DoubletCalc 2D 1.0 User Manual
Contents
1. The DoubletCalc2D software can be downloaded free of charge from www nlog nl under the GNU Lesser General Public License TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 5 38 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 User manual Installation DoubletCalc 2D does not require specific installation The contents of the downloaded ZIP file must be placed into a folder The program is executed by doubleclicking the executable JAR file lt DoubletCalc2D_1 0_java7_04nov2015 jar gt Optionally the program can be started by executing the batch file provided in the ZIP file lt start_doubletcalc_2D bat gt Note that executing the batch file may not work when the software is unpacked in an unmapped network location i e no drive letter is assigned The user is therefore advised to install the software locally or to map the network location In order to run DoubletCalc 2D an installation of a recent Java version is required DoubletCalc was tested with Java versions 7 and 8 Java software can be downloaded for free at http ava com Input screen After executing the program the DoubletCalc2D input screen appears ha DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 rc fel Fs Figure 1 DoubletCalc2D input screen New 2D Project If no project was loaded yet in the current session the user is prompted to select a working directory In this directory the project settings will be stored once the project is saved and the results of the simulation after the simulation has been 1 ru2. cell size in x direction cell size in y direction cell size in z direction Example Zycor ZMAP ASCII grid testgrid_out asc HEADER GRID 5 15 0 1000000E 31 7 1 101 101 624325 629325 5788025 5793025 50 50 10 98 23 16 21 81 20 30 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 33 38 6 2 27 70 22 54 13 96 29 48 10 40 26 87 22 26 25 64 23 42 21 10 14 56 17 54 GMT The open source GMT format is space delimited ASCII file containing three columns X Y and the pixel value No header information is provided Example GMT file 624325 0 5 88025 0 23 42 624375 0 5 88025 0 21 1 624425 0 5 88025 0 14 559999 CSV The CSV format is a comma delimited ASCII file containing four columns X Y and Z for the cell coordinates and the pixel value The file starts with 1 line of of header information followed by the cell value data stored in row major order starting with the southernmost row from west to east one cell per line Z is the depth of the middle of the aquifer top thickness 2 Example CSV file X y Z value 624325 0 5788025 0 1511 71 23 42 624375 0 5788025 0 1510 55 21 1 624425 0 5788025 0 1507 28 14 559999 Settings XML file The DoubletCalc 2D project settings specified in the Input Aquifer Advanced Settings and Input Wells tabs are all stored in an XML file The file starts with two lines identifying the XML version and the project type_ id currently 2
3. well Skin well excess pressure well Gni temperature Ne well flow rate e 1096 mam pressure constraint Figure 17 DoubletCalc2D well properties for comparison to DoubletCalc scenario compare to Figure 14 Figure 15 Pressure mes E 0 rector 44 0 17 958 well 1 producer 44 0 11 839 Well O injector Well 1 producer Flow rate Well 0 injector Well 1 producer Figure 18 DoubletCalc2D well pressures and flow rate for comparison to DoubletCalc compare to Figure 15 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 29 38 5 Modelling discontinuities Discontinuities marked by very low or high permeability like faults can be modelled by using permeability grids A sealing fault can be simulated by introducing a lineament having a very small permeability in both the X and Y direction As detailed knowledge about the differences in permeability in the X and Y directions is rarely available a single permeability grid can be used as input for both the X and Y directions A permeability of zero mD may cause the software to freeze Instead a very low permeability can be used like 0 1 or 1 Figure 19 through Figure 21 show examples of the differences in pressure and temperature development for three different permeability fields a homogeneous one one containing a low permeability barrier perpendicular to the line connecting the two wells and one containing a high permeability streak connectin
4. C Well properties calculation length subdivision m 50 Producer Injector outer diameter producer inch outer diameter injector inch 7 skin producer skin injector 0 penetration angle producer deg penetration angle injector deg skin due to penetration angle p skin due to penetration angle i 0 94 Segment pipe pipe pipe inner pipe Segment pipe pipe pipe inner pipe segment segment diameter p roughness segment segment diameter i roughness i sections p depth p m inch p milli inch sections i depth i m inch milli inch m AH TVD m AH TVD 500 1054 1930 2678 N mn o s 1054 12 375 1833 8 625 Ne 2505 6 625 m a 1054 12 375 1833 8 625 2468 6 625 1054 1930 2645 1004111 dda I dada TE 40044111 Hide Wage THAI optional Figure 14 DoubletCalc input parameters scenario for comparison to DoubletCalc2D compare to Figure 16 Figure 17 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 27 38 Doublet Calculator 1 4 3 Result Table Me E probabilistic plots fingerprinting export base case details file D program files doubletcalc143 compare_dce2d xml Geotechnics Input Geotechnics Output Property value aquifer pressure at producer bar 240 8 252 42 264 24 number of simulation runs 1000 0 aquifer khikw ratio 1 0 pressure difference at producer bar MESI
5. TNO 2015 R10216 38 38
6. WF 11 95 surface temperature C 10 0 pressure difference at injector bar 17 97 18 36 18 75 geothermal gradient Cim 0 03 PAPA en z mid aquifer temperature producer C 0 0 temperature at heat exchanger C 66 43 69 39 72 44 inital aquifer pressure at producer bar 0 0 Monte Carlo cases stochastic inputs P90 P50 P10 aquifer kH net Dm 19 85 19 99 20 16 initial aquifer pressure atinjector ban 0 pipe segment sections p mAH 500 0 1054 0 1930 0 2678 0 pipe segment depth p m TVD 500 0 1054 0 1833 0 2505 0 pipe segment sections mAH 50 0 1054 0 1930 0 2645 0 pipe segment depth tm TWD 50 0 1054 0 1833 0 2468 0 base case median value inputs vaa mass nowt aa pump voume now mem 1035 required pump power 1437 eor enn rs mid aquifer depth Figure 15 DoubletCalc results screen showing flow rate and pump pressure difference compare to Figure 18 AQUIFER PROPERTIES initial temperature aquiter depth cell thickness porosity net to gross actnum permeability in idir permeability in cir water salinity Figure 16 DoubletCalc2D aquifer properties for comparison to DoubletCalc scenario compare to Figure 14 3 om mane use grid 3 mane use grid use grid use grid 3 TIE porosity ast use grid Beth aot use grid use grid ET ase TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 28 38
7. 2005 The U S Geological Survey modular ground water model the Ground Water Flow Process TM 6 A16 Limberger J and van Wees J D A M 2013 European temperature models in the framework of GEOELEC linking temperature and heat flow data sets to lithosphere models European Geothermal Congress 2013 Pisa Italy 3 7 June 2013 9p Mijnlieff H F Obdam A N M van Wees J D A M Pluymaekers M P D and Veldkamp J G 2014 DoubletCalc 1 4 manual English version for DoubletCalc 1 4 3 TNO 53p Rogers E J and Economides M J 1996 The skin dus to slant of deviated wells in permeability anisotropic reservoirs SPE conference paper 37068 Somerton W H 1992 Thermal properties and temperature related behavior of rock fluid systems Developments in Petroleum Science 37 Thiem G 1906 Hydrologische Methoden Gebhardt Leipzig Wees J D A M van Mijnlieff H M Obdam A N M Kramers L Juez Larr J 2009 Evaluatie van effecten van Ondergrondse Ruimtelijke Ordening voor geothermie evaluation of effects of subsurface spatial planning for geothermal applications TNO report in dutch 36p Kaye and Laby 1995 Tables of physical and chemical constants 16 edition 1995 National Physical Laboratory Solids Specific Heats http www engineeringtoolbox com specific heat solids d_154 html Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials and Gases http www engineeringtoolbox com thermal conductivity d_429 html TNO report
8. 32 38 number of cell columns integer greater than 0 NROWS number of cell rows integer greater than 0 XLLCENTER or X coordinate of the origin by match with Y coordinate type XLLCORNER center or lower left corner of the cell YLLCENTER or Y coordinate of the origin by match with X coordinate type YLLCORNER center or lower left corner of the cell NODATA_VALUE the input values to be NoData optional Default is 9999 in the output raster Example ESRI ASCII grid ncols 101 nrows 101 xllcorner 624300 yllcorner 5788000 cellsize 50 nodata_value 9999 10 98 23 16 21 81 20 30 27 70 22 54 13 96 29 48 10 40 26 87 22 26 25 64 23 42 21 10 14 56 17 54 6 1 3 Zycor ZMap A Landmark ZYCOR Zmap ASCII grid contains 5 lines of of header information at the beginning of the file The header both starts and ends with the character Optionally the header is preceded by a number of comment lines all starting with The header is followed by the cell value data stored in column major order starting with the westernmost column from north to south The number of cell values per line does not exceed the last number in the first header line line parameter description user defined text GRID keyword maximum number of cell values per line 15 no data value empty field 1 1 number of columns number of rows minimum and maximum x coordinates minimum and maximum y coordinates
9. 4 at the producer The DoubletCalc2D solution is very simular and shown in Figure 7 Pressure Well O injector Well 1 producer Figure 7 DoubletCalc2D pressure solution for the reservoir parameters shown in Table 8 Eclipse A benchmark was carried out using Eclipse This paragraph describes the definition of the model used for the benchmark the assumptions and the results Eclipse developed by Schlumberger is considered to be the industry reference reservoir simulator TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 21 38 parameter value unit permeability 381 porosity well diameter 0 1016 4 m well rate 4800 200 m d m hr well distance reservoir temperature 080 00008 cP Pas injection temperature Table 9 Reservoir simulation parameters The modelled area measures 15x15 kilometer in Eclipse The initial pressure is 150 bar hydrostatic Note that the grids shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12 all represent a 3x3 kilometer cutout of the total modelled area In order to maintain a constant head at the area boundaries additional pseudo wells were used to model the open boundary 9 producers on the injector side and 9 injectors on the producer side Figure 8 The permeability on the boundary was set to 100 000 mD The effect of the open boundaries on the outflow from inflow to the modelled area is some 300 mY9 d Figure 9 through Figure 13 show that the grid block pressures act
10. C and cooling starts in year 3 In this example a flow rate of 300 m hr was imposed hence well_Q and well Qcalc are identical Since a flow rate was imposed well_P is irrelevant A well_Pcalc drawdown of about 88 bars is required to achieve the 300 m hr With the cooling of the cell the viscosity and density increase provided both were set to temperature dependent in the Advanced Settings tab Pressures and flow rates for the producer well are negative by default TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 37 38 7 References Batzle M 4 Wang Z 1992 Seismic properties of pore fluids Geophysics Vol 57 1396 1408 Bont D 2014 Thermal characterisation of sedimentary basins Implications for geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration in the Netherlands and France PhD thesis Utrecht University 163p Cherubini Y Cacace M Scheck Wenderoth M and Noack V 2014 Influence of major fault zones on 3 D coupled fluid and heat transport for the Brandenburg region NE German Basin Geothermal Energy Science 2 p1 20 Eppelbaum L et al Applied Geothermics Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences DOI 10 1007 978 3 642 34023 9 2 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Fjaer E R M Holt P Horsrud A M Raaen and R Risnes 2008 Petroleum related rock mechanics 2nd ed Elsevier Fokker P A and Orlic B 2006 Semi analytic modelling of subsidence Mathematical Geology 38 5 p565 589 Harbaugh A W 2005 MODFLOW
11. file is determined by the well rank number and the i j row and column coordinates the well occupies in the grid The files contain for each production year one line per year the calculated variables shown in Table 10 The variables well Pcalc well Qcalc and cell_T are also shown in the Well Results tab TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 36 38 variable unit desorption well_P bar imposed well excess bottom hole pressure only relevant if pressure constraint set to yes well_Pcalc calculated well excess bottom hole pressure only different from well_P if no pressure constraint was applied well m hr imposed flow rate only relevant if pressure constraint set to no nal m3 hr calculated flow rate only different from well_Q is a pressure constraint was applied viscosity of the water in the cell density of the water in the cell J kg K heat capacity of the water in the cell salinity of the water in the cell Table 10 Well file parameters Example well file me ferr enp uep weree wena oct ses est ep ty 1 65 000 0 000 80 165 129 5 82E 04 1036 2 3859 6 70000 2 65 000 88 514 30 165 129 5 82E 04 1032 9 3859 6 70000 64 997 88 883 165 498 5 82E 04 1032 9 3859 6 70000 64 837 89 337 165 955 5 83E 04 1032 9 3859 6 70000 63 819 90 056 166 829 5 90E 04 1033 4 3859 0 70000 Table 11 Example well file In this example the initial reservoir temperature is 65
12. fluid density Po reference density of the fluid which can be arbitrarily chosen orpo gVz relates to density driven source terms Po http en wikipedia org wiki MODFLOW In an Eulerian model representation the model discretization is fixed and mass and fluids move through the model TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 19 38 Through solving the pressure field in eq 2 the velocities used for solving the heat equation can be determined as gt _ ke 0f Po VP gV Vf mA r gVz eq 3 For the effect of fluid flow processes on timescales of thousands to millions of years it is commonly assumed that equation 2 can be solved for a steady state solution so that the left hand side of equation 2 is zero TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 20 38 4 1 4 2 Benchmark Analytical solution Steady state radial flow in a confined aquifer was described by Thiem 1906 The pressure difference Ap that has to be applied at either the injector inj or producer prod in order to produce or inject the required flow rate is Min j m Sinj 2TkH Mproa in Sprod 27kH APinj Q eq 4 AP prod Q eg 5 parameter vave unt vales untsi peme k mo 976615 m E pas welradus ne f oo fm weie a 200 mm 0 0886 m wenas ft so m Table 8 Reservoir parameters for analytical solution When entered in Thiem s equation the pressure difference at the injector is 18 4 bar 18
13. lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 standalone no gt lt project type_id 2 gt settings go here lt project gt The field descriptions shown below are considered to be mostly self explaining For each variable to be entered there is a line in the XML file identified by the keyword The value of the variable is filled in between the keyword lt nx gt 101 lt nx gt For parameters that can be defined as grid file such as all aquifer properties except the salinity three values are stored in the XML the default numerical value a value that can be either 0 or 1 and the grid file name If a numerical value is to be used the middle value is set to O If a grid is to be used it is 1 and the grid file TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 34 38 6 2 1 6 2 2 name should be specified If no grid file has been specified the latter is set to none Yes no toggles like use temperature dependent viscosity are coded with yes 1 and no 0 Input aquifer tab Region of interest parameters lt nx gt 50 0 lt nx gt lt xmin gt 5000 0 lt xmin gt lt xmax gt 5000 0 lt xmax gt lt ny gt 50 0 lt ny gt lt ymin gt 0 0 lt ymin gt lt ymax gt 0 0 lt ymax gt lt nz gt 10 0 lt nz gt lt zmin gt 0 0 lt zmin gt lt zmax gt 0 0 lt zmax gt lt grid_geometry gt 0 0 0 none lt grid_geometry gt Aquifer properties parameters lt initial_temperature gt 65 0 0 none lt initial_ temperature gt lt aq
14. 992 using the salinity temperature and pressure The contribution to gravity driven flow due to density differences is also accounted for in the flow calculation 2 3 2 2 Advanced rock properties The advanced rock properties the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 4 The suggested defaults are considered appropriate values for common rock types see Bont 2014 p10 p14 and references therein and rock properties handbooks like Somerton 1992 parameter funt deofaumt rock thermal conductivity matrix rock densiy Youngs mods a fees Poisson rato o os oOo Table 4 Advanced rock properties 2 3 2 3 Output settings The output settings the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 5 output file format o SURFER ARC ZYCOR GMT CSV Table 5 Output settings 3 1 phi hi K K matrix Pu Kaaner TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 12 38 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 Pressure and temperature grids are always written to disk for each time step The file names are pres year ext and temp year ext The user can select the output file format ext can be grd Surfer asc Arc dat Zycor txt GMT or csv CSV The file formats are described in 6 1 If output VTK file format is set to yes the output is written to ParaView Visualisation Toolkit format This ASCII file format stores all grid information in a single file which can be read by the Paraview visualisation software If write deb
15. D and 3D reservoir simulators like Eclipse The input of DC2D consists of fixed reservoir parameter values for and or 2D maps representing temperature aquifer depth aquifer thickness porosity net to gross permeability and salinity The output of DC2D includes graphs showing pressure flow rate and temperature at both producer and injector against time 2D grids of pressure and temperature per time step and optionally viscosity velocity and subsidence TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 3 38 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 4 3 6 1 6 2 6 3 Contents SUMMA V ii aio 2 FTP OGUGC HOM AP PO 4 User manualis a a a aa 5 A a e Die ces a eek amie uaiins 5 MUL SCEO Mana a a a a a a aR 5 A ee ern ne 7 140 9111 15512 10 5100 OPPAAECO PO A A 16 DoubletCale 2D MOde diia as 18 Doubler CONTIG UA OM sses eer eae chicane apices eee cian aac 18 WMHEOretiCal WACK GKOUWNG a ie do 18 BS GMC MIN AIK aroase saeacasscusavecauetenssascessaesceicasstaccadssceuteesecsence 20 Analytical SOMMOM arar dali aran 20 FON SS ater aaier toscana rocas 20 OUTS LC ANC Dia iio tios 24 Modelling dISCONUNUIES ciao 29 File TO MaS gain 31 Ee E EE EE at Snes AE E E EE AE AE ice bones EE E AEA ais toesuaie TAT 31 SEMANAS AMEME a a E oe pee ee a ii as 33 OPUS 35 FICICFEN COS cicccceseccesavecescascccssaieccwesincecwauccucucsictsctesvecssauedeaseavawcsscesecctasvecesscucuetsasneweets 37 SION ATU int il a Error Bookmark not defined TNO report T
16. NO 2015 R10216 4 38 1 Introduction DoubletCalc 2D v1 0 DC2D is a software tool that is developed by TNO It enables to calculate the temperature and pressure development around two or more geothermal wells in two dimensions over time The software aims at bridging the gap between simple 1D prediction tools like TNO s DoubletCalc v1 43 DC1D Mijnlieff et al 2014 and sophisticated 2D and 3D reservoir simulators like Eclipse The major differences between DoubletCalc 2D and DoubletCalc v1 43 are DC2D can handle spatial variation in reservoir properties DC2D can handle discontinuities like faults DC2D calculates time series DC2D does not handle uncertainty in parameter values in a stochastic way like DoubletCalc v1 43 DC2D can calculate thermal breakthrough times and the influenced area DC2D can handle multiple wells gt 2 thereby enabling to calculate interference between various doublets The output of DC2D includes graphs showing pressure flow rate and temperature at both producer and injector against time 2D grids of pressure and temperature per time step and optionally viscosity velocity and subsidence The anticipated users of DC2D are consultants and doublet operators interested in analysis of the lifetime of the doublet interference issues with neighbouring doublets or the effects of discontinuities in the reservoir on the anticipated cooling and pressure development in the reservoir
17. SCII Grid ASC ESRI Surfer Grid GRD Golden Software or Z Map plus Grid DAT Landmark format Examples of the file formats are shown in chapter 6 Once a grid has been selected the grid dimensions are read and used for subsequent analysis The none button text is now replaced by the name of the selected grid and the use grid button text by use values It is possible to view the grid in a basic grid viewer which shows both a map view in a fixed colour scale and the corresponding numerical values on top TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 9 38 2 3 1 2 The user can switch back to using manually entered values for the Rol by pressing the use value button Note that if an ESRI ARC ASCII grid is used for the grid geometry the coordinates in the file are specified as XLLCORNER and YLLCORNER respectively These values identical to the manually entered Rol for xmin and ymin For the other supported grid formats the coordinates in the grid file are cell center coordinates Therefore for an Rol grid having a lower left corner at 0 0 100 meter cell size and 50 x 50 rows x columns the coordinates of the lower left cell are 50 50 and the upper right cell 4950 4950 for the SURFER grd and ZYCOR grd file formats while for the equivalent ESRI ASCII grid xllcorner and yllcorner are both 0 If xmin xmax ymin ymax nx and ny are specified in such a way that the cellsize in the x and y directions dx dy is dif
18. TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 User Manual Date Author s Copy no No of copies Number of pages Number of appendices Sponsor Project name Project number All rights reserved 04 November 2015 J G Veldkamp M P D Pluymaekers J D A M van Wees 38 incl appendices KIP Geothermie 060 14577 No part of this publication may be reproduced and or published by print photoprint microfilm or any other means without the previous written consent of TNO In case this report was drafted on instructions the rights and obligations of contracting parties are subject to either the General Terms and Conditions for commissions to TNO or the relevant agreement concluded between the contracting parties Submitting the report for inspection to parties who have a direct interest is permitted 2015 TNO innovation for life me Energy Geological Survey of the Netherlands Princetonlaan 6 3584 CB Utrecht P O Box 80015 3508 TA Utrecht The Netherlands www tno nl T 31 88 866 42 56 F 31 88 866 44 75 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 2 38 Summary DoubletCalc 2D v1 0 DC2D is a software tool that is developed by TNO It enables to calculate the temperature and pressure development around two or more geothermal wells in two dimensions over time The software aims at bridging the gap between simple 1D prediction tools like TNO s DoubletCalc v1 43 DC1D Mijnlieff et al 2014 and sophisticated 2
19. e area not relevant in DoubletCalc The net to gross should be the same as specified in DoubletCalc The permeability should be the same as specified in DoubletCalc As DoubletCalc does not allow the permeability to vary spatially a grid can not be used The permeability in the x and y directions should be the same The calculation settings for the time should be specified according to the desired period not relevant in DoubletCalc Advanced seitings Temperature dependent viscosity and density should be set to yes Input well Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 17 Please take into account that all well input values represent values at reservoir level As stated in section 3 1 a detailed doublet configuration is not part of the model Temperature and pressure losses due to friction are ignored The X and Y should be chosen in such a way that the distance at reservoir level equals the distance wells at aquifer level in DoubletCalc The well diameter should equal the outer diameter producer injector specified in DoubletCalc The well skin should equal the skin producer injector plus the skin due to penetration angle specified in DoubletCalc The well inj temperature should equal the exit temperature at heat exchanger specified in DoubletCalc The temperature of the producer should be set to 1 The well flow rate for the injector should be set to the value reported by DoubletCalc a
20. ed grid is opened in the Grid Viewer Figure 2 The Grid Viewer shows the numerical values of the grid top part the grid itself bottom part and the well locations When moving the cursor around the coordinates of the selected location X Y and 1 Jf row column and corresponding value of the temperature pressure are shown on the status line of the window If the cursor is moved around over the grid the information in the status line is continuously updated If a cell in the grid is clicked or if the cursor is moved around over the grid while pressing the left mouse button the numerical value display on top of the window Is updated counts columns from left to right J counts rows from bottom to top TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 7 38 2 3 Grid Viewer A GraphView Menu Interpreted Grid View of D doubletcalc2D temp40 asc Caan EE O O ee ee O ee ee so 65 0 65 0 65 0 65 0 65 0 65 0650 feso feso feso so feso so bso so ja esola olsolsoksokso 650 eso fso fso fso kso bso fso ii Ju 7 Ju J J E gt 0 gt o 3 0 65 0 65 0 65 0 65 0 65 0 i ES En a cn a a JE a E o JE ao JE a 3000 Susi O inje ct EE 1 producer 1000 24424 242 5109 2046 65 0 145 150 Figure 2 View Grid window showing numerical values 1 and graphical representation 2 of the temperature grid temp40 asc after 40 years of operation Tab sheets Once a new project has been defined or an existing project opened five additi
21. eft DoubletCalc right Eclipse 250 200 injector Eclipse e eeproducer Eclipse BHP bar 150 producer DC2D O injector DC2D 100 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 time year Figure 13 Bottom hole pressures for producer and injector 4 3 DoubletCalc 1D DoubletCalc Mijnlieff et al 2014 is distinctly different from DoubletCalc2D see chapter 1 However it is useful to be able to generate a DoubletCalc scenario that is compatible with a DoubletCalc2D scenario TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 25 38 For that purpose first a DoubletCalc scenario should be set up according to the planned or realised doublet and reservoir properties Next a DoubletCalc2D scenario must be set up as follows Input aquifer Figure 14 Figure 16 The region of interest should be defined as the desired study area not relevant in DoubletCalc The initial temperature should be calculated using the surface temperature the temperature gradient and the depth of the top of the reservoir specified in DoubletCalc increased by half the reservoir thickness This is the wells production temperature The aquifer depth should be the same as specified in DoubletCalc If the depth varies between producer and injector a grid should be constructed which represents those depths at the well locations The cell thickness equals the gross reservoir thickness The porosity should match the presumed porosity for th
22. elds are dimmed and the user is allowed to enter values for the well excess pressure Dependening on the choice for the boundary conditions setting in the Advanced Settings tab calculation setting no flow boundary the well input is important no flow boundary set to yes the flow must be in equilibrium either in the input pressure constraint not used or in the output pressure constraint used In case of a pressure constraint it is trivial where you apply your excess pump pressure in the producer in the injector or both no flow boundary set to no the boundary condition is set to no pressure boundary The user should use the flowrate constraint calculation If pressure constraint is used the flowrates are not forced to an equilibrium The flowrate results per well directly relate to the excess pressure applied for each well A number of basic checks are performed on the well settings Wells are inside the Rol Summed flow rates 0 Well results tab In the Well Results tab time series are shown for all defined wells against pressure flow rate and temperature Next to the graphs the corresponding numerical values are shown for all wells By left clicking in the graph pressure flow rate and temperature values for all wells can be viewed for the years of interest TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 15 38 2 3 5 ha DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 rc 2D project d doubletcalc2D examp
23. er conductivity 0 6 WKA1ma temperature dependent viscosity yes v viscosity i OOO Pas temperature dependent density yes y ADWANCED ROCK PROPERTIES rock conductivity 40 W K 1 m 1 heat capacity 1000 0 J kg 1 K 1 rock density 2000 kgm Young s modulus 9 089 Pa Poisson s ratio 0 35 compaction coefficient OES bar 1 thermal compaction coefficient 2 065 e 1 OUTPUT SETTINGS output fileformat SURFER output VTK ParaView fleformat no gt write debug output grids no CALCULATION SETTINGS cooing 20 ho calculate subsidence Ino y no flow boundary yes y Advanced aquifer properties The advanced aquifer properties the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 3 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 11 38 parameter unit fean water conduciwiy wm os temperature dependent viseasiy yes viscosity Pa s only editable when temperature dependent is switched off Table 3 Advanced aquifer properties The suggested defaults in Table 3 are considered appropriate values for common situations Kaye and Laby 1995 The viscosity can be set to a fixed value if temperature dependent viscosity is switched to no If it is switched to yes the viscosity is calculated using the correlation given by Batzle and Wang 1992 using the salinity and temperature The density is calculated when temperature dependent density is switched to yes by means of the correlation given by Batzle and Wang 1
24. ferent ARC should not be chosen as output file format paragraph 2 3 2 3 The ARC AsciiGrid format only allow a single value to be specified as cellsize Therefore calculated grids may not be displayed correctly if dx lt gt dy Aquifer properties The aquifer properties the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 1 actnum Eclipse code for identifying inactive cells value 0 Inactive cells act as flow barrier but not as temperature barrier permeability in X and Y permeability in the X and Y directions water salinity ppm salinity of the aquifer brine in NaCl equivalent Table 1 Aquifer properties For all parameters except the salinity it is possible to use a 2D grid instead of a fixed value If the button use grid is pressed both the none and view buttons to the left and right are activated Pressing the none button enables to select a grid file Once a file has been selected it is possible to view it in a basic grid viewer which shows both a map view in a fixed colour scale and the corresponding numerical values The supported grid file formats are the same as can be used for the definition of the Rol If the specified grid does not fully cover the Rol the bounding rows and columns are copied outward until full coverage is achieved If there is an offset between the grid cells of the Rol and the parameter grid the parameter grid values are interpolated to the Rol grid cells The user is therefore strongl
25. g the two wells It is important that all grids have the same resolution and origin Grids having different resolution and or origin will be resampled by DoubletCalc using a bilinear interpolation A narrow low permeability barrier embedded in a high permeability background may then be resampled to an intermediate permeability barrier Note that a low permeability fault having a width of a single pixel is considered to be an efficient flow barrier mma o ea ee ee UA ES e ce ale Figure 19 Pressure left and temperature right development in a homogeneous permeability field 200 mD after 50 years flow rate 300 m hr The injector is on the left the producer on the right Det j la j mesm Bokani J ot l sone Pens to ac Carr ra od Vint Sammie oe Meme j o ET me COR CA ES ra me Ea mag y p pE Figure 20 Left heterogeneous permeability field containing a 5 mD fault barrier in a 200 mD background flow rate 300 m3 hr Middle and right pressure and temperature development after 50 years Note the differences with Figure 19 in both the pressure and temperature fields Thermal breakthrough is delayed TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 30 38 Figure 21 Left heterogeneous permeability field containing a 200 mD high permeability streak connecting producer and injector in a 50 mD background flow rate 300 m hr Middle and right pressure and temperature development after 50 years Note the d
26. gt lt young_s modulus gt 9 0E9 lt young_s modulus gt lt poisson_s ratio gt 0 35 lt poisson_s ratio gt lt compaction_coefficient gt 1 0E 5 lt compaction_coefficient gt lt thermal_compaction_coefficient gt 2 0E 5 lt thermal_compaction_coefficient gt Output settings parameters lt output_fileformat gt 2 0 lt output_fileformat gt lt output_vik__ paraview fileformat gt 0 0 lt output_vtk_ paraview__ fileformat gt lt write_debug_output_grids gt 0 0 lt write_debug_output_grids gt The output fileformats allowed are 0 Surfer 1 ARC 2 ZYCOR 3 GMT and 4 CSV Calculation settings parameters lt include_wall gt 0 0 lt include_wall gt lt fix_temperatures_top_bottom gt 0 0 lt fix_temperatures_top_bottom gt lt calculate_subsidence gt 0 0 lt calculate_subsidence gt lt no_flow_boundary gt 1 0 lt no_flow_boundary gt Input wells tab lt x gt 625000 0 626000 0 lt x gt lt y gt 5789000 0 5789000 0 lt y gt lt well_diameter gt 7 0 7 0 lt well_diameter gt lt well_skin gt 0 0 0 0 lt well_skin gt lt well_excess_pressure gt 30 0 30 0 lt well_excess_pressure gt lt injection_temperature gt 35 0 lt injection_temperature gt lt well inj temperature gt 30 0 1 0 lt well__inj__temperature gt lt well flow_rate gt 160 0 160 0 lt well_flow_rate gt lt pressure_constraint gt 0 0 lt pressure_constraint gt Output well file For each well an output well file is written The name of each
27. ifferences with Figure 19 especially for the temperature field Thermal breakthrough is accelerated TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 31 38 6 6 1 File formats DoubletCalc 2D can export calculation results in various 2D ASCII grid formats for further processing The formats are described below Grids Surfer GRD A Golden Software Surfer ASCII grid contains 5 lines of of header information at the beginning of the file followed by the cell value data stored in row major order starting with the southernmost row from west to east Each row has the same y coordinate from ymin 1st row to ymax nth row The x coordinates in each row start with xmin and end with xmax Number of colums number of rows 3 Minimum x coordinate maximum x coordinate 4 Minimum y coordinate maximum y coordinate Minimum z value maximum z value Example Surfer ASCII grid DSAA 101 101 624325 629325 5788025 5793025 10 30 23 42 21 1 14 56 17 54 26 09 29 51 28 42 21 76 10 57 26 2 17 26 19 66 10 98 23 16 21 81 20 3 ESRI Asciigrid ASC An ESRI ASCII grid contains 6 lines of of header information at the beginning of the file followed by the cell value data stored in row major order starting with the northernmost row from west to east Each row has the same y coordinate from ymin 1st row to ymax nth row The x coordinates in each row start with xmin and end with xmax TNO report TNO 2015 R10216
28. le xml New 2D Project Load Project save project E View Grid About Input Aquifer Advanced Settings Input Wells Well Results Grid Results Pressure 90 100 oO roducer Well 1 producer 0 0 o m 150 100 50 4 Q m3 h Well 0 injector Well 1 producer Figure 5 Well results output The data shown in the pressure flow rate and temperature graphs is simultaneously written to disk in space delimited ASCII format The name of each well file is defined as well nameli i grid index j grid index txt For instance if wellO is located in the grid on column 12 and row 25 the file name is well0i12j25 txt The file format is described in Chapter 6 Although the flow rate for the producer is by default specified as a negative value this graph shows all rates as positive for ease of comparison The same holds for the pressure in the producer Logically the temperature at the injection well s remains at the user specified injection temperature The user can zoom in on a graph by selecting a rectangular area using the mouse Zooming out is performed by moving the cursor to left while pressing any mouse button By clicking in any graph while pressing the left mouse button the graph values are shown in the table on the right Grid results tab After the calculation has finished it is possible to view the resu
29. lting grid files Pressure and temperature are always calculated per time step Optionally reservoir properties see paragraph 2 3 2 3 and or subsidence see paragraph 2 3 2 4 can be viewed Currently a single colour scale is supported The user can select a grid to view and if pressure temperature or subsidence was selected use the time slider to scroll through the time series By moving the cursor around the grid XY TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 16 38 2 4 coordinates the grid cell value and the IJ row column coordinates are shown in the status bar ha DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 rc 2D project d doubletcalc2D New 2D Project Load Project Save project Calculate View Grid About Input Aquifer Advanced Settings Input Wells well Results Grid Results ea O injectog poll 1 producer 2 EEE 126 J50 Figure 6 Example of the Grid Results temperature showing map type selector 1 time step slider 2 and status bar 3 Error messages Currently a number of basic checks is performed on the user input The user is responsible for the validity of most input parameters This means for instance that for the producer both well injection temperature and well flow rate are negative by default and for the injector positive see paragraph 2 3 3 Input well coordinates within the Rol not within Region Of Interest TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 17 38 Production and injection flow rates not in e
30. n If a project is already active the user is asked if the new project should use the same working directory and overwrite the existing project If yes is selected the current aquifer and well settings in the input screen will be overwritten with the default values Old calculation results will be overwritten If no is selected the user is prompted to select a new working directory Load Project Loads a project by selecting the XML settings file The working directory is emembered by DoubletCalc2D when the program is run a second time TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 6 38 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 Save Project Saves the current project as XML settings file Calculate Runs a simulation and automatically stores for each time step year the resulting temperature and pressure grid files and the properties calculated for the wells temperature pressure viscosity density salinity compressibility in the working directory The output grid format is specified in the Advanced Settings tab see 2 3 2 The format of the wells files is space delimited using one line per calculated year and one column per calculated property see 6 3 Additional grids can be written when certain settings apply see the Advanced Settings tab in paragraph 2 3 2 View Grid Enables to select a single grid for viewing either results of previous simulations or grids depicting the aquifer depth reservoir thickness etc The select
31. n identified by either a negative flow rate or negative well excess pressure The well inj temperature of a producer is initially set to 1 Any value entered in this field will be ignored because the initial temperature specified in the Input Aquifer tab is used Additional wells can be specified by pressing the add well button Additional wells can also be removed but at least two wells are required to run the software ParaView is an open source multi platform data analysis and visualization application ParaView users can quickly build visualizations to analyze their data using qualitative and quantitative techniques www paraview org TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 13 38 meo ue DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 rc 2D project d doubletcalc2D example xml ae ES IL Save project Input Aquifer Advanced Settings Input Wells well Results Grid Results well diameter well skin well excess pressure well inj temperature well flow rate pressure constraint no y Figure 4 Input Wells screen for entering the well specifics The user is requested to enter the following parameters for each well parameter unt deseripion ooo X and Y coordinates m X and Y coordinates of the intersection of the reservoir and the well well diameter outer diameter of the well section in the reservoir well excess pressure dll pressure difference between the reservoir and the well bore well injection temperatu
32. onal tabs are visible Figure 3 The three left ones are concerned with defining input for a simulation the two right ones with viewing results of calculations TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 8 38 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 moa DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 2D pr calc2D example xml 0 0 m nx 50 0 5000 0 m ny 50 0 oom 5000 0 m none use grid je AQUIFER PROPERTIES initial temperature e aoc aquifer depth f 1500m cell thickness 100 0 m as az net to gross 0 actnum o permeability in xdir 200 0 mDarcy permeability in ydir 200 0 mDarcy water salinity 70000 0 ppm CALCULATION SETTINGS time end production 100 0 yrs time end analysis Wys pe A output calculation interval after production 250 0 yrs Figure 3 DoubletCalc2D input screen for aquifer properties showing the five tabs in the red box Input aquifer tab The Input Aquifer tab enables the user to specify the Region of Interest Rol the aquifer properties the calculation settings Region of interest The region of interest Rol is a rectangle defined by the minimum and maximum X and Y coordinates xmin xmax ymin ymax and the number of grid cells in the X and Y direction nx ny Alternatively by pressing the use grid button to the right of the grid geometry both the none and view buttons to the left and right are activated Pressing the none button enables to select a grid file The supported grid formats are ESRI A
33. quilibrium Input well flow rate not in equilibrium TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 18 38 3 3 1 3 2 DoubletCalc 2D model Doublet configuration Doubletcalc results are calculated at reservoir depth level Therefore a detailed doublet configuration is not part of the model Pressure and temperature losses in the production and injection pipes are not taken into account This means the results represent bottom hole pressures and temperatures Theoretical background DoubletCalc 2D is for a large part based on Modflow Harbaugh 2005 The pressures are solved in a similar way but the temperatures are treated differently In an Eulerian reference framework the heat equation which is solved per year is PC a V k VT v VT eq 1 with T temperature K or C9 t time sec p density m kg Ci specific heat capacity J kg K ki thermal conductivity W m K A radiogenic heat production W m o aN V nabla operator a dot product advective velocity lt i The advective velocity accounts for the effect of fluid flow inside pores or fractures which can strongly affect the thermal distribution e g Cherubini et al 2014 The fluid velocity is resolved per year from solving the Darcy flow equation y 2 pp 2222 992 0 eq 2 With P pressure Pa Cp bulk storage capacity of the fluid m Pa ky bulk permeability m Uf fluid viscosity Pa s Q source term m s Pf
34. re for the injection well this is the cooling temperature For the producer the value should be any negative value well flow rate m h the desired flow rate For the producer the flow rate should be negative For the injector the flow rate should be positive Table 7 Well settings All wells are considered to be vertical The effect of alternative well designs such as slanted horizontal fracced etc can be captured in a negative skin value e g Rogers and Economides 1996 Mijnlieff et al 2014 implementation in DoubletCalc The reservoir is considered to be fully penetrated and completed using the well diameter specified in Figure 4 Above the reservoir the well is not A spreadsheet for calculating the equivalent skin of a horizontal well can be found on the NLOG nI website under Aardwarmte gt Tools gt Equivalent skin horizontal wells TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 14 38 2 3 4 defined Therefore pressure and temperature losses in the well are ignored In case the pressure constraint toggle is switched to no the well excess pressure fields are dimmed and the user can enter a desired flow rate instead The user is strongly advised to make sure that the flow rate is positive for at least one well and negative for at least one well and that the sum of the flow rates equals 0 Unrealistic results will be achieved otherwise If the pressure constraint toggle is switched to yes the well flow rate fi
35. s pump volume flow in the DoubletCalc result table For the producer the same value should be entered a negative value by default Alternatively the pressure constraint can be set to yes In that case instead of the well flow rate the well excess pressures should be specified according to the values for pressure difference at producer injector in the DoubletCalc result table TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 26 38 Doublet Calculator 1 4 3 OF x number of simulation runs ooo Cateutater Lopenscenano i Save scenaro ExtProgram_ file D program files doubletcalc143 compare_dc2d xml Geotechnical input A Aquifer properties Proporty oa om uey 2 wae aquifer permeability mD is 200 F201 aguiterkwwrtoo 1 aquifer netto gross ogg 4 4 01 surface temperature C 10 aquifer gross thickness m a 100 a geothermal gradient Ci 0 030 aquifer top al producar qm 1D ta000 2000 2200 0 imidaquiertemperature producer toi O aquifer top at injector rm TYD 1800 0 2000 2200 0 inital aquifer pressure at producer bar 00 aquifer water salinity ppm 69999 70000 70001 initial aquifer pressure at injector bar 00 5 Doublet ana pump properties exit temperature heat exchanger C distance wells at aquifer level m pump system efficiency 0 61 production pump depth rm 500 pump pressure difference bar 30
36. ual water velocities and temperature development in Eclipse and DoubletCalc2D are very similar provided the boundary conditions are specified correctly TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 22 38 EQUIGRID k 1 01 Jan 2012 Distance METRES 0 6000 oo 2 a a fa lJ Dre Re LJ ETN gt U o E o 2 H oO Pressure BARSA Figure 8 Locations of producer PROD1 and injector INJE in the model area and locations of additional producers and injectors along the boundary The red square represents the 3x3 km area shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12 TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 23 38 190 180 170 160 150 pressure bar 140 130 120 110 100 500 1000 1500 2000 X coordinate Figure 9 Calculated grid block pressures in bar between wells note shift in X coordinates w r t Figure 8 5 E 05 4 E 05 3 E 05 velocity m s 2 E 05 1 E 05 0 E 00 500 1000 1500 2000 X coordinate m Figure 10 Actual water velocities in the grid block centers TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 24 38 64 00 62 00 60 00 58 00 56 00 54 00 52 00 50 00 48 00 46 00 44 00 42 00 40 00 38 00 36 00 34 00 32 00 30 00 Figure 11 Temperature after 7 years of operation left DoubletCalc right Eclipse 64 00 62 00 60 00 58 00 56 00 54 00 52 00 50 00 48 00 46 00 44 00 42 00 40 00 38 00 36 00 34 00 32 00 30 00 Figure 12 Temperature after 30 years of operation l
37. ug output grids is set to yes grid output is also written for all input aquifer parameters depth thickness porosity NG permeability in X and Y and initial temperature fluid velocity and viscosity in X and Y All grids can be viewed in the Grid Results tab Calculation settings The calculation settings the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 6 onset e Table 6 Calculation settings 3D cooling if cooling 3D is set to yes the temperature outside above and below the reservoir is accounted for in the temperature solution As a result the cooling of the reservoir will be more realistic Calculate subsidence the surface subsidence is calculated if calculate subsidence is set to yes The grids generated per time step are named subslyear ext Furthermore AESubs text files named subs year aesubs_compactionsources ixt are written They can be used with TNO s AEsubs subsidence modelling tool Fokker and Orlic 2006 No flow boundary if no flow boundary is set to yes water is not allowed to move outside the Rol In that case the size aquifer is confined by the Rol If no flow boundary is set to no a no pressure boundary condition is applied outside the Rol This means there is no pressure change at the boundaries but flow outside the Rol is possible Input wells tab The default Input Wells screen shows two wells by default named Well 0 and Well 1 A producer is by definitio
38. uifer_depth gt 1500 0 0 none lt aquifer_depth gt lt _cell__thickness gt 100 0 0 none lt _cell__thickness gt lt porosity gt 0 12 0 none lt porosity gt lt net_to_gross gt 1 0 0 none lt net_to_gross gt lt actnum gt 1 0 0 none lt actnum gt lt permeability_in_xdir gt 200 0 0 none lt permeability_in_xdir gt lt permeability_in_ydir gt 200 0 O none lt permeability_in_ydir gt lt permeability_in_kdir gt 200 0 O none lt permeability_in_kdir gt lt water_salinity gt 70000 0 lt water_salinity gt Calculation settings parameters lt time_end_production gt 15 0 lt time_end_production gt lt time_end_analysis gt 15 0 lt time_end_analysis gt lt output_interval gt 1 0 lt output_interval gt lt output_calculation_interval_after_production gt 250 0 lt output_calculation_interval_a fter_production gt Advanced settings tab Advanced aquifer properties parameters lt storage_capacity gt 1 0E 9 lt storage_capacity gt lt water_conductivity gt 0 6 lt water_conductivity gt lt temperature_dependent_viscosity gt 1 0 lt temperature_ dependent _viscosity gt lt temperature_dependent_density gt 1 0 lt temperature_dependent_density gt lt viscosity gt 0 001 O none lt viscosity gt Advanced rock properties parameters lt rock_conductivity gt 4 0 lt rock_conductivity gt lt heat_capacity gt 1000 0 lt heat_capacity gt TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 35 38 6 2 3 6 3 lt rock_density gt 2700 0 lt rock_density
39. y advised to use the same grid definition corner coordinates number of rows and columns cellsize for all input TNO report TNO 2015 R10216 10 38 Alternatively the user can switch back to using fixed values by pressing the use value button 2 3 1 3 Calculation settings The simulation time settings the user is requested to enter are specified in Table 2 time end production number of years the production will continue time end analysis number of years the simulation will calculate output interval grid reporting time step for the production period output calculation interval after grid reporting AND calculation time step for the post production production period Table 2 Calculation time settings The time end production can be different from the time end analysis to study for instance recovery effects of temperature and pressure after production has ceased The software always uses one year time steps for the calculations within the production period but the output interval time steps determine which temperature and pressure grids will be written to disk Logically the time end analysis should be equal to or larger than the time end production 2 3 2 Advanced settings tab mmo i DoubletCalc 2D 1 0 rc 2D project d doubletcalc2d pc Input Aquifer Advanced Settings Input Wells well Results Grid Results ADVANCED AQUIFER PROPERTIES 2 3 2 1 storage capacity 0 9 m3 Pa 1 wat
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