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TR0106 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference

1. id 1 mau 8 align 8 page_size 1 stack name min_size 1k grows low_to_high reserved start _address end_address start_address run_addr 0x0000 symbol start_label map map_description 5 5 4 Mappings You can use a mapping when you define a space bus or memory With the map field you specify how addresses from the source Space bus or memory are translated to addresses of a destination Space bus The following mappings are possible e space gt space e space gt bus e bus gt bus e memory gt bus With a mapping you specify a range of source addresses you want to map specified by a source offset and a size the destination to which you want to map them a bus or another address space and the offset address in the destination e The dest argument specifies the destination This can be a bus or another address space only for a space to space mapping This argument is required e The src_offset argument specifies the offset of the source addresses In combination with size this specifies the range of address that are mapped By default the source offset is Ox0000 e The size argument specifies the number of addresses that are mapped This argument is required e The dest_offset argument specifies the position in the destination to which the specified range of addresses is mapped By default the destination offset is Ox0000 If you are mapping a bus to another bus the number
2. GEN DEFAULT 7141 call func_def GEN ENDSWITCH _ T142 Related information d BREAK Statement 1 10 6 BREAK Statement Syntax GEN BREAK Registers flags affected PA1 PAO Description The BREAK statement causes an immediate exit from the innermost enclosing loop construct WHILE REPEAT FOR or SWITCH statement The BREAK statement has no effect on an IF statement the assembler will search for the most inner valid statement Example 1 Exit from WHILE statement SECTION data data i DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN WHILE lt NOT gt TO GEN IF i lt EQ gt 5 GEN BREAK exit from WHILE loop GEN ENDIF GEN ENDWHILE execution resumes here after the BREAK Example 2 Exit from REPEAT statement SECTION data data i DSB 1 j DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN REPEAT call DoSomething cjnz W skip if return value is not zero GEN BREAK skip call Whatever GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j execution resumes here after the BREAK 1 55 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Generated TSK165x code GEN REPEAT T129 call DoSomething cjnz W skip if return value is not zero H GEN BREAK GOTO __ T131 call Whatever GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j T130 MOVF j W SUBWF i W BTFSC C GOTO __T129 Related information d gt FOR Statement WHILE Statement REPEAT Statement SWITCH Statement 1 10 7 CONTINUE Statement Syntax GEN CONTINUE Registers flags affected PA1
3. With this option you tell the control program to call a tool with the specified option The control program does not use or interpret the option itself but specifies it directly to the tool which it calls Related information J 2 78 Tool Options Control Program Control Program verbose v Command line syntax verbose V Description With this option you put the control program in verbose mode With the option v the control program performs it tasks while it prints the steps it performs to stdout Related information db Control Program option n dry run Verbose output and suppress execution 2 79 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program version V Command line syntax version V Description Display version information The control program ignores all other options or input files Related information J Tool Options Control Program Control Program warnings as errors Command line syntax warnings as errors Description If one of the tools encounters an error it stops processing the file s With this option you tell the tools to treat warnings as errors As a consequence the tools now also stop after encountering a warning Related information d Control Program option no warnings Suppress all warnings 2 81 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 2 4 Make Utility Options When you build a project in Altium Designer Altium Designer generates
4. 8 The number_of_bits must be less than or equal to the number of bits per address which is the product of the number of MAUs per address and the number of bits per MAU both of which are specified in the AD command If the number_of_bits is not specified it equals the number of bits per address LR Command LR_command x LR load_item load_item relocation_letter offset load_constant expression number_of_MAUs load_constant x hex_digit number_of_ MAUs expression Examples LR002000400060 LRT80 0020 LR R2 100 4 The first example shows immediate constants which may be loaded as a part of an LR command The second example shows the use of the relocation base defined in the previous paragraph followed by a constant The third example shows how the value of the expression R2 100 is used to load 4 MAUs The three commands in this example may be combined into one LR command LR002000400060T80 0020 R2 100 4 RE Command The replicate command defines the number of times a LR command must be replicated RE_command RE expression The LR command must immediately follow the RE command Example REO4 LR R2 200 4 The commands above load 16 MAUs 4 times the 4 MAU value of R2 200 4 1 4 7 Linkage Commands RI Command The retain internal symbol command indicates that the symbolic information of an NI command must be retained in the output file
5. Display version information The make utility ignores all other options or input files Example tmk V The make utility displays the version information but does not perform any tasks Related information i 2 105 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility W Command line syntax W target Description With this option the make utility considers the specified target file always as up to date and will not rebuild it Example tmk W test abs The make utility rebuilds out of date targets in the makefile except the file test abs which is considered now as up to date Related information i 2 106 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility x Command line syntax X Description With this option the make utility shows extended error messages Extended error messages give more detailed information about the exit status of the make utility after errors Altium Designer uses this option for the graphical version of make Example tmk x If errors occur the make utility gives extended information Related information i 2 107 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 2 5 Librarian Options The librarian tlb is a tool to build library files and it offers the possibility to replace extract and remove modules from an existing library You can only call the librarian from the command line The invocation syntax is tlb key_option sub_option library object_file This section describes a
6. ENDREP Description With the REPEAT ENDREP directive you can repeat a sequence of assembly source lines With expression you specify the number of times the loop is repeated If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Example In this example the loop is repeated 3 times Effectively the preprocessor repeats the source lines DB 10 three times then the assembler assembles the result REPEAT 3 DB 10 assembly source lines ENDREP Related information Gs FOR ENDFOR Repeat sequence of source lines n times 1 36 Assembly Language RESUME Syntax RESUME name type attribute Description With the SECTION directive you always start a new section With the RESUME directive you can reactivate a previously defined section See the SECTION directive for a list of available section types and attributes If you omit the type and attribute the previously defined section with the same name is reactivated ignoring the type and attribute s If you specify a type and attribute you reactivate the section with that same type and attribute You cannot resume sections that have the group or overlay attribute In this case the assembler issues a warning Example SECTION code code SECTION data data Sueton code code een data data init RESUME code RESUME data data RESUME data data init Related information db SECTION
7. Options in Altium Designer versus options on the command line Most command line options have an equivalent option in Altium Designer but some options are only available on the command line for example in a Windows Command Prompt If there is no equivalent option in Altium Designer you can specify a command line option in Altium Designer as follows 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Enter one or more command line options in the Additional Linker options field Invocation syntax on the command line Windows Command Prompt The invocation syntax on the command line is When you are linking multiple files either relocatable object files obj or libraries 1ib it is important to specify the files in the right order Short and long option names Options can have both short and long names Short option names always begin with a single minus character long option names always begin with double minus characters You can abbreviate long option names as long as the name is unique You can mix short and long option names on the command line Options can have flags or sub options To switch a flag on use a lowercase letter or a ongflag To switch a flag off use an uppercase letter or a ongflag Separate longflags with commas The following two invocations are equivalent When you do not specify an option a
8. Rl_command R _variable level_number level_number i hex_number WX Command The weak external command flags a previously defined external NX_command as weak This means that if the external remains unresolved the value of the expression in the WX command is assigned to the X variable WX_command W X_variable default_value default_value expression TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference LI Command The LI command specifies a default library search list The library names specified in the LIL command are searched for unresolved references LI_command LI char_string char_string LX Command The LX command specifies a library to search for a named unresolved variable LX_command L X_variable char_string The paragraphs above showed the commands and operators as ASCII strings In an object file they are binary encoded The following tables show the binary representation 4 1 5 MUFOM Functions The following table lists the first byte of MUFOM elements Each value between 0 and 255 classifies the MUFOM language element that follows or it is a language element itself E g numbers outside the range 0 127 are preceded by a length field 0x82 specifies that a 2 byte integer follows OxE4 is the function code for the LR command Overview of first byte of MUFOM language elements Value Description 0x00 Ox7F Start of
9. The order in which the linker searches for LSL include files is 1 The pathname in the LSL file and the directory where the LSL file is located only for include files that are enclosed in 2 The path that is specified with this option 3 The default directory PRODDIR include 1sl Example Suppose that your linker script file my1s1 1s1 contains the following line include myinc inc You can call the linker as follows 1k165x include directory c proj include lsl file mylsl 1lsl test obj First the linker looks in the directory where my1s1 1s1 is located for the file myinc inc If it does not find the file it looks in the directory c proj include for the file myinc inc this option Finally it looks in the directory PRODDIR include 1sl Related information ie 2 37 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker incremental r Menu entry Command line syntax incremental r Description Normally the linker links and locates the specified object files With this option you tell the linker only to link the specified files The linker creates a linker output file out You then can link this file again with other object files until you have reached the final linker output file that is ready for locating In the last pass you call the linker without this option with the final linker output file out The linker will now locate the file Example In this example the files test1 obj test2
10. dd 2 88 e 2 89 err 2 90 f 2 91 G 2 92 i 2 93 K 2 94 k 2 95 m 2 96 2 101 n 2 97 p 2 98 q 2 99 r 2 100 s 2 102 t 2 103 time 2 104 V 2 105 W 2 106 x 2 107 defining a macro 2 83 Map file generation 2 44 Mappings 5 18 MAU 4 2 Memory definition 5 2 message 1 33 monadic functions 4 3 Motorola S record format 4 13 msb 1 7 msw 1 7 MUFOM 4 1 AD command 4 5 AS command 4 8 AT command 4 7 checksum command 4 5 command codes 4 11 comment command 4 5 data types 4 3 DT command 4 5 first byte of language elements 4 10 function codes 4 10 functions 4 10 IR command 4 8 LD command 4 8 letters 4 10 LI command 4 10 loading commands 4 8 LR command 4 9 LX command 4 10 MB command 4 5 ME command 4 5 module level commands 4 5 NI command 4 7 NN command 4 7 NX command 4 7 processes 4 1 RE command 4 9 RI command 4 9 SA command 4 7 SB command 4 6 sections 4 6 ST command 4 6 TY command 4 8 value assignment 4 8 WX command 4 9 O offset 1 34 Operands 1 2 Optimization 2 18 2 50 Option file 2 51 2 76 2 96 Options saving restoring 2 51 P page 1 35 Passing options 2 78 Preprocessing 2 7 5 3 Processor definition 5 2 5 22 Processor options processor definition 2 5 Processor type assembling for 2 5 compiling for 2 60 selecting 2 5 2 60 R Repeat statement 1 51 repeat endrep 1 36 Reserved address ra
11. e the type entries referenced from both types compare equal Variable NO is supposed to compare equal to any other name Type table entry TO is supposed to compare equal to any other type 4 1 4 5 Value Assignment AS Command The assignment command assigns a value to a variable AS_command AS MUFOM_variable expression 4 1 4 6 Loading Commands The contents of a section is either absolute data code or relocatable data code Absolute data can be loaded with the LD command The address where loading takes place depends on the value of the P variable belonging to the section Data which is contiguous in a LD command is supposed to be loaded contiguously in memory If data is not absolute it contains expressions which must be evaluated by the expression evaluator The LR command allows a relocation expression to be part of the loading command LD Command LD_command LD hex_digit The constants loaded with the LD command are loaded with the most significant part first IR Command A relocation base is an expression which can be associated with a relocation letter This relocation letter can be used in subsequent load relocate commands IR_command IR relocation_letter relocation_base number_of_bits relocation_letter nonhex_letter relocation_base expression number_of_bits expression Object File Formats Example IRV X20 16 ITM R2 40
12. expr e The parent of a group with an addr_range or page restriction cannot be ordered contiguous or clustered memory_reference mem lt proc_name gt 0 1 lt core_name gt 0 1 mem_name e Aproc_name refers to a defined processor e Acore_name refers to a defined core e Amem_name refers to a defined memory if_ statement if expr section_statement lt else section_statement gt 1 section_creation_statement section section_name section_specs lt section_statement2 gt gt 0 section_specs section_spec lt section_spec gt gt 0 section_spec attributes fill_spec size expr blocksize expr overflow section_name section_statement2 select_section_statement group_descr2 lt section_statement2 gt gt 5 12 Linker Script Language group _descr2 group lt group_name gt 1 group_specs2 section_statement2 group_specs2 group_spec2 lt group _spec2 gt 0 group_alignment attributes load_addr group_spec2 ter section_setup section_setup space_ref lt section_setup_item gt gt section_setup_item vector table statement stack_def reserved_range heap def 5 4 Expression Evaluation Only constant expressions are allowed including sizes but not addresses of sections in object files All expressions are evaluated with 64 bit precision integer arithmetic The result of an expression can be absolute or r
13. 3 Enable the option Generate a memory map file map 4 Inthe Map file format section enable or disable the information you want to be included in the map file Command line syntax map file file Mifile Description With this option you tell the linker to generate a linker map file If you do not specify a filename and you specfied the o option the linker uses the same basename as the output file with the extension map If you did not specify the o option the linker uses the file task1 map Altium Designer names the map file after the project A linker map file is a text file that shows how the linker has mapped the sections and symbols from the various object files ob3 to the linked object file A locate part shows the absolute position of each section External symbols are listed per space with their absolute address both sorted on symbol and sorted on address Related information Gls With the option map file format map file formatting you can specify which parts you want to place in the map file Section 3 2 Linker Map File Format in Chapter List File Formats 2 44 Tool Options Linker Linker map file format m Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Map File 3 Enable the option Generate a map file map 4 Inthe Map file format section enable or disable the information you want to be
14. Assembler Assembler cpu C Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Processor entry and select Processor Definition 3 Select a processor from the Select processor box Command line syntax Cpu cpu Ccpu Description With this option you define the CPU core for which you create your application The TSK165x target has more than one processor type and therefore you need to specify for which processor type the assembler should assemble The effect of this option is that the assembler includes the appropriate special function register file regcpu sfr You choose one of the following CPU s TSK165A TSK165B or TSK165C Assembly code can check the value of the option by means of the built in function CPU Example To assemble the file test src for the TSK165x processor and use the SFR file for the TSK165A processor type enter the following on command line as165x cpu tskl65a test srce The assembler includes the SFR file regtsk165a sfr and assembles for the chosen processor type Related information d gt Assembly function CPU 2 5 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler debug info g Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Debug Information 3 Select which debug information to include Automatic HLL or
15. However when a function is present in both libraries you may want the linker to extract the most recent function Example Consider the following example 1k165x first library first a lib test obj b lib If the file test obj calls a function which is both present in a 1ib and b 1ib normally the function in b 1ib would be extracted With this option the linker first tries to extract the symbol from the first library a Lib Note that routines in b lib that call other routines that are present in both a lib and b 1ib are now also resolved from a lib Related information d gt Linker option no rescan Rescan libraries to solve unresolved externals 2 35 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker help Menu entry Command line syntax help options Description Displays an overview of all command line options When you specify the argument options you can list detailed option descriptions Example The following invocations all display a list of the available command line options 1k165x 1k165x help 1k165x To see a detailed description of the available options enter 1k165x help options 2 36 Tool Options Linker Linker include directory l Menu entry Command line syntax include directory path Ipath Description With this option you can specify the path where your LSL include files are located A relative path will be relative to the current directory
16. PAO Description The CONTINUE statement causes the next iteration of the innermost enclosing loop construct WHILE REPEAT FOR to begin This means that the loop expression or operand comparison is performed immediately bypassing any subsequent instructions The CONTINUE statement has no effect on an IF statement the assembler will search for the most inner valid statement Example SECTION data data i DSB 1 j DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN REPEAT call DoSomething cjnz W skip if return value is not zero GEN CONTINUE immediately jump to UNTIL skip call Whatever GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j 1 56 Assembly Language Generated TSK165x code GEN REPEAT T129 call DoSomething cjnz W skip if return value is not zero GEN CONTINUE immediately jump to UNTIL GOTO _ T130 call Whatever GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j i 1130 MOVF j W SUBWF i W BTFSC C GOTO _ T129 T131 Related information d gt FOR Statement WHILE Statement REPEAT Statement 1 10 8 Structured Control Expressions The WHILE REPEAT and IF structured control statements accept so called structured control expressions Unlike normal assembly expressions they always evaluate to a TRUE or FALSE condition and they have a special syntax You can use the following structured control expressions Expression Description var Evaluates to TRUE if var does not equal zero lt NOT gt var Evaluates to TR
17. STRLEN string SLEN 6 STRPOS string1 string2 start Returns the position of string2 in string1 as an integer If string2 does not occur in string7 the last string postition 1 is returned With start you can specify the starting position of the search If you do not specify start the search is started from the beginning of string7 Example ID set STRPOS TASKING ASK ID ID set STRPOS TASKING BUG ID 7 1 8 Assembler Directives An assembler directive is simply a message to the assembler Assembler directives are not translated into machine instructions but can produce data There are three types of assembler directives e Assembler directives that tell the assembler how to go about translating instructions into machine code This is the most typical form of assembly directives Typically they tell the assembler where to put a program in memory what space to allocate for variables and allow you to initialize memory with data When the assembly source is assembled a location counter in the assembler keeps track of where the code and data is to go in memory The following directives fall under this group Assembly control directives Symbol definition directives Data definition Storage allocation directives HLL directives Structure control statements e Directives that are interpreted by the macro preprocessor These directives tell the macro preprocessor how to manipulate your
18. align expr page_size expr lt range lt range gt 0 gt 0 1 page direction direction stack_def heap_def copy_table def start_address mapping e Aspace_def contains exactly one id and one mau statement e Aspace_def contains at most one align statement e Aspace_def contains at most one page_size statement e Aspace_def contains at least one mapping stack_def stack stack_name stack_heap_descr lt stack_heap descr gt gt e Astack_def defines a stack with the stack_name as a unique name heap_def heap heap name stack_heap_descr lt stack_heap_descr gt gt 0 e A heap def defines a heap with the heap_name as a unique name stack_heap_descr min_size expr grows direction align expr fixed id expr e The min_size statement must be present e You can specify at most one align statement and one grows statement e Each stack definition has its own unique id the number specified corresponds to the index in the CALLS directive as generated by the compiler If the id is omitted the id is O zero direction low_to_high high_to_low e If you do not specify the grows statement the stack and grow low to high copy_table def copytable lt copy table descr lt copy_table_descr gt gt 0 gt 0 1 e Aspace_def contains at most one copytable statement e If the architecture definition contains more than one address space exactly one copy table must be def
19. mem B The load_addr keyword changes the meaning of the section selection in the group the linker selects the load time ROM copy of the named section s instead of the regular sections Just like run_addr you can specify an absolute address or an address range The load_addr keyword itself without an assignment specifies that the group s position in the LSL file defines its load time address group load_addr select mydata select ROM copy of mydata mydata The load time and run time addresses of a group cannot be set at the same time If the load time property is set for a group the group only restricts the positioning at load time of the group s sections It is not possible to set the address of a group that has a not unrestricted parent group The properties of the load time and run time start address are At run time before using an element in an overlay group the application copies the sections from their load location to their run time location but only if these two addresses are different For non overlay sections this happens at program start up The start addresses cannot be set to absolute values for unrestricted groups For non overlay groups that do not have an overlay parent the load time start address equals the run time start address For any group if the run time start address is not set the linker selects an appropriate address If an ordered group or sequential group has an absolute address a
20. the make utility runs as a child process of the current make The option c overrules the option err Example tmk c The make utility runs its commands as a child processes Related information J 2 86 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility D DD Command line syntax D DD Description With the option D the make utility prints every line of the makefile to standard output as it is read by tmk With the option DD not only the lines of the makefile are printed but also the lines of the tmk mk file implicit rules Example tmk D Each line of the makefile that is read by the make utility is printed to standard output usually your screen Related information i 2 87 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility d dd Command line syntax d dd Description With the option d the make utility shows which files are out of date and thus need to be rebuild The option dd gives more detail than the option d Example tmk d Shows which files are out of date and rebuilds them Related information J Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility e Command line syntax e Description If you use macro definitions they may overrule the settings of the environment variables With the option e the settings of the environment variables are used even if macros define otherwise Example tmk e The make utility uses the settings of the environment variables regardless of
21. 1 definition of symbol LOOPA GLOBAL LOOPA LOOPA will be globally accessible by other modules WEAK LOOPA mark symbol LOOPA as weak se Related information d gt EXTERN Import global section symbol GLOBAL Declare global section symbol 1 42 Assembly Language 1 9 Macro Operations Macros provide a shorthand method for inserting a repeated pattern of code or group of instructions You can define the pattern as a macro and then call the macro at the points in the program where the pattern would repeat Some patterns contain variable entries which change for each repetition of the pattern Others are subject to conditional assembly When a macro is called the assembler executes the macro and replaces the call by the resulting in line source statements In line means that all replacements act as if they are on the same line as the macro call The generated statements may contain substitutable arguments The statements produced by a macro can be any processor instruction almost any assembler directive or any previously defined macro Source statements resulting from a macro call are subject to the same conditions and restrictions as any other statements Macros can be nested The assembler processes nested macros when the outer macro is expanded 1 9 1 Defining a Macro The first step in using a macro is to define it The definition of a macro consists of three parts e Header which assigns a name to the macro
22. 4 cpu 2 5 debug info 2 6 define 2 7 diag 2 8 emit locals 2 9 error file 2 10 help 2 11 include directory 2 12 include file 2 13 list file 2 15 list format 2 16 no warnings 2 17 optimize 2 18 option file 2 19 output 2 20 preprocessor type 2 21 section info 2 22 symbol scope 2 23 verbose 2 25 version 2 24 warnings as errors 2 26 C 2 5 C 2 3 D 2 7 f 2 19 g 2 6 H 2 13 l 2 12 i 2 23 k 2 14 k keep output files 2 14 L 2 16 l 2 15 m 2 21 O 2 18 0 2 20 t 2 22 V 2 24 V 2 25 w 2 17 debug information 2 6 2 9 diagnostics 2 17 2 26 list file 2 15 2 16 2 22 optimization 2 18 preprocessing 2 7 2 13 2 21 Assembler significant characters 1 2 Assembly expressions 1 3 Index 1 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembly functions 1 5 arg 1 6 cast 1 6 cnt 1 6 cpu 1 6 defined 1 7 lsb 1 7 lsw 1 7 msb 1 7 msw 1 7 strcat 1 7 sircmp 1 7 strlen 1 8 strpos 1 8 detailed description 1 6 overview 1 5 Assembly syntax 1 1 B Board specification 5 2 5 22 break 1 11 Break statement 1 55 bs 1 12 bsb 1 12 bsbit 1 12 bsh 1 12 bsl 1 12 bsw 1 12 Build options include files path 2 12 2 37 Bus definition 5 2 Buses 5 15 Cc Call graph 1 13 calls 1 13 cast 1 6 Check source code 2 4 2 59 cnt 1 6 Command file 2 96 Comment 1 1 Comments 5 3 Conditional assem
23. 5 15 5 16 5 18 5 21 mau 5 15 5 16 5 21 5 23 mem 5 29 memory 5 21 5 23 min_size 5 16 5 30 no_inline 5 17 nocopy 5 28 nvram 5 21 ordered 5 28 overflow 5 31 overlay 5 28 page 5 16 5 29 page_size 5 16 5 29 priority 5 30 processor 5 22 ram 5 21 ref_tree 5 27 reserved 5 18 5 21 5 30 rom 5 21 run_addr 5 17 5 18 5 29 section 5 31 section_layout 5 25 section_setup 5 24 select 5 26 size 5 17 5 18 5 21 5 23 5 30 5 31 space 5 15 5 18 speed 5 21 5 23 src_dbits 5 18 src_offset 5 18 stack 5 16 5 30 start_address 5 18 symbol 5 18 template 5 17 template_symbol 5 17 type 5 21 5 23 vector 5 17 vector_prefix 5 17 vector_size 5 17 vector_table 5 17 width 5 15 LSL syntax 5 3 architecture definition 5 7 board specification 5 10 bus definition 5 6 derivative definition 5 9 memory definition 5 6 processor definition 5 10 section layout definition 5 10 Isw 1 7 Macro argument string 1 46 Macro call 1 1 Macro definition 2 7 2 63 Index Macro operations 1 43 macro endm 1 31 Macros 1 43 for directive 1 47 repeat directive 1 47 argument concatenation 1 45 argument operator 1 45 argument string 1 46 calling 1 44 conditional assembly 1 47 defining 1 43 local label override 1 46 make utility 2 83 return decimal value operator 1 45 return hex value operator 1 46 Make utility options 2 84 a 2 85 C 2 86 D 2 87 d 2 88 DD 2 87
24. 5 6 5 3 8 Architecture Definition 0 2 cc ee eee ee ee eee ee 5 7 5 3 9 Derivative DetiNIWOM a icv tkb ad tein tad ovata bad Poseidon Cha hades aed Reed hada eed 5 9 5 3 10 Processor Definition and Board Specification 0 cies 5 10 5 3 11 Section Layout Definition and Section Setup 0 ett 5 10 5 4 Expression EVAlUatlOMie te saaie Caer as Rtn eine hed hk we ne Rae ee ee a Rae de rte 5 13 5 5 Semantics of the Architecture Definition 0 0 c cece tee e eee 5 14 5 5 1 Defining anvArchitecture ics cceved ta cane es cada edie dears haere pian oa BRE EPE RI eae 5 15 5 5 2 Defining Internal BUSES 200 eee e GA od EAE hag ae ed bee e e weed el Nees 5 15 5 5 3 Defining Address Spaces 00 cc cece ete ett eee e eens 5 15 5 5 4 Map PINGS arse ttt Sasi ott eee iene Senda apo Qemdwade tee eb td wade edendod abel aes pad 5 18 5 6 Semantics of the Derivative Definition 0 0 c ccc teeta 5 20 5 6 1 Defining a Derivative 2 2 cae eda diverts cae aE E dato ddle 4 oped Mee EA 5 20 5 6 2 Instantiating Core Architectures 0 0 ete 5 20 5 6 3 Defining Internal Memory and Buses 0 cee eee ene 5 21 5 7 Semantics of the Board Specification 0 0 c cect teeta 5 22 5 7 1 Defining a ProceSSOr wi ee ee ee de de ee eae a ene ee 5 22 5 7 2 Instantiating Derivatives 02 00 ced icine eee eee eee diene eee ees 5 22 5 7 3 Defining External Memory and BUSES 0 c
25. 6 Tool Options Assembler Assembler define D Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Preprocessing 3 Click on User macro click on the down arrow in the right pane to expand macro input 4 Click on an empty Macro field and enter a macro name Then click outside the cell to confirm 5 Optionally click in the Value field and enter a definition Then click outside the cell to confirm Command line syntax define macro_name macro_definition Dmacro_name macro_definition Description With this option you can define a macro and specify it to the assembler preprocessor If you only specify a macro name no macro definition the macro expands as 1 You can specify as many macros as you like On the command line you can use the option define D multiple times If the command line exceeds the limit of the operating system you can define the macros in an option file which you then must specify to the assembler with the option option file file f Defining macros with this option instead of in the assembly source is for example useful in combination with conditional assembly as shown in the example below aN This option has the same effect as defining symbols via the DEFINE SET and EQU directives similar to define in the C language With the MACRO directive you can define more complex macr
26. Assign IR OxE3 Inititialize relocation base LR OxE4 Load with relocation SB OxE5 Section begin ST OxE6 Section type SA OxE7 Section alignment NI OxE8 Internal name NX OxE9 External name CO OxEA Comment DT OxEB Date and time AD OxEC Address description LD OxED Load CS with sum OxEE Checksum followed by sum value CS OxEF Checksum reset sum to 0 NN OxFO Name AT OxF 1 Attribute TY OxF2 Type RI OxF3 Retain internal symbol 4 11 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Command Code Description WX OxF4 Weak external LI OxF5 Library search list LX OxF6 Library external RE OxF7 Replicate SC OxF8 Scope definition LN OxF9 Line number OxFA Undefined OxFB Undefined OxFC Undefined OxFD Undefined OxFE Undefined OxFF Undefined Table 4 4 MUFOM Command codes 4 12 Object File Formats 4 2 Motorola S Record Format With the linker option ofilename SREC option the linker produces output in Motorola S record format with three types of S records SO S3 and S7 With the options ofilename SREC 2 or ofilename SREC 3 option you can force other types of S records They have the following layout SO record S 0 lt length_byte gt lt 2 bytes 0 gt lt comment gt lt checksum_byte gt A linker generated S record file starts with a SO record with the following contents length_byte 09 comment 1k165x checksum 0B 1k165x S00900006C6B313635780B
27. Memory and Buses The type field specifies a memory type rom read only memory it can only be written at load time ram random access volatile writable memory writing at run time is possible while writing at load time has no use since the data is not retained after a power down nvram non volatile ram writing is possible both at load time and run time The optional reserved qualifier before the memory type tells the linker not to locate any section in the memory by default You can locate sections in such memories using an absolute address or range restriction see subsection Locating a group in section 5 9 2 Creating and Locating Groups of Sections The mau field specifies the MAU size Minimum Addressable Unit of the memory This field is required The size field specifies the size in MAU of the memory This field is required The speed field specifies a symbolic speed for the memory 1 4 1 is the fastest 4 the slowest The linker uses the relative speed of the memories in such a way that optimal speed is achieved The default speed is 1 The map field specifies how this memory maps onto an internal bus Mappings are described in section 5 5 4 Mappings memory mem_name type rom mau 8 size 64k speed 2 map map_description With the bus keyword you define a bus in a derivative definition Buses are described in section 5 5 2 Defining Internal Buses 5 21 TSK165x Embedded Tools Referenc
28. REPEAT statement does not imply repeated occurrence of the directive Example 1 Count upwards with step size SECTION data data idx DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN FOR idx 0 TO 128 BY 5 NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDFOR 1 48 Assembly Language Generated TSK165x code GEN FOR idx 0 TO 128 BY 5 MOVLW 0 MOVWF idx T121 CJGE idx 128 _ T122 NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDFOR MOVLW 5 ADDWF idx f GOTO _ T121 ip Example 2 Count downwards SECTION data data idx DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN FOR idx 255 DOWNTO 128 NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDFOR Generated TSK165x code GEN FOR idx 255 DOWNTO 128 MOVLW 255 MOVWF idx T123 CULE idx 128 _ T124 NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDFOR DECWF idx f GOTO _ T123 7124 Related information db BREAK Statement CONTINUE Statement REPEAT Statement WHILE Statement FOR ENDFOR Repeat sequence of source lines n times 1 10 2 WHILE Statement Syntax GEN WHILE expression GEN BREAK GEN CONTINUE statements GEN ENDWHILE Registers flags affected W C Z PA1 PAO 1 49 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Description The expression is tested before execution of the assembly statements While expression is true the statements are executed repeatedly When expression evaluates to false execution advances to the instruction following the ENDWHILE expression must
29. Spaces Heap e The keyword heap tells the linker to reserve a dynamic memory range for the malloc function Optionally you can assign a name to the heap section With the keyword size you can change the size for the heap If the size is not specified the linker uses the size given by the min_size argument as defined for the heap in the architecture definition Normally the linker automatically tries to maximize the size unless you specified the keyword fixed group heap myheap size 2k The linker creates two labels to mark the begin and end of the heap __1c_ub_heap_name for the begin of the heap and __1c_ue_heap_name for the end of the heap The linker allocates space for the heap when a reference to either of the section labels exists in one of the input object files Reserved section e The keyword reserved tells the linker to create an area or section of a given size The linker will not locate any other sections in the memory occupied by a reserved section with some exceptions Optionally you can assign a name to a reserved section With the keyword size you can specify a size for a given reserved area or section group reserved myreserved size 2k 5 30 Linker Script Language The optional 111 field contains a bit pattern that the linker writes to all memory addresses that remain unoccupied during the locate process The result of the expression or list of expressions is u
30. Start a new section 1 15 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference DEFINE Syntax DEFINE symbol string Description With the DEFINE directive you define a substitution string that you can use on all following source lines The assembler searches all succeeding lines for an occurrence of symbol and replaces it with string If the symbol occurs in a double quoted string it is also replaced Strings between single quotes are not expanded This directive is useful for providing better documentation in the source program A symbol can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ and the first character cannot be a digit The assembler issues a warning if you redefine an existing symbol Example Suppose you defined the symbol LEN with the substitution string 32 DEFINE LEN 32 Then you can use the symbol LEN for example as follows DS LEN MESSAGE I The length is LEN The assembler preprocessor replaces LEN with 32 and assembles the following lines DS 32 MESSAGE I The length is 32 Related information UNDEF Undefine a DEFINE symbol or macro MACRO ENDM Define a macro Assembly Language DH Syntax label DH argument argument Description With the DH directive Define Half Word you allocate and initialize a half word of memory for each argument A half word is 8 bits byte so the DH directive is the same as the DB directive An argument is e asin
31. TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program cpu C Command line syntax Cpu cpu Ccpu Description With this option you define the CPU core for which you create your application The TSK165x target has more than one processor type and therefore you need to specify for which processor type you want to create your application The effect of this option is that the assembler includes the appropriate special function register file regcpu sfr You choose one of the following CPU s TSK165A TSK165B or TSK165C Assembly code can check the value of the option by means of the built in function CPU Example To assemble the file test src for the TSK165x processor and use the SFR file for the TSK165A processor type enter the following on command line ccl65x cpu tskl65a test sre The assembler includes the SFR file regtsk165a sfr and assembles for the chosen processor type Related information Gb Assembler option cpu Select CPU core type 2 60 Tool Options Control Program Control Program create cl co Command line syntax create siage c stage You can specify the following stages if you omit the stage the default is create object relocatable I Stop after the files are linked to a linker object file out object 0 Stop after the files are assembled to objects obj Description Normally the control program generates an absolute object file of the specified output form
32. The SO record is a comment record and does not contain relevant information for program execution The length_byte represents the number of bytes in the record not including the record type and length byte The checksum is calculated by first adding the binary representation of the bytes following the record type starting with the length_byte to just before the checksum Then the one s complement is calculated of this sum The least significant byte of the result is the checksum The sum of all bytes following the record type is OFFH S1 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 2 the actual program code and data is supplied with S1 records with the following layout S 1 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt This record is used for 2 byte addresses Example 1130250F03EF04DFOACE8A408A2A013EDFCDBO0E6 _ checksum _ code _ address _ length The linker has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating S1 records The default buffer length is 32 code bytes The checksum calculation of S1 records is identical to SO S2 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 3 the actual program code and data is supplied with S2 records with the following layout S 2 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt This record is used for 3 byte addresses Example S 213FF002000232222754E00754F04AF4FAE4E
33. Value Operator Instead of substituting the formal arguments with the actual macro call arguments you can also use the value of the macro call arguments Consider the following source code that calls the macro MAC_A after the argument AVAL has been set to 1 AVAL SET 1 MAC_A 0 AVAL If you want to replace the argument val with the value of AVAL rather than with the literal string AVAL you can use the operator and modify the macro as follows MAC_A MACRO reg val bmov RB reg val ENDM 1 45 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Example Hex Value Operator The percent sign is similar to the standard decimal value operator except that it returns the hexadecimal value of a symbol Consider the following macro definition GEN_LAB MACRO LAB VAL STMT LAB SVAL STMT ENDM The macro is called after NUM has been set to 10 NUM SET 10 GEN_LAB HEX NUM NOP The macro expands as follows HEXA NOP The VAL argument is replaced by the character A which represents the hexadecimal value 10 of the argument VAL Example Argument String Operator To generate a literal string enclosed by single quotes you must use the argument string operator in the macro definition Consider the following macro definition STR_MAC MACRO STRING DB STRING ENDM The macro is called as follows STR_MAC ABCD The macro expands as follows DB ABCD Within double quotes DEFINE d
34. a defined processor e Acore_name refers to a defined core e Abus_name refers to a defined bus e The following mappings are allowed source to destination space gt space space gt bus bus gt bus memory gt bus range expr ee expr 5 3 8 Architecture Definition architecture _definition architecture arch_name lt parameter list gt 9 1 lt extends arch_name lt argument_list gt 0 1 gt 0 1 arch_spec e Anarchitecture_definition defines a core architecture with the given arch_name as a unique name e Atleast one space_def and at least one bus_def have to be present in an architecture_definition e Anarchitecture_definition that uses the extends construct defines an architecture that inherits all elements of the architecture defined by the second arch_name The parent architecture must be defined in the LSL file as well parameter list parameter lt parameter gt 9 parameter IDENTIFIER lt expr gt l 1 argument_list expr lt expr gt 0 arch_spec bus_def space def endianness_ def space _def space space_name lt space_descr gt e Aspace_def defines an address space with the given space_name as a unique name within an architecture 5 7 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference space_descr space property section_definition no space ref vector table statement reserved_range space property id number as used in object mau expr
35. a makefile and uses the make utility tmk to build all your files However you can also use the make utility directly from the command line to build your project The invocation syntax is tmk option target macro def This section describes all options for the make utility The make utility is a command line tool so there are no equivalent options in Altium Designer 2 82 Tool Options Make Utility Defining Macros Command line syntax macro definition Description With this argument you can define a macro and specify it to the make utility A macro definition remains in existence during the execution of the makefile even when the makefile recursively calls the make utility again In the recursive call the macro acts as an environment variable This means that it is overruled by definitions in the recursive call Use the option e to prevent this You can specify as many macros as you like If the command line exceeds the limit of the operating system you can define the macros in an option file which you then must specify to the make utility with the option m file Defining macros on the command line is for example useful in combination with conditional processing as shown in the example below Example Consider the following makefile with conditional rules to build a demo program and a real program ifdef DEMO the value of DEMO is of no importance real abs demo obj main obj 1k165x demo obj main obj d165
36. address size of the chosen format option address size Example To generate an Motorola S record output file cc165x format SREC testl asm test2 asm output test sre Related information db Control program option address size Set address size for linker IHEX SREC files Linker option output Specify an output object file Linker option chip output Generate hex file for each chip 2 67 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program help Command line syntax help options Description Displays an overview of all command line options When you specify the argument options you can list detailed option descriptions Example The following invocations all display a list of the available command line options ccl65x cc165x help ccl65x To see a detailed description of the available options enter ccl65x help options 2 68 Tool Options Control Program Control Program include directory l Command line syntax include directory path Ipath Description With this option you can specify the path where your include files are located A relative path will be relative to the current directory Example Suppose that the assembly file test asm contains the following lines INCLUDE myinc inc You can call the control program as follows cc165x include directory myinclude test asm First the assembler looks in the directory where test asm is l
37. after linking and informs you about unresolved references Related information dE Control program option cl Stop after linking 2 40 Tool Options Linker Linker Isl check Menu entry Command line syntax Isl check Description With this option the linker just checks the syntax of the LSL file s and exits No linking or locating is performed Use the option Isl file file to specify the name of the Linker Script File you want to test Related information Gb Linker option IsI file Linker script file Linker option Isl dump Dump LSL info Section 3 7 Controlling the Linker with a Script in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 41 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker Isl dump Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Enable the option Dump processor and memory info from LSL file Command line syntax Isl dump file Description With this option you tell the linker to dump the LSL part of the map file in a separate file independent of the option map file generate map file If you do not specify a filename the file Lktarget 1df is used Related information db Linker option map file format Map file formatting 2 42 Tool Options Linker Linker IsI file d Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Proj
38. and defines the arguments e Body which contains the code or instructions to be inserted when the macro is called e Terminator which indicates the end of the macro definition ENDM directive A macro definition takes the following form macro_name MACRO arg arg comment source statements ENDM If the macro name is the same as an existing assembler directive or mnemonic opcode the assembler replaces the directive or mnemonic opcode with the macro and issues a warning The arguments are symbolic names that the macro preprocessor replaces with the literal arguments when the macro is expanded called Each argument must follow the same rules as global symbol names Argument names cannot start with a percent sign Example Consider the following macro definition MUL MACRO retval argl arg2 CLRW 7 w 0 MOVF arg2 0 BTFSC Z goto end if arg2 loop do ADDWF argl1 0 w argl BTFSC C if carry INCF retval 1 res 0x100 DECFSZ arg2 1 while arg2 goto loop end MOVWF retval 1 res w ENDM 1 43 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference After the following macro call result dsw 1 aval db 113 bval db 7 section code code MUL result aval bval end The macro expands to CLRW w 0 MOVF bval 0 BTFSC Z goto end if bval loop do ADDWF aval 0 w aval BTFSC C if carry INCF result 1 res 0x100 DECFSZ bval 1 while bval
39. argument surround the argument with single or double quotes e If you want to use single quotes as part of the argument surround the argument by double quotes and vise versa This has a single quote embedded This has a double quote embedded This has a double quote and a single quote embedded e When a text line reaches its length limit use a to continue the line Whitespace between quotes is preserved This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line e tis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file myoptions contains the following lines gaL test src Specify the option file to the assembler as165x option file myoptions This is equivalent to the following command line as165x gaL test src Related information 2 19 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler output o Menu entry Altium Designer names the output file always after the source file Command line syntax output file 0 file Description With this option you can specify another filename for the output file of the assembler Without this option the basename of the assembly source file is used with extension obj Example To create the file relobj obj instead of asm obj enter as165x output relobj obj asm src Related information J 2 20 Tool Options Assembler Assembler preprocessor type m Menu entry 1 From the
40. c Optimize instruction size With this optimization the assembler tries to find the shortest possible operand encoding for instructions Related information d gt Section 2 5 Assembler Optimizations in chapter Using the Assembler of the user s manual Tool Options Assembler Assembler option file f Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option option file to the Additional assembler options field Be aware that the options in the option file are added to the assembler options you have set in the other dialogs Only in extraordinary cases you may want to use them in combination Command line syntax option file file f file Description This option is primarily intended for command line use Instead of typing all options on the command line you can create an option file which contains all options and flags you want to specify With this option you specify the option file to the assembler Use an option file when the command line would exceed the limits of the operating system or just to store options and save typing Option files can also be generated on the fly for example by the make utility You can specify the option option file multiple times Format of an option file e Multiple arguments on one line in the option file are allowed e To include whitespace in an
41. can use the PAGE directive to format the generated list file width Number of characters on a line 1 255 Default is 132 length Number of lines per page 10 255 Default is 66 blanktop Number of blank lines at the top of the page Default 0 Specify a value so that blanktop blankbtm lt length 10 blankbtm Number of blank lines at the bottom of the page Default 0 Specify a value so that blanktop blankbtm lt length 10 blankleft Number of blank columns at the left of the page Default 0 Specify a value smaller than width If you use the PAGE directive without arguments it causes a formfeed the next source line is printed on the next page in the list file You can omit an argument by using two adjacent commas If the remaining arguments after an argument are all empty you can omit them A label is not allowed with this directive Example PAGE formfeed the next source line is printed on the next page in the list file PAGE 96 set pagewidth to 96 Note that you can omit the last four arguments PAGE 5 insert five blank lines at the top Note that you can omit the last two arguments Related information Gls TITLE Set program title in header of assembler list file Assembler option list file Generate list file in Section 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options 1 35 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference REPEAT ENDREP Syntax label REPEAT expression
42. cannot have a value assigned to it An X variable consists of the letter X followed by a hexadecimal number The MUFOM language uses the following data types to form expressions digit 0 ae rop 3 4 5 6 277 go 9 hex_letter wA 4B 20r 2p Se a hex_digit digit hex_letter hex_number hex_digit nonhex_letter G PH PP J PPR PE PM PN O P pP PR PS PT UV pP WW X PY PZ letter hex_letter nonhex_letter alpha_num _ letter digit identifier letter alpha_num character value valid within chosen character set char_string_length hex_digit hex_digit char_string char_string_length character The numeric value specified in char_string_length should be followed by an equal number of characters Expressions may be formed out of immediate numbers and MUFOM variables The MUFOM processes 2 to 4 which form the linker contain expression evaluators which parse and calculate the values for the expressions If a MUFOM process cannot calculate the absolute value of an expression because the values of the variable are not yet known it copies the expression with modifications into the output file Expression are coded in reverse Polish notation The operator follows the operands expression boolean_function one_operand_function two_operand_function three_operand_functio
43. checksum _ address _ type _ offset length 4 17 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference End of File Record The hexadecimal file always ends with the following end of file record 00000001FF _ checksum _ type _ offset _ length 5 Linker Script Language Summary This chapter describes the syntax of the linker script language LSL 5 1 Introduction To make full use of the linker you can write a script with information about the architecture of the target processor and locating information The language for the script is called the Linker Script Language LSL This chapter first describes the structure of an LSL file The next section contains a summary of the LSL syntax Finally in the remaining sections the semantics of the Linker Script Language is explained The TASKING linker is a target independent linker locator that can simultaneously link and locate all programs for all cores available on a target board The target board may be of arbitrary complexity A simple target board may contain one standard processor with some external memory that executes one task A complex target board may contain multiple standard processors and DSPs combined with configurable IP cores loaded in an FPGA Each core may execute a different program and external memory may be shared by multiple cores LSL serves two purposes First it enables you to specify the characteristics that are of interest to
44. core architecture can have any number of parameters These are identifiers which get values assigned on instantiation or extension of the architecture You can use them in any expression within the core architecture Parameters can have default values which are used when the core architecture is instantiated with less arguments than there are parameters defined for it When you extend a core architecture you can pass arguments to the parent architecture Arguments are expressions that set the value of the parameters of the sub architecture architecture name_child_arch parml1 parm2 1 extends name_parent_arch arguments definitions 5 5 2 Defining Internal Buses With the bus keyword you define a bus the combination of data and corresponding address bus The bus name is used to identify a bus and does not conflict with other identifiers Bus descriptions in an architecture definition or derivative definition define internal buses Some internal buses are used to communicate with the components outside the core or processor Such buses on a processor have physical pins reserved for the number of bits specified with the width statements e The mau field specifies the MAU size Minimum Addressable Unit of the data bus This field is required e The width field specifies the width number of address lines of the data bus The default value is the MAU size e The map keyword specifies how this bus maps onto another bus if so Mappings are describe
45. eect tt ene 5 23 5 8 Semantics of the Section Setup Definition 0 5 24 5 8 1 Setting Up A SOCHON i enn ses ceva genvoan eactd caged cages MAGNE G ea Hed eee Ree Eh 5 24 5 9 Semantics of the Section Layout Definition 0 ccc eect eee 5 25 5 9 1 Defining a Section Layout 0 eens 5 25 5 9 2 Creating and Locating Groups of Sections 0 ccc tet e eee 5 26 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections 0 0 cece cette teen eee 5 30 5 9 4 Creating SYMDOIS s cees earns Olah eine e Yaad Ree PR ee nae 5 32 5 9 5 Conditional Group Statements 0 c cece ttt teen enna 5 33 Index Manual Purpose and Structure Manual Purpose and Structure Windows Users The documentation explains and describes how to use the TASKING TSK165x toolset to program a TSK165x processor You can use the tools either with the graphical Altium Designer or from the command line in a command prompt window Structure The toolset documentation consists of a user s manual Using the TSK165x Embedded Tools which includes a Getting Started section and a separate reference manual this manual Start by reading the Getting Started in Chapter 1 of the user s manual The other chapters in the user s manual explain how to use the assembler linker and the various utilities Once you are familiar with these tools you can use this reference manual to lookup specific options and details to make full use of t
46. evaluates to TRUE 1 e The optional else keyword is followed by a section statement which is executed in case the if condition evaluates to FALSE 0 group if exists mysection select mysection else reserved myreserved size 2k 5 33 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 5 34 Index Index A Address spaces 5 15 align 1 10 Alignment gaps 5 28 Architecture definition 5 1 5 14 arg 1 6 Assembler directives align 1 10 break 1 11 bs 1 12 bsb 1 12 bsbit 1 12 bsh 1 12 bsl 1 12 bsw 1 12 calls 1 13 db 1 14 dbit 1 15 define 1 16 dh 1 17 dl 1 18 ds 1 19 dsb 1 19 dsbit 1 19 dsh 1 19 dsl 1 19 dsw 1 19 dw 1 20 end 1 21 equ 1 22 extern 1 23 for endfor 1 24 gen 1 25 global 1 26 iff elif else endif 1 27 include 1 28 label 1 29 list nolist 1 30 macro endm 1 31 message 1 33 offset 1 34 page 1 35 repeat endrep 1 36 resume 1 37 section 1 38 set 1 39 title 1 40 undef 1 41 assembly control overview 1 8 conditional assembly overview 1 9 data definition overview 1 9 detailed description 1 10 HLL overview 1 9 listing control overview 1 9 macros overview 1 9 overview 1 8 storage allocation overview 1 9 structured control statement overview 1 10 symbol definitions overview 1 9 weak 1 42 Assembler options 2 1 2 11 case insensitive 2 3 check 2
47. example when you override a stack with another size or select a stack in an ordered group with other sections The id keyword matches stack information generated by the compiler with a stack name specified in LSL This value assigned to this keyword is strongly related to the compiler s output so users are not supposed to change this configuration Optionally you can specify an alignment for the stack with the argument align This alignment must be equal or larger than the alignment that you specify for the address space itself The heap keyword defines a heap in the address space and assigns a name to it The definition of a heap is similar to the definition of a stack See also the heap keyword in section 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections db See section 5 9 Semantics of the Section Layout Definition for information on creating and placing stack sections Copy tables The copytable keyword defines a copy table in the address space The content of the copy table is created by the linker and contains the start address and size of all sections that should be initialized by the startup code You must define exactly one copy table in one of the address spaces for a core Optionally you can specify an alignment for the copy table with the argument align This alignment must be equal or larger than the alignment that you specify for the address space itself If smaller the alignment for the address space is used The copy_unit argu
48. expr expr endianness_ def endianness lt endianness_type gt 1 endianness_type big little 5 3 9 Derivative Definition derivative _definition derivative derivative_name lt parameter list gt 9 1 lt extends derivative_name lt argument_list gt 1 gt 0 1 lt derivative_spec gt e Aderivative_definition defines a derivative with the given derivative_name as a unique name derivative_spec core def bus_def mem_def section_definition no processor name section_setup core _def core core name lt core_ descr gt gt 0 e Acore_def defines a core with the given core_name as a unique name e Atleast one core_def must be present in a derivative_definition 5 9 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference core_descr architecture arch_name lt argument_list gt 0l1 endianness endianness_type lt endianness_type gt gt 0 e Anarch_name refers to a defined core architecture e Exactly one architecture statement must be present in a core_def 5 3 10 Processor Definition and Board Specification board_spec proc_def bus_def mem_def proc_def processor proc_name proc_descr proc_descr derivative derivative_name lt argument_list gt l1 e A proc_def defines a processor with the proc_name as a unique name e If you do not explicitly define a processor for a derivative in an LSL file the linker defines a processor with the same
49. expression had a non zero result If the expression has a value of zero the source file will be assembled as if those statements between the IF and the ENDIF directives were never encountered If the ELSE directive is present and expression has a nonzero result then the statements between the IF and ELSE directives will be assembled and the statement between the ELSE and ENDIF directives will be skipped Alternatively if expression has a value of zero then the statements between the IF and ELSE directives will be skipped and the statements between the ELSE and ENDIF directives will be assembled 1 47 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 1 10 Structured Control Statements The assembly language provides an instruction set for performing certain rudimentary operations These operations in turn may be combined into control structures such as loops FOR REPEAT WHILE or conditional branches IF THEN IF THEN ELSE The TSK165x assembler however accepts formal high level GEN directives that specify these control structures generating the appropriate assembly language instructions for their efficient implementation This use of structured control statements improves the readability of assembly language programs without compromising the desirable aspects of programming in an assembly language The TSK165x assembler supports the following types of structured control statements by means of the GEN directive e For statem
50. file 3 6 4 Object File Formats Sum mary This chapter describes the formats of several object files 4 1 IEEE 695 Format The IEEE 695 standard describes MUFOM Microprocessor Universal Format for Object Modules It defines a target independent storage standard for object files However this standard does not describe how symbolic debug information should be encoded according to that standard Symbolic debug information can be a part of an object file A debugger which reads an object file uses the symbolic debug information to obtain knowledge about the relation between the executable code and the origination high level language source files Since the IEEE 695 standard does not describe the representation of debug information working implementations of this standard show vendor specific and microprocessor specific solutions for this area TIOF which stands for Target Independent Object Format is specified as a MUFOM based standard including the representation of symbolic debug information for high level languages without introducing the microprocessor dependent solutions Since TIOF and IEEE 695 both use the MUFOM concept as their basis both formats are very similar to each other 4 1 1 Command Language Concept Most object formats are record oriented there are one or more section headers at a fixed position in the file which describe how many sections are present A section header contains information like start address fil
51. imm CALL label mov imm8 in W and CALL label CALL label regf MOVF regf w CALL label mov regf in W and CALL label ADD regf2 imm8 amp MOVLW imm ADDWFE regf2 f add imm8 to regf2 ADD regf2 regf1 MOVF regf w ADDWF regf2 f add regfi to regf2 1 58 Assembly Language Instruction Description of multiple replacement SUB regf2 4imm8 amp MOVLW imm SUBWF regf2 f substract imm8 from regf2 SUB regf2 regf1 MOVF regf W SUBWF regf2 f substract regf1 from regf2 AND regf2 imm8 MOVLW imm8 amp ANDWFE regf2 f AND regf2 and imm8 to regf2 AND regf2 regf1 MOVF regf w ANDWFE regf2 f AND regf2 and regf1 to regf2 IOR regf2 imm8 MOVLW imm8 IORWF regf2 f IOR regf2 and imm8 to regf2 IOR regf2 regf1 MOVF regf W IORWF regf2 f IOR regf2 and regf1 to regf2 XOR regf2 imm8 MOVLW imm8 XORWF regf2 f XOR regf2 and imm8 to regf2 XOR regf2 regf1 MOVF regf w XORWF regf2 f XOR regf2 and regf1 to regf2 MOV regf2 imm8 MOVLW imm8 MOVWF regf2 move imm8 to regf2 MOV regf2 regf1 MOVF regf w MOVWF regf2 move regf1 to regf2 TRIS regf imm8 MOVLW imm8 amp TRIS regf tris imm8 to regf2 Compare and skip on condition CSE regf imm8 goto_label if regf imm8 gt skip next instruction CSE regf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 regf2 gt skip next instruction CSNE regf imm8 goto_label if regf imm8 gt skip next instruction CSNE regf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 regf2 gt skip next inst
52. included in the map file Command line syntax map file format flags mflags You can specify the following formats 0 Same as mefikLMNoQrSU link information 1 Same as mCfiKIMNoQRSU locate information 2 Same as mefiklmNoQrSu most information callgraph c C Call graph information files f F Processed files information invocation i I Invocation and tool information link k K Link result information locate I L Locate result information memory m M Memory usage information nonalloc n N Non alloc information overlay 0 0 Overlay information statics q Q Module local symbols crossref r R Cross references information Isl s S Processor and memory information rules u U Locate rules Description With this option you specify which information you want to include in the map file Use this option in combination with the option map file M If you do not specify this option the linker uses the default map file format 2 Related information d Linker option map file Generate map file 2 45 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker non romable Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option non romable to the Additional linker options field Command line syntax non romable Description With this option the linker wil
53. macro definitions Related information i 2 89 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility err Command line syntax err file Description With this option the make utility redirects error messages and verbose messages to a specified file With the option s the make utility only displays error messages Example tmk err error txt The make utility writes messages to the file error txt Related information d gt Make utility option s Do not print commands before execution 2 90 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility f Command line syntax f my_makefile Description Default the make utility uses the file makefile to build your files With this option you tell the make utility to use the specified file instead of the file makefile Multiple f options act as if all the makefiles were concatenated in a left to right order Example tmk f mymake The make utility uses the file mymake to build your files Related information J 2 91 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility G Command line syntax G path Description Normally you must call the make utility tmk from the directory where your makefile and other files are stored With the option G you can call the make utility from within another directory The path is the path to the directory where your makefile and other files are stored and can be absolute or relative to your current directory Example Suppose yo
54. not exist the librarian creates a new library with the specified name If you add a module to the library without specifying the suboption a or b the specified module is added at the end of the archive Use the suboptions a or b to insert them to a specified place instead aposname Add the specified object module s after the existing module posname b posname Add the specified object module s before the existing module posname C Create a new library without checking whether it already exists If the library already exists it is overwritten u Insert the specified object module only if it is newer than the module in the library V Verbose the librarian shows which files are removed AN The suboptions a or b have no effect when an object is added to the library Examples Suppose the library mylib 1ib contains the following objects see option t obj1 obj To add obj2 obj to the end of mylib 1lib tlb r mylib lib obj2 obj To insert obj3 obj just before obj2 obj tlb r b obj2 obj mylib lib obj3 o0bj The library mylib 1ib after these two invocations now looks like obj1 obj obj3 0bj obj2 obj Creating a new library To create a new library file add an object file and specify a library that does not yet exist tlb r objl obj newlib lib The librarian creates the library newlib 1ib and adds the object obj1 obj to it To create a new library file and overwrite an existing library add an object file and specify an existing
55. obj and test3 obj are incrementally linked 1 1k165x incremental testl obj test2 obj otest out test1 obj and test2 obj are linked 2 1k165x incremental test3 obj test out test3 obj and test out are linked task1 out is created 3 1k165x taskl out task1 out is located Related information dE Section 3 5 Incremental Linking in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 38 Tool Options Linker Linker keep output files k Menu entry Altium Designer always removes the output files when errors occurred Command line syntax keep output files k Description If an error occurs during linking the resulting output file may be incomplete or incorrect With this option you keep the generated output files when an error occurs By default the linker removes the generated output file when an error occurs This is useful when you use the make utility If the erroneous files are not removed the make utility may process corrupt files on a subsequent invocation Use this option when you still want to use the generated file For example when you know that a particular error does not result in a corrupt object file or when you want to inspect the output file or send it to Altium support Related information J 2 39 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker link only Menu entry Command line syntax link only Description With this option you suppress the locating phase The linker stops
56. of data lines of each bus may differ In this case you have to specify a range of source data lines you want to map sre_dbits begin end and the range of destination data lines you want to map them to dest_dbits first last e The srce_dbits argument specifies a range of data lines of the source bus By default all data lines are mapped e The dest_dbits argument specifies a range of data lines of the destination bus By default all data lines from the source bus are mapped on the data lines of the destination bus starting with line 0 Linker Script Language From space to space If you map an address space to another address space nesting you can do this by mapping the subspace to the containing larger space In this example a small space of 64k is mapped on a large space of 16M space small id 2 mau 4 map src_offset 0 dest_offset 0 dest space large size 64k From space to bus All spaces that are not mapped to another space must map to a bus in the architecture space large id 1 mau 4 map src_offset 0 dest_offset 0 dest bus bus_name size 16M From bus to bus The next example maps an external bus called e_bus to an internal bus called i_bus This internal bus resides on a core called mycore The source bus has 16 data lines whereas the destination bus has only 8 data lines Therefore the keywords src_dbits and dest_dbits specify which source data lines are m
57. overlay keyword tells the linker to overlay the sections in the group The linker places all sections in the address space using a contiguous range of addresses Thus an overlay group is automatically also a contiguous group To overlay the sections all sections in the overlay group share the same run time address For each input section within the overlay the linker automatically defines two symbols The symbol __1le_cb_section_name is defined as the load time start address of the section The symbol __1e_ce_section_name is defined as the load time end address of the section C or assembly code may be used to copy the overlaid sections If sections in the overlay group contain references between groups the linker reports an error The keyword allow_cross_references tells the linker to accept cross references Normally it does not make sense to have references between sections that are overlaid group ovl overlay group a select my_ovl_p1 select my_ovl_p2 group b select my_ovl_ql1 AN It may be possible that one of the sections in the overlay group already has been defined in another group where it received a load time address In this case the linker does not overrule this load time address and excludes the section from the overlay group 5 28 Linker Script Language 3 Restrict the possible addresses for the sections in a group The load time address specifies where the group s elements are l
58. program start address Layout S 8 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Example S804FF0003F9 _ checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S8 records is identical to SO S9 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 2 at the end of an S record file the linker generates an S9 record which contains the program start address S9 is the corresponding termination record for S1 records Layout S 9 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Object File Formats Example 9030210EA _ checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S9 records is identical to SO 4 15 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 4 3 Intel Hex Record Format Intel Hex records describe the hexadecimal object file format for 8 bit 16 bit and 32 bit microprocessors The hexadecimal object file is an ASCII representation of an absolute binary object file There are six different types of records e Data Record 8 16 or 32 bit formats e End of File Record 8 16 or 32 bit formats e Extended Segment Address Record 16 or 32 bit formats e Start Segment Address Record 16 or 32 bit formats e Extended Linear Address Record 32 bit format only e Start Linear Address Record 32 bit format only By default the linker generates records in the 32 bit format 4 byte addresses General Record Format In the output file the record fo
59. recognizes certain text operators within macro definitions which allow text substitution of arguments during macro expansion You can use these operators for text concatenation numeric conversion and string handling Operator Name Description Macro argument Concatenates a macro argument with adjacent alphanumeric characters concatenation Return decimal Substitutes the symbol sequence with a character string that represents the decimal value value of symbol of the symbol Return hex Substitutes the symbo sequence with a character string that represents the hexadecimal value of symbol value of the symbol 5 Macro string Allows the use of macro arguments as literal strings delimiter Macro local label Prevents name mangling on labels in macros override Example Argument Concatenation Operator Consider the following macro definition MAC_A MACRO reg val bmov RB reg val ENDM The macro is called as follows MAC_A 0 1 The macro expands as follows bmov RB0 1 The macro preprocessor substitutes the character 0 for the argument reg and the character 1 for the argument val The concatenation operator indicates to the macro preprocessor that the substitution characters for the arguments are to be concatenated with the characters RB Without the operator the macro would expand as bmov RBreg 1 which results in an assembler error invalid operand Example Decimal
60. section 1 6 3 Expression Operators Other special assembler characters are Character Description i Start of a comment Line continuation character or Macro operator argument concatenation Macro operator return decimal value of a symbol v Macro operator return hex value of a symbol Macro operator override local label j Macro string delimiter or Quoted string DEFINE expansion character f String constants delimiter Start of a built in assembly function Location counter substitution Substring delimiter Note that macro operators have a higher precedence than expression operators 1 3 Operands of an Assembly Instruction In an instruction the mnemonic is followed by zero one or more operands An operand has one of the following types Operand Description symbol A symbolic name as described in section 1 4 Symbol Names Symbols can also occur in expressions register Any valid register as listed in section 1 5 Registers expression Any valid expression as described in section 1 6 Assembly Expressions address A combination of expression register and symbol 1 4 Symbol Names User defined symbols A user defined symbol can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ The first character cannot be a digit The size of an identifier is only limited by the amount of available memory The case of these characters is significant You c
61. sections are selected by the selection shown above Locating a group group group _name group_specifications section_statements With the group_specifications you actually define how the linker must locate the group You can roughly define three things 1 assign properties to the group like alignment and read write attributes 2 define the mutual order in the address space for sections in the group and 3 restrict the possible addresses for the sections in a group The linker creates labels that allow you to refer to the begin and end address of a group from within the application software Labels _1 _gb_group_nameand__1le_ge_group_name mark the begin and end of the group respectively where the begin is the lowest address used within this group and the end is the highest address used Notice that a group not necessarily occupies all memory between begin and end address The given label refers to where the section is located at run time versus load time 1 Assign properties to the group like alignment and read write attributes These properties are assigned to all sections in the group and subgroups and override the attributes of the input sections e The align field tells the linker to align all sections in the group and the group as a whole according to the align value By default the linker uses the largest alignment constraint of either the input sections or the alignment of the address space e The attributes field tells
62. the linker of your specific target board and of the cores installed on the board Second it enables you to specify how sections should be located in memory 5 2 Structure of a Linker Script File A script file consists of several definitions The definitions can appear in any order The architecture definition required In essence an architecture definition describes how the linker should convert logical addresses into physical addresses for a given type of core If the core supports multiple address spaces then for each space the linker must know how to perform this conversion In this context a physical address is an offset on a given internal or external bus Additionally the architecture definition contains information about items such as the hardware stack and the vector table This specification is normally written by Altium The architecture definition of the LSL file should not be changed by you unless you also modify the core s hardware architecture If the LSL file describes a multi core system an architecture definition must be available for each different type of core d gt See section 5 5 Semantics of the Architecture Definition for detailed descriptions of LSL in the architecture definition The derivative definition The derivative definition describes the configuration of the internal on chip bus and memory system Basically it tells the linker how to convert offsets on the buses specified in the architecture definitio
63. the linker to assign one or more attributes to all sections in the group This overrules the default attributes By default the linker uses the attributes of the input sections You can set the r wor rw attributes and you can switch between the b and s attributes e The copy field tells the linker to locate a read only section in RAM and generate a ROM copy and a copy action in the copy table This property makes the sections in the group writable which causes the linker to generate ROM copies for the sections 5 27 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference e The effect of the nocopy field is the opposite of the copy field It prevents the linker from generating ROM copies of the selected sections 2 Define the mutual order of the sections in the group By default a group is unrestricted which means that the linker has total freedom to place the sections of the group in the address space e The ordered keyword tells the linker to locate the sections in the same order in the address space as they appear in the group but not necessarily adjacent Suppose you have an ordered group that contains the sections A B and C By default the linker places the sections in the address space like A B C where section A gets the lowest possible address With direction high_to_lowin the section_layout space properties the linker places the sections in the address space like C B A where sect
64. you declare one of more symbols as global It means that the specified symbols are defined within the current section or module and that those definitions should be accessible by all modules The type of the global defined symbol is determined by its definition To access a symbol defined with GLOBAL from another module use the EXTERN directive Only program labels and symbols defined with EQU can be made global Example LOOPA EQU 1 definition of symbol LOOPA GLOBAL LOOPA LOOPA will be globally accessible by other modules Related information Gb EXTERN Import global section symbol 1 26 Assembly Language IF ELIF ELSE ENDIF Syntax IF expression ELIF expression the ELIF directive is optional ELSE the ELSE directive is optional ENDIF Description With the IF ENDIF directives you can create a part of conditional assembly code The assembler assembles only the code that matches a specified condition The expression must evaluate to an integer and cannot contain forward references If expression evaluates to zero the IF condition is considered FALSE any non zero result of expression is considered as TRUE You can nest IF directives to any level The ELSE and ELIF directive always refer to the nearest previous IF directive Example Suppose you have an assemble source file with specific code for a test version for a demo version and for the final version Within the
65. 2 43 2 34 f 2 51 l 2 37 k 2 39 M 2 44 m 2 45 N 2 48 O 2 50 0 2 52 r 2 38 S 2 53 V 2 55 V 2 54 w 2 54 Index 3 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference w 2 49 diagnostics 2 49 2 56 libraries 2 47 Map File 2 44 miscellaneous 2 28 2 30 2 34 2 42 2 43 optimization 2 50 output format 2 29 Linker script file 2 41 2 42 architecture definition 5 1 board specification 5 2 bus definition 5 2 derivative definition 5 1 memory definition 5 2 preprocessing 5 3 processor definition 5 2 section layout definition 5 2 specifying 2 43 2 73 structure 5 1 List file 2 15 2 16 list nolist 1 30 Local label override operator 1 46 Isb 1 7 LSL expression evaluation 5 13 LSL functions absolute 5 5 addressof 5 5 exists 5 5 max 5 5 min 5 6 sizeof 5 6 LSL keywords align 5 16 5 27 alloc_allowed 5 31 allow_cross_references 5 28 architecture 5 15 5 20 attributes 5 26 5 27 blocksize 5 32 bus 5 15 5 18 5 23 clustered 5 28 contiguous 5 28 copy 5 17 5 27 copy_unit 5 16 copytable 5 16 5 32 core 5 20 derivative 5 20 5 22 dest 5 16 5 18 dest_dbits 5 18 dest_offset 5 18 direction 5 26 5 28 else 5 33 extends 5 15 5 20 fill 5 17 5 28 5 31 fixed 5 16 5 30 group 5 26 5 27 grows 5 16 heap 5 16 5 30 high_to_low 5 16 5 26 id 5 15 5 16 Index 4 id_symbol_prefix 5 17 if 5 33 load_adadr 5 29 low_to_high 5 16 5 26 map
66. 22BF _ checksum _ code _ address _ length The linker has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating S2 records The default buffer length is 32 code bytes 4 13 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference The checksum calculation of S2 records is identical to SO S3 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 4 which is the default the actual program code and data is supplied with S3 records with the following layout S 3 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt code bytes gt lt checksum_byte gt The linker generates 4 byte addresses by default Example S3070000FFFE6E6825 _ checksum _ code _ address _ length The linker has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating S3 records The checksum calculation of S3 records is identical to SO S7 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 4 which is the default at the end of an S record file the linker generates an S7 record which contains the program start address S7 is the corresponding termination record for S3 records Layout S 7 lt length_byte gt lt address gt lt checksum_byte gt Example S70500000000FA checksum _ address _ length The checksum calculation of S7 records is identical to SO S8 record With the linker option ofilename SREC 3 at the end of an S record file the linker generates an S8 record which contains the
67. Address Spaces for details on the keywords stack heap vector_table and reserved 5 24 Linker Script Language 5 9 Semantics of the Section Layout Definition Keywords in the section layout definition section_layout direction low_to_high high _to_low group align attributes rwxbis copy nocopy gali ordered contiguous clustered overlay allow cross_references load_addr mem run addr mem page page_size priority select stack size heap size reserved size attributes rwx fill alloc allowed absolute copytable section size blocksize attributes rwx Eill overflow Lt else 5 9 1 Defining a Section Layout With the keyword section_layout you define a section layout for exactly one address space In the section layout you can specify how input sections are placed in the address space relative to each other and what the absolute run and load addresses of each section will be You can define one or more section definitions Each section definition arranges the sections in one address space You can precede the address space name with a processor name and or core name separated by colons You can omit the processor name and or the core name if only one processor is defined and or only one core is present in the processor A reference to a space in the only core of the only processor in the system would look like my_space A reference to a space of the only core on a specific processor in the system could be
68. Allowed on at address Locate the section at the specified address all clear Clear the DATA section at program startup data bit noclear Do not clear the DATA section at program startup default all init Copies the data from the section from ROM to RAM at program setup data bit noinit Do not initialize section default all inpage Indicates that the section must fit within a 256 byte page all max When sections with the same name occur in different object modules with the MAX data bit attribute the linker generates a section of which the size is the maximum of the sizes in the individual object modules romdata Indicates that the section contains data to be placed in ROM code group group Used to group sections for example for placing in the same page all Table 1 4 TSK165x section attributes Example SECTION data SECTION data SECTION data data init Declare section of type data and initialize it by copying its data from ROM data clear Declare a data section cleared at program startup data init Declare a second data init section db RESUME Resume a previously defined section 1 38 Assembly Language SET Syntax symbol SET expression SET symbol expression Description With the SET directive you assign the value of expression to symbol temporarily If a symbol was defined with the SET directive you can redefine that symbol in another part of the assembly source us
69. BOL1 EQU 0x4000 gets no type SECTION code code _ START SECTION data data MYSYMBOL2 EQU 0x4100 gets type data MYSYMBOL3 EQU START gets type of the expression because _START is defined in a section with type CODE the symbol gets type CODE END You cannot redefine the used symbols Related information d gt SET Set temporary value to a symbol 1 22 Assembly Language EXTERN Syntax EXTERN symbol type symbol type Description With the EXTERN directive you define an external symbol It means that the symbol is referenced in the current module while it is defined outside the current module You must define the symbols either outside any module or declare it as globally accessible within another module with the GLOBAL directive The type of the global symbol which is referenced with the EXTERN directive is determined from its definition The assembler then uses the type information of the EXTERN directive to check the symbol s use if the symbol does not fit the instruction s operand the assembler issues a warning If you do not specify type the assembler does not check the use of the specified symbol Each target has a specific set of types as described in the SECTION Start a new section directive If you do not use the EXTERN directive and the symbol is not defined within the current module the assembler issues a warning and inserts the EXTERN directive Exampl
70. CLtxy optimize 2 O2 All optimizations Alias for Ocltxy You can set the following flags delete unreferenced sections c C Delete unreferenced sections from the output file first fit decreasing VL Use a first fit decreasing algorithm to locate unrestricted sections in memory copytable compression t T Emit smart restrictions to reduce copy table size delete duplicate code x X Delete duplicate code sections from the output file delete duplicate data y Y Delete duplicate constant data from the output file Description With this option you can control the level of optimization the linker performs If you do not use this option optimize 1 is the default Related information d gt Section 3 6 Linker Optimizations in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 50 Tool Options Linker Linker option file f Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option option file to the Additional linker options field Be aware that the options in the option file are added to the linker options you have set in the other dialogs Only in extraordinary cases you may want to use them in combination Altium Designer automatically saves the options with your project Command line syntax option file file f file Description This option is primarily intended for com
71. Command line syntax diag format all nr Description With this option you can ask for an extended description of error messages in the format you choose The output is directed to stdout normally your screen and in the format you specify You can specify the following formats html rtf or text default To create a file with the descriptions you must redirect the output With the suboption all the descriptions of all error messages are given If you want the description of one or more selected error messages you can specify the error message numbers separated by commas With this option the linker does not link locate any files Example To display an explanation of message number 106 enter 1k165x diag 106 This results in the following message and explanation E106 unresolved external lt message gt The linker could not resolve all external symbols This is an error when the incremental linking option is disabled The lt message gt indicates the symbol that is unresolved To write an explanation of all errors and warnings in HTML format to file Lerrors htm1 enter 1k165x diag html all gt lerrors html Related information J 2 31 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker error file Menu entry Command line syntax error file file Description With this option the linker redirects error messages to a file If you do not specify a filename the error file is 1k165x elk Example To writ
72. FLAGS or in a recursive call to tmk in the makefile Related information db Make utility option k On error abandon the work for the current target only 2 101 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility s Command line syntax s Description With this option you tell the make utility to perform its tasks without printing the commands it executes Error messages are normally printed Example tmk s The make utility rebuilds your files but does not print the commands it executes during the make process Related information d Make utility option n Perform a dry run 2 102 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility t Command line syntax t Description With this option you tell the make utility to touch the target files bringing them up to date rather than performing the rules to rebuild them Example tmk t The make utility updates out of date files by giving them a new date and time stamp The files are not actually rebuild Related information J 2 103 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility time Command line syntax time Description With this option you tell the make utility to display the current date and time on standard output Example tmk time The make utility displays the current date and time and updates out of date files Related information i 2 104 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility V Command line syntax V Description
73. INCLUDE Include file MESSAGE Programmer generated message 1 8 Assembly Language Overview of symbol definition directives Directive Description EQU Set permanent value to a symbol EXTERN Import global section symbol GLOBAL Declare global section symbol LABEL Define a label of specified type RESUME Resume a previously defined section SECTION Start a new section SET Set temporary value to a symbol WEAK Mark a symbol as weak Overview of data definition storage allocation directives Directive Description ALIGN Align location counter BS BSBIT BSB Define block storage initialized BSW BSL DBIT Define bit DB Define byte DH Define half word DW Define word DL Define long word DS DSBIT DSB Define storage DSW DSL OFFSET Move location counter forwards Overview of macro and conditional assembly directives Directive Description DEFINE Define substitution string BREAK Break out of current macro expansion REPEAT ENDREP Repeat sequence of source lines FOR ENDFOR Repeat sequence of source lines n times IF ELIF ELSE Conditional assembly directive ENDIF End of conditional assembly directive MACRO ENDM Define macro UNDEF Undefine DEFINE symbol or macro Overview of listing control assembly directives Directive Description LIST NOLIST Print do not print source lines to list file
74. If the make utility encounters an error it stops building the current target but proceeds with the other targets that are defined in the makefile Related information db Make utility option S Undo the effect of k 2 95 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility m Command line syntax m file Description Instead of typing all options on the command line you can create an option file which contains all options and flags you want to specify With this option you specify the option file to the make utility Use an option file when the command line would exceed the limits of the operating system or just to store options and save typing You can specify the option m multiple times Format of an option file Multiple arguments on one line in the option file are allowed To include whitespace in an argument surround the argument with single or double quotes If you want to use single quotes as part of the argument surround the argument by double quotes and vise versa This has a single quote embedded This has a double quote embedded This has a double quote and a single quote embedded When a text line reaches its length limit use a to continue the line Whitespace between quotes is preserved This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line It is possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file myoptions contains t
75. PAGE Set top of page size of page TITLE Set program title in header of assembly list file Overview of HLL directives Directive Description CALLS Pass call tree information TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Overview of structured control statement directive Directive Description GEN Generate assembly instruction s for structured control statements 1 8 2 Detailed Description of Assembler Directives ALIGN Syntax ALIGN expression Description With the ALIGN directive you tell the assembler to align the location counter When the assembler encounters the ALIGN directive it moves the location counter forwards to an address that is aligned as specified by expression and places the next instruction or directive on that address The alignment is in minimal addressable units MAUs The assembler fills the gap with NOP instructions If the location counter is already aligned on the specified alignment it remains unchanged The location of absolute sections will not be changed The expression must be a power of two 2 4 8 16 If you specify another value the assembler changes the alignment to the next higher power of two and issues a warning aN In bit type sections expression is in number of bits Examples SECTION code code ALIGN 16 the assembler aligns instruction this instruction at 16 MAUs and fills the gap with NOP instructi
76. Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option preprocessor type to the Additional assembler options field Command line syntax preprocessor type none tasking m n t Default mt Description With this option you select the preprocessor that the assembler will use By default the assembler uses the TASKING preprocessor When the assembly source file does not contain any preprocessor symbols you can specify to the assembler not to use a preprocessor Related information i 2 21 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler section info t Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select List File 3 Enable Generate list file 4 Enable the option Display section information Command line syntax section info flags t flags You can set the following flags console c C Display section information on stdout list I L Write section information to the list file Description With this option you tell the assembler to display section information For each section its memory space size total cycle counts and name is listed on stdout and or in the list file The cycle count consists of two parts the total accumulated count for the section and the total accumulated count for all repeat
77. Script Language processor processor name processor definition memory definitions and or bus definitions section_layout space_name section placement statements 5 3 Syntax of the Linker Script Language 5 3 1 Preprocessing When the linker loads an LSL file the linker processes it with a C style prepocessor As such it strips C and C comments You can use the standard ISO C preprocessor directives such as include define if else endif For example include arch 1s1 Preprocess and include the file arch 1s1 at this point in the LSL file 5 3 2 Lexical Syntax The following lexicon is used to describe the syntax of the Linker Script Language A B A is defined as B A BC A is defined as B and C B is followed by C A B C A is defined as B or C lt B gt 0 1 zero or one occurrence of B lt B gt gt 0 zero of more occurrences of B lt B gt gt 1 one of more occurrences of B IDENTIFIER a character sequence starting with a z A Z or _ Following characters may also be digits and dots STRING sequence of characters not starting with n r or t DOSTRING STRING double quoted string OCT_NUM octal number starting with a zero 06 045 DEC_NUM decimal number not starting with a zero 14 1024 HEX NUM hexadecimal number starting with Ox 0x0023 OxFFOO OCT_NUM DEC_NUM and HEX_NUM can be followed by a k kilo M me
78. Start a new section First code section First data section Second code section Second data section Resume in the second code section Resume in the first data section Resume in the second data section 1 37 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference SECTION Syntax SECTION name type attribute Description With the SECTION directive you define a new section Each time you use the SECTION directive a new section is created It is possible to create multiple sections with exactly the same name To resume a previously defined section use the RESUME directive If you define a section you must always specify the section name and type Names starting with a dot are reserved for the system Optionally you can specify one or more attributes You can specify the following section types Section Type Description data Data space 4 banks of 32 bytes code Code address space bit Bit addressable data data space Table 1 3 TSK165x section types Sections of a specified type are located by the linker in a memory space that has the same name as the section type The space names are defined in a so called linker script file files with the extension 1s1 delivered with the product in the directory Program Files Altium Designer System Tasking include 1sl You can specify the following section attributes Attribute Description
79. TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference TRO106 April 29 2008 Software hardware documentation and related materials Copyright 2008 Altium Limited All Rights Reserved The material provided with this notice is subject to various forms of national and international intellectual property protection including but not limited to copyright protection You have been granted a non exclusive license to use such material for the purposes stated in the end user license agreement governing its use In no event shall you reverse engineer decompile duplicate distribute create derivative works from or in any way exploit the material licensed to you except as expressly permitted by the governing agreement Failure to abide by such restrictions may result in severe civil and criminal penalties including but not limited to fines and imprisonment Provided however that you are permitted to make one archival copy of said materials for back up purposes only which archival copy may be accessed and used only in the event that the original copy of the materials is inoperable Altium Altium Designer Board Insight DXP Innovation Station LiveDesign NanoBoard NanoTalk OpenBus P CAD SimCode Situs TASKING and Topological Autorouting and their respective logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Altium Limited or its subsidiaries All other registered or unregistered trademarks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners and no trademark ri
80. UE if var equals zero var lt EQ gt expr Test if var is equal to expr var lt GE gt expr Test if var is greater than or equal to expr var lt GT gt expr Test if var is greater than to expr var lt LE gt expr Test if var is less than or equal to expr var lt LT gt expr Test if var is lessthan to expr var lt NE gt expr Test if var is not equal to expr var must be an address or symbol expr can be an address symbol or immediate value An immediate operand must be preceded by a pound sign Each address or symbol must be accessible in the current data page Related information WHILE Statement REPEAT Statement IF Statement 1 57 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 1 11 Generic Instructions The assembler supports so called generic instructions Generic instructions are pseudo instructions no instructions from the instruction set Depending on the situation in which a generic instruction is used the assembler replaces the generic instruction with appropriate real assembly instruction s The TSK165x assembler recognizes three types of pseudo instructions e One to one replacement A pseudo instruction is used as a shorthand notation a simplified syntax notation The assembler recognizes the shorthand notation and replaces it with the real assembly instruction e One to multiple replacement A pseudo instruction is used as a mini routine The assembler recognizes the pseudo instruction and replaces it wi
81. abled option type checking and the assembler reports a type conflict You can then cast the expression to the correct type The following types are allowed data code bit byte word dword CNT Returns the number of macro arguments of the current macro expansion as an integer If you use this function when macro expansion is not active the assembler issues a warning Example ARGCOUNT SET CNT reserve argument count CPU processor_type With the cPu function you can check whether the source code is being assembled for a certain processor type The function evaluates to TRUE when the specified processor_type matches the processor type that was specified with the option Cpu cpu This function is useful to create conditional code for several targets as shown in the example Assembly Language Example IF CPU tsk165a true if you specified option cpu tskl65a code for the TSK165A ELIF CPU tsk165b true if you specified option cpu tsk165b code for the TSK165B ELSE code for other processor types ENDIF Gls Assembler option cpu Select CPU in section 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options DEFINED symbol symbol Returns 1 if symbol has been defined 0 otherwise If symbol is quoted it is looked up as a DEFINE symbol if it is not quoted it is looked up as an ordinary symbol macro or label Example IF DEFINED ANGLE is symbo
82. all symbols after the first scan it reports which symbols are still unresolved This option is useful if you are building your own libraries The libraries are most efficiently organized if the linker needs only one pass to resolve all symbols Related information d gt Linker option first library first Scan libraries in given order 2 47 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker no rom copy N Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option no rom copy to the Additional linker options field Command line syntax no rom copy N Description With this option the linker will not generate a ROM copy for data sections A copy table is generated and contains entries to clear BSS section However no entries to copy data sections from ROM to RAM are placed in the copy table The data sections are initialized when the application is downloaded The data sections are not re initialized when the application is restarted Related information i 2 48 Tool Options Linker Linker no warnings w Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Diagnostics 3 Set Error reporting to one of the following values e Report all warnings e Suppress all warnings e Suppress specific warnin
83. an define a symbol by means of a label declaration or an equate or set directive Labels Symbols used for memory locations are referred to as labels Reserved symbols Symbol names and other identifiers beginning with a period are reserved for the system for example for directives or section names Instructions and names of core processor registers are also reserved The case of these built in symbols is insignificant Assembly Language Examples Valid symbol names loop_1 ENTRY a Be _aBC Invalid symbol names 1_loop starts with a number DEFINE reserved directive name 1 5 Registers The following register names either upper or lower case should not be used for user defined symbol names in an assembly language source file TSK165x registers F W PC8 The following special function registers should also not be used as symbol names in an assembly language source file However it is allowed to redefine them TSK165x special function registers INDF TMRO PCL STATUS FSR PORTA PORTB PORTC Cc DC Z PD TO PAO PAI RAO RA1 RA2 RA3 RBO RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5 RB6 RB7 RCO RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5 RC6 RC7 1 6 Assembly Expressions An expression is a combination of symbols constants operators and parentheses which represent a value that is used as an operand of an assembler instruction or directive Expressions may contain user defined labels and their associated integer values and any combination of intege
84. appears 2 Select Build Options 3 Enable the option Keep temporary files that are generated during a compile Command line syntax keep temporary files t Description By default the control program removes intermediate files like the obj file result of the assembler phase With this option you tell the control program to keep temporary files it generates during the creation of the absolute object file Related information J 2 71 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program list files Command line syntax list files name Description With this option you tell the assembler via the control programma to generate a list file for each specified input file A list file shows the generated object code and the relative addresses Note that the assembler generates a relocatable object file with relative addresses With name you can specify a name for the list file This is only possible if you specify only one input file to the control program If you do not specify name or you specify more than one input files the control program names the generated list file s after the specified input file s with extension 1st Example This example generates the list files 1 1st and 2 1st for 1 asmand 2 asm If in this example also a name had been specified it would be ignored because two input files are specified ccl65x l asm 2 asm list files Related information Gb Assembler option list file Generate lis
85. apped on which destination data lines architecture mycore bus i_bus mau 4 space i_space map dest bus i bus size 256 bus e_bus mau 16 width 16 map dest bus mycore i_ bus srce_dbits 0 7 dest_dbits 0 7 It is not possible to map an internal bus to an external bus 5 19 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 5 6 Semantics of the Derivative Definition Keywords in the derivative definition derivative extends core architecture bus mau width map memory type reserved rom ram nvram mau size speed map section_layout section_setup map dest bus space dest_dbits dest_offset size src_dbits sre offset 5 6 1 Defining a Derivative With the keyword derivative you define a derivative and assign a unique name to it The name is used to refer to it at other places in the LSL file derivative name definitions If you are defining multiple derivatives that show great resemblance you can define the common features in a parent derivative and extend this with a child derivative that contains specific features The child inherits all features of the parent cores and memories With the keyword extends you create a child derivative derivative name_child_deriv extends name_parent_deriv definitions As with a core architecture a derivative can have any number of parameters These are identifiers which get values assigned on instantiation or extension of the
86. apter Using the Assembler of the user s manual 2 13 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler keep output files k Menu entry Altium Designer always removes the object file when errors occur during assembling Command line syntax keep output files k Description If an error occurs during assembling the resulting object file obj may be incomplete or incorrect With this option you keep the generated object file when an error occurs By default the assembler removes the generated object file when an error occurs This is useful when you use the make utility If the erroneous files are not removed the make utility may process corrupt files on a subsequent invocation Use this option when you still want to use the generated object For example when you know that a particular error does not result in a corrupt object file Related information J 2 14 Tool Options Assembler Assembler list file l Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select List File 3 Enable Generate list file 4 Inthe List file format section enable or disable the types of information to be included Command line syntax list file file I file Description With this option you tell the assembler to generate a list file A list file snows the generated object code and the relative addresses Note that the assem
87. are constructed of the derivative name followed by a colon the core name another colon and the space name 3 5 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Type The rule type ordered contiguous clustered unrestricted Specifies how sections are grouped By default a group is unrestricted which means that the linker has total freedom to place the sections of the group in the address space absolute The section must be located at the address shown in the Properties column address range The section must be located in the union of the address ranges shown in the Properties column end addresses are not included in the range address range size The sections must be located in some address range with size not larger than shown in the Properties column the second number in that field is the alignment requirement for the address range ballooned After locating all sections the largest remaining gap in the space is used completely for the stack and or heap Properties The contents depends on the Type column Sections The sections to which the rule applies restrictions between sections are shown in this column lt ordered contiguous clustered For contiguous sections the linker uses the section order as shown here Clustered sections can be located in any relative order Related information Section 3 9 Generating a Map File in Chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual Linker option map file Generate map
88. are located before sections with a lower priority unless their relative locate priority is already determined by other restrictions like run_addr and page group priority 2 select importantcodel select importantcode2 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections Instead of selecting sections you can also create a reserved section or an output section or modify special sections like a stack or a heap Because you cannot define these sections in the input files you must use the linker to create them Stack e The keyword stack tells the linker to reserve memory for the stack The name for the stack section refers to the stack as defined in the architecture definition If no name was specified in the architecture definition the default name is stack With the keyword size you can specify the size for the stack If the size is not specified the linker uses the size given by the min_size argument as defined for the stack in the architecture definition Normally the linker automatically tries to maximize the size unless you specified the keyword fixed group stack mystack size 2k The linker creates two labels to mark the begin and end of the stack __ 1c _ub_stack_name for the begin of the stack and __1ce_ue_stack_name for the end of the stack The linker allocates space for the stack when there is a reference to either of the labels See also the stack keyword in section 5 5 3 Defining Address
89. assembly code before it is actually being assembled You can use these directives to write macros and to write conditional source code Parts of the code that do not match the condition will not be assembled at all Unlike other directives preprocesssor directives can start in the first column e Some directives act as assembler options and most of them indeed do have an equivalent assembler command line option The advantage of using a directive is that with such a directive you can overrule the assembler option for a particular part of the code A typical example is to tell the assembler with an option to generate a list file while with the directives NOLIST and LIST you overrule this option for a part of the code that you do not want to appear in the list file Directives of this kind sometimes are called controls Each assembler directive has its own syntax Some assembler directives can be preceded with a label If you do not precede an assembler directive with a label you must use white space instead spaces or tabs You can use assembler directives in the assembly code as pseudo instructions 1 8 1 Overview of Assembler Directives The following tables provide an overview of all assembler directives For a detailed description of these directives refer to section 1 8 2 Detailed Description of Assembler Directives Overview of assembly control directives Directive Description END Indicates the end of an assembly module
90. assembly level debug information Custom debug information or No debug information If you select Custom debug information 4 Select which Custom debug information to include Assembler source line information Pass HLL debug information or None 5 Enable or disable the option Assembler local symbols information Command line syntax debug info flag glflag you can set the following flags asm a A Assembly source line information hll h H Pass high level language debug information HLL local VL Assembler local symbols debug information smart s S Smart debug information Description With this option you tell the assembler which kind of debug information to emit in the object file If you do not use this option the default is debug info hll If you specify debug info without any flags the default is debug info smart You cannot specify debug info asm hll Either the assembler generates assembly source line information or it passes HLL debug information When you specify debug info smart the assembler selects which flags to use If high level language information is available in the source file the assembler passes this information same as debug info asm thll local If not the assembler generates assembly source line information Same as debug info asm hll local With debug info AHLS the assembler does not generate any debug information Related information J 2
91. assembly source you define this code conditionally as follows IF TEST code for the test version ELIF DEMO code for the demo version ELSE code for the final version ENDIF Before assembling the file you can set the values of the symbols TEST and DEMO in the assembly source before the IF directive is reached For example to assemble the demo version TEST SET 0 DEMO SET 1 You can also define the symbols in Altium Designer as preprocessor macros in dialog Project Project Options Assembler Preprocessing assembler option define Related information Gb Assembler option define Define preprocessor macro in Section 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options 1 27 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference INCLUDE Syntax INCLUDE filename lt filename gt Description With the INCLUDE directive you include another file at the exact location where the INCLUDE occurs This happens before the resulting file is assembled The INCLUDE directive works similarly to the include statement in C The source from the include file is assembled as if it followed the point of the INCLUDE directive When the end of the included file is reached assembly of the original file continues The string specifies the filename of the file to be included The filename must be compatible with the operating system forward backward slashes and can contain a directory specification If you omit a filename extensio
92. at from the file you supplied as input With this option you tell the control program to stop after a certain number of phases Related information Gb Linker option link only Link only no locating 2 61 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program debug info g Command line syntax debug info g Description With this option you tell the control program to include debug information in the generated object file Related information J 2 62 Tool Options Control Program Control Program define D Command line syntax define macro_name macro_definition Dmacro_name macro_definition Description With this option you can define a macro and specify it to the preprocessor If you only specify a macro name no macro definition the macro expands as 1 You can specify as many macros as you like On the command line use the option define multiple times If the command line exceeds the length limit of the operating system you can define the macros in an option file which you then must specify to the control program with the option option file file f Defining macros with this option instead of in the assembly source is for example useful to assemble conditional source as shown in the example below The control program passes the option define D to the assembler Example Consider the following assembly program with conditional code to assemble a demo program an
93. bE Tinker Script File Part 5 kA k A A e A k A aI ISI II IIE I IIE I IIE I IIE FEI OOOO CCC EECA Locate Rule Part 200 Ra pr rrp rrr III k A k h kek A CI ICICI ICICI III I I fr nn nn nn nt Address space Type Properties Sections peeeesssesessssssssssssssssscsssssssssssesssssssessssssssssssssssssssssss c165x cl65x code absolute 0x00000000 code c165x cl65x data absolute 0x00000008 _ GPRO c165x cl65x code address range size 512 512 code cl165x cl65x data address range size 16 16 stack_data _printf c165x cl65x data address range size 16 16 data a The meaning of the different parts is Processed Files Part This part of the map file shows all processed files This also includes object files that are extracted from a library with the symbol that led to the extraction Link Part This part of the map file shows per object file how the link phase has mapped the sections from the various object files obj to output sections in File The name of an input object file in Section A section name from the input object file in Size The size of the input section out Offset The offset relative to the start of the output section out Section The resulting output section name out Size The size of the output section 3 4 List File Formats Module Local Symbols Part This part of the map file shows a table for each local scope within an object file Each tab
94. be a valid structured control expression You can use the BREAK and or CONTINUE statements inside a WHILE statement AN If an assembler directive occurs within a structured control statement this is evaluated only once at assembly time So an assembler directive in a FOR WHILE or REPEAT statement does not imply repeated occurrence of the directive Example 1 While not equal SECTION code code GEN WHILE lt NOT gt TO NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDWHILE Generated TSK165x code GEN WHILE lt NOT gt TO T125 BTFSC TO GOTO __1T126 NOP Just do nothing GEN ENDWHILE GOTO __T125 T126 Example 2 While less than or equal SECTION data data i DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN WHILE i lt LE gt 127 call DoSomething GEN ENDFOR Generated TSK165x code GEN WHILE i lt LE gt 127 T127 MOVLW 127 ADDWF i W BTFSC C GOTO _ T128 gt call DoSomething GEN ENDWHILE GOTO __1T127 _ T128 Related information Section 1 10 8 Structured Control Expressions BREAK Statement CONTINUE Statement FOR Statement REPEAT Statement 1 50 Assembly Language 1 10 3 REPEAT Statement Syntax GEN REPEAT GEN BREAK GEN CONTINUE statements GEN UNTIL expression Registers flags affected W C Z PA1 PAO Description The assembly statements are executed repeatedly until expression is true When expression evaluates to true execution advances to the ins
95. ber variable _variable N_variable X_variable type_table_entry hex_number TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference lex_level us hex_number The type_table entry is a type number introduced with a type command TY References to type numbers in the AT command may precede the definition of the type in the TY command The meaning of the lex_level field is defined at layer 3 or higher The same applies to the optional hex_number fields TY Command The TY command defines a new type table entry The type number introduced by the type command can be seen as a reference index to this type The TY command defines the relation between the newly introduced type and other types that are defined in other places in the object module It also establishes a relation between a new type index and symbols N_ variable TY_command TY type_table_entry parameter type_table_entry hex_number parameter hex_number N_variable T type_table_entry Level 2 does not define the semantics of the parameters These are defined at level 3 the language layer A linkage editor which does not have knowledge of the semantics of the parameter in a type command can still perform type comparison Two types are considered to compare equal when the following conditions hold e both types have an equal number of parameters e the numeric values in the types are equal e N_variables in both types have the same name
96. bler generates a relocatable object file with relative addresses With the optional file you can specify an alternative name for the list file By default the name of the list file is the basename of the source file with the extension 1st Related information On the command line you can use the option list format L to specify which types of information should be included in the list file 2 15 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler list format L Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select List File 3 Enable Generate list file 4 Inthe List file format section enable or disable the types of information to be included Command line syntax list format flags Liflags You can set the following flags 0 Same as LDEGILMNPQRSVWYXY all options disabled 1 Same as Ldegilmnpqrsvwxy all options enabled section d D Section directives SECTION symbol e E Symbol definition directives generic expansion g G Generic instruction expansion generic i I Generic instructions line I L C preprocessor line directives macro m M Macro dup definitions e g MACRO empty line n N Empty source lines newline conditional p P Conditional assembly IF ELSE ENDIF equate q Q Assembler EQU and SET directives relocations r R Relocation characters r hl
97. bly 1 47 Conditional make rules 2 83 Continue statement 1 56 Control program passing options 2 78 Control program options 2 57 2 68 adress size 2 58 check 2 59 cpu 2 60 create 2 61 debug info 2 62 define 2 63 diag 2 64 dry run 2 65 error file 2 66 format 2 67 Index 2 help 2 68 include directory 2 69 keep output files 2 70 keep temporary files 2 71 lsl file 2 73 no map file 2 74 no warnings 2 75 option file 2 76 output 2 77 pass 2 78 verbose 2 79 version 2 80 warnings as errors 2 81 C 2 60 c 2 61 D 2 63 d 2 73 f 2 76 g 2 62 l 2 69 k 2 70 I library 2 72 n 2 65 0 2 77 t 2 71 V 2 80 V 2 79 W 2 78 W 2 75 preprocessing 2 63 Copy table 5 16 5 32 cpu 1 6 D db 1 14 dbit 1 15 Debug info 2 62 Debug information 2 9 define 1 16 defined 1 7 Defining a macro 1 43 Derivative definition 5 1 5 20 dh 1 17 Directives 1 1 dl 1 18 ds 1 19 dsb 1 19 dsbit 1 19 dsh 1 19 dsl 1 19 dsw 1 19 dw 1 20 dyadic functions 4 4 E end 1 21 equ 1 22 Index expression evaluator 4 1 Expressions 1 3 absolute 1 3 relative 1 3 relocatable 1 3 extern 1 23 F For statement 1 48 for endfor 1 24 Function syntax 1 5 G gen 1 25 Generic instructions 1 1 1 58 global 1 26 H Heap 5 16 l IEEE 695 4 1 command language concept 4 1 condit
98. bsolute expr addressof addr_id exists section_name max expr expr min expr expr sizeof size_id addr_id sect section_name group group_name size_id 3 sect section_name group group_name mem mem_name e Every space bus memory section or group your refer to must be defined in the LSL file e The addressof and sizeof functions with the group or sect argument can only be used in the right hand side of an assignment The sizeof function with the mem argument can be used anywhere in section layouts You can use the following built in functions in expressions All functions return a numerical value This value is a 64 bit signed integer absolute int absolute expr Converts the value of expr to a positive integer absolute labelA labelB addressof int addressof addr_id Returns the address of addr_id which is a named section or group To get the offset of the section with the name asect addressof sect asect AN This function only works in assignments exists int exists section_name The function returns 1 if the section section_name exists in one or more object file O otherwise If the section is not present in input object files but generated from LSL the result of this function is undefined To check whether the section mysection exists in one of the object files that is specified to the linker exists mysection max in
99. but does not perform any tasks Related information i 2 117 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Librarian w Command line syntax wilevel Description With this suboption you tell the librarian to suppress all warnings above the specified level The level is a number between 0 9 The level of a message is printed between parentheses after the warning number If you do not use the w option the default warning level is 8 Example To suppresses warnings above level 5 tlb x w5 mylib lib objl obj Related information i 2 118 Tool Options Librarian Librarian x Command line syntax x 0 v Description Extract an existing module from the library 0 Give the extracted object module the same date as the last modified date that was recorded in the library Without this suboption it receives the last modified date of the moment it is extracted V Verbose the librarian shows which files are extracted Examples To extract the file obj1 obj from the library mylib lib tlb x mylib lib objl obj If you do not specify an object module all object modules are extracted tlb x mylib lib Related information J 2 119 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 2 120 3 List File Formats Summary This chapter describes the format of the assembler list file and the linker map file 3 1 Assembler List File Format The assembler list file is an additional output file of the assembler that co
100. but only returns an exit code A zero status indicates that all target files are up to date a non zero status indicates that some or all target files are out of date Example tmk q The make utility only returns an exit code that indicates whether all target files are up to date or not It does not rebuild any files Related information J 2 99 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility r Command line syntax r Description When you call the make utility it first reads the implicit rules from the file tmk mk then it reads the makefile with the rules to build your files The file tmk mk is located in the etc directory of the toolset With this option you tell the make utility not to read tmk mk and to rely fully on the make rules in the makefile Example tmk r The make utility does not read the implicit make rules in tmk mk Related information i 2 100 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility S Command line syntax S Description With this option you cancel the effect of the option k This is only necessary in a recursive make where the option k might be inherited from the top level make via MAKEFLAGS or if you set the option k in the environment variable MAKEFLAGS Example tmk S The effect of the option k is cancelled so the make utility stops with the make process after it encounters an error The option k in this example may have been set with the environment variable MAKE
101. by double quotes and vise versa This has a single quote embedded This has a double quote embedded This has a double quote and a single quote embedded When a text line reaches its length limit use a to continue the line Whitespace between quotes is preserved This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line e Itis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file myoptions contains the following lines x mylib lib objl obj w5 Specify the option file to the librarian tlb f myoptions This is equivalent to the following command line tlb x mylib lib objl obj w5 2 111 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Librarian m Command line syntax m a posname b posname Description Move the specified object modules to another position in the library The ordering of members in a library can make a difference in how programs are linked if a symbol is defined in more than one member Default the specified members are moved to the end of the archive Use the suboptions a or b to move them to a specified place instead a posname Move the specified object module s after the existing module posname b posname Move the specified object module s before the existing module posname Example Suppose the library mylib lib contains the following objects see option t obj1 obj obj2 obj obj3 0bj To move obj1 obj to the
102. ce with a character string that represents the hexadecimal value of symbol value of the symbol Macro string Allows the use of macro arguments as literal strings delimiter i Macro local label Prevents name mangling on labels in macros override Example The macro definition macro_a MACRO argl arg2 header db argl body dw argl arg2 ENDM terminator The macro call section macro_data data init macro_a 2 3 The macro expands as follows db 2 dw 2 3 1 31 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Related information d DEFINE Define a substitution string Section 1 9 Macro Operations 1 32 Assembly Language MESSAGE Syntax MESSAGE type str exp symbo str exp symbo Description With the MESSAGE directive you tell the assembler to print a message to stdout during the assembling process With type you can specify the following types of messages I Information message Error and warning counts are not affected and the assembler continues the assembling process W Warning message Increments the warning count and the assembler continues the assembling process E Error message Increments the error count and the assembler continues the assembling process F Fatal error message The assembler immediately aborts the assembling process and generates no object file or list file The MESSAGE directive is for example useful in combination with conditional assembly to i
103. characters are between optional item repeats one time or more optional item repeats zero times or one time optional item repeats zero times or more can be read as is defined as 4 1 3 Expressions An expression in an IEEE 695 file is a combination of variables operators and absolute data The variable name always starts with a non hexadecimal letter G Z immediately followed by an optional hexadecimal number The first non hexadecimal letter gives the class of the variable Reading an object file you encounter the following variables G Start address of a program If not assigned this address defaults to the address of low level symbol _ start l An I variable represents a global symbol in an object module The I variable is assigned an expression which is to be made available to other modules for the purpose of linkage edition The name of an I variable is always composed of the letter l followed by a hexadecimal number An variable is created only by an NI command L Start address of a section This variable is only used for absolute sections The L is followed by a section index which is an hexadecimal number L variables are created by an assignment command but the section index must have been been defined by an ST command N Name of internal symbol This variable is used to assign values of local symbols or to build complex types for use by a high level language debugger or for inter modula
104. cify the option no warnings number multiple times Example To suppress warnings 135 and 136 enter 135 136 in the Specific warnings to suppress field or enter the following on the command line asl65x test sre no warnings 135 136 Related information db Assembler option warnings as errors Treat warnings as errors 2 17 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler optimize O Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Optimization 3 Enable or disable the optimization options e Generic instructions e Jump chains e Instruction size Command line syntax Oflags optimize flags You can set the following flags generics g G Allow generic instructions jumpchains j J Jump chains instr size s S Optimize instruction size Default optimize gJs Description Allow generic instructions If you use generic instructions in your assembly source the assembler can optimize them by replacing it with the fastest or shortest possible variant of that instruction By default this option is enabled If you turn off this optimization the assembler generates an error on generic instructions Jump chains With this optimization the assembler replaces chained jumps by a single jump instruction For example a jump from a to b immediately followed by a jump from b to c is replaced by a jump from a to
105. command CO comment_level comment_text comment_level hex_number TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference comment_text char_string The comment levels 0 6 are reserved to pass information about the revision number of the layers in this standard The checksum command starts and checks the checksum calculation of an object module 4 1 4 3 Sections A section is the smallest unit of code or data that can be controlled separately Each section has a unique number which is introduced at the first section begin SB command The contents of a section may follow its introduction A section ends at the next SB command with a number different from the current number A section resumes at an SB command with a number that has been introduced before SB Command SB_command SB hex_number The maximum number of sections in an object module is implementation defined ST Command The ST command specifies the type of a section ST_command ST section_number section_type section_name section_type letter section_name char_string A section can be named or unnamed If section_name is omitted a section is unnamed A section can be relocatable or absolute If the section start address is an absolute number the section is called absolute If the section start address is not yet known the section is called relocatable In relocatable sections all addresses are specifi
106. corresponding CASE statement are executed If the value does not match the assembler skips the statements and tests var against the next CASE statement If there is no matching CASE statement at all execution advances to the instruction following the DEFAULT statement If there is no DEFAULT and none of the other cases matches no action takes place You can use multiple CASE statements for a single action Because cases are like labels after one case is done execution falls through to the next case unless you use the BREAK statement to escape the switch and advance execution after the ENDSWITCH var must be an address or symbol match can be an address symbol or immediate value An immediate operand must be preceded by a pound sign Each address or symbol must be accessible in the current data page Example SECTION data data i DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN SWITCH i GEN CASE 0 call func_0 GEN BREAK GEN CASE 1 fall through GEN CASE 2 call func 2 GEN BREAK GEN DEFAULT call func_def GEN ENSWITCH Generated TSK165x code GEN SWITCH i GEN CASE 0 T135 MOVLW 0 SUBWF i W BTFSC Z GOTO _ T137 call func_0 GEN BREAK GOTO _ T142 GEN CASE 1 fall through T137 MOVLW 1 SUBWF i W BTFSC Z GOTO _ T139 GEN CASE 2 GOTO __T140 7139 MOVLW 2 SUBWF i W BTFSC Z GOTO _ T141 1 54 Assembly Language _ T140 call func_2 GEN BREAK F GOTO _ T142
107. ction 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options 1 40 Assembly Language UNDEF Syntax UNDEF symbol Description With the UNDEF directive you can undefine a substitution string that was previously defined with the DEFINE directive The substitution string associated with symbol is released and symbol will no longer represent a valid DEFINE substitution The assembler issues a warning if you redefine an existing symbol Example UNDEF LEN Undefines the LEN substitution string that was previously defined with the DEFINE directive Related information Gb DEFINE Define substitution string 1 41 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference WEAK Syntax WEAK symbol symbol Description With the WEAK directive you mark one or more symbols as weak The symbol can be defined in the same module with the GLOBAL directive or the EXTERN directive If the symbol does not already exist it will be created A weak external reference is resolved by the linker when a global or weak definition is found in one of the object files However a weak reference will not cause the extraction of a module from a library to resolve the reference You can overrule a weak definition with a GLOBAL definition in another module The linker will not complain about the duplicate definition and ignore the weak definition Only program labels and symbols defined with EQU can be made weak Example LOOPA EQU
108. ction of one or more linker warnings As a consequence the linker will not produce any output files You can also limit this option to specific warnings by specifying a comma separated list of warning numbers Related information Gb Linker option no warnings Suppress some or all warnings 2 56 Tool Options Control Program 2 3 Control Program Options The control program is a tool to facilitate use of the toolset from the command line Therefore you can only call the control program from the command line The invocation syntax is cc165x option file Options The control program processes command line options either by itself or when the option is unknown to the control program it looks whether it can pass the option to one of the other tools However for directly passing an option to the assembler or linker it is recommended to use the control program options pass assembler pass linker Short and long option names Options can have both short and long names Short option names always begin with a single minus character long option names always begin with double minus characters You can abbreviate long option names as long as the name is unique You can mix short and long option names on the command line Options can have flags or sub options To switch a flag on use a lowercase letter or a ongflag To switch a flag off use an uppercase letter or a ongflag Separate longflags with com
109. ctors handlers are not inlined in the vector table With the optional copy argument a ROM copy of the vector table is made and the vector table is copied to RAM at startup With the optional id_symbol_prefix argument you can set an internal string representing a symbol name prefix that may be found on symbols in vector handler code When the linker detects such a symbol in a handler the symbol is assigned the vector number If the symbol was already assigned a vector number a warning is issued The i11 argument sets the default contents of vectors If nothing is specified for a vector this setting is used See below When no default is provided empty vectors may be used to locate large vector handlers and other sections Only one fill argument is allowed The vector field defines the content of vector with the number specified by id If a range is specified for id p q s t all vectors in the ranges inclusive are defined the same way With i111 symbo1_name the vector must jump to this symbol If the section in which the symbol is defined fits in the vector table size may be gt m locate the section at the location of the vector Otherwise insert code to jump to the symbol s value A template handler section name symbol name for the target code must be supplied in the LSL file i11 value s fills the vector with the specified MAU values With i111 1loop the vector jumps to itself With the optional offset you can speci
110. d a real program section code code if DEFINED DEMO instruction for the demo program else instructions for the real program You can now use a macro definition to set the DEMO flag With the control program this looks as follows ccl65x define DEMO test asm ccl65x define DEMO 1 test asm Note that both invocations have the same effect Related information d gt Control Program option option file Read options from file 2 63 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program diag Command line syntax diag format all nr Description With this option you can ask for an extended description of error messages in the format you choose The output is directed to stdout normally your screen and in the format you specify You can specify the following formats html rtf or text default To create a file with the descriptions you must redirect the output With the suboption all the descriptions of all error messages are given If you want the description of one or more selected error messages you can specify the error message numbers separated by commas With this option the control program does not process any files Example To display an explanation of message number 103 enter cc165x diag 103 This results in message 103 with explanation To write an explanation of all errors and warnings in HTML format to file ccerrors html1 enter ccl65x diag html all gt ccerrors html Rela
111. d in section 5 5 4 Mappings bus bus_name mau 8 width 8 map map_description 5 5 3 Defining Address Spaces With the space keyword you define a logical address space The space name is used to identify the address space and does not conflict with other identifiers 5 15 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference The id field defines how the addressing space is identified in object files In general each address space has a unique ID The linker locates sections with a certain ID in the address space with the same ID This field is required In IEEE this ID is specified explicitly for sections and symbols ELF sections map by default to the address space with ID 1 Sections with one of the special names defined in the ABI Application Binary Interface may map to different address spaces The mau field specifies the MAU size Minimum Addressable Unit of the space This field is required The align value must be a power of two The linker uses this value to compute the start addresses when sections are concatenated An align value of n means that objects in the address space have to be aligned on n MAUs The page_size field sets the page alignment and page size in MAUs for the address space It must be a power of 2 The default value is 1 If one or more page ranges are supplied the supplied value only sets the page alignment The ranges specify the available space in each page as offsets to the page start which is aligned at
112. default value may become active 2 27 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker case insensitive Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Disable the option Link case sensitive Command line syntax case insensitive Description With this option you tell the linker not to distinguish between upper and lower case characters in symbols By default the linker considers upper and lower case characters as different characters Disabling the option Link case sensitive in Altium Designer is the same as specifying the option case insensitive on the command line When you have written your own assembly code and specified to assemble it case insensitive you must also link the obj file case insensitive Related information J 2 28 Tool Options Linker Linker chip output c Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Output Format 3 Enable the options Intel HEX records and or Motorola S records Command line syntax chip output basename format adar_size c basename format adar_size You can specify the following formats IHEX Intel Hex SREC Motorola S records The addr_size specifies the size of the addresses in bytes record length For Intel Hex you can use t
113. derivative You can use them in any expression within the derivative definition derivative name_child_deriv parml1 parm2 1 extends name_parent_derivh arguments definitions 5 6 2 Instantiating Core Architectures With the keyword core you instantiate a core architecture in a derivative 5 20 Linker Script Language With the keyword architecture you tell the linker that the given core has a certain architecture The architecture name refers to an existing architecture definition in the same LSL file For example if you have two cores called mycore_1 and mycore_2 that have the same architecture called mycorearch you must instantiate both cores as follows core mycore_1 architecture mycorearch core mycore 2 architecture mycorearch If the architecture definition has parameters you must specify the arguments that correspond with the parameters For example mycorearch1 expects two parameters which are used in the architecture definition core mycore architecture mycorearchl 1 2 5 6 3 Defining Internal Memory and Buses With the memory keyword you define physical memory that is present on the target board The memory name is used to identify the memory and does not conflict with other identifiers It is common to define internal memory on chip in the derivative definition External memory off chip memory is usually defined in the board specification See section 5 7 3 Defining External
114. dify special sections like stack and heap or create a reserved section This is described in section 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections With the group_specifications you actually locate the sections in the group This is described in subsection Locating a group Selecting sections for a group With the select keyword you can select one or more sections for the group You can select a section by name or by attributes If you select a section by name you can use a wildcard pattern ane matches with all section names 2 matches with a single character in the section name N takes the next character literally abc matches with a single a b or c character a z matches with any single character in the range a to 2 group select mysection select The first select statement selects the section with the name mysection The second select statement selects all sections that were not selected yet A section is selected by the first select statement that matches in the union of all section layouts for the address space Global section layouts are processed in the order in which they appear in the LSL file Internal core architecture section layouts always take precedence over global section layouts e The attributes field selects all sections that carry or do not carry the given attribute With attribute you select sections that have the specified attribute
115. e 5 7 Semantics of the Board Specification Keywords in the board specification processor derivative bus mau width map memory type reserved rom ram nvram mau size speed map map dest bus space dest_dbits dest_offset size src_dbits sre offset 5 7 1 Defining a Processor If you have a target board with multiple processors that have the same derivative you need to instantiate each individual processor in a processor definition This information tells the linker which processor has which derivative and enables the linker to distinguish between the present processors AN If you use processors that all have a unique derivative you may omit the processor definitions In this case the linker assumes that for each derivative definition in the LSL file there is one processor The linker uses the derivative name also for the processor With the keyword processor you define a processor You can freely choose the processor name The name is used to refer to it at other places in the LSL file processor proc_name processor definition 5 7 2 Instantiating Derivatives With the keyword derivative you tell the linker that the given processor has a certain derivative The derivative name refers to an existing derivative definition in the same LSL file For examples if you have two processors on your target board called myproc_1 and myproc_2 that have the same derivative called myderiv you must instantiate both processo
116. e EXTERN AA CC DD defined elsewhere EXTERN AA DATA assembler checks for type Related information Gls GLOBAL Declare global section symbol 1 23 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference FOR ENDFOR Syntax label FOR var IN expression expression ENDFOR or label FOR var IN start TO end STEP step ENDFOR Description With the FOR ENDFOR directive you can repeat a sequence of assembly source lines with an iterator As shown by the syntax you can use the FOR ENDFOR in two ways 1 Inthe first mehod the loop is repeated as many times as the number of arguments following IN If you use the symbol var in the assembly lines between FOR and ENDFOR for each repetition the symbol var is substituted by a subsequent expression from the argument list If the argument is a null then the loop is repeated with each occurrence of the symbol var removed 2 Inthe second method the loop is repeated using the symbol var as a counter The counter passes all integer values from start to end with a step If you do not specify step the counter is increased by one for every repetition If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Example In the following example the loop is repeated 4 times there are four arguments With the DB directive you allocate and initialize a byte of memory for each repetition of the loop a word for the Dw directive Eff
117. e a bus the combination of data and corresponding address bus The bus name is used to identify a bus and does not conflict with other identifiers Bus descriptions at the global scope outside any definition define external buses These are buses that are present on the target board bus bus_name mau 8 width 8 map map _ description d For a description of the keywords see section 5 5 2 Defining Internal Buses You can connect off chip memory to any derivative you need to map the off chip memory to a bus and map that bus on the internal bus of the derivative you want to connect it to 5 23 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 5 8 Semantics of the Section Setup Definition Keywords in the section setup definition section_setup stack min_size grows low_to_high high _to_low align fixed id heap min_size grows low_to_high high _to_low align fixed id vector _ table vector size size id_symbol_ prefix run_addr template template_symbol vector prefix fill no_inline copy vector id 1IL loop reserved 5 8 1 Setting up a Section With the keyword section_setup you can define stacks heaps vector tables and or reserved address ranges outside their address space definition section_setup my_space vector table statements reserved address range stack definition heap definition See the subsections Stacks and heaps Vector table and Reserved address ranges in section 5 5 3 Defining
118. e command line Most command line options have an equivalent option in Altium Designer but some options are only available on the command line for example in a Windows Command Prompt If there is no equivalent option in Altium Designer you can specify a command line option in Altium Designer as follows 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Enter one or more command line options in the Additional assembler options field Invocation syntax on the command line Windows Command Prompt To call the assembler from the command line use the following syntax asl165x option file The input file must be an assembly source file asm or src 2 1 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Short and long option names Options can have both short and long names Short option names always begin with a single minus character long option names always begin with double minus characters You can abbreviate long option names as long as the name is unique You can mix short and long option names on the command line Options can have flags or sub options To switch a flag on use a lowercase letter or a ongflag To switch a flag off use an uppercase letter or a ongflag Separate longflags with commas The following two invocations are equivalent as165x Ogs test src as165x optimize generics instr size t
119. e errors to errors elk instead of stderr enter 1k165x error file errors elk test obj Related information ie 2 32 Tool Options Linker Linker error limit Menu entry Command line syntax error limit number Description With this option you tell the linker to only emit the specified maximum number of errors When 0 null is specified the linker emits all errors Without this option the maximum number of errors is 42 Related information J 2 33 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker extern e Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option extern to the Additional linker options field Command line syntax extern symbol e symbol Description With this option you force the linker to consider the given symbol as an undefined reference The linker tries to resolve this symbol either the symbol is defined in an object file or the linker extracts the corresponding symbol definition from a library This option is for example useful if the startup code is part of a library Because your own application does not refer to the startup code you can force the startup code to be extracted by specifying the symbol _ start as an unresolved external Example Consider the following invocation 1k165x mylib lib Nothing is linked and no output file will be pr
120. e offset etc The contents of the section is in some data part which can only be processed after the header has been read So the tool that reads such an object uses implicit assumptions how to process such a file Seeking through the file to get those records which are relevant is usual MUFOM IEEE 695 uses a different approach It is designed as a command language which steers the linker and object reader in the debugger An assembler or compiler may create an object module where most of the data contained in it is relocatable The next phase in the translation process is linking several object modules into one new object module A relocatable object uses relocation expressions at places where the absolute values are not yet known An expression evaluator in the linker transforms the relocation expressions into absolute values Finally the object is ready for loading into memory Since an object file is transformed by several processes MUFOM implements an object file as a sequence of commands which steers this transformation process These commands are created executed or copied by one of five processes which act on a MUFOM object file 1 Creation process Creation of the object file by an assembler or compiler The assembler or compiler tells other MUFOM processes what to do by emitting commands generated from assembly source text or a high level language 2 Linkage process Linking of several object modules into one module resolving ex
121. e sections and symbols from the various object files obj to the linked object file A locate part shows the absolute position of each section External symbols are listed per space with their absolute address both sorted on symbol and sorted on address With this option you prevent the generation of a map file Related information i 2 74 Tool Options Control Program Control Program no warnings w Command line syntax no warnings W Description With this option you can suppres all warning messages If you do not specify this option all warnings are reported Related information J 2 75 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program option file f Command line syntax option file file f file Description Instead of typing all options on the command line you can create an option file which contains all options and flags you want to specify With this option you specify the option file to the control program Use an option file when the command line would exceed the limits of the operating system or just to store options and save typing You can specify the option option file multiple times Format of an option file e Multiple arguments on one line in the option file are allowed e To include whitespace in an argument surround the argument with single or double quotes e If you want to use single quotes as part of the argument surround the argument by double quotes and vise v
122. ect Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Enable the option Use project specific LSL file 4 Inthe LSL file field type a name or click and select an LSL file Command line syntax lIsl file file diile Description A linker script file contains vital information about the core for the locating phase of the linker A linker script file is coded in LSL and contains the following types of information e the architecture definition describes the core s hardware architecture e the memory definition describes the physical memory available in the system e the section layout definition describes how to locate sections in memory With this option you specify a linker script file to the linker If you do not specify this option the linker uses a default script file You can specify the existing file 165x 1s1 or the name of a manually written linker script file You can use this option multiple times The linker processes the LSL files in the order in which they appear on the command line Related information db Linker option Isl check Check LSL file s and exit Section 3 7 Controlling the Linker with a Script in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 43 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker map file M Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Map File
123. ectively the preprocessor duplicates the DB and DW directives four times in the assembly source FOR VAR1 IN 1 2 3 4 12 DB VARI DW VAR1 VAR1 ENDFOR In the following example the loop is repeated 16 times With the DL directive you allocate and initialize four bytes of memory for each repetition of the loop Effectively the preprocessor duplicates the DL directive16 times in the assembled file and substitutes VAR2 with the subsequent numbers FOR VAR2 IN 1 to 0x10 DL VAR1 VAR1 ENDFOR Related information d REPEAT ENDREP Repeat sequence of source lines 1 24 Assembly Language GEN Syntax label GEN structured control statement for eample label GEN FOR var start DOWNTO TO end BY step GEN ENDFOR Description With the GEN directive you can generate the appropriate TSK165x assembly language instructions for the structured control statement You can use constructs like loops FOR WHILE REPEAT conditional control IF ELSE or a C language alike switch implementation SWITCH Related information d For detailed information and examples see section 1 10 Structured Control Statements 1 25 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference GLOBAL Syntax GLOBAL symbol symbol Description All symbols or labels defined in the current section or module are local to the module by default You can change this default behavior with assembler option ig With the GLOBAL directive
124. ed information do 2 51 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker output o Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Output Format 3 Enable one or more output formats Command line syntax output filename format addr_size offilename format adar_size You can specify the following formats IEEE IEEE 695 ELF ELF DWARF IHEX Intel Hex SREC Motorola S records Description By default the linker generates an output file in IEEE 695 format named after the first input file with extension abs With this option you can specify an alternative filename and an alternative output format The default output format is the format of the first input file You can use the output option multiple times This is useful to generate multiple output formats With the first occurrence of the output option you specify the basename the filename without extension which is used for subsequent output options with no filename specified If you do not specify a filename or you do not specify the output option at all the linker uses the default basename taskn IHEX and SREC formats If you specify the Intel Hex format or the Motorola S records format you can use the argument addr_size to specify the size of addresses in bytes record length For Intel Hex you can use the values 1 2 and 4 default For M
125. ed instructions In the case of nested loops it is possible that the total supersedes the section total Without arguments this option is the same as section info cl With section info l the assembler writes the section information to the list file You must specify this option in combination with the option list file generate list file Example as165x list file section info console list test src The assembler generates a list file and writes the section information to this file The section information is also displayed on stdout Related information d gt Assembler option list file generate list file 2 22 Tool Options Assembler Assembler symbol scope i Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Select the default label mode Local or Global Command line syntax symbol scope global local i g l Default il Description With this option you tell the assembler how to treat symbols that you have not specified explicitly as global or local By default the assembler treats all symbols as local symbols unless you have defined them explicitly as global Related information i 2 23 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler version V Menu entry Command line only Command line syntax version V Description Displays version informat
126. ed relative to the relocation base of that section The relocation phase of the linker may map the relocation base of a section onto a fixed address During linkage edition the section name and the section attributes identify a section and thus the actions to be taken If a section is defined in several modules the linkage editor must determine how to act on sections with the same name This can be either one of the following strategies e several sections are to be joined into a single one e several sections are to be overlapped e sections are not to coexist A section type gives additional information to the linkage editor about the section which may be used to layout a section in memory Section type information is encoded with letters which may be combined in one ST command Some combinations of letters are invalid or may be meaningless letter meaning class explanation A absolute access section has absolute address assigned to corresponding L variable R read only access no write access to this section W writable access section may be read and written x executable access section contains executable code Z zero page access if target has zero page or short addressable page Z section map into it Ynum addressing access section must be located in addressing mode num mode blank access section must be initialized to 0 cleared F not filled access section is not filled or cleared scratch l initia
127. ededeasdeneieagmneedaad hag arene sud eye 4 6 4 1 4 4 Symbolic Name Declaration and Type Definition 0 cece cee eee 4 7 4 1 4 5 Value ASSIQNM6Nt 2p cence eae ker eae Sadana eee ey dame hee ee ade Ghee ae eee ey eas 4 8 4 1 4 6 Loading Commands 00 0c cece ee Ea pa aa pE e a DDE ees 4 8 4 1 4 7 Linkage Commands erre ceca ise ctartie iva naneb ards E EE adie E bade cas 4 9 4 1 5 MUPOM FUNCHONS x pinent eeen g sounded amet Se ah ee eke 4 10 4 2 Motorola S Record Format 00 cece eee eee eens 4 13 4 3 Intel Hex Record Format 0 0 0 eee eee O 4 16 Linker Script Language 5 1 5 1 Introduction ai erreso e ea a aE E E E gr A a a e ae De E we 5 1 5 2 Structure of a Linker Script File 0 0 0c eee eect eee tte eens 5 1 5 3 Syntax of the Linker Script Language 0 0 cece cece teeta 5 3 5 3 1 Preprocessing ie ti ceatar cere annie aici ccd N a aad eae we nana Siete ae ae each abe won fade 5 3 5 3 2 Lexical Syntax pausoren maae Sead he ene Ua add plane dik dod edie Wa ae BK 5 3 5 3 3 IAGNUIMENS 2 2 eeieccel neia E Oee dae ala melpaes Pee he eetg adie peeks ee See edu s 5 4 5 3 4 EXPr6SSIONS cc nce eteeldactnd abaceiaealetyawadaphinddawedenetedersind webd heey oe 5 4 5 3 5 Bullt in FUNCOMS 425 c2scc0s Gre eek ek Daa da ea dea Gagan Sie eee Raed da AP eG ewe See 5 5 5 3 6 LSL Definitions in the Linker Script File 0 0 0 0 e cece cece ees 5 6 5 3 7 Memory and Bus Definitions 0 ccc nent etn
128. ee definition_statements ENDM Description With the MACRO directive you define a macro Macros provide a shorthand method for handling a repeated pattern of code or group of instructions You can define the pattern as a macro and then call the macro at the points in the program where the pattern would repeat The definition of a macro consists of three parts e Header which assigns a name to the macro and defines the arguments e Body which contains the code or instructions to be inserted when the macro is called e Terminator which indicates the end of the macro definition ENDM directive The arguments are symbolic names that the macro processor replaces with the literal arguments when the macro is expanded called Each formal argument must follow the same rules as symbol names the name can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ The first character cannot be a digit Argument names cannot start with a percent sign Macro definitions can be nested but the nested macro will not be defined until the primary macro is expanded You can use the following operators in macro definition statements Operator Name Description Macro argument Concatenates a macro argument with adjacent alphanumeric characters concatenation Return decimal Substitutes the symbol sequence with a character string that represents the decimal value value of symbol of the symbol Return hex Substitutes the symbo sequen
129. efine Half Word DW Define Word aana Assembly Language DS DSBIT DSB DSH DSW DSL Syntax label DS expression label DSBIT expression label DSB expression label DSH expression label DSW expression label DSL expression Description With the Ds directive Define Storage the assembler reserves a block of memory The reserved block of memory is not initialized to any value With the expression you specify the number of minimum addressable units MAUs that you want to reserve The expression must evaluate to an integer larger than zero and cannot contain references to symbols that are not yet defined in the assembly source In a bit type section the MAU size is 1 the DS directive reserves a number of bits equal to the result of the expression If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing aN You cannot use the DS directive in sections with attribute init If you need to reserve initialized space in an init section use the BS directive instead The DSBIT DSB DSH DSW and DSL directives are variants of the Ds directive DSBIT The expression argument specifies the number of bits to reserve DSB The expression argument specifies the number of bytes to reserve In a bit type section the DSB directive still reserves 8 bits DSH Same as the DSB directive DSW The expression argument specifies the number of words to reserve
130. efine Word DL Define Long 1 17 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference DL Syntax label DL argument argument Description With the DL directive Define Long you allocate and initialize four bytes of memory for each argument An argument is e asingle or multiple character string constant e an expression e NULL indicated by two adjacent commas If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Multiple arguments are stored in sets of four bytes If an argument is NULL its corresponding address locations are flled with zeros Long arguments are stored as is Floating point values are not allowed If the evaluated argument is too large to be represented in a long the assembler issues an error and truncates the value In case of character strings each character is stored in the least significant byte of a long whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII value of the character DL AB D gt 0x00000041 0x00000042 0x00000000 second argument is empty 0x00000044 When you use the DL directive in a bit type section each argument initializes 32 bits and the location counter of the current section is incremented with the same number of bits Example TABLE DL 14 253 0x62 ABCD CHARS DL A B C D Related information Gb BS DS Block Storage Define Storage DBIT Define Bit DB_ Define Byte DH D
131. elocatable A symbol you assign is created as an absolute symbol 5 13 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 5 5 Semantics of the Architecture Definition Keywords in the architecture definition architecture extends endianness big little bus mau width map space id mau align page_size page direction low_to_high high _to_low stack min_size grows low_to_high high _to_low align fixed id heap min_size grows low_to_high high _to_low align fixed id copytable align copy_unit dest page vector table vector _size size id_symbol_ prefix run_addr template template_symbol vector_prefix ill no_inline copy vector id 201 loop reserved start_address run_addr symbol map 5 14 Linker Script Language map dest bus space dest_dbits dest offset size sre_dbits src_offset 5 5 1 Defining an Architecture With the keyword architecture you define an architecture and assign a unique name to it The name is used to refer to it at other places in the LSL file architecture name definitions If you are defining multiple core architectures that show great resemblance you can define the common features in a parent core architecture and extend this with a child core architecture that contains specific features The child inherits all features of the parent With the keyword extends you create a child core architecture architecture name_child_arch extends name_parent_arch definitions A
132. ems in a list Read it as OR You can repeat the preceding item zero or more times Example as165x option filename You can read this line as follows enter the command as165x with or without an option follow this by zero or more options and specify a filename The following input lines are all valid as165x test asm as165x g test asm as165x g l test asm Not valid is as165x g According to the syntax description you have to specify a filename Icons The following illustrations are used in this manual AN Note notes give you extra information A Warning read the information carefully It prevents you from making serious mistakes or from loosing information Q This illustration indicates actions you can perform with the mouse Such as Altium Designer menu entries and dialogs E Command line type your input on the command line d gt Reference follow this reference to find related topics vii TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Related Publications MISRA C e Guidelines for the Use of the C Language in Vehicle Based Software MIRA limited 1998 See also http www misra org uk e MISRA C 2004 Guidelines for the use of the C Language in critical systems MIRA limited 2004 See also http www misra c com TASKING Tools e Using the TSK165x Embedded Tools Altium GU0108 e TSK165x RISC MCU Core Reference Altium CRO114 viii 1 Assembly Language Summ ary This chapter describes the most i
133. end of mylib lib tlb m mylib 1lib objl obj To move obj3 obj just before obj2 obj tlb m b obj3 o0bj mylib lib obj2 obj The library mylib lib after these two invocations now looks like obj3 0bj obj2 obj obj1 obj Related information db Librarian option t Print library contents 2 112 Tool Options Librarian Librarian p Command line syntax p Description Print the specified object module s in the library to standard output This option is only useful when you redirect or pipe the output to other files or tools that serve your own purposes Normally you do not need this option Example tlb p mylib lib objl obj gt file obj The librarian prints the file obj1 obj to standard output where it is redirected to the file ile obj The effect of this example is very similar to extracting a file from the library but in this case the extracted file gets another name Related information i 2 113 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Librarian r Command line syntax r a posname b posname c u v Description You can use the option r for several purposes e Adding new objects to the library e Replacing objects in the library with the same object of a newer date e Creating a new library The option r normally adds a new module to the library However if the library already contains a module with the specified name the existing module is replaced If you specify a library that does
134. end of the section __1c _ub_table for the start and__ 1c _ue_table for the end of the copy table The linker generates a copy table when a reference to either of the section labels exists in one of the input object files 5 9 4 Creating Symbols You can tell the linker to create symbols before locating by putting assignments in the section layout definition Symbol names are represented by double quoted strings Any string is allowed but object files may not support all characters for symbol names You can use two different assignment operators With the simple assignment operator the symbol is created unconditionally With the operator the symbol is only created if it already exists as an undefined reference in an object file The expression that represents the value to assign to the symbol may contain references to other symbols If such a referred symbol is a special section symbol creation of the symbol in the left hand side of the assignment will cause creation of the special section section_layout le bs 1c _ub stack when the symbol _ lc_bs occurs as an undefined reference in an object file the linker allocates space for the stack 5 32 Linker Script Language 5 9 5 Conditional Group Statements Within a group you can conditionally select sections or create special sections e With the if keyword you can specify a condition The succeeding section statement is executed if the condition
135. ent e While statement e Repeat statement e If statement e Switch statement If an assembler directive occurs within a structured control statement this is evaluated only once at assembly time So an assembler directive in a FOR WHILE or REPEAT statement does not imply repeated occurrence of the directive db See the description of the cen directive in section 1 8 Assembler Directives 1 10 1 FOR Statement Syntax GEN FOR var start DOWNTO TO end BY step GEN BREAK GEN CONTINUE statements GEN ENDFOR Registers flags affected W C Z PA1 PAO Description With the FOR statement the assembler initializes var to start and performs the assembly statements until var is greater TO or less than DOWNTO end The user defined operand var serves as the loop counter The TO construct counts upwards and the DOWNTO construct counts downwards You can specify an increment decrement step size by step If you omit the By clause the default step size is 1 var must be a writable address or symbol start end and step can be an address symbol or immediate value An immediate operand must be preceded by a pound sign Each address or symbol must be accessible in the current data page You can use the BREAK and or CONTINUE statements inside a FOR statement AN If an assembler directive occurs within a structured control statement this is evaluated only once at assembly time So an assembler directive in a FOR WHILE or
136. ersa This has a single quote embedded This has a double quote embedded This has a double quote and a single quote embedded e When atext line reaches its length limit use a to continue the line Whitespace between quotes is preserved This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line e Itis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file myoptions contains the following lines DDEMO 1 test c Specify the option file to the control program This is equivalent to the following command line ccl65x DDEMO 1 test asm Related information i 2 76 Tool Options Control Program Control Program output o Command line syntax output file 0 file Description Default the control program generates a file with the same basename as the first specified input file With this option you specify another name for the resulting absolute object file Example ccl65x test asm prog asm The control program generates an IEEE 695 object file default with the name test abs To generate the file result abs ccl65x output result abs test asm prog asm Related information i 2 77 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program pass W Command line syntax pass assembler option Waoption Pass option directly to the assembler pass linker option Wloption Pass option directly to the linker Description
137. est src When you do not specify an option a default value may become active 2 2 Tool Options Assembler Assembler case insensitive c Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Disable the option Assemble case sensitive Command line syntax case insensitive C Description With this option you tell the assembler not to distinguish between upper and lower case characters By default the assembler considers upper and lower case characters as different characters AN Disabling the option Assemble case sensitive in Altium Designer is the same as specifying the option case insensitive on the command line Example When assembling case insensitive the label LabelName is the same label as labelname Related information J TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler check Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option check to the Additional assembler options field Command line syntax check Description With this option you can check the source code for syntax errors without generating code This saves time in developing your application The assembler reports any warnings and or errors Related information J 2 4 Tool Options
138. ested If the expression after the ELIF is true the following assembly statements are executed otherwise the statements after the ELSE are executed If the ELSE is not present execution advances to the instruction following the ENDIF expression must be a valid structured control expression You can nest IF statements The ELIF and ELSE refer to the most recent IF Example SECTION data data i DSB 1 5 DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN IF i lt LT gt j MOVW i W call func_a GEN ELIF i lt EQ gt j call func_b GEN ELSE MOVW j W call func_a GEN ENDIF 1 52 Assembly Language Generated TSK165x code t to t t se GEN IF i lt LT gt j MOVF j W SUBWF i W BTFSC C GOTO _ T132 MOVW i W call func_a GEN ELIF i lt EQ gt j GOTO _T134 T132 MOVF j W SUBWF i W BTFSC Z GOTO _ T133 call func_b GEN ELSE GOTO __ T134 1133 MOVW j W call func_a GEN ENDIF 17134 Related information Gs Section 1 10 8 Structured Control Expressions 1 10 5 SWITCH Statement Syntax GEN SWITCH var GEN CASE maitch1 statements GEN CASE match2 statements GEN DEFAULT statements GEN BREAK GEN ENDSWITCH Registers flags affected W Z PA1 PAO 1 53 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Description With the SWITCH statement you can use a C alike switch implementation in assembly If the value of var is equal to match the assembly statements after the
139. f contains at least one mapping mem_type rom attrs rx ram attrs rw nvram attrs rwx bus_def bus bus_name lt bus_descr gt 7 e Abus_def statement defines a bus with the given bus_name as a unique name within a core architecture bus_descr mau expr width expr bus width nr l of data bits mapping legal destination bus only e The mau and width statements appear exactly once ina bus_descr The default value for width is the mau size e The bus width must be an integer times the bus MAU size 5 6 Linker Script Language e The MAU size must be non zero e Abus can only have a mapping ona destination bus through dest bus mapping map map_descr lt map _descr gt map descr dest destination dest_dbits range dest_offset expr size expr sre_dbits range src_offset expr e A mapping requires at least the size and dest statements e Each map_descr can occur only once e You can define multiple mappings from a single source e Overlap between source ranges or destination ranges is not allowed e Ifthe src_dbits or dest_dbits statement is not present its value defaults to the width value if the source destination is a bus and to the mau size otherwise destination space space name bus lt proc_name core name gt ll bus_name e Aspace_name refers to a defined address space e Aproc_name refers to
140. ferenced in FEI III III IIS DIIGO GIA IOI kk kkk Locate Res uT t 2 A kA k k e k A k k e k e k a indo A a I R e k II E A R R A k A I IOI RR IIIA Task entry address Space c165x c165x data rm nt Chip Group Section Size MAU Space addr Chip addr stack _data printf 0x00000001 0x00000000 data 0x00000006 0x00000000 data 0x0000000b 0x00000000 l __GPRO 0x00000001 0x00000000 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Symbols sorted on name _Exit 0x0000000c c165x c165x code main 0x00000000 Address Name 0x00000000 _main 0x0000000c _ Exit EAER AE E R E AE E E RE E A A R E AE E AE E AE A K AAAA KAK KAKARA Memory Part RA A R A R k A k A k e A R e A R R A R AE A E A R A R E e A R A E E e A A R A A A A A Address range usage at space level c165x c165x bit 0x00000100 0x00000000 0 0x00000100 100 0x00000100 100 c165x c165x code 0x00000800 0x00000000 0 0x00000800 100 0x00000800 100 c165x c165x data 0x00000080 0x00000000 0 0x00000080 100 0x00000080 100 Address range usage at memory level SEE See EA EE EENEN Name Total Used Free gt free gap aa xram 0x00000080 0x00000000 0 0x00000080 100 0x00000080 100 xrom 0x00000800 0x00000000 0 0x00000800 100 0x00000800 100 a FEISS ISIS EI ISOS KRAKA kkk kkk kkk ISS EEEEGG
141. format of display of the date and time is YYYYMMDDHHMMSS 4 digits for the year 2 digits for the month 2 digits for the day 2 digits for the hour 2 digits for the minutes and 2 digits for the seconds AD Command The AD command specifies the address format of the target execution environment AD_command AD bits_per_MAU MAU_per_address order MAU_per_address hex_number bits_per_MAU hex_number order z DP PM MAU stands for minimum addressable unit This is target processor dependant L means least significant byte at lowest address little endian M means most significant byte at lowest address big endian Example AD8 2 L Specifies a 2 byte addressable 8 bit processor running in little endian mode 4 1 4 2 Comment and Checksum Command The comment command offers the possibility to store information in an object module about the object module and the translators that created it The comment may be used to record the file name of the source file of the object module or the version number of the translator that created it Because the standard supports several layers each of which has its own revision number an object module may contain several comment commands which specify which revision of the standard has been used to create the module The contents of a comment is not prescribed by the standard and thus it is implementation defined how a MUFOM process handles a comment command CO_
142. fy an offset from the vector table entry 5 17 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Reserved address ranges e The reserved keyword specifies to reserve a part of an address space even if not all of the range is covered by memory See also the reserved keyword in section 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections Start address e The start_address keyword specifies the start address for the position where the C startup code is located When a processor is reset it initializes its program counter to a certain start address sometimes called the reset vector In the architecture definition you must specify this start address in the correct address space in combination with the name of the label in the application code which must be located here The run_addr argument specifies the start address reset vector If the core starts executing using an entry from a vector table and directly jumps to the start label you should omit this argument The symbol argument specifies the name of the label in the application code that should be located at the specified start address The symbol argument is required The linker will resolve the start symbol and use its value after locating for the start address field in IEEE 695 files and Intel Hex files If you also specified the run_addr argument the start symbol label must point to a section The linker locates this section such that the start symbol ends up on the start address space space_name
143. ga or G giga Characters in bold are characters that occur literally Words in italics are higher order terms that are defined in the same or in one of the other sections To write comments in LSL file you can use the C style or C style TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 5 3 3 Identifiers arch_name IDENTIFIER bus_name IDENTIFIER core_name IDENTIFIER derivative_name IDENTIFIER file name DQSTRING group_name IDENTIFIER mem_name IDENTIFIER proc_name IDENTIFIER section_name DQSTRING space_name IDENTIFIER stack_name section_name symbol_name DOSTRING 5 3 4 Expressions The expressions and operators in this section work the same as in ISO C number OCT_NUM DEC_NUM HEX NUM expr number symbol_name unary _op expr expr binary_op expr expr expr expr expr function_call unary_op r logical NOT a bitwise complement negative value gt binary_op exclusive OR multiplication nN division modulus addition subtraction gt gt right shift lt lt left shift equal to not equal to gt greater than lt less than gt greater than or equal to lt less than or equal to amp bitwise AND bitwise OR amp amp logical AND logical OR 5 4 Linker Script Language 5 3 5 Built in Functions function_call a
144. ghts to the same are claimed v8 0 31 3 08 Table of Contents Table of Contents Assembly Language 1 1 1 1 Assembly Syntax ssi sitios ann weit ened SER bee Ae ded De eine fo ee ae aoe 1 1 1 2 Assembler Significant Characters sssseusreun rurarun eee eens 1 2 1 3 Operands of an Assembly Instruction 0 00 cece cette teeta 1 2 1 4 Symbol NAMES sce eee ese ine OLN a a AA ERR OLS cancer eh lee habe nap Ak aes eee 1 2 1 5 Registers croci ienei oratna ba ee eke ate E EE E Palme Ma enr odie waka ee heeds 1 3 1 6 Assembly Expressions i 22c0 lacie oewls dai edari miie einne oe ded coed Salles 1 3 1 6 1 Numeric Constants sssr coh area deen see tage eas ped E neem aaa d POR Ree OR one 1 4 1 6 2 SWINGS edia i weet eats Ee Gat eed wad ek ee Rea Wak eo feet 1 4 1 6 3 Expression Operators sece cisebey sac Ghat ea terete ive aa beac eee ee 1 4 1 7 Built in Assembly Functions 0 0 cece eee tenet n eee 1 5 1 7 1 Overview of Built in Assembly Functions 0 0 eenean neeaae 1 5 1 7 2 Detailed Description of Built in Assembly Functions 00 cece eee ee eee ees 1 6 1 8 Assembler Directives isi ov eiaweedr alee era kiana aa aera ONS 1 8 1 8 1 Overview of Assembler Directives 0 eens 1 8 1 8 2 Detailed Description of Assembler Directives 0 0 cece eee ees 1 10 1 9 Macro Operations sacssecns terere iene eeni dase caadacd Seamed dae ER eae cane eas 1 43 1 9 1 Detining a Macro pe
145. gle or multiple character string constant e an expression e NULL indicated by two adjacent commas If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Multiple arguments are stored in successive half word address locations If an argument is NULL its corresponding address location is filled with zeros Integer arguments are stored as is but must be byte values within the range 0 255 floating point numbers are not allowed If the evaluated expression is out of the range 256 255 the assembler issues an error For negative values within that range the assembler adds 256 to the specified value for example 254 is stored as 2 In case of single and multiple character strings each character is stored in consecutive bytes whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII value of the character The standard C escape sequences are allowed DH AB D gt 0x41 0x42 0x00 second argument is empty 0x44 When you use the DH directive in a bit type section each argument initializes 8 bits and the location counter of the current section is incremented with the same number of bits When you use the DH directive in a code section this is translated into RETLW instructions Example TABLE DH 14 253 0x62 ABCD CHARS DH A B C D Related information d BS DS Block Storage Define Storage DBIT Define Bit DB_ Define Byte DW D
146. goto loop end MOVWF result 1 res w 1 9 2 Calling a Macro To invoke a macro construct a source statement with the following format label macro_name arg arg 7 comment where label An optional label that corresponds to the value of the location counter at the start of the macro expansion macro_name The name of the macro This may not start in the first column arg One or more optional substitutable arguments Multiple arguments must be separated by commas comment An optional comment The following applies to macro arguments e Each argument must correspond one to one with the formal arguments of the macro definition If the macro call does not contain the same number of arguments as the macro definition the assembler issues a warning e If an argument has an embedded comma or space you must surround the argument by single quotes e You can declare a macro call argument as null in three ways enter delimiting commas in succession with no intervening spaces macroname ARG1 ARG3 the second argument is a null argument terminate the argument list with a comma the arguments that normally would follow are now considered null macroname ARG1 the second and all following arguments are null declare the argument as a null string e No character is substituted in the generated statements that reference a null argument 1 44 Assembly Language 1 9 3 Using Operators for Macro Arguments The assembler
147. gs If you select Suppress specific warnings 4 Enter the numbers separated by commas of the warnings you want to suppress Command line syntax no warnings number w number Description With this option you can suppresses all warning messages or specific warning messages e If you do not specify this option all warnings are reported e If you specify this option but without numbers all warnings are suppressed e If you specify this option with a number only the specified warning is suppressed You can specify the option no warnings number multiple times Example To suppress warnings 135 and 136 enter 135 136 in the Specific warnings to suppress field or enter the following on the command line 1k165x no warnings 135 136 test obj Related information d gt Linker option warnings as errors Treat warnings as errors 2 49 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker optimize O Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Optimization 3 Select an optimization level in the Optimization level box If you select Custom Optimization 4 Enable the optimizations you want Command line syntax optimize flags Offlags Use the following options for predefined sets of flags optimize 0 O0 No optimization Alias for OCLTXY optimize 1 O1 Default optimization Alias for O
148. he TASKING toolset The reference manual describes the assembly language TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Short Table of Contents Chapter 1 Assembly Language Describes the specific features of the assembly language as well as directives which are pseudo instructions that are interpreted by the assembler Chapter 2 Tool Options Contains a description of all tool options e Assembler options e Linker options e Control program options e Make utility options e Librarian options Chapter 3 List File Formats Contains a description of the following list file formats e Assembler List File Format e Linker Map File Format Chapter 4 Object File Formats Contains a description of the following object file formats e IEEE 695 Object Format e Motorola S Record Format e Intel Hex Record Format Chapter 5 Linker Script Language Contains a description of the linker script language LSL vi Manual Purpose and Structure Conventions Used in this Manual Notation for syntax The following notation is used to describe the syntax of command line input bold Type this part of the syntax literally italics Substitute the italic word by an instance For example filename Type the name of a file in place of the word filename Encloses a list from which you must choose an item Encloses items that are optional For example as165x Both as165x and as165x are valid commands Separates it
149. he assembler as follows asl165x include directory c proj include test src First the assembler looks in the directory where test src is located for the file myinc inc If it does not find the file it looks in the directory c proj include for the file myinc inc this option If the file is still not found the assembler searches in the environment variable and then in the default include directory Related information db Assembler option include file H Include file before source Tool Options Assembler Assembler include file H Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Preprocessing 3 Enter the name of the file in the Include this file before source field or click and select a file Command line syntax include file file Hfile Description With this option set at project level you include one extra file at the beginning of the assembly source file The specified include file is included before all other includes This is the same as specifying INCLUDE file atthe beginning of your assembly source Example asl65x include file myinc inc testl src The file myinc inc is included at the beginning of test 1 src before it is assembled Related information Gb Assembler option include directory Include files path Section 2 4 How the Assembler Searches Include Files in ch
150. he corresponding section name in RAM Size MAU The size of the section in minimum addressable units Space addr The absolute address of the section in the address space Chip addr The absolute offset of the section from the start of a memory chip Locate Part Symbol translation This part of the map file lists all external symbols per address space name both sorted on address and sorted on symbol name Name The name of the symbol Address The absolute address of the symbol in the address space Space The names of the address spaces as defined in the linker script file 1s1 The names are constructed of the derivative name followed by a colon the core name another colon and the space name Memory Part This part of the map file shows the memory usage in totals and percentages for spaces and chips The largest free block of memory per space and per chip is also shown Linker Script File Part This part of the map file shows the processor and memory information of the linker script file By default this part is not shown in the map file You have to turn this part on manually with linker option map file format lsl processor and memory info You can print this information to a separate file with linker option Isl dump Locate Rule Part This part of the map file shows the rules the linker uses to locate sections Address space The names ofthe address spaces as defined in the linker script file 1s1 The names
151. he end of the reserved section Output sections The keyword section tells the linker to accumulate sections obtained from object files input sections into an output section of a fixed size in the locate phase You can select the input sections with select statements You can use groups inside output sections but you can only set the align attributes and load_addr attributes The fi11 field contains a bit pattern that the linker writes to all unused space in the output section When all input sections have an image code data you must specify a fill pattern If you do not specify a fill pattern all input sections must be scratch sections The fill pattern is aligned at the start of the output section As with a reserved section you can use the attributes field to set the access type of the output section group section myoutput size 4k attributes rw fill 0Oxaa select myinputl1 select myinput2 The available room for input sections is determined by the size blocksize and overflow fields With the keyword size you specify the fixed size of the output section Input sections are placed from output section start towards higher addresses offsets When the end of the output section is reached and one or more input sections are not yet placed an error is emitted If however the overflow field is set to another output section remaining sections are located as if they were selected for the overflo
152. he following lines k err errors txt test abs Specify the option file to the make utility tmk m myoptions This is equivalent to the following command line tmk k err errors txt test abs Related information i 2 96 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility n Command line syntax n Description With this option you tell the make utility to perform a dry run The make utility shows what it would do but does not actually perform these tasks This option is for example useful to quickly inspect what would happen if you call the make utility Example tmk n The make utility does not perform any tasks but displays what it would do if called without the option n Related information d gt Make utility option s Do not print commands before execution 2 97 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility p Command line syntax P Description Normally if a command in a target rule in a makefile returns an error or when the target construction is interrupted the make utility removes that target file With this option you tell the make utility to make all target files precious This means that dependency files are never removed Example tmk p The make utility never removes target dependency files Related information de 2 98 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility q Command line syntax q Description With this option the make utility does not perform any tasks
153. he next example the first label receives the type of the section The second label is defined with the LABEL directive and receives the type data SECTION code code mylabell EQU 2 mylabel2 LABEL data 1 29 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference LIST NOLIST Syntax NOLIST assembly source lines LIST Description If you generate a list file see assembler option list file you can use the LIST and NOLIST directives to specify which source lines the assembler must write to the list file The assembler prints all source lines to the list file untill it encounters a NOLIST directive The assembler does not print the NOLIST directive and subsequent source lines When the assembler encounters the LIST directive it resumes printing to the list file starting with the LIST directive itself It is possible to nest the LIST NOLIST directives Example Suppose you assemble the following assembly code with the assembler option list file SECTION code code source line 1 NOLIST source line 2 LIST source line 3 END The assembler generates a list file with the following lines SECTION code code x source line 1 LIST d source line 3 END Related information db Assembler option list file Generate list file in Section 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options 1 30 Assembly Language MACRO ENDM Syntax macro_name MACRO argumeni argumenit me
154. he values 1 2 or 4 bytes default For Motorola S you can specify 2 S1 records 3 S2 records or 4 bytes S3 records default In Altium Designer you cannot specify the address size because Altium Designer always uses the default values Description With this option you specify the Intel Hex or Motorola S record output format for loading into a PROM programmer The linker generates a file for each ROM memory defined in the LSL file where sections are located memory memname type rom The name of the file is the name of the Altium Designer project or on the command line the name of the memory device that was emitted with extension hex or sre Optionally you can specify a basename which prepends the generated file name AN The linker always outputs a debugging file in IEEE 695 format and optionally an absolute object file in Intel Hex format and or Motorola S record format Example To generate Intel Hex output files for each defined memory enter the following on the command line 1k165x chip output myfile IHEX testl obj In this case this generates the file myfile_memname hex Related information d gt Linker option output Output file Section 4 2 Motorola S Record Format Section 4 3 Intel Hex Record Format in Chapter Object File Formats 2 29 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker define D Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appea
155. ified value for example 254 is stored as 2 In case of single and multiple character strings each character is stored in consecutive bytes whose lower seven bits represent the ASCII value of the character The standard C escape sequences are allowed DB R 0x52 DB AB D 0x41420043 second argument is empty When you use the DB directive in a bit type section each argument initializes 8 bits and the location counter of the current section is incremented with 8 bits When you use the DB directive in a code section this is translated into RETLW instructions Example TABLE DB 14 253 0x62 ABCD CHARS DB A B C D Related information Gb BS Block Storage DS Define Storage DBIT Define Bit DH Define Half Word DW Define Word DL Define Long Assembly Language DBIT Syntax label DBIT argument argument Description With the DBIT directive Define Bit you allocate and initialize memory in bit units for each argument You can use the DBIT directive only within sections of the type bit An argument is 0 or 1 If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Example NBITS DBIT 1 0 1 1 allocate and initialize four bits Related information d gt BS Block Storage DS Define Storage DB_ Define Byte DH Define Half Word DW Define Word DL Define Long SECTION
156. ined in one of the spaces If the architecture definition contains only one address space a copy table definition is optional it will be generated in the space copy_table_ descr align expr copy_unit expr dest lt space_name gt 1 space_name page e The copy_unit is defined by the size in MAUs in which the startup code moves data e The dest statement is only required when the startup code initializes memory used by another processor that has no access to ROM e Aspace_name refers to a defined address space 5 8 Linker Script Language start_addr start_address start_addr_descr lt start_addr_descr gt gt start_addr_descr run_addr expr symbol symbol_name e Asymbol_name refers to the section that contains the startup code vector table statement vector_table section_name vecttab_spec lt vecttab_spec gt lt vector_def gt vecttab_spec vector size expr size expr id_symbol_ prefix symbol_name run_addr addr_absolute template section_name template_symbol symbol name vector prefix section_name fill vector value no_inline copy vector def vector vector_spec lt vector_spec gt vector spec id vector_id_spec fill vector_value vector_id_spec number range lt range gt 9 vector value symbol_name number lt number gt loop lt expr gt l reserved_range reserved
157. ing the SET directive again Symbols that you define with the SET directive are always local you cannot define the symbol global with the GLOBAL directive The SET directive is useful in establishing temporary or reusable counters within macros expression must be absolute and cannot include a symbol that is not yet defined no forward references are allowed Normally the defined symbol gets the same type as the result of the expression However when the resulting expression has type none the symbol gets no type Example COUNT SET 0 Initialize count Later on you can assign other values to the symbol Related information d gt EQU Set a permanent value to a symbol 1 39 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference TITLE Syntax TITLE title Description If you generate a list file see assembler option list file you can use the TITLE directive to specify the program title which is printed at the top of each page in the assembler list file If you use the TITLE directive without the argument the title becomes empty This is also the default The specified title is valid until the assembler encouters a new TITLE directive Example TITLE The best program In the header of each page in the assembler list file the title of the progam is printed In this case The best program Related information db PAGE Format the assembler list file Assembler option list file Generate list file in Se
158. ion A gets the highest possible address e The contiguous keyword tells the linker to locate the sections in the group in a single address range Within a contiguous group the input sections are located in arbitrary order however the group occupies one contigous range of memory Due to alignment of sections there can be alignment gaps between the sections When you define a group that is both ordered and contiguous this is called a sequential group In a sequential group the linker places sections in the same order in the address space as they appear in the group and it occupies a contiguous range of memory e The clustered keyword tells the linker to locate the sections in the group in a number of contiguous blocks It tries to keep the number of these blocks to a minimum If enough memory is available the group will be located as if it was specified as contiguous Otherwise it gets split into two or more blocks If a contiguous or clustered group contains alignment gaps the linker can locate sections that are not part of the group in these gaps To prevent this you can use the 111 keyword If the group is located in RAM the gaps are treated as reserved scratch space If the group is located in ROM the alignment gaps are filled with zeros by default You can however change the fill pattern by specifying a bit pattern The result of the expression or list of expressions is used as values to write to memory each in MAU e The
159. ion of the assembler The assembler ignores all other options or input files Related information J 2 24 Tool Options Assembler Assembler verbose v Menu entry Command line only Command line syntax verbose V Description With this option you put the assembler in verbose mode The assembler prints the filenames and the assembly passes while it processes the files so you can monitor the current status of the assembler Related information i 2 25 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler warnings as errors Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Diagnostics 3 Enable the option Treat warnings as errors Command line syntax Description If the assembler encounters an error it stops assembling When you use this option without arguments you tell the assembler to treat all warnings as errors This means that the exit status of the assembler will be non zero after one or more compiler warnings As a consequence the assembler now also stops after encountering a warning Related information db Assembler option no warnings Suppress some or all warnings 2 26 Tool Options Linker 2 2 Linker Options Altium Designer uses a makefile to build your entire project This means that you cannot run the linker separately However you can set options specific for the linker
160. ional expressions 4 4 expressions 4 2 notational conventions 4 2 variables in object file 4 2 If statement 1 52 if elif else endif 1 27 include 1 28 Include directory 2 12 2 37 2 69 Include file 2 13 Input specification 1 1 Instructions 1 1 generic 1 1 1 58 Intel hex record type 4 16 Intel Hex record format 4 16 L Label 1 2 label 1 29 Labels 1 1 Librarian options 2 109 d 2 110 f 2 111 m 2 112 p 2 113 r 2 114 t 2 116 V 2 117 w 2 118 x 2 119 add module 2 114 create library 2 114 delete module 2 110 extract module 2 119 move module 2 112 print list of objects 2 116 print list of symbols 2 116 print module 2 113 replace module 2 114 warning level 2 118 Libraries linking 2 35 2 47 Library specifying 2 72 Linker macro 2 30 Linker options 2 27 2 36 case insensitive 2 28 chip output 2 29 define 2 30 diag 2 31 error file 2 32 error limit 2 33 extern 2 34 extra verbose 2 54 first library first 2 35 help 2 36 include directory 2 37 incremental 2 38 keep output files 2 39 link only 2 40 Isl check 2 41 sl dump 2 42 lsl file 2 43 map file 2 44 map file format 2 45 no rescan 2 47 no rom copy 2 48 no warnings 2 49 non romable 2 46 optimize 2 50 option file 2 51 output 2 52 strip debug 2 53 verbose 2 54 version 2 55 warnings as errors 2 56 C 2 29 D 2 30 d
161. irective definitions can be expanded Take care when using constructions with quotes and double quotes to avoid inappropriate expansions Since DEFINE expansion occurs before macro substitution any DEFINE symbols are replaced first within a macro argument string DEFINE LONG short STR_MAC MACRO STRING MESSAGE I This is a LONG STRING MESSAGE I This is a LONG STRING ENDM If the macro is called as follows STR_MAC sentence it expands as MESSAGE I This is a LONG STRING MESSAGE I This is a short sentence Macro Local Label Override Operator If you use labels in macros the assembler normally generates another unique name for the labels such as LOCAL M L000001 The macro operator prevents name mangling on macro local labels Consider the following macro definition INIT MACRO addr LOCAL movwf addr ENDM 1 46 Assembly Language The macro is called as follows LOCAL INIT LOCAL The macro expands as LOCAL M L000001 movwf LOCAL If you would not have used the operator the macro preprocessor would choose another name for LOCAL because the label already exists The macro would expand like LOCAL M L000001 movwf LOCAL M L000001 1 9 4 Using the FOR and REPEAT Directives as Macros The FOR and REPEAT directives are specialized macro forms to repeat a block of source statements You can think of them as a simultaneous definition and call of an unnamed macro The
162. itaddr abel if bitaddr not set GJMP label GCJE regf imm8 label if regf imm8 GJMP label GCUJNE regf imm8 label if regf imm8 GJMP label GCJL regf imm8 label if regf imm8 gt GJMP label GCJLE regf imm8 label if regf lt imm8 gt GJMP label GCJG regf imm8 label if regf imm8 GJMP label GCJGE reof imm8 label if regf imm8 GJMP label GCJE regf1 regf2 label GCUJNE regf1 regf2 label GCJL regf1 regf2 label GCJLE regf1 regf2 label GCJG regf regf2 label GCJGE regf1 regf2 label GCJNZ W label GCJNZ regf label GCJNZ bitadar label GCJZ W label GCJZ regf label GCJZ bitaddr label if regf1 regf2 GJMP label if regf1 regf2 GJMP label if regf1regf2 gt GJMP label if regf1 lt regf2 gt GJMP label if regf1regf2 GJMP label if regf1 regf2 GJMP label if W not zero GJMP label if W is zero GJMP label if regf not zero GJMP label if regf is zero GJMP label if bitaddr not zero GJMP label if bitaddr is zero GJMP label 1 60 Altium 2 Tool Options Summary This chapter provides a detailed description of the options for the assembler linker control program make program and the librarian 2 1 Assembler Options Altium Designer uses a makefile to build your entire project This means that in Altium Designer you cannot run the assembler separately However you can set options specific for the assembler Options in Altium Designer versus options on th
163. l s S HLL symbolic debug information SYMB equate values v V Assembler EQU and SET values wrap lines w W Wrapped source lines macro expansion x X Macro expansions cycle count y Y Cycle counts Default LDEGiIMnPqrsVWXy Description With this option you specify which information you want to include in the list file aN On the command line you must use this option in combination with the option list file l Related information db Assembler option list file Generate list file Assembler option section info list Display section information in list file Tool Options Assembler Assembler no warnings w Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Assembler entry and select Diagnostics 3 Enable one of the options e Report all warnings e Suppress all warnings e Suppress specific warnings If you select Suppress specific warnings 4 Enter the numbers separated by commas of the warnings you want to suppress Command line syntax no warnings number w number Description With this option you can suppresses all warning messages or specific warning messages e If you do not specify this option all warnings are reported e If you specify this option but without numbers all warnings are suppressed e If you specify this option with a number only the specified warning is suppressed You can spe
164. l ANGLE defined IF DEFINED ANGLE does label ANGLE exist LSB expression Returns the east significant byte of the result of the expression The result of the expression is calculated as 16 bits LSW expression Returns the east significant word bits 0 15 of the result of the expression The result of the expression is calculated as a long 32 bits MSB expression Returns the most significant byte of the result of the expression The result of the expression is calculated as16 bits MSW expression Returns the most significant word bits 16 31 of the result of the expression The result of the expression is calculated as a long 32 bits STRCAT siring1 string2 Concatenates string1 and string2 and returns them as a single string You must enclose siring1 and string2 either with single quotes or with double quotes Example DEFINE ID STRCAT TAS KING ID TASKING STRCMP string 1 string2 Compares string1 with string2 by comparing the characters in the string The function returns the difference between the characters at the first position where they disagree or zero when the strings are equal lt 0 if string lt string2 0 if string string2 gt 0 if string gt string2 Example IF STRCMP STR MAIN does STR equal MAIN TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference STRLEWN string Returns the length of string as an integer Example SLEN SET
165. l locate all ROM sections in RAM A copy table is generated and is located in RAM When the application is started that data and BSS sections are re initialized Related information d 2 46 Tool Options Linker Linker no rescan Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Libraries 3 Disable the option Rescan libraries to solve unresolved externals Command line syntax no rescan Description When the linker processes a library it searches for symbol definitions that are referenced by the objects and libraries processed so far If the library contains a definition for an unresolved reference the linker extracts the object that contains the definition from the library The linker processes object files and libraries in the order in which they appear on the command line When all objects and libraries are processed the linker checks if there are unresolved symbols left If so the default behavior of the linker is to rescan all libraries in the order given at the command line The linker stops rescanning the libraries when all symbols are resolved or when the linker could not resolve any symbol s during the rescan of all libraries Notice that resolving one symbol may introduce new unresolved symbols With this option you tell the linker to scan the object files and libraries only once When the linker has not resolved
166. le has three columns 1 the symbol name 2 the address of the symbol and 3 the space where the symbol resides in The table is sorted on symbol name within each space By default this part is not shown in the map file You have to turn this part on manually with linker option map file format statics module local symbols Cross Reference Part This part of the map file lists all symbols defined in the object modules and for each symbol the object modules that contain a reference to the symbol are shown Also symbols that remain undefined are shown Locate Part Section translation This part of the map file shows the absolute position of each section in the absolute object file It is organized per address space memory chip and group and sorted on space address Space The names of the address spaces as defined in the linker script file 1s1 The names are constructed of the derivative name followed by a colon the core name another colon and the space name Chip The names of the memory chips as defined in the linker script file 1s1 in the memory definitions Group Sections can be ordered in groups These are the names of the groups as defined in the linker script file 1s1 with the keyword group in the section_layout definition The name that is displayed is the name of the deepest nested group Section The name of the section Names within square brackets will be copied during initialization from ROM to t
167. library with the supoption C tlb r c objl obj mylib lib 2 114 Tool Options Librarian The librarian overwrites the library mylib 1ib and adds the object obj1 obj to it The new library mylib 1ib only contains obj1 0bj Related information d gt Librarian option t Print library contents 2 115 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Librarian t Command line syntax t s0 s1 Description Print a table of contents of the library to standard out With the suboption s the librarian displays all symbols per object file s0 Displays per object the library in which it resides the name of the object itself and all symbols in the object s1 Displays only the symbols of all object files in the library Example tlb t mylib lib The librarian prints a list of all object modules in the libary mylib lib tlb t s0 mylib lib The librarian prints per object all symbols in the library This looks like prolog obj symbols mylib lib prolog obj Qabi_callee_save mylib lib prolog obj Qabi_ callee restore divl16 obj symbols mylib lib divl6 obj _udivl6 mylib lib divl6 obj divl 6 mylib lib divl6 obj _urem16 mylib lib divl6 obj rem16 Related information J 2 116 Tool Options Librarian Librarian V Command line syntax V Description Display version information The librarian ignores all other options or input files Example tlb V The librarian displays version information
168. lize access section must be initialized in rom E equal overlap if sections in two modules have different length an error must be raised M max overlap Use largest value as section size U unique overlap The section name must be unique 4 6 Object File Formats letter meaning class explanation C cumulative overlap Concatenate sections if they appear in several modules The section alignment for partial section must be preserved O overlay overlap sections with the name name func must be combined to one section name according to the rules for func obtained from the call graph S separate overlap multiple sections can have the same name and they may relocated at unrelated addresses N now when section is located before normal sections without N or P P postpone when section is located after normal sections without N or P Table 4 1 Section types SA Command SA_command SA section_number MAU_boundary page_size MAU_ boundary expression page_size expression The MAU boundary value forces the relocator to align a section on the number of MAUs specified If page_size is present the relocator checks that the section does not exceed a page boundary limit when it is relocated 4 1 4 4 Symbolic Name Declaration and Type Definition NI Command The NI command defines an internal symbol An internal symbol is visible outside the module Thus it may resol
169. ll foo or fill 1 2 3 4 or i1l1 loop vector id 0 fill _ START vector id 12 fill 0Oxab 0x21 0x32 0x43 vector id 1 11 fill 0 vector id 18 23 fill loop The template argument defines the name of the section that holds the code to jump to a handler function from the vector table This template section does not get located and is removed when the locate phase is completed This argument is required The template_symbol argument is the symbol reference in the template section that must be replaced by the address of the handler function This symbol name should start with the linker prefix for the symbol to be ignored in the link phase This argument is required The vector_prefix argument defines the names of vector sections the section for a vector with id vector_id is vector_prefix vector_id Vectors defined in C or assembly source files that should be included in the vector table must have the correct symbol name The compiler uses the prefix that is defined in the default LSL file s if this attribute is changed the vectors declared in C source files are not included in the vector table When a vector supplied in an object file has exactly one relocation the linker will assume it is a branch to a handler function and can be removed when the handler is inlined in the vector table Otherwise no inlining is done This argument is required With the optional no_inline argument the ve
170. ll options for the make utility Suboptions can only be used in combination with certain key options Keyoptions and their suboptions are therefor described together The miscellaneous options can always be used and are also described separately The librarian is a command line tool so there are no equivalent options in Altium Designer Description Option Suboption Main functions key options Replace or add an object module r a b c u v Extract an object module from the library X 0 V Delete object module from library d V Move object module to another position m a b v Print a table of contents of the library t s0 s1 Print object module to standard output p Suboptions Append or move new modules after existing module name a name Append or move new modules before existing module name b name Create library without notification if library does not exist c Preserve last modified date from the library 0 Print symbols in library modules s 0 1 Replace only newer modules u Verbose vV Miscellaneous Display options Display version header V Read options from file f file Suppress warnings above level n wn Table 2 1 Overview of librarian options and suboptions 2 108 Tool Options Librarian Librarian Command line syntax Description Displays an overview of all command line options Example The following invocations display a list of the available c
171. mand line use Instead of typing all options on the command line you can create an option file which contains all options and flags you want to specify With this option you specify the option file to the linker Use an option file when the length of the command line would exceed the limits of the operating system or just to store options and save typing You can specify the option option file multiple times Format of an option file e Multiple arguments on one line in the option file are allowed e To include whitespace in an argument surround the argument with single or double quotes e If you want to use single quotes as part of the argument surround the argument by double quotes and vise versa This has a single quote embedded This has a double quote embedded This has a double quote and a single quote embedded e When a text line reaches its length limit use a to continue the line Whitespace between quotes is preserved This is a continuation line gt This is a continuation line e tis possible to nest command line files up to 25 levels Example Suppose the file myoptions contains the following lines Mmymap generate a map file test obj input file Lc mylibs additional search path for system libraries Specify the option file to the linker 1k165x option file myoptions This is equivalent to the following command line 1k165x Mmymap test obj Lc mylibs Relat
172. mas The following two invocations are equivalent ccl65x Wa Ogs test asm ccl165x pass assembler optimize generics instr size test asm When you do not specify an option a default value may become active 2 57 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program address size Command line syntax address size adar_size Description If you specify IHEX or SREC with the control option format you can additionally specify the record length to be emitted in the output files With this option you can specify the size of addresses in bytes record length For Intel Hex you can use the values 1 2 and 4 default For Motorola S records you can specify 2 S1 records 3 S2 records or 4 bytes S3 records default If you do not specify addr_size the default address size is generated Example To create the SREC file test sre with S1 records type ccl65x format SREC address size 2 test asm Related information d gt Control program option format Set linker output format Linker option output Specify an output object file 2 58 Tool Options Control Program Control Program check Command line syntax check Description With this option you can check the source code for syntax errors without generating code This saves time in developing your application The assembler reports any warnings and or errors Related information db Assembler option check Check syntax 2 59
173. mbol expr Test whether macro argument is present Cast result of expr to type Return number of macro arguments TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Function Description cPU string Test if current CPU matches string DEFINED symbol symbol1 Test whether symbol exists LSB expr Least significant byte of the expression LSwW expr Least significant word of the expression MSB expr Most significant byte of the expression mMsw expr Most significant word of the expression STRCAT str1 str2 Concatenate str and str2 STRCMP strl1 str2 Compare str1 with str2 STRLEN Str Return length of string STRPOS strl str2 start Return position of sir7 in str2 1 7 2 Detailed Description of Built in Assembly Functions ARG symbol expression Returns integer 1 if the macro argument represented by symbol or expression is present 0 otherwise You can specify the argument with a symbo name the name of a macro argument enclosed in single quotes or with expression the ordinal number of the argument in the macro formal argument list If you use this function when macro expansion is not active the assembler issues a warning Example IF ARG TWIDDLE is argument twiddle present IF ARG 1 is first argument present CAST type expression Returns the result of expression but with the specified type This function can be useful when you assemble with expression type checking en
174. me gt 1 lt section_selections gt 9 1 e Either a section_name or at least one section_selection must be defined section_selections section_selection lt section_selection gt section_selection attributes lt lt gt attribute gt e attribute means select all sections that have this attribute e attribute means select all sections that do not have this attribute special _section_statement heap stack _name lt size_spec gt 1 stack stack name lt size_spec gt 1 copytable reserved section name lt reserved_specs gt 1 e Special sections cannot be selected in load time groups size_spec 2 size expr reserved_specs reserved_spec lt reserved_spec gt reserved_spec 3 attributes fi11_ spec size expr alloc_allowed absolute e Ifa reserved section has attributes r rw x rx or rwx and no fill pattern is defined the section is filled with zeros If no attributes are set the section is created as a scratch section attributes ws no image fill_spec fill fill_values fill_values 3 expr expr lt expr gt 9 aggregate _section_statement lt section_statement gt 9 group_descr if_statement section_creation_statement group_descr group lt group_name gt lt group specs gt 9 1 section statement e No two groups for an address space can have the same group_name group_specs group_spec lt gr
175. ment specifies the size in MAUs of information chunks that are copied If you do not specify the copy unit the MAU size of the address space itself is used The dest argument specifies the destination address space that the code uses for the copy table The linker uses this information to generate the correct addresses in the copy table The memory into where the sections must be copied at run time must be accessible from this destination space Sections generated for the copy table may get a page restriction with the address space s page size by adding the page argument Linker Script Language Vector table The vector_table keyword defines a vector table with n vectors of size m This is an internal LSL object similar to an LSL group The run_addr argument specifies the location of the first vector id 0 This can be a simple address or an offset in memory see the description of the run time address in subsection Locating a group in section 5 9 2 Creating and Locating Groups of Sections A vector table defines symbols _1c_ub_ fooand_1c_ue_foo pointing to start and end of the table vector table vtable vector _size m size n run_addr x See the following example of a vector table definition vector table vtable vector_size 4 size 256 run_addr 0 template text vector template template _symbol _lc vector_target vector prefix _vector_ id_symbol_prefix foo no_inline default empty or fi
176. mportant aspects of the TASKING assembly language and contains a detailed description of all built in assembly functions and assembler directives For a complete overview of the architecture you are using and a description of the assembly instruction set refer to the target s Core Reference Manual 1 1 Assembly Syntax An assembly program consists of zero or more statements A statement may optionally be followed by a comment Any source statement can be extended to more lines by including the line continuation character as the last character on the line The length of a source statement first line and continuation lines is only limited by the amount of available memory Mnemonics and directives are case insensitive Labels symbols directive arguments and literal strings are case sensitive The syntax of an assembly statement is label instruction directive macro_call comment label A label is a special symbol which is assigned the value and type of the current program location counter A label can consist of letters digits and underscore characters _ The first character cannot be a digit A label which is prefixed by whitespace spaces or tabs has to be followed by a colon The size of an identifier is only limited by the amount of available memory Examples LAB1 This label is followed by a colon and can be prefixed by whitespace LAB1 This label has to start at the beginning of a line instructio
177. my_chip my_space The next example shows a section definition for sections in the my_space address space of the processor called my_chip 5 25 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference section_layout my chip my_space locate direction section statements With the optional keyword direction you specify whether the linker starts locating sections from low_to_high default or from high_to_low In the second case the linker starts locating sections at the highest addresses in the address space but preserves the order of sections when necessary one processor and core in this example section_layout my_ space direction high_to_low section statements LN If you do not explicitly tell the linker how to locate a section the linker decides on the basis of the section attributes in the object file and the information in the architecture definition and memory parts where to locate the section 5 9 2 Creating and Locating Groups of Sections Sections are located per group A group can contain one or more sets of input sections as well as other groups Per group you can assign a mutual order to the sets of sections and locate them into a specific memory part group group_specifications section_statements With the section_statements you generally select sets of sections to form the group This is described in subsection Selecting sections for a group Instead of selecting sections you can also mo
178. n four_operand_function conditional_expr hex_number MUFOM_variable 4 1 3 1 Functions without Operands F false function T true function boolean_function F T The false and true function produce a boolean result false or true which may be used in logical expressions Both functions do not have operands 4 1 3 2 Monadic Functions Monadic functions have one operand which precedes the function one_operand_function operand monop operand expression monop ABS NEG NOT ISDEF ABS returns the absolute value of an integer operand NEG returns the negative value of an integer operand NOT returns the negation of a boolean operand or the one s complement value if the operand is an integer ISDEF returns the logical true value if all variable in an expression are defined return false otherwise TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 4 1 3 3 Dyadic Functions and Operators Dyadic functions and operators have two operands which precede the operator or function two_operand_function operand1 operand2 dyadop operand1 expression operand2 expression dyadop AND MAX MIN MOD OR XOR aa r ap IKI Ped ugn Ka or a AND returns boolean true false result of logical and operation on operands when both operands are logical values When both operands are not logical values the bitwi
179. n the assembler assumes the extension asm If an absolute pathname is specified the assembler searches for that file If a relative path is specified or just a filename the order in which the assembler searches for include files is 1 The current directory if you use the filename construction The current directory is not searched if you use the lt filename gt syntax 2 The path that is specified with the assembler option include directory l 3 The path that is specified in the environment variable AStargetINC when the product was installed 4 The default directory ctarget include Example Suppose that your assembly source file test src contains the following line INCLUDE c myincludes myinc inc The assembler issues an error if it cannot find the file at the specified location INCLUDE myinc inc The assembler searches the file myinc inc according to the rules described above Related information d Assembler option include directory Add directory to include file search path in Section 2 1 Assembler Options of Chapter Tool Options 1 28 Assembly Language LABEL Syntax label LABEL type Description With the LABEL directive you define a label of a specified type Use this directive if the label that you define must have another type than it receives by default By default a label inherits its type from the type of the section in which you define the label Example In t
180. n An instruction consists of a mnemonic and zero one or more operands It must not start in the first column Operands are described in section 1 3 Operands of an Assembly Instruction The instructions are described in the target s Core Reference Manual The instruction can also be a so called generic instruction Generic instructions are pseudo instructions no instructions from the instruction set Depending on the situation in which a generic instruction is used the assembler replaces the generic instruction with appropriate real assembly instruction s For a complete list see section 1 11 Generic Instructions directive With directives you can control the assembler from within the assembly source Except for preprocessing directives these must not start in the first column Directives are described in section 1 8 Assembler Directives macro_call A call to a previously defined macro It must not start in the first column See section 1 9 Macro Operations comment Comment preceded by a semicolon You can use empty lines or lines with only comments 1 1 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 1 2 Assembler Significant Characters You can use all ASCII characters in the assembly source both in strings and in comments Also the extended characters from the ISO 8859 1 Latin 1 set are allowed Some characters have a special meaning to the assembler Special characters associated with expression evaluation are described in
181. n into offsets in internal memory A derivative definition must be present in an LSL file Microcontrollers and DSPs often have internal memory and I O sub systems apart from one or more cores The design of such a chip is called a derivative When you design an FPGA together with a PCB the components on the FPGA become part of the board design and there is no need to distinguish between internal and external memory For this reason you probably do not need to work with derivative definitions at all There are however two situations where derivative definitions are useful 1 When you re use an FPGA design for several board designs it may be practical to write a derivative definition for the FPGA design and include it in the project LSL file 2 When you want to use multiple cores of the same type you must instantiate the cores in a derivative definition since the linker automatically instantiates only a single core for an unused architecture TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference db See section 5 6 Semantics of the Derivative Definition for a detailed description of LSL in the derivative definition The processor definition The processor definition describes an instance of a derivative Typically the processor definition instantiates one derivative only single core processor A processor that contains multiple cores having the same homogeneous or different heterogeneous architecture can also be described by instantiating multiple deriva
182. name as that derivative e Aderivative_name refers to a defined derivative e Aproc_def contains exactly one derivative statement 5 3 11 Section Layout Definition and Section Setup section definition section_layout lt space ref gt 1 lt locate direction gt 9 1 lt section_statement gt gt e A section definition inside a space definition does not have a space_ref e All global section definitions have a space_ref space_ref lt proc_name gt 1 lt core_name gt 9 1 space name e If more than one processor is present the proc_name must be given for a global section layout e Ifthe section layout refers to a processor that has more than one core the core_name must be given in the space_ref e Aproc_name refers to a defined processor e Acore_name refers to a defined core e A space_name refers to a defined address space locate_direction direction direction direction low_to_high high_to_low e A section layout contains at most one direction statement e If you do not specify the direction statement the locate direction of the section layout is low to high section_statement simple _section_statement aggregate_section_statement simple_section_statement assignment select_section_statement special_section_statement assignment symbol name assign_op expr assign _op 2 Linker Script Language select_section_statement select lt ref_tree gt 9 1 lt section_na
183. nd contains sections that have separate page restrictions not defined in LSL all those sections are located in a single page In other cases for example when an unrestricted group has an address range assigned to it the paged sections may be located in different pages For overlays the linker reserves memory at the run time start address as large as the largest element in the overlay group The page keyword tells the linker to place the group in one page Instead of specifying a run time address you can specify a page and optional a page number Page numbers start from zero If you omit the page number the linker chooses a page The page keyword refers to pages in the address space as defined in the architecture definition With the page_size keyword you can override the page alignment and size set on the address space When you set the page size to zero the linker removes simple auto generated page restrictions from the selected sections See also the page_size keyword in section 5 5 3 Defining Address Spaces group page group page 3 5 29 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference e With the priority keyword you can change the order in which sections are located This is useful when some sections are considered important for good performance of the application and a small amount of fast memory is available The value is a number for which the default is 1 so higher priorities start at 2 Sections with a higher priority
184. nd1 starting at position operand3 and ending at position operand4 The EXT operator extracts a bit string three_operand_function operand1 operand2 operand3 EXT A bit string is extracted from operand1 starting at position operand2 and ending at position operand3 4 1 3 6 Conditional Expressions conditional_expr err_expr if_else_expr err_expr value condition err_num ERR value i expression condition expression err_num us expression if_else_expr condition IF expression ELSE expression END 4 4 Object File Formats 4 1 4 MUFOM Commands 4 1 4 1 Module Level Commands At module level there are four commands one command to start and one to end a module one command to set the date and time of creation of the module and one command to specify address formats MB Command The MB command is the first command in a module It specifies the target machine configuration and an optional command with the module name MB_command MB machine_identifier module_name Example MB cl65x ME Command The module end command is the last command in an object file It defines the end of the object module ME_command ME DT Command The DT command sets the date and time of creation of an object module DT_command DT digit Example DT19930120120432 The
185. ndicate which part is assembled Example MESSAGE I Generating tables ID EQU 4 MESSAGE E The value of ID is ID DEFINE LONG SHORT MESSAGE I This is a LONG string MESSAGE I This is a LONG string Within single quotes the defined symbol LONG is not expanded Within double quotes the symbol LONG is expanded so the actual message is printed as This is a LONG string This is a SHORT string 1 33 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference OFFSET Syntax OFFSET expression Description With the OFFSET directive you tell the assembler to give the location counter a new offset relative to the start of the section When the assembler encounters the OFFSET directive it moves the location counter forwards to the specified address relative to the start of the section and places the next instruction on that address If you specify an address equal to or lower than the current position of the location counter the assembler issues an error Example SECTION code code nop nop nop OFFSET 0x20 the assembler places nop this instruction at address 0x20 relative to the start of the section SECTION code code nop nop nop OFFSET 0x02 WRONG the current position of the nop location counter is 0x03 1 34 Assembly Language PAGE Syntax PAGE width length blanktop blankbtm blankleft Description If you generate a list file see assembler option list file you
186. nges 5 18 Reset vector 5 18 resume 1 37 Return decimal value operator 1 45 Return hex value operator 1 46 Index 5 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference S Section 1 38 Section attributes 1 38 Section information 2 22 Section layout definition 5 2 5 25 Section setup definition 5 24 Section types 1 38 Sections 1 38 grouping 5 26 set 1 39 Special function register file including 2 5 Stack 5 16 Start address 5 18 Statement 1 1 strcat 1 7 strcmp 1 7 Strings substring 1 4 strlen 1 8 strpos 1 8 Structure control expressions 1 57 Structured control statemente 1 48 Structured control statements break 1 55 continue 1 56 expressions 1 57 for 1 48 if 1 52 Index 6 repeat 1 51 switch 1 53 while 1 49 Substring 1 4 Switch statement 1 53 Symbol names 1 2 Syntax error checking 2 4 2 59 Syntax of an expression 1 3 T TIOF 4 1 title 1 40 U undef 1 41 V Vector table 5 17 Version information 2 105 2 117 Ww Warnings suppressing 2 17 2 49 2 75 treat as errors 2 26 weak 1 42 While statement 1 49
187. nly Command line syntax help options Description Displays an overview of all command line options When you specify the argument options you can list detailed option descriptions Example The following invocations all display a list of the available command line options asl65x as165x help as165x To see a detailed description of the available options enter as165x help options 2 11 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler include directory l Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Select Build Options 3 Add a pathname in the Include Files Path field If you enter multiple paths separate them with a semicolon Command line syntax include directory path lpath Description With this option you can specify the path where your include files are located A relative path will be relative to the current directory The order in which the assembler searches for include files is 1 The pathname in the assembly file and the directory of the assembly source 2 The path that is specified with this option 3 The path that is specified in the environment variable AS165XINC when the product was installed 4 The default include directory relative to the installation directory Example Suppose that your assembly source file test src contains the following line INCLUDE myinc inc You can call t
188. ntains information about the generated code The list file consists of a page header and a source listing Page header The page header is repeated on every page TASKING target Assembler vx yrz Build nnn SN 00000000 Title Page 1 ADDR CODE CYCLES LINE SOURCE LINE The first line contains version information The second line can contain a title which you can specify with the assembler directive TITLE and always contains a page number With the assembler directives LIST NOLIST and PAGE and with the assembler option Lflag list format you can format the list file See Section 1 8 2 Assembler Directives in Chapter Assembly Language and Section 2 1 Assembler Options in Chapter Tools Options The fourth line contains the headings of the columns for the source listing Source listing The following is a sample part of a listing An explanation of the different columns follows below ADDR CODE CYCLES LINE SOURCE LINE 1 Module start 0009 OCrr 1 11 17 movlw 2 ini 000A 0028 1 12 18 movwf GPRO 000B 09rr 2 14 19 gcall _printf 0000 38 ds 2 RESERVED 0001 The meaning of the different columns is ADDR This column contains the memory address The address is a hexadecimal number that represents the offset from the beginning of a relocatable section or the absolute address for an absolute section The address only appears on lines that generate object code 3 1 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference CODE This is the objec
189. numbers separated by commas With this option the assembler does not assemble any files Example To display an explanation of message number 241 enter asl65x diag 241 This results in the following message and explanation W241 additional input files will be ignored The assembler supports only a single input file All other input files are ignored To write an explanation of all errors and warnings in HTML format to file aserrors html use redirection and enter as165x diag html all gt aserrors html Related information J 2 8 Tool Options Assembler Assembler emit locals Menu entry Command line only Command line syntax emit locals Description With this option the assembler also emits local symbols to the object file Normally only global symbols are emitted Having local symbols in the object file can be useful for debugging Related information i 2 9 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler error file Menu entry Command line only Command line syntax error file file Description With this option the assembler redirects error messages to a file If you do not specify a filename the error file will be named after the input file with extension ers Example To write errors to errors err instead of stderr enter asl65x error file errors err test src Related information ie Tool Options Assembler Assembler help Menu entry Command line o
190. oaded in memory at download time The run time address specifies where sections are located at run time that is when the program is executing If you do not explicitly restrict the address in the LSL file the linker assigns addresses to the sections based on the restrictions relative to other sections in the LSL file and section alignments The program is responsible for copying overlay sections at appropriate moment from its load time location to its run time location this is typically done by the startup code The run_addr keyword defines the run time address If the run time location of a group is set explicitly the given order between groups specify whether the run time address propagates to the parent group or not The location of the sections a group can be restricted either to a single absolute address or to a number of address ranges With an expression you can specify that the group should be located at the absolute address specified by the expression group run_addr 0xa00f0000 You can use the offset variant to locate the group at the given absolute offset in memory group run_addr mem A 0x1000 A range can be an absolute space address range written as expr expr acomplete memory device written as mem mem_name Or a memory address range mem mem name expr expr group run_addr mem my dram You can use the to specify an address range of more than one physical memory device group run_addr mem A
191. ocated for the file myinc inc If it does not find the file it looks in the directory myinclude for the file myinc inc this option If the file is still not found the assembler searches in the environment variable and then in the default include directory d Assembler option include file H Include file before source Section 2 4 How the Assembler Searches Include Files in chapter Using the Assembler of the user s manual 2 69 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program keep output files k Command line syntax keep output files k Description If an error occurs during the assembling or linking process the resulting output file may be incomplete or incorrect With this option you keep the generated output files when an error occurs By default the control program removes generated output files when an error occurs This is useful when you use the make utility If the erroneous files are not removed the make utility may process corrupt files on a subsequent invocation Use this option when you still want to use the generated files For example when you know that a particular error does not result in a corrupt file or when you want to inspect the output file or send it to Altium support Related information J 2 70 Tool Options Control Program Control Program keep temporary files t Menu Entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box
192. oduced because there are no unresolved symbols when the linker searches through mylib lib 1k165x extern _ start mylib lib In this case the linker searches for the symbol __ start in the library and if found extracts the object that contains start the startup code If this module contains new unresolved symbols the linker looks again in mylib 1lib This process repeats until no new unresolved symbols are found Related information d gt Section 3 4 Linking with Libraries in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 34 Tool Options Linker Linker first library first Menu entry Command line syntax first library first Description When the linker processes a library it searches for symbols that are referenced by the objects and libraries processed so far If the library contains a definition for an unresolved reference the linker extracts the object that contains the definition from the library By default the linker processes object files and libraries in the order in which they appear on the command line If you specify the option first library first the linker always tries to take the symbol definition from the library that appears first on the command line before scanning subsequent libraries This is for example useful when you are working with a newer version of a library that partially overlaps the older version Because they do not contain exactly the same functions you have to link them both
193. ommand line options tlb tlb Related information i 2 109 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Librarian d Command line syntax d v Description Delete the specified object modules from a library With the suboption v the librarian shows which files are removed V Verbose the librarian shows which files are removed Example tlb d mylib lib objl obj obj2 obj The librarian deletes obj1 obj and obj2 obj from the library mylib lib tlb d v mylib lib objl obj obj2 obj The librarian deletes obj1 obj and obj2 obj from the library mylib 1ib and displays which files are removed Related information J 2 110 Tool Options Librarian Librarian f Command line syntax f file Description Instead of typing all options on the command line you can create an option file which contains all options and flags you want to specify With this option you specify the option file to the librarian tlb Use an option file when the command line would exceed the limits of the operating system or just to store options and save typing Option files can also be generated on the fly for example by the make utility You can specify the option f multiple times Format of an option file e Multiple arguments on one line in the option file are allowed e To include whitespace in an argument surround the argument with single or double quotes e If you want to use single quotes as part of the argument surround the argument
194. one word is 16 bits In a bit type section the DSW directive still reserves16 bits DSL The expression argument specifies the number of longs to reserve one long is 32 bits In a bit type section the DSL directive still reserves 32 bits Example RES DS 5 3 allocate 8 bytes Related information d BS Block Storage DBIT Define Bit DB_ Define Byte DH Define Half Word DW Define Word DL Define Long 1 19 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference DW Syntax label DW argument argumeni Description With the Dw directive Define Word you allocate and initialize one word of memory for each argument One word is 16 bits An argument is e asingle or multiple character string constant e an expression e NULL indicated by two adjacent commas If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Multiple arguments are stored in sets of two bytes If an argument is NULL its corresponding address locations are flled with zeros Word arguments are stored as is Floating point values are not allowed If the evaluated argument is too large to be represented in a word the assembler issues a warning and truncates the value In case of character strings each character is stored in the least significant byte of a word which represents the ASCII value of the character DW AB D gt 0x0041 0x0042 0x0000 second argument is empty 0
195. ons SECTION code code ALIGN 12 WRONG not a power of two the instruction assembler aligns this instruction at 16 MAUs and issues a warning Assembly Language BREAK Syntax BREAK Description The BREAK directive causes immediate termination of a macro expansion a FOR loop exansion or a REPEAT loop expansion In case of nested loops or macros the BREAK directive returns to the previous level of expansion The BREAK directive is for example useful in combination with the IF directive to terminate expansion when error conditions are detected Example FOR MYVAR IN 10 TO 20 assembly source lines IF MYVAR gt 15 BREAK ENDIF ENDREP TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference BS BSBIT BSB BSH BSW BSL Syntax label BS expression1 expression2 label BSBIT expression expression2 label BSB expression1 expression2 label BSH expression1 expression2 label BSW expression1 expression2 label BSL expression1 expression2 Description With the Bs directive Block Storage the assembler reserves a block of memory The reserved block of memory is initialized to the value of expression2 or zero if omitted With expression you specify the number of minimum addressable units MAUs you want to reserve and how much the location counter will advance The expression must be an integer greater than zero and cannot contain any forward references
196. os Example Consider the following assembly program with conditional code to assemble a demo program and a real program IF DEMO seve instructions for demo application ELSE ssi instructions for the real application ENDIF You can now use a macro definition to set the DEMO flag Macro Value DEMO 1 or empty asl165x define DEMO test src asl165x define DEMO 1 test src Note that both invocations have the same effect Related information Gls Assembler option option file Read options from file 2 7 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Assembler diag Menu entry 1 From the View menu select Workspace Panels System Messages The Messages panel appears 2 In the Messages panel right click on the message you want more information on A popup menu appears 3 Select More Info A Message Info box appears with additional information Command line syntax diag format all nr Description With this option you can ask for an extended description of error messages in the format you choose The output is directed to stdout normally your screen and in the format you specify You can specify the following formats html rtf or text default To create a file with the descriptions you must redirect the output With the suboption all the descriptions of all error messages are given If you want the description of one or more selected error messages you can specify the error message
197. otorola S records you can specify 2 S1 records 3 S2 records or 4 bytes S3 records default The name of the output file will be filename with the extension hex or sre and contains the code and data allocated in the default address space If they exist any other address spaces are also emitted whereas their output files are named filename_spacename hex sre AN Use option chip output c to create Intel Hex or Motorola S record output files for each chip defined in the LSL file suitable for loading into a PROM programmer Example To create the output file myfile hex of the default address space 1k165x test obj output myfile hex IHEX If they exist any other address spaces are emitted as well and are named myfile_spacename hex Related information dE Linker option chip output Generate an output file for each chip 2 52 Tool Options Linker Linker strip debug S Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Disable the option Include symbolic debug information Command line syntax strip debug S Description With this option you specify not to include symbolic debug information in the resulting output file Related information d 2 53 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker verbose v extra verbose vv Menu entry 1 From the Project menu
198. oup_spec gt 0 group_alignment attributes copy nocopy group_load_address fill lt fill_values gt 1 group_page group_run_address group_type allow_cross_references group_spec priority number e The allow cross references property is only allowed for overlay groups e Sub groups inherit all properties from a parent group 5 11 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference group_alignment align expr attributes lt attribute gt 1 attributes Ge attribute readable sections writable sections executable code sections initialized sections scratch sections blanked cleared sections oN ry x EK group_load_address load_addr lt load_or_run_addr gt page lt expr gt 0 1 page_size expr lt range lt range gt gt 0 gt 0 1 group_page group_run_address run_addr lt load_or_run_addr gt 1 contiguous group _type clustered ordered overlay e For non contiguous groups you can only specify group_alignment and attributes e The overlay keyword also sets the contiguous property e The clustered property cannot be set together with contiguous or ordered on a single group load_or_run_addr addr_absolute addr_range lt addr_range gt addr_absolute 2 expr memory_reference expr e An absolute address can only be set on ordered groups addr_range expr expr memory_reference memory_reference expr
199. r type checking during linkage The N variable is created with a NN command P Program pointer per section This variable always contains the current address of the target memory location The P variable is followed by a section index which is a hexadecimal number The section index must have been defined with an ST command section type command The variable is created after its first assignment R The R type variable is a relocation reference for a particular section All references to addresses in this section must be made relative to the R variable Linking is accomplished by assigning a new value to R The R variable consists of the letter R followed by an section index which is a hexadecimal number The section index must have been defined with an ST command The default value of an unassigned R variable is 0 S The S type variable is the section size in MAUs for a section There is one S variable per section The S is followed by an section index An S variable is created by its first assignment W Work variable This type of variable can be used to assign values to which can be used in following MUFOM commands They serve the purpose of maintaining values in a workspace without any additional meaning A work variable consists of the letter W followed by a hexadecimal number W variables are created by their first assignment Object File Formats X An X type variable refers to an external reference X variables
200. re of interest to the linker Based on the information provided in the board specification the linker can for each core e convert a logical address to an offset within a memory device e locate sections in physical memory e maintain an overall view of the used and free physical memory within the whole system while locating The section layout definition optional The optional section layout definition enables you to exactly control where input sections are located Features are provided such as the ability to place sections at a given load address or run time address to place sections in a given order and to overlay code and or data sections Which object files Sections constitute the task that will run on a given core is specified on the command line when you invoke the linker The linker will link and locate all sections of all tasks simultaneously From the section layout definition the linker can deduce where a given section may be located in memory form the board specification the linker can deduce which physical memory is still available while locating the section See section 5 9 Semantics of the Section Layout Definition for more information on how to locate a section at a specific place in memory Skeleton of a Linker Script File The skeleton of a linker script file now looks as follows architecture architecture_name architecture definition derivative derivative_name derivative definition 5 2 Linker
201. regular string or one byte numbers ranging 0 127 0x80 Code for omitted optional number field 0x81 0x88 Numbers outside the range 0 127 0x89 Ox8F Unused 0x90 OxAO User defined function codes OxA0 OxBF_ MUFOM function codes OxCO Unused OxC1 OxDA MUFOM letters OxDB OxDF Unused OxEO OxF9 MUFOM commands OxFA OxFF Unused Table 4 2 Overview of first byte of MUFOM language elements Binary encoding of MUFOM letters and function codes Function code Identifiers Function code Letter code F OxAO T OxA1 A 0xC1 ABS OxA2 B OxC2 NEG 0xA3 C 0xC3 NOT 0xA4 D 0xC4 OxA5 E OxC5 OxA6 F 0xC6 OxA7 G OxC7 OxA8 H 0xC8 MAX OxAQ9 0xC9 Object File Formats Function code Identifiers Function code Letter code MIN OxAA J OxCA MOD 0xAB K 0xCB lt OxAC L OxCC gt OxAD M 0xCD OxAE N OxCE l lt gt OxAF O OxCF AND OxBO P 0xDO OR 0xB1 Q 0xD1 XOR 0xB2 R OxD2 EXT 0xB3 S 0xD3 INS 0xB4 T OxD4 ERR 0xB5 U 0xD5 IF OxB6 V OxD6 ELSE OxB7 W 0xD7 END 0xB8 xX 0xD8 ISDEF 0xB9 Y 0xD9 Z OxDA Table 4 3 Binary encoding of MUFOM letters and function codes MUFOM Command codes Command Code Description MB OxE0O Module begin ME OxE1 Module end AS OxE2
202. rmat is length offset type content Ea Where is the record header length is the record length which specifies the number of bytes of the content field This value occupies one byte two hexadecimal digits The linker outputs records of 255 bytes 32 hexadecimal digits or less that is ength is never greater than FFH offset is the starting load offset specifying an absolute address in memory where the data is to be located when loaded by a tool This field is two bytes long This field is only used for Data Records In other records this field is coded as four ASCII zero characters 0000 type is the record type This value occupies one byte two hexadecimal digits The record types are Byte Type Record type 00 Data 01 End of File 02 Extended segment address not used 03 Start segment address not used 04 Extended linear address 32 bit 05 Start linear address 32 bit content is the information contained in the record This depends on the record type checksum is the record checksum The linker computes the checksum by first adding the binary representation of the previous bytes from length to content The linker then computes the result of sum modulo 256 and subtracts the remainder from 256 two s complement Therefore the sum of all bytes following the header is zero Extended Linear Address Record The Extended Linear Address Record specifies the two most significant bytes bits 16 31 of the absolu
203. rs 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option define to the Additional linker options field Command line syntax define macro_name macro_definition Dmacro_name macro_definition Description With this option you can define a macro and specify it to the linker LSL file preprocessor If you only specify a macro name no macro definition the macro expands as 1 You can specify as many macros as you like just use the option define multiple times If the command line exceeds the limit of the operating system you can define the macros in an option file which you then must specify to the linker with the option option file file f The definition can be tested by the preprocessor with if ifdef and ifndef for conditional locating Example To define the heap size which is used in the linker script file 165x 1s1 enter 1k165x test obj otest abs d165x 1sl D_HEAP 8 or using the long option names 1k165x test obj otest abs lsl file 165x 1sl define _ HEAP 8 Related information d Linker option option file Read options from file 2 30 Tool Options Linker Linker diag Menu entry 1 From the View menu select Workspace Panels System Messages The Messages panel appears 2 In the Messages panel right click on the message you want more information on A popup menu appears 3 Select More Info A Message Info box appears with additional information
204. rs as follows processor myproc_1 derivative myderiv processor myproc_ 2 derivative myderiv 5 22 Linker Script Language If the derivative definition has parameters you must specify the arguments that correspond with the parameters For example myderiv1 expects two parameters which are used in the derivative definition processor myproc derivative myderivl 2 4 5 7 3 Defining External Memory and Buses It is common to define external memory off chip and external buses at the global scope outside any enclosing definition Internal memory on chip memory is usually defined in the scope of a derivative definition With the keyword memory you define physical memory that is present on the target board The memory name is used to identify the memory and does not conflict with other identifiers If you define memory parts in the LSL file only the memory defined in these parts is used for placing sections If no external memory is defined in the LSL file and if the linker option to allocate memory on demand is set then the linker will assume that all virtual addresses are mapped on physical memory You can override this behavior by specifying one or more memory definitions memory mem_name type rom mau 8 size 64k speed 2 map map_description d gt For a description of the keywords see section 5 6 3 Defining Internal Memory and Buses With the keyword bus you defin
205. rs or ASCII literal strings Expressions follow the conventional rules of algebra and boolean arithmetic Expressions that can be evaluated at assembly time are called absolute expressions Expressions where the result is unknown until all sections have been combined and located are called relocatable or relative expressions When any operand of an expression is relocatable the entire expression is relocatable Relocatable expressions are emitted in the object file and evaluated by the linker The assembler evaluates expressions with 64 bit precision in two s complement The syntax of an expression can be any of the following numeric contant string symbol expression binary_operator expression unary_operator expression expression function call All types of expressions are explained in separate sections TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 1 6 1 Numeric Constants Numeric constants can be used in expressions If there is no prefix by default the assembler assumes the number is a decimal number Base Description Example Binary A 0b prefix followed by binary digits 0 1 Or use a b suffix eee 0x12FF Hexadecimal A 0x prefix followed by a hexadecimal digits 0 9 A F a f Or use a h suffix 0x45 Ofal0h Decimal ve 12 integer Decimal digits 0 9 1245 Table 1 1 Numeric constants 1 6 2 Strings ASCII characters enclosed in single or double quotes consti
206. ruction CSL regf imm8 goto_label if regf lt imm8 gt skip next instruction CSL regf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 lt regf2 gt skip next instruction CSLE regf imm8 goto_label if regf lt imm8 gt skip next instruction CSLE regf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 lt regf2 gt skip next instruction CSG regf imm8 goto_label if regf gt imm8 gt skip next instruction CSG regf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 gt regf2 gt skip next instruction CSGE regf imm8 goto_label if regf gt imm8 gt skip next instruction CSGE reogf1 regf2 goto_label if regf1 gt regf2 gt skip next instruction CSNZ W goto_label if W not zero gt skip next instruction CSNZ regf goto_label if regf not zero gt skip next instruction CSNZ bitaddr goto_label if bitaddr not zero gt skip next instruction CSZ W goto_label if W is zero gt skip next instruction CSZ regf goto_label if regf is zero gt skip next instruction CSZ bitaddr goto_label if bitaddr is zero gt skip next instruction Conditional instruction generics Instruction Description of replacement GJMP generic jump chooses GOTO or LIMP GCALL generic call chooses CALL or LCALL GJZ label if Z set GJMP label GJNZ label if Z not set GJMP label 1 59 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Instruction Description of replacement GJC label if C set GJMP label GJNC label if C not set GJMP label GJB bitaddr label if bitaddr set GJMP label GJNB b
207. s and symbols from the various object files obj to output sections The locate part shows the absolute position of each section External symbols are listed per space with their absolute address both sorted on symbol and sorted on address With the linker option map file format map file formatting you can specify which parts of the map file you want to see Example part of linker map file JE ICICI III ICIS IIIS IIIS ODI kkk Brocessed Files Part 332 G Kk dkh k i kk k k k a A k k A ICICI ICCC R A R A RIO IIR RR IIA rm nnn nt File From archive Symbol causing the extraction hello obj frm nnn nn nt FEI ICICI ISIC ICI IOI ICI ISI OFC EEE Ra pt EE EEEE EEEE EEEE EEE EEEE i cia a ISIC IIIS CI ICICI CIR I I ICICI CR I IA RR IA rn in File in Section in Size out Offset out Section out Size hello obj _ GPRO 0x00000001 0x00000000 _ GPRO 0x00000001 5A e hello obj code 0x0000000d 0x00000000 code 0x0000000d SSS a hello obj data 0x00000006 0x00000000 data 0x00000006 Se JESS ICI III ICICI CI IOC ITO TIC I TOI TOT TOI ITO I I TIC ICG Module Local Symbols Part 8 ttn k ron E SEES RESO S OSES SISSIES e A A R A A E I TI IKI Scope hello obj ee ee 2 Name Address Space FEE SE ICC KAK KAAK KAAK KAAKA kkk Cross Reference Part 5 RA kki ES EAE EIST IIE IR IR IR RIE RR ERE Definition file Definition section Symbol Re
208. s c eed eee ereGA hae had hag bee Gatos D4 cena a E A 1 43 1 9 2 Calling a Macro secerni e ei bein end akin Seed EA cane dae Gad homer Oba ates 1 44 1 9 3 Using Operators for Macro Arguments 0 eect ee ee neteeeee 1 45 1 9 4 Using the FOR and REPEAT Directives as Macros 00 cece eeeee ee eeeeeeee 1 47 1 9 5 Conditional ASSOMbIY 22 vf ecw ee ead ee ped eee MA aoe dts Sea aed 1 47 1 10 Structured Control Statements 0 c cece ett 1 48 1 10 1 FOR Statement 0 0 cece cen aeara teen eeeees 1 48 1 10 2 WHILE Statement 2 icc0 h24oveie s bevaw edie deb dawe ndobiwe es dioe dba noe tlle bes 1 49 1 10 3 REPEAT Statement 0 0 0 c cece cette eet eee eens 1 51 1 10 4 IF Statement 2 4 2 cess eret events EE E set hla cid Hone ede aaa Mabe dele aed 1 52 1 10 5 SWITCH Statement 52 36 eke eed ane ds ong wake dele eis E ee Wage end ebay ee ee a oe 1 53 1 10 6 BREAK Statement su 22 0 4 dveteeeaseddoos i a tt bia dude aE abas eae enn 1 55 1 10 7 CONTINUE Statement 0 akeen e a E E EEE a aa EEG 1 56 1 10 8 Structured Control Expressions sss euraen earann nea e eens 1 57 1 11 Generic Instructions kepe meuni aeea SP aa tes ea nae dea doe Vda eee aaa 1 58 Tool Options 2 1 2 1 Assembl r Options sr madi mie e rad e E ete ease ewe eh ed ete dee A iat ent 2 1 2 2 Linker Options maisena e eee Ee as a Se ie oo En ed ee he 2 27 2 3 Control Program Options 2 222200 cenbeddews ca beodede es eau ne
209. se and is performed MAx compares both operands arithmetically and returns the largest value MIN compares both operands arithmetically and returns the smallest value MOD returns the modulo result of the division of operand1 by operand2 The result is undefined if either operand is negative or if operand2 is zero OR returns boolean true false result of logical or operation on operands when both operands are logical values When both operands are no logical values the bitwise and is performed These are the arithmetic operators for addition subtraction multiplication and division The result is an integer For division the result is undefined if operand2 equals zero The result of a division rounds toward zero gt These are operators for the following logical relations less than greater than equals is unequal The result is true or false 4 1 3 4 MUFOM Variables The meaning of the MUFOM variable is explained in section 4 1 3 The following syntax rules apply for the MUFOM variables MUFOM_variable MUFOM_var G MUFOM_var_num A 1 PN W X hex_number MUFOM_var MUFOM_var_num MUFOM_var_optnum MUFOM_var_optnum L P R S hex_number 4 1 3 5 INS and EXT Operator The INS operator inserts a bit string four_operand_function aS operand1 operand2 operand3 operand4 INS operand2 is inserted in opera
210. sed as values to write to memory each in MAU The first MAU of the fill pattern is always the first MAU in the section By default no sections can overlap with a reserved section With alloc_allowed absolute sections that are located at an absolute address due to an absolute group restriction can overlap a reserved section With the attributes field you can set the access type of the reserved section The linker locates the reserved section in its space with the restrictions that follow from the used attributes r w or x or a valid combination of them The allowed attributes are shown in the following table A value between lt and gt in the table means this value is set automatically by the linker Properties set in LSL Resulting section properties attributes filled access memory content x yes lt rom gt executable r yes r lt rom gt data r no r lt rom gt scratch rx yes r lt rom gt executable rw yes rw lt ram gt data rw no rw lt ram gt scratch rwx yes rw lt ram gt executable group reserved myreserved size 2k attributes rw fill Oxaa If you do not specify any attributes the linker will reserve the given number of maus no matter what type of memory lies beneath If you do not specify a fill pattern no section is generated The linker creates two labels to mark the begin and end of the section __1 _ub_name for the start and___1c_ue_name for t
211. select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Miscellaneous 3 Add the option verbose or extra verbose to the Additional linker options field Command line syntax verbose extra verbose v vv Description With this option you put the linker in verbose mode The linker prints the link phases while it processes the files In the extra verbose mode the linker also prints the filenames and it shows which objects are extracted from libraries With this option you can monitor the current status of the linker Related information J 2 54 Tool Options Linker Linker version V Menu entry Command line syntax version V Description Display version information The linker ignores all other options or input files Related information J 2 55 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Linker warnings as errors Menu entry 1 From the Project menu select Project Options The Project Options dialog box appears 2 Expand the Linker entry and select Diagnostics 3 Enable the option Treat warnings as errors Command line syntax Description When the linker detects an error or warning it tries to continue the link process and reports other errors and warnings When you use this option without arguments you tell the linker to treat all warnings as errors This means that the exit status of the linker will be non zero after the dete
212. set With attribute you select sections that do not have the specified attribute set You can specify one or more of the following attributes r readable sections w writable sections 5 26 Linker Script Language executable sections initialized sections sections that should be cleared at program startup no rf mw scratch sections not cleared and not initialized To select all read only sections group select attributes r w Keep in mind that all section selections are restricted to the address space of the section layout in which this group definition occurs e With the ref_tree field you can select a group of related sections The relation between sections is often expressed by means of references By selecting just the root of tree the complete tree is selected This is for example useful to locate a group of related sections in special memory e g fast memory The referenced sections must meet the following conditions in order to be selected 1 The sections are within the section layout s address space 2 The sections match the specified attributes 3 The sections have no absolute restriction as is the case for all wildcard selections For example to select the code sections referenced from fool group refgrp ordered contiguous run_addr mem ext_c select ref_tree fool attributes x If section foo1 references foo2 and foo2 references foo3 then all these
213. source statements between the FOR and ENDFOR directives and REPEAT and ENDREP directives follow the same rules as macro definitions db For a detailed description of these directives see section 1 8 Assembler Directives 1 9 5 Conditional Assembly With the conditional assembly directives you can instruct the macro preprocessor to use a part of the code that matches a certain condition You can specify assembly conditions with arguments in the case of macros or through definition of symbols via the DEFINE SET and EQU directives The built in functions of the assembler provide a versatile means of testing many conditions of the assembly environment You can use conditional directives also within a macro definition to check at expansion time if arguments fall within a range of allowable values In this way macros become self checking and can generate error messages to any desired level of detail The conditional assembly directive IF ENDIF has the following form IF expression ELIF expression the ELIF directive is optional ELSE the ELSE directive is optional ENDIF A section of a program that is to be conditionally assembled must be bounded by an IF ENDIF directive pair If the optional ELSE and or ELIF directives are not present then the source statements following the IF directive and up to the next ENDIF directive will be included as part of the source file being assembled only if the
214. t a e ney edad eas shen 2 57 2 4 Make Utility Options c g2os 000 ir ipea cua eka eed cane Deda eae EA E ae E eas 2 82 2 5 Librarian Options serrr ca geod po e ae eae eed oh dete HE eae ce 2 108 List File Formats 3 1 3 1 Assembler List File Format sse 22222004 2004 cq racdne der enne intan REEDE ERE eRe wee eas 3 1 3 2 Linker Map File Format sci cdwe ie ates dew ddd dae Gaba de ake ee a i aa heen 3 3 Object File Formats 4 1 4 1 IEEE 695 Format o oatine nonse uek pa deol Ena TEE EE EAE E E EE EEEE 4 1 4 1 1 Command Language Concept 0 cece eect teen naee 4 1 4 1 2 Notational Conventions 0 c cece ence teenies 4 2 4 1 3 EXPIGESSIONS orinis ie Vins Men senate a een ee ARR Ee der eh aoe Gaon aah 4 2 4 1 3 1 Functions without Operands 0 0 cece eee eens 4 3 4 1 3 2 Monadic FUNCUONG s sieer R dhe coh ioe heen Ia ade a edad a ek 4 3 4 1 3 3 Dyadic Functions and Operators 0 eee eens 4 4 4 1 3 4 MUFOM Variables oai pker cb Mae eed onde E Sine Gees hae ed alee eee 4 4 4 1 3 5 INS and EXT Operator 0 c ccc eee eee eee ee eee eens 4 4 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 4 1 3 6 Conditional Expressions ciie cerir apeta ia eee eens 4 4 4 1 4 MUFOM Commands 222 cane eoe pra dtch ene me eee e dk bie eed a 4 5 4 1 4 1 Module Level Commands 000 0 cece tenet eens 4 5 4 1 4 2 Comment and Checksum Command 00 cece cence teeta 4 5 4 1 4 3 SOCUONS yh a Meee en deeded aa et
215. t code generated by the assembler for this source line displayed in hexadecimal format The displayed code need not be the same as the generated code that is entered in the object module The code can also be relocatable code In this case the letter r is printed for the relocatable code part in the listing For lines that allocate space the code field contains the text RESERVED For lines that initialize a buffer the code field lists one value followed by the word REPEATS CYCLES The first number in this column is the number of instruction cycles needed to execute the instruction s as generated in the CODE field The second number is the accumulated cycle count of this section LINE This column contains the line number This is a decimal number indicating each input line starting from 1 and incrementing with each source line SOURCE LINE This column contains the source text This is a copy of the source line from the assembly source file For the SET and EQU directives the ADDR and CODE columns do not apply The symbol value is listed instead Related information See section 2 6 Generating a List File in Chapter Using the Assembler of the user s manual for more information on how to generate a list file and specify the amount of list file information 3 2 List File Formats 3 2 Linker Map File Format The linker map file is an additional output file of the linker that shows how the linker has mapped the section
216. t file Assembler option list format List file formatting options 2 72 Tool Options Control Program Control Program IsI file d Command line syntax Isl file file dfile Description A linker script file contains vital information about the core for the locating phase of the linker A linker script file is coded in LSL and contains the following types of information e the architecture and derivative definition describe the core s hardware architecture and its internal memory e the board specification describes the physical memory available in the system e the section layout definition describes how to locate sections in memory With this option you specify a linker script file via the control program to the linker If you do not specify this option the linker does not use a script file You can specify the existing file 165x 1s1 or the name of a manually written linker script file You can use this option multiple times The linker processes the LSL files in the order in which they appear on the command line Related information db Section 3 7 Controlling the Linker with a Script in chapter Using the Linker of the user s manual 2 73 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program no map file Command line syntax no map file Description By default the control program tells the linker to generate a linker map file A linker map file is a text file that shows how the linker has mapped th
217. t first Valid operands include numeric constants literal ASCII strings and symbols Type Oper Name Description ator parenthesis Expressions enclosed by parenthesis are evaluated first Unary plus Returns the value of its operand minus Returns the negative of its operand complement Returns complement integer only logical negate peru if the operands value is 0 otherwise 0 For example if buf is O then buf is 1 Assembly Language Type Oper Name Description ator Arithmetic multiplication Yields the product of two operands division Yields the quotient of the division of the first operand by the second With integers the divide operation produces a truncated integer modulo Integer only yields the remainder from a division of the first operand by the second addition Yields the sum of its operands subtraction Yields the difference of its operands Shift lt lt shift left Integer only shifts the left operand to the left zero filled by the number of bits specified by the right operand gt gt shift right Integer only shifts the left operand to the right sign bit extended by the number of bits specified by the right operand Relational lt less than lt less or equal Returns gt greater than an integer 1 if the indicated condition is TRUE gt greater or equal an integer 0 if the indicated condition is FALSE E equal not eq
218. t max expr expr Returns the value of the expression that has the largest value To get the highest value of two symbols max Syml sym2 5 5 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference ming int min expr expr Returns the value of the expression hat has the smallest value To get the lowest value of two symbols min sym1l sym2 sizeof int sizeof size_id Returns the size of the object group section or memory the identifier refers to To get the size of the section asection sizeof sect asection aN The group and sect arguments only works in assignments The mem argument can be used anywhere in section layouts 5 3 6 LSL Definitions in the Linker Script File description lt definition gt 1 definition architecture_definition derivative _definition board_spec section definition section_setup e Atleast one architecture_definition must be present in the LSL file 5 3 7 Memory and Bus Definitions mem_def memory mem_name lt mem descr gt 7 e Amem def defines a memory with the mem_name as a unique name mem_descr 7 type lt reserved gt 1 mem type mau expr size expr speed number mapping e Amem def contains exactly one type statement e Amem def contains exactly one mau statement non zero size e Amem def contains exactly one size statement e Amem def contains zero or one speed statement default value is 1 e Amem de
219. te address of the first data byte in a subsequent Data Record 02 0000 upper_address checksum Object File Formats The 32 bit absolute address of a byte in a Data Record is calculated as address offset index modulo 4G where address is the base address where the two most significant bytes are the upper_address and the two least significant bytes are zero offset is the 16 bit offset from the Data Record index is the index of the data byte within the Data Record 0 for the first byte Example 0200000400FFFB _ checksum _ upper address _ type _ offset _ length Data Record The Data Record specifies the actual program code and data length offset 00 data checksum The length byte specifies the number of data bytes The linker has an option that controls the length of the output buffer for generating Data records The default buffer length is 32 bytes The offset is the 16 bit starting load offset Together with the address specified in the Extended Address Record it specifies an absolute address in memory where the data is to be located when loaded by a tool Example _ checksum _ data _ type _ offset 0F00200000232222754E00754F04AF4FAE4E22C3 _ length Start Linear Address Record The Start Linear Address Record contains the 32 bit program execution start address Layout 04 0000 05 address checksum Example 0400000500FF0003F5 _
220. ted information ie 2 64 Tool Options Control Program Control Program dry run n Command line syntax dry run n Description With this option you put the control program verbose mode The control program prints the invocations of the tools it would use to process the files without actually performing the steps Related information db Control Program option verbose v Verbose output 2 65 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Control Program error file Command line syntax error file Description With this option the control program tells the assembler and linker to redirect error messages to a file The error file will be named after the input file with extension ers for assembler For the linker the error file is 1k165x elk Example To write errors to error files instead of stderr enter ccl65x error file t test asm Related information db Control Program option warnings as errors Treat warnings as errors 2 66 Tool Options Control Program Control Program format Command line syntax format format You can specify the following formats IEEE IEEE 695 ELF ELF DWARF IHEX Intel Hex SREC Motorola S records Description With this option you specify the output format for the resulting absolute object file The default output format is IEEE 695 which can directly be used by the debugger If you choose IHEX or SREC you can additionally specify the
221. ternal references by renaming X variables into variables and by generating new commands assigning of R variables 3 Relocation process Relocation giving all sections an absolute address by assigning their L variable 4 Expression evaluation process Evaluation of loader expressions generated in one of the three previously mentioned MUFOM processes 5 Loader process Loading the absolute memory image TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference The last four processes are in fact command interpreters the assembler writes an object file which is basically a large sequence of instructions for the linker For example instead of writing the contents of a section as a sequence of bytes at a specific position in the file IEEE 695 defines a load command LR which instructs the linker to load a number of bytes The LR command specifies the number of MAUs minimum addressable unit that will be relocated followed by the actual data This data can be a number of absolute bytes or an expression which must be evaluated by the linker Transforming relocation expressions into new expressions or absolute data and combining sections is the actual linkage process It is possible that one or more of the above MUFOM processes are combined in one tool For instance the linker is built from process 2 3 and 4 above 4 1 2 Notational Conventions The following conventions are used in this appendix select one of the items listed between literal
222. th multiple assembly instructions that perform the task e Conditional replacement A pseudo instruction can be a generic instruction Depending on the context in which the generic instruction is used the assembler chooses the most appropriate real assembly instruction Single instruction generics Instruction Replacement DEC regf DECF regf f COM regf COMF regf f INC regf INCF regf f DECSZ regf DECFSZ regf f INCSZ regf INCFSZ regf f AND W imm8 ANDLW imm8 IOR W imm8 IORLW imm8 XOR W imm8 XORLW imm8 MOV W imm8 MOVLW imm8 MOV W regf MOVF regf W MOV regf W MOVWFE regf One to Multiple instruction generics Instruction Description of multiple replacement BMOV bitaddr imm1 if imm1 equals zero gt BCF bitaddr if imm1 not equal zero gt BSF bitaddr move imm1 to bitaddr LJMP label JMP to full 11 bit adress range LCALL label CALL to any address within lower half of any code page JZ goto_label if Z set gt GOTO goto_label JNZ goto_label if Z not set gt GOTO goto_label JC goto_label if C set gt GOTO goto_label JNC goto_label if C not set gt GOTO goto_label JB bitaddr goto_label if bitaddr set gt GOTO goto_label JNB bitaddr goto_label if bitaddr not set gt GOTO goto_label DJNZ regf goto_label decrements reof if regf not zero gt GOTO goto_label IJNZ regf goto_label increments regf if regf not zero gt GOTO goto_label CALL label imm8 amp MOVLW
223. that is only partially filled section data data init DB 84 101 115 116 initialize 4 bytes BSB 96 0xFF reserve another 96 bytes initialized with OxFF Related information d gt DS Define Storage Assembly Language CALLS Syntax CALLS caller callee Description With this directive you indicate that a function caller calls another function callee The linker uses the CALLS information to build a call graph Example CALLS main nfunc Indicates that the function main calls the function nfunc 1 13 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference DB Syntax label DB argument argument Description With the DB directive Define Byte the assembler allocates and initializes one byte of memory for each argument An argument can be e asingle or multiple character string constant e an integer expression e NULL indicated by two adjacent commas If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing Multiple arguments are stored in successive address locations If an argument is NULL its corresponding address location is flled with zeros Integer arguments are stored as is but must be byte values within the range 0 255 floating point numbers are not allowed If the evaluated expression is out of the range 256 255 the assembler issues an error For negative values within that range the assembler adds 256 to the spec
224. the page alignment See also the page keyword in subsection Locating a group in section 5 9 2 Creating and Locating Groups of Sections With the optional direction field you can specify how all sections in this space should be located This can be either from low_to_high addresses this is the default or from high_to_low addresses The map keyword specifies how this address space maps onto an internal bus or onto another address space Mappings are described in section 5 5 4 Mappings Stacks and heaps The stack keyword defines a stack in the address space and assigns a name to it The architecture definition must contain at least one stack definition Each stack of a core architecture must have a unique name See also the stack keyword in section 5 9 3 Creating or Modifying Special Sections The stack is described in terms of a minimum size min_size and the direction in which the stack grows grows This can be either from low_to_high addresses stack grows upwards this is the default or from high_to_low addresses stack grows downwards The min_size is required By default the linker tries to maximize the size of the stacks and heaps After locating all sections the largest remaining gap in the space is used completely for the stacks and heaps If you specify the keyword fixed you can disable this so called balloon behavior The size is also fixed if you used a stack or heap in the software layout definition in a restricted way For
225. tives of the same or different types in separate processor definitions If for a derivative A no processor is defined in the LSL file the linker automatically creates a processor named A of derivative A This is why for single processor applications it is enough to specify the derivative in the LSL file db See section 5 7 Semantics of the Board Specification for a detailed description of LSL in the processor definition The memory and bus definitions optional Memory and bus definition are used within the context of a derivative definition to specify internal memory and on chip buses In the context of a board specification the memory and bus definitions are used to define external off chip memory and buses Given the above definitions the linker can convert a logical address into an offset into an on chip or off chip memory device See section 5 7 3 Defining External Memory and Buses for more information on how to specify the external physical memory layout Internal memory for a processor should be defined in the derivative definition for that processor The board specification The processor definition and memory and bus definitions together form a board specification LSL provides language constructs to easily describe single core and heterogeneous or homogeneous multi core systems The board specification describes all characteristics of your target board s system buses memory devices I O sub systems and cores that a
226. to address labels labels that have not yet been defined In a bit type section the MAU size is 1 the BS directive initializes a number of bits equal to the result of the expression With expression2 you can specify a value to initialize the block with Only the least significant MAU of expression2 is used If you omit expression2 the default is zero If you specify label it gets the value of the location counter at the start of the directive processing AN Initialization of a block of memory only happens in sections with section attribute init or romdata In other sections the assembler issues a warning and only reserves space just as with DS The BSBIT BSB BSH BSW and BSL directives are variants of the BS directive BSBIT The expression argument specifies the number of bits to reserve You can only use this directive in sections of type bit BSB The expression argument specifies the number of bytes to reserve In a bit type section the BSB directive still initializes 8 bits BSH Same as the BSB directive BSW The expression argument specifies the number of words to reserve one word is 16 bits In a bit type section the BSW directive still initializes 16 bits BSL The expression argument specifies the number of longs to reserve one long is 32 bits In a bit type section the BSL directive still initializes 32 bits Example The BSB directive is for example useful to define and initialize an array
227. truction following the UNTIL The difference with a WHILE statement is that the assembly statements are executed at least once even if expression is true upon entry of the REPEAT loop expression must be a valid structured control expression You can use the BREAK and or CONTINUE statements inside a REPEAT statement 6 Example SECTION data data DSB 1 DSB 1 SECTION code code GEN REPEAT call DoSomething GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j Generated TSK165x code r GEN REPEAT 17129 call DoSomething GEN UNTIL i lt GT gt j 7130 MOVF j W SUBWF i W BTFSC C GOTO _ T129 Related information Section 1 10 8 Structured Control Expressions BREAK Statement CONTINUE Statement FOR Statement WHILE Statement REPEAT ENDREP Repeat sequence of source lines If an assembler directive occurs within a structured control statement this is evaluated only once at assembly time So an assembler directive in a FOR WHILE or REPEAT statement does not imply repeated occurrence of the directive 1 51 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference 1 10 4 IF Statement Syntax GEN IF expression statements GEN ELIF expression statements GEN ELSE statements GEN ENDIF Registers flags affected W C Z PA1 PAO Description If the expression after the IF statement is true execute the assembly statements following the IF statement If the expression evaluates to false the expression after the ELIF is t
228. tue an ASCII string Strings between double quotes allow symbol substitution by a DEFINE directive whereas strings between single quotes are always literal strings Both types of strings can contain escape characters Strings constants in expressions are evaluated to a number each character is replaced by its ASCII value Strings in expressions can have a size of up to 4 characters or less depending on the operand of an instruction or directive any subsequent characters in the string are ignored In this case the assembler issues a warning An exception to this rule is when a string is used in a DB DH DW or DL assembler directive in that case all characters result in a constant value of the specified size Null strings have a value of 0 Square brackets delimit a substring operation in the form string offset length offset is the start position within string length is the length of the desired substring Both values may not exceed the size of string Examples ABCD 0x41424344 POT ge to enclose a quote double it A BC or to enclose a quote escape it AB 1 0x4143 string used in expression Et null string TASKING 0 4 results in the substring TASK 1 6 3 Expression Operators The next table shows the assembler operators They are ordered according to their precedence Operators of the same precedence are evaluated left to right Parenthetical expressions have the highest priority innermos
229. ual Bitwise amp AND Integer only yields bitwise AND OR Integer only yields bitwise OR A exclusive OR Integer only yields bitwise exlusive OR Logical amp amp logical AND Returns an integer 1 if both operands are non zero otherwise it returns an integer 0 logical OR Returns an integer 1 if either of the operands is non zero otherwise it returns an integer 1 Dot Dot Singles out a bit number using the syntax byte bitpos Table 1 2 Assembly expression operators 1 7 Built in Assembly Functions The TASKING assemblers have several built in functions to support data conversion string comparison and math computations You can use functions as terms in any expression Syntax of an assembly function function_name argument argumeni Functions start with character and have zero or more arguments and are always followed by opening and closing parentheses White space a blank or tab is not allowed between the function name and the opening parenthesis and between the comma separated arguments 1 7 1 Overview of Built in Assembly Functions The following table provides an overview of all built in assembly functions Next all functions are described into more detail expr can be any assembly expression resulting in an integer value Expressions are explained in section 1 6 Assembly Expressions Overview of assembly functions Function Description CNT CAST type expr ARG sy
230. ur makefile and other files are stored in the directory myfiles You can call the make utility for example as follows tmk G myfiles Related information J 2 92 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility i Command line syntax i Description When an error occurs during the make process the make utility exits with a certain exit code With the option i the make utility exits without an error code even when errors occurred Example tmk i The make utility exits without an error code even when an error occurs Related information J 2 93 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility K Command line syntax K Description With this option the make utility keeps temporary files it creates during the make process The make utility stores temporary files in the directory that you have specified with the environment variable TMPDIR or in the default temp directory of your system when the TMPDIR environment variable is not specified Example tmk K The make utility preserves all temporary files Related information J 2 94 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility k Command line syntax k Description When during the make process the make utility encounters an error it stops rebuilding your files With the option k the make utility only stops building the target that produced the error All other targets defined in the makefile are built Example tmk k
231. ve an undefined external in another module no yo NI_command N _ variable char_string The NI_command must precede any reference to the _ variable in a module There may not be more than one I _ variable with the same name or number NX Command The NX command defines an external symbol which is undefined in the current module The NX command must precede all occurrences of the corresponding X variable NX_command N X_variable char_string The unresolved reference corresponding to an NX command can be resolved by an internal symbol definition NI_command in another module NN Command The NN command defines a local name which may be used for defining a name of a local symbol in a module or aname ina type definition A name defined with an NN command is not visible outside the scope of the module The NN command must precede all occurrences of the corresponding N variable NN_command N N_ variable char_string AT Command The attribute command may be used to define debugging related information of a symbol such as the symbol type number Level 2 of the standard does not prescribe the contents of the optional fields of the AT command The language dependent layer level 3 describes how these fields can be used to pass high level symbol information with the AT command AT_command AT variable type_table_entry lex_level hex_num
232. w output section 5 31 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference group section tskl_ data size 4k attributes rw f1i11 0 overflow overflow_data select data tsk1 section tsk2 data size 4k attributes rw f1i11 0 overflow overflow_data select data tsk2 section overflow data size 4k attributes rx i11 0 With the keyword blocksize the size of the output section will adapt to the size of its content For example group flash_area run_addr 0x10000 section flash_code blocksize 4k attributes rx i11 0 select flash If the content of the section is 1 mau the size will be 4k if the content is 11k the section will be 12k etc If you use size in combination with blocksize the size value is used as default minimal size for this section If it is omitted the default size will be of blocksize It is not allowed to omit both size and blocksize from the section definition The linker creates two labels to mark the begin and end of the section __1 _ub_name for the start and___ 1c _ue_name for the end of the output section Copy table The keyword copytable tells the linker to select a section that is used as copy table The content of the copy table is created by the linker It contains the start address and length of all sections that should be initialized by the startup code The linker creates two labels to mark the begin and
233. x 1sl else real abs real obj main obj 1k165x real obj main obj d165x 1sl endif You can now use a macro definition to set the DEMO flag tmk real abs DEMO 1 In both cases the absolute object file real abs is created but depending on the DEMO flag it is linked with demo obj or with real obj Related information Make utility option e Environment variables override macro definitions Make utility option m Name of invocation file 2 83 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility Command line syntax Description Displays an overview of all command line options Example The following invocation displays a list of the available command line options tmk Related information i 2 84 Tool Options Make Utility Make Utility a Command line syntax a Description Normally the make utility rebuilds only those files that are out of date With this option you tell the make utility to rebuild all files without checking whether they are out of date Example tmk a Rebuilds all your files regardless of whether they are out of date or not Related information J 2 85 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference Make Utility c Command line syntax c Description Altium Designer uses this option for the graphical version of the make utility when you create sub projects In this case the make utility calls another instance of the make utility for the sub project With the option c
234. x0044 When you use the DW directive in a bit type section each argument initializes 16 bits and the location counter of the current section is incremented with the same number of bits Example TABLE DW 14 253 0x62 ABCD CHARS DW A B C D Related information db BS DS Block Storage Define Storage DBIT Define Bit DB_ Define Byte DH_ Define Half Word DL Define Long asna 1 20 Assembly Language END Syntax END Description With the END directive you tell the assembler that the end of the module is reached If the assembler finds assembly source lines beyond the END directive it ignores those lines and issues a warning Example section code code source lines END End of assembly module 1 21 TSK165x Embedded Tools Reference EQU Syntax symbol EQU expression Description With the EQU directive you assign the value of expression to symbol permanently Once defined you cannot redefine the symbol With the GLOBAL directive you can define the symbol global The expression can either be absolute or relocatable and cannot contain forward references Normally the defined symbol gets the same type as the result of the expression However when the resulting expression has type none the symbol gets no type when the EQU is used outside a section and it gets the type of the section when it is defined inside a section Example MYSYM

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