Home

ES-2810 Ethernet Switch User's Guide

image

Contents

1. o o o ooooooooonoonoo oo 7 16 7 9 2 Files Suitable for TFTP Transfer llle 7 16 7 9 3 Transferring Files to and From the Switch using TFTP 7 17 APPENDIX A Concepts in Switching A 1 Forwarding MOGGS 3 suut A AAA A 2 A 1 1 Forwarding Mode Affect on Latency 0 00 eee eee A 2 A 1 2 Possible Forwarding Modes lille A 2 A 1 3 FORVAIGING Poli A A di d s A 2 A 1 4 ORG BITOESI cad d 93 74 DE Re E II A e der A 2 A 1 5 Fragment m eer A 3 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 9 Table of Contents A 1 6 Gui IArQUgA Forwarding rca ear da A 3 A 1 7 Fragment free Forwarding 2 0 00 ccc eee eee A 3 A 1 8 Store and forward Forwarding 0 0 00 cece eee eee A 4 A 1 9 Adaptive Forwarding 0 0 cc eee eee ees A 4 fO Uic Nn Rr Lr RM Pr Os ae ay oe at A 5 A 2 FI OWS OLE O le ese ate patata a a diet sia pe ea nes eed Th oath re AO Seattle A 6 A 2 1 Flow Control Concept oo oooocoooo ee A 6 A 2 2 When to Use Flow Control o ee A 6 A 3 Falls and Rull dupleX za 2 9 a a A 8 A 3 1 Half duplex and Full duplex Concepts 0000 eee eee A 8 A 3 2 When to Use Full duplex o o ooo oooooooooo eee A 9 A 3 3 AUO UDI gt order teens aa a A 9 A 4 Auto negotiation 2 6 ee ete A 10 A 4 1 Auto negotiation Concept llis A 10 A 4 2 Checklist for ProblemsS o
2. 3 25 DASS WOBQ uxedupseenstyee S dc tees 3 15 priority of the port in the spanning tree 3 34 spanning tree priority 3 24 SPCC inest tret od b sone hawks 3 31 Index 1 Index state of tie POTE estudia ds 3 26 STP cost of the path 3 34 STP state of a port es 3 33 TFTP password eerte ens 3 17 time to measure errors 3 21 timeout details 3 16 Clearance ess datis f bare RE ed Soto a dmi 6 3 CIOCK Seb cuate S redeem San dis ed 3 5 Color Code Matrix Ports 2 9 Commands in Maintenance Mode 7 7 Communication problems how to solve 7 14 Concept FORE Stack View 2 0 Configuration BPDU messages bridging A 26 changes lOst pd iris 7 12 Spanning Tree vedete redes A 20 standard level 3 1 Connect Ollier de VICOS dicos ias 1 14 POWER vara rd 1 16 Connection MALLDOWEE tears 1 6 redundant power supply 1 6 Connections number of 6 4 CONSOLE port function 1 4 Consumption of power esses 6 5 Contents of the pack o o o o oo 1 7 Coole OE aeiee P eb iob di Sd 1 6 Counters interface statistics RMON 5 29 CPU ye costos at dit 6 6 D Date Seba reb ad 3 5 Default forwarding mode change 3 19 settings after start up 1 20 Deletera VLAN 34 255 seein tek ERE 4 5 Designated Port pi A 25 Index 2 DEHCP In
3. A 27 NEW switches cdo 2 13 Permanent Entry 3 11 Phas ssi Mera deberi eps 3 9 3 14 VAIN nadaa tect Re 4 4 Address I iste b TERES eee nd A 16 ATOW 1555103 bon rre beh ido 1 9 Alarms RMON eene 5 10 AVES AS ton e e ue date 6 3 Approvals CEMAATE 2 ea sere OE ss 6 2 GIDISSIOPL caia es 6 2 SOLE DV ciue tuti i 42 5 etude bte adis 6 2 susceptible iion enit ERU 6 2 Authentication ada A devise crias 3 7 PUDO SE ts iia 3 6 Auto duplex ardid A 9 Auto negotiation o ooooooomo oo A 10 Auto negotiation disable 3 31 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Avoiding damage to the circuit board 1 12 B Blocking state Spanning Tree A 24 Bootload using maintenance mode 7 6 bridpe falute dados A 22 Bridging loop detection A 21 Button Funictioris s ea ia 1 5 C Cable for the Console Port 1 15 forthe LAN PORIS 4 doit S Sa 1 14 smelde dsd it rs 1 14 wiring color code 1 16 Change default forwarding mode 3 19 dupl x mode 2 ccs drehte 3 31 errors before adaptive forwarding mode ODBEPOIeS re etaed 3 22 HOW COBEFOL jade ER has 3 19 flow control on a port 3 32 forward delay expiry time 3 26 forwarding mode on a port 3 32 hello expiry time 3 25 Medet lo 21x22 bed uud Een 3 4 MAC address ageing time 3 18 message age expiry time
4. 1 Select Tools gt Ping RE FSY Ping F Device ACAPPELLA PEPE EPP EEE EE EE EEE EP EEE EEE PEE EE EEE EE PEE EP EEE EEE EEE EE EP EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE PE i IP address Repeat count 3 Timeout 500 msee Data size 32 butes Delay o msec PPP RA CI RP aT Figure 5 21 Ping Tool Dialog Box 2 Double click IP Address and type the correct IP address for the device you want to ping 3 Change the settings in the fields if required and click Ping FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 31 Managing the Switch 5 11 The Report Manager 5 11 1 Using the Report Manager Use the following procedure to view a log or report 1 Click Tools Report Manager If you are managing a stack select the IP Address of the individual switch 2 3 Report Manager Binary file Binary file Binary file Ascii file Ascii file Binary file e Query device for directory please wait a File received 263 bytes in I sec nee Figure 5 22 Report Manager Dialog Box 2 Double click IP Address and type the correct IP address for the device you want to receive the directory 3 Select a directory from the Directory list box and click View 5 32 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 12 The Telnet Facility 5 12 1 Purpose The switch s Telnet facility has the following main features D 5 D e 5 ae a D o
5. E 124 123 122 155 E 124123122166 124 12 3 122 154 select howto manage your device f Stack Management C single Device Management Upgrade firmware to aversion suitable for stack management Configure IP addresses Only needed if some of devices connected to the Matrix Module are uncontiqured Help Figure 2 9 The Manage Dialog Box 3 Ifthe switches don t have compatible software the Upgrade option is checked If one or more of the switches aren t configured the Configure IP address box is checked Select Stack Management Select OK The Upgrade Wizard starts automatically if software needs to be upgraded 2 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 10 Device Tree 2 10 1 Introduction The Device Tree displays the separate subnets on your LAN as branches in a tree This includes a branch that shows all the unconfigured devices on the LAN E E Discovered SMMP Device Tree Subnet 134 134 172 gt 13413417230 E Unconfigured Devices zm 0040035420083 n ie JJ m 2 D O 9 lt D z Figure 2 10 The Device Tree FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 10 2 Identifying Devices The Device Tree uses several icons to represent the individual devices Table 2 2 Device Icons in the Device Tree TS Device Description Recognized as a switch Recognized as a router Recognized as a hub
6. Introduction to the ES 2810 1 2 4 Slots for Media Modules After removing one or both of the cover plates the modules can be inserted to expand the functionality of the switch For information about using media modules refer to the documentation included with the module 1 2 5 Front Panel LED Functions The LEDs on the front panel have the following functions Table 1 3 Front Panel LEDs LED Shows the status for Port LEDs The operation of each port Green and Orange Status The operation of the switch 5 r O o O O o r D m n Power The internal power supply Temperature The internal temperature RPS The external redundant power supply redundant power supply 1 26 Buttons The buttons on the front panel have the following functions Table 1 4 Front Panel Buttons Button name Function Port Status Shows the operational status of each port Reset Reset or enter Maintenance Mode or Recovery Mode FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 5 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 3 Rear Panel 1 3 1 Introduction The rear panel has a cooling fan outlet and the main supply cable so you should position the switch with the rear panel facing away from you 1 3 2 View of Rear Panel The rear panel of the switch is shown below 1741 Figure 1 2 Rear Panel of the ES 2810 1 3 3 Rear Panel Parts The switch s rear panel has the following part
7. Right click a message to access the functions described in Table 2 11 Table 2 11 Right Click Command Options in Trap Window Refresh Reloads and updates all the information in this window Clears all the messages displayed Properties Enables color coding to be switched on and off and define maximum number of messages displayed 2 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 15 System Window 2 15 1 System Window The System window contains a log of all the major switch events with date and times for example return to factory default filter entry settings modules inserted in slots System logfile saved on Thursday October 22 1996 11 06 35 PC local time eyice Time Rep Message text 89 20 151 100 Module ID 3 iNo of ports 24 26 20 1531 100 Module slot 2 O Ho of ports 89 20 151 100 Module slot 1 O No of ports 0 9 20 151 100 Oct 21 23 19 02 Factory Default Configuration created 89 20 151 100 Oct 21 23 19 04 Mainboard unconfigured Setting default for ports 89 20 151 100 Oct 21 23 19 24 Station operative 26 20 1531 100 Oct 21 23 36 03 Manager session timed out 26 20 151 100 Oct 22 20 00 23 Port 7 amp forwarding mode has changed to Fragment Free from Cut Through 86 z0 151 1n0 0 Oct 22 20 00 48 Port F s forwarding mode has changed to Cut Through from Fragment Free Trap System Errors Figure 2 14 The System Window 2 15 2 Right Mouse Button Commands
8. oo ooooo 6 5 Main window COlOHCOGING us rre 2 26 commands fora port 2 25 commands for a single switch 2 22 commands for a switch in a stack 2 24 commands on a stack border 2 23 MOUSEMOVES 25g quii cU D est 2 21 Index 4 Maintenance Mode 1 5 7 6 7 7 Management through FORE Stack View 5 2 Manager ecc due cp aos 9 36 Managing the switch 2 15 Memory SZE usos 6 6 Message age expiry time change 3 25 MASSINS Parts Vu ebd srl as 1 8 Modules slots for lt 1 5 Monitor distribution of frames on a port 5 26 faults on a POL a odastsdc ra ds 5 26 IntraStack activity 5 13 packets transmitted from a port 5 27 performance of a port 5 25 received packets on a port 5 27 spanning tree statistics 5 7 5 17 spanning tree statistics on a port 5 26 stack performance 5 12 switch performance 5 5 total activity of received packets 5 6 5 16 total activity of transmitted packets 5 6 5 15 total number of errors 5 6 5 16 total packet activity 5 5 5 14 5 15 VLANSoOnapott vei ETRAS 5 28 MOROS excute ect et crest mi es 5 12 Mounting kit contents o 1 10 N Network extension and Spanning Tree A 23 Nominal power supply voltage 6 5 O Operating temperature 6 3 Overview all the ports rr hat
9. 1 Switch A Dropout 2 Activated Switch C by Switch B 3 1263 Figure A 3 Spanning Tree and Bridge Failures A 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 7 2 4 Network Extension If the network is extended by adding Switch D the Spanning Tree Algorithm must be capable of adapting automatically to the new topology that is Switch B stops looping by blocking the path to segment 3 1 Switch A Dropout m l Switch B E E E 1 Blocked Switch C Switch D by Switch B A 3 1264 Figure A 4 Spanning Tree Adapting to New Topology O O O D esp 7 o esp O 3 e FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 23 Concepts in Switching A 7 2 5 Port States When Enabled Each switch is identified by a switch ID and each port interface on a switch is identified by a Port ID Ports can be either disabled or enabled Ports which are enabled can be in one of the following states Listening Switches send messages to one another to establish the network topology and the optimal paths to the different segments of the network Other data is not transmitted Blocking The switch enters the Blocking State if a path with higher priority is found to exist during the Listening State Normal data is not transmitted Learning The switch enters the Learning State if no path with a higher priority is found during the Listen
10. 5 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 4 7 Stations on the Switch Use the following procedure to view the IP addresses of the devices that have accessed man agement on the switch 1 Click Monitoring gt Access Overview BS Switch Access Overview 89 20 151 100 File Options Help El el Managing the Switch D D e 5 ae S o r O gt Accessed by IP address Date and time of last access Protocol Tspeofaccess 83 20 0 31 83 20 1211 83 20 123 1 83 20 138 1 83 20 151 213 83 20 151 213 83 20 185 233 amp 3 2 185 233 1722 28 10 203 172 28 171 122 1272 28 171 175 122 28 171 175 1320 21 For Help press F1 0709498 14 13 55 07 09 98 13 47 40 7 03 38 12 53 53 07 09 38 14 10 13 7 03 38 13 58 43 07703738 14 18 01 0709238 10 11 45 07 09 38 10 45 45 0709498 13 45 54 7703738 11 25 58 0709238 14 08 43 07 09 38 14 18 23 07094398 11 43 01 Telnet Read only Read only Read only Read only Read only Head and write Read only Read only Read only Read only Read only Read only Head and write Figure 5 6 Access Overview Dialog Box 2 Tochange the order of the information click the appropriate title bar FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 5 Monitoring Using RMON 5 5 1 Purpose The switch contains several RMON functions These function provide a tool for collecting information about network tr
11. Q e oO 5 Type the new password Retype the new password in Retype new Click OK VU We SE ge se FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 15 Standard Configuration 3 11 2 Changing Timeout Details When there has been no input during the timeout interval the connection with Local Manage ment is terminated To change the timeout interval 1 Ze 3 4 Select Configuration Device Setup Click Local Management Type the new time Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 12 TFTP 3 12 1 Changing Password Details To give added security you can limit the number of staff authorized to transfer TFTP files by changing the TFTP password To change the password ll oy QU diee ih 19 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click TFTP Type the old password Type the new password Retype the new password in Retype new Select OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 17 O Oo 5 r Q c e oO TIAS Standard Configuration 3 13 Switching 3 13 1 Changing the MAC Address Ageing Time To change the time a MAC address is kept in the filter before being purged 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Switching Device Setup Punktum 37 x Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Local Management TFTP 7 Switchin
12. Router a device that forwards traffic between networks or subnetworks based on network layer information Routing Domain RD A group of topologically contiguous systems which are running one instance of routing Routing Information Protocol RIP a distance vector based protocol that provides a measure of distance or hops from a transmitting workstation to a receiving workstation Routing Protocol A general term indicating a protocol run between routers and or route servers in order to exchange information used to allow computation of routes The result of the routing computation will be one or more forwarding descriptions SBus hardware interface for add in boards in later version Sun 3 workstations Scalable Processor Architecture Reduced instruction set Computer SPARC a powerful work station similar to a reduced instruction set computing RISC workstation Segment a single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection Segmentation And Reassembly SAR the SAR accepts PDUs from the CS and divides them into very small segments 44 bytes long If the CS PDU is less than 44 bytes it is padded to 44 with zeroes A two byte header and trailer are added to this basic segment The header identi fies the message type beginning end continuation or single and contains sequence number ing and message identification The trailer gives the SAR PDU payload length exclusive of pad and contains a CRC
13. 7 12 LOOIS available airada dde 7 9 U Uninstalling FORE Stack View 2 4 V Ventilador baddamdo aiii 1 9 VLAN UU Bk PINE EE S 4 4 A Vp B epica desinat cias 4 5 ID OLIBa OD bis cabida 5 22 links to other switches 5 24 OVERVIEW eri da 4 1 5 19 A 28 policy hierarchy ir rtv 4 3 policy based aget x ere RR 4 2 DUELDOSE arriba 4 Voltage of Supply iie crew er 6 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Index W Warning IP multicast addresses and IGMP pruning 4 8 power cable aiii 444 hb bU Ede 1 16 when using STP with VLANs 4 2 when using VLANs 3 23 A 29 WIS TIE jurada a iride ARA 6 3 WiINGOWS IS soii eh ed oa bad assis 2 2 Windows NT osas 2 2 Workstation interface card 1 15 Index 7
14. MTU the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of physical medium Mbps megabits per second million Media Access Control MAC a media specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 specifi cations currently includes variations for Token Ring token bus and CSMA CD the lower sublayer of the IEEE s link layer OSI which complements the Logical Link Control LLC Media Attachment Unit MAU device used in Ethernet and IEEE 802 3 networks that provides the interface between the AUI port of a station and the common medium of the Ethernet The MAU which can be built into a station or can be a separate device performs physical layer functions including conversion of the digital data from the Ethernet interface collision detec tion and injection of bits onto the network FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 21 Glossary Media Interface Connector MIC fiber optic connector that joins fiber to the FDDI controller Message Identifier MID message identifier used to associate ATM cells that carry segments from the same higher layer packet Metasignalling an ATM Layer Management LM process that manages different types of sig nalling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels VCs including the assignment removal and checking of VCs Metasignalling VCs the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a User to Network Interface UND Metropolitan Are
15. Right click a message to access the functions described in Table 2 12 m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z Table 2 12 Right Click Command Options in System Window Funetione o Deenpion 0o Reloads and updates all the information in this window Clears all the messages displayed Pauses the normal updating of information in this window FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 31 FORE Stack View 2 16 Errors Window 2 16 1 Errors Window The Errors window shown in Figure 2 15 is a log of all error messages generated by the switch Error logfile saved on Wednesday October 21 18558 11 24 11 PC local time eyice Time Rep Message text Trap System Errors Figure 2 15 The Error Window 2 16 2 Right Mouse Button Commands Right click a message to access the functions described in Table 2 13 Table 2 13 Right Click Command Options in Error Window Functions Description Refresh Reloads and updates all the information in this window Clears all the messages displayed Pause Pauses the normal updating of informa tion in this window 2 32 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual GANAR Standard Configuration 3 1 In This Chapter This chapter covers the topics described in Table 3 1 Table 3 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Changing the Setup of the Switch or Stack Changing the Setup of the Port page 3 27 Chapter 4 contains instructions on how to con
16. Using Recovery Made may require you to reconfigure Your device NOTE The Recovery Mode Manager works on selected FORE Systems network devices Click Next to continue Cancel Help Figure 5 24 Recovery Manager Dialog Box The Recovery Mode Manager only works when the switch is set in Recovery Mode 5 36 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 13 2 Using the Recovery Mode Manager Use the following procedure to regain control of the switch 1 Locate the Reset button on the front of the switch Use a pointed object for example a paper clip press and hold approximately 40 seconds the Reset button until the Status LED blinks green slowly D 5 D e 5 ae a D o O gt 2 In FORE Stack View select Tools Recovery Manager 3 Follow the instructions in the wizard to regain control FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 37 Managing the Switch 5 14 DNS IP Conversion Tool 5 14 1 Using the DNS IP Tool DNS names are resolved by a DNS server or a Hosts file The station running FORE Stack View must be configured to use the DNS server when a Hosts file is not used To convert DNS names to IP addresses 1 2 3 4 Type in the DNS name Click Convert The IP address is displayed Click Close FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 15 Tools for the Stack 5 15 1 Tools Available for a Stack When m
17. You can now delete the first VLAN 3 Click Delete 4 2 7 Changing VLAN Mode To change the mode of operation of a VLAN 1 Select VLAN Setup 2 Click Advanced The VLAN mode is shown VLAM Advanced 69 20 151 100 Domain Setup WLAN made Stand alone m WLAN domain name ISTDALONE Server priority 32768 server expiry timeout so seconds Main IP Link to SNMP Management WLAN r IP Traffic IP Routing ATM ELAN DK i Help Cancel uansusssuanumansusasausuRRSRARRR Figure 4 2 VLAN Advanced Dialog Box FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual O Oo Q c ES oO pa9dUEAPY Advanced Configuration 3 Click the VLAN mode to see the full range of choices Table 4 2 VLAN Mode Options Stand alone For single switches There is no exchange of information with VLANs on other switches each switch is its own domain STDALONE For switches in a stack There is an exchange of information using VLANs between the switches in the stack these switches are in their own domain STDA LONE Distributed A domain is a collection of switches and can contain up to 128 VLANs If you select distributed each switch will be able to communicate with all the others in this domain Click the new mode and make sure the rest of the details are correct 5 Click OK Your switch may turn blue for a few seconds while the network stability returns th
18. constant bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB C Bearer Class C Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented variable bit rate service The network may perform internetworking based on AAL information element IE BCOB X Bearer Class X Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for ATM transport service where AAL traffic type and timing requirements are transparent to the network FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 5 Glossary Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B ISDN a common digital network suitable for voice video and high speed data services running at rates beginning at 155 Mbps Broadband ISDN User s Part B ISUP A protocol used to establish maintain and release broadband switched network connections across an SS7 ATM network Broadband Terminal Equipment B TE An equipment category for B ISDN which includes terminal adapters and terminals Broadcast Data transmission to all addresses or functions Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS in an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for accept ing broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFFP via dedicated point to point connections and forwarding the pack ets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection Brouter bridging router a de
19. customers should be handled through your local distributor No matter which method is used for support please be prepared to provide your support con tract ID number the serial number s of the product s and as much information as possible describing your problem question ji FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Preface Typographical Styles This manual uses different typefaces to represent different types of user input system responses and GUI objects Bold indicates GUI elements and control buttons and keys found on the keyboard For exam ple e Drag the ASX 1000 icon to the MPS container and click OK e Press Enter to proceed e The ELAN Adapter Properties dialog box appears Courier font represents command line interaction and file names and paths Bold Courier indicates commands and input that is typed by the user and italic courier represents variable parameters for which you must supply a value For example e Issue the uname a command and check that the SunOS version is 5 5 1 or 5 6 e Enter et1516 in the ELAN Name field e From the fvtop directory change the current directory to fvtop install and run the fvovlink script e You can also display information for a specific domain by entering the following myswitch display atmroute gt ptab lt domainid gt lt prefix gt lt plen gt myswitch display atmroute ptab 1 Menu items are shown in bold with gt characters specifying su
20. duplex settings and spanning tree set tings Add Port to VLAN Adds the port to a VLAN Port Details Displays comprehensive performance distribution and spanning tree details Displays as a graph the activity on the port VLAN Port Provides details about the MAC and IP Monitoring addresses on the VLANSs RMON Statistics Provides RMON statistics for the selected port m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 11 7 Color Coding The switch and ports are displayed in different colors as described in Table 2 9 Table 2 9 Switch and Port Display Colors Switch Gray The switch is operational the software is loaded and run Body ning and it can be contacted by FORE Stack View via the network Dark blue That switch is selected and various device specific parame ters can be changed using the right mouse button Ports Port enabled but no plug connected Light green Port enabled and plug connected Port disabled by management or a hardware error Dark blue That port is selected and various port specific parameters can be changed using the right mouse button Port mirroring is enabled here Stack border Dark blue The stack is selected and various stack specific parameters can be changed using the right mouse button Everything Light blue FORE Stack View has lost contact with the devices for switches ports and example the switch or your
21. ina standard rack 1 11 Indemilby oes vidc m cete eel 3 3 physical features 2 ees sientas 1 2 POSITION ira 1 9 PUDO O ccs acepten tesis 1 2 SEQUE ad ade Sd doe 3 2 software features oooo ooo oo o 1 3 stations On a 5 9 5 18 tools available 20 oidos 5 30 VEDIO castigadas misas cil y 1 9 Switch Position Organizer 2 9 System window facilities 2 31 T TEEN BR 2 9 tempera tte LED brebaje 1 21 TFTP change password 3 17 Stable TSS occas ewes ste rior 7 16 transferring files ciendo 7 17 TRVOUCN PUL seirene aa LE nes 6 6 Time to measure errors change 3 21 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Timeout details change 3 16 Tools Avail a DIE erre ooo oh ees 5 30 Tools for troubleshooting 7 9 Total packet activity monitor 5 5 5 14 5 15 Transfer files using TFTP 7 17 Transmitted packets monitor the total activity 5 6 5 15 Trap window facilities 2 30 IPEDS gt 2554545 haeo Sa en 2 30 3 8 3 9 Troubleshooting cable problefis a sec res 7 4 communication problems 7 14 configuration changes are lost 7 12 contacting technical support 7 15 forgotten password 7 12 isolating a problem 7 10 performance problems 7 13 Spanning Tree topology changes 7 14 start up problems
22. telephone network and offers in house connectivity To reach an outside line the user must dial a digit like 8 or 9 Private Network Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface PNNI a protocol that defines the interaction of private ATM switches or groups of private ATM switches Programmable Read Only Memory PROM a chip based information storage area that can be recorded by an operator but erased only through a physical process Protocol a set of rules and formats semantic and syntactic that determines the communica tion behavior of layer entities in the performance of the layer functions FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 27 Glossary Protocol Control Information the information exchanged between corresponding entities using a lower layer connection to coordinate their joint operation Protocol Data Unit PDU a unit of data specified in a layer protocol and consisting of protocol control information and layer user data Proxy the process in which one system acts for another system to answer protocol requests Proxy Agent an agent that queries on behalf of the manager used to monitor objects that are not directly manageable Public Data Network PDN a network designed primarily for data transmission and intended for sharing by many users from many organizations Pulse Code Modulation PCM a modulation scheme that samples the information signals and transmits a serie
23. 1 3 The Leaf Nodes cannot communicate directly to each other with this connection type Note Phase 1 signalling does not support traffic sent from a Leaf to the Root Point to Point Connection a connection with only two endpoints Point to Point Protocol PPP Provides a method for transmitting packets over serial point to point links Policing the function that ensures that a network device does not accept traffic that exceeds the configured bandwidth of a connection Port Identifier The identifier assigned by a logical node to represent the point of attachment of a link to that node Presentation Layer Sixth layer of the OSI model providing services to the application layer Primary Reference Source PRS Equipment that provides a timing signal whose long term accuracy is maintained at 1 x 10 11 or better with verification to universal coordinated time UTC and whose timing signal is used as the basis of reference for the control of other clocks within a network Primitive an abstract implementation independent interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provider Priority the parameter of ATM connections that determines the order in which they are reduced from the peak cell rate to the sustained cell rate in times of congestion Connections with lower priority 4 is low 1 is high are reduced first Private Branch Exchange PBX a private phone system switch that connects to the public
24. 1 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 1 Introduction to the product 1 1 1 Purpose of the Switch The ES 2810 uses your existing network cables to integrate switching technology into your computer network Each device in a workgroup or a network segment can communicate at a full wire speed of 10Mbps or 100Mbps to provide e High speed connectivity e Simultaneous two way communication between connected devices e Increased network throughput and performance e Increased server availability 1 1 2 Physical Features This switch offers the following features e Plug and play no need to configure the module to use the basic operations e 24x 10 100Mbps connections e Two option slots for modules e Front panel LEDs that show switch port and traffic status e Automatic detection of 110V and 240 V power supplies 1 1 3 Hardware Features The switch offers the following features e Each port can operate in one of three switching modes cut through fragment free or store and forward e Each port supports half and full duplex operation e Simultaneous full wire speed switching on all ports e RMON support for Statistics History Alarm and Events e Spanning tree support on all ports e Flow control e Permanent MAC address entries 1 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 1 4 Software Features The switch offers the following features e FORE Stack View for Windows 95 Windows 98 an
25. 1 3 Why Make Addresses Permanent If the switch receives a frame with an unknown destination address it sends or floods the frame out on all ports You can reduce flooding by specifying permanent addresses on a port these addresses are not removed regardless of how long they have been quiet You can allow only the defined MAC address es for a port to be able to use that port thus increasing security by preventing the intrusion of unknown devices Q O O D mp 7 o es O e Unfortunately defining permanent addresses on the ports can reduce your network s ability to move stations from one port location to another FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 27 Concepts in Switching A 9 VLANSs Virtual LANs The use of VLANs lets you A 9 1 Create separate user groups Easily relocate people and their PCs within the building Limit broadcast and multicast traffic Increase security because the groups can not communicate with each other Policy based VLAN These VLANS can be created based on the following policies Ports IP addresses IP subnets MAC addresses Any combination of the four policies above FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 9 2 Warning When Using VLANs It is important to be aware of problems that may arise when using Spanning Tree and VLANS The Spanning Tree can use alternative paths such as different ports to get
26. 5 6 5 16 VEAN S DETTO 5 19 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual P Package contents o ooooomomomomooo 1 7 Parts tear panel aio 1 6 Password Gb OP eode O ea 3 15 toreo Hen s Shrek Borate Pet OR abre 7 12 Performance problems troubleshooting 7 13 Permanent Entries 25 ooo peo Re Pd 3 10 Permanent Entry add a 3 11 O EAE EO td 5 31 Policy based VLANs 4 2 Port 107 TO0DaSe si m es 1 4 Chance Speed cet viene bee 3 3 31 CONSOLE ged tacit eb eir tcbo s 1 4 A tbe Endet 1 4 designation in Spanning Tree A 25 Giro T 3 30 disabled by management 1 19 distribution of frames 5 26 link pulse active scere RR 1 19 link pulse active collision detected 1 19 location NAME casu hoe red 3 29 monitor packets transmitted 5 27 monitor performance 5 25 monitor received packets 5 27 monitor SIP statistics 5 26 monitor the faults 5 26 IDOPDHLOL VEAN S ss od Ee od EUER 5 28 no cable connected 1 19 on front paneles aauina e Ene Rn 1 4 OVERVICW metet pce se Bie aed 5 8 5 16 A IRA EDU eae 3 28 MA sia tapia ida 1 4 Rx Tx traffic link pulse active 1 19 Port Mirroring add e rh Rs 3 14 Port Status button 1 5 1 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Positioning the Switch 1 9 Power CONMECHON xv tes durus mra cate usa 1 6 cONSUMPUO
27. 9 7 1 The information provided in this section is switch specific To get information about a switch including switches in a stack right click that switch General Information Managing the Switch D D e 5 e S D o r O gt 5 7 2 Overview of the VLANs on a Switch Use the following procedure to view the VLANs on the switch 1 Select VLAN gt Monitoring This shows a full list of VLANs active on the switch or in the domain if distrib uted VLAN or stand alone for a stack To view this window from the Explorer right click the VLAN name and select Monitor Click the name of the VLAN then click Details to view details of that VLAN Station Table Port Table MAG Addes col p UD pg Ede 0 8g DDODBDE 00202 Port 1 83 20 152 200 000080F42702 Port 1 0 0 0 0 O000S0F9BE02 Port 1 0 0 0 0 0000471 38F5E Port 1 0 0 0 0 0000 81017DC Port 1 0 0 0 0 000089108628 Port 1 0 0 0 0 000088108685 Port 1 0 0 0 0 00208 F 052382 Port 1 0 0 0 0 DDBDBCF120FF Port 1 0 0 0 0 020080400404 Port 1 0 0 0 0 1 02008050FE 03 Port 1 0 0 0 0 020080F00804 Port 1 0 0 0 0 D2ACS45D 258 Port 1 0 0 0 0 z 024009450428 Port 1 0 0 0 0 D2ACS45D568 Internal 83 20 133 102 08000978 408 Port 1 83 20 0 31 Figure 5 14 VLAN Details Dialog Box FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 19 Managing the Switch Click either of the tabs to view more details Table 5 2 Tab Options in the VLAN Details Dialog Bo
28. A AAA e RS SORA PR 3 30 3 18 2 Disabling Auto negotiation 0 0 0c ee 3 31 3 18 3 Changing Duplex Mode 2 0 eee 3 31 3 18 4 Changing the Port Speed 0 eee 3 31 3 18 5 Changing the Forwarding Mode ona Port 3 32 3 18 6 Changing the Flow Control on a Port o oo o o o 3 32 3 19 Port Specific Spanning Tree 4 vx Phe Re RH oae Ee een ated ar ts 3 33 3 19 1 UL DOSO 6a fe hai at rae E Me arae iiid 3 33 3 19 2 Changing the State of a Port o o o ooooocooooooonomo oo 3 33 3 193 Changing the Cost of the Patb oo ooocooooonoooo 3 34 3 19 4 Changing Priority of the Port in the Spanning Tree 3 34 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 5 Table of Contents CHAPTER 4 Advanced Configuration 4 1 MAINS CHAPE sed Ni ic 4 1 4 2 VIEATBNS CVIBIU ST ETATIS a ds dans 4 1 4 2 1 PUDO it a als 4 1 4 2 2 Warning When Using the Spanning Tree Protocol 4 2 4 2 3 Policy based MEANS i1 iride der hdd dnde oidos 4 2 4 2 4 PONCY e unu acortar kal or drei ag p ara CAR a MC ar OR dl A 4 3 4 2 5 PRAIA a VEAN ns usi a add Sy 4 4 4 2 6 Deleting a VEAN vo 2 c8 Ede acuta m Ro E aeuo a ucl de CR Bo ase x 4 5 4 2 7 Changing VLAN Mode 5 3 3 4n ona ratem och aden em Pedo 4 5 4 2 8 Ports WIE Eat ING errar atrae deor err ecu 4 7 4 3 GM ada oS esis t eain aed sd epo ion af Past c Ar eet ua 4 8 4 3 1 Warning when Using Prunin
29. BS AS SHE we Sk ed RAUS UOS 7 8 7 5 Trogbleshoolnd Tool S serin nhri sad rau decirte ao dicte ceo ARCH ER 7 9 7 5 1 Troubleshooting Tools Available o oo oooooooooo 7 9 75 1 1 The LED Indicators o o oooooocoononno oo 7 9 fala SONS cuadrada ta ieee oad dee aa 7 9 7 5 1 3 FORE Stack View 2 0 nara 7 9 7 6 Troubleshooting Procedure 0 ee eee ees 7 10 7 6 1 Isolating the Problem 0 7 10 7 6 1 1 To lsolate the Problem 0 0 0 0 cece eee 7 10 7 6 2 Further Evaluation of the ProbleM o oooooooooo 7 11 7 7 Typical Problems and Causes 00 ee ee ees 7 12 7 7 1 Start Up Problems vari a ederet dg o um ox edet dett seg deed 7 12 LIZ Pertormance PIODIeITIS soa uaa brasa ida 7 13 7 7 3 Communication Problems llle 7 14 7 7 3 1 The Most Common Problems are Cable Problems 7 14 7 7 3 2 Spanning Tree Topology Changes oo oooocoooo 7 14 7 7 3 3 To Troubleshoot Communications Problems 7 14 LL MWIEANSG si PAE beans Od dais 7 14 7 8 Contacting the Technical Assistance Center TAC o oooooooooooo 7 15 7 8 1 INWOCUCHON 2d EA AA 7 15 7 8 2 Things to do Prior to Contacting TAC o ooooooooooooo 7 15 7 8 3 Further Information on TAC llle 7 15 7 9 Retrieving Information for the TAC llle 7 16 7 9 1 Two Methods Available
30. Channelization refers to compliance with AT amp T Technical Reference 62411 regarding DS1 frame layout the sequential assignment of channels and time slot numbers within the DS1 D4 Framed Framing Format in T1 a 193 bit frame format in which the 193rd bit is used for framing and signaling information the frame framing bit To be considered in support of D4 Framing a device must be able to synchronize and frame up on the 193rd bit Data Communications Equipment DCE a definition in the RS232C standard that describes the functions of the signals and the physical characteristics of an interface for a communication device such as a modem Data Country Code DCC This specifies the country in which an address is registered The codes are given in ISO 3166 The length of this field is two octets The digits of the data country code are encoded in Binary Coded Decimal BCD syntax The codes will be left justified and padded on the right with the hexadecimal value F to fill the two octets Data Link Communications connection used to transmit data from a source to a destination Data Link Connection Identifier DLCI connection identifier associated with frame relay pack ets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model responsible for encoding data and passing it to the physical medium The IEEE divides this layer into the LLC Logical Link Cont
31. Configured by SNMP management from station 172 298 171 219 Configured for 22 seconds Figure 5 16 Configuration Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box The bottom 2 lines in this window are not displayed when the status is idle for example nobody is editing the VLAN 5 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 7 5 Information About the Server This provides status information about the server D e gt a This information is only available from switches o E in a stack or from switches in a distributed 2 VLAN gt gt 1 Select VLAN gt Status 2 Click Server Information VLAN Status Punktum 37 Server state This switch is cien Server priority of the active server pae s S Server priority of this switch 58 MAC VLAN database version 339 Active server aaas Active server connected through port Stack Interface Refresh Help Figure 5 17 Server Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 23 Managing the Switch 5 7 6 VLAN Links to Other Switches Use the following procedure to view the links between switches in a distributed VLAN This information is only available from switches E in a stack or from switches in a distributed VLAN 1 Select VLAN gt Switch VLAN Links This shows the IP address and MAC address of the other switches connected
32. Frequency 47to 63 Hz o o O zh O ES ct O T Detachable power cable Input protection Non replaceable internal fuse FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 6 5 Technical Specifications 6 4 Performance Specifications 6 4 1 MAC Addresses Table 6 8 lists the number of MAC addresses available on the ES 2810 Table 6 8 MAC Addresses Per Port MAC addresses per port Number of ports available for multiple addresses Max 8000 All 6 4 2 Throughput Internal backplane bandwidth 2 1Gbps 6 4 3 CPU IDT 79R3041 16 MHz 6 4 4 Memory Sizes Table 6 9 lists the memory sizes for the ES 2810 Table 6 9 Memory Size on the ES 2810 memory men Fish Memory Mb CPURAM MB Ber RAM M 6 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Technical Specifications 6 4 5 Supported Protocols Table 6 10 lists the supported protocols on the ES 2810 Table 6 10 Supported Protocols Document Reference Bridge Spamning Tree IEEE 802 1d Ethernet IEEE 802 3 Fast Ethernet IEEE 802 3u Full duplex flow IEEE 802 3x control Gigabit Ethernet n SNM mor Ethernet like MIB Ether like MIB RMON IGMP version 2 RSVP version 1 ESTE O Le D O O f o o FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 6 7 Technical Specifications FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual S PE IzA Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 1 In This Chapter Tab
33. Goes da bial tarde hod to dd hte bin Sse ek 1 16 1 8 2 The Power Cable disco dia Saale 1 16 18 21 Ground WV ANN Gace ras dp xd dona do eec M cde d 1 16 1 8 2 2 Power Cable Wiring Color Code o o oooo 1 16 1 8 2 3 Important forUKUse o oooocoococooonnooo 1 16 1 8 3 Power Supply to a Rack 0 ccc eee 1 17 1 9 modb PT ECL 1 18 1 9 1 Powering Up the Switch llle 1 18 1 9 2 Startup Procedure den dotate dei DEO adsl 1 18 1 9 3 POR MED Stade Sui ais E Pedo eio et ifs aes plis f d rg tcd ciue P eio 1 19 1 9 4 Default Settings After Start up o o oooooooooonoonoo 1 20 1 9 5 Anter SIBI AA Soeur mic ett rq E 1 20 1 10 Other LEDs on the Front Panel l l 1 21 1 10 1 NMOQUCION ze xoi donee a acne Ge De RD tee aed x 1 21 1 10 2 LED Colors and their Meanings cece ee 1 21 1 10 39 POM SlatuS BUNOMN eri me nes ise Eo bg E RUP Ets 1 22 CHAPTER2 FORE Stack View 2 1 In THIS CHADE aus acted iar ac ae mE Ovi em diaeta mS 2 1 2 2 System RequireMentS o o o ooooooooo eer 2 2 2 2 1 Requirements for FORE Stack View under Windows 2 2 2 2 2 DHCP Limitation 33 24 2 259 ag etek iot Bi ire mm eto Dee et 2 2 2 3 Installation and Removal 0 0 0 ccc ens 2 3 2 3 1 To start the Installation of FORE Stack View 2 3 2 3 2 To Install FORE Stack View for Windows o o o oooo 2 3 2 4 Rem
34. Help For more information about the use of the RMON facilities please refer to the on line help FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 11 Managing the Switch 5 6 Monitoring the Stack s Performance 5 6 1 Monitoring the Health of the Stack The Stack Health Monitor provides an overall status for the switches in the stack To view the health of the stack right click the stack border and select Stack Health Monitor i Switch Health 69 20 151 100 Figure 5 7 Switch Health Dialog Box If the condition of any of the switches changes the changes are displayed on screen 5 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 6 2 Monitoring IntraStack Activity Q Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets between the switches in gt the stack or across the Matrix Module E e 1 Right click the stack border and select IntraStack Traffic o z IntraStack Traffic Graph Slat CE X o File View Help IntraStack Traffic Graph Packets sec Sw 1 172 28 184 215 Sw 2 172 28 184 218 Sw 3 172 28 184 215 Packets transmitted from Sw 4 172 28 184 217 Packets received by Sw 1 172 28 184 216 Bl Sw 2 172 28 184 218 Sw 3 172 28 184 215M Sw 4 172 28 184 217 O EBEREENENE For Help press F1 Figure 5 8 IntraStack Traffic Graph Dialog Box Each column represents a Matrix Module port and its activity level 2
35. Manual Glossary End System ES a system where an ATM connection is terminated or initiated an originat ing end system initiates the connection a terminating end system terminates the connection End System Identifier ESI This identifier distinguishes multiple nodes at the same level in case the lower level peer group is partitioned End to End Connection when used in reference to an ATM network a connection that travels through an ATM network passing through various ATM devices and with endpoints at the termination of the ATM network Q O D Y Q lt Enterprise Terminology generally referring to customers with multiple non contiguous geo graphic locations Equalization EQL the process of compensating for line distortions Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EPROM A PROM which may be erased and rewritten to perform new or different functions normally done with a PROM burner Errored Second ES a second during which at least one code violation occurred Ethernet a 10 Mbps coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable where they contend for access Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event An Excessive Zeroes error event for an AMI coded signal is the occurrence of more than fifteen contiguous zeroes For a B8ZS coded signal the defect occurs when more than seven contiguous zeroes are detected Explicit Forward Congestion Indication EFCI the second bit of the payloa
36. Manual Glossary Interim Local Management Interface ILMI the standard that specifies the use of the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP and an ATM management information base MIB to provide network status and configuration information Intermediate System IS a system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection OAM cells may be generated and received Q O D Y Q lt International Standards Organization ISO a voluntary non treaty organization founded in 1946 that is responsible for creating international standards in many areas including comput ers and communications International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee CCITT the international stan dards body for telecommunications Internet note the capital I the largest internet in the world including large national back bone nets and many regional and local networks worldwide The Internet uses the TCP IP suite Networks with only e mail connectivity are not considered on the Internet internet while an internet is a network the term internet is usually used to refer to a collec tion of networks interconnected with routers Internet Addresses the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network Internet host numbers are divided into two parts the first is the network number and the second or local part is a host number on that particular network There are also t
37. Manual 1 15 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 8 Connecting the Power 1 8 1 Introduction After connecting the devices to the switch connect the power cable There are certain practical and safety considerations to be made before powering the switch on 1 8 2 The Power Cable 1 8 2 1 Ground Warning The switch is delivered with a power cable that fits the power sockets in your country If this is not the case contact your dealer immediately and ask for the correct power cable 1 8 2 2 Power Cable Wiring Color Code The wires in the power cable provided are color coded Table 1 9 Color Codes for Power Cable Wiring 1 8 2 3 Important for UK Use If the colors of the wires in the power cable provided do not correspond with the markings that identify the terminals in your plug 1 Make sure that the green and yellow wire is connected to the terminal marked with the letter E or with the ground symbol or is colored green and yellow 2 Make sure that the blue wire is connected to the terminal marked with the letter IN or colored black 3 Make sure that the brown wire is connected to the terminal marked with the letter L or colored red 1 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 8 3 Power Supply to a Rack If the switch is installed in a rack make sure the rack s power supply socket has a ground con nection and the rack is connected to a branch supply or a power supply socket
38. Notati0N A 17 A 6 1 3 2 Network Numbers e A 17 Ao 3 3 Glass A AddI688S sc ccc 0 0 xerox A 17 A6 1 3 4 Glass B Address sud eed A 17 A6 1 35 Glass G Address viu bRRRESS A 18 TOC 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Table of Contents AGTS6 lass D AdU esSS ess ira iras A 18 A 6 1 3 7 Addresses Available A 19 A 6 1 3 8 IP Address Class Overview o o o o o oooo A 19 A 7 Spanning NEE su at e na A 20 A 7 1 Warning When Using VLANS 0 000 eee ees A 20 A 7 2 Spanning Tree Protocol 0 ees A 21 A 7 2 1 Spanning Tree Protocol Concept o o ooooooo A 21 A 2 2 Bridging LOODS seso iso Gad 3e AAA des A 21 A723 Bridge Faure s iia A 22 A 7 2 4 Network Extension 0 00 0 ees A 23 A 7 2 5 Port States When Enabled o oooooooooo A 24 A125 Disabled Ports erat ai ria be A 24 A 7 2 7 Spanning Tree Topology 0 cee es A 25 A 7 2 8 Frame Propagation 0 0 00 nes A 25 Pete 9 UJ SDODI IIb re da mh e a a ak ee a RR A 25 A 7 2 10 Configuration BPDU Messages 2220005 A 26 A 7 2 11 Configuration BPDU Message Propagation A 26 A 7 2 12 MAC Address Ageing 00 cee eee ees A 26 A 8 Permanent Address Assignments 0 00 eee eee eee eee eee A 27 A 8 1 Permanent Explanation dich doo boto tede erede Dm eis nh
39. O gt e It can be accessed from any workstation on the network using Telnet e Access can be password protected to exclude unauthorized personnel e Two distinct levels of management rights administrator and user e Log files to pinpoint trouble sources to provide diagnostic information for trou bleshooting e Detailed system information and operational statistics 5 12 2 What Does It Do This facility is divided into four parts e Configuration Allows you to change the basic configuration parameters of the switch reset some of the configuration as well as save and load backups of the configuration e Monitoring shows A hardware and software overview Details on messages from the system log Normal traffic throughput Number of errors discards observations and collisions for the switch An overview of port specific errors discards observations and collisions Spanning Tree Protocol for the switch bridge and specific ports MAC addresses on specific ports and which ports have no MAC addresses VLAN details FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 33 Managing the Switch Troubleshooting shows A diagnostics log A log of errors due to software and hardware failures How to overcome the limitations that exist in some management applications RMON The option to reset all the counters being used for diagnostic purposes VLAN Forced Release Software Update lets you Load new software to t
40. Only stations that are not learned by MAC or IP rules are learned by a Port rule IP policies can be used only when IP learning is enabled on the respective ports p9dUEAPY O o e c e oO FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 4 3 Advanced Configuration 4 2 55 Adding a VLAN The task of adding VLANs is simplified by using the VLAN Wizard VLANs are not switch specific when managing a stack Therefore right click the stack border to access VLAN Setup To add a VLAN 1 Select VLAN Setup YLAN Setup FORE ES 2810 Switch The switch is operating with its own stand alone Vv LAM configuration VLAN Name Add Policies dis EM VLAN designated for SNMP management v Confirm connectivity x Gem ts Advanced I Figure 4 1 VLAN Setup Dialog Box 2 Click Add and follow the instructions in the Wizard windows Table 4 1 Information Required for Policies Information required IP Subnet IP Subnet and Mask Mixed policy IP Subnet and Mask Port numbers MAC address and or IP address 4 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Advanced Configuration 4 2 6 Deleting a VLAN To delete a VLAN 1 Select VLAN Setup 2 Click the name of the VLAN you want to delete Note you cannot delete a VLAN if it is the Designated Management VLAN To do this click another VLAN click Properties and then click Use this VLAN for SNMP management
41. Requests a id ee 7 5 Figure 7 2 BOOTP Process iuro re D eng m o de Del a dba ia 7 5 APPENDIX A Concepts in Switching Figure A 1 FOV COMOL sap tl Stande aed eo atom adas dec rE A 6 Figure A 2 Spanning Tree and Bridge LOOPS o o o ooooooooo A 21 Figure A 3 Spanning Tree and Bridge Failures A 22 Figure A 4 Spanning Tree Adapting to New Topology A 23 Figure A 5 POL Olalla td e te A 24 Figure A 6 Spanning Tree and VLANS 0 0 00 ce eee eee eee A 29 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual LOF 15 List of Figures LOF 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Preface This manual provides the necessary information to install the FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet switch Also included is general product network configuration and software administration information This manual is for users with various levels of experience For information about using the option modules available for the ES 2810 such as the ATM Uplink or the Matrix Module refer to the documentation included with the module If you have any questions or problems with the installation please contact FORE Systems Technical Assistance Center TAC using the information on page ii Chapter Summaries hapter 1 Introduction to the ES 2810 Provides an overview of the ES 2810 switch and installation procedures for the switch and its modules hapter 2 FORE Stack View Provides an o
42. This allows 126 class A networks Table A 6 Class A Addresses Aaa ARO 1107 6 8 4 2 100 EA Newark Hades A 6 1 3 4 Class B Address The class B address comprises a 14 bit network number and a 16 bit host address The two highest order bits are set to 1 0 This allows 16256 class B networks Table A 7 Class B Addresses O re O O eh T 5 o a ond O z 5 e AAA AAA AA AAA ARENA e SR FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 17 Concepts in Switching A 6 1 3 5 Class C Address The class C address comprises a 21 bit network number and a 8 bit host address The three highest order bits are setto 1 1 0 This allows 2072640 class C networks Table A 8 Class C Addresses AMAN AAA Ara e sin A 6 1 3 6 Class D Address The class D address is used as a multicast address The four highest order bits are setto 1 1 1 O Table A 9 Class D Addresses UDBBDBPBBOBDOCODBDBUOEECBOBBUBDDULDEEEE A Y 1110 Multicast Address No addresses are allowed which have the four E highest order bits set to 1 1 1 1 also known as class E address A 18 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 6 1 3 7 Addresses Available The following IP addresses are available for the different IP address classes n network part of the address E h host part of the address Table A 10 Address Ranges by Class Address Range available Not
43. VLAN named lt System gt and VLAN mode Stand alone mode VLANs allow you to create virtual networks using specific switch ports IP addresses IP subnets and MAC addresses e Flow Control is enabled on all ports e The connection with Local Management is timed out after 10 minutes if there has been no input during this period 1 9 5 After Start up This default configuration is adequate for simple workgroup environments to operate in basic switching mode Although the switch continues to operate without problems we recommend that you change certain parameters to suit your own requirements Follow the instructions in Chapter 2 to change the configuration while the switch is operating 1 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 10 Other LEDs on the Front Panel 1 10 1 Introduction There are three other LEDs and one button on the front panel that show how the switch is operating e Status LED e Temperature LED e Redundant Power Supply RPS LED e Port Status button 1 10 2 LED Colors and their Meanings The LEDs give information about the state of the switch 5 r O o O O o r D m o Table 1 12 LED Indicator Colors and Meanings Status Green Solid The switch is operating normally Blinking 1 Hz Updating software or running in recovery mode Blinking 5 Hz Running in maintenance mode Red The switch is resetting or either hardwa
44. VLAN or permanent MAC address entry the switch automatically checks for configuration conflicts with the Port MAC filters If a conflict exists you have two options e Change the VLAN or permanent MAC address setup This removes the conflict between the setups e Keep the VLAN or permanent MAC address setup e This automatically disables the Port MAC filtering If the Port MAC filtering is disabled you cannot use the Port MAC filtering facility until all the conflicting settings have been changed in the Port MAC filter VLAN or permanent MAC address entry Q O O D mp 7 o es O e A 5 6 5 Port port Relationships Versus Standard MAC Entries A port relationship takes priority over a regular MAC entry A filter for a standard MAC address can only accept destination ports that are a subset of the port port relationship entry FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 15 Concepts in Switching A 6 IP Internet Protocol The switch uses IP for management You need to configure the switch s IP parameters if e The switch is to be configured managed over the network from a boot server or network management system e You want to use SNMP management e You want to be able to establish a TELNET session to Local Management over the network A 6 1 IP Addresses A 6 1 1 Address Assignment An IP address consists of two parts network and host or local address The network part must be global
45. aia 1 8 1 5 Positioning and Installing the Switch llle 1 9 1 5 1 Allow Adequate Ventilation lll ees 1 9 1 5 2 Oma Desorden Dun ded ae 1 9 1 5 3 Rack Requirements oo ooocoocooooo leere 1 10 1 5 4 Mounino EST coacta sus tip nash te tds A bss AE 1 10 1 5 5 Tools Required for Positioning in a Rack llis 1 10 1 5 6 Ian Equipmieltit RACK v rod xe dede oc Toe o ro idt D res og ed 1 11 1 5 7 Ambient Temperature llle 1 11 1 6 HSAN A MJUE S20 snows eek se vta nx arie ES dunes 1 12 1 6 1 Inia o deese rcs vate qeetot Si Bese tate RN 1 12 1 6 2 Static free Working Area llle 1 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 1 Table of Contents 1 6 3 Avoiding Damage to the Circuit Board o oooooooo 1 12 1 6 4 Installing a Module o ooooooocoonnon ee ees 1 13 1 6 5 Removing s Mod le rares 3a d doe eios e e er os eq a ta 1 13 1 7 Connecting Other Devices llle 1 14 1 7 1 Jnlfeolei e m PP cL 1 14 1 7 2 Use Shielded Cables llle 1 14 1 7 3 Cables for the LAN Ports 0000 cence eee eee 1 14 1 7 4 RJ 45 Connector Pin Assignments 0000 cece eens 1 14 1 7 5 Connecting a Device to the RJ 45 PortS ooooooooooo 1 15 1 7 6 Cable for the Console Port 0 0 0 0 cc cee eee 1 15 1 8 Connecting the Power lille 1 16 1 8 1 INTOJUCHO acotaci n a See ard
46. check to ensure the SAR PDU integrity The result is a 48 byte PDU that fits into the payload field of an ATM cell Selector SEL A subfield carried in SETUP message part of ATM endpoint address Domain specific Part DSP defined by ISO 10589 not used for ATM network routing used by ATM end systems only FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 29 Glossary Semipermanent Connection a connection established via a service order or via network man agement Serial Line IP SLIP A protocol used to run IP over serial lines such as telephone circuits or RS 232 cables interconnecting two systems Service Access Point SAP the point at which an entity of a layer provides services to its LM entity or to an entity of the next higher layer Service Data Unit SDU a unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCOP an adaptation layer protocol defined in ITU T Specification Q 2110 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer SSCS The portion of the convergence sublayer that is dependent upon the type of traffic that is being converted Session Layer Layer 5 in the OSI model that is responsible for establishing and managing ses sions between the application programs running in different nodes Severely Errored Seconds SES a second during which more event errors have occurred than the SES th
47. field If the packet is error free it is forwarded otherwise it is discarded Store and forward forwarding is therefore the best forwarding mode to prevent errors being forwarded throughout the network The buffering used by store and forward also allows the switch to dispatch packets at a different rate than it receives them for example to forward packets from a 10Mbps network to higher speed networks such as a 100Mbps Ethernet A 1 9 Adaptive Forwarding Adaptive forwarding mode is a user defined facility to maximize the efficiency of the switch Adaptive forwarding starts in the default switch forwarding mode you have selected in the Switch amp Port window cut through if you selected adaptive mode as the default forward ing mode Depending on the number of runts and CRC errors at that port the mode changes to the best of the other two forwarding modes As the numbers of runts and CRC errors change so does the forwarding mode This is best illustrated by Table A 1 Adaptive Forwarding Modes i l Then adaptive mode changes Forwarding mode i the forwarding mode to Cut through High numbers of CRC errors Store and forward Low numbers of CRC errors and Cut through runts While CRC errors and runts are the most likely parameters to cause the forwarding mode to change they are not the only ones A 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 1 10 Latency Delays depend on the f
48. messages to their destination VLANs specify which ports can receive messages STP aa a A as Switch 1 FOCO O A a W a o O a Switch 2 Miro ak 1439 Figure A 6 Spanning Tree and VLANs In the above diagram we have two switches To the left we see the two switches connected and the ports are grouped in two VLANs A and B On the right we have enabled STP STP blocks the path between X and Z to avoid looping and therefore destroys the VLAN setup because the VLAN needs these ports to receive messages o Q o esp T 5 o esp O Q FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 29 Concepts in Switching A 9 3 VLAN Explanation You can create separate VLANs by assigning port numbers of the switch IP addresses of devices IP subnets and MAC addresses to a VLAN on the switch This effectively cuts the switch into completely independent segments VLANS are useful for e Security issues Groups can be isolated and the group traffic can be prevented from being switched to other groups e Limiting Broadcast and Multicast traffic on the network to the specific VLAN e Resource allocation departmental vs common resources Certain groups can be allocated to specific resources such as servers e Application specific reasons for example to provide firewall protection If you have a network that is subnetted you can configure the switch s VLANs to match the number of su
49. mouse actions However Windows users can also access most of them through the menu bar 2 5 3 The FORE Stack View Window There are three sections e Device Tree displays the separate branches on your LAN including a branch showing all unconfigured devices e Interactive picture of the switch or stack shows the port state or the Explorer which provides port and VLAN details for the switch or stack e Information section provides details about diagnostics traps errors and the system Using this window you can show activity statistics for the switch or the stack and for individual ports 2 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 6 Before a Switch is Contacted 2 6 1 Basic Menu Bar Commands Before a switch or stack is contacted the following commands are available through the menu bar The toolbar buttons are for users using FORE Stack View in Windows 2 6 2 File Menu The File menu contains one command Exit which enables you to exit the FORE Stack View When a switch or stack is open and the configuration has been changed and not saved to the Flash Memory as the permanent configuration you are asked if you want to save the new con figuration before exiting 2 6 3 Device Menu The Device menu contains the following switch commands e Install enables you to install a new device which does not have an IP address in FORE Stack View Can also be accessed by selecting
50. only use one VLAN Using two or more VLANs may cause unexpected alterations in your network topology A 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 7 2 Spanning Tree Protocol A 7 2 1 Spanning Tree Protocol Concept Since alternative paths are desirable for backup and other purposes IEEE and ISO have pro posed a standard to solve the problem of network loops The solution is called The Span ning Tree Protocol and is described in IEEE document 802 1D Local MAC Bridges A 7 2 2 Bridging Loops Within the Spanning Tree Algorithm switches connected in a LAN must detect potential bridge loops and then remove these loops by blocking the appropriate ports to other switches This is illustrated in the following diagram 41 Switch A 42 Switch B L E E Blocked by Switch B A A 3 1265 Figure A 2 Spanning Tree and Bridge Loops An alternate path has been established by connecting Switch B in parallel with Switches A and C this also creates a potential bridge loop However by using the Spanning Tree Algorithm Switch B breaks the loop and blocks its path to segment 3 O O D esp 7 o esp O 3 e FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 21 Concepts in Switching A 7 2 3 Bridge Failure If Switch A fails the Spanning Tree Algorithm must be capable of activating an alternative path such as Switch B
51. portion of the AAL Data is passed first to the CS where it is divided into rational fixed length packets or PDUs Protocol Data Units For example AAL 4 processes user data into blocks that are a maximum of 64 kbytes long Corresponding Entities peer entities with a lower layer connection among them cpath a FORE program used to manage virtual paths on a ForeRunner switch running asxd FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 9 Glossary cport a FORE program that monitors and changes the state of ports on a ForeRunner switch running asxd Cross Connection a mapping between two channels or paths at a network device Customer Premise Equipment CPE equipment that is on the customer side of the point of demarcation as opposed to equipment that is on a carrier side See also point of demarcation Cut Through Establishment of a complete path for signaling and or audio communications Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC an error detection scheme in which a number is derived from the data that will be transmitted By recalculating the CRC at the remote end and com paring it to the value originally transmitted the receiving node can detect errors D3 D4 Refers to compliance with AT amp T TR Technical Reference 62411 definitions for coding supervision and alarm support D3 D4 compatibility ensures support of digital PBXes M24 services Megacom services and Mode 3 D3 D4 channel banks at DS 1 level D4
52. public switch ing and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Source Virtual Destination VS VD An ABR connection may be divided into two or more separately controlled ABR segments Each ABR control segment except the first is sourced by a virtual source A virtual source implements the behavior of an ABR source end point Backwards RM cells received by a virtual source are removed from the connection Each ABR control segment except the last is terminated by a virtual destination A virtual destination assumes the behavior of an ABR destination endpoint Forward RM cells received by a virtual destination are turned around and not forwarded to the next segment of the con nection Q O D Y Q lt Virtual Tributary VT a structure used to carry payloads such as DS1s that run at significantly lower rates than STS 1s Warm Start Trap an SNMP trap which indicates that SNMP alarm messages or agents have been enabled Wide Area Network WAN a network that covers a large geographic area Wideband Channel Communications channel with more capacity 19 2K bps than the stan dard capacity of a voice grade line X 21 ITU T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines The X 21 pro tocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan X 25 a well established data switching and transport method that relies on a significant amount of processing to ensure reliable t
53. refer to Technical Service FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 15 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 9 Retrieving Information for the TAC 7 9 1 Two Methods Available If FORE Stack View is still functioning this information can be obtained using the Report Manager If the Report Manager is not accessible use TFTP procedures 7 9 2 Files Suitable for TFTP Transfer You can retrieve log files for analysis using TFTP Here are two of the various files suitable for TFIP transfer Table 7 3 Files Suitable for TFTP Transfer ASCII report for the Technical Assistance Center TAC Binary miaram miaram miaram Information for the Technical Assistance EN IXXXXXX P For example i9eb003 p A read write parameter file which contains the infor mation for configuring a switch some where else on the network 7 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 9 3 Transferring Files to and From the Switch using TFTP To transfer files using TFTP 1 At the command prompt start a TFTP session with the switch 2 To obtain a directory listing of all the files on the switch type get dir 3 Examine the directory listing to confirm the names of the files present in the switch Report log and filter files and a parameter file with a p or nvp extension appear in the directory listing 4 To retrieve the file that you want ty
54. s e Manage enables a switch or stack that has an IP address already assigned to be managed or configured Can also be accessed by selecting gt m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z e Discover enables you to set up how the Device Tree discovers devices and users e A list of IP addresses contains the last eight switches successfully contacted from FORE Stack View These can be used to manage the switch 2 6 4 View Menu The View menu allows you to customize the FORE Stack View display to your own prefer ences the Toolbar and Status Bar can be switched on and off 2 6 5 Monitoring Menu The Monitoring menu gives access to set the Default Preferences for FORE Stack View See Setting the Preferences on page 2 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual 2 7 FORE Stack View 2 6 6 Tools Menu The Tools menu has the following commands e Ping Sends ICMP echo packets to the switch Can also be accessed by selecting ius e A Report Manager Uploads reports logs and the parameter block from the switch Can also be accessed by selecting gil e A Recovery Manager Regains control of your switch if you have lost contact This is described in l The Recovery Manager on page 5 36 e ADNG IP conversion tool converts DNS names to IP addresses These are described in detail together with switch specific tools in 2 6 7 Help Menu The Help menu has the following commands for the switch e Hel
55. the air intake on the left and fan outlets on the right side and rear are not blocked WARNING The switch s lifetime and operational reliability can be seriously degraded by inadequate cooling FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 9 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 5 3 Rack Requirements Install the switch in a standard rack in accordance with IEC 297 or similar if the minimum outside measurements of the rack are 600 x 600mm 23 5 x 23 5inches you must allow 190 mm 7 5 inches of space at the rear 1 5 4 Mounting Kit The switch is delivered with a kit to attach it to a standard 19 inch equipment rack with side support rails The kit contains two mounting brackets and four screws for attaching the brackets to the sides of the switch 1 5 5 Tools Required for Positioning in a Rack In addition to the mounting kit you need the following items to mount the switch in a rack e Standard 19 inch rack with side support rails e 3mm screwdriver e Customer supplied screws for securing the switch in the rack Mounting screws are not provided because the required sizes may vary from rack to rack 1 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 5 6 In an Equipment Rack To mount the switch in a standard equipment rack 1 Attach the mounting bracket marked Left to the left hand side of the switch and attach the mounting bracket marked Right to the rig
56. the box to enable this mode S 3 4 Click OK o a FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 19 Standard Configuration 3 14 Adaptive Forwarding Mode 3 14 1 Purpose You can e Change the Sample Time e Define the minimum and maximum errors acceptable before changing the for warding mode While CRC errors and runts are the most likely E parameters to cause the switching mode to change they are not the only ones 3 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 14 2 Changing the Time to Measure Errors The sample time should be the shortest time needed to detect errors If the sample time is too great there may be too many errors before the forwarding mode changes To change the time the switch retains error counters 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Switching 3 Click Advanced Advanced Switching FORE E5 2810 Switch Sample time E seconds Number af errors to enter Store and horward le 20 1 Number af errors to esit Store and forward 4 20 1 Number af runts to enter Cut through 50 20 1 Number of runts to exit Cut through fi 00 20 1 Cancel Help Figure 3 11 Advanced Switching Dialog Box 4 Click Sample Time 5 Type the required number of seconds 6 Click OK pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 21 Standard Configuration 3 14 3 Changing Number o
57. the information provided does not appear to comply with your local or national rules and regulations consult your dealer before proceeding with the installation 1 4 2 4 Essential Reading It is important that you read the following e Warnings and the instructions earlier in this guide e The Release Notes included with the switch e The README TXT file on the CD ROM This gives a general description of the software and specific requirements e The quickstart guides for any modules you are using with the ES 2810 1 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 5 Positioning and Installing the Switch 1 5 1 Allow Adequate Ventilation The switch contains two fans to air cool the internal circuitry The air is drawn in from the left of the unit and expelled through the outlet grills on the right side and the rear To ensure correct airflow leave 100 mm 4 inches free space on both sides and behind the switch Do not allow the intake or outlet grills to become blocked 1 5 2 On a Desktop To install the switch in a desktop environment 1 Find the four rubber feet in the pack that contains the rack mounting kit 2 Remove the backing strip from each of the four feet 3 Attach the four rubber feet to the underside of the switch to ensure that the switch stands firmly 5 r o o O t O o D m p 4 Place the switch on a stable flat surface 5 Ensure that
58. to each port in this distributed VLAN 2 Click the appropriate title bar to change the order of the information 5 24 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 8 Monitoring the Port s Performance 5 8 1 Using the LEDs Using the Device View of the switch the different colored LEDs on the ports indicate the dif ferent states of activity Select Help gt Display Legend for further information on LED states D D e 5 e S o r O gt 5 8 2 Monitoring the Performance of a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the performance of a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Details gt Performance m Port 16 Details FORE ES 2810 Switch File Toole Options Help al lele 2 Performance Status Total packets 611 049 Interface 1 Base T 100B ase T Total octets 226 639 769 Duplex Frallli Utilization 00m x Speed 100 Mbps A Forward mode Cut throngh Flow control Enabled Transmitted Received Packets transmitted Brb Packets forwarded Sap HERE Packets local 83 064 Figure 5 18 Performance Tab of the Port Details Dialog Box This table shows the total number of frames and bytes utilization of the ports and the number of packets transmitted and received 3 To change the display from numerical to graphical click one or more of the num bers and select Tools gt Graph 4 Select Options gt Reset Counters to set all t
59. to determine which bits of an IP address denote the network number and which denote the host number Netmasks are use ful for sub dividing IP networks IP netmasks are written in dot notation e g 255 255 0 0 ISA Bus a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first IBM PC The origi nal bus supported a data path only 8 bits wide IBM subsequently developed a 16 bit version for its AT class computers The 16 bit AT ISA bus supports both 8 and 16 bit cards The 8 bit bus is commonly called the PC XT bus and the 16 bit bus is called the AT bus Isochronous signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent on uniform timing usually associated with voice and or video transmission International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications ITU T an international body of member countries whose task is to define recommendations and standards relating to the international telecommunications industry The fundamental standards for ATM have been defined and published by the ITU T Previously CCITT Glossary 18 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary J2 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Japan that carries data at a rate of 6 312 Mbps Jitter analog communication line distortion caused by variations of a signal from its reference timing position Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG An ISO Standards group that defines how to com press
60. toast AP heat E 3 6 3 6 1 PUNO rrr 3 6 3 6 2 SECUN DM ILLIC 3 6 3 6 3 Adding a Device iid had aco Sie Pace EOD io ar pas 3 7 3 7 WAS ri A 3 8 3 7 1 PUDO aaa 3 8 3 7 2 Addn a Map sia ia da Gated do ia as 3 9 3 8 Permanent EMGS vase Me hae on oe Se be oh dut e eee Sa MAS ee ra 3 10 3 8 1 RUIDOS ur 3 10 3 8 2 Adding a Permanent Entry llle 3 11 3 9 Me Hale o s ict Da desees 37473 antis nina Wises nop p dub m acne th e Eero ee 3 12 3 9 1 PUrDOSE daa ate dus oH a gode decus atte rab o ir bap ata M ue 3 12 3 9 2 Adding an Aggregate Link aaa 3 12 940 POMON etarras e rerom dr ar S a apr AUD ES a dh aae aao San RD 3 13 3 10 1 PUDO Ena oia ad eT Ax pe E dpt aul Eu uw v 3 13 3 10 2 Adding Port Mirroring 2 eee RR n a EUR en edes 3 14 3 1 Local Managemen uen trece e tanien s ede Ada if 3 15 TOC 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Table of Contents 3 11 1 Changing Password DetaillS oooooooooomo 3 15 3 11 2 Changing Timeout Details o o oooooooooo 3 16 SA2 AA bend en ics de baro A Hs dictada ear alti dpa ice ele Shas peto oH RO d bate 3 17 3 12 1 Changing Password Details 0 0 00 cee eee eee 3 17 SR OMM vig at lA da 3 18 3 13 1 Changing the MAC Address Ageing Time o o o ooooooo 3 18 3 13 2 Changing the Flow Control llle 3 19 3 133 Changing the Default Forwarding Mode 3 19 3 13 4 Enable Forwa
61. want Default uses the same flow control as specified in Device Setup Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 19 Port Specific Spanning Tree 3 19 1 Purpose You can e View the Spanning Tree setups for the port e Specify whether STP Spanning Tree Protocol is enabled on the port e Define which ports are going to be used most frequently 3 19 2 Changing the State of a Port To specity that a port is using STP 1 Click the port you want to change 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click Spanning Tree Port 1 Setup FORE ES 2810 Switch General Port Mode Spanning Tree Port Spanning Tree Port status Iv Enable spanning tree on this pork Path cost fi q Priority 1 2n pyepuels Cancel Help O oO Q e oO 5 Figure 3 16 Spanning Tree Tab of the Port Setup Dialog Box 4 Click Enable spanning tree on this port If there is a check mark in the box the port is used in STP If the box is empty the port is not used in STP 5 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 33 Standard Configuration 3 19 3 Changing the Cost of the Path The higher the cost the lower the chance of this port being used for forwarding traffic if there is an alternative route When possible give a port a low cost if it is connected to a faster net work segment To change the overall cost of the path between a port and the segment 1 Clic
62. with a ground connection To avoid overloading the circuit and damaging the wiring of the power supply the power supply to the rack must be adequate to cover the extra power consumed by the switch 5 r o o O t O o D m p FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 17 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 9 Power Up 1 9 1 Powering Up the Switch Follow these steps to power up the switch 1 Push the female end of the power cable into the main socket in the rear panel plug the other end into the power supply outlet 2 Make sure that the Power LED on the front panel is green If it isn t green make sure that the power outlet is working correctly switched on If the power outlet is on and the Power LED is not green then there is a fault within the switch and you must contact your dealer 3 Verify that an LED is lit for each of the front panel ports where a powered on device is connected 1 9 2 Start up Procedure Immediately after power up the following should happen during start up Table 1 10 LED Indications During Start up Stage STATUS LED Then the switch Turns to steady green Has started successfully If the Status LED remains red then the switch has not started successfully Try to restart it if the switch does not start contact your dealer Look at the other front panel LEDs during start up and check that they are operating correctly 1 18 FORE Sys
63. with each having enough bandwidth to carry one channel Gbps gigabits per second billion Generic Cell Rate Algorithm GCRA an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing and is part of the user network service contract The GCRA is a scheduling algorithm which ensures that cells are marked as conforming when they arrive when expected or later than expected and non conforming when they arrive sooner than expected Generic Connection Admission Control GCAC This is a process to determine if a link has potentially enough resources to support a connection Generic Flow Control GFC the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header Used to control the flow of traffic across the User to Network Interface UNI and thus into the net work Exact mechanisms for flow control are still under investigation and no explicit defini tion for this field exists at this time This field is used only at the UNI for NNI NNI use between network nodes these four bits provide additional network address capacity and are appended to the VPI field GIO a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics Inc workstations Header protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit Header Error Control HEC a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that is used for checking cell header integrity only High Density Bipolar HDB3 A bipolar coding method that does not allow m
64. 10 Specification Measurement Dimensions Width 17 35in 441 mm Height 3 26in 83mm Depth 12 95in 329mm Weight approximate 191b 8 6kg Recommended Sides 4 0in 100mm clearance Rear 7 7in 190mm 6 2 3 Environmental JeoiuuooL o y O y O S ct O T Table 6 4 lists the environmental specifications for the ES 2810 Table 6 4 Environmental Specifications for the ES 2810 Operating temperature 41 F to 104 F 5 C to 40 C ASF to 158 F 25 C to 170 C Less than 85 non condensing 10000 fest 3048 meters FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 6 3 Technical Specifications 6 2 4 LEDs Table 6 5 lists the number of LEDs on the ES 2810 Table 6 5 LEDs for the ES 2810 Number of LEDs Port Power Status Temperature RPS 6 2 5 Connections Table 6 6 list the number of connections available on the ES 2810 Table 6 6 Available Connections for the ES 2810 10 100Mbps 10 100BaseTX 24 RJ 45 6 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Technical Specifications 6 3 Power Specifications 6 3 1 Consumption Power consumption 100 W maximum 6 3 2 Power Supply Table 6 7 lists the power supply specifications for the ES 2810 Table 6 7 Power Supply Specifications ESTE Nominal power supply 100 to 120 V AC 2 5 A voltages 200 to 240 V AC 1 5A Class 1 protective ground Voltage range 90 to 135 V 180 to 265 V
65. 15 Switching Tab of the Device Setup Dialog Box 3 18 LOF 13 List of Figures Figure 3 11 Figure 3 12 Figure 3 13 Figure 3 14 Figure 3 15 Figure 3 16 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 CHAPTER 5 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 Figure 5 4 Figure 5 5 Figure 5 6 Figure 5 7 Figure 5 8 Figure 5 9 Figure 5 10 Figure 5 11 Figure 5 12 Figure 5 13 Figure 5 14 Figure 5 15 Figure 5 16 Figure 5 17 Figure 5 18 Figure 5 19 Figure 5 20 Figure 5 21 Figure 5 22 Figure 5 23 Figure 5 24 Figure 5 25 LOF 14 Advanced Switching Dialog Box o oooooooooo 3 21 Spanning Tree Blocking to Prevent Loops 3 23 Spanning Tree Tab of Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 24 General Tab of Port Setup Dialog BOX 3 28 Port Mode Tab of Port Setup Dialog BOX 3 30 opanning Tree Tab of the Port Setup Dialog Box 3 33 Advanced Configuration VLAN Setup Dialog Box 2 0 0 cc eee 4 4 VLAN Advanced Dialog Box 00 cece ee ees 4 5 P Tame Dialog BOX esha ch Se fe he ste D cete get adn de RR irs ae 4 7 Managing the Switch Device Information Dialog BOX o 0 ooooooooooo 5 3 Hardware Information Dialog Box oooooo o 5 4 Total Packets View llle 5 5 Spanning Tree Statistics Dialog BOX o ooo 5 7 Port Overview Dialog BOX oooooooocnoooo ooo 5 8 Acc
66. 1950 CSA 22 2 No 950 and EN 60950 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 1 Introduction to the product oo o ooocoooo res 1 2 1215 Purpose of the Switch aana coils cele 1 2 1 1 2 Physical FO US sn queue bBo Race do Ded de 290867 o a Me E 1 2 1 1 3 Flardware Fealilfes o uad d deu RE PE Ep ER XE Sii 1 2 1 1 4 Sotware Features s Suus bun bre Sd e e Reni bordo ani Week Pas 1 3 1 2 Font m A Staal eae Ba be ea Ee 1 4 1 2 1 TFOGUICTI ONS eeu dete ico a a ek etd adi 1 4 1 2 2 View of the Front Panel 0 0 00 eee ee ee 1 4 1 2 3 Front Patel OBS asm dam adip Bock Ao oe UA la ia 1 4 1 2 4 Slots for Media Modules aaan RR 1 5 1 2 5 Front Panel LED T UDCUOF S uo e ar rre E ERE HH eee PH aces 1 5 1 2 6 SA A A AA AO 1 5 1 3 a O E RR A 1 6 1 3 1 Introd TOPs aco iecore dit onto nt o eet ean e EN od EG sn d 1 6 1 3 2 VIEW O Rear Panel cesses ais bare E qa Reo tb asado 1 6 T5349 Earrarel falfo amas uices dandis seo Dated ii d d wee Bee tendon Se 1 6 1 4 INSTA ON MEER a cios AS E E T A lea aes A 1 7 1 4 1 MOORA eepe gara enne See fo wie Ges neepa ating amp Sew hn ye dnl ees 1 7 1 4 2 Beiore installation a un eui ina ete bee do a o dad 1 7 142 1 Contents or the Packe iae Oe ee Cathet adas 1 7 1 4 2 2 Check the Package Contents 0 0000 e eee eee 1 8 1423 GhecocAILESbSlS 2s 22 rodeo abu e ono eo E Boe boe a 1 8 1 4 2 4 Essential Reading tick vu E jah Roter
67. 2 BOOTP Process FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 5 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 4 Using Maintenance Mode 7 4 1 Purpose Maintenance Mode offers three facilities 7 4 2 It allows you to force the switch to load a specified software file from any speci fied TFTP server It provides an emergency facility to force boot the switch from a specified boot server if the switch cannot boot from Flash Memory From Maintenance Mode the switch is forced to issue a BOOTP request with the name of the boot software to a specified boot server This is useful if the boot server being used does not support the use of a bootptab file It runs tests on hardware and provides diagnostic information Loading software to the switch in Maintenance E Mode should only be done as a last resort This is because the software and configuration already resident in the flash memory is overwritten and lost Important Considerations Consider these points when using Maintenance Mode The switch is not operational and the expansion board ports cannot be used Only simple command line access is possible via the Console port There is a delay before you see the command prompt this is due to a hardware test routine being completed FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 4 3 To Enter Maintenance Mode To enter Maintenance Mode 1 Using a pointed tool suc
68. 204845F0E 0 Bridge address Root path cost az Root pork Localroot A ade genie Hello time Bridge hella time Forward delay i Bridge forward delay Mas age Bridge max age Ageing time cole Topology AAA Topology age 5 353 Topology change tine ES Figure 5 12 5panning Tree Statistics for a Whole Switch FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 17 Managing the Switch 5 6 10 Stations on the Switch Use the following procedure to view the IP addresses of the devices on the switch 1 Select Monitoring gt Access Overview Stack Access Overview 172 28 184 715 83 20 0 31 OF 409 98 14 13 56 SNMP Read only 83 20 121 1 OF 405 99 13 47 40 SNMP Read only 83 20 123 1 07 03 38 12 53 53 SNMP Read only 83 20 138 1 07 09 98 14 10 13 SNMP Read only 83 20 151 213 0709 98 13 58 43 TFTP Read only 83 20 151 213 02203738 14 18 01 SNMP Read and write 83 20 185 233 07 03 38 10 11 46 TFTP Head anly 83 20 185 233 070998 10 45 45 SHMP Read anly 172 28 170 203 0720998 13 45 54 SNMP Read only 172 286 171 122 0720998 11 25 58 SNMP Read only 172 268 171 175 07 03 38 14 08 49 TFTF Read only 172 280 171 175 OF 709 98 14 18 23 SNMP Read only 1920 21 07 03 38 11 43 01 Telnet Read and write Figure 5 13 Stack Access Overview Dialog Box 2 To change the order of the information click the appropriate title bar 5 18 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 7 Monitoring VLANs
69. 28 2 13 3 Diagnostic Details Window llle 2 29 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 3 Table of Contents 2 14 Wap VVIDOOW s ied ex A AN 2 30 2 14 1 Traps Window sos doge magn eds eed gy e RR al oh wae dec ce ea i 2 30 242 COIOMCOGING iso ER eh ance Eb A Ma hbase eee 2 30 2 143 Right Mouse Button Commands 0000 2c eee 2 30 2 15 System VVIDOOWa e acai eee a eed a ow aca dubia ac ee ee 2 31 2 15 1 SySIem WIN Wi Lorraine a seid ae 2 31 2 15 2 Right Mouse Button Commands ooccccccccc o 2 31 2 10 EAS O sated eo o le de pt o d d 2 32 2 16 1 Errors VVIDOOW 3 adi rd Re Rete oer Rok La ew Eri S da cte C aa 2 32 2 16 2 Right Mouse Button Commands 00 002 o 2 32 CHAPTER 3 Standard Configuration 3 1 MTNS Chapter few Pm 3 1 3 2 Changing the Setup of the Switch or Stack 2 0 nananana aaa aaea 3 2 3 2 1 Improving Switch Security 0 0 6 eee 3 2 3 2 2 Using Ihe MOUSE quo Da daa a wis Pega 3 2 3 3 System COMIQUIATON wens cons y me cit ton oe eo pate we Oo ee 3 3 3 3 1 Identifying the Switch oooooooococoooooo eens 3 3 3 4 Internet Protocol Configuration x 5 3 aw sed ER e SR RACER Teu 3 4 3 4 1 Changing IP Details ui uan ai dad Be deca dt dede BaP a RS s 3 4 3 5 Locari TMe ContigurallOl 42 dcr ur em tet PESOS hye id a 3 5 3 5 1 Setting the Date and Clock to Local TiMe o 3 5 3 6 PUM HIG QUEE mota aed 10e dele at c atatim als
70. 6 Changing the Hello Expiry Time To change the time between transmissions of configuration BPDUs from a switch that is or attempting to become the root E E a usi qua Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Spanning Tree Click Hello Timer Expiry Type the required number of seconds Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 25 O Oo 5 r Q c ES Oo pyepuels Standard Configuration 3 15 7 Changing the Forward Delay Expiry Time To change the time between port states while the bridge attempts to become the root 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Spanning Tree Click Forward Delay Timer Expiry Type the required number of seconds Click OK E O E 3 15 8 Changing the State of the Ports To specify that all ports are using Spanning Tree Protocol 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Spanning Tree 3 Click Enable All Ports The ports are able to resolve problematic network loops using STP 4 Click OK 3 26 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 16 Changing the Setup of the Port 3 16 1 Purpose You can configure the port to operate in different ways according to your network s require ments e Change the port state e Select the auto negotiation mode e Change each port to half or full duplex If auto negotiation is not enabled e Specify the speed of the port If auto negotiation is not enabled
71. ATM standards and implementation specifications Cell Transfer Delay the transit delay of an ATM cell successfully passed between two desig nated boundaries See CTD Cell Transfer Delay CTD This is defined as the elapsed time between a cell exit event at the measurement point 1 e g at the source UNI and the corresponding cell entry event at the measurement point 2 e g the destination UNI for a particular connection The cell transfer delay between two measurement points is the sum of the total inter ATM node transmission delay and the total ATM node processing delay Channel A path or circuit along which information flows FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 7 Glossary Channel Associated Signaling CAS a form of circuit state signaling in which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively and associated with that specific circuit Channel Bank A device that multiplexes many slow speed voice or data conversations onto high speed link and controls the flow Channel Service Unit CSU An interface for digital leased lines which performs loopback testing and line conditioning Channelization capability of transmitting independent signals together over a cable while still maintaining their separate identity for later separation Circuit A communications link between points Circuit Emulation Service CES The ATM Forum circuit emulation se
72. BR services See SES Digital Access and Cross Connect System DACS Digital switching system for routing T1 lines and DS 0 portions of lines among multiple T1 ports Digital Cross connect System DCS an electronic patch panel used to route digital signals in a central office Digital Standard n 0 1 1C 2 and 3 DSn a method defining the rate and format of digital hierarchy with asynchronous data rates defined as follows DSO 64kb s 1 voice channel DS1 1 544Mb s 24 DSOs DS1C 3 152 Mb s 2 DS1s DS2 6 312 Mb s 4 DS1s DS3 44 736 Mb s 28 DS1s Synchronous data rates SONET are defined as STS 1 OC 1 51 84 Mb s 28 DS1s or 1 DS3 STS 3 OC 3 155 52 Mb s 3 STS 1s byte interleaved SIS 3c OC 3c 155 52 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 12 OC 12 622 08 Mb s 12 STS 1s 4 STS 3cs or any mixture SIS 12c OC 12c 622 08 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 48 OC 48 2488 32 Mb s 48 STS 1s 16 STS 3cs or any mixture DIP Dual In line Package Switch a device that has two parallel rows of contacts that let the user switch electrical current through a pair of those contacts to on or off They are used to reconfigure components and peripherals Domain Name Server a computer that converts names to their corresponding Internet num bers It allows users to telnet or FTP to the name instead of the number FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 11 Glossary Domain Naming System DNS the d
73. Device contacted but not recognized 9345 Lost contact with device 2 10 3 Installing and Managing Switches Double clicking the switch s IP address or MAC address opens existing switches in the FORE Stack View window or starts the Install Wizard for new switches 2 18 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 10 4 Right Mouse Button Commands By positioning the mouse pointer in the Device Tree and clicking the right mouse button the following functions are available Table 2 3 ETE Click Command Options in the Device Tree Is a Device View IP E Sorts the devices by their IP addresses EE Sorts the devices by their DNS names Add SN If a device has not been auto detected then you can add it to the tree You need to know its IP address Find Locates a specific device by searching for its IP address Refresh Polls the network and redisplays the tree If a new device has been connected it will appear after a refresh Launch With Opens the switch in FORE Stack View Statistics Provides subnet management statistics Lists monitored traffic on a subnet Enables activity alarms to be set Sets events defined by Log Trap or Log and Irap FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 19 MOIA A981S 3404 FORE Stack View 2 11 Device View Main Display 2 11 1 Switch Contacted When FORE Stack View contacts the switch or stack the front interface side of the swit
74. ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Guide March 1999 Rev A MANUO330 03 Stack View Version 2 05 FORE Systems Inc 1000 FORE Drive Warrendale PA 15086 7502 Phone 724 742 4444 FAX 724 772 6500 URL http www fore com me iq SYSTEMS Legal Notices Copyright 1999 FORE Systems Inc All rights reserved U S Government Restricted Rights If you are licensing the Software on behalf of the U S Government Government the following provisions apply to you If the Software is supplied to the Department of Defense DoD it is classified as Commercial Computer Software under paragraph 252 227 7014 of the DoD Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regu lations DFARS or any successor regulations and the Government is acquiring only the license rights granted herein the license rights customarily provided to non Government users If the Software is supplied to any unit or agency of the Government other than DoD it is classified as Restricted Computer Software and the Government s rights in the Soft ware are defined in paragraph 52 227 19 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations FAR or any successor regulations or in the cases of NASA in paragraph 18 52 227 86 of the NASA Supplement to the FAR or any successor regulations TRADEMARKS FORE Systems AVA ForeRunner ForeThought ForeView and PowerHub are registered trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All Roads Lead To ATM ASN ATV CellChain Cel
75. IAS A 11 A 5 PROFES Scala pra dup ea uot abe eee moles ae art d e UE de A 12 A 5 1 INMOQUCIO Na sr ri bi wh Ge Baad ee A 12 A 5 2 FLD OSC ai a a A chs ea de aie AOS A 12 A 5 3 Conflicts with Other SettingS 0 llle A 12 A 5 4 Add a POG PICK s c ida dida a dite eee Edi ded Sun ica andis A 13 ASAT Introd cllol x5 esie he Sack dd x ELE dd dare Exe oed A 13 A 5 4 2 Types of Port Filter Entry oo oooooooo A 13 A 5 5 MAC addresses ca son arre dl Mese br Sexo Rs ea IR we B io gol b E E A 14 A 5 5 1 Entering a MAC Address 0 000 A 14 A 5 5 2 Violation of Port MAC Filter lene A 14 A 5 5 3 The Switch s Own MAC Address is Part of a Filter Entry A 14 A 5 6 Port Filter PriorilleS s su srta S ao me wed ees el dled A 15 A59 1 ANTOQUCHO Ns xiu Sx EC aia xcd qul dio A 15 A 5 5 2 NEANS oia sati br doe D ndo d Ego a a era rA A 15 A 5 6 3 Permanent Port Entries lt lt A 15 A 5 6 4 To Remove Conflicting Setups ooooooooo A 15 A 5 6 5 Port port Relationships Versus Standard MAC Entries A 15 A 6 IF Internet Protocol sd 2802 2 pi ec d m dad deu doa de eer ta nie fo aco A 16 A 6 1 IP Addi6sS65 2 recur du ec in Ene diet oh Resi eed teins ce t A 16 A 6 1 1 Address Assignment 0 00 ccs A 16 A 6 1 2 Frame Types and Type Codes 0000 eee A 16 A 6 13 IP Address Structure o o A 17 A 6 1 3 1 Address
76. N merrer eena pas 6 5 supplied from a rack 1 17 Power cable WOEDITIE ns skies ep EE Reid PUES 1 16 wiring color code oos op rog Sent 1 16 Powet Supply 532i RS rese RES 6 5 Power up port LED States zoe ehiv IE SORS 1 19 PLOCECULS susana sao 1 18 Protocols supported ooo oo ooooooo o 6 7 L Uurpo5e asas a 1 2 4 1 R Rack power supply esos er eR 1 17 Read before starting o oooooooo 1 8 Rear panel CONMECHONS ri a 1 6 cesa Li de 1 6 Received packets monitoring 5 6 5 16 Recovery Manager sese 9 36 Redundant power supply connector 1 6 Remove amodule 1 13 Rename POR ad or da 3 28 Report Manager FORE Stack View 5 32 Requirements for THO Pack a4 56 5856 sequ Lee AR 1 10 installation for Windows 2 2 Reset E tO de ds iS 1 5 SS DOLE os Dosis bee Ribes ead hrs 1 4 RMON purpose of o occccccccoo mom 5 10 JSOOE LOL variadas A 25 RPS cucontedb uda bim vwsiieluua P lesa te E 1 21 ISubberdoeb ao irna sb EIS aaa 1 9 Index 5 Index S Security improving o ooooocoocmoo o 3 2 Set date and clock to local time 3 5 SNMP in troubleshooting 7 9 restrictions defined by default 1 20 Software features of 000 1 3 opani TCC 30d Seas 1 20 7 hop limit bridging A 25 blocking Staten oiov en es A 25 brudee failure iier ios A 22 CHANCE PHONY essere 3 24 Configurati
77. PC is disconnected from the stack border LAN 2 26 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 12 Explorer 2 12 1 FORE Stack View Explorer The Explorer within FORE Stack View displays management information for example VLANS on this switch and other switches gt 42 VLANs a FORE Systems Switch Systern Switch name FORE ES 2810 Switch Na Part WLAN Domain tab3d1 78 A Pot VLAN Made Stand Alane Ex E Port 2 Ma of VLAMs 1 dh Port 3 dh Port 4 dh Port 5 dh Port 6 A Port Device View Explorer Figure 2 12 The FORE Stack View Explorer If a switch is disabled or not operational it is displayed with a red cross through it General management information for the switch is accessed from the Monitoring menu m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual 2 2 FORE Stack View 2 13 Diagnostics Window 2 13 1 FORE Stack View Diagnostics The Diagnostics window helps you troubleshoot the switch stack to get it working properly in case of problems The Diagnostics window lists any problems detected by the switch stack and notes the level of the problem fatal error error or note and the port on which the error occurred Messages are automatically cleared from the list when the problem no longer exists 2 13 2 Right Mouse Button Commands Right click a message and FORE Stack View offers Table 2 10 Right Click Command Opti
78. Pointer LOP a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of Signal LOS a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines or a condition declared when the DTE senses a loss of a DS1 signal from the CPE for more the 150 milliseconds the DTE generally responds with an all ones Blue or AIS signal Management Information Base MIB the set of parameters that an SNMP management station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device e g router Maximum Burst Size MBS the Burst Tolerance BT is conveyed through the MBS which is coded as a number of cells The BT together with the SCR and the GCRA determine the MBS that may be transmitted at the peak rate and still be in conformance with the GCRA Maximum Burst Tolerance the largest burst of data that a network device is guaranteed to handle without discarding cells or packets Bursts of data larger than the maximum burst size may be subject to discard Maximum Cell Delay Variance MCDV This is the maximum two point CDV objective across a link or node for the specified service category Maximum Cell Loss Ratio MCLR This is the maximum ratio of the number of cells that do not make it across the link or node to the total number of cells arriving at the link or node Maximum Cell Transfer Delay MCTD This is the sum of the fixed delay component across the link or node and MCDV Maximum Transmission Unit
79. Switch Ele Views Help alle 201 so wwwes z2 8 Fort Activity Rx Packets tor Part IE an a 21 A doe aa a DIL a xig uuu A ILLI LL ml AA LLL LLL LEE E LIE LET V e n Ml TET TTT E i a PCOVALERCET COST ETT PRE REALE HIME RUT LRT F B xir ro rcbus ada ed DAD ar qusc Loupe da Ic Total Packets second Multicast Packets second Broadcast Packetssecond For Help press F1 Statys Stopped Figure 5 19 Port Activity Graph Dialog Box 3 To change the graph click 3D 4 To freeze the graph click View gt Stop Collection 5 8 7 Monitoring the Packets Transmitted from a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the transmitted packets on a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Activity gt TX Packets 3 Tochange the graph click 3D 4 To freeze the graph click View gt Stop Collection FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 27 Managing the Switch 5 8 8 Monitoring the VLANs on a Port Use the following procedure to view the VLANS on the port 1 Right click and select VLAN Port Monitoring BB YLAH Port Monitoring FORE ES 2810 Switch Port 7 Elle Options Help al el 2 System Figure 5 20 VLAN Port Monitoring Dialog Box 2 Click either of the tabs to view details of that port as described in Table 5 3 Table 5 3 Tab Options for VLAN Port Monitoring Dialog Box Tab Name Shows the VLAN s Double click a row to show the VLAN Table in whi
80. Switching Spanning Tree System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring E Switch 1 Part 1 Switch 1 Part 3 Enabled Switch 3 Part 3 Switch 3 P art 7 Disabled E Edit Delete Figure 3 8 Port Mirroring Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Click Add 4 Forastack click Switch and select one 5 Click Reflect from and select the port that you want 6 Click Reflect to and select the port to where the traffic can be debugged monitored 7 Click OK 3 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 11 Local Management 3 11 1 Changing Password Details The administrator has read write access at all levels The user can read the monitoring screens but cannot change the configuration update software or reset the station To prevent unautho rized personnel changing configurations 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Local Management Stack Setup 172 28 184 200 x System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring Loca Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Administrator Password Retype new Retype new Timeout i 0 minutes Cancel Help Figure 3 9 Local Management Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box You can change the passwords for the Administrator and User Type the old password pyepuels O oO
81. TM Layer to support com munication between two or more ATM service users i e between two or more next higher layer entities or between two or more ATM entities The communication over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional The same Virtual Channel Identifier VCI is used for both directions of a connection at an interface FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 3 Glossary atmarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates ATM ARP entries maintained by the given device driver This is also used to establish PVC connections ATM attached Host Functional Group AHFG The group of functions performed by an ATM attached host that is participating in the MPOA service atmconfig a FORE program used to enable or disable SPANS signaling atmstat a FORE program that shows statistics gathered about a given adapter card by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaptation layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Attachment User Interface AUI IEEE 802 3 interface between a media attachment unit MAU and a network interface card NIC The term AUI can also refer to the rear panel port to which an AUI cable might attach Auto logout a feature that automatically logs out a user if there has been no user interface activity for a specified length of time Automatic Protection Switching APS Equipment installed in co
82. Time Authentication Traps Mame Admin witch Location Block 6 room 602 Contact person 48H Cancel Help Figure 3 1 Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Change the details 4 Click OK These details are used by SNMP management centers pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 3 Standard Configuration 3 4 Internet Protocol Configuration 3 4 1 Changing IP Details The IP configuration information is used to contact the switch via IP protocols TFTP SNMP TELNET etc To change the main IP address and network mask Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click IP Stack Setup 83 20 151 100 x Local Management TFTF Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System M IF es DateTime Authentication Traps IP addresses Switch 1 88 201 81 204 Subnet mask 255 0 0 0 Switch 2 88 201 51 200 switch 3 53 201 31 207 To avoid IP address conflicts it is only TT possible ta change the hast part af the Site a IP address C witch 5 To configure IP addresses press Advanced Switch E Sateh Advanced Cancel Help Figure 3 2 IP Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Change the details 4 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 5 Local Time Configuration 3 5 1 Setting the Date and Clock to Local Time To change the
83. Tosee the exact value hold the mouse pointer over a port FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 13 Managing the Switch 5 6 3 Monitoring the Total Packet Activity per Port Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets on all the ports 1 Right click the stack border and select Stack Activity gt Total Packets per Port Total packets for each port in the stack 89 20 151 100 Ej sf 212 Total packets for each port in the stack Switches 89 20 151 100 MW 83 20 151 101 89 20 151 102 E 83 20 151 103 O For Help press F1 Figure 5 9 Total Packets Graph Dialog Box Each column represents a port and its activity level 2 Tosee the exact value hold the mouse pointer over a port 5 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 6 4 Monitoring the Total Packet Activity of the Switches Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets on all the switches D Q 1 Right click the stack border and select Stack Activity Total Packets B gt D Y Stack Total Packets Overview 89 20 151 100 Mel Ed 3 File View Help o gt il ap Pal Stack Total Packets Overview 89 20 151 100 83 20 151 101 83 20 151 102 83 20 151 103 Packets second Bl For Help press F1 MANO Figure 5 10 Stack Total Packets Graph Dialog Box Each column represents a switch and its activity level To see the exact
84. User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 4 6 Overview of All the Ports Use the following procedure to view the setups of all the ports on the switch 1 Select Port Overview Bai Port Overview 172 28 184 215 File Options Help al el Port Port description Status Speed Duplex Forwarding mode Flowcontrol Sparning Tree Link aggregation Port 1 No Link P 100 Mbps A Full Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 2 No Link P 100 Mbps A Full Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 3 No Link FP 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 4 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 5 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 5 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port No Link F 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 8 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 3 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Port 10 No Link P 100 Mbps A Ful amp Cut through A Enabled Disabled Part 11 ko link FP 100 Mens 1 Ful Cut throuohlst F nahled luis ahled For Help press F1 l a 1 2 3 4 5 B Fi B g 1 y 4 Figure 5 5 Port Overview Dialog Box 2 Double click a port to get the specific details for that port port performance faults packet distribution link aggregation and spanning tree information
85. View The Start up Screen for FORE Stack View Installation 2 3 FORE Stack VIEW ao oda eati A Ue dd 2 5 Polling Tab of Preferences Dialog Box 2 10 Timeouts Tab of the Preferences Dialog Box 2 11 Community Tab of the Preferences Dialog Box 2 12 The Install Wizard osia 3 ta tee eee ce rx EORR ERG ES 2 13 Install Wizard New Switch Message ellus 2 14 Advanced Stack IP Setup Dialog BOX o o ooo 2 15 The Manage Dialog Box llle 2 16 The Device Tree oooocooccoononno o 2 17 Switch Display in FORE Stack ViewW o o o oooooo o 2 20 The FORE Stack View Explorer o o ooooooooo o 2 27 Diagnostic Details Dialog BOX oooooooooooo 2 29 The System Window 0 00 cece ee eee 2 31 The Error Window anaana nananana aae eee 2 32 Standard Configuration Stack oet Dialog BOX 224 a5 ttp dr tad n 3 3 IP Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog BOX 3 4 Date Time Tab of the Stack Setup Dial0g 3 5 Authentication Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 7 Traps Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 9 Permanent Entries Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 11 Link Aggregation Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 12 Port Mirroring Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 14 Local Management Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3
86. a Network MAN network designed to carry data over an area larger than a campus such as an entire city and its outlying area MicroChannel a proprietary 16 or 32 bit bus developed by IBM for its PS 2 computers inter nal expansion cards also offered by others Minimum Cell Rate MCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage ment defined only for ABR transmissions and specifying the minimum value for the ACR Most Significant Bit MSB highest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG ISO group dealing with video and audio compression techniques and mechanisms for multiplexing and synchronizing various media streams MPOA Client A device which implements the client side of one or more of the MPOA proto cols i e is a SCP client and or an RDP client An MPOA Client is either an Edge Device Functional Group EDFG or a Host Behavior Functional Group HBFG MPOA Server An MPOA Server is any one of an ICFG or RSFG MPOA Service Area The collection of server functions and their clients A collection of physi cal devices consisting of an MPOA server plus the set of clients served by that server MPOA Target A set of protocol address path attributes e g internetwork layer QoS other information derivable from received packet describing the intended destination and its path attributes that MPOA devices may use as lookup keys Mu Law The PCM
87. affic The following information History Alarm and Event Log are switch specific Right click the switch to access the relevant RMON facility 5 5 2 RMON History Use the following procedure to monitor traffic on a subnet over a period of time 1 Right click a switch and select Monitoring gt RMON History This opens a window listing all history collections 2 To open a graph showing the statistics select a history and press View 5 5 3 RMON Alarms The RMON Alarm feature allows you to set your own thresholds for when the network activ ity requires some attention Use the following procedure to configure RMON alarms 1 Right click a switch and select Monitoring gt RMON Alarms gt Configure The Alarm Table window opens which lists all alarms 2 Click Add to add an alarm to the list After defining the alarm a trap is sent every time the threshold is exceeded 5 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 5 4 RMON Events The RMON Event feature allows you to set your own events defined by type Log Trap or Log and Trap Use the following procedure to configure RMON events 1 Right click a switch and select Monitoring RMON Alarms gt Events The Events Table window opens which lists all events defined 2 Click Add to add an event to the list D 5 D e 5 e a D o O gt Events can be created automatically through E alarm configurations 5 5 5 Online
88. affic manage ment ACR varies between the MCR and the PCR and is dynamically controlled using con gestion control mechanisms Alternate Mark Inversion AMI A line coding format used on T1 facilities that transmits ones by alternate positive and negative pulses Alternate Routing A mechanism that supports the use of a new path after an attempt to set up a connection along a previously selected path fails American National Standards Institute ANSI a private organization that coordinates the set ting and approval of some U S standards It also represents the United States to the Interna tional Standards Organization American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII a standard character set that typically assigns a 7 bit sequence to each letter number and selected control characters AppleTalk a networking protocol developed by Apple Computer for communication between Apple s products and other computers Independent of the network layer AppleTalk runs on LocalTalk EtherTalk and TokenTalk Application Layer Layer seven of the ISO reference model provides the end user interface Application Program APP a complete self contained program that performs a specific func tion directly for the user Application Program Interface API a language format that defines how a program can be made to interact with another program service or other software it allows users to develop custom interfaces with FORE
89. anaging a stack the following tools are available e Stack Synchronization Manager e Switch Position Organizer e Color Code Matrix Ports FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch D 5 D e 5 ae gt o O gt Managing the Switch 5 15 2 Stack Synchronization Manager 5 15 2 1 Purpose Before switches connected together via a Matrix Module can be managed as a stack their con figurations must be synchronized This manager checks that all the configurations are compat ible The configurations for all the switches are then synchronized from a specified switch 5 15 2 2 Using the Synchronization Manager Use the following procedure to start the Synchronization Manager 1 Select Tools gt Stack Synchronization Manager 2 Follow the checks made and then click Switch Selection and select the IP address for the switch with the configuration that is to be copied to the other switches Synchronization Manager Select Template Switch Select the switch with the Switch Selection configuration to be used throughout the stack t i recommended to keep the suggested IP address Press Detalle ta see the current parameters for all the switches Details connected to the matris module Press Next to start the synchronization process Back Cancel Help Figure 5 25 Synchronization Manager Dialog Box 3 Click Next gt to complete the synchro
90. and bits that can be elimi nated with no loss of information Registration The address registration function is the mechanism by which Clients provide address information to the LAN Emulation Server Relaying a function of a layer by means of which a layer entity receives data from a corre sponding entity and transmits it to another corresponding entity Glossary 28 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Request To Send RTS an RS 232 modem interface signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 4 which indicates that the DTE has data to transmit Requests For Comment RFCs IETF documents suggesting protocols and policies of the Internet inviting comments as to the quality and validity of those policies These comments are collected and analyzed by the IETF in order to finalize Internet standards RFC1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 RFC1490 Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay RFC1577 Classical IP and ARP over ATM RFC1755 ATM Signaling Support for IP over ATM Robbed Bit Signaling In T1 refers to the use of the least significant bit of every word of frames 6 and 12 D4 or 6 12 18 and 24 ESF for signaling purposes Route Server A physical device that runs one or more network layer routing protocols and which uses a route query protocol in order to provide network layer routing forwarding descriptions to clients Q O D Y Q lt
91. are accepted by the SNMP agent 9 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 7 Standard Configuration 3 7 Traps 3 7 1 Purpose A trap alerts you of events occurring in the switch The traps list shows where SNMP traps generated by the switch are sent You can e Add a new entry to the list e Delete an entry e Edit existing entries 3 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 7 2 Adding a Trap If there are no entries in the Traps list then no E SNMP traps are sent 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Traps Stack Setup 172 28 184 200 x Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System IP Date Time Authentication Traps 1234 public 5 5 7 8 public 3 10 11 12 public Figure 3 5 Traps Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box Click Add Type the Destination IP address or click This PC pyepuels Type the community 5NMP password Click OK 9x PE Be x9 O oO Q e oO 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 9 Standard Configuration 3 8 Permanent Entries 3 8 1 Purpose You can permanently allocate a port to a device that does not send out device information These devices are not removed from the switch s address table regardless of how long they are quiet This is useful for connections to printe
92. ation 1 0 0 0 through 126 0 0 0 n h h h 127 h h h reserved 128 0 0 0 through 191 254 0 0 224 0 0 0 through 239 255 255 255 for multicasts 240 0 0 0 through 247 255 255 255 reserved A 6 1 3 8 IP Address Class Overview The table below summarizes the different classes of IP address 192 0 0 0 through 223 255 254 0 Table A 11 IP Address Class Summary Mino o nebworke 16256 2072640 Max no of computers per 16777214 65534 254 network Network no part First field First two fields First three fields Network no range 001 to 127 128 000 to 192 000 000 to 191 255 229 200 299 Host no part Last three fields Last two fields Last field Host no range 000 000 001 to 001 001 to 001 to 254 255 255 254 255 254 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 19 e O O D esp 7 o esp O 3 e Concepts in Switching A 7 Spanning Tree You can change the e Priority given to the switch e Maximum length of time information is retained by the switch e Time between transmitted Configuration BPDUs e Time the switch spends in the Listening and Learning states A 7 1 Warning When Using VLANs It is important to be aware of problems that may arise when using Spanning Tree and VLANSs The Spanning Tree can use alternative paths such as different ports to get messages to their destination VLANs specify which ports can receive messages WARNING When using the Spanning Tree facility
93. bmenus For example e Select File New Shortcut e Select VLAN gt Configure gt Devices FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Preface Important Information Indicators To call your attention to important information that must be reviewed to ensure correct and complete installation as well as to avoid problems with your software FORE Systems utilizes the following CAUTION NOTE indicators Information contained in CAUTION statements is important for proper installation opera tion CAUTION statements can prevent possible equipment damage and or loss of data and will be indicated as CAUTION You risk damaging your equipment and or software if you do not follow these instructions Information contained in NOTE statements has been found important enough to be called to the special attention of the operator and will be set off from the text as follows FORE Systems strongly recommends that you E disconnect the serial cable once you have configured the ForeRunner switch and then access the ForeRunner switch over the ATM network IV FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual AVANT Introduction to the ES 2810 This chapter covers the topics described in Table 1 1 Table 1 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Introduction to the product Front Panel Rear Panel Installation 5 r O o O O o r D m n FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1
94. bnets you have created You can then use routers to connect the subnets and pro vide filtering and firewall protection A 9 3 1 Membership of VLANs It is important to note that a device can be a member of more than one VLAN Any conflict in membership between the VLANs can be checked using Stack View A 9 3 2 Designated Management VLAN On the switch there is always one VLAN that is designated to manage via SNMP This VLAN cannot be deleted unless another is selected as the Designated Management VLAN A 9 3 3 IP Learning There are some ports you will only want to use the IP policy not port or MAC address poli cies This is called IP learning and to ensure this happens the port can be selected to support IP learning A 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Q O D Y Q lt 10Base T a 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet specification utilizing twisted pair cabling Category 3 4 or 5 10BaseT which is part of the IEEE 802 3 specification has a distance limit of approx imately 100 meters per segment 802 1d Spanning Tree Bridging the IEEE standard for bridging a MAC layer standard for transparently connecting two or more LANs often called subnetworks that are running the same protocols and cabling This arrangement creates an extended network in which any two workstations on the linked LANs can share data 802 3 Ethernet the IEEE standard for Ethernet a physical layer standard that uses
95. by telephone companies in their data networks Switched Virtual Channel Connection SVCC A Switched VCC is one which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI VCI fields of each cell Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel SVC a channel established on demand by network sig nalling used for information transport between two locations and lasting only for the dura tion of the transfer the datacom equivalent of a dialed telephone call Switched Virtual Path Connection SVPC a connection which is established and taken down dynamically through control signaling A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM connec tion where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell Switching System A set of one or more systems that act together and appear as a single switch for the purposes of PNNI routing Symmetric Connection a connection with the same bandwidth specified for both directions Synchronous signals that are sourced from the same timing reference and hence are identical in frequency Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC IBM s data link protocol used in SNA networks Synchronous Optical Network SONET a body of standards that defines all aspects of trans porting and managing digital traffic over optical facilities in the public network Glossary 32 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch U
96. ceiv ing endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional e g higher layer information Multipoint to Point Connection a Point to Multipoint Connection may have zero bandwidth from the Root Node to the Leaf Nodes and non zero return bandwidth from the Leaf Nodes to the Root Node Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint to Point Connection Multiprotocol over ATM MPOA An effort taking place in the ATM Forum to standardize pro tocols for the purpose of running multiple network layer protocols over ATM Narrowband Channel sub voicegrade channel with a speed range of 100 to 200 bps National TV Standards Committee NTSC Started in the US in 1953 from a specification laid down by the National Television Standards Committee It takes the B Y and R Y color differ ence signals attenuates them to I and Q then modulates them using double sideband sup pressed subcarrier at 3 58MHz The carrier reference is sent to the receiver as a burst during the back porch An industry group that defines how television signals are encoded and trans mitted in the US See also PAL SECAM for non U S countries Near End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the near end device is the one that is local Network Layer Layer three In the OSI model the layer that is responsible for routing data across the network Network Management Entity NM body of software in a switchin
97. ch or stack is displayed SR View Ethernet Switch 2810 FORE ES 2810 Switch File Device View Configuration Monitoring Tools Help lel Sia a Discovered SNMP Device Tree E Subnet 89 2X 8320 151 102 Slot A 2 59 20 151 100 Trap System Errors For Help press F1 Figure 2 11 5witch Display in FORE Stack View This view provides a real time view of the switch or stack and ports which behaves in the same way as the physical switch For example the LEDs change color according to the state of the switch stack You can fully manage the switch or stack using this display 2 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 11 2 Mouse Actions Using a mouse makes it easier to operate FORE Stack View and saves you time Table 2 4 Mouse Actions in FORE Stack View Mouse action formation 0000 Right click switch Shows the switch related menus for configuration and monitoring Right click stack border Shows the stack related menus for configuration and monitoring Right click a port Shows the port related menus for configuration and monitoring Double left click switch Opens the Device Setup menu Double left click a port Opens that port s Setup menu m ie JJ m o D O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual 2 21 FORE Stack View 2 11 3 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Single Switch Right click a s
98. ch this port is contained MAC addresses learned on this port in that specific VLAN MAC Table MAC addresses and other VLANs in which this address is IP addresses contained 5 28 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 8 9 RMON Interface Statistics Use the following procedure to access a range of subnet management statistics 1 Right click a port and select RMON Statistics 2 This window gives more detailed information displayed as graphs D 5 D e 5 ae a D o O gt FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 29 Managing the Switch 5 9 Tools for the Switch 5 9 1 Tools Available The switch has various tools to help with management Table 5 4 Switch Management Tools we o Ping Ensure a device is connected to the net work Report Manager lransfer files from a remote switch to your local disk or file server Recovery Manager Regain control of your switch DNS IP Conversion Converts DNS names to IP addresses Telnet Access the switch from any workstation on the network using Telnet 5 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 10 The Ping Tool 5 10 1 Pinging a Device Use the Ping tool to ensure a device is attached to the network If the device is on a remote net work you may need to adjust the timeout in order to receive the response D D e 5 e S o r O gt
99. channels each operating at 64K bps at the aggregate rate of 1 544M bps full duplex Also referred to as DS 1 T3 a specification for a transmission line the equivalent of 28 T1 lines T3 lines run at 44 736 Mbps In common usage the term T3 is used interchangeably with DS3 Tachometer in ForeView the tachometer shows the level of activity on a given port The num ber in the tachometer shows the value of a chosen parameter in percentage with a colored bar providing a semi logarithmic representation of that percentage Tagged Cell Rate TCR An ABR service parameter TCR limits the rate at which a source may send out of rate forward RM cells TCR is a constant fixed at 10 cells second Telephony The conversion of voices and other sounds into electrical signals which are then transmitted by telecommunications media Telnet a TCP IP protocol that defines a client server mechanism for emulating directly con nected terminal connections Terminal Equipment TE Terminal equipment represents the endpoint of ATM connection s and termination of the various protocols within the connection s Throughput Measurement of the total useful information processed or communicated by a computer during a specified time period i e packets per second Time Division Multiplexing TDM a method of traditional digital multiplexing in which a sig nal occupies a fixed repetitive time slot within a higher rate signal Token Rin
100. clock in the switch to your local time 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Date Time Stack Setup 89 20 151 100 Lx Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Time 08 28 HH MM D ate 1598 07 06 ovr MMOD Insert Current PC Date Time Cancel Help Figure 3 3 Date Time Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog 3 Click Insert Current PC Date Time to show the present settings If this is satisfac O tory click OK S y 9 ca o 2 The clock displays the time at which it is Se E accessed and not the current time z 4 Ifthe time or the date is not satisfactory click the date and or time options and type the new time and date 5 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 5 Standard Configuration 3 6 Authentication 3 6 1 Purpose SNMP is a fully defined interoperative standard that helps you manage both the switch and the network To do this you can e Specify the names of the hosts to access the SNMP agent on the switch authenti cation by defining the source IP and community e Specify read write or read only for authenticated hosts e Request a trap to be sent if authentication is violated If no hosts are defined in the Authentication List E any host can access the SNMP agent in the switch 3 6 2 Security The authentications list defi
101. coding and companding standard used in Japan and North America Multicasting The ability to broadcast messages to one node or a select group of nodes Multi homed a device having both an ATM and another network connection like Ethernet Multimode Fiber Optic Cable MMF fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in multiple modes or paths Since these paths may have varying lengths a transmitted pulse of light may be received at different times and smeared to the point that pulses may interfere with surrounding pulses This may cause the signal to be difficult or impossible to receive This pulse dispersion sometimes limits the distance over which a MMF link can operate Multiplexing a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connec tions into one connection see demultiplexing Glossary 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Multipoint Access user access in which more than one terminal equipment TE is supported by a single network termination Multipoint to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links and their associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 All N nodes in the connection called Endpoints serve as a Root Node in a Point to Multi point connection to all of the N 1 remaining endpoints Q O D Y Q lt 2 Each of the endpoints can send information directly to any other endpoint but the re
102. d To enable IGMP pruning il A hs Select VLAN Setup Select Advanced gt IP Routing gt IGMP Check Enabled In Pruning timeout type the new value Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Advanced Configuration 4 4 ATM ELANs If you have an ATM Uplink Module installed in the ES 2810 you can map VLANs defined on the Ethernet switch to ELANs emulated LANs on an ATM switch For complete information on mapping VLANs to ELANS refer to the documentation included with the ATM Uplink Module p9dUEAPY O o e c e oO FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 4 9 Advanced Configuration 4 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Ss YE TRA Managing the Switch 5 1 In this Chapter D D e 5 e S D o r O gt This chapter covers the topics described in Table 5 1 Table 5 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Management Using FORE Stack View page 5 Monitoring the Switch s Performance page 5 Monitoring the Stack s Performance page 5 1 Tools for the Switch page 5 3 page 5 1 s change eo te inormation 299 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 1 Managing the Switch 5 2 Management Using FORE Stack View 5 2 1 Why use FORE Stack View FORE Stack View allows you to e Configure system switching IP spanning tree authentication and trap parame ters for the switch e Configure port related
103. d Windows NT e Adaptive forwarding mode e Local Management via a direct terminal connection or via TELNET e SNMP Management support e BOOTP and TFIP support e Control over user access rights e Creation of virtual LANs e Stand alone per switch or stack or distributed switch network VLAN e IGMP Pruning 5 r o o O t O o D m p FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 3 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 2 Front Panel 1 2 1 Introduction The LEDs on the front panel show the status of the ports so you should position the switch with the front panel facing you You can also see which ports the cables are connected to on the switch 1 2 2 View of the Front Panel The front panel of the switch is shown below ES 2810 FORE E Solid Link Disabil Bink Activity Col 20 21 m Temperature lision RPS 1 g 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 1589 Figure 1 1 The Front Panel of the ES 2810 1 2 3 Front Panel Ports These ports are on the front panel Table 1 2 Front Panel Ports CONSOLE port Connects a PC running a VT100 emulation a VT100 termi DB 9 nal or a modem to access the built in Local Management program 24 x 10 100Base TX ports RJ 45 Connects devices using Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP cabling complying to EIA 568A Category 5 or ISO IEC 11801 Category 5 level D 1 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual
104. d point and which is sent in an IEEE LAN frame header to indicate source of frame Source Traffic Descriptor a set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor used during the connection set up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connec tion requested by the source Spanning Tree Protocol provides loop free topology in a network environment where there are redundant paths Static Route a route that is entered manually into the routing table Statistical Multiplexing a technique for allowing multiple channels and paths to share the same link typified by the ability to give the bandwidth of a temporarily idle channel to another channel Stick and Click SC Designation for an Optical Connector featuring a 2 5 mm physically con tacting ferrule with a push pull mating design Commonly referred to as Structured Cabling Structured Connectors or Stick and Click Stick and Turn ST A fiber optic connector designed by AT amp T which uses the bayonet style coupling rather than screw on as the SMA uses The ST is generally considered the eventual replacement for the SMA type connector Store and Forward the technique of receiving a message storing it until the proper outgoing line is available then retransmitting it with no direct connection between incoming and out going lines Straight Tip ST see Stick and Turn Structured Cabling SC see Stick and Click FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethern
105. d type field in the header of an ATM cell the EFCI bit indicates network congestion to receiving hosts On a con gested switch the EFCI bit is set to 1 by the transmitting network module when a certain number of cells have accumulated in the network module s shared memory buffer When a cell is received that has its EFCI bit set to 1 the receiving host notifies the sending host which should then reduce its transmission rate Explicit Rate ER The Explicit Rate is an RM cell field used to limit the source ACR to a spe cific value It is initially set by the source to a requested rate such as PCR It may be subse quently reduced by any network element in the path to a value that the element can sustain ER is formatted as a rate Extended Industry Standard Architecture EISA bus architecture for desktop computers that provides a 32 bit data passage and maintains compatibility with the ISA or AT architecture Extended Super Frame ESF a T1 framing format that utilizes the 193rd bit as a framing bit but whose Superframe is made up of 24 frames instead of 12 as in D4 format ESF also pro vides CRC error detection and maintenance data link functions Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous networks Fairness related to Generic Flow Control fairness is defined as meeting all of the agreed quality of service requirements by controlling the order of service for all active connection
106. dard Configuration 3 15 3 Why Change These From Their Defaults The switch is delivered with Spanning Tree default values set to those recommended by the IEEE 802 1d standard These values are conservative worst case estimates for LANs consisting of a large number of switches Therefore changing these default values may improve the per formance of your network 3 15 4 Changing the Spanning Tree Priority The higher the value the lower the chance of the switch being used as the root bridge To change the priority value 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Spanning Tree Device Setup FORE E5 2810 Switch Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Priority 32768 Message age timer expiry 20 seconds Hello timer expiry 2 seconds Forward delay timer expiry i 5 seconds Enable All Ports Digable All Ports Cancel Help Figure 3 13 Spanning Tree Tab of Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Click Priority 4 Type the required value 5 Click OK 3 24 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 15 5 Changing the Message Age Expiry Time To change the maximum time between protocol information being received and discarded 1 purge SS Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Spanning Tree Click Message Age Timer Expiry Type the required number of seconds Click OK 3 15
107. e Change the forwarding mode of the port e Change the flow control setting of the port e Specify the spanning tree 3 16 2 Using the Mouse There are two ways to access the Port Setup window e Double click the port e Right click on the port and click Port Setup TIAS O Oo 5 r Q c e oO FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 27 Standard Configuration 3 17 General Changes 3 17 1 Renaming a Port To give a port a new name for example its use or the user s connected 1 Click the port you want to rename 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click General Port 1 Setup FORE ES 2810 Switch General Port Mode spanning Tree Part Description Software Team Locations Research Dept Cancel Help Figure 3 14 General Tab of Port Setup Dialog Box 4 In Description type the new name 5 Click OK 3 28 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 17 2 Location for a Port To specify the location for example an office number or department of the device attached to a port Click the port you want to give a home to Select Port Setup Click General In Location type where the device is Click OK E en TIAS O Ke Cc o FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 29 Standard Configuration 3 18 Port Mode 3 18 1 Disabling the Port If you disable the port the devices attached to i
108. e Community for SNMP Polling The community for SNMP polling determines access rights To change the community 1 Select Monitoring Preferences 2 Click Community Preferences Polling Monitor Timeouts Community Community For SMMP Polling Community publi Set to public Cancel Help Figure 2 5 Community Tab of the Preferences Dialog Box 3 Type the new community name 4 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 9 Installing and Managing Switches 2 9 1 Following Installation of FORE Stack View After installing FORE Stack View you can add new switches establish or expand stacks of switches and manage existing switches and stacks 2 9 2 Adding New Switches To add new switches that have not been assigned an IP address to FORE Stack View select Device gt Install The Install Wizard will start and guide you through the installation 2 9 3 The Install Wizard The Install Wizard requires that you enter a minimum amount of information to set up the switch for management by FORE Stack View To select the correct new device you need to know the device s MAC address You can find this on a label on the rear panel of the device You must assign an IP address and subnet mask to the switch on your Local Area Network LAN FORE Stack View uses this address for configuration and management purposes m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z FORE Systems De
109. e ud 5 10 stack performance 5 12 statistics counters 5 29 switch performance 5 5 Forward delay expiry time change 3 26 Forwarding mode on a port change 3 32 Forwarding modes ACA DUIVE aaa A 4 CUL LNTOUGH yardas A 3 CXAIN PIC iran A 2 Itderelib LEC ntsc at A 3 joli o sr ies A 2 store and forward A 4 Forwarding policy cuca A 2 Forwarding state Spanning Tree A 24 Fragment definition 0 A 3 Fragment free switching A 3 Frame propagatorn insta A 25 a O dined bs A 16 PICQUCNCY acatar ibi geese eee eas 6 5 Front panel LED assu t TERI EPOR tonnes 1 5 DONS estao das 1 4 VICW 25 ud mediatore DD 1 4 Full duplex CODCODE sidad ii A 8 When tO Use radar ands A FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Index H Half duplex concept sse A 8 Hardware detal corral etd 5 4 o O 1 2 Hello expiry time change 3 25 History RMON Sonde did E e ER Sp 5 10 UMMC A qe oae ene ead as 6 3 l Identify the switch 3 3 5 3 IGMP DEUMDE s epica tia a 4 8 Improve switch security oo 3 2 Information about changes to VLANS 5 23 about the domain 5 21 about VLAN configuration 5 22 Input protectlomn iex eese VES 6 5 Installation of a Module oe ta 1 12 on a desk soto sad 1 9 POQUITCINGINS da in 1 7 requirements for Windo
110. each port The general facilities available within the Monitoring menu are described in the following subsections The use of these facilities depends on the problem and on any relevant informa tion collected in the previous procedure O z D gt O O et e pue asf HOd R e 1 31 010 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 11 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 7 Typical Problems and Causes This section gives some examples of typical problems that could be encountered during the installation and configuration of the switch and their possible cause Configuration problems defective cables and problems with communication among devices are the most common switch malfunctions 7 7 1 Start up Problems l ve forgotten my password e Explanation You are prompted for a password on the Login screen e Action Enter Maintenance Mode and type run defparm This resets the configuration to the default values so you can assign a new pass word When make changes to the switch s configuration they take effect but as soon as the switch is powered off and on again the changes are lost e Explanation When you change the switch s configuration you are changing the current active configuration that is running in RAM However every time the switch starts up it loads the configuration that is stored in its flash memory There fore if you make a change to the configuration and want to keep it you
111. ed to a New Switch 2 14 2 9 5 Managing an Existing Switch or Stack o o o oooooooooo 2 15 2 9 6 Establishing and Expanding a Stack ce eee eee 2 16 2 10 DEVICE TEES mit a bin seht Der bod degeret dedi e edb dede ee iii 2 17 2 10 1 Fit OCIUG HO Ts as retra ian ned abend aL pc eec ken iau he ande RU t CRI s 2 17 2 0 2 Jdenubyibg DEVICES sth quus dod eoe 96 we doa e doe o o e a Sto cA 2 18 2 10 3 Installing and Managing Switches lille 2 18 2 10 4 Right Mouse Button Commands o ocococccocooco eee 2 19 2 11 Device View Main Display llle 2 20 241g SWIICh GCOHISeled nadaa o Ec Laat ea ee 2 20 24 2 WOUSe ACIIOLIS sx sere oa ua barre MR P ter EMO EGER E gite duis ques 2 21 2 11 3 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Single Switch 2 22 2 11 4 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Stack Border 2 23 2 11 5 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Switch in a Stack 2 24 2 11 6 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Port 2 25 2167 Coor COIN 25 athens eds t ge hau aurea e Bae ee 2 26 242 EXPO A a scam dea ena eae te aca CRUS it Uf asthe densa 2 27 2 12 1 FORE Stack View Explorer 0 0 00 cece eee ee eee 2 27 2 19 Diagnostics WINGOW ie dd ce diia dd dde Set eset ah om edic widen 2 28 2 13 1 FORE Stack View Diagnostics llle 2 28 2 13 2 Right Mouse Button Commands 000002 2
112. ed to an intelligent device which provides the capabilities to define LAN membership Virtual Network Software VINES Banyan s network operating system based on UNIX and its protocols Virtual Path VP a unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs Virtual Path Connection VPC a concatenation of VPLs between virtual path terminators VPTs VPCs are unidirectional Virtual Path Identifier VPI the address or label of a particular VP a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual path to which the cell belongs A vir tual path may comprise multiple virtual channels Virtual Path Link VPL a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Path Switch a network element that connects VPLs it translates VPI not VCI values and is directed by Control Plane functions The Virtual Path Switch relays the cells of a Virtual Path Virtual Path Terminator VPT a system that unbundles the VCs of a VP for independent pro cessing of each VC Glossary 36 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Virtual Private Data Network VPDN a private data communications network built on public switching and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s Virtual Private Network VPN a private voice communications network built on
113. en Root Ports and Des ignated Ports the possibility of bridging loops is removed Frames cannot be sent directly between switches except via the Root Switch A 7 2 9 7 hop Limit In addition to the strict bridging hierarchy imposed by the Spanning Tree Algorithm a 7 hop limit is introduced Frames should not pass more than 7 bridges and this limits the size of the bridged network FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 25 Q O O D esp 7 o es O Q Concepts in Switching A 7 2 10 Configuration BPDU Messages To establish the stable paths each switch sends Configuration BPDU Frames to its neighbor ing switches These Configuration BPDU messages contain information about the spanning tree topology The contents of these frames only changes when the bridged network topology changes or has not been established A 7 2 11 Configuration BPDU Message Propagation When a bridged network is in a stable condition switches continue to send Configuration BPDU Frames to its neighboring switches at regular intervals Configuration BPDU Frames are transmitted down the spanning tree from Designated Ports to Root Ports If a Configura tion BPDU is not received by the Root Port on a switch in a predefined time interval for exam ple because a switch along the path has dropped out the port enters the Listening State to redetermine its stable path A 7 2 12 MAC Address Ageing MAC address ageing i
114. eq a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN This information is obtained from the LES and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corre sponding ATM addresses Line Build Out LBO Because T1 circuits require the last span to lose 15 22 5 dB a selectable output attenuation is generally required of DTE equipment typical selections include 0 0 7 5 and 15 dB of loss at 772 KHz Line Code Violations LCV Error Event A Line Coding Violation LCV is the occurrence of either a Bipolar Violation BPV or Excessive Zeroes EXZ Error Event Link An entity that defines a topological relationship including available transport capacity between two nodes in different subnetworks Multiple links may exist between a pair of sub networks Synonymous with logical link Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPB Data link protocol in the X 25 protocol stack LAPB is a bit oriented protocol derived from HDLC See also HDLC and X 25 Link Down Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from a normal state to an error state or is disconnected Link Layer layer in the OSI model regarding transmission of data between network nodes Link Up Trap an SNMP trap sent when an interface changes from an error condition to a nor mal state Load Sharing Two or more computers in a system that share the load during peak hours During periods of non peak hours one computer can manage the entire load
115. equipment DTE receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination DTE receiving frames with the FECN bit set can request that higher level protocols take flow control action as appropriate Fractional T1 the use of bandwidth in 64Kbps increments up to 1 544Mbps from a T1 facility Glossary 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Frame a variable length group of data bits with a specific format containing flags at the beginning and end to provide demarcation Frame Check Sequence FCS In bit oriented protocols a 16 bit field that contains transmis sion error checking information usually appended to the end of the frame Q O D Y Q lt Frame Relay a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that per forms routing and transfer with less overhead processing than X 25 Frame Synchronization Error an error in which one or more time slot framing bits are in error Frame Based UNI FUNI An ATM switch based interface which accepts frame based ATM traffic and converts it into cells Frame Relay Service FRS A connection oriented service that is capable of carrying up to 4096 bytes per frame Framing a protocol that separates incoming bits into identifiable groups so that the receiving multiplexer recognizes the grouping Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM a method of dividing an available frequency range into parts
116. ernet Switch User s Manual A 11 Concepts in Switching A 5 Port Filters A 5 1 Introduction It is possible to increase network security by using port filters Adding a filter to a port deter mines where data can come from using port numbers and MAC addresses and go to using port numbers and MAC addresses on the network This means that you can have a high level of network security A 5 2 Purpose The Port MAC Filter facility lets you e Specify which ports the MAC address can be learned on e Specify which ports the MAC address can send packets to e Specify which ports can receive Multicast packets e Send packets from one port to other specified ports e Change the information on an existing port or MAC address e Delete filtering on an existing port or MAC address e Enable or disable the filtering system e Scan the specifications you have made to detect any trivial errors A 5 3 Conflicts with Other Settings When you add or make changes to Port MAC filter settings it is possible it may conflict with VLANs or permanent MAC address settings in other windows of the switch To reduce the danger of altering the switch configuration by mistake certain priorities have been made These are listed in Port Filter Priorities on page A 15 A 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 5 4 Add a Port Filter A 5 4 1 Introduction You can add up to 100 filters When you add a filter y
117. ery longs alignment errors and jabbers A 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 1 5 Fragment A fragment is a frame consisting of only part of a packet these can be caused by collisions on the network and are normal occurrences A 1 6 Cut through Forwarding Cut through forwarding sends the packet to the destination as soon as the first 14 bytes of the packet are read an approximate latency of 30 microseconds for 10Mbps devices and 11 microseconds for 100Mbps devices The delay is minimal and the packets reach their destina tion in the shortest possible time The packets are sent through the switch as a continuous flow of data the transmit and receive rates are always the same Because of this cut through forwarding cannot pass packets to higher speed networks for example to forward packets from a 10Mbps to a 100Mbps Ethernet network Since the switch has forwarded most of the packet when the CRC is read the switch cannot discard packets with CRC errors However the CRC check is still made and if errors are found the error count is updated Cut through forwarding is recommended for networks intended to provide one switch port per user or for lightly loaded networks It is essential for multimedia applications and ideal for workgroup environments where minimum delays are required A 1 7 Fragment free Forwarding Fragment free forwarding is suitable for backbone applications in a con
118. es 9 a a d QUE at Soha e en RR dolio d 5 11 5 6 Monitoring the Stack s Performance 0 00 ccc ee eee 5 12 5 6 1 Monitoring the Health of the Stack o o ooo oooooooo 5 12 5 6 2 Monitoring IntraStack Activity llle 5 13 5 6 3 Monitoring the Total Packet Activity per Port 5 14 TOC 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Table of Contents 5 6 4 Monitoring the Total Packet Activity of the Switches 5 15 5 6 5 Monitoring the Total Activity of Transmitted Packets 5 15 5 6 6 Monitoring the Total Activity of Received Packets 5 16 5 6 7 Monitoring the Total Number of Err0rS oo o ooooooooo 5 16 5 6 8 Overview of All the POMS xao iia dada bI ED hd gea ps 5 16 5 6 9 Monitoring the Spanning Tree StatisStiCS oooo 5 17 5 6 10 Stations ON ine SWIN i a e o ex un rd Ea e ra Sa x 5 18 5 7 MONKONNG md Eq PH 5 19 5 7 1 General Informations renait anaes a cc ee eee 5 19 5 7 2 Overview of the VLANs on a SWitCh o o oooooooooo 5 19 5 7 3 Information About the Domain llle 5 21 5 7 4 Information About VLAN Configuration o oo ooooooooo 5 22 5 7 5 Information About the Server 2 0 0 0 cc ee nee 5 23 5 7 6 VLAN Links to Other Switches llle 5 24 5 8 Monitoring the Port s Performance 00 00 cc eee eee eee eee 5 25 5 8 1 Usmo Me EEDS a dodo eice
119. ess Overview Dialog Box 2 0 0 0 cece ees 5 9 Switch Health Dialog BOX o o ooooooooooomoo 5 12 IntraStack Traffic Graph Dialog BOX o ooo 5 13 Total Packets Graph Dialog BOX o o ooooooooo 5 14 Stack Total Packets Graph Dialog BOX 5 15 Stack Port Overview Dialog Box o oooooooooo s 5 16 Spanning Tree Statistics for a Whole Switch 5 17 Stack Access Overview Dialog BOX o o 5 18 VLAN Details Dialog BOX o o ooooooomonnoo 5 19 Domain Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box 5 21 Configuration Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box 5 22 Server Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box 5 23 Performance Tab of the Port Details Dialog Box 5 25 Port Activity Graph Dialog BOX oo ooooooooo 5 27 VLAN Port Monitoring Dialog Box o 5 28 Ping Tool Dialog BOX 1 ee ee 9 31 Report Manager Dialog BOX 0 eee 5 32 Telnet Main Menu 0 ce nn 5 35 Recovery Manager Dialog BOX o o ooooooooo 5 36 synchronization Manager Dialog Box 5 40 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual List of Figures Figure 5 26 Switch Position Organizer Dialog BOX 5 41 CHAPTER 6 Technical Specifications CHAPTER 7 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting Figure 7 1 BOOTP
120. et Switch User s Manual Glossary 31 Glossary Structured Connectors SC see Stick and Click Sublayer a logical subdivision of a layer SubNetwork Access Protocol SNAP a specially reserved variant of IEEE 802 2 encoding SNAP indicates to look further into the packet where it will fine a Type field Subscriber Network Interface SNI the interface between an SMDS end user s CPE and the network directly serving the end user supported by either a DS1 or DS3 access arrangement Super Frame SF a term used to describe the repeating 12 D4 frame format that composes a standard non ESF T1 service Super User a login ID that allows unlimited access to the full range of a device s functionality including especially the ability to reconfigure the device and set passwords Sustainable Cell Rate SCR ATM Forum parameter defined for traffic management For VBR connections SCR determines the long term average cell rate that can be transmitted Sustained Information Rate SIR In ATM this refers to the long term average data transmis sion rate across the User to Network Interface In SMDS this refers to the committed informa tion rate similar to CIR for Frame Relay Service Switch Equipment used to interconnect lines and trunks Switched Connection A connection established via signaling Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMDS a high speed datagram based public data net work service expected to be widely used
121. ew the total activity of the packets on all the ports D D e 5 e S D o r O gt 1 Select Device Activity gt Total Packets Total Packets Overview FORE ES 2810 Switch ee A ES Elle Miew Help xj af oo 2 Total Packets Overview Total number of packets second Ig For Help press F1 e Figure 5 3 Total Packets View Each column represents a port and its activity level 2 Tosee the exact value hold the mouse pointer over a port 3 Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 5 Managing the Switch 5 4 2 Monitoring the Total Activity of Transmitted Packets Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets being transmitted on all the ports 1 Select Device Activity gt Tx Packets Each column represents the activity level on that port To see the exact value hold the mouse pointer over a port Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 4 3 Monitoring the Total Activity of Received Packets Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets being received on all the ports 1 Select Device Activity gt Rx Packets Each column represents the activity level on that port To see the exact value hold the mou
122. f Errors Before Adaptive Forwarding Mode Operates Adaptive forwarding changes the forwarding mode depending on the upper and lower limits of specific error types To change the number of upper and lower limits 1 gn T pe aec cp Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Switching Click Advanced Click the required parameter Type the percentage of errors or runts Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 15 Spanning Tree 3 15 1 Purpose You can change the e Priority given to the switch e Maximum length of time information is retained by the switch e Time between transmitted Configuration BPDUs e Time the switch spends in the Listening and Learning states 3 15 2 Warning When Using VLANs It is important to be aware of problems that may arise when using Spanning Tree and VLANs The Spanning Tree can use alternative paths such as different ports to get messages to their destination pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 Figure 3 12 Spanning Tree Blocking to Prevent Loops The diagram above shows two switches On the left we see the two switches connected and the ports are grouped in two VLANs A and B On the right we have enabled STP STP blocks the path between X and Z to avoid looping and therefore destroys the VLAN setup because VLAN B needs these ports to receive messages FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 23 Stan
123. figure VLANs pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 1 Standard Configuration 3 2 Changing the Setup of the Switch or Stack 3 2 1 Improving Switch Security To restrict the use of the switch or stack you can Change the administrator password for local management Change the user password for local management Limit access to Local Management via the Console port and or Telnet Specify a time of no input after which the connection with Local Management is terminated Change the password for moving files with TFTP Specify use of TFTP Restrict access to include only the stations named on the Authentications list 3 2 2 Using the Mouse There are two ways to access the Device Setup for single switches or Stack Setup window Double click the switch or the stack border Right click the switch or the stack border FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 3 System Configuration 3 3 1 Identifying the Switch To assist with switch identification and administration you can change certain switch details name location and contact person With a switch or stack in the Device View window 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click System Stack Setup 39 20 151 100 Ea Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System IP Date
124. fit from full duplex transmission Individual workstations normally run applications traditionally written for half duplex request response network connections and are unlikely to benefit from being configured as full duplex For example the application may request a service on a server and then wait for a reply before continuing operations In this case if the server connection was full duplex the server might respond to the request while simultaneously receiving from another station a full duplex connection for the workstation would typically offer no advantage A 3 3 Auto Duplex Auto duplex negotiates whether the attached device is transmitting in half or full duplex and then automatically changes that port to that mode O o O o esp T 5 o es O Q FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 9 Concepts in Switching A 4 Auto negotiation A 4 1 Auto negotiation Concept Auto negotiation follows the IEEE 802 3u 100Base T specification to improve the effectiveness of dual speed links such as the base ports and the 10 100TX Media Module They have the capability to work at either of their speeds 10Mbps or 100Mbps and either of the duplex modes half or full duplex Normally you would need to configure the port on the switch with a specific speed or duplex mode but that is not required with auto negotiation it detects the capabilities of the other devices over a common link and c
125. g 000 cece eee eee 4 8 4 3 2 Enabling GMP Pruning Ts dog good rite rte dra Vr oe ee A ae eae ae 4 8 4 4 ATMIELANS sora atta lid elas ii e Soo hid Weta ie is 4 9 CHAPTER 5 Managing the Switch 5 1 MSCH i ae sach 3 ond da IN Bie KA a Ree war alee ated 5 1 5 2 Management Using FORE Stack View 2 0 0 0 ees 5 2 5 2 1 Why use FORE Stack View 0 0 es 5 2 5 9 Information About the SWIICLDL uo eu pe EA e ir De Atay oS on dos etc teu hex 5 3 5 3 1 Identifying the Switch ooooocoooooooooea e 5 3 5 de Hardware DetallSo i reg dort han pod d doeet op dod metae ii dud 5 4 5 4 Monitoring the Switch s Performance llle 5 5 5 4 1 Monitoring the Total Packet ActiVity o ooooooooo 5 5 5 4 2 Monitoring the Total Activity of Transmitted Packets 5 6 5 4 3 Monitoring the Total Activity of Received PacketS 5 6 5 4 4 Monitoring the Total Number of ErrOrS ooocococooocooo o 5 6 5 4 5 Monitoring the Spanning Tree Statistics o ooo 5 7 5 4 6 Overview of All the PortS ooooooocooonooo eee 5 8 5 4 7 Staion Oh Wie SWING s suas oh Era eo dace ca eene els bdo etate 5 9 5 5 Monitoring Using RMON o ooooccocoo ns 5 10 5 5 1 PUDO SO tai ia rem Gree aia oia P CPP 5 10 5 5 2 RMON HISTO oca c porco der rre 5 10 5 5 3 RMON AIIM S aena ii a E eee eee 5 10 5 5 4 AMON EVENS i odore Bs acid ok qs tie a e id 5 11 5 5 5 Onine ACID sete
126. g Spanning Tree MAL address ageing hi 5 minutes Default flaw control mode Enable Default switch forwarding mode Adaptive Forward learn packets Enabled Advanced Cancel Help Figure 3 10 Switching Tab of the Device Setup Dialog Box 3 Click MAC Address Ageing 4 Type the required number of minutes 5 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 13 2 Changing the Flow Control Flow control prevents the loss of frames during busy periods Note that the individual port settings overrule the default setting To change the default flow mechanism on all ports 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Switching Click Default Flow Control Click Enabled or Disabled Click OK Son ipee E 3 13 3 Changing the Default Forwarding Mode To change the forwarding mode to be used on all ports 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Click Switching Click Default Switch Forwarding Mode Click the default forwarding mode you want Click OK CUI ape usi qua 3 13 4 Enable Forward Learn Packets Mode When this mode is enabled all packets are forwarded However if there is not enough mem ory in the switch due to heavy load the packet is discarded When this mode is disabled only IPX Get server request packets are forwarded To enable or disable this mode 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup Oo 2 Click Switching 2 S 3 Check
127. g a network access method in which the stations circulate a token Stations with data to send must have the token to transmit their data FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 33 Glossary topology a program that displays the topology of a FORE Systems ATM network An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval command option Traffic the calls being sent and received over a communications network Also the packets that are sent on a data network Traffic Management TM The traffic control and congestion control procedures for ATM ATM layer traffic control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to avoid congestion condi tions ATM layer congestion control refers to the set of actions taken by the network to mini mize the intensity spread and duration of congestion The following functions form a framework for managing and controlling traffic and congestion in ATM networks and may be used in appropriate combinations Connection Admission Control Feedback Control Usage Parameter Control Priority Control Traffic Shaping Network Resource Management Frame Discard ABR Flow Control Traffic Parameter A parameter for specifying a particular traffic aspect of a connection Trailer the protocol control information located at the end of a PDU Transit Delay the time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary a
128. g system that provides the ability to manage the PNNI protocol NM interacts with the PNNI protocol through the MIB Network Management Layer NML an abstraction of the functions provided by systems which manage network elements on a collective basis providing end to end network monitoring Network Management Station NMS system responsible for managing a network or portion of a network by talking to network management agents which reside in the managed nodes Network Module ATM port interface cards which may be individually added to or removed from any ForeRunner ATM switch to provide a diverse choice of connection alternatives Network Parameter Control NPC Defined as the set of actions taken by the network to moni tor and control traffic from the NNI Its main purpose is to protect network resources from malicious as well as unintentional misbehavior which can affect the QoS of other already established connections by detecting violations of negotiated parameters and taking appropri ate actions Refer to UPC FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 23 Glossary Network Redundancy Duplicated network equipment and or data which can provide a backup in case of network failures Network Service Access Point NSAP OSI generic standard for a network address consisting of 20 octets ATM has specified E 164 for public network addressing and the NSAP address structure for private network addresses Netw
129. gested network or when connections are allocated to a number of users Fragment free forwarding checks that there are no collisions within the first 64 bytes of the packet the minimum valid message size required by the IEEE 802 3 specification This guar antees that message fragments less than 64 bytes runts are not forwarded to other network segments Runts are typically the result of collision fragments The packets are sent through the switch as a continuous flow of data the transmit and receive rates are always the same Because of this fragment free forwarding cannot pass pack ets to higher speed networks for example to forward packets from a 10Mbps to a 100Mbps Ethernet network Therefore if you opt for fragment free forwarding you cannot make direct connections to higher speed networks like FDDI from that port Q O O D mbp 7 o O J e Fragment free forwarding offers a compromise between cut through which offers the fastest possible forwarding at the expense of error checking and store and forward which offers maximum error checking at the expense of forwarding speed to provide a latency of approx imately 60 microseconds and sufficient error checking to eliminate the most common errors FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 3 Concepts in Switching A 1 8 Store and forward Forwarding Store and forward forwarding temporarily stores a packet and checks it against the CRC
130. h is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Phase Alternate Line PAL Largely a German British development in the late 60s used in the UK and much of Europe The B Y and R Y signals are weighted to U and V then modulated onto a double sideband suppressed subcarrier at 4 43MHz The V R Y signal s phase is turned through 180 degrees on each alternate line This gets rid of NTSC s hue changes with phase errors at the expense of de saturation The carrier reference is sent as a burst in the back porch The phase of the burst is alternated every line to convey the phase switching of the V signal The burst s average phase is V see NTSC for U S Physical Layer PHY the actual cards wires and or fiber optic cabling used to connect com puters routers and switches Physical Layer Connection an association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities A PHY connection consists of the concatenation of PHY links in order to provide an end to end transfer capability to PHY SAPs Physical Layer Convergence Protocol PLCP a framing protocol that runs on top of the T1 or El framing protocol Physical Medium PM Refers to the actual physical interfaces Several interfaces are defined including STS 1 STS 3c STS 12c STM 1 STM 4 DS1 El DS2 E3 DS3 E4 FDDI based Fiber Channel based and STP These range in speeds from 1 544Mbps through 622 08 Mbps Physical Medium Dependen
131. h as a bent paper clip press the Reset button on the front of the switch and hold it until the SYSTEM LED flashes green quickly five times per second Release the Reset button Attach a VT100 compatible terminal to the serial port on the front panel using the cable supplied 4 To display the command prompt on screen press the Enter key a couple of times 7 4 4 Commands Allowed in Maintenance Mode The following command is available for the switch in Maintenance Mode Table 7 2 Commands Available in Maintenance Mode Command 000 e gwIP the IP address of the primary router intermediate gateway required if the TFTP server is located on a remote part of the network Loads software using the BOOTP or TFTP protocol 00 A RUN defparm Starts the software in its default factory settings FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 7 e V CeTe VE T o 4 10 pue asf Nod ajosuog Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 4 5 Bootptab File Entry The entry for the switch in the bootptab should contain a line similar to bf FORE switch es2810 x xx This instructs the switch to load the switch software from the bootp tftp server Use the FORE Stack View application to configure the switch manually or transfer the ixxxxxxx p file con taining the configuration from a TFTP server to the switch 7 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 5 Tr
132. he protocol address it references Address Prefix A string of 0 or more bits up to a maximum of 152 bits that is the lead portion of one or more ATM addresses Address Resolution The procedure by which a client associates a LAN destination with the ATM address of another client or the BUS FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 1 Glossary Address Resolution Protocol ARP a method used to resolve higher level protocol addressing such as IP into the appropriate header data required for ATM i e port VPI and VCI also defines the AAL type to be used Agent a component of network and desktop management software such as SNMP that gathers information from MIBs alarm an unsolicited message from a device typically indicating a problem with the system that requires attention Alarm Indication Signal AIS In T1 an all ones condition used to alert a receiver that its incoming signal or frame has been lost The loss of signal or frame is detected at the receiv ing end and the failed signal is replaced by all the ones condition which the receiver interprets as an AIS The normal response to this is AIS is for the receiving end to generate a yellow alarm signal as part of its transmission towards the faulty end The AIS itself is sometimes called a Blue Signal A Law The PCM coding and companding standard used in Europe Allowable Cell Rate ACR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM tr
133. he switch Reset the switch if necessary Monitor the software status 5 12 3 Access to the Local Management Application Instructions on how to access the application have been mentioned earlier Access from the CONSOLE port Details are in Quick Start Access using Telnet Select Tools Telnet FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 12 4 Finding the Details After a successful login the Telnet main menu is displayed Ele Edit Settings Telnet Window Help 89 28 151 100 00204845F0E 6 Po we ATA Login D D e 5 e gt o r O gt FORE Systems FORE ES 281H Version 2 28 FORE ES 2818 Switch Administrator M Configuration and monitoring MECA nonitoring Figure 5 23 Telnet Main Menu FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 95 Managing the Switch 5 13 The Recovery Manager 5 13 1 Purpose Use the Recovery Manager if the software in your switch is corrupted or a software download to the switch failed or you have moved a configured switch from another net forgotten the switch s IP address or simply lost control of the switch FORE Systems Recovery Mode Manager Start Recovery Welcome to the Recovery Mode Manager This enables you to regain control of your device if vou have lost contact with it or forgotten the IP Address ou must have physical access to pour device to use the Recover Made Manager with it WARNING
134. hese counters to zero FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 25 Managing the Switch 5 8 3 Monitoring the Faults on a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the faults on a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Details gt Faults This table shows the total number errors discards and observations transmitted and received 3 To change the display from numerical to graphical click one or more of the num bers and select Tools Graph 4 Select Options gt Reset Counters to set all these counters to zero 5 8 4 Monitoring the Distribution on a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the distribution percentages of unicast multicast and broadcast frames on a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Details gt Distribution 5 8 5 Monitoring the Spanning Tree Statistics on a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the spanning tree statistics on a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Details gt Spanning Tree 5 26 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 8 6 Monitoring the Received Packets on a Port Use the following procedure to monitor the received packets on a specific port 1 Right click the port 2 Select Port Activity gt RX Packets The Port Activity dialog box appears as shown in Figure 5 19 D D e 5 e S o r O gt Port Activity Hx Packets for Port 7 FORE ES 2810
135. hree classes of networks in the Internet based on the number of hosts on a given network Large networks are classified as Class A having addresses in the range 1 126 and having a maximum of 16 387 064 hosts Medium networks are classified as Class B with addresses in the range 128 191 and with a maximum of 64 516 hosts Small networks are classified as Class C having addresses in the range 192 254 with a maximum of 254 hosts Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers in the following format nnn nnn nnn nnn In a Class A network the first of the numbers is the network number the last three numbers are the local host address In a Class B network the first two numbers are the network the last two are the local host address In a Class C network the first three numbers are the network address the last number is the local host address The following table summarizes the classes and sizes Class First Max Hosts A 1 126 16 387 064 B 129 191 64 516 C 192 223 254 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 17 Glossary Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the address Default network masks are as follows Class A 255 0 0 0 Class B 255 255 0 0 Class C 255 255 255 0 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork For example if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork the mask could be
136. ht hand side of the switch using the four screws provided aa a Iw hd 3 Act RPS 10 2 23 dC IC A 1590 Figure 1 3 Attaching the Mounting Brackets 5 O o O O eh o esp D m o Make sure that you attach the mounting brackets to the correct sides Otherwise the switch will not align correctly in the equipment rack 2 If the four rubber feet prevent the switch from standing firmly on the equipment rack s side support rails remove them 3 Setthe switch in the equipment rack and make sure there is adequate space for air flow around the switch see Allow Adequate Ventilation on page 1 9 4 Screw the mounting brackets securely to the equipment rack 1 5 7 Ambient Temperature If the switch is installed in a closed or multi rack assembly the operating ambient temperature of the rack environment may be greater than the ambient temperature of the room Make sure that the temperature of the rack environment does not exceed the recommended operating temperature for the switch FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 11 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 6 Installing a Module 1 6 1 Introduction You can increase the connectivity options of your switch by installing a module WARNING Modules are not designed to be installed in or removed from the switch while it is in operation You must power off the switch before attempting 1 6 2 Static free Working Area to in
137. in the stacks and the access rights to the devices on the LAN Tools Gives access to the Synchronization Manage the Switch Position Organizer and Color Code Matrix Ports function FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 23 FORE Stack View 2 11 5 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Switch in a Stack When managing a stack of switches right click a switch to access the functions described in Table 2 7 Table 2 7 Right Click Command Options for Switches Function Description 00 IP and Name Setup Displays the switch s IP address and Subnet mask Device Activity Displays in a graph format information about the activity on the ports in the switch selected Spanning Tree Provides statistics about the Spanning Tree on the selected switch VLAN Displays monitoring information and the status of the VLAN links Device Restarts the switch and provides information about the firmware in the switch Configuration Ensures the switch s configuration is safe by saving it to the flash mem ory Displays as a graph the activity on all the ports in the switch and RMON facilities 2 24 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 11 6 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Port Right click a single port to access the functions described in Table 2 8 Table 2 8 Right Click Command Options for Ports Functions _Deseription Port Setup Displays the port status the speed and
138. ing State Learned entries are entered in the Unicast Destination Forwarding Table Normal data is not transmitted Forwarding The switch enters the Forwarding State after having been in the Learning State for a predefined time period Normal data is transmitted Blocking Listening Learning Forwarding K x A Forward Forward Delay Delay Figure A 5 Port States A 7 2 6 Disabled Ports Ports which are disabled do not adapt to solve the problem network loops using the Spanning Tree Protocol A 24 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 7 2 7 Spanning Tree Topology The cost factor is used to calculate the distance from each port of a switch to the Root Switch On the basis of this each port on a switch is assigned one of the following states Root Port The port that is closest to the Root Switch Only one port on each switch 1s assigned as the Root Port Designated Port The ports that connect to switches further away from the Root Switch than the switch The Root Switch only has Designated Ports Blocking If any ports are not assigned a Root Port or a Designated Port State they are assigned a Blocking State Frames with the exception of Configuration BPDUs are not accepted or transmitted by the port when it is in the Blocking State The port can be said to be in stand by A 7 2 8 Frame Propagation By enforcing this strict hierarchy and by only forwarding frames betwe
139. ing protocol An Edge Device obtains forwarding descriptions using the route distri bution protocol elarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs elconfig a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration Lets the user set the NSAP address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server display the list of Emulated LANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEPROM an EPROM that can be cleared with electrical signals rather than the traditional ultraviolet light Electromagnetic Interference EMI signals generated and radiated by an electronic device that cause interference with radio communications among other effects Electronics Industries Association EIA a USA trade organization that issues its own stan dards and contributes to ANSI developed RS 232 Membership includes USA manufacturers Embedded SNMP Agent an SNMP agent can come in two forms embedded or proxy An embedded SNMP agent is integrated into the physical hardware and software of the unit Emulated Local Area Network ELAN A logical network initiated by using the mechanisms defined by LAN Emulation This could include ATM and legacy attached end stations Glossary 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s
140. ing the Polling Intervals The polling intervals determine how often FORE Stack View contacts the switch or stack and updates the status and information displayed To change the polling parameters 1 Select Monitoring Preferences Preferences x Folling Monitor Timeouts Community Configuration Polling C Perindically Interval 10 sec Status Polling C On opening only Periodically Interval 3 sec Cancel Help Figure 2 3 Polling Tab of Preferences Dialog Box Click Polling or Monitor If you want the polling to happen more frequently than just on opening click Periodically Move the Interval slider to the required time 5 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 8 2 Setting the Timeout Parameters for SNMP The timeout determines the intervals between polling and the number of times the request is retried if a device is not responding To change the timeout parameters 1 Select Monitoring Preferences 2 Click Timeouts Preferences x Folling Monitor Timeouts Community Timeout Parameters for SHME Polling Timeout i Seconds Retrlez E Default OF Cancel Help Figure 2 4 Timeouts Tab of the Preferences Dialog Box 3 Changethe values 4 Click OK m ie JJ m 2 D O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual 2 11 FORE Stack View 2 8 3 Setting th
141. ingle switch and FORE Stack View offers Table 2 5 Right Click Command Options for a Single Switch Functions DewHpion Device Setup Displays comprehensive information about the switch s overall setup VLAN Setup Provides an overview of existing VLANs and the opportunity to add new ones or change existing ones Device Information Informs you about the type of switch its location who is responsible for it and the amount of time passed since the switch was restarted Port Overview Gives detailed monitoring information for each port Device Activity Displays in a graph format information about the activity on the ports VLAN Displays monitoring information and the status of the VLAN links Device Reboots the switch and provides information about the firmware in the switch Also enables the switch s firmware to be upgraded Configuration Ensures the switch s configuration is safe by saving it to the flash mem ory by backing up to disk and by being able to restore it again should it be lost If necessary the switch can be returned to the factory default con figuration Monitoring Provides comprehensive details for Spanning Tree statistics and RMON facilities as well as Hardware information and an Access Overview 2 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 11 4 Right Mouse Button Commands for a Stack Border When managing a stack of switches right click the stack b
142. ion Problems 7 7 3 1 The Most Common Problems are Cable Problems A high percentage of faults are caused by cable faults such as loose connections or inappropri ately wired cables 7 7 3 2 Spanning Tree Topology Changes When a change is detected in the Spanning Tree network the devices forming the Spanning Tree go into a learning state to determine the optimal routes between network segments Dur ing this learning state the switch will not forward data traffic This is a normal occurrence for Spanning tree devices and no remedial action is required However if the switch goes into the learning state too frequently the Spanning Tree may be unstable and should be examined and possibly reconfigured 7 7 3 3 To Troubleshoot Communications Problems If the POWER LED and the STATUS LED are both on but one or more of the port STATUS LEDs are off then 1 Reset the switch using the Reset button 2 Check the STATUS LED for each switch port to which a cable is attached 7 7 3 4 VLANs The use of VLAN policies can lead to unexpected communication problems If the policies are not designed with care ports are not able to reach network services Check your VLAN poli cies and use the VLAN monitoring to review the VLAN membership for that port or address 7 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 8 Contacting the Technical Assistance Center TAC 7 8 1 Introduction If you are u
143. ion carried by the cell At this time values 0 3 are used to identify various types of user data values 4 and 5 indicate management information and values 6 and 7 are reserved for future use Peak Cell Rate at the PHY Layer SAP of a point to point VCC the Peak Cell Rate is the inverse of the minimum inter arrival time TO of the request to send an ATM SDU Peak Cell Rate PCR parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management In CBR transmissions PCR determines how often data samples are sent In ABR transmissions PCR determines the maximum value of the ACR Peer Entities entities within the same layer Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI a local bus standard created by Intel FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 25 Glossary Permanent Virtual Channel Connection PVCC A Virtual Channel Connection VCC is an ATM connection where switching is performed on the VPI VCI fields of each cell A Perma nent VCC is one which is provisioned through some network management function and left up indefinitely Permanent Virtual Circuit or Channel PVC a circuit or channel through an ATM network provisioned by a carrier between two endpoints used for dedicated long term information transport between locations Permanent Virtual Path Connection PVPC A Virtual Path Connection VPC is an ATM con nection where switching is performed on the VPI field only of each cell A PVPC is one whic
144. ion is disabled 1 Click the port you want to change 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click Port Mode 4 Click Half Duplex or Full Duplex Half allows either transmission or receipt of the data and Full allows both trans mission and receipt of the data 5 Click OK 3 18 4 Changing the Port Speed To change the speed a port accepts data when auto negotiation is disabled pyepuels 1 Clickthe port you want to change O Oo 5 r Q c ES Oo 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click Port Mode 4 Click Speed 10 or Speed 100 10 limits data entering to 10Mbps and 100 allows data speeds up to 100Mbps 5 Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 31 Standard Configuration 3 18 5 Changing the Forwarding Mode on a Port To change the forwarding mode to be used on a port 1 2 3 4 Click the port you want to change Select Port Setup Click Port Mode In Switch Forwarding Mode click the forwarding mode you want Default uses the same forwarding mode as specified in Device Setup Click OK 3 18 6 Changing the Flow Control on a Port Flow control prevents the loss of frames during busy periods To change the flow mechanism on a port Te 2 3 4 2 3 32 This feature is over ridden by disabling the flow control setting in Device Setup gt Switching E Click the port you want to change Select Port Setup Click Port Mode In Flow Control click the flow control you
145. is is easier and the existing configuration is retained 7 2 7 Switch Configuration The configuration information for the switch is stored in two files residing in flash memory The two files are named after the MAC address of the switch e inxxxxxx p contains all the basic configuration parameters The last six charac ters are the last six hex characters of the MAC address e stdalone nvp contains the VLAN policy database This file name is derived from the domain name If the domain name is different the file name will match the name of the domain O a 2 D 2 gt O O et e pue asf 110d R e 1 3 010 7 2 8 Backing up the Configuration The two configuration files may be backed up using a TFTP client on an external machine e g MS Windows Unix or other Please follow the documentation for the TFTP client applica tion for further instructions However it is recommended that you use FORE Stack View for doing backup of the configurations FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 3 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 2 9 Restoring the Configuration The two configuration files may be restored using a TFTP client on an external machine e g MS Windows Unix or other if the switch configuration has been lost or corrupted It is rec ommended that you use FORE Stack View for restoring the configurations rather than manual TFTP 7 2 10 Reset to Factory Defaults If the configuration i
146. is is normal 4 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Advanced Configuration 4 2 8 Ports with IP Learning IP learning must be enabled when using IP policies IP learning is enabled on all ports by default If you want to change the settings for individual ports for example if you are using protocols other that IP protocols and don t want these stations to be learned using IP rules you should 1 Select VLAN Setup 2 Click Advanced 3 Click IP Traffic In the IP Traffic dialog box you can specity which ports support IP learning IP Traffic 172 28 184 27 Select the ports that supports IP learning El OF Cancel Help Figure 4 3 IP Traffic Dialog Box 4 Click OK p9dUEAPY O Oo y Q c e Oo FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 4 7 Advanced Configuration 4 3 IGMP Pruning 4 3 1 Warning when Using Pruning It is important to be aware of problems that may arise when using IGMP pruning and IP Mul ticast addresses WARNING When using the IGMP pruning IP multicast packets not based on IGMP are discarded IGMP pruning only works in the management VLAN This means that IGMP pruning has no effect on VLANs which have not been set up with IP routing PUN 4 3 2 Enabling IGMP Pruning IGMP pruning implements a system where only the necessary amount of IP multicast packets are bridge
147. istributed name and address mechanism used in the Internet Duplex Two way communication DXI a generic phrase used in the full names of several protocols all commonly used to allow a pair of DCE and DTE devices to share the implementation of a particular WAN protocol The protocols define the packet formats used to transport data between DCE and DTE devices DXI Frame Address DFA a connection identifier associated with ATM DXI packets that serves the same functions as and translates directly to the VPI VCI on an ATM cell Dynamic Allocation A technique in which the resources assigned for program execution are determined by criteria applied at the moment of need E 164 A public network addressing standard utilizing up to a maximum of 15 digits ATM uses E 164 addressing for public network addressing E1 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 2 048 Mbps El lines can be leased for private use from common carriers E3 Wide area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at a rate of 34 368 Mbps E3 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers Edge Device A physical device which is capable of forwarding packets between legacy inter working interfaces e g Ethernet Token Ring etc and ATM interfaces based on data link and network layer information but which does not participate in the running of any network layer rout
148. itted to these ports on the switch Multicast kept within Yes VLAN constraints existing VLAN A 5 5 2 Violation of Port MAC Filter If a MAC address violates the Port MAC filter setting an error message shows the offending MAC address and the port on which the violation occurred An SNMP trap containing the port number is also sent on the network A 5 5 3 The Switch s Own MAC Address is Part of a Filter Entry This entry is ignored by the filter and an entry in the error log indicates what happened A 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 5 6 Port Filter Priorities A 5 6 1 Introduction When you make changes to VLANs or permanent MAC addresses in other windows of the switch it is possible you may have conflict between the Port MAC filter settings and other settings To reduce the danger of altering the switch configuration by mistake certain priori ties have been made A 5 6 2 VLANs A port VLAN always has priority over a Port MAC filter setup When you add or change a filter setup you can only specify ports that belong to the same VLAN this ensures the packets never go beyond the limits of that VLAN A 5 6 3 Permanent Port Entries A permanent MAC address on a port always has priority over a Port MAC filter setup When you add or change a filter setup you can only specify the port that is the permanent MAC address A 5 6 4 To Remove Conflicting Setups When you change to a
149. k the port you want to change Select Port Setup Click Spanning Tree Select the Port status box In Path cost type the required value Click OK Qs es eS 3 19 4 Changing Priority of the Port in the Spanning Tree The higher the value the lower the chance of this port being used as the designated or root port To change the priority value 1 Click the port you want to change Select Port Setup Click Spanning Tree Select the Port status box oF oe 9 9 In Priority type the required value If there are two ports with the same value the port with the lowest port number is chosen 6 Click OK 3 34 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Sa ME TA Advanced Configuration 4 1 In this Chapter In this chapter you will learn how to configure the ES 2810 s Virtual LAN VLAN features You can create logical network groups VLANs by segmenting the switch for example according to the subnetting scheme within your network Each VLAN is an isolated group and the switch only forwards traffic between members of the same group Communication between groups can be implemented using routers For information on using ATM ELANs with VLANs E on the ES 2810 refer to the documentation included with the ES 2810 s ATM Uplink module 4 2 VLANSs Virtual LANs 4 2 1 Purpose You can use VLANS to e Create up to 128 separate user groups e Limit broadcast and multicast traffic e Increase security by limiti
150. l automatically detects possible problems and indicates possi ble causes and solutions Use of this tool is described in Diagnostics Window on Check for any relevant messages in the Trap window Use of this tool is described in Dia Check for any relevant messages in the System window The System Log gives details about system events that occur during start up and operation and also the general state of the switch Typical information recorded in the System Log includes all major events during start up system changes unex pected events and configuration errors The System Log reports such things as software successfully located and loaded ports enabled or disabled and if an SNMP traps have been sent Use of this tool is described in page 731 Check for any relevant messages in the Errors window Use of this tool is described in Errors Window on page 2 32 Check the fault counters on the switch ports and watch for any significant error counters FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 6 2 Further Evaluation of the Problem If you still cannot resolve the problem after following the procedures above access the Moni toring menu within Local Management Monitoring is a valuable tool for the troubleshooting process and offers extensive information on the performance and the status of the switch hardware and software the switch ports and the traffic patterns on
151. lPath CellStarter EdgeRunner FramePlus ForeRunnerHE ForeRunnerLE Intelligent Infrastructure I2 MSC NetPro Networks Of Steel StreamRunner TNX Universal Port VoicePlus and Zero Hop Routing are unregistered trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All other brands or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders FCC CLASS A NOTICE WARNING Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void this user s authority to operate this equipment NOTE The ES 2810 Ethernet Switch has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pur suant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio fre quency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of the equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense C NOTICE Marking by the symbol C indicates compliance of this system to the EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility directive of the European Community and compliance to the Low Voltage Safety Directive Such marking is indicative that this s
152. le 7 1 lists the topics covered in this chapter Table 7 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Use of the Console Port page 7 2 Troubleshooting Tools page 7 9 Troubleshooting Procedure page 7 10 o g D 0 O O e Contacting the Technical Assis tance Center TAC page 7 15 pue asf HOd R e 1 31 070 Typical Problems and Causes FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 1 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 2 Use of the Console Port 7 2 1 Purpose of Console Port If you lose contact with the switch and the Recovery Manager in FORE Stack View or Local Management over the LAN cannot contact it then local management and maintenance is pos sible via the Console port on the front of the switch 7 2 2 Local Management During normal operation the switch is running and the Status LED is green the Console port will give access to a menu identical to the one accessible via a telnet connection to the switch The menu allows configuration of basic parameters extensive monitoring flash operations reset of the switch etc 7 2 3 Maintenance Mode If the switch is failing for some reason System LED goes red and cannot start correctly after a reset this could be caused by either hardware failure corruption of the software or corrup tion of the switch configuration The maintenance mode is provided to allow recovery from a situation when the Recovery Manager of FORE Stack View can
153. llation 2 3 2 To Install FORE Stack View for Windows Click Install Windows and follow the on screen instructions When the installation is com plete FORE Stack View will start automatically when Launch FORE Stack View is selected FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 4 Removal of FORE Stack View 2 4 1 Removal Under Windows To remove FORE Stack View under Windows 1 Close all FORE Stack View programs 2 Usestandard Windows procedures to uninstall FORE Stack View 2 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual FORE Stack View 2 5 Using FORE Stack View 2 5 1 Concept FORE Stack View uses SNMP to configure all the parameters on your switch or group of switches known from here on as a stack and monitors their activities r S FORE Stack View Ethernet Switch 2810 FORE ES 2810 Switch Ele Device View Configuration Monitoring Tools Help EUR sse e SE xl Discovered SNMP Device Tree Subnet 89 x a zr 102 la ES 2810 F RE FEB 4 Z Temperature m Reset 23 24 Console CAE Device View Explorer Trap Trap System Errors For Help press F1 Figure 2 2 FORE Stack View FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual O JJ m e y O X lt D z FORE Stack View 2 5 2 Navigating through FORE Stack View Many commands are available from within FORE Stack View These are best accessed using
154. ly unique and is assigned by InterNIC International Network Information Center The host address is the responsibility of the network manager In private networks where connections to other IP networks are not available locally assigned IP addresses can be used A 6 1 2 Frame Types and Type Codes The following Ethernet type codes are used in the IP environment Table A 5 Frame Types and Codes 0800 DOD Internet Protocol IP 0806 Address Resolution Protocol A 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 6 1 3 IP Address Structure A 6 1 3 1 Address Notation IP addresses are 32 bit numbers The most common notation for IP addresses divides the 32 bit address into four 8 bit fields and specifies the value of each field as a decimal number from 0 to 255 each representing an 8 bit octet Each number field is separated by a period for example 14 0 65 3 This is called the dotted decimal notation A 6 1 3 2 Network Numbers The 32 bit address field consists of a network and a local host part They are divided into dif ferent address classes which differ in the number of bits allocated to the network part and the host part local address of the address The value of the first octet in the IP address defines the address class classes A B C D A 6 1 3 3 Class A Address The class A address comprises a 7 bit network number and a 24 bit host address The highest order bit is set to 0
155. ment and a usable packet format LANE also defines Ethernet and Token Ring ELANs lane a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server LES Broadcast Unknown Server BUS and LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS on the local host Latency The time interval between a network station seeking access to a transmission chan nel and that access being granted or received Layer Entity an active layer within an element Layer Function a part of the activity of the layer entities Layer Service a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 19 Glossary Layer User Data the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services le a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server LES and the Broad cast Unknown Server BUS Leaky Bucket informal cell policing term for the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm which in effect receives cells into a bucket and leaks them out at the specified or contracted rate i e PCR Least Significant Bit LSB lowest order bit in the binary representation of a numerical value lecs a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emu lated LANs l
156. minate coaxial cables BNC is also referred to as Bayonet Network Connector Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution B8ZS a technique used to satisfy the ones density requirements of digital T carrier facilities in the public network while allowing 64 Kbps clear channel data Strings of eight consecutive zeroes are replaced by an eight bit code representing two inten tional bipolar pulse code violations 000V10V1 Glossary 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Bipolar Violation BPV an error event on a line in which the normal pattern of alternating high one and low zero signals is disrupted A bipolar violation is noted when two high sig nals occur without an intervening low signal or vice versa B ISDN Inter Carrier Interface B ICI An ATM Forum defined specification for the interface between public ATM networks to support user services across multiple public carriers Q O D Y Q lt Bit Error Rate BER A measure of transmission quality generally shown as a negative expo nent e g 107 which means 1 out of 10 bits 1 out of 10 000 000 bits are in error Bit Interleaved Parity BIP an error detection technique in which character bit patterns are forced into parity so that the total number of one bits is always odd or always even This is accomplished by the addition of a one or zero bit to each byte as the byte is transmitted at the other end of the transmission the receiving de
157. mmunications systems to detect circuit failures and automatically switch to redundant standby equipment Available Bit Rate ABR a type of traffic for which the ATM network attempts to meet that traffic s bandwidth requirements It does not guarantee a specific amount of bandwidth and the end station must retransmit any information that did not reach the far end Backbone the main connectivity device of a distributed system All systems that have con nectivity to the backbone connect to each other but systems can set up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone to improve cost performance or security Backplane High speed communications line to which individual components are connected Backward Explicit Congestion Notification BECN A Resource Management cell type gener ated by the network or the destination indicating congestion or approaching congestion for traffic flowing in the direction opposite that of the BECN cell Bandwidth usually identifies the capacity or amount of data that can be sent through a given circuit may be user specified in a PVC Baud unit of signalling speed equal to the number of discrete conditions or signal events per second If each signal event represents only one bit the baud rate is the same as bps if each signal event represents more than one bit such as a dibit the baud rate is smaller than bps Bayonet Neill Concelman BNC a bayonet locking connector used to ter
158. n the switch has been corrupted in such a way that the switch is not able to start properly after reset System LED goes red it may be necessary to reset the switch con figuration to factory defaults The RUN Defparm command can be used to do this Note that this will discard the existing configuration in the switch This method can also be used if the configuration by mistake has made it impossible to contact the switch by other means It is also the only way to regain access to the switch if the administrator password has been lost 7 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 3 Recovering from Start up Failure 7 3 1 Network Boot Process The network boot process is as follows 1 The switch sends a BOOTP request over the network Boot Switch Server TFTP Boot Request Figure 7 1 BOOTP Request 1302 The boot request contains the switch s MAC address The boot server contains a bootptab file with an entry for the switch which is defined by the MAC address O e D gt O O 5 e pue asf Mog AJOSUO 2 Ifa boot server which holds the software for the switch receives the boot request it loads the boot software over the network to the destination MAC address Boot Switch Server TFTP Software download 1303 Figure 7
159. nable to solve the problem and want to report the problem to FORE s Technical Assistance Center TAC there are certain things that you can do to enable us to begin solving your problem quickly FORE Stack View makes the gathering of such information easy and presents it in an easy to interpret format 7 8 2 Things to do Prior to Contacting TAC To ensure that your problem gets treated as efficiently as possible TFTP a report and parame ter block from the switch If it is not possible to TFTP from the switch try to obtain the product number and the software ID and version number any error messages in the Error and System Logs and a copy of the switch s configuration Always supply the following information when contacting TAC for help e The scope and characteristics of the problem How severe is the problem Is the switch dead Are any of the ports malfunctioning If so which ports Is the whole network down e A quick sketch of your configuration e Is the problem reproducible If yes how O a z D 2 gt O O et e e sita new installation or has it been running for a while pue asf 110d R e 1 3 010 e When was the last time it was working correctly What has happened since then that might have affected the switch The information in this report will help us to find a solution to the problem as quickly as pos sible 7 8 3 Further Information on TAC For information about FORE s support service
160. nd the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a sec ond designated boundary Transmission Control Protocol TCP a specification for software that bundles and unbundles sent and received data into packets manages the transmission of packets on a network and checks for errors Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TCP IP a set of communications protocols that has evolved since the late 1970s when it was first developed by the Department of Defense Because programs supporting these protocols are available on so many different computer systems they have become an excellent way to connect different types of computers over networks Transmission Convergence TC generates and receives transmission frames and is responsi ble for all overhead associated with the transmission frame The TC sublayer packages cells into the transmission frame Transmission Convergence Sublayer TCS This is part of the ATM physical layer that defines how cells will be transmitted by the actual physical layer Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface TAXI Encoding scheme used for FDDI LANs as well as for ATM supports speed typical of 100 Mbps over multimode fiber Glossary 34 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Transport Layer Layer Four of the OSI reference model that is responsible for maintaining reliable end to end communications across the network trap a program interr
161. need to save the new configuration to the switch s flash memory e Action Save the configuration changes to flash memory To check the status of the configuration select Configuration gt Software 7 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 1 2 Performance Problems One or more workstations cannot communicate with a server or other device through the switch e Explanation This symptom might be noticed on one or more segments connected to the switch and could be caused by cable faults inappropriate configuration or faulty installation e Action Check all connections and verify your configuration Check any error counters for the ports The 100Mbps ports are not working or work very poorly e Explanation This is probably due to incorrect configuration of the auto negotia tion duplex settings and link speeds e Action Check the negotiated settings in the switch and compare them to the expected values have poor performance and high numbers of second port drops e Explanation There may be a loop in the network and Spanning Tree is not enabled e Action Avoid loops or alternatively either enable STP on all the ports using Device Setup or specific ports using Port Setup O a 2 D 2 gt O O et e pue asf HOd R e 1 31 010 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 13 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 7 3 Communicat
162. nes the hosts that can carry out SNMP TFTP or Telnet manage ment on the switch have read write or read only rights and access to communities You can e Add a new entry to the list e Delete an entry e Edit existing entries 3 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 6 3 Adding a Device To add a host that is allowed to carry out management on the switch 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Authentications Stack Setup 89 20 151 100 Ea Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring System IF Date Time Authentication Traps All All Hw ANP Add Edit Delete Cancel Help Figure 3 4 Authentication Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Click Send trap when authentication violation A message will be sent to the Traps window if unauthorized hosts try to carry out management on the switch Click Add In IP address type the IP address of the device to manage the switch You can have a maximum of eight addresses in the list The address 0 0 0 0 indi cates that all IP addresses are accepted pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 Click Protocol and select one Click Rights and specify the level of access to the switch For SNMP only click Community and type the SNMP request name accepted by the SNMP agent If no community name is specified all community names
163. ng Modes A 1 1 Forwarding Mode Affect on Latency Latency is the delay measured from the time the packet first enters a network device until it leaves it The closer a device is to zero latency the better The type of network can affect latency Over wide area networks latency is negligible in com parison to the time it takes the signals to travel over long distance lines On local area net works reducing latency normally increases performance Unfortunately reducing the latency can often lead to an increase in errors on the network The ideal situation is Change the forwarding modes to provide added reliability and flexibility For example if you are concerned about the generation of errors on a network you can configure the ports to store and forward mode to ensure safe transfer of data A 1 2 Possible Forwarding Modes You can specify one of four possible forwarding modes you can specify for each port e Cut through e Fragment free e Store and forward e Adaptive A 1 3 Forwarding Policy If two communicating ports receive port and transmit port have different forwarding modes then they use the safest mode For example if one port is configured for fragment free and the other port is configured for store and forward then traffic between the two ports in either direction is always switched using store and forward A 1 4 CRC Errors Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC errors are the sum of Frame Check Sequences longs v
164. ng communication between groups e Allocate network resources such as servers to groups For a more comprehensive explanation of the VLAN concept refer to the online help p9dUEAPY O Oo Q c ES oO FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 4 1 Advanced Configuration 4 2 2 Warning When Using the Spanning Tree Protocol It is important to be aware of problems that may arise when using Spanning Tree and VLANs The Spanning Tree Protocol can use alternative paths such as different ports to get messages to their destination VLANs specify which ports can receive messages ME page 323 WARNING When using the Spanning Tree facility use only one VLAN If you use two or more VLANs unexpected changes in your network topology may occur 4 2 3 Policy based VLANs The switch or stack uses Policy based VLANs This means that the devices attached to the switch stack can be grouped by any combination of MAC address IP address IP net and port number therefore devices can belong to one or more VLANS 4 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Advanced Configuration 4 2 4 Policy Hierarchy To avoid conflicts between two VLANS a strict priority of the policies is used 1 MAC address 2 IP address and IP net 3 Port WARNING This means that a station learned by a MAC rule is not learned by an IP or Port rule and a station learned by an IP rule is not learned by a Port rule
165. nization of the switches 5 40 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 15 3 Switch Position Organizer 5 15 3 1 Using the Switch Position Organizer This tool enables you to reposition the switches displayed on screen so they have the same relative position to each other as the physical switches in the stack Use the following proce dure to reposition a switch D D e 5 ae S o r O gt 1 Select Tools gt Switch Position Organizer Switch Position Organizer Switches Sa alerta led end aa 129201511 either the Up arrow or 88 20 151 101 Dower arrow to change the 08 20 151 102 position of the switeh in the AOS list E Press OK to display the H switches in their neve positions in the list Corel teo Figure 5 26 Switch Position Organizer Dialog Box Click the switch s IP address Use the arrows to change the position of the IP address in the list To update the names of the individual switches to match the physical position view check the Update individual switch names too option 5 Click OK The switches in Device View now change position The new order is stored in the switch so the order is maintained regardless of where you manage them FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 41 Managing the Switch 5 15 4 Color Code Matrix Ports 5 15 4 1 Purpose Enabling this tool colors the individual ports on the Mat
166. no external protection and noise resistance comes solely from the twists Unspecified Bit Rate UBR a type of traffic that is not considered time critical e g ARP mes sages pure data allocated whatever bandwidth is available at any given time UBR traffic is given a best effort priority in an ATM network with no guarantee of successful transmis sion Uplink Represents the connectivity from a border node to an upnode Usage Parameter Control UPC mechanism that ensures that traffic on a given connection does not exceed the contracted bandwidth of the connection responsible for policing or enforcement UPC is sometimes confused with congestion management see congestion man agement User Datagram Protocol UDP the TCP IP transaction protocol used for applications such as remote network management and name service access this lets users assign a name such as RVAX 2 5 to a physical or numbered address User to Network Interface UNI the physical and electrical demarcation point between the user and the public network service provider FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 35 Glossary V 35 ITU T standard describing a synchronous physical layer protocol used for communica tions between a network access device and a packet network V 35 is most commonly used in the United States and Europe and is recommended for speeds up to 48 Kbps Variable Bit Rate VBR a type of traffic tha
167. not be applied In the following sections various problems are described as well as solutions using maintenance mode Maintenance Mode on page 7 6 describes how to start and use the maintenance mode Loading software to the switch in Maintenance E Mode should only be done as a last resort the reason being that the software and configuration are already resident in the flash memory is overwritten and lost 7 2 4 Switch Software The software for the switch including a default configuration resides in the switch s flash memory A backup of the software is provided on the CD delivered with the switch and the newest software versions may be downloaded via the Internet The software files may be used for restoring or upgrading the switch software 7 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 2 5 Restoring Software The switch software may be restored downloaded from a TFTP server if the current software in flash memory has been corrupted The TFTP and BOOTP commands may both be used to accomplish this For the TFTP command an external TFTP server with the software must be present on the network For the BOOTP command a BOOTP TFTP server often referred to as a boot server must be present 7 2 6 Upgrading Software If working switch software needs to be upgraded FORE recommends using the Software Upgrade Wizard in FORE Stack View rather than the maintenance mode commands Th
168. of 8 bits similar but not identical to a byte One s Density The requirement for digital transmission lines in the public switched telephone network that eight consecutive 0 s cannot be in a digital data stream exists because repeaters and clocking devices within the network will lose timing after receiving eight 0 s in a row a number of techniques are used to insert a 1 after every seventh consecutive 0 see Bit Stuffing Open Shortest Path First OSPF Protocol a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates least cost equal cost and load balancing Open Systems Interconnection OSI the 7 layer suite of protocols designed by ISO commit tees to be the international standard computer network architecture OpenView Hewlett Packard s network management software Operation and Maintenance OAM Cell a cell that contains ATM LM information It does not form part of the upper layer information transfer Glossary 24 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Optical Carrier level n OC n The optical counterpart of STS n the basic rate of 51 84 Mbps on which SONET is based is referred to as OC 1 or STS 1 Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI Part of RFC 1483 A three octet field in the SubNet work Attachment Point SNAP header identifying an organization which administers the meaning of the following two octet Protocol Identifier PID field in the SNAP header Together they identify a dis
169. on BDPU messages A 26 designated port A 25 disabled ports 4 odes oS Lore da ies A 24 frame propagation A 25 loop detection osx o E dias A 21 MAC address ageing override A 26 MAC Bridees vo Rs A 21 network extension A 23 network loops A 21 DORE SDBCIIIC tue eue met bore wee ee 3 33 POLESTateS aA cade a A 24 PROTOCOL acia A 21 FOOL POLE sendt nn dada drena A 25 tODOlIOS V estate hen ineo A 25 ODeCIITCA HOLDS laa VERA 6 1 Stack Health Monitor 5 12 Stack Synchronization Manager 2 9 Start up problems troubleshooting 7 12 Start up procedure ooooooooo o o 1 18 State of the ports change 3 26 Static free working see 1 12 Stations on the switch 5 9 5 18 Statistics alarms RMON 5 10 counters RMON 5 29 Index 6 history RMON sia eas 5 10 Dtat s LED uiu isa o gy airada 1 21 Storage temperature sess 6 3 Store and forward switching A 4 SIP change cost of the path 3 34 change priority of the port 3 34 change state of a port 3 33 monitor spanning tree statistics 5 7 5 17 warning when using VLANs 4 2 Supported protocols ss 6 7 Switch connect devices 3649 eo deus 1 14 hardware details 5 4 hardware features 1 2 A a A nee 5 3
170. onfigures itself to use the same technology automatically this gives maximum efficiency To illustrate how auto negotiation works imagine two devices connected via a switch as shown in the figure below Device A itch _________ B Capability 100Base TX 100Base TX 10Base T 10Base T 10Base T Half duplex Auto negotiation Auto negotiation Half full duplex Half full duplex Auto negotiation allows the Switch port to select the best transmission speed and duplex mode based on the capabilities of the device at the other end The link between Device A and the Switch has Auto negotiation enabled at both ends Since both ends support 100Mbps full duplex mode this mode is selected Device B is also connected to the Switch but only supports 10Mbps half duplex transmission The Switch automatically detects this and select 10Mbps half duplex transmission for this port A 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 4 2 Checklist for Problems If you have problems with auto negotiation here are some helpful hints e If there is no link pulse Check the cable Check auto negotiation setup A match must exist between the stations e If the port is disabled Check that the configuration of the port is correct Check that the modes you have entered match For example Speed is used during auto negotiation o Q o mbp T 5 o esp O Q FORE Systems ES 2810 Eth
171. ons in Diagnostics Window Functions Deseripton Details Displays a diagnostic details window that describes the problem and gives a possible solution Reloads and updates all the diagnostic information Clears all the messages displayed Use Color Coding Displays the messages in different colors depending on their severity 2 28 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 13 3 Diagnostic Details Window The Diagnostic details dialog box shown in Figure 2 13 provides comprehensive details of the error Diagnostic details 172 28 184 7165 Level Information Source IP Multicast Link Fort M A Description Ignoring DMAP message from 89 20 131 30 Reason Link is not IP multicast enabled Solution Check configuration in router and select multicast routing on the link to enable routing of IP multicast traffic Last occurence Thu Aug 06 14 06 02 1998 locate Figure 2 13 Diagnostic Details Dialog Box TI je JJ m 2 D O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 29 FORE Stack View 2 14 Trap Window 2 14 1 Traps Window The Traps window displays all traps generated by the switch 2 14 2 Color Coding Traps are generated by the switch for many events both normal and errors Traps displayed in FORE Stack View are color coded according to the severity of the trap 2 14 3 Right Mouse Button Commands
172. or detection support ATM Address Defined in the UNI Specification as 3 formats each having 20 bytes in length ATM Forum an international non profit organization formed with the objective of accelerating the use of ATM products and services through a rapid convergence of interoperability specifi cations In addition the Forum promotes industry cooperation and awareness ATM Inverse Multiplexing AIMUX A device that allows multiple T1 or El communications facilities to be combined into a single broadband facility for the transmission of ATM cells ATM Layer link a section of an ATM Layer connection between two adjacent active ATM Layer entities ATM entities ATM Link a virtual path link VPL or a virtual channel link VCL ATM Management Interface AMI the user interface to FORE Systems ForeThought switch con trol software SCS AMI lets users monitor and change various operating configurations of FORE Systems switches and network module hardware and software IP connectivity and SNMP network management ATM Peer to Peer Connection a virtual channel connection VCC or a virtual path connection VPC directly established such as workstation to workstation This setup is not commonly used in networks ATM Traffic Descriptor a generic list of parameters that can be used to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection ATM User to User Connection an association established by the A
173. order to access the functions described in Table 2 6 Table 2 6 Right Click Command Options for Stack Borders Functions scription Stack Setup Displays comprehensive information about the switch s overall setup VLAN Routing Setup Provides an overview of existing VLANs and the opportunity to add new ones or change existing ones IP Filtering Setup Defines user groups and filters the packets sent to them Stack Health Monitor Provides the IP addresses for all the switches in the stack the type of switch and whether they are responding to ping IntraStack Traffic Gives information about the traffic through the Matrix Module System Information Gives the name and location of the stack together with a contact name and the length of time the stack has been running Stack Activity Displays as graphs monitoring information of traffic on the ports in the stack Port Overview Provides port performance packet distribution and spanning tree information for all the ports in the stack MOIA A981S 3404 Device Enables you to reboot the stack and provides information about the firmware in the switches Configuration Ensures the stack s configuration is safe by saving it to the flash memory by backing up to disk and by being able to restore it again should it be lost If necessary the stack can be returned to the fac tory default configuration Monitoring Provides Hardware information about the separate switches
174. ore than 3 con secutive zeroes High Level Data Link Control HDLC An ITU TSS link layer protocol standard for point to point and multi point communications FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 15 Glossary High Performance Parallel Interface HIPPI ANSI standard that extends the computer bus over fairly short distances at speeds of 800 and 1600 Mbps High Speed Serial Interface HSSI a serial communications connection that operates at speeds of up to 1 544 Mbps Host In a network the primary or controlling computer in a multiple computer installation HPUX the Hewlett Packard version of UNIX Hub a device that connects several other devices usually in a star topology I O Module FORE s interface cards for the LAX 20 LAN Access Switch designed to connect Ethernet Token Ring and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE the world s largest technical profes sional society Based in the U S the IEEE sponsors technical conferences symposia amp local meetings worldwide publishes nearly 25 of the world s technical papers in electrical elec tronics amp computer engineering provides educational programs for members and promotes standardization IEEE 802 Standards for the interconnection of LAN computer equipment Deals with the Data Link Layers of the ISO Reference Model for OSI IEEE 802 1 Defines the high level network in
175. ork to Network Interface or Network Node Interface NNI the interface between two pub lic network pieces of equipment Node A computer or other device when considered as part of a network Non Return to Zero NRZ a binary encoding scheme in which ones and zeroes are represented by opposite and alternating high and low voltages and where there is no return to a zero ref erence voltage between encoded bits Non Return to Zero Inverted NRZI A binary encoding scheme that inverts the signal on a 1 and leaves the signal unchanged for a 0 Also called transition encoding Nonvolatile Storage Memory storage that does not lose its contents when power is turned off NuBus a high speed bus used in Macintosh computers structured so users can put a card into any slot on the board without creating conflict over the priority between those cards nx64K This refers to a circuit bandwidth or speed provided by the aggregation of nx64 kbps channels where n integer 1 The 64K or DS0 channel is the basic rate provided by the T Carrier systems Nyquist Theorem In communications theory a formula stating that two samples per cycle is sufficient to characterize a bandwidth limited analog signal in other words the sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency component of the signal i e sample 4 KHz analog voice channels 8000 times per second Object Identifier OID the address of a MIB variable Octet a grouping
176. orwarding mode Table A 2 Latency Periods for Forwarding Modes BEEN Cut through Fragment free Store and forward Min Latency Low High in microsec 10 Mbit is 30 Depends on packet 100 Mbit is 11 size Amount of packet 14 bytes 64 bytes read Destination address IEEE 802 3 Source address Type Length field Suitable for One user per port Many users on one Communication with Light loads connection higher speed networks A port with many Applications requiring Congested low latency forwarding works GOL O o Q o esp T 5 o esp O Q FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 5 Concepts in Switching A 2 Flow Control A 2 1 Flow Control Concept The switch can become overloaded if incoming frames arrive faster than the switch can pro cess them and this results in the frames being discarded until the overload condition passes The flow control mechanism overcomes this problem and eliminates the risk of lost frames If a potential overload situation occurs the switch simply generates a pseudo collision which forces all transmitting stations to immediately stop transmitting and wait a random amount of time before trying to retransmit Followi7ng a simulated collision any buffered frames are sent to their destination clearing the switch s buffers and allowing it to receive future frames A 2 2 When to Use Flow Control The flow control mechanism i
177. ot autos 1283 920 LOST B Gems Ane eee e aos 6 6 6 4 3 CP sia ies aM id aa 6 6 6 4 4 Mises SIZES surtido aia ei Se Wi goth e 6 6 6 4 5 Supported PIEOIOCO S bust is ow ear an a bd we 6 7 CHAPTER 7 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 1 Ir DBIS CNAP scsi a aano fc ntis a A da eo 7 1 7 2 Use orhe Console Polar ai as ira adn 7 2 7 2 1 Purpose of Console Port 0 0 0 ccc eee eee 7 2 7 2 2 Local Management cc dx REOR E ek Re Le ee a 7 2 7 2 3 Maintenance Mode 00 ee eee eee tenes 7 2 7 2 4 SWIN SONMWAlCt sisi iaa da id dise A 7 2 7 2 5 Restoring Software o o o oooooooor eee eens 7 3 7 2 6 Upgrading Software 2 2 ee eee cee 7 3 7 2 7 Switch Configuration 0 0 eee es 7 3 7 2 8 Backing up the Configuration 0 00 cc eee 7 3 7 2 9 Restoring the Configuration 0 0 0 ccc eee 7 4 7 2 10 Reset to Factory Defaults 0 0 ees 7 4 TOC 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Table of Contents 7 3 Recovering from Start up Failure n on naana ees 7 5 7 3 1 Network Boot Process 0 0 cc els 7 5 7 4 Using Maintenance Mode 0 00 ee eee ene 7 6 7 4 1 PUPO SE dansa as e da e hae Remit ho Wee wa A 7 6 7 4 2 Important Considerations 2 0 0 0 ccc eee 7 6 7 4 3 To Enter Maintenance Mode 0 000 cee eee 7 7 7 4 4 Commands Allowed in Maintenance Mode 00005 7 7 7 4 5 BOOIDIaD Ple ET ue chs cod eo we eed ahh Rs
178. ou choose from the ports available at that time If more ports are added later for example by connecting an expansion module you should edit your filters to include the new ports When you remove ports for example disconnecting the expansion module those ports are removed from the filter set up If these ports are the only ones in the source or destination port list the filter is deleted If you choose all the ports available the screen shows A11 in the list If you then connect an expansion module thus adding ports that are not in that filter the ports are listed individu ally 44 yy To show that a source port is not required for the filter is used in the Source ports list A 5 4 2 Types of Port Filter Entry There are three types of port filter entry e Port relation e MAC unicast e MAC multicast O O D mbp 7 o mp O J e FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 13 Concepts in Switching A 5 5 MAC addresses A 5 5 1 Entering a MAC Address There are limited options when entering a MAC address Table A 4 MAC Address Options Broadcast address No This address must be available to all ports FFFFFFFFFFFF STP Multicast No This multicast is used for switch functions 0180C2000000 Limit flooding of Multi Create a filter for the corresponding Multicast cast addresses to certain address with destination ports specified The multi ports cast is only transm
179. oubleshooting Tools 7 5 1 Troubleshooting Tools Available The tools available for troubleshooting on the switch are 7 5 1 1 The LED Indicators These are located on the front panel of the switch The LEDs indicate the overall switch status and the status of each of the switch s ports and backplane segments where applicable See earlier in this manual for a full description of the LEDs and their use 7 5 1 2 SNMP SNMP management in the switch is based on standard Management Information Base MIB II and Private Enterprise MIB extensions You can configure the switch to send SNMP Traps to defined locations thus allowing the pos sibility of performing limited troubleshooting from an SNMP Management Center 7 5 1 3 FORE Stack View FORE Stack View offers several features that can help your troubleshooting These include e Diagnostic messages O a 2 D 2 gt O O et e e A log of system events pue asf HOd ajosuoy e A log of errors e Alist of SNMP traps FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 9 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting 7 6 Troubleshooting Procedure 7 6 1 Isolating the Problem 7 6 1 1 To Isolate the Problem If the switch has a problem use the following procedure to isolate the problem 1 Check the LEDs The LEDs provide instant visual indication of the status of the switch and the sta tus of each ports Check the Diagnostics window The diagnostics too
180. oval of FORE Stack VIEW 1u ess dr arts aes id 2 4 2 4 1 Removal Under Windows llle 2 4 2 5 Using FORE Stack VIEW cvs eR Ex aM EUER Ie I SERE 2 5 2 5 1 CONCED PTT 2 5 2 5 2 Navigating through FORE Stack ViewW o o o oooooooocoooo 2 6 TOC 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Table of Contents 2 5 3 The FORE Stack View Window llle 2 6 2 6 Before a Switch is Contacted llle 2 7 2 6 1 Basic Menu Bar Commands 0 000 cece eee eee 2 7 2 6 2 FIS MENU ems sth bBo aoa pes howe ens hs ae aa oe DNR 2 7 2 6 3 DEVICE Mentes ii den n Pd is dia RR d 38 2 7 2 6 4 Vew Menta oi io 2 7 2 6 5 Monitoring Men ria ii is Se S CD M dea 2 7 2 6 6 Tools MENU aco e oi dC Bo opi La ea ie Gees e OC tm B o Ree RIS 2 8 2 6 7 FICO MENU acam re 2 8 2 7 After a Switch or Stack is Contacted 0 0 ene 2 9 2 7 1 Commands PPP 2 9 2 8 Selling the Preferente ros e bg Pr roRPEOST PE DEP SDH eee es 2 10 2 8 1 Setting the Polling Intervals llle 2 10 2 8 2 Setting the Timeout Parameters for SNMP 2 11 2 8 3 Setting the Community for SNMP Polling 2 12 2 9 Installing and Managing Switches llle 2 13 2 9 1 Following Installation of FORE Stack ViewW o o o ooooooo 2 13 2 9 2 Adding New SWItChesS o oo oooocoococooe n 2 13 2 9 3 The Install Wizard llli 2 13 2 9 4 Matrix Module Connect
181. over cable ple another switch or hub Device with MDI ports Straight through cable 1 1 1 7 4 RJ 45 Connector Pin Assignments The RJ 45 ports on the front of the switch have the following pin assignments Table 1 8 RJ 45 Connector Pinouts 1 14 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 7 5 Connecting a Device to the RJ 45 Ports To connect a workstation compatible with IEEE 802 3 Ethernet Version 1 0 and 2 0 or a fast access device such as a server to the switch s RJ 45 ports using UTP cable Category 5 1 Make sure that the device has a 100Mbps 100 Base FX or 10 100 Base TX network interface card installed If not use your network interface card s documentation to install and configure it correctly 2 Ifyour workstation is fitted with an RJ 45 interface then there is no problem How ever it is possible to attach to other connector types using an appropriate adapter For example use a UTP 10Base FL adapter for fiber connections 3 Connect one end of the UTP cable to an RJ 45 port on the switch According to IEEE 802 3 the cable length must not exceed 100 meters approxi mately 325 feet 5 r o o O t O o D m p 4 Connect the other end to the 100Base TX connection on the device 1 7 6 Cable for the Console Port If you connect a PC via the Console Port then use a null modem cable FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s
182. p for FORE Stack View Can also be accessed by selecting the Help icon ih then clicking on the feature of interest e Help for switch specific topics 2 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View 2 7 After a Switch or Stack is Contacted 2 7 1 Commands When FORE Stack View contacts a switch the basic commands are supplemented with e Local Management access Provides Telnet access to monitoring functions embedded in the switch e RMON facility Gathers information about the network traffic monitors traffic on subnets and enables you to define alarms on the individual ports e Stack Synchronization Manager for stacks only Enables you to establish a stack from a group of switches connected via a Matrix Module or add a switch to an existing stack and then synchronize their configurations e Switch Position Organizer for stacks only Enables you to move the switches displayed on screen around in the stack e Color Code Matrix Ports for stacks only Colors the individual ports on the Matrix Module This simplifies the task of tracing cables as the ports on the Stack Interface Modules become the same color as the corresponding Matrix Module port e A color coding chart for FORE Stack View to show the states of switch s LEDs m ie JJ m pa y O A lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 9 FORE Stack View 2 8 Setting the Preferences 2 8 1 Sett
183. parameters e View traps logs traces and reports generated by the switch e Monitor port activity e Monitor port faults e Monitor switch activity e Monitor VLANs 5 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 3 Information About the Switch 5 3 1 Identifying the Switch Use the following procedure to see the name of the switch the IP address the administrator s name and how long the switch has been running D D e 5 e S o a r O gt 1 Select Device Information Device Information 9 20 151 100 Description FORE Systems ES 2810 FORE ES 2810 Version 220 Contact person Ress 00000000 Mame IFOREES 2810 Switch Location Room 302 System uptime 0 days 00 01 09 hours IF address 134 134 172 280 Refresh Help Figure 5 1 Device Information Dialog Box 2 To update the information click Refresh FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 3 Managing the Switch 5 3 2 Hardware Details Use the following procedure to see the MAC address hardware version and memory size 1 Click Monitoring gt Hardware Information Figure 5 2 Hardware Information Dialog Box 2 To update the information click Refresh 5 4 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 4 Monitoring the Switch s Performance 5 4 1 Monitoring the Total Packet Activity Use the following procedure to vi
184. pe get ilename If you get a report then the report file is E generated on the fly and transferred 5 Ifthe TFTP access is password protected type get password filename For example get edinburgh report O a z D 2 gt O O et e pue asf 110d R e 1 31 010 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 7 17 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual EAEE Concepts in Switching This appendix gives a introduction to the concepts behind the features in the switch Forwarding Mode Each port can operate in adaptive cut through fragment free or store and for ward forwarding mode A description of each of the forwarding modes and when to configure them is given in Forwarding Modes on page A 2 Flow Control You can select half or full duplex for each port This is described in Half and Full duplex on page A 8 Auto negotiation Port Filters Internet Protocol Give the switch an IP address for use in SNMP and TFTP For details see Addresses on page A 16 Spanning Tree Configure the Spanning Tree priorities and costs associated with use of the switch and ports For details see Spanning Tree on page A 2 Permanent MAC addresses Virtual LANs VLANs O O D esp 7 o esp O 3 e FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 1 Concepts in Switching A 1 Forwardi
185. products Assigned Cell a cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Manage ment entity ATMM entity asxmon a FORE program that repeatedly displays the state of the switch and its active ports Glossary 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing ATDM a multiplexing technique in which a trans mission capability is organized into a priori unassigned time slots The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application s instantaneous real need Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM a transfer mode in which the information is organized into cells It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic Q O D Y Q lt ATM Adaptation Layer AAL the AAL divides user information into segments suitable for packaging into a series of ATM cells AAL layer types are used as follows AAL 1 constant bit rate time dependent traffic such as voice and video AAL 2 still undefined a placeholder for variable bit rate video transmission AAL 3 4 variable bit rate delay tolerant data traffic requiring some sequencing and or error detection support originally two AAL types connection oriented and connectionless which have been combined AAL 5 variable bit rate delay tolerant connection oriented data traffic requiring minimal sequencing or err
186. r phone lines Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI high speed data network that uses fiber optic as the physical medium Operates in similar manner to Ethernet or Token Ring only faster File Transfer Protocol FTP a TCP IP protocol that lets a user on one computer access and transfer data to and from another computer over a network ftp is usually the name of the program the user invokes to accomplish this task First In First Out FIFO method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a buffer Flag a bit pattern of six binary 1 s bounded by a binary 0 at each end forms a 0111 1110 or Hex 7E It is used to mark the beginning and or end of a frame Flow Control The way in which information is controlled in a network to prevent loss of data when the receiving buffer is near its capacity ForeThought PNNI FT PNNI a FORE Systems routing and signalling protocol that uses pri vate ATM NSAP addresses a precursor to ATM Forum PNNI see PNND Forward Error Correction FEC A technique used by a receiver for correcting errors incurred in transmission over a communications channel without requiring retransmission of any information by the transmitter typically involves a convolution of the transmitted bits and the appending of extra bits by both the receiver and transmitter using a common algorithm Forward Explicit Congestion Notification FECN Bit set by a Frame Relay network to inform data terminal
187. ransport over metallic media Yellow Alarm An alarm signal sent back toward the source of a failed signal due to the pres ence of an AIS may be used by APS equipment to initiate switching Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange ZBTSI A technique used with the T carrier extended super frame format ESF in which an area in the ESF frame carries information about the location of all zero bytes eight consecutive 0 s within the data stream Zero Code Suppression The insertion of a 1 bit to prevent the transmission of eight or more consecutive 0 bits Used primarily with T1 and related digital telephone company facilities which require a minimum 1 s density in order to keep the individual subchannels of a mul tiplexed high speed facility active Zero Bit Insertion A technique used to achieve transparency in bit oriented protocols A zero is inserted into sequences of one bits that cause false flag direction FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 37 Glossary Glossary 38 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Index Numerics 10 100Base TX port oooooooo o 1 4 7 hop limit bridging A 25 A Access restrictions to Local Management 1 20 to Local Management 5 34 ODN MP orion ems eee es 3 6 Adaptive switching o ooooooo A 4 Add Aggregate Link edad 3 12 device to authentication list 3 7 MAC addresses permanently
188. rd Learn Packets Mode 2 2000005 3 19 3 14 Adaptive Forwarding Mode 00 ccc ee eee eens 3 20 3 14 1 RUIDOSO RM FR dad a tebe eco tle aes dao as tee ee 3 20 3 14 2 Changing the Time to Measure ErrOrS ooooooo 3 21 3 143 Changing Number of Errors Before Adaptive Forwarding Mode Operates 3 22 945 GOAIE EE coire RES en Dany ee owe bat ud quaa d Seo see E di dom 3 23 3 15 1 355991 aerea re als y S T 0 e ee ere ee eee 3 23 3 15 2 Warning When Using VLANS 0 00000 ee eee 3 23 3 15 3 Why Change These From Their Defaults 3 24 3 15 4 Changing the Spanning Tree Priority o oooo o o 3 24 3 15 5 Changing the Message Age Expiry TiMe o o oo o 3 25 3 15 6 Changing the Hello Expiry TiMe o o o oooooooooo 3 25 3 15 7 Changing the Forward Delay Expiry Time 3 26 3 15 8 Changing the State of the PortS o o ooooooooooooo 3 26 3 16 X Changing the Setup of the Port llli 3 27 3 16 1 PU DOS sca nd ao acd ala USARAN 3 27 3 10 2 Using the MOUSE ux yia st e eto adde Medo src ert 3 27 3 17 General Changes oooooro ees 3 28 3 17 1 Hehalmilig d PO sida dude dentes or deg at ma aii doble ore ed 3 28 97 2 LOcatl n TOF d POLL oum eR ap eoo rp e are ie ie died 3 29 SAO POPRUMOGUS i acus aec net A ik ur bd ut wala 6 S woke ts soa e ico 3 30 3 18 1 Disabling the POP uu uestis es
189. re e de dede e ette diede 5 25 5 8 2 Monitoring the Performance of a Port o oooooooooo 5 25 5 8 3 Monitoring the Faults on a Port o o oooooooonoonooo 5 26 5 8 4 Monitoring the Distribution on a Port o oooooooooo 5 26 5 8 5 Monitoring the Spanning Tree Statistics on a Port 5 26 5 8 6 Monitoring the Received Packets on a Port o o 5 27 5 8 7 Monitoring the Packets Transmitted from a Port 5 27 5 8 8 Monitoring the VLANs ona Port o o oooooooooonoo noo 5 28 5 8 9 RMON Interface Statistics llle 5 29 5 9 Tools for the Switch 0 0 ee ee rn 5 30 5 9 1 TOOIS AVaila Ble ecc Es Se ace aru ba a da 5 30 SAO TING APNG OO suu A E NDA pt SS ea 9 31 5 10 1 PINGING a DOI TT 9 31 Stl The Report Manager ati mies e be e De dc e M e xA 5 32 5 11 1 Using the Report Manager llli 5 32 5 12 Te Temet Facilly caceria Sindee gehts yas wired Bec og date ea oc eat 5 33 5 12 1 ziii CLERC 5 33 5122 What Does 1 DO ia en A a 5 33 5 12 3 Access to the Local Management Application 5 34 5 12 4 Finding the Details istic ias iio arar 5 39 5 13 The Recovery Manager 0 0 eee ee eee eee eee 5 36 5 13 1 BU OOS A eh ce ea hi hee Alte rat SGN ah RE 5 36 5 13 2 Using the Recovery Mode Manager oo oooooooo 5 37 9 14 DNS IP Conversion TOOL seems e atto aw ieee wea ewe ae ad ad 5 38 5 14 1 Using
190. re or software errors are detected Temperature Normal operating temperature Temperature is higher than normal Check that the area around the air intakes and vents are clear of obstructions Red Temperature is too high and the switch will shut down Green Off No RPS connected Iul Solid RPS connected but not needed Normal power supply has failed and the RPS has taken over FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 21 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 10 3 Port Status Button To see the speed and duplex settings of all the ports press the Port Status button The function of the port LEDs changes for a period of 5 seconds where they have the following meaning Table 1 13 Port LED Indicator Colors and Meanings Left Speed Green Off 10Mbps Solid 100Mbps Right Duplex Orange Off Half duplex Solid Full duplex 1 22 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual S P did FORE Stack View 2 1 In This Chapter This chapter covers the topics described in Table 2 1 Table 2 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Installation and Removal Using FORE Stack View page 2 Device View Main Display n ie JJ m 2 D O 9 lt D z FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual 2 1 FORE Stack View 2 2 System Requirements 2 2 1 Requirements for FORE Stack View under Windows You need a PC with the following minimum requirements to run FORE Stack View e Microsoft Windows NT works
191. reshold normally 10 3 Shaping Descriptor n ordered pairs of GCRA parameters LL used to define the negotiated traffic shape of an APP connection The traffic shape refers to the load balancing of a network where load balancing means configuring data flows to maximize network efficiency Shielded Pair Two insulated wires in a cable wrapped with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and provide noise free transmission Shielded Twisted Pair STP two or more insulated wires twisted together and then wrapped in a cable with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and offer noise free transmissions Signaling System No 7 SS7 The 5S7 protocol has been specified by ITU T and is a protocol for interexchange signaling Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer SEAL also called AAL 5 this ATM adaptation layer assumes that higher layer processes will provide error recovery thereby simplifying the SAR portion of the adaptation layer Using this AAL type packs all 48 bytes of an ATM cell infor mation field with data It also assumes that only one message is crossing the UNI at a time That is multiple end users at one location cannot interleave messages on the same VC but must queue them for sequential transmission Simple Gateway Management Protocol SGMP the predecessor to SNMP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP the Internet electronic mail protocol used to transfer electronic mail between hosts Simple Ne
192. rina A 27 Aug Ll Address Tabla eR ane a ds ee es A 27 A 8 1 2 PernnanenbtAddress os sva E ee er eia A 27 A 8 1 3 Why Make Addresses Permanent o o oo o o o A 27 A 9 VLANS Virrua ANS io errar daa ae A 28 A 9 1 Policy based VELAT gae io dr aid y eie ed A 28 A 9 2 Warning When Using VLANS 0 000 c eee eee Ie A 29 A 9 3 VEAN Explanation ivan e A A aes Se cce ic ct a td A 30 A 9 3 1 Membership of VLANS 0000 cece eee eee A 30 A 9 3 2 Designated Management VLAN 000 ee ees A 30 9 3 9 TECIEGSOTDIDO rei seat ata aer sal as weer bathe SCR 5 sd ae da ws He asia ac A 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 11 Table of Contents TOC 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual List of Figures CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 1 3 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7 Figure 2 8 Figure 2 9 Figure 2 10 Figure 2 11 Figure 2 12 Figure 2 13 Figure 2 14 Figure 2 15 CHAPTER 3 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 3 9 Figure 3 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 The Front Panel of the ES 2810 o ooooocoonomoo 1 4 Rear Panel of the ES 2810 o ooococcoonoononoo o 1 6 Attaching the Mounting Brackets o ooooooo 1 11 FORE Stack
193. rix Module This simplifies the task of tracing cables as the ports on the Stack Interface Modules become the same color as the port they are connected to on the Matrix Module 5 15 4 2 Color Coding Each Matrix port has a unique color Port 1 brown Port 2 yellow Port 3 dark yellow Port 4 dark cyan Port 5 purple Port 6 cyan No connection dark gray FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual AAA Technical Specifications 6 1 In This Chapter This chapter covers the topics described in Table 6 1 Table 6 1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter Physical Specifications ESTE O y O y O S ct O T Power Specifications page 6 5 Performance Specifications a 0 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 6 1 Technical Specifications 6 2 Physical Specifications 6 2 1 Approvals Table 6 2 lists the approvals for the ES 2810 Table 6 2 Approvals for the ES 2810 Safety UL 1950 C5A C22 2 No 950 TEC 950 EN 60950 Emission ECC 47 CFR part 15 Class A EN 55022 Class A CISPR 22 Class A C Tick Mark CNS 13438 Class A VCCI Class 1 ITE Susceptibility EN 50082 1 IEC 1000 4 2 IEC 1000 4 3 IEC 1000 4 4 IEC 1000 4 5 CE Mark Yes 6 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Technical Specifications 6 2 2 Physical Table 6 3 lists the physical specifications for the ES 2810 Table 6 3 Physical Specifications for the ES 28
194. rol CAC the procedure used to decide if a request for an ATM connection can be accepted based on the attributes of both the requested connection and the existing connections Connection Endpoint CE a terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP Connection Endpoint Identifier CEI an identifier of a CE that can be used to identify the con nection at a SAP Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBDS A connectionless service similar to Bellcore s SMDS defined by European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Connectionless Service a type of service in which no pre determined path or link has been established for transfer of information supported by AAL 4 Connectionless Service CLS A service which allows the transfer of information among ser vice subscribers without the need for end to end establishment procedures Connection Oriented Service a type of service in which information always traverses the same pre established path or link between two points supported by AAL 3 Constant Bit Rate CBR a type of traffic that requires a continuous specific amount of band width over the ATM network e g digital information such as video and digitized voice Controlled Slip CS a situation in which one frame s worth of data is either lost or replicated A controlled slip typically occurs when the sending device and receiving device are not using the same clock Convergence Sublayer CS a
195. rol and MAC Media Access Control sublayers Data Set Ready DSR an RS 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 6 which indicates that the modem is connected to the telephone circuit Usually a prerequisite to the DTE issuing RTS Data Terminal Equipment DTE generally user devices such as terminals and computers that connect to data circuit terminating equipment They either generate or receive the data carried by the network Glossary 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Data Terminal Ready DTR an RS232 modem interface control signal sent from the DTE to the modem on pin 20 which indicates that the DTE is ready for data transmission and which requests that the modem be connected to the telephone circuit Datagram a packet of information used in a connectionless network service that is routed to its destination using an address included in the datagram s header Q O D Y Q lt DECnet Digital Equipment Corporation s proprietary LAN Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA the US government agency that funded the ARPANET Demultiplexing a function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection see multiplexing Destination End Station DES An ATM termination point which is the destination for ATM messages of a connection and is used as a reference point for A
196. rs and other similar devices You can e Add a new entry to the list e Delete an entry e Edit existing entries 3 10 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 8 2 Adding a Permanent Entry To add a device to the switch s address table 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Permanent Entries Stack Setup 172 28 184 207 x Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree System IP Date Time Authentication Traps Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring MAC Address On switch 0000205807102 Port 1 Switch 2 Add NE Delete OF Cancel Help Figure 3 6 Permanent Entries Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box 3 Click Add Type the devices MAC address 5 Click Port number and select one A permanent entry is only made on the defined port 6 Click OK pyepuels O oO Q e oO 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 11 Standard Configuration 3 9 Link Aggregation 3 9 1 Purpose You can combines two or four adjacent ports to increase the bandwidth between two switches or stacks You can add a new entry to the list or delete an entry 3 9 2 Adding an Aggregate Link To set up and add an aggregate link 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Link Aggregation Stack Setup 172 286 164 200 Ed Local Management TFTP Switching Spanning Tree System IP Date Time A
197. rvice interoperability specification specifies interoperability agreements for supporting Constant Bit Rate CBR traffic over ATM networks that comply with the other ATM Forum interoperability agree ments Specifically this specification supports emulation of existing TDM circuits over ATM networks Classical IP CLIP IP over ATM which conforms to REC 1577 Clear to Send CTS and RS 232 modem interface control signal sent from the modem to the DTE on pin 5 which indicates that the attached DTE may begin transmitting issuance in response to the DTE s RTS Clocking Regularly timed impulses Closed User Group A subgroup of network users that can be its own entity any member of the subgroup can only communicate with other members of that subgroup Coaxial Cable Coax is a type of electrical communications medium used in the LAN environ ment This cable consists of an outer conductor concentric to an inner conductor separated from each other by insulating material and covered by some protective outer material This medium offers large bandwidth supporting high data rates with high immunity to electrical interference and a low incidence of errors Coax is subject to distance limitations and is rela tively expensive and difficult to install Cold Start Trap an 5NMP trap which is sent after a power cycle see trap Collision Overlapping transmissions that occur when two or more nodes on a LAN attempt to transmit at or abou
198. s FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary 13 Glossary Far End Block Error FEBE an error detected by extracting the 4 bit FEBE field from the path status byte G1 The legal range for the 4 bit field is between 0000 and 1000 representing zero to eight errors Any other value is interpreted as zero errors Far End Receive Failure FERF a line error asserted when a 110 binary pattern is detected in bits 6 7 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames A line FERF is removed when any pat tern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames Far End in a relationship between two devices in a circuit the far end device is the one that is remote Face Contact FC Designation for fiber optic connector designed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone which features a movable anti rotation key allowing good repeatable performance despite numerous mating Normally referred to as Fiber Connector FC actually stands for Face Contact and sometimes linked with PC Point Contact designated as FC or FC PC FCC Part 68 The FCC rules regulating the direct connection of non telephone company pro vided equipment to the public telephone network Federal Communications Commission FCC a board of commissioners appointed by the Pres ident under the Communications Act of 1934 with the authority to regulate all interstate tele communications originating in the United States including transmission ove
199. s Table 1 5 Rear Panel Components Cools the internal circuitry of the switch A socket to connect the power cord to the main supply Redundant power supply Connects an external redundant power supply If the internal connector power supply fails the redundant power supply starts immedi ately 1 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 4 Installation 1 4 1 Important You must adhere to all local and national regulations governing the installation and connec tion of electrical devices when installing the switch 1 4 2 Before Installation 1 4 2 1 Contents of the Pack Unpack the switch carefully and check that these parts are present Table 1 6 Package Contents Checklist One ES 2810 One power cord suitable for your power outlet One mounting kit One CD ROM One Console cable One Quick Start FORE Documentation CD including this on line manual FORE Release Notes FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 7 5 r O o O O o amj D m n Introduction to the ES 2810 1 4 2 2 Check the Package Contents If you have not received all of the parts or any of the parts are damaged contact your dealer immediately Keep all the packaging materials in case you need to repack the switch 1 4 2 3 Check All Labels Read all labels and rating plates on the switch If there is anything that you do not understand or if any of
200. s ideal for situations where only one station is attached to one switch port do not use flow control on a port connected to a hub However consider the case where there is more than one station attached to a port as shown below Switch B 1110 Figure A 1 Flow Control A 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching If station C tries to send data to station D via the overloaded switch station C is invited to stop transmitting and wait a random time before trying again Because stations A and B are on the same cable segment as station C they also detect the collision and are therefore also pre vented from sending data to each other not just to station D for as long as the switch is over loaded Flow control influences all ports that have flow control enabled regardless of which port s is responsible for the overload situation O re O O y mp T 5 o a p O e FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual A 7 Concepts in Switching A 3 Half and Full duplex A 3 1 Half duplex and Full duplex Concepts Half duplex works optimally only if one device is transmitting and all the other devices are receiving otherwise collisions occur When the collisions are detected the devices causing the collision wait for a random time before retransmitting This means that at half duplex Ethernet throughput is limited by the need to retransmit data when collisions occ
201. s of coded pulses to represent the data Q 2931 Derived from Q 93B the narrowband ISDN signalling protocol an ITU standard describing the signalling protocol to be used by switched virtual circuits on ATM LANs Quality of Service QoS Quality of Service is defined on an end to end basis in terms of the following attributes of the end to end ATM connection Cell Loss Ratio Cell Transfer Delay Cell Delay Variation Queuing Delay QD refers to the delay imposed on a cell by its having to be buffered because of unavailability of resources to pass the cell onto the next network function or element This buffering could be a result of oversubscription of a physical link or due to a connection of higher priority or tighter service constraints getting the resource of the physical link Radio Frequency Interference RFI the unintentional transmission of radio signals Computer equipment and wiring can both generate and receive RFI Real Time Clock a clock that maintains the time of day in contrast to a clock that is used to time the electrical pulses on a circuit Red Alarm In T1 a red alarm is generated for a locally detected failure such as when a condi tion like OOF exists for 2 5 seconds causing a CGA Carrier Group Alarm Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC a generic name for CPUs that use a simpler instruc tion set than more traditional designs Redundancy In a data transmission the fragments of characters
202. s overruled by changes in the Spanning Tree When the Spanning Tree is bridging and blocking the topology of the network can change This means the MAC addresses are changing and the Spanning Tree overrides the set MAC address ageing value A 26 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching A 8 Permanent Address Assignments You can e See which ports have MAC addresses permanently attached to them e Specify if other addresses are allowed to use individual ports e Specify a permanent locked MAC address for each port e Delete user addresses from the port list A 8 1 Permanent Explanation A 8 1 1 Address Table The switch learns the topology of the network by matching the address of the station which sent the incoming frame to the port on which it arrived In this way it compiles an address table of which stations are connected to each port Once an address is learned a frame destined for that address is forwarded only on the port to which it is attached The switch removes old entries from the table to ensure that the address table is always kept up to date A 8 1 2 Permanent Address You can make stations permanent on a port so that they are never removed from the switch s address table regardless of how long they have been quiet Print servers are a good example of silent network devices they are not able to send packets to the switch and the MAC address is never learned by the switch A 8
203. se pointer over a port Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 4 4 Monitoring the Total Number of Errors Use the following procedure to view the total error activity of the packets on all the ports 1 Select Device Activity Errors Each column represents the activity level on that port To see the exact value hold the mouse pointer over a port Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 4 5 Monitoring the Spanning Tree Statistics To view the spanning tree statistics for the whole switch select Spanning Tree Statistics The Spanning Tree Statistics dialog box appears as shown in Figure 5 4 ze Spanning Tree Statistics FORE ES5 2810 Switch Ele Tools Options Help Designated root priority Designated root address Hallo time Farward delay Mas age OD204845FDED Root path cost 0 oes oot Bridge priority Bridge address Bridie Seb Bridge hello time Bridge formard delay Bridge max age D D e 5 ae S D o r O gt Ageing time ESTE Topology AAA Topology age 6 953 Topology change time m Figure 5 4 Spanning Tree Statistics Dialog Box FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch
204. ser s Manual Glossary Synchronous Payload Envelope SPE the payload field plus a little overhead of a basic SONET signal Synchronous Transfer Mode STM a transport and switching method that depends on infor mation occurring in regular fixed patterns with respect to a reference such as a frame pattern Synchronous Transport Signal STS a SONET electrical signal rate Q O D Y Q lt Systeme En Coleur Avec Memoire SECAM Sequential and Memory Color Television Started in France in the late 60s and used by other countries with a political affiliation This is The B Y and R Y signals are transmitted on alternate lines modulated on an FM subcarrier The memory is a one line delay line in the receiver to make both color difference signals available at the same time on all lines Due to FM the signal is robust in difficult terrain Systems Network Architecture SNA a proprietary networking architecture used by IBM and IBM compatible mainframe computers T1 a specification for a transmission line The specification details the input and output char acteristics and the bandwidth T1 lines run at 1 544 Mbps and provide for 24 data channels In common usage the term T1 is used interchangeably with DS1 T1 Link A wideband digital carrier facility used for transmission of digitized voice digital data and digitized image traffic This link is composed of two twisted wire pairs that can carry 24 digital
205. set as 255 255 255 0 This would allow the third byte to be used as a subnetwork address All hosts on the network would still use the IP address to get on the Internet Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP the protocol that handles errors and control mes sages at the IP layer ICMP is actually a part of the IP protocol layer It can generate error mes sages test packets and informational messages related to IP Internet Engineering Task Force IETF a large open international community of network designers operators vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short and mid range protocol and archi tectural issues Internet Protocol IP a connectionless best effort packet switching protocol that offers a com mon layer over dissimilar networks Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX Protocol a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox Net work Systems XNS protocol that provides datagram delivery of messages Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines from multiple vendors to communicate Interworking Function IWF provides a means for two different technologies to interoperate IP Address a unique 32 bit integer used to identify a device in an IP network You will most commonly see IP addresses written in dot notation e g 192 228 32 14 IP Netmask a 32 bit pattern that is combined with an IP address
206. stall or remove a module The module s printed circuit board is an Electrostatic Sensitive Device and should be handled only in a static free working area otherwise the printed circuit board may fail or be degraded 1 6 3 Avoiding Damage to the Circuit Board If you remove the plate covering the slot on the front of the switch for example to install or remove a module follow this procedure to avoid damage to your printed circuit board WARNING Do not remove the plate unless the switch is disconnected from the main power supply Disconnect the switch from the main power supply Ground the switch before you handle the printed circuit board Connect yourself to a non painted non isolated part of the grounded switch for example the back panel using a wrist strap with 1MQ resistance to ensure that you carry the same electrostatic charge as the enclosure 4 Remove the plate covering the slot 1 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 6 4 Installing a Module To install a module 1 Ifthe switch is already operational disconnect it from the main power supply 2 Follow the instructions in Avoiding damage to the circuit board above 3 Unscrew the screws of the plate covering the slot on the front of the switch Save these screws and plate 4 Insert the Matrix Module Stack Interface Module or 10005X Module into Slot A you can insert the 10 100TX and 100FX Modules in ei
207. still pictures Q O D Y Q lt Jumper a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit often temporarily for testing or diag nostics also the devices shorting blocks used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed circuit board that control the functionality of the card Kbps kilobits per second thousand LAN Access Concentrator a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the trans mission medium LAN Emulation Address Resolution Protocol LE ARP A message issued by a LE client to solicit the ATM address of another function LAN Emulation Client LEC the component in an end system that performs data forwarding address resolution and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS the LECS is responsible for the initial configura tion of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN LAN Emulation Server LES the LES implements the control coordination function for an ELAN by registering and resolving MAC addresses to AIM addresses LAN Emulation LANE technology that allows an ATM network to function as a LAN back bone The ATM network must provide multicast and broadcast support address mapping MAC to ATM SVC manage
208. t PMD a sublayer concerned with the bit transfer between two network nodes It deals with wave shapes timing recovery line coding and electro optic con versions for fiber based links Plesiochronous two signals are plesiochronous if their corresponding significant instants occur at nominally the same rate with variations in rate constrained to specified limits Point of Demarcation the dividing line between a carrier and the customer premise that is governed by strict standards that define the characteristics of the equipment on each side of the demarcation Equipment on one side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the customer Equipment on the other side of the point of demarcation is the responsibility of the carrier Glossary 26 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Point to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links with associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 One ATM link called the Root Link serves as the root in a simple tree topology When the Root node sends information all of the remaining nodes on the connection called Leaf nodes receive copies of the information Q O D Y Q lt 2 Each of the Leaf Nodes on the connection can send information directly to the Root Node The Root Node cannot distinguish which Leaf is sending information without additional higher layer information See the following note for Phase
209. t when sent over a network is tolerant of delays and changes in the amount of bandwidth it is allocated e g data applications Virtual Channel or Circuit VC communications path between two nodes identified by label rather than fixed physical path Virtual Channel Connection VCC a unidirectional concatenation of VCLs that extends between the points where the ATM service users access the ATM Layer The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to or received from the users of the ATM Layer i e a higher layer or ATMM entity for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC Virtual Channel Identifier VCI the address or label of a VC a value stored in a field in the ATM cell header that identifies an individual virtual channel to which the cell belongs VCI values may be different for each data link hop of an ATM virtual connection Virtual Channel Link VCL a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VCI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Virtual Channel Switch a network element that connects VCLs It terminates VPCs and trans lates VCI values The Virtual Channel Switch is directed by Control Plane functions and relays the cells of a VC Virtual Connection an endpoint to endpoint connection in an ATM network A virtual con nection can be either a virtual path or a virtual channel Virtual Local Area Network VLAN Work stations connect
210. t cannot use the switch The MAC address of those devices are removed from the switch s address table If those addresses are defined as permanent entries they are not purged but are unable to use the switch To disable the port 1 Click the port you want to disable 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click Port Mode Port 1 Setup FORE ES 2810 Switch General Port Mode Spanning Tree Port Port Status IV Enable port Auto negotiation v Enable auto negotiation Duplex C C Speed C f C Switch Farearding made Default Adaptive Flow control mode Default Enabled Cancel Help Figure 3 15 Port Mode Tab of Port Setup Dialog Box 4 Click Enable Port If there is a check mark in the box the port is operational If the box is empty the port is disabled 5 Click OK 3 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 18 2 Disabling Auto negotiation To disable auto negotiation and reset the speed to the values specified in Speed 1 Click the port you want to disable auto negotiation 2 Select Port Setup 3 Click Port Mode 4 Click Enable Auto negotiation If there is a check mark in the box the port automatically detects the line speed and duplex setting If the box is empty auto negotiation is disabled and the port uses the values specified in Duplex and Speed 5 Click OK 3 18 3 Changing Duplex Mode To change the port s duplex mode when auto negotiat
211. t the same time Committed Information Rate CIR CIR is the information transfer rate which a network offer ing Frame Relay Services FRS is committed to transfer under normal conditions The rate is averaged over a minimum increment of time Common Channel Signaling CCS A form signaling in which a group of circuits share a sig naling channel Refer to SS7 Glossary 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Common Management Interface Protocol CMIP An ITU TSS standard for the message for mats and procedures used to exchange management information in order to operate adminis ter maintain and provision a network Concatenation The connection of transmission channels similar to a chain Concentrator a communications device that offers the ability to concentrate many lower speed channels into and out of one or more high speed channels Q O D Y Q lt Configuration The phase in which the LE Client discovers the LE Service Congestion Management traffic management feature that helps ensure reasonable service for VBR connections in an ATM network based on a priority sustained cell rate SCR and peak cell rate PCR During times of congestion bandwidth is reduced to the SCR based on the priority of the connection Connection the concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end to end informa tion transfer capability to access points Connection Admission Cont
212. tation or server version 4 0 or Microsoft Windows 95 or Microsoft Windows 98 Windows NT 4 0 English language version worksta tion recommended e A network adapter e 30 MB of free hard disk space e A color display with 800 x 600 resolution and 256 colors e The Microsoft IP protocol must be installed and configured before installation of FORE Stack View e Microsoft Internet Explorer must be installed on the PC that is running FORE Stack View Internet Explorer is included on the FORE Stack View CD 2 2 2 DHCP Limitation Three important things to know e Do not use a PC running Windows NT server with its DHCP server installed to run FORE Stack View e Ensure the IP address for the PC is not changed by the DHCP server e PCs that use a network management system that uses BootP DHCP or SNMP Trap Receiving may have their network management system disabled by FORE Stack View 2 2 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch Users Manual FORE Stack View 2 3 Installation and Removal 2 3 1 To start the Installation of FORE Stack View Normally the Setup program for FORE Stack View will start automatically after you insert the compact disc CD in your CD ROM drive However if it does not use the standard Windows procedures for installing programs The screen shown in Figure 2 1 is displayed FORE StackView VERSION 2 0 m le JJ m e D O A lt D z Figure 2 1 The Start up Screen for FORE Stack View Insta
213. tems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Introduction to the ES 2810 1 9 3 Port LED States The LEDs reflect the state of each port Table 1 11 Port LED STatus Indications No lights Port enabled no link Green blinking Port enabled Rx Tx traffic link pulse active randomly Green solid Port enabled link pulse active Green and Orange both blinking Collision detected with half duplex randomly Port enabled link pulse active Orange solid Port disabled by management Green and Orange both solid Port disabled by a hardware fault or no hardware con nected 5 r o o O O o r D m o FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 19 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 9 4 Default Settings After Start up Once the switch has started successfully installation is complete and the switch is using its default setting also known as default configuration e All ports are enabled e All ports operate in auto negotiation mode e Spanning Tree is disabled on all ports e Addresses that have been silent for more than 15 minutes are purged from the switch s address table the MAC Address Aging time e No access restrictions to Local Management Telnet e No SNMP restrictions e No permanent MAC address entries defined A permanent entry is a MAC address that is defined as being permitted only on a certain port This can be a useful security feature e All ports are in the same
214. terfaces such as architecture internetworking and network management IEEE 802 2 Defines the Logical Link Control interface between the Data Link and Network Layers IEEE 802 3 Defines CSMA CD Ethernet IEEE 802 4 Defines the token passing bus IEEE 802 5 Defines the Token Ring access methodology This standard incorporates IBM s Token Ring specifications IEEE 802 6 Defines Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802 7 The broadband technical advisory group IEEE 802 8 The fiber optics technical advisory group IEEE 802 9 Defines integrated data and voice networks Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN an emerging technology that is beginning to be offered by the telephone carriers of the world ISDN combines voice and digital network ser vices into a single medium or wire Interexchange Carriers IXC Long distance communications companies that provide service between Local Access Transport Areas LATAs Interface Data the unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a single interac tion across a SAP Each Interface Data Unit IDU controls interface information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Interface Data Unit IDU The unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a sin gle interaction across the SAP Each IDU contains interface control information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU Glossary 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s
215. the CSMA CD access method on a bus topology LAN 802 5 Token Ring the IEEE physical layer standard that uses the token passing access method on a ring topology LAN AAL Connection an association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities Adapter A fitting that supplies a passage between two sets of equipment when they cannot be directly interconnected Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADPCM A technique that allows analog voice signals to be carried on a 32K bps digital channel Sampling is done at 8Hz with 4 bits used to describe the difference between adjacent samples Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation APCM A technique that effectively reduces occupied band width per active speaker by reducing sampling rates during periods of overflow peak traffic Address A unique identity of each network station on a LAN or WAN Address Complete Message ACM A B ISUP call control message from the receiving exchange to sending exchange indicating the completion of address information Address Mask a bit mask used to identify which bits in an address usually an IP address are network significant subnet significant and host significant portions of the complete address This mask is also known as the subnet mask because the subnetwork portion of the address can be determined by comparing the binary version of the mask to an IP address in that sub net The mask holds the same number of bits as t
216. the DNS IP ToO 3k dcdit al a Oe oce edi 5 38 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual TOC 7 Table of Contents 5049 Tools TOF dle clack aaa ita 5 39 5 15 1 Tools Available for a Stack llle 5 39 5 15 2 Stack Synchronization Manager llle 5 40 D 19 2 1 UJPHEDOBQ aras dd a cae do E ru D d oe Be cae Th eee 5 40 5 15 2 2 Using the Synchronization Manager 5 40 5 15 3 Switch Position Organizer llle 5 41 5 15 3 1 Using the Switch Position Organizer 5 41 5 15 4 Color Code Matrix Ports llle 5 42 9 1541 IPUFDOSQO dor what tura dae aa 5 42 5 15 4 2 Color Coding sace n opio Rea ia ee edis 5 42 CHAPTER6 Technical Specifications 6 1 NTSC aci ace estan b ROO Redi e o ona b cone diete Row eed uiae dot Rd 6 1 6 2 Physical SpeellICatlOFiS x iia Reo Seas d ee SNA me UR RD Re um 6 2 6 2 1 JAADDEOVAS a dto doa s etes resp A Sx od dS Ld Me oiu dad princi 6 2 6 2 2 muto P ccc 6 3 6 2 3 Environmental eesse nene d Mp ds NER dun Ra A aia S ed E ds 6 3 6 2 4 Bp A PPP 6 4 6 2 5 COMMECHONS ad faced odd dex p tee sel tiated id doe E EN 6 4 6 3 Power SDEGITCAllOFIS xx x pedo e e pO ane un nde os aie e uere 6 5 6 3 1 GOMSUMIDUOM es oed o yds ee dme ES cp subs bep ea dae cbe E RE EP og 6 5 6 3 2 POWER o Uppsala dd de 6 5 6 4 Performance SpecificationS 0 0 ce ee 6 6 6 4 1 MAG Addresses src ae Om ee indeed ba POR ewes a EE 6 6 6 4 2 A A Qa fasi edie
217. the activity level on that switch Hold the cursor on a column to see the exact value Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 6 8 Overview of All the Ports Use the following procedure to view the setup configuration of all the ports in the stack 1 Right click the stack border and select Port Overview Hai Stack Port Overview IDE XI File Options Help Switch Portt PorDesciption Status Speed Duplex Forward mode Flow contral__ Spanninng Tree Link Aggregation Switch 4 in Prut Boe 131 Port B 2 10 Mbps amp Half amp Cut throuah amp Enabled Forwarding Switch 1 51 Matrix port 1 Switch 1 Matrix port 3 Switch 1 Matrix port 4 For Help press F1 7 Figure 5 11 Stack Port Overview Dialog Box 2 Double click a port to get the specific details for that port port performance faults distribution and spanning tree information 5 16 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 6 9 Monitoring the Spanning Tree Statistics To view the spanning tree statistics for the whole switch right click a specific switch and select Spanning Tree Spanning Tree Statistics FORE ES5 2810 Switch File Toole Options Help D D e 5 e S D o r O gt Designated root priority Bridge priority Designated root address O0
218. ther slot 5 Place your thumbs just beneath the screws on the front panel of the module and push it in until it clicks in to place Secure the module using the retaining screws If you push the module in incorrectly you may find the module will not connect with the motherboard O Q c O oO ma je gt O m Pp 1 6 5 Removing a Module To remove a module 1 Ifthe switch is already operational disconnect it from the main power supply 2 Follow the instructions in Avoiding damage to the circuit board above 3 Unscrew the screws securing the module 4 Pull the module gently to disengage the connectors fully from the socket on the motherboard Slide the module out completely 5 Cover the empty module port with the plate and secure using the screws FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 1 13 Introduction to the ES 2810 1 7 Connecting Other Devices 1 7 1 Introduction Incorrect cabling is often the cause of network configuration problems 1 7 2 Use Shielded Cables Shielded cables normally comply with EMC and FCC emission limits Only use unshielded cables when it is explicitly specified in the installation manual of the device in question 1 7 3 Cables for the LAN Ports Ports on the switch are wired MDI X so use the following cable Table 1 7 LAN Port Cable Requirements CEEE Workstation or server Straight through cable 1 1 Device with MDI X ports for exam Cross
219. tinct routed or bridged protocol Q O D Y Q lt Out of Band Management refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ethernet not ATM Out of Frame OOF a signal condition and alarm in which some or all framing bits are lost Packet An arbitrary collection of data grouped and transmitted with its user identification over a shared facility Packet Assembler Disassembler PAD interface device that buffers data sent to from charac ter mode devices and assembles and disassembles the packets needed for X 25 operation Packet Internet Groper ping a program used to test reachability of destinations by sending them an ICMP echo request and waiting for a reply Packet Level Protocol PLP Network layer protocol in the X 25 protocol stack Sometimes called X 25 Level 3 or X 25 Protocol Packet Switched Network PSN a network designed to carry data in the form of packets The packet and its format is internal to that network Packet Switching a communications paradigm in which packets messages are individually routed between hosts with no previously established communications path Payload Scrambling a technique that eliminates certain bit patterns that may occur within an ATM cell payload that could be misinterpreted by certain sensitive transmission equipment as an alarm condition Payload Type PT bits 2 4 in the fourth byte of an ATM cell header The PT indicates the type of informat
220. ts for some predetermined length of time generally 300 millisec onds to 2 5 seconds The alarm causes the calls using a trunk to be dropped and trunk condi tioning to be applied Carrier Identification Parameter CIP A 3 or 4 digit code in the initial address message identi fying the carrier to be used for the connection cchan a FORE program that manages virtual channels on a ForeRunner switch running asxd Glossary 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Cell an ATM Layer protocol data unit PDU The basic unit of information transported in ATM technology each 53 byte cell contains a 5 byte header and a 48 byte payload Cell Delay Variation CDV a quantification of cell clumping for a connection The cell clump ing CDV yk is defined as the difference between a cell s expected reference arrival time ck and its actual arrival time ak The expected reference arrival time ck of cell k of a specific connection is max T is the reciprocal of the negotiated peak cell rate Q O D Y Q lt Cell Delineation the protocol for recognizing the beginning and end of ATM cells within the raw serial bit stream Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information Cell Loss Priority CLP the last bit of byte four in an ATM cell header indicates the eligibility of the cell for discard by the network under congested conditions If the bit is set to 1 the cell may be discarded by the net
221. ttattOt 45e fee cries E S 2 2 Diagnostics window A Coo EI a 2 29 tacto aros aes 2 28 DIMENSIONS acus s te pa at tt reg nd 6 3 Disable auto negotiation o oooo o 3 31 Ue POU cic sie Sad qn ee Tes eR 3 30 Domain information 5 21 Dotted decimal notation A 17 Duplex mode change 3 31 E Electrostatic Sensitive Device notice 1 12 A perm hnius 4 8 Equipment rack requirements usootev de reketut 1 10 to mount the switch 1 11 tools needed oo ooooo o o 1 10 Errors change number before adaptive forward ing mode operates 3 22 display window 2 32 monitor the total number 5 6 5 16 Essential r ading cines 1 8 Events RMON 5e rq ea 5 11 F DOT ie ak dte IE SCC A ioe Que BS AES 1 6 Files suitable for TFTP transfer 7 16 transfer using TFTP 7 17 Flow control change on a port 3 32 change on switch 3 19 CONCEPT sorro nEn ETE EES A 6 eis sire EN 1 20 wWhett t0 se uranio tea A 6 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual FORE Stack View alarms RMON 5 10 commands Lia 2 9 CONCEDE auos ie one noise arg 2 5 history RMON osse ie 5 10 port pertormatice ove xs e dois es 5225 DUrpOoSe b i rem ded Sates se i vest 5 2 Report Manager 5 22 requirements for Windows 2 2 ISMON QOL moss eat qute ed
222. twork Management Protocol SNMP the Internet standard protocol for managing nodes on an IP network Glossary 30 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Simple Protocol for ATM Network Signalling SPANS FORE Systems proprietary signalling protocol used for establishing SVCs between FORE Systems equipment Single Mode Fiber SMF Fiber optic cable in which the signal or light propagates in a single mode or path Since all light follows the same path or travels the same distance a transmitted pulse is not dispersed and does not interfere with adjacent pulses SMF fibers can support longer distances and are limited mainly by the amount of attenuation Refer to MMF Q O D Y Q lt Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI a standard for a controller bus that connects hard ware devices to their controllers on a computer bus typically used in small systems Smart PVC SPVC a generic term for any communications medium which is permanently provisioned at the end points but switched in the middle In ATM there are two kinds of SPVCs smart permanent virtual path connections SPVPCs and smart permanent virtual channel connections SPVCCs snmpd an SMNP agent for a given adapter card Source Part of communications system which transmits information Source Address SA The address from which the message or data originated Source MAC Address SA A six octet value uniquely identifying an en
223. up ies IF address subnet mask Switch 1 00204845008 2 28 1 70 200 E SE PRESE Switch 2 00A0CSAD5110 722818855 255 255 0 0 Switch 3 0DADCIADAFFE 722818858 255 255 0 0 Switch 5 Switch E fo Switch 7 ee synchronize Template Switch Cancel Help Figure 2 8 Advanced Stack IP Setup Dialog Box Tl je JJ m 2 D O 9 lt D z Managing an Existing Switch or Stack To manage a switch or stack that has an IP address already assigned 1 2 p 4 Select Device Manage The Manage dialog box appears Type in the switch s IP Address or MAC address Select the box if you want to open the switch in a new FORE Stack View window Click OK FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 15 FORE Stack View 2 9 6 Establishing and Expanding a Stack If you connect switches that already have IP addresses assigned together via a Matrix Module you can manage them as a stack To create or expand an existing stack 1 Select Device Manage and the Manage dialog box opens 2 Type in the IP Address or MAC address of one of the switches All the switches connected via the Matrix Module are displayed in this window even switches that are already configured as a stack FORE Stack View Stack Management El thas been detected that the switch you wantto manage is part of a stack The switches in the stack are
224. upt mechanism that automatically updates the state of the network to remote network management hosts The SNMP agent on the switch supports these SNMP traps Q O D Y Q lt Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP Part of IP a simplified version of FIP that allows files to be transferred from one computer to another over a network Twisted Pair Insulated wire in which pairs are twisted together Commonly used for tele phone connections and LANs because it is inexpensive Unassigned Cells a generated cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier VPI and virtual channel identifier VCI value which does not carry information from an applica tion using the ATM Layer service Unavailable Seconds UAS a measurement of signal quality Unavailable seconds start accru ing when ten consecutive severely errored seconds occur UNI 3 0 3 1 the User to Network Interface standard set forth by the ATM Forum that defines how private customer premise equipment interacts with private ATM switches Unicasting The transmit operation of a single PDU by a source interface where the PDU reaches a single destination Universal Test amp Operations Interface for ATM UTOPIA Refers to an electrical interface between the TC and PMD sublayers of the PHY layer Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP a cable that consists of two or more insulated conductors in which each pair of conductors are twisted around each other There is
225. ur Half duplex is the most common transmission method and is adequate for normal workstation and PC connections Full duplex provides dual communication on a point to point connection and allows each device to simultaneously transmit and receive on a connection Full duplex mode is typically used to connect to other switches or to connect fast access devices such as workgroup servers Table A 3 Half duplex and Full duplex Transmission Capacit mode pacity Half duplex Less than 10Mbps when communicating Full duplex p 10Mbps 10Mbps Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Collision Free A 8 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Concepts in Switching To use full duplex communication both ends of the connection must be configured to operate in full duplex mode and the connecting device must have a full duplex adapter installed Full duplex operation is only possible on point to point Ethernet connections that use separate conductors or fibers for transmit and receive such as 10Base T and 100Base FX cabling Full duplex operation is not possible on connections using coaxial or AUI 10Base 5 cables or with most hubs A 3 2 When to Use Full duplex Some servers perform better using full duplex because they simultaneously handle traffic from many clients some are transmitting data to the server while others are receiving data from the server Switch to switch connections certainly bene
226. uthentication Traps Permanent Entries Link Aggregation Port Mirroring Anchor port Einar Switch 2 Part 1 2 porte Add Melete Cancel Help Figure 3 7 Link Aggregation Tab of the Stack Setup Dialog Box Click Add For a stack click Switch and select one from the list Click Aggregation width and select 2 Ports or 4 Ports Click Anchor Port and select a port Type a unique name for the link Click OK For further configuration of a link for example in a VLAN use the Anchor Port we iv we OR ge a 3 12 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Standard Configuration 3 10 Port Mirroring 3 10 1 Purpose The Port Mirroring function allows you to debug or monitor traffic on a specific port by dupli cating the traffic and sending it to a specified port Only one pair of ports can be mirrored per switch Within Port Mirroring you can e Add anew entry to the list e Delete an entry e Edit existing entries TIAS O Oo 5 r Q c e oO FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 3 13 Standard Configuration 3 10 2 Adding Port Mirroring To add a mirrored port to a switch If Port Mirroring is enabled the source port will E be in store and forward mode Therefore Runts CRCs etc will not be forwarded or mirrored 1 Select Device Setup or Stack Setup 2 Click Port Mirroring Stack Setup 89 270 151 100 x Local Management TFTP
227. value hold the mouse pointer over a switch Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 6 5 Monitoring the Total Activity of Transmitted Packets Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets being transmitted on all the switches 1 Right click the stack border and select Stack Activity Tx Packets Each column represents the activity level on a switch Hold the cursor on a column to see the exact value Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 15 Managing the Switch 5 6 6 Monitoring the Total Activity of Received Packets Use the following procedure to view the total activity of the packets being received on all the switches 1 Right click the stack border and select Stack Activity gt Rx Packets Each column represents the activity level on that switch Hold the cursor on a column to see the exact value Click View and change the presentation style 3D to 2D Graph with or without a peak value indicator and vertical to horizontal bars 5 6 7 Monitoring the Total Number of Errors Use the following procedure to view the total error activity of the packets on all the switches 1 Right click the stack border and select Stack Activity Errors Each column represents
228. verview of the Stack View network manage ment software for the ES 2810 hapter 3 Standard Configuration Provides information on doing a standard configura tion of the ES 2810 hapter 4 Advanced Configuration Provides information on doing an advanced configu ration using virtual LANs VLANs hapter 5 Managing the Switch Provides information on managing the ES 2810 using the Stack View network management software hapter 6 Technical Specifications Provides physical power and performance specifica tions for the ES 2810 and its modules hapter 7 Console Port Use and Troubleshooting Provides information about using the switch s console port for local management and maintenance and a troubleshooting checklist for the ES 2810 Appendix A Concepts in Switching Provides a basic overview of switching concepts including forwarding modes flow control filtering IP etc FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Preface Technical Support In the U S A you can contact FORE Systems Technical Assistance Center TAC using any one of the following methods 1 You can receive on line support via TACtics On line at 2 You can contact Technical Support via e mail at support fore com 3 You can telephone your questions to Technical Support at 1 800 671 FORE 3673 or 1 724 742 6999 4 You can FAX your questions to Technical Support at 1 724 742 7900 Technical support for non U S A
229. vice Install Wizard Start Install Welcome to the FORE Systems Device Install Wizard the easy way to install your new FORE Systems network device FORE Stack View allows pau to install configure and manage pour FORE Systems network devices using a windows based user interface Cancel Help Figure 2 6 The Install Wizard FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 2 13 FORE Stack View 2 9 4 Matrix Module Connected to a New Switch When the Install wizard detects that a new switch is connected to a Matrix Module a message shown in Figure 2 7 informs that you must decide how to manage the switch If you want to manage it separately the installation is completed and the switch is displayed in the FORE Stack View window If you want to manage it as part of a stack you have the opportunity to assign consecutive IP addresses in the next dialog ls has been detected the this switch is part of a stack Do vou want to A c 7 Synchronize the configuration with existing stack Figure 2 7 Install Wizard New Switch Message FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual The Synchronization Wizard completes the installation The complete stack including the new switch then appears in the FORE Stack View window The Synchronization wizard is described in detail in Stack Synchronization Manager on page 5 40 2 9 5 FORE Stack View Advanced Stack IP Set
230. vice that routes some protocols and bridges others based on con figuration information Buffer A data storage medium used to compensate of a difference in rate of data flow or time of occurrence of events when transmitting data from one device to another Building Integrated Timing Supply BITS a master timing supply for an entire building which is a master clock and its ancillary equipment The BITS supplies DS1 and or composite clock timing references for synchronization to all other clocks and timing sources in that building Bursty Errored Seconds BES a BES contains more than 1 and fewer than 320 path coding violation error events and no severely errored frame or AIS defects Controlled slips are not included in determining BESs Bursty Second a second during which there were at least the set number of BES threshold event errors but fewer than the set number of SES threshold event errors Byte A computer readable group of bits normally 8 bits in length Call an association between two or more users or between a user and a network entity that is established by the use of network capabilities This association may have zero or more connec tions Carrier a company such as any of the baby Bell companies that provide network commu nications services either within a local area or between local areas Carrier Group Alarm CGA A service alarm generated by a channel bank when an out of frame OOF condition exis
231. vice verifies the parity odd or even and the accuracy of the transmission Bit Robbing The use of the least significant bit per channel in every sixth frame for signaling Bit Stuffing A process in bit oriented protocols where a zero is inserted into a string of ones by the sender to prevent the receiver from interpreting valid user data the string of ones as control characters a Flag character for instance Border Gateway Protocol BGP used by gateways in an internet connecting autonomous net works It is derived from experiences learned using the EGP bps bits per second Bridge a device that expands a Local Area Network by forwarding frames between data link layers associated with two separate cables usually carrying a common protocol Bridges can usually be made to filter certain packets to forward only certain traffic Bridge Protocol Data Unit BPDU A message type used by bridges to exchange management and control information Broadband a service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN primary rate Broadband Access an ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services Broadband Connection Oriented Bearer BCOB Information in the SETUP message that indi cates the type of service requested by the calling user BCOB A Bearer Class A Indicated by ATM end user in SETUP message for connection ori ented
232. with the other acting as a backup Local Access and Transport Area LATA Geographic boundaries of the local telephone net work specified by the FCC in which a single LEC may perform its operations Communica tions outside or between LATAs are provided by IXCs Local Area Network LAN a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square kilo meters or less Because the network is known to cover only a small area optimizations can be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates Glossary 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Glossary Logical Link Control LLC protocol developed by the IEEE 802 committee for data link layer transmission control the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 OSI protocol that complements the MAC protocol IEEE standard 802 2 includes end system addressing and error checking Loopback a troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that the signal can be analyzed for errors Typically a loopback is set at various points in a line until the section of the line that is causing the problem is discovered Q O D Y Q lt looptest program that tests an interface for basic cell reception and transmission functional ity usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly Loss Of Frame LOF a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines Loss Of
233. work depending on traffic conditions Cell Loss Ratio In a network cell loss ratio is 1 x y where y is the number of cells that arrive in an interval at an ingress of the network and x is the number of these y cells that leave at the egress of the network element Cell Loss Ratio CLR CLR is a negotiated QoS parameter and acceptable values are network specific The objective is to minimize CLR provided the end system adapts the traffic to the changing ATM layer transfer characteristics The Cell Loss Ratio is defined for a connection as Lost Cells Total Transmitted Cells The CLR parameter is the value of CLR that the network agrees to offer as an objective over the lifetime of the connection It is expressed as an order of magnitude having a range of 10 1 to 10 15 and unspecified Cell Misinsertion Rate CMR the ratio of cells received at an endpoint that were not originally transmitted by the source end in relation to the total number of cells properly transmitted Cell Rate Adaptation CRA a function performed by a protocol module in which empty cells known as unassigned cells are added to the output stream This is because there always must be a fixed number of cells in the output direction when there are not enough cells to transmit unassigned cells are added to the output data stream Cell Relay Service CRS a carrier service which supports the receipt and transmission of ATM cells between end users in compliance with
234. ws 2 2 Interface card for workstation 1 15 IntraStack activity asnos ad as 5 13 atar ta o eds ae 2 2 A 16 address assignment A 16 address class overview A 19 address Classes 55 obi dem daniati a A 17 address details changing 3 4 address notation A 17 available addresses A 19 changing address details 3 4 dotted decimal address notation A 17 network numbers A 17 Isolate a problem 252422252229 25 os xs 7 10 Index 3 Index L LANE sata A 5 Learning state Spanning Tree A 24 LED colors and their meanings 1 21 for troubleshooting 7 9 ANNONS duda eae d eR ys aaa a 1 5 a A qi ox heed 6 4 om front Panel iris ves 1 5 POBESTATO zt sco o dra dde p AS 1 19 RES O ubt e bee brit 1 21 A Whe per rete dati 1 21 Telnperdtufe sis a 1 21 Link Aggregation adda 3 12 Listening state 5panning Tree A 24 Local MAC Bridges See Spanning Tree Local Management sss 2 9 d6COSS uu ba eer Nr dee i eem 5 94 feat reS use hile cen aS enti rarae 9 33 ONCE SS 9 33 Location for a port yesos 3 29 M MAC addresses docena INC 2 ues picar as 1 20 ageing Spanning Tree override A 26 change ageing time 3 18 n mberperpoPb setas vet eee kias 6 6 permanent entries 1 20 permanently attached A 27 Main power connection
235. x Tab Name Shows the Double click a row i VLAN s to show Station Table MAC addresses all VLANs in which Ports and this address is con IP addresses tained Port Table Port number and the MAC and IP Port name address of all devices on the port in this VLAN IP addresses will be present only if the station is learned by this switch and has sent an ARP packet 5 20 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual Managing the Switch 5 7 3 Information About the Domain Use the following procedure to view the VLAN mode and Domain name 1 Select VLAN gt Status VLAN Status Punktum 37 Ed D D e 5 e S D o r O gt VLAN made Standalone Domain name STDALONE Refresh Help Figure 5 15 Domain Information Tab of the VLAN Status Dialog Box 2 To change the information see Changing VLAN Mode on page 4 5 FORE Systems ES 2810 Ethernet Switch User s Manual 5 21 Managing the Switch 5 7 4 Information About VLAN Configuration Use the following procedure to see if another user is configuring the VLANS view the version number of the VLAN configuration or the time this configuration has been running 1 Select VLAN gt Status 2 Click Configuration Information VLAN Status 172 260 184 207 EI Domain Information Configuration Information Server Information Status Configuration in process Version fi Unchanged for 1 hours 13 minutes and 8 seconds
236. ys tem meets or exceeds the following technical standards e EN 55022 Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics of Information Tech nology Equipment e EN 50082 1 Electromagnetic compatibility Generic immunity standard Part 1 Residential commercial and light industry e EC 1000 4 2 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part 2 Electrostatic discharge requirements e EC 1000 4 3 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part 3 Radiate electromagnetic field requirements e EC 1000 4 4 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equipment Part 4 Electrical fast transient burst requirements e EC 1000 4 5 Electromagnetic compatibility Generic immunity standard Part 5 Surge test VCCI CLASS A NOTICE COREL HARE RE SE ERES EXER VCCI ORE CHED 72A ATSSRIEI EIC CORE ARTERIA CURAS 2 LB jxEeseEmEICCAS40Zzdd CTORARCUREAE aded AKLDEKANAZATEMHBIET This is a Class A product based on the standard of the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment VCCI If this equipment is used in a domestic environment radio disturbance may arise When such trouble occurs the user may be required to take corrective actions CERTIFICATIONS ETL certified to meet Information Technology Equipment safety standards UL

Download Pdf Manuals

image

Related Search

Related Contents

新医薬品一覧表（平成22年4月16日収載予定）  困ったときのQ＆A - Prius World  Bedienungsanleitung DAP 26  POINTPAY Manual de Instalación cliente Android para ventas de    Huawei M865C Cell Phone User Manual    TICE99IDE User Manual  高速アナログ入力モジュール取扱説明書  Imprimante multifonctions  

Copyright © All rights reserved.
Failed to retrieve file