OpenOffice.org OpenOffice - 3.2 Math Guide
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1. a OpenOf ficeorg3 Math Guide The OpenOffice org Equation Editor This PDF is designed to be read onscreen two pages ata time If you want to print a copy your PDF viewer should have an option for printing two pages on one sheet of paper but you may need to start with page 2 to get it to print facing pages correctly Print this cover page separately Copyright This document is Copyright 2005 2010 by its contributors as listed in the section titled Authors You may distribute it and or modify it under the terms of either the GNU General Public License version 3 or later or the Creative Commons Attribution License version 3 0 or later All trademarks within this guide belong to their legitimate owners Authors Daniel Carrera Agnes Belzunce Peter Kupfer Ian Laurenson Janet M Swisher Jean Hollis Weber Michele Zarri Feedback Please direct any comments or suggestions about this document to authors documentation openoffice org Publication date and software version Published 5 October 2010 Based on OpenOffice org 3 2 1 You can download _ C Authors an editable version of this document from http oooauthors org english userguide3 published Contents WAG is AUN viscosa cnc ecavectassdancnewisserencenncessacnaameniesencsad sxeaaeccorensonaees 4 Getting started ssesesseseseesesssseseesesessesessrserresessesesoesesessesessesssesees 4 Entering a TOV a scdiscccsvctadecsssan2. a a a Fa 7a a b a b axb axb aab a b b a b avb aob Figure 1 Equation Editor Elements window and location of resulting equation 4 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Entering a formula The equation editor uses a markup language to represent formulas For example beta creates the Greek character beta This markup is designed to read similar to English whenever possible For example a a over b produces a fraction re You can enter a formula in three ways e Select a symbol from the Elements window e Right click on the equation editor and select the symbol from the context menu e Type markup in the equation editor The context menu and the Elements window insert the markup corresponding to a symbol This provides a convenient way to learn the OOo Math markup Click on the document body to exit the formula editor mote Double click on a formula to enter the formula editor again The Elements window The simplest method for entering a formula is the Elements window shown in Figure 1 S Elements ks A acA fix a Fa 74 gl dab Symbols a b avb Figure 2 Symbols are divided into categories In OOo Math before V3 2 0 the Elements window was called the Note Selection window Entering a formula 5 The Elements window is divided into two main parts The top shows the symbol categories Click on these to change the list of symbols The bottom shows the symbols available in the
3. Now you can double click on the formula to edit it For example here is the Riemann Zeta function c z y 3 n 1 NA You can reference an equation as shown in Equation 2 with these steps 1 Choose Insert gt Cross reference from the menu bar 2 On the Cross references tab Figure 17 under Type select Text 3 Under Selection select the equation number 4 Under Format select Reference Click Insert 16 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Done If you later add more equations to the paper before the referenced equation all the equations will automatically renumber and the cross references will update Fields ee Document Cross references Functions DocInformation Variables I Database Type Selection Set Reference 1 Insert Reference 2 Headings 3 Numbered Paragraphs Text Figure Bookmarks Insert reference to Page pioa mindo Peeseseeeeseeeeseeceessereeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeese Above Below 4s Page Style Category and Number Caption Text Numbering Figure 17 Inserting a cross reference to an equation number To insert the equation number without parenthesis around it Tip choose Numbering instead of Reference under Format Numbering equations 17 Math commands Reference Unary binary operators Operation sign sign sign sign Boolean not Addition Dot product Mu
4. 1 Start the formula editor and choose Format gt Font size Untitled 1 OpenOffice org Writer File Edit View Format Tools Window Help Fonts Font Size Spacing Alignment Text Mode Figure 13 Changing the font size for a formula 2 Select a larger font size under Base size top most entry as shown in Figure 13 amp Font Sizes ks Base size 12pt Relative sizes Cancel Text loom E Indexes bo El Default Functions ioo Operators fioom E Limits bo El lt gt lt gt lt gt Figure 14 Edit Base size top to make a formula bigger The result of this change is illustrated in Figure 14 Before w 3 14159 After T 3 14159 Figure 15 Result of changing the base font size 12 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Formula layout The most difficult part of using OOo Math comes when writing complicated formulas This section provides some advice Brackets are your friends OOo Math knows nothing about order of operation You must use brackets to state the order of operations explicitly Consider the following example Result 2 over x 1 1 2 over x 1 Equations over more than one line Suppose you want to type an equation covering more than one line For x 3 example y l Your first reaction would be to simply press the Enter key However if you press the Enter key though the markup goes to a new line the resulting equation does not You must
5. Av a b a b azb alb afb a a 0 FA na a b a b axb a b aab acb arb G b alb sil asb azb a b a b a b i a b a b avb acb asb axb axb asb Figure 8 Tooltip indicates asb aeb asb the Relations button Figure 9 After selecting Relations Step 4 Click on the a gt b symbol The equation editor now shows the markup pi lt gt simeq lt gt Step 5 Delete the lt gt text and add 3 14159 at the end of the equation We end up with the markup pi simeq 3 14159 The result is shown in Figure 10 10 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide pr 3 14159 8 Ja pi simeq 3 14159 lt gt Figure 10 Final result Customizations Formula editor as a floating window The formula editor can cover a large part of the Writer window To turn the formula editor into a floating window do this 1 Hover the mouse over the editor frame as shown in Figure 11 2 Hold down the Control key and double click mc 2 i 4 Figure 11 Turning the formula editor into a floating window Figure 12 shows the result You can dock the floating window again by using the same steps Hold down the Control key and double click the window frame Commands Figure 12 Formula editor as a floating window Customizations 11 How can I make a formula bigger This is one of the most common questions people ask about OOo Math The answer is simple but not intuitive
6. current category You can hide or show the Elements window with View gt Elements Tip Example 1 5x4 For this example we will enter a simple formula 5x4 On the Elements window Figure 3 1 Select the top left button of the categories top section 2 Click on the multiplication symbol S Elements s a asb deA f x Da 2 Av behead Unary binary operators Multiplication Fa 74 a b aab a b avb Figure 3 Selecting the multiplication symbol When you select the multiplication symbol on the Elements window two things happen The equation editor shows the markup lt gt times lt gt The body of the document shows a gray box like this 0x 6 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide C3 CoE lt gt lt gt times lt gt L v lt gt Figure 4 Result of selecting the multiplication symbol The lt gt symbols shown in Figure 4 are placeholders that you can replace by other text for example 5 and 4 The equation will update automatically and the result should resemble Figure 5 ELSE gogg lt gt 5 times 4 v lt gt Figure 5 Result of entering 5 and 4 next to the times operator To keep the equation from updating automatically select View Tip gt AutoUpdate display To update a formula manually press F9 or select View gt Update Right click context menu Another way to access mathematical symbols is to right click on
7. the equation editor This pops up the menu shown in Figure 6 The items in this menu correspond exactly to those in the Elements window Entering a formula 7 Unary Binary Operators Relations Set Operations Functions ta a a a gt pperators gt a b Attributes gt ae Brackets gt sedan Formats a times b N Others gt a b a over b a div b a b acircb a wideslash b a widebslash b nega aandb aorb Figure 6 Right click context menu Markup You can type the markup directly in the equation editor For example you can type 5 times 4 to obtain 5x4 If you know the markup this can be the fastest way to enter a formula The formula markup resembles the way the formula reads in Tip English Below is a short list of common equations and their corresponding markup Command Display Command hb sqrt a Display a 2 an int f x dx a lt b a times b suman infinity x cdot y OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Greek characters Greek characters B y 0 etc are common in mathematical formulas These characters are not available in the Elements window or the right click menu Fortunately the markup for Greek characters is simple Type a sign followed the name of the character in English To write a lowercase character type the name of the character in lowercase e To write an upperca
8. the over command Combine this with either the letter d for a total derivative or the partial command for a partial derivative to achieve the effect of a derivative Notice that we have to use braces squiggly brackets to make Note the derivative Result df over dx partial f over partial y partial 2 f over partial t 2 How do I align my equations at the equals sign OOo Math does not have a command for aligning equations on a particular character but you can use a matrix to do this as shown below Result matrix alignr x y alignl 2 alignr x alignl 2 y The empty braces around are necessary because is a binary operator and thus needs an expression on each side You can reduce the spacing around if you change the inter column spacing of the matrix 1 With the equation editor open choose Format gt Spacing from the menu bar Formula layout 15 Spacing Matrix Line spacing Cancel Column spacing Category v Default Figure 16 Changing spacing in a matrix formula 2 In the Spacing dialog Figure 16 click the Category button and select Matrices in the drop down menu 3 Enter 0 for Column spacing and click OK Numbering equations Equation numbering is one of OOo Math s best hidden features The steps are simple but obscure 1 Start a new line 2 Type fn and then press F3 The fn is replaced by a numbered formula E mc 2
9. B A setminus B A slash B aleph A subset B A subseteq B A supset B A supseteg B A nsubset B A nsubseteg B A nsupset B A nsupseteq B setN setZ setQ setR setC 20 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Functions Operation Exponential Natural logarithm Exponential function Logarithm Power Sine Cosine Tangent Cotangent Square root Arcsine Arc cosine Arctangent Arc cotangent n root Hyperbolic sine Hyperbolic cosine Hyperbolic tangent Hyperbolic cotangent Absolute value Arc hyperbolic sine Arc hyperbolic cosine Arc hyperbolic tangent Arc hyperbolic cotangent Factorial Command Display func e a In a exp a log a a b sin a cos a tan a cot a sqrt a arcsin a arccos a arccos a arctan a arctan a arccot a arccot a nroot a b sinh a cosh a tanh a coth a abs a arsinh a arccosh a arctanh a arccoth a fact a Math commands Reference 21 Operators All operators can be used with the limit functions from and to Operation Limit Sum Product Coproduct Upper and lower bounds shown with integral Integral Double integral Triple integral Lower bound shown with summation symbol Contour integral Double curved integral Triple curved integral Upper bound shown with product symbol Command lim a sum a Display prod a coprod a int from r O to r t a int a iint a i
10. characters special Math 28 characters Greek Math 28 D derivative markup Math 15 E equation inserting 4 numbering 16 equation editor 4 equation editor brackets 13 derivative markup 15 Elements window 5 equations over more than one line 13 floating window 11 font size 12 formula layout 13 limits to sum integral 13 markup 8 matrix markup 14 right click menu 7 F formats commands Math 27 formula editor See equation editor 11 formula layout 13 function commands Math 21 L limits to sum integral 13 M mathematical equations 4 mathematical markup 8 mathematical symbols 5 matrix markup Math 14 miscellaneous commands Math 25 N numbering equations 16 relational operator commands Math 19 U unary binary operator commands Math 18 Math commands Reference 29
11. ee meet A te 19 ei cadataasiesiesaanasiauiedieiadinnindaasiatianinidneiaiecienaa A 20 US ssr E a A 21 OPEratOT Serr ae E E ETE E E 22 AU DUTOS esae NEEE E E E E bee EENEN penne Dees EON 23 Miscellaneous eesnsseseesesessesessesesessesossesesserssesseessessesssessesssessesese 25 BEO KOL ia EEE EA E TTE T AE EE 26 FOr aS ee E ES 27 Characiers Gree kessieri sars aS S RETEA E SEAE rere 28 Characters Special eiueseneuereueiieni eienn eE E EAEE a eai 28 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide 3 What is Math Math is OpenOffice org OOo s component for writing mathematical equations It is most commonly used as an equation editor for text documents but it can also be used with other types of documents or stand alone When used inside Writer the equation is treated as an object inside the text document The equation editor is for writing equations in symbolic form as Note in equation 1 If you want to evaluate a numeric value see the Calc Guide In x tan x7 1 Getting started To insert an equation go to Insert gt Object gt Formula The equation editor opens at the bottom of the screen and the floating Elements window called Selection before Math 3 2 may appear You will also see a small box with a gray border in your document where the formula will be displayed as shown in Figure 1 Untitled 1 OpenOffice org Writer File Edit View Format Tools Window Help O BU DE Z asb aeA f x Da
12. iint a sum from 3 b lint a llint a lint a prod to 3 r 22 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Attributes Operation Acute accent Grave accent Reverse circumflex Breve Circle Vector arrow Tilde Circumflex Line above Dot Wide vector arrow Wide tilde Wide circumflex Double dot Line over Line under Line through Triple dot Transparent useful to get a placeholder of a given size Bold font Italic font1 Resize font Following item in sans serif font2 Following item in serif font Following item in fixed font Command Display acute a a grave a check a breve a circle a veca tilde a hata bara dota widevec abc widetilde abc widehat abc ddota overline abc underline abc overstrike abc dddot a phantom a bold a ital a size 16 qv font sans qv font serif qv font fixed qv 1 Unquoted text that is not a command is considered to be a variable Variables are by default italicized 2 There are three custom fonts sans serif without kicks serifs with kicks and fixed non proportional To change the actual fonts used for custom fonts and the fonts used for variables unquoted text numbers and functions use Format gt Fonts Math commands Reference 23 Operation Command Display Make color of following text cyan3 color cyan qv Make color of following text yellow color yellow qv Make color of following text white color white qv Make color of foll
13. lignl c 1 stack alignl a b alignl phantom a c 1 asldkfjo newline sadkfj stuff stuff stuff stuff Display Hello world a Hello world a Hello world a asldkfjo sadkfj stuff stuff stuff stuff Math commands Reference 27 In localized versions of Writer the markup names of Greek and special characters are localized If this document is not localized to the same language then the names below may not work for Caution input You may still use the Symbol catalog Figure 7 to select A the desired character by its glyph This will also display the character s localized markup name Once entered the characters will display properly in any language Characters Greek ALPHA BETA GAMMA DELTA EPSILON ZETA LAMBDA PI PHI alpha Yvarepsilon iota xi varrho phi ETA MU RHO CHI beta zeta kappa omicron sigma Yvarphi THETA NU SIGMA PSI gamma eta lambda pi varsigma chi IOTA XI TAU OMEGA delta theta mu varpi tau psi KAPPA OMICRON UPSILON epsilon Y vartheta nu rho upsilon 0mega Characters Special and angle lt element identical infinite noelement notequal or V perthousand o strictlygreaterthan gt strictlylessthan lt tendto 28 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Index B brackets Math 13 brackets commands Math 26 C
14. ltiplication X Multiplication asterisk Boolean and Subtraction Division as a fraction Division as an operator Division with a slash Boolean or Concatenation Command Display 1 a nega a b a cdot b a times b a b aandb a b a over b a div b a b aorb a circ b 18 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Relational operators Operation Is equal Is not equal Approximately Divides Does not divide Less than Greater than Similar to or equal Parallel Orthogonal to Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Similar to Congruent Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Proportional Toward Arrow left Double arrow left and right Arrow right Command a b a lt gt b Display a approx 2 a divides b a ndivides b a lt 2 a gt 2 a simeq b a parallel b a ortho b a leslant b a geslant b a sim b a equiv b a lt b a gt b a prop b a toward b a dlarrow b a dlrarrow b a drarrow b Math commands Reference 19 Set operations Operation Is in Is not in Owns Empty set Intersection Union Difference Quotient Aleph Subset Subset or equal to Superset Superset or equal to Not subset Not subset or equal Not superset Not superset or equal Set of natural numbers Set of integers Set of rational numbers Set of real numbers Set of complex numbers Command Display ainB a notin B A owns b emptyset A intersection B A union
15. ne scalable Brace scalable Angle bracket scalable Operator brackets scalable Over brace scalable Under brace scalable Command a b Idbracket c rdbracket lline a rline Display Idline a rdline lbrace w rbrace langle d rangle langle a mline b rangle a left stack a b z right left stack x y right left Idbracket c right rdbracket left lline a right rline left ldline d right rdline left lbrace e right rbrace left langle f right rangle left langle g mline h right rangle The brace is above rA overbrace a The braceis above the brace is the braceis below below underbrace f f 26 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Formats Operation Left superscript Center superscript Right superscript Left subscript Center subscript Right subscript Align character to left text is aligned center by default Align character to center Align character to right Vertical stack of 2 Vertical stack more than 2 Matrix Equations aligned at using matrix Equations aligned at using phantom New line Small gap grave Large gap tilde Command a lsup b a csup b a b a lsub b a csub b a_ b stack Hello world alignl a stack Hello world alignc a stack Hello world alignr a binom a b stack a b z matrix a b c d matrix a alignl b a
16. owing text green color green qv Make color of following text blue color blue qv Make color of following text red color red qv Make color green returns to default color black color green X qv Brace items to change color of more than one item color green X qv 3 For all coloring the color will apply only to the text immediately following the command until the next space is encountered In order to have the color apply to more characters place the text you want in color in curly brackets 24 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide Miscellaneous Operation Infinity Partial Nabla There exists For all H bar Lambda bar Real part Imaginary part Weierstrass p Left arrow Right arrow Up arrow Down arrow Dots at bottom Dots at middle Dots vertical Dots diagonal upward Dots diagonal downward Command Display infinity partial nabla exists forall hbar lambdabar re im wp leftarrow rightarrow uparrow downarrow dotslow dotsaxis dotsvert dotsup dotsdown Math commands Reference 25 Brackets Operation Round Brackets Square Brackets Double Square Brackets Single line Double line Braces Angle Brackets Operator Brackets Group brackets used for program control Scalable round brackets add the word left before a left bracket and right before a right bracket Square brackets scalable as above Double square brackets scalable Line scalable Double li
17. se character type the name of the character in uppercase A complete table of Greek characters is provided on page 28 See the table below for some examples Lowercase Uppercase alpha ALPHA beta BETA gamma GAMMA psi PSI phi PHI theta THETA Another way to enter Greek characters is by using the Symbols catalog window Choose Tools gt Catalog This window is shown in Figure 7 Under Symbol set select Greek and double click on a Greek letter from the list The markup name of the character is shown below the list window amp Symbols x Symbol set Figure 7 Symbols catalog used for entering Greek characters and some special symbols Entering a formula 9 Example 2 m 3 14159 For this example we will suppose that e We want to enter the above formula the value of pi rounded to 5 decimal places e We know the name of the Greek character pi e But we do not know the markup associated with the symbol Step 1 Type followed by the text pi This displays the Greek character r Step 2 Open the Elements window View gt Elements Step 3 The symbol is a relation so we click on the Relations button If you hover the mouse over this button you see the tooltip Relations Figure 8 Figure 9 shows the Selection window after clicking the Relations button The symbol we want is circled amp Elements Ea S Elements x ag asa fo Za d fRelations 8 am aeA f x a o e
18. seccevcasivescisesenevscoedvdewodaeeaiaavevaavenes 5 The Elements windoW sseseseesesssseseesesessesesoeseseesessssesssessesssesseseses 5 Right click context Menu sesessssesseseseesesssseseesesessesossessesseessesseeso 7 Markess E N AERO ria 8 Greek characterSs sessesesseseseesesssseseesessesssessessscssessosrssessosessesseeseeso 9 Cu stomizalti nS sssssrirssisorsrs tintti c tes Errar sT E EENES Er TEESEEISE 11 Formula editor as a floating windoOW sssesessesessesesoeseseesessssessseso 11 How can I make a formula bigger essssssesssssessesserssesseessessessses 12 Formula layout esssrsossssmorssrosssso assor san si pisarn en E r IESENE 13 Brackets are your MiendS wincnnvonimeineminvpinsineun aun NNAS 13 Equations over more than one MNES 02 56 ccssescesssanssavedvsnvensapaavavastverse 13 How do I add limits to my sum integral sssessesssessesssessesseessesee 13 Brackets with matrices look ugly snesessssesseseseesesossesessesessessesso 14 How do I make a derivative nseeseesesessesesseseseesesossesessesessessessne 15 How do I align my equations at the equals SIGN cceeeeeeeeeee es 15 Numbering equationS ssssessesesssssesscssccccsccccesececcoceseessssssseeoo 16 Math commands REFCTENCE cccccssccccccsscccssccscccssccsscccseees 18 Unary Dinary Operator Sissin erienioi aneen en N aN EOT rE 18 Relational operators eee ee cee me ne e
19. type the newline command explicitly This is illustrated in the table below Result 3 newline dl How do I add limits to my sum integral The sum and int commands can optionally take the parameters from and to These are used for lower and upper limits respectively These parameters can be used singly or together Limits for integrals are usually treated as subscripts and superscripts Markup Result Formula layout 13 Result int from 0 to x f t dt or int _0 x f t dt int from Re f sum to infinity 2 n Note For more details on integrals and sums see page 22 Brackets with matrices look ugly For background we start with an overview of the matrix command Markup Result matrix a bac d c Rows are separated by two s and entries within each row are separated by one Note The first problem people have with matrices is that brackets do not scale with the matrix Markup Result matrix a b c d g C OOo Math provides scalable brackets That is the brackets grow in size to match the size of their contents Use the commands left and right to make scalable brackets Markup Result a b d left matrix a b c d right Tip Use left and right to obtain square brackets 14 OpenOffice org 3 Math Guide How do I make a derivative Making derivatives essentially comes down to one trick Tell OOo it s a fraction In other words you have to use
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