus if your ordinate axis for each plot is to be the same NGRAPH can be gt 1 and your file can loop starting with LINE 11 If your graphs are to have different ordinate labelling and scaling you must prepare a separate control file with the preceding LINES specific to the different data sets O Example Hip angular velocity moment and power You may however use LINE 13 to alter the height of your axes in each plot but the variables NYTICS and YNUMS are held throughout the full running of GRAPH LINE 12 contains information specific to the current graph including what data of the file to plot how many curves to plot etc Example IPOS NCURVE SLEG SLONEV NCAPNS LPOS STL SEVT STIM 0 0 5 E T F 2 SLEGBORD IPOS is the data element usually film frame number to use as the starting point for the plot IPOS 0 causes GRAPH to read from the first data element of the array being plotted IPOS causes the program to start plotting from frame number IPOS LPOS is the data element usually film frame number to use as the finishing point for the plot LPOS 0 causes GRAPH to plot to the last data element in the data array LPOSOD causes the program to finish plotting at frame number LPOS NCURVE is the number of curves to plot on t
22. rgest value plotted on the abscissa If AXMAxX is specified as zero GRAPH uses the TIME array s last element as AXMAX and uses this in scaling the axis If AXMIN and AXMAX are to be sections of a trial you may specify these values based upon IPOS and LPOS starting and ending times or film frames LINE 12 AXGRID is the value used to specify the marking of the time graduations on the abscissa In the example AXGRID is 10 telling GRAPH to put a tic and a label every 10 second on the axis GRHT is the height of the labelling If left blank the default is 0 13 inches Colours are hexadecimal codes for setting the colours of various graphics objects The eight codes are ordered Title CLRTTL Time axis CLRTIM Border CLRBOR Axes CLRAXS Legend CLRLEG Captions CLRCAP Events CLREVT and Default for curves CLRCRV Codes range from 0 to 9 and a to f where a 10 f 15 LINE 8 contains YNUMS the numbers for labelling the marks on the ordinate axis LINE 8 is used if NYTICS is not equal to zero In the example LINE 2 above NYTICS 10 GRAPH looks for NYTICS values in LINE 8 20A4 and plots them in the order listed from the bottom of the ordinate to the top This example is used in an instance when RESCY is TRUE meaning that the ordinate is divided into segments with different scaling In this sample the bottom four sections of the ordinate are labelled for data scaled between 50 and 25 LINE 16 explains how
23. second time it plots as the array is written over in memory by the scaled data Thus if you are to plot the same data on two plots in the same run of GRAPH you must scale the data on the first plot then specify scaling information carefully to plot the array as rescaled the second time it is plotted 12 If you make the array number negative the curve will be plotted with symbols only otherwise a line and symbols will be plotted New Adding 1000 will normalize the data to body mass if a control file is present LINE 14 Version 2 tells which curve to plot and how each curve should appear in the figure It combines the information from LINES 14 through 17 in a single line for each curve Example CURVE COLOUR YLOW YTMIN LABEL ISYMBL LINETYPE YHIGH YTMAX 10 3 5 4 0 5 100 400 Moment of force CURVE is the record number of the curve to be plotted See LINE 14 above for details ISYMBL is the plotting symbol to be used if symbols are to be drawn for this curve Use numbers 0 to 16 only Use 1 through 5 to produce dashed lines of increasing length COLOUR is the pen or screen colour for this curve The number used depends on the plotting device chosen Use 1 to 6 for HP 7475 type plotters or 0 to 15 for EGA VGA screens LINETYPE selects the type of line Use 0 to plot a line only Use positive numbers to plot lines with symbols E g 5 means plot a line with a symbol every 5th point Negative numbers mean plot s
24. the Imager or FIGURE programs with the data smoothed by reconstruction with the harmonic frequencies defined by NOPTNS 1 in the Biomech control file The number of body markers processed depends on the markers selected in the control file See Biomech User s Manual for details NOPTNS column number and selected output order for FOURIER or NOISE follow RECORD DATA Fourier marker 1 X data adjusted slope removed cm k 1 X data reconstructed from Fourier series 1 Y data adjusted slope removed cm 1 Y data reconstructed from Fourier series Fourier marker 2 repeated as above W APPENDIX E KINEMATIC PROGRAM KM file NOPTNS 12 1 means KINEMATIC will write marker kinematics to a disk file with extension KM in the following order RECORD DATA 1 Marker 1 position X coordinate 2 Marker 1 position Y coordinate 3 Marker 1 velocity X 4 Marker 1 velocity Y 5 Marker 1 acceleration X 6 Marker 1 acceleration Y 7 12 Marker 2 repeated as above 13 18 Marker 3 repeated as above etc Marker 2 data begins at record 7 Marker 3 at record 13 etc KS file NOPTNS 11 1 means KINEMATIC will write records of segment kinematics for those specified in your control file to a disk file with extension KS in the following order RECORD DATA 1 Time array based upon sampling rate and initial time 2 Total body centre of gravity X coordinate 3 Total body centre of gravity Y coordinate 4 Total body c
25. the plotting run If SEFILE is T the program reads event codes from your Biomech control file If EFILE is F GRAPH reads event codes frame number and code name from the terminal NYTICS is the number of tics that will be drawn in the ordinate axis of your plot With NYTICS set you must include a line containing the NYTICS labels RESCX is a logical variable enabling or disabling rescaling of your X axis dimension If blank or F the program will plot with automatic scaling in seconds If RESCX is T GRAPH will you must include on LINE 6 the minimum maximum and interval for the X axis tic marks RESCY is a logical variable enabling or disabling rescaling of your data If SRESCY is F the program will automatically plot all of your data on the same axis If SRESCY is T GRAPH will read scaling information later in the graphic control file enabling different sets of data to be plotted over different regions of the ordinate axis XSIZE is a variable sets in inches the length of the X axis of each of the NGRAPH plots described by the graphics control file YSIZE sets in inches the length of the Y axis of your plots ICODE is the event code number of the start of your data for plotting Valid codes currently in the U Ottawa version of GRAPH are 1 HSR 2 TOR 3 HSL 4 TOL 5 CAT 6 FIN T HIT 8 OFF 9 BEG 10 END 11 IFS 12 ITO 13 CFS 14 CTO Other codes for this may be programmed a version where the FORTRAN sourc
26. ymbols only E g 2 means plot a symbol for every second datum YLOW YHIGH YTMIN and YTMAX are described below under LINE 16 They are only necessary if you selected rescaling of the data on LINE 2 These numbers can be floating point values if a decimal point is included LABEL is the text label of this data for the legend Leave blank if you don t want it included in the legend You must select the legend option on LINE 12 to have a legend included on your figure W LINE 15 is a list of the ISYMBL numbers for the plotting subroutine to use for identifying the different curves The program plots a symbol with every 4th data element and matches the symbols in this LINE with the arrays in LINE 14 in order The Calcomp plotter manual contains a list of available symbols and their codes for use in this LINE when matched with the information in LINE 14 permits you to see which line is which as the legend contains a line segment with the appropriate symbol at each end Combining LINEs 14 and 15 gives data record 1 plotting with symbol number 2 appearing with every fourth data element Data record 28 plots with symbol 9 LINE 16 is used only if RESCY T LINE 2 LINE 16 is repeated once for each curve specified by NCURVE LINE 12 G5 format 4 fields YLOW YTMIN YHIGH YTMAX 7 9 110 10 4 6 z5 5 4 6 5 0 3 50 25 0 3 o0 25 The above example agrees with NYTICS in that there are 10 elements between the lowest YLOW and the hig

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