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1. For Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 778 Viani amp Rodrigues Table 2 Patterns of spatial distribution of the seedling community in 4 x 4 m plots in a forest fragment in Bofete S o Paulo Southeastern Brazil All dispersion Index DI values presented a Chi square probability level higher than 0 975 Morisita Standardized Index I between 0 5 and 1 with confidence limit of 95 indicate aggregated pattern Species Ip Spatial distribution Community all species together 217295 0 52 aggregated Protium spruceanum Benth Engl 638 73 0 59 aggregated Maytenus salicifolia Reissek 30 27 0 62 aggregated Eugenia ligustrina Sw Willd 209 90 1 00 aggregated Palicourea marcgravii A St Hil 30 43 0 57 aggregated Croton floribundus Spreng 31 98 0 61 aggregated Dalbergia frutescens Vell Britton 20 60 0 63 aggregated Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk 12 60 0 55 aggregated Myrcia fallax Rich DC 8 60 0 54 aggregated Rapanea cf umbellata Mart Mez 6 33 0 53 aggregated Tapirira guianensis Aubl 5 60 0 53 aggregated instance P spruceanum E ligustrina and Maytenus salicifolia Celastraceae are not found in the main nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Brazil Barbosa et al 2003 but were sampled in the seedling commu nity in high densities These species are good examples of species that could be introduced into restoration projects by using seedlings available in the forest F
2. 8 34 are consid ered low frequent up to 25 of frequency 7 4 7 are frequent species 25 50 of frequency and only 8 496 8 are high frequent species that occur in more than 50 of seedling nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Table 1 Only three species in the seedling commu nity Croton floribundus Euphorbiaceae Cedrela fissilis Meliaceae and Copaifera langsdorffii Fabaceae were included in the list of the 30 species most used in restoration projects in the state of S o Paulo Barbosa et al 2003 Such data illustrate that the sampled seedling community is very different in terms of floristic composition as compared to the re gional forest nurseries and confirms that seedlings from several native species are not being produced This is a striking result with respect to the potential of the seedling community as a source of seedlings for transplant into forest restoration projects However not all species sampled can be removed from the seed ling community Several species occur in very low den sity in the forest Foster amp Hubbell 1990 Pitman et al 1999 Kageyama amp Gandara 2004 Comita et al 2007 and the removal of these seedlings even for forest restoration purposes is not recommended Taking into account that the transplant of seedlings to restoration projects is restricted for only those spe cies of high density this analysis was performed again with only those identified species that had at
3. New York Harper amp Row 1989 654p LIEBERMAN D Demography of tropical tree seedlings a review In SWAINE M D Ed The ecology of tropical forest tree seedlings Paris UNESCO Parthenon Publishing Group 1996 p 131 138 LUDWIG J A REINOLDS J F Statistical ecology a primer on methods and computing New York John Wiley 1988 337p MUELLER DOMBOIS D ELLENBERG H Aims and methods of vegetation ecology New York John Wiley 1974 547p NEMER T G JARDIM F C S SERR O D R Sobreviv ncia de mudas da regenera o natural de esp cies arb reas tr s meses ap s o plantio em clareiras de diferentes tamanhos Moju PA Revista rvore v 26 p 217 221 2002 OLIVEIRA R J MANTOVANI W MELO M M R F Estrutura do componente arbustivo arb reo da floresta Atl ntica de encosta Peru be SP Acta Botanica Brasilica v 15 p 391 412 2001 PARROTTA J A KNOWLES O H Restoration of tropical moist forests on bauxite mined lands in Brazilian Amazon Restoration Ecology v 7 p 103 116 1999 PITMAN N C A TERBORGH J SILMAN M R NUNEZ V P Tree species distributions in an upper Amazonian Forest Ecology v 80 p 2651 2661 1999 RODRIGUES R R GANDOLFI S Conceitos tend ncias e a es para recupera o de florestas ciliares In RODRIGUES R R LEITAO FILHO H F Ed Matas ciliares conserva o e recupera o 3 ed S o Paulo EDUSP Fapesp 2004 p 235 248 SANTOS S L V LIO LF M Litter a
4. et al 2003 This is the result of difficulties in obtaining seeds and the absence of technology to grow seedlings of many native species Silva et al 2003 Zamith amp Scarano 2004 In spite of this limi tation very few studies have investigated the poten tial of the native seedling community as a source of transplants to increase the plant diversity in ecological restoration and these studies usually investigated only one or a few native species Auer amp Gra a 1995 Djers et al 1998 Nemer et al 2002 Here the seedling community from a forest frag ment in Southeastern Brazil was characterized Based on the density of individuals species richness and composition we discuss the potential and management implications for using this community as a source of seedlings for nurseries and restoration projects We expect to find a high number of individuals and spe cies in the fragment and also many species that are not available in seedling nurseries thus we hypoth esized that this forest fragment can serve as an im portant source of seedlings for transplant to forest nurseries and restoration projects MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was performed in Bofete state of S o Paulo Southeastern Brazil 23 02 S 48 11 W 600 m elevation The area consists of a 3 900 ha farm of which 2 300 ha are designated to commercial planta tion of Eucalyptus spp and 650 ha are occupied by natural areas with native vegetation T
5. persion Index observed variance observed average was calculated and its X value was obtained as de scribed by Ludwig amp Reinolds 1988 X values be tween Chi square table critical values p of 0 975 and 0 025 indicate random distribution higher probabilities p gt 0 975 suggest aggregated distribution and lower probabilities p 0 025 indicate uniform distribution Morisita s Standardized Index which does not depend on the density of individuals in plots was also measured Krebs 1989 Values vary from 1 to 1 with confi dence limits from 0 5 to 0 5 where random patterns represent an index of 0 aggregated patterns above 0 and uniform patterns below 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The seedling community and its potential for for est restoration In spite of the small sample size we found a large Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 774 Viani amp Rodrigues number of species in the seedling community Alto gether 6 136 individuals 17 individuals m belong ing to 119 species and 40 families were surveyed Table 1 The most abundant families in decreasing order of number of species were Myrtaceae 20 species Fabaceae 14 Rubiaceae 13 and Lauraceae 7 Al together these four families represented 45 496 of the total species sampled The total number of species is similar to the val ues found in other tropical seedling communities Oliveira et al 2001 Grom
6. sugerem um alto potencial desses tipos de remanescentes como bancos de pl ntulas com alta diversidade dispon veis para uso em projetos de restaura o Palavras chave restaura o ecol gica regenera o natural transplantes produ o de mudas viveiros florestais INTRODUCTION belong to different ecological groups Hubbell et al 1999 Oliveira et al 2001 Grombone Guaratini amp Rodrigues 2002 Comita et al 2007 In spite of this observation many Brazilian restoration projects do not fulfill the mini mum richness and initial diversity in terms of species number and diversity of ecological groups constraining the maintenance of a forest structure over the time and Seedlings of shrubs and trees play an important role in forest regeneration as their survival and distribu tion affect the structure and maintenance of plant di versity in tropical and temperate forests Harper 1977 Denslow 1991 Dalling et al 1998 In tropical forests the seedling community is com posed of a large number of individuals and species which the reestablishment of ecological processes in these ar eas Barbosa et al 2003 Souza amp Batista 2004 Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 Seedling for forest restoration 773 The limited number of seedling species used in res toration projects may be partly explained by the low availability of native species in seedling nurseries Barbosa
7. 772 POTENTIAL OF THE SEEDLING COMMUNITY OFA FOREST FRAGMENT FOR TROPICAL FOREST RESTORATION Ricardo Augusto Gorne Viani Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues UNICAMP Depto de Bot nica Programa de P s Gradua o em Biologia Vegetal C P 6109 13083 970 Campinas SP Brasil USP ESALO Depto de Ci ncias Biol gicas C P 9 13418 900 Piracicaba SP Brasil Corresponding author lt rrr esalq usp br gt ABSTRACT Forest restoration projects are usually planted with a reduced number of species as compared to standing forests largely due to the low availability of native species in seedling nurseries In the present study the potential of the native seedling community as a source of seedlings for forest restoration is analyzed To do so the seedling community from a forest fragment located in the southeast of Brazil was evaluated Individuals tree and shrub species up to 30 cm height were measured and identified in 20 4 x 4m plots Altogether 6 136 individuals 17 individuals m belonging to 119 species were sampled The seedling community showed a spatial heterogeneity with respect to the density of individuals and composition of species and also a spatial aggregation for the 10 most abundant species Several species that occurred in high densities in the seedling community are not presently available in regional forest nurseries and are therefore not used in restoration projects This result and the high number of individuals a
8. Brand 30 0 49 D 45 0 Violaceae Hybanthus atropurpureus A St Hil Taub 1 0 02 1 5 0 Vochysiaceae Vochysia tucanorum Matt 8 0 13 3 15 0 Not identified Not identified 120 1 96 19 95 situation with 50 removal and transplant of the indi viduals from these species for forest restoration pur poses the sampled forest would provide approximately 2 814 seedlings for nurseries and or restoration projects in a small area of 320 m Considering the arrangement of planted seedlings normally used in restoration projects in Brazil one plant each 6 m such a num ber of seedlings is higher than the number needed to perform the restoration of ha Species not found in nurseries are also absent in restoration projects which demonstrates the potential of the seedling community as a possible source of seedlings for forest restoration Possibly many spe cies are not found in regional nurseries because of the lack of knowledge around the biology of these spe cies with respect to flowering and fruiting or because of the unavailability of specific technology to process and germinate seeds In these cases the transplant of forest seedlings to nurseries or directly to restoration areas emerges as a viable alternative until the knowl edge required for the cultivation of seedlings of these species is obtained Thus the use of the seedling com munity and populations of some species as source of seedlings for ecological restoration is justifiable
9. a cordata Cham 4 0 07 2 10 0 Proteaceae Roupala brasiliensis Klotzsch 43 0 70 3 25 3 Rosaceae Prunus myrtifolia L Urb 15 0 24 6 30 13 Rubiaceae Amaioua intermedia Matt 4 0 07 2 10 3 Chomelia obtusa Cham amp Schltdl 5 0 08 3 15 0 Faramea montevidensis Cham amp Schltdl DC 28 0 46 3 ils 0 Ixora venulosa Benth 4 0 07 2 10 0 Palicourea marcgravii A St Hil 197 SPES Us 0 Posoqueria sp 2 0 03 1 Psychotria cf carthagenensis Jacq 0 02 1 Psychotria leiocarpa Cham amp Schltdl 0 05 2 10 0 Psychotria sp 0 08 20 Psychotria vellosiana Benth 63 1 03 13 65 Randia armata Sw DC 2 0 03 1 Rubiaceae sp 0 08 1 Rutaceae Balfourodendron riedelianum Engl Engl 3 0 05 1 3 47 Esenbeckia febrifuga A St Hil A Juss ex Mart 49 0 80 5 25 0 Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart 0 10 2 10 Pilocarpus pauciflorus A St Hil 0 03 1 5 0 Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam 13 0 21 p 10 13 Salicaceae Casearia decandra Jacq 0 15 6 30 0 Casearia sylvestris Sw 0 03 2 10 20 Sapindaceae Allophylus edulis A St Hil Cambess amp A Juss Radlk 8 0 13 d 20 10 Cupania tenuivalvis Radlk 63 IE MENTIS 65 0 Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk 99 1 61 15 75 Sapotaceae Pouteria sp 2 0 03 1 5 Siparunaceae Siparuna cujabana Mart A DC 1 0 02 1 0 Siparuna guianensis Aubl 40 0 65 2 10 0 Solanaceae Cestrum cf sendtnerianum Mart 7 0 11 d 20 Cestrum schlechtendalii G Don 0 07 1 0 Styxraceae Styrax pohli A DC 0 02 1 3 Symplocaceae Symplocos tenuifolia
10. bone Guaratini amp Rodrigues 2002 However it is far more than the val ues commonly used in regional forest restoration projects even those located in high diversity tropical regions Parrotta amp Knowles 1999 Barbosa et al 2003 Souza amp Batista 2004 The number of seedlings per plot varied between 74 and 1 116 suggesting a high spatial heterogeneity in the density of individuals This high spatial hetero geneity was also verified for species composition such that 33 species 27 7 of the total were found in only one plot and 15 species 11 6 of the total occurred in more than 5096 of plots Many species presented low frequencies but high densities in the plots where they were sampled For instance Eugenia ligustrina Myrtaceae was sampled in only one plot where it was the species present with the highest density 212 individuals Spatial heterogeneity is present in other tropical seedling communities Hubbell et al 1999 Oliveira et al 2001 suggesting that it is a character Istic of these communities Nineteen species 1696 were sampled with only one individual This can be attributed in part to the small sampling size as well as to seasonality in recruitment Lieberman 1996 environmental heterogeneity and absence of suitable sites for the recruitment of each specific species However several authors have shown that many tropical shrub and tree species are consid ered rare and occur in very low densit
11. ccumulation and its effect on seedling recruitment in a Southeast Brazilian Tropical Forest Revista Brasileira de Bot nica v 25 p 89 92 2002 SILVA C V BILIA D A C MALUF A M BARBEDO C J Fracionamento e germina o de sementes de uvaia Eugenia pyriformis Cambess Myrtaceae Revista Brasileira de Bot nica v 26 p 213 221 2003 SOUZA F M BATISTA J L F Restoration of seasonal semideciduous forests in Brazil influence of age and restoration design on forest structure Forest Ecology and Management v 191 p 185 200 2004 VELOSO H P Manual t cnico da vegeta o brasileira Rio de Janeiro IBGE Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais 1992 93p ZAMITH L R SCARANO F R Produ o de mudas de esp cies das Restingas do munic pio do Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil Acta Botanica Brasilica v 18 p 161 176 2004 Received December 18 2007 Accepted May 15 2009 Sei Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009
12. cynaceae Aspidosperma subincanum Mart 0 03 2 10 10 Tabernaemontana hystrix Steud 0 02 1 5 D Arecaceae Euterpe edulis Mart 19 0 31 5 25 57 Geonoma brevispatha Barb Rodr 8 0 13 3 15 0 Syagrus romanzoffiana Cham Glassman 5 0 08 2 10 67 Asteraceae Gochnatia polymorpha Less Cabrera TO Sil 1l 35 40 Boraginaceae Cordia sellowiana Cham 5 0 08 3 15 17 Burseraceae Protium spruceanum Benth Engl 3 482 56 74 12 60 0 Celastraceae Maytenus aquifolia Mart 2 0 03 1 3 3 Maytenus salicifolia Reissek 25 Sum AM 60 Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum brasiliense Miq 6 0 10 2 10 0 Clusiaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess iy S 25 43 Combretaceae Terminalia triflora Griseb Lillo 69 1 12 14 70 7 Ebenaceae Diospyros inconstans Jacq 2 US 2 10 3 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea monosperma Vell 15 0 24 6 30 0 Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum cuneifolium Mart O E Schulz 9 Qi 2 10 0 Euphorbiaceae Actinostemon communis M ll Arg Pax 33 0 54 7 35 0 Alchornea triplinervia Spreng M ll Arg 6 0 10 4 20 Ii Croton floribundus Spreng 132 2 15 7 35 60 Maprounea guianensis Aubl I3 QI 3 15 0 Pera glabrata Schott Poepp ex Baill 17 0 28 8 40 10 Sebastiania commersoniana Baill L B amp Downs 10 0 16 4 20 3 Fab caesalpinioideae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf 41 0 67 13 65 70 Fab cercidae Bauhinia longifolia D Dietr 10 0 16 p 10 3 Fab mimosoideae Albizia polycephala Benth Killip ex Record 0 02 1 10 Calliandra tweediei Benth 2 0 03 1 10 Inga ma
13. d diversity in the seedling layer of a tropical forest Journal of Vegetation Science v 18 p 163 174 2007 CONNELL J P GREEN P T Seedling dynamics over thirty two years in a tropical rain forest tree Ecology v 81 p 568 584 2000 DALLING J W HUBBELL S P SILVERA K Seed dispersal seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees Journal of Ecology v 86 p 674 689 1998 DE STEVEN D Tropical tree seedling dynamics recruitment patterns and their population consequences for three canopy species in Panama Journal of Tropical Ecology v 10 p 385 398 1994 DENSLOW J S The effect of understory palms and cyclanths on the growth and survival of Inga seedlings Biotropica v 23 p 225 234 1991 DI BITETTI M S PLACCI G DIETZ L A Biodiversity vision for the upper Parana Atlantic forest ecoregion designing a biodiversity conservation landscape and setting priorities for conservation action Washington D C World Wildlife Fund 2003 153p DINERSTEIN E OLSON D M GRAHAM D WEBSTER A PRIMM S BOOKBINDER M LEDEC G A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean Washington D C The World Bank World Wildlife Fund 1995 150p DJERS G HADENGGANAN S KUUSIPALO J OTSAMO A VESA L Production of planting stock from wildings of four Shorea species New Forests v 16 p 185 197 1998 FOSTER R B HUBBELL S P The floristic com
14. he predominant climate according to K eppen s classification is the Cfa type with average tempera ture gt 22 C on the hottest month February and lt 18 C on the coldest month July The annual rainfall is approximately 1 440 mm The original vegetation is characterized as a seasonally dry forest belonging to the Atlantic Rainforest Biome Veloso 1992 However the landscape has been highly fragmented to small and isolated pieces usually restricted to places where the topography or the soil hinder agricultural development Dinerstein et al 1995 Di Bitetti et al 2003 A single forest fragment of approximately 150 ha were chosen due to its similarity in disturbance his tory and vegetation type with other remnants found in the regional landscape This fragment possesses ar eas with no fluvial influence and areas periodically flooded swamp forest both of which have evidence of historical disturbance The sampling of the seedling community was per formed between April and May 2003 by means of 20 ran domly installed 4 x 4 m plots 360 m Seedlings were defined as individuals from shrub or trees species up to 30 cm height measured from the ground level up to the apical meristem For individuals from the Arecaceae fam ily height was measured from the ground level up to the extremity of the tallest leaf at its natural position Within plots all individuals that followed the inclu sion criteria were measured and iden
15. ies in the forest Foster amp Hubbell 1990 Pitman et al 1999 Kageyama amp Gandara 2004 Comita et al 2007 Protium spruceanum Burseraceae was present at a very high density comprising 56 7 of the total in dividuals The prominent position of P spruceanum is possibly due to the presence of a number of plots close to areas with flooded soil where adult individuals from this species are also prevalent This species 1s typical of swampy forests Ivanauskas et al 1997 More over the sampling period coincided with the post ger mination period of plants of the same species in a year of exceptional seed production Indeed many tropical shrub and tree species possess supra annual reproduc tive characteristics with production of large cohorts at intervals greater than one year De Steven 1994 Lieberman 1996 Connell amp Green 2000 Thus be sides the variation in the structure and composition of the seedling community across space spatial varia tion structure and composition also change in time temporal variation due to seasonality in the recruit ment of individuals related to the phenological patterns of fruit maturation and seed dispersion Santos amp V lio 2002 as well as due to the aforementioned supra an nual reproductive behavior of some species Lieberman 1996 Of the 95 identified species 48 4 46 species are absent in the main nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Barbosa et al 2003 35
16. least 20 sampled individuals From 28 species 16 57 196 are absent seven 25 are non frequent and only two 7 14 and three species 10 7196 are respectively frequent and high frequent species in nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Barbosa et al 2003 This serves as evidence that even species found in high densities in the seedling community are frequently absent in for est nurseries The number of seedlings that belong to species with at least 20 individuals represents 91 7 5 627 indi viduals of the total community Thus although there are only 28 high density species these species con tain most of the individuals and also several species not found in the nurseries Considering a hypothetical Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 Seedling for forest restoration 775 Table 1 Species sampled in the seedling community in a forest fragment Bofete S o Paulo Brazil N number of individuals RD relative density NP number of plots in which the species was sampled maximum of 20 AF absolute frequency Nurseries present occurrence percentage in the 30 main native species nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Brazil according to Barbosa et al 2003 Family Species N RD NP AF Nurseries present Anacardiaceae Astronium graveolens Jacq 1 0 02 1 5 3 7 Tapirira guianensis Aubl 77 1 25 16 80 20 Annonaceae Guatteria nigrescens Matt 0 03 1 5 0 Apo
17. nd species found in the fragment suggest a great potential of this type of forest remnants as a source of highly diverse seedling banks for use in restoration projects Key words ecological restoration natural regeneration transplants seedling production forest nurseries POTENCIAL DA COMUNIDADE DE PL NTULAS DE UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL PARA A RESTAURA O DE FLORESTAS TROPICAIS RESUMO Devido baixa disponibilidade de mudas nos viveiros florestais os projetos de restaura o florestal s o frequentemente implantados com um n mero reduzido de esp cies Avaliou se o potencial da comunidade de pl ntulas como fonte de mudas para a restaura o florestal Para tanto a comunidade de pl ntulas de um remanescente florestal localizado no Sudeste do Brasil foi avaliada Indiv duos arbustivos ou arb reos com at 30 cm foram medidos e identificados em 20 parcelas de 4 x 4 m cada Ao todo foram amostrados 6 136 indiv duos 17 indiv duos m pertencentes a 119 esp cies A comunidade estudada apresentou heterogeneidade espacial em rela o densidade de indiv duos e a composi o de esp cies e agrega o espacial para as 10 esp cies mais abundantes V rias esp cies encontradas em alta densidade na comunidade de pl ntulas n o est o dispon veis nos viveiros florestais regionais e portanto n o s o utilizadas em projetos de restaura o Esse resultado e a presen a de um alto n mero de indiv duos e esp cies no fragmento florestal
18. or both calculated indexes the whole species com munity and the ten most abundant species demon strated aggregated spatial distribution Table 2 at the 4 x 4 m sampling scale The small scale spatial ag gregation in the initial life stage seems to be common and has already been observed in other tropical for ests Oliveira et al 2001 Many species are not able to disperse their seeds efficiently aggregating around parent individuals Houle 1992 or in the case of the pioneer species under forest gaps that receive direct light Grau 2000 The spatial heterogeneity with respect to density and richness and the spatial aggregation found for the main species demonstrate that the potential of the seedling community as a source of seedlings for forest resto ration depends on the way the seedlings are collected in the forest fragment Thereby for the use of the seedling community as a source of transplants a larger collecting area will yield a greater number of species Besides spatial heterogeneity temporal heterogeneity also affects the seedling community composition Con sidering that seasonality of dispersion and recruitment is a common characteristic for tropical communities Lieberman 1996 Santos amp V lio 2002 the potential of seedling community in terms of richness of species would certainly be higher if the community was sampled and collected in more than one period of the year The seedling community has high richnes
19. pallida Sw 47 ST ENTIS TS 0 Monimiaceae Mollinedia schottiana Spreng Perkins T 0 11 2 10 0 Myrsinaceae Rapanea cf umbellata Mart Mez TG IO IG 90 Rapanea ferruginea Ruiz amp Pav Mez 30 0 49 10 50 33 Myrtaceae Campomanesia cf xanthocarpa O Berg 3 0 08 4 20 Eugenia cf hyemalis Cambess 1 0 02 1 Eugenia florida DC 1 0 02 1 7 Eugenia ligustrina Sw Willd 212 3 45 2 10 0 Eugenia pluriflora DC 20 0 35 3 15 0 Gomidesia affinis Cambess D Legrand 37 0 60 8 40 3 Myrcia breviramis O Berg D Legrand 0 08 3 15 0 Myrcia cf hartwegiana O Berg Kiaersk 0 08 2 10 Myrcia fallax Rich DC 90 1 47 14 70 3 Myrcia guianensis Aubl DC 37 0 60 11 33 Myrcia multiflora Lam DC 25 0 41 4 20 Myrciaria cf tenella DC O Berg 20 0 33 5 25 Myrciaria floribunda H West ex Willd O Berg 9 0 15 6 30 0 Myrtaceae sp 1 1 0 02 1 5 Myrtaceae sp 2 1 0 02 1 5 Myrtaceae sp 3 1 0 02 1 5 Myrtaceae sp 4 1 0 02 1 S Myrtaceae sp 7 3 0 05 1 5 Myrtaceae sp 8 8 0 13 3 15 Myrtaceae sp 9 1 0 02 1 5 Siphoneugenia aff widgreniana O Berg 17 0 28 D 45 Nyctaginaceae Guapira hirsuta Choisy Lundell 26 0 42 9 45 0 Piperaceae Ottonia cf leptostachya Kunth 18 0 29 1 S Piper arboreum Aubl 2 0 03 1 Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth 5j 0 08 2 10 Continue Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 Seedling for forest restoration TIT Table 1 Continuation Polygonaceae Coccolob
20. position of the Barro Colorado Island Forest In GENTRY A H Ed Four neotropical rainforest London Yale University Press 1990 p 85 98 GRAU H Regeneration patterns of Cedrela lilloi Meliaceae in Northwestern Argentina Subtropical Montane Forests Journal of Tropical Ecology v 16 p 227 242 2000 GROMBONE GUARATINI M T RODRIGUES R R Seed bank and seed rain in a seasonal semi deciduous forest in south eastern Brazil Journal of Tropical Ecology v 18 p 759 774 2002 HARPER J L Population biology of plants London Academic Press 1977 892p HOULE G Spatial relationship between seed and seedling abundance and mortality in a deciduous forest of north eastern North America The Journal of Ecology v 80 p 99 108 1992 HUBBELL S P FOSTER R B O BRIEN S T HARMS K E CONDIT B WESCHSLER B WRIGHT S J LOO DE LAO S Light gap disturbance recruitment limitation and tree diversity in a Neotropical Forest Science v 283 p 554 557 1999 IVANAUSKAS N M RODRIGUES R R NAVE A G Aspectos ecol gicos de um trecho de floresta de brejo em Itatinga SP flor stica fitossociologia e seletividade de esp cies Revista Brasileira de Bot nica v 20 p 139 153 1997 KAGEYAMA P Y GANDARA F B Recupera o de reas ciliares In RODRIGUES R R LEIT O FILHO H F Ed Matas ciliares conserva o e recupera o 3 ed S o Paulo EDUSP Fapesp 2004 p 249 270 KREBS C J Ecological methodology
21. rginata Willd 0 02 1 13 Inga vera Willd 53 80 12 60 60 Piptadenia gonoacantha Mart J F Macbr 9 0 15 3 15 37 Fab papilionoideae Andira fraxinifolia Benth Salis 3 15 3 Centrolobium tomentosum Guillemin ex Benth 13 0 21 3 15 63 Dalbergia frutescens Vell Britton ER 1 272 1i 35 0 a cultratus Vell AMG Azevedo amp HC 4 0 07 2 10 20 Machaerium hirtum Vell Stellfeld 27 0 44 3 25 30 Machaerium brasiliense Vogel 0 11 4 20 3 Machaerium stipitatum DC vogel 0 11 3 15 DE Lacistemaceae Lacistema hasslerianum Chodat 11 0 18 3 25 3 Continue Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 716 Viani amp Rodrigues Table 1 Continuation Lauraceae Aniba firmula Nees amp C Mart Mez 0 05 2 10 Endlicheria paniculata Spreng J F Macbr 0 15 4 20 0 Nectandra cf grandiflora Nees amp C Mart ex Nees 23 0 557 9 45 Nectandra oppositifolia Nees amp Mart 1 0 02 1 5 7 Ocotea cf velutina Nees Rohwer po 0 36 9 45 Ocotea corymbosa Meisn Mez 16 0 26 7 35 0 Persea pyrifolia D Don Spreng 1 0 02 1 S Lythraceae Lafoensia pacari A St Hil 1 0 02 1 5 53 Melastomataceae Leandra scabra DC 7 0 13 1 S 0 Leandra sp 1 0 02 1 5 Miconia ligustroides DC Naudin 1 0 02 1 2 0 Ossaea sp 1 0 02 1 5 Tibouchina sellowiana Cogn d 0 11 4 20 0 Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Vell 5 0 08 3 15 93 Trichilia catigua A Juss 14 0 23 4 20 0 Trichilia elegans A Juss 3 0 05 3 15 0 Trichilia
22. s and den sity and contains several abundant species not found in forest nurseries and restoration projects This con firms our initial hypothesis that forest fragments can serve as an important source of seedlings to be used in forest restoration projects Although the data pre sented is regional researchers that evaluated the seed ling community in other tropical forests Hubbell 1999 Oliveira et al 2001 Benitez Malvido amp Lemus Albor 2005 have demonstrated similar results regard ing richness and density of plants This suggests that the high potential of the seedling community is prob ably not restricted to the case study presented here but can be addressed to other similar remnants of tropi cal forest The seedling community as a source of seedlings for ecological restoration purposes could be useful for many situations in the restoration of degraded areas such as restoration plantations enrichment of low di versity restoration planting or even the enrichment of natural regeneration areas that usually present low di versity Rodrigues amp Gandolfi 2004 However to definitively confirm the potential of forest seedlings as a source of transplants for forest restoration further studies that evaluate the survival and growth of these seedlings when transferred into nurseries or even di rectly into degraded areas are strongly recommended Moreover it is also necessary to evaluate the impacts that the removal of
23. seedlings might cause in the for est dynamics and in the genetic structure of the re generating populations Such studies would generate the parameters necessary to regulate this activity such that it might be environmentally sustainable ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work was performed with the support of CAPES Brazil The authors are thankful to Eucatex Sci Agric Piracicaba Braz v 66 n 6 p 772 779 November December 2009 Seedling for forest restoration 779 Florestal SA for providing support and infrastructure and to Gregory R Goldsmith for valuable comments and English revision REFERENCES AUER C G GRA A M C E M todo de produ o de mudas de canela sassafr s a partir de mudas de regenera o natural Boletim de Pesquisas Florestais v 30 31 p 75 77 1995 BARBOSA L M BARBOSA J M BARBOSA K C POTOMATI A MARTINS S E ASPERTI L M MELO A C G CARRASCO P G CASTANHEIRA S A PILIACKAS J M CONTIERI W A MATTIOLI D S GUEDES D C SANTOS J NIOR N SILVA PM S PLAZA A P Forest recovery with native species in S o Paulo State researches identify necessary changes Florestar Estatistico v 6 p 28 34 2003 BENITEZ MALVIDO J LEMUS ALBOR A The seedling community of tropical rain forest edges and its interaction with herbivores and pathogens Biotropica v 37 p 301 313 2005 COMITA L S AGUILAR S PEREZ R LAO S HUBBELL S P Patterns of woody plant species abundance an
24. tified Individuals that could not be identified in the field were collected for further identification in the ESA herbarium Her barium of the Dep of Biology University of S o Paulo Campus Luiz de Queiroz Due to difficulties associ ated with the development stage that would not allow the precise morphological characterization of individu als several individuals remained unidentified All these individuals were grouped into a single group called not identified Absolute frequency and relative densities were computed for each species as described by Mueller Dombois amp Ellenberg 1974 The list of species sampled in the seedling com munity was compared to the list of 30 native species most commonly used in ecological restoration projects and also to the list of native wood species available in the 30 main seedling nurseries in the state of S o Paulo Barbosa et al 2003 For comparison the species sampled in the seedling community were classified into four classes absent 096 non frequent up to 25 frequent 725 5094 and highly frequent 75094 ac cording to the frequency of availability in the nurser ies evaluated by Barbosa et al 2003 To better understand the management of natural re generation for forest restoration projects the spatial dis tribution random aggregated or evenly spaced of the seedling community total number of individuals and the ten most abundant species was tested To do so a Dis

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