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Apple Computer Network Router 2 User's Manual

1. 217 Crocker Lane Hillzdale OA 44714 At the bottom of a Folder picker below a solid separator line your application can have the system list available storage locations This allows a user to specify a storage location in addition to a folder from which to display items The system does not list storage locations in a Folder picker unless the Newton has more than one storage location Figure 8 19 shows an example of a Folder picker with storage locations listed at the bottom Figure 8 19 A Folder picker can list available storage locations Folders Storage locations 8 20 Unfiled Icons Extensions Card Help Setup x Storage dle Calculator Styles z Internal Library Card pesme Toolkit XAI Stores Filing CHAPTER 8 Newton Services A variation on the plain folder tab includes a digital clock and calendar that a user can tap to display the built in Clock application Figure 8 20 illustrates a folder tab with clock calendar Figure 8 20 A folder tab can include a digital clock and calendar Tapping the date and time displays the Clok application Unfiled Notes E Douglas P amp L H A P J Hi Bab Tian Ffnrnot T need tho DFi so E T S Instead of a digital clock and calendar your application can display a view title in the black area of a folder tab as shown in Figure 8 21 Figure 8 21 A folder tab can include a view title View title Meeting
2. Newton Services Preferences 8 30 Users can see and change two types of preference settings system wide and application specific system wide Preferences A user accesses system wide preferences through the built in Prefs application Its main view lists preference categories and tapping a category displays a slip containing relevant preference items Your application can add categories and corresponding views that the Prefs application displays but they must be for system wide preferences rather than application specific ones Figure 8 26 shows the standard system wide categories on a MessagePad 120 Figure 8 26 The Prefs application shows system wide preference settings Z Preferences B Security Locale a Sounde eeeeeceocecocecce oe 18 Alarm Sleep 2 Handwriting Recognition aj Sound t Modem Alert Sound Bell Alert Volume MEE off Mv Action sound effects Av Pen sound effects Preferences CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Application Preferences Applications provide access to their preference settings through the Info picker see Info Picker on page 4 24 When a user chooses Prefs from an Info picker the application displays a preferences slip in which the user can see and change application specific preference settings Figure 8 27 shows the preferences slips for some built in applications Figure 8 27 A preferences slip contains application specific settings
3. 2 37 2 38 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Each tap on a scroll arrow moves one unit in the chosen direction Your application determines how much one unit is For example the Notepad moves one note for each tap on the arrow for a note longer than the view each tap scrolls the number of displayed lines minus one The Names File application moves one card for each tap The Date Book s day at a time view moves one day for each tap and the week at glance view moves a week per tap Time Zones moves from city to city alphabetically If your application s information falls naturally into sections each tap ona scroll arrow should scroll one section If not scroll a screenful minus one line at a time a page Whether your application should scroll smoothly or unevenly depends on the type of information being scrolled With smooth scrolling each tap on a scroll arrow moves the same amount That is how the Date Book Names File Calculator and Time Zones applications work for example In some cases uneven scrolling is better than smooth scrolling The Notepad scrolls by uneven increments note by note to take advantage of a user s visual memory of where he or she wrote things While scrolling up by uneven increments an application may encounter an item that is too large to display all at once Since the application can t show the whole item it must either show the bottom of the item or the top of the item The appropri
4. A read only data structure that precisely specifies a view encapsulating all the view s attributes and behaviors A control bordered by a rounded rectangle that the user taps to designate confirm or cancel an action described by a text label inside the border A means of conveying data between the built in In Out Box application and a communications connection serial connection modem infrared beam AppleTalk network and so on The process by which the Newton system stores keystrokes typed faster than the system can process for later processing A visual object on the screen including but not limited to a container view For example text buttons pickers and input areas are also views Each view is internally represented by a template GLOSSARY user interface The rules and conventions by which a device communicates and interacts with the person operating it word wrap The automatic continuation of text from the end of one line to the beginning of the next without breaking in the middle of a word GL 9 Index A About box 4 24 accessibility 1 3 action ongoing 2 23 routing 7 8 Action button 3 28 7 8 Action picker application commands in 7 10 7 12 building 7 11 contents 7 10 purpose 4 26 7 8 separator line in 7 10 transports in 7 10 active application 2 29 aesthetic integrity as design principle 1 9 Alarms service 8 4 alert box border 2 7 confirmation alert 2 18 2 28 notification alert
5. Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 3 9 Figure 3 10 Figure 3 11 Figure 3 12 Figure 3 13 Figure 3 14 Figure 3 15 Figure 3 16 Figure 3 17 Figure 3 18 Figure 3 19 Figure 3 20 Figure 3 21 Figure 3 22 Figure 3 23 Figure 3 24 Figure 3 25 Figure 3 26 Figure 3 27 Figure 3 28 Figure 3 29 Figure 3 30 Tapping a button initiates an action 3 2 A text button s name states what the button does 3 2 Leave standard margins between a button s name and its borders 3 3 Name buttons distinctively wherever possible 3 5 Where to use a button named Cancel 3 6 A Stop button lets a user halt an operation 3 6 A picture button depicts what the button does 3 7 Where to use borders with small self bordered picture buttons 3 8 Tapping a button highlights it 3 9 A button disappears when it isn t available 3 10 Where to put buttons in a view 3 12 Group buttons by function 3 12 Regular spacing between buttons on a MessagePad 3 13 A Close box compared to a large Close box 3 14 Where to use a regular Close box 3 15 Where to use a large Close box 3 16 Only one radio button in a cluster can be selected 3 17 Each checkbox can be on or off 3 19 One checkbox vs two radio buttons 3 20 A slider used for data input 3 21 Providing feedback for small transparent hot spots 3 22 How the Analog Clock button works 3 23 Where an Info button goes 3 24 Where a Recognizer button goes 3 24 The Rec
6. Matte border CHAPTER 2 Container Views An auxiliary view appears in front of the view to which it is subordinate For details on the customary position of a slip and the front to back ordering of views How Views Work on page 2 28 Slips The most common type of auxiliary view is called a slip An application can use slips to get detailed user input For example the Date Book application displays essential information about meetings and events in its main view but has users input or change details in meeting and event slips In addition an application can use slips to display and allow users to change incidental and infrequently accessed information such as the title of an item or preference settings Slips can also request responses and present alternatives that specify how an action should be completed For example a slip for routing e mail should insist the user enter an e mail address without which the e mail cannot be sent and the slip offers numerous options that affect what the e mail message includes Most slips are movable but some are stationary Movable slips provide more flexibility for someone using your application If a user wants to see something under a movable slip while the slip is open the user can drag the slip out of the way To see something under a stationary slip a user has no choice but to close the slip Figure 2 14 compares slips that move with slips that can t Figure 2 14 Users can move mo
7. Newton 2 0 User Interface Guidelines A vy Addison Wesley Publishing Company Reading Massachusetts Menlo Park California New York Don Mills Ontario Wokingham England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Apple Computer Inc 1996 1994 Apple Computer Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical electronic photocopying recording or otherwise without prior written permission of Apple Computer Inc except to make a backup copy of any documentation provided on CD ROM Printed in the United States of America No licenses express or implied are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this book Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this book This book is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple labeled or Apple licensed computers Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate Apple is not responsible for printing or clerical errors Apple Computer Inc 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino CA 95014 408 996 1010 Apple the Apple logo APDA AppleLink AppleTalk LaserWriter Macintosh and Newton are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc registered in the United States and other countries I
8. Notepad Preferences Dates Preferences Default alarm time for meetings Hone tat Always store new notes internally Default alarm time for events Hone First day of the week molt iwlel els 2 L Always store new dates internally i Company BOL Always store new tasks internally Names Preferences F Sort by Default Order i First Marne oe Card Category 3 Zip Code i Send notes data with names Li Always store new names mr If your application stores data items its Preferences slip should aid users in managing data by including a checkbox for setting the storage location of new items This checkbox should have a label similar to Always store new items internally where the word items is replaced by the application s particular type of item This check box helps to mitigate the problem users commonly have of managing where their data is stored Preferences 8 31 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Preferences should be settings that users change infrequently If you provide choices to users that they will change many times while working with your application you should implement those choices with a button and picker on the status bar or some other interface element to which users have easy access 8 32 Preferences APPENDIX Avoiding Common Mistakes This appendix summarizes what you should do to avoid the top 20 user interface mistakes Info Button Use the Info button w
9. 1 800 637 0029 Canada 716 871 6555 International Fax 716 871 6511 AppleLink APDA America Online APDAorder CompuServe 76666 2405 Internet APDA applelink apple com If you provide commercial products and services call 408 974 4897 for information on the developer support programs available from Apple C HAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Before you can begin to design an application it is crucial that you have a clear picture of what a Newton device can do and how people will use your Newton software This chapter introduces some high level concepts that will help you clarify that picture In addition this chapter presents some basic principles of user interface design that apply to all types of software The chapter concludes by detailing how to conduct user tests of your product during its development Understand Newton Newton is a software and hardware technology designed for a family of products in the category of personal digital assistants PDAs such as the Apple MessagePad The goal of Newton technology is to help people and businesses become more productive by simplifying basic tasks and making it easier for people to manage bits and pieces of information while on the move Information entered on a Newton device can be moved to a desktop machine or a mainframe computer where it can be manipulated in powerful applications Understand Newton 1 1 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Newton is not a small portabl
10. CAm aaaea EA pinnar Sideways orientation on a MessagePad 120 An application may grow or shrink one of its views in response to user actions but users should not be allowed to change view size directly Do not allow users to resize a view by dragging a corner of it Figure 2 28 shows how the Filing slip changes size after a user creates a new folder Figure 2 28 A view may change size in response to user actions File the selected Notes in 2 Mone Unfiled iO Miscellaneous tf Business i Personal 1 Before creating a new folder How Views Work File this Note in None Untiled 1 Personal of Business i Guyotes oF Miscellaneous 2 After a user creates the Quotes folder 2 35 2 36 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Scrolling An application that deals with multiple instances of similar information multiple notes in the Notepad multiple names in the Name File multiple days in the Date Book and so on can t display all the instances at once in a single view People scroll the information to move currently displayed information out of view and bring other information into view The information appears to roll out at one edge of the view and roll in at the opposite edge Figure 2 29 shows a conceptual view of notes ready to be scrolled in the Notepad s main view Figure 2 29 Ready to scroll Notepad notes into view from above or below ee ee ee ee 2 mr iera h ee jn nuh n ee Y E
11. Close box command confirmation slip container view GL 2 A graphical signal that the system displays automatically while it is temporarily unable to process user input A small graphic object that performs an action when tapped See also picture button and text button A thick black line with buttons on it A symbol displayed where the Newton will next insert text that a user writes prints or types Any symbol that has a widely understood meaning and thus can convey information Some characters such as letters numbers and punctuation can be displayed on the Newton faxed sent in an e mail message and printed on a printer A standard Newton control that displays a setting either checked on or unchecked off Tapping a checkbox or its text label reverses its setting One or more checkboxes can be checked Compare to radio button To make a container view go away by tapping the Close box A small square box with an X inside located in the lower right corner of a container view Tapping it closes the container view Compare to large Close box An instruction that causes the Newton or a device connected to it to perform some action The user issues a command by tapping a button or choosing an item from a picker A view that appears on screen to have the user confirm or cancel an action that may have far reaching consequences A framed object that displays information text graphics or both and
12. Figure 3 20 A slider used for data input a Sound Alert Sound Bell Alert Volume MEE off Slider Av Action sound effects vt Pen sound effects Hot Spots Some views need to have many small unnamed controls that respond like buttons when tapped For example a view that contains a map might respond to a user tapping a place on the map by displaying information about the place tapped These hot spots may be visible or transparent Make it clear what elements of a view are hot spots unless you want to hide them from users If space and design considerations permit give hot spots a distinctive look that users can learn means tap here Simple geometric shapes such as circles squares and triangles are possibilities When a user taps a visible hot spot highlight it to provide feedback Users need feedback to reassure them that they have really tapped the hot spot Hot spots that are very small and close together may have to be invisible to avoid cluttering the view they re in Feedback is very important with small invisible hot spots because a user can t be sure which hot spot he or she is tapping One possibility is to display a list of all the hot spots near where the user tapped and let the user select one of the listed spots by tapping it in the list If the user taps a place where there aren t any nearby hot spots a cold spot the application can provide feedback by listing one item that explains
13. For more information on digital help books see Newton Book Maker User s Guide The purpose of online help is to provide quick access to single screens of step by step instructions for performing actions in a Newton application If you add online help to your application keep the following points in mind Organize your online help so users can t get lost in it m Make help information short since the help view doesn t scroll and probably never will The system truncates help information that exceeds the length of the help view m Keep each help page simple specific and task oriented m Phrase each overview topic and subtopic so it grammatically completes a question that begins How do I For example the topic Use the Shopping List Application asks the question How Do I Use the Shopping List Application Under this topic could be subtopics such as Add Items to the Shopping List and Check Off Purchased Items Do not begin a topic or subtopic with a gerund such as Using or the topic will not mesh grammatically with the How do I question Online help is not intended to provide a full user manual If you want to create an online user manual in a large view with multiple font text and on screen controls for content navigation make it a regular Newton digital book not a digital help book For information on making digital books see Newton Book Maker User s Guide Help 8 29 CHAPTER 8
14. I Selected Only New 2 Selected x Close box Checkbox for listing only selected items First column Second column identifies each shows the value data item to be used In most cases your application is not responsible for the wording punctua tion or capitalization of items in either column of an overview picker Nor is your application responsible for the order of the items The items are generally taken directly from stored data Overview pickers display items in the bold style of the system font On an Apple MessagePad the item names are 10 point text Position of Overview Pickers The conventional position for an overview picker is centered at the bottom of the screen Overview pickers are large so your application should not attempt to position one near the diamond label or other control that makes it appear The usual size of an overview picker is 234 x 231 pixels 4 20 Overview Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Using an Overview Picker A user makes an overview picker appear by tapping the appropriate label The picker stays open until the user taps its Close box The user does not have to press and hold the pen on the button or label to keep the picker open An overview picker stays open even if a user taps writes or draws outside the picker Picking Items A user selects items listed in an overview picker by tapping them A selected item has a check mark in its checkbox Tapping a sele
15. If a scrolling list uses local scroll arrows they should only appear when the list is long enough to require scrolling Use conventional black and white scroll arrows like those used in a Find slip when the Where option is set to Selected see Local Scroll Arrows on page 2 39 Each time a scrolling list appears it may list the same items or different items An application can modify a scrolling list in response to user input or changes in the application s environment Some scrolling lists may need to accommodate items whose text is too long to fit the list When this is the case your application should eliminate text in the middle of a long item and insert an ellipsis there preserving the beginning and ending of the item Text items may be the same at the beginning and middle so if you cut off the end of the text item users lose that context and must guess which of the several item names that begin the same is the desired one Although an ellipsis is preferable in the middle of a long item an application may simply truncate the item and suffix an ellipsis Tapping 6 5 CHAPTER 6 Data Input A scrolling list is not the best way to input one value across a range of values Since the full range isn t visible all at once in a scrolling list users have a hard time understanding the scope of their choices Pickers work well for listing discontinuous values across a range such as 1 minute 5 minutes 10 minutes 30 minut
16. In particular tapping the return key does not close the frontmost container view Tab In a field that allows entering multiple lines of text the tab key moves the text caret to the next tab stop In a field that allows entering one line of text the tab key moves the text caret to the next text input field in the same container view Del The del key deletes currently selected text If no text is selected tapping the del key removes the character preceding the text caret Shift The shift key acts like its namesake on a typewriter It changes the character produced by the next tap on a character key making alphabetic keys produce capital letters number keys produce punctuation or symbols and so on Unlike the shift key on typewriter or personal computer the Newton shift key is not pressed concurrently with pressing a character key The Newton shift key locks on when tapped and releases automatically when a character key is tapped Caps The caps key makes the alphabetic keys produce capital letters but has no effect on any other keys In other words even when caps is on a user must tap the shift key to produce punctuation and symbols with the number keys Typing 6 35 6 36 CHAPTER 6 Data Input and other nonalphabetic keys The caps key locks on when tapped and stays on until tapped again even closing a keyboard does not turn off the caps key Option The option key changes the character produced b
17. Overview 2 44 Overview Contents 2 44 Overview Button 2 46 Switching to and from an Overview 2 47 Scroll and Overview in an Overview 2 48 Closing an Overview 2 49 Nonfunctional Scroll and Overview Controls 2 49 Chapter 3 Controls 3 1 vi Buttons 3 2 Text Buttons 3 2 Text Button Sizes 3 3 Naming Text Buttons 3 4 Naming Take Action Buttons 3 4 Naming Cancel and Stop Action Buttons 3 5 Picture Buttons 3 7 Designing Picture Buttons 3 8 Button Behavior 3 9 Button Feedback 3 9 Button States 3 10 Button Placement 3 11 Button Spacing 3 12 Large Buttons 3 14 Close Boxes 3 14 Where to Use a Regular Close Box 3 15 Where to Use a Large Close Box 3 15 Radio Buttons 3 16 Checkboxes 3 18 Sliders 3 20 Hot Spots 3 21 Standard Newton Buttons 3 22 Analog Clock Button 3 23 Info Button 3 23 Recognizer Button 3 24 Keyboard Button 3 25 New Button 3 26 Show Button 3 26 Filing Button 3 27 Action Button 3 28 Item Info Button 3 29 Rotate Button 3 30 Chapter 4 Pickers 41 List Pickers 4 2 Elements of List Pickers 4 2 Check Marks 4 3 Icons 4 3 Item Names 4 3 Table of Items 4 4 Unavailable Items 4 5 Organization of List Pickers 4 6 Sources of List Pickers 4 7 Position of List Pickers 4 8 Using a List Picker 4 9 Picking an Item 4 9 User Editing of Pickers 4 11 Scrolling 4 12 Index Tabs 4 13 Hierarchical List Pickers 4 14 Number Picker 4 16 Date and Time Pickers 4 17 Overview Pickers 4 19 Contents of Overview Pickers 4 19 Pos
18. Set Owners and Worksites Use the Date Book BE Schedule a meeting or event Delete a meeting or event Set an alarrn for a meeting or evente d Show different views Use the To Do List Create a To Do task Delete a To Do task wiew the To Do List Complete a To Do task Use the Extras Drawer E 1 Tap Dates 2 Tap the Picture button next to the meeting The meeting slip appears eS Tap Alarm ed In the list that appears tap the amount of time before the meeting that you want the alarm to sound To set the alarm sound and volume Tap Extras tap the folder tab then tap Setup Tap Prefs and in the slip that appears tap Alarm Enter the E appropriate information Help CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Users can also access the built in help by choosing Help from the Info picker in any built in application When accessed through an Info picker the help overview appears with the appropriate outline topic already expanded Likewise your application gives users access to its online help through its Info picker see Info Picker on page 4 24 Another method of accessing online help is through the Extras Drawer The built in help is a digital help book that is customarily filed in the Help folder of the Extras Drawer A user can open the built in online help by tapping the Help icon there You can give users the same access to your application s online help by making it a digital help book in the Extras Drawer
19. Some notification alerts have a Snooze button which enables a user to temporarily dismiss the alert The alert reappears after an interval of time chosen by the user For example this is the type of notification alert the built in Date Book application uses for its reminder alarms Figure 2 17 shows a notification alert with a Snooze button for more information see Alarms on page 8 4 Auxiliary Views 2 17 2 18 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 17 A Snooze button enables a user to dismiss an alert temporarily G Reminder Thu 2 29 9 30 am Do that snooze o eo co cccce o gt ETTE 5 minutes 9 minutes 15 minutes How long until the alert reappears 30 minutes Before closing a notification alert a user can tap the small circled i in the upper left corner to display the date and time at which the notification appeared While any notification alert is open the user can scroll through recent messages by using the universal scroll arrows as described under Universal Scroll Arrows on page 2 38 The Newton operating system logs notification messages handles notification message scrolling and provides the small circled 7 and its functionality When you write notification messages use phrasing that make sense to users Use simple nontechnical language don t provide system oriented information that a user can t relate to When possible give users information that helps explain how to correct the probl
20. font 6 2 highlighting 4 11 position 6 2 puncuation 6 2 Filing button location 8 15 nothing to file 8 15 purpose 3 27 8 14 Filing service Filing button and slip 3 27 8 14 folders 8 14 received items 7 28 summarized 8 13 Filing services folder tab 8 19 Filing slip contents 8 16 editing folders 8 18 folders 8 16 headings 8 17 purpose 3 27 8 14 scope 8 15 storage locations 8 16 fill view 2 9 Find service canceling a search 8 11 date searches 8 8 Find button 8 6 Find slip 8 7 8 9 initiating a search 8 11 overview 8 11 scope of search 8 8 scrolling found items 8 13 search results 8 11 status 8 11 summarized 8 6 text searches 8 7 folders 8 14 8 16 8 18 folder tab 2 10 8 19 font input field 6 2 list picker 4 4 overview picker 4 20 separator bar 2 12 text button 3 3 view title 2 5 forced recognition 6 19 forgiveness as design principle 1 8 Format picker 7 20 formatting shapes 6 14 text 6 9 four way scrolling 2 41 frame See border G general input 6 14 gesture breaking paragraphs 6 26 capitalization change 6 31 duplicating selection 6 31 inserting space 6 26 joining words 6 26 new entry 2 12 recognition of 6 15 scrubbing 6 24 selecting text and graphics 6 22 global scroll arrows 2 38 graphic input 6 13 gravity 6 13 gray text 4 5 grid in picker 4 4 IN 5 INDEX H header In Out Box item 7 4 help 4 24 7 34 8 27 8 28 hierarchical pickers 4 14 highlighting button 3
21. i Conglomerated Cr 415 555 8123 a FIF 555 7070 W addresses L Darrow Arlo 702 555 3288 CE i Ego Alter 415 555 1673 Li Ginger Island i Hercules L Kennel Club L Kensington chool i Selected Only The transport determines the type of address information extracted from the Names File Dashes indicate absent information Routing Outgoing Items 7 17 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications The very first time a user taps the recipient in a fax or e mail routing slip the picker that lists recently used names does not appear because no names have been used yet Instead a People picker appears immediately listing possible recipients from the Names File Transport Picker A transport displays its name and icon dressed as a postage stamp in the upper right corner of its routing slip If there is more than one transport for the type of routing action chosen from the Action picker the transport name is a picker label Tapping it pops up a picker from which a user can choose any transport in the group Figure 7 12 Switching to another transport in a group 7 18 Ann Owner s Ann Owner A a S cipertino snarf pe j E S cuenta e Ponari E A A 5 nar A 1 User taps a transport name that begins with a 2 Picker pops up listing all transports of the diamond same type When a user switches to another transport in a group the system closes and reopens the routing slip because each transport not each group of tra
22. mailing printing remembering To Do items scheduling meetings and getting time information from the Time Zones application If your application registers additional actions with the Assistant they automatically appear in the Please picker Note that the top portion of this picker displays only one word for each action If the Assistant knows synonyms for an action they do not appear in the top portion of the Please picker For example the word call appears but the synonyms ring and phone do not Recently used synonyms may appear in the bottom half of the picker however If a user writes a verb the Assistant doesn t know it may be able to deduce a likely action from other words For example if a user writes the phrase buzz 555 1234 the Assistant does not match the word buzz to an action but it can identify 555 1234 as having the format of a telephone number Based on that information the Assistant deduces the user wants to call fax or find the phone number and it lists only those actions in the Please picker Intelligent Assistant CHAPTER 8 Newton Services In addition to the Please picker and an input line an Assist slip has a How Do I button in the lower left corner for accessing the Newton online help service see Help on page 8 28 In the lower right corner of an Assist slip are a Do button for initiating the action specified in the slip and a large Close box for canceling the ac
23. then it should go at the bottom right corner of the view next to the view s Action button For example the main view of the Names File applica tion has one Filing button and it affects all data in the view Figure 8 14 shows examples of views with one Filing button each Figure 8 14 A Filing button at the bottom of a view affects the entire view Filing button ona Status bar Filing button in a T 617 555 1000 Bol 555 8123 EF LE HeNew Heada J show ONEAN Repeat Don t repeat Add Notes Filing 8 15 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services In a view where a Filing button can affect only one data item of several that may be displayed in the view perhaps by scrolling the view there should be a Filing button above each item at the right side of the view Generally such a view has a separator bar above each data item and a Filing button should be at the right end of each separator bar For example each note in the Notepad application has its own Filing button which applies just to that note Figure 8 15 shows an example of Filing buttons above each data item in a view Figure 8 15 A Filing button above an item affects only that item Filing button ona separator bar 8 16 EMEEN s Unfiled Notes Hey QE Donuts in the coffee room Douglas PAL 4 fA Hi Bob A Filing Slip s Contents A Filing slip contains one or two clusters of radio buttons one for selecting a storage location and one
24. to be affected by the next action A heavy black line that heads each item in a view that can display multiple items at once A separator bar carries the title of the item below it and also carries controls that affect only the one item A picture composed of geometric shapes such as straight lines and curves circles and ovals and rectangles and other polygons Two or more views contained by one other view their parent view GL 7 GL 8 GLOSSARY slider slip status box status slip system proto tap tap and a half template text button transport type ahead view A control with a marker that indicates an amount degree or value in relation to a range of possible values The user can adjust the setting by dragging the marker on a Slider Compare to gauge A matte framed container view that an application displays to get detailed user input or to present alternatives among which a user can choose to determine the outcome of a task just begun A black framed container view that displays a static message saying the Newton is busy completing a lengthy process A view that an application displays when it begins an operation that takes more than a few seconds to complete A status slip contains a message describing the application s busy status See proto template To touch briefly with the pen To tap and then at the same spot quickly half tap the pen goes down up and down but not up again
25. 1 11 slip 2 15 status bar in 2 11 status slip 2 20 striped border 2 7 template for In Out Box 7 5 title of 2 4 2 10 wavy border 2 7 visual effect 2 32 3 11 W warning See confirmation alert message notification alert wavy border 2 7 window See view words joining 6 26 word wrap 6 9 worksite 7 14 7 19 worldwide accessibility 1 4 writing 6 8 INDEX Z zigzag 6 24 zoom 2 48 IN 15 INDEX IN 16 THE APPLE PUBLISHING SYSTEM This Apple manual was written edited and composed on a desktop publishing system using Apple Macintosh computers and FrameMaker software Proof pages were created on an Apple LaserWriter Pro 630 printer Final page negatives were output directly from the text and graphics files Line art was created using Adobe Illustrator PostScript the page description language for the LaserWriter was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated Text type is Palatino and display type is Helvetica Bullets are ITC Zapf Dingbats Some elements such as program listings are set in Apple Courier WRITER Lon Poole PROJECT LEADER Christopher Bey ILLUSTRATOR Peggy Kunz EDITOR David Schneider PRODUCTION EDITOR Rex Wolf PROJECT MANAGER Gerry Kane Special thanks to Marge Boots Bob Ebert and Garth Lewis
26. 2 Figure 1 3 Metaphors help people quickly grasp how software works 1 5 Users should feel they are directly controlling something tangible 1 6 An application adjusts its size position and layout to fit the screen 1 12 Container Views 2 1 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 2 6 Figure 2 7 Figure 2 8 Figure 2 9 Figure 2 10 Figure 2 11 Figure 2 12 Figure 2 13 Figure 2 14 Figure 2 15 Figure 2 16 Figure 2 17 Examples of container views 2 2 Standard controls for manipulating views 2 4 Various title styles 2 5 A matte border indicates a movable view 2 6 A striped border suggests routing 2 7 An alert box has a thick wavy border 2 8 Some views need the simplicity of a plain border 2 8 Sparing use of some types of shadows is OK 2 9 A title or a folder tab tops a main view 2 10 A status bar anchors primary controls at the bottom of a main view 2 11 Separator bars separate multiple items in a scrolling view 2 12 Main views have matte or plain borders with rounded corners 2 13 Examples of auxiliary views 2 14 Users can move most slips 2 15 Dismissing slips that complete actions 2 16 A notification alert tells the user something important 2 17 A Snooze button enables a user to dismiss an alert temporarily 2 18 xiii xiv Figure 2 18 Figure 2 19 Figure 2 20 Figure 2 21 Figure 2 22 Figure 2 23 Figure 2 24 Figure 2 25 Figure 2 26 Figure 2 27 Figure 2 28
27. 2 17 2 28 alphabetic index tabs in list picker 4 13 Alpha Sorter picker 6 18 Analog Clock button 3 23 animating icon 5 9 routing slip 7 13 application See also transports view About box 4 24 action commands 7 10 7 12 active 2 29 adding buttons to 3 11 backdrop 2 29 built in 1 10 closing 2 32 2 49 Find slip custom 8 9 help 4 24 4 25 8 28 icon 5 2 incoming data for 7 3 7 24 keeping simple 1 11 layout 1 11 no scrolling or overview 2 49 outgoing data from 7 4 7 7 preferences 4 25 8 31 prototyping 1 14 put away received items 7 27 7 28 routing formats 7 22 scrolling 2 36 state 2 32 3 6 status bar 2 11 task analysis 1 13 view template 7 5 application base view 2 9 array in picker 4 4 Assistant See Intelligent Assistant Assist button 8 22 Assist slip 8 24 audience 1 2 1 13 authorization slip See confirmation alert automatic busy cursor 8 2 automatic scrolling 2 43 auto repeat keyboard 6 37 auxiliary view confirmation alert 2 18 defined 2 14 drawer 2 26 notification alert 2 17 palette 2 24 IN 1 INDEX position of 2 31 slip 2 15 status slip 2 20 AZ index tabs in list picker 4 13 B backdrop application 2 29 3 11 7 9 Beam command 4 26 border alert box 2 7 confirmation alert 2 18 main view 2 13 matte 2 6 2 13 notification alert 2 17 picture button 3 7 plain 2 8 routing slip 2 7 scrolling list 6 4 shadow 2 8 slip 2 16 striped 2 7 text button 3 3 view 2 6 wav
28. 21 4 23 People picker 4 27 position 4 20 punctuation 4 20 scrolling 4 22 selecting items 4 21 using 4 21 Owner Info 7 14 owner name 7 14 7 19 P palette 2 24 2 28 2 31 paragraph breaking 6 26 input 6 12 resizing 6 9 People picker 4 27 performance scrolling 2 44 Persistent Alarms 8 5 persona 7 14 personal digital assistant 1 1 phone number input 6 8 physical device icon for 5 2 picker Action picker 4 26 Alpha Sorter picker 6 18 capitalizing 4 20 Caret picker 6 28 check mark in 4 3 Close box in 4 13 for data input 6 3 6 10 date picker 4 17 defined 4 1 font 4 4 4 20 Format picker 7 20 hierarchical 4 14 highlighting 4 11 icons in 4 2 4 3 5 12 index tabs in 4 13 Info picker 4 24 items in 4 2 4 3 4 19 Keyboard picker 6 33 list picker 4 2 new item in 4 21 4 23 New picker 4 25 number picker 4 16 organizing 4 6 overview picker 4 19 People picker 4 27 position of 4 8 4 20 punctuation in 4 3 4 20 Receive picker 7 25 recipient picker 7 15 scrolling 4 12 4 22 selecting item in 4 9 4 21 Sender picker 7 13 separator line in 4 6 Show picker 4 26 table in 4 4 Tag picker 7 26 time picker 4 17 Transport picker 7 18 unavailable items in 4 5 user editing of 4 11 using 4 9 4 21 vs radio buttons 6 6 picture button 3 7 4 7 picture radio button 3 17 plain border 2 8 Please picker 8 25 pop up See list picker overview picker IN 9 INDEX position Action button 3 28 auxiliary view 2
29. 22 Figure 4 17 An Info picker lists information items 4 24 Figure 4 18 The New picker lists types of data items that users can create 4 25 Figure 4 19 The Show picker lists alternate ways to see an application s data 4 26 Figure 4 20 The Action picker lists commands for acting on data 4 27 Figure 4 21 A People picker excerpts items from the Names File and Owner Info applications 4 28 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Icons Figure 5 1 Distinctive icon shapes are easier to recognize than rectangular icons 5 3 Figure 5 2 Avoid text in icons 5 4 Figure 5 3 Small icon resembles large icon 5 5 Figure 5 4 Use icon elements consistently 5 5 Figure 5 5 The good the bad and the ugly in Extras Drawer icons 5 7 Figure 5 6 Large icons crowd the Extras Drawer 5 8 Figure 5 7 An icon s mask either highlights or animates the icon 5 10 Figure 5 8 Combining an icon with its mask to animate the icon 5 11 Figure 5 9 An icon in a slip title should decorate and inform 5 11 Figure 5 10 An icon can label a button 5 12 Figure 5 11 Icons can help communicate picker item functions 5 13 Data Input 6 1 Figure 6 1 Users enter and edit data in input fields 6 2 Figure 6 2 How a picker works for data input 6 4 Figure 6 3 Data input using scrolling lists with or without checkboxes 6 5 Figure 6 4 With radio buttons a user can select one value for a field 6 6 Figure 6 5 With checkboxes a user can select more than one value for a field 6 7 Figure 6
30. 31 button 3 3 close box 3 15 Filing button 3 27 8 15 Info button 3 23 input field 6 2 Item Info button 3 29 keyboard 6 34 Keyboard button 3 25 list picker 4 8 main view 2 30 New button 3 26 overview picker 4 20 Recognizer button 3 24 Show button 3 26 view 2 30 preferences alarms 8 5 application 4 25 8 31 recognition 6 17 routing 7 32 system wide 8 30 transport 7 19 7 25 Preview button 7 23 principles of human interface design aesthetic integrity 1 9 consistency 1 7 direct manipulation 1 6 feedback 1 7 forgiveness 1 8 metaphors 1 4 see and point 1 7 stability 1 9 user control 1 8 Print command 4 26 printer choosing 7 15 product name icon for 5 2 progress indicator 2 22 prototypes building 1 14 punctuation IN 10 button name 3 4 list picker item 4 3 overview picker item 4 20 radio button 3 18 put away application 7 27 automatic 7 3 7 28 by user 7 27 R radio button for data input 6 6 defined 3 16 vs checkbox 3 19 vs picker 6 6 Receive button and picker 7 25 receiving data See routing recipient information 7 15 7 16 7 35 recognition configuring 6 19 correcting 6 29 deferred 6 18 defined 6 15 forced 6 19 shapes 6 13 text 6 8 user control 6 16 Recognizer button 3 24 6 16 Recognizer picker 6 16 redisplaying status slip 2 23 regular Close box 3 14 remote items routing 7 26 replacing text 6 29 resizing paragraphs 6 9 6 31 shapes 6 31 view 2 34 return key 6 35 roll vi
31. 6 A slider used for data input 6 7 Figure 6 7 How an unlabeled text input line works 6 9 Figure 6 8 How labeled text input lines work 6 10 Figure 6 9 How expandos work 6 11 Figure 6 10 Interface element for multiple line or paragraph text input 6 12 Figure 6 11 A user can rearrange a structured list by dragging topic markers 6 13 Figure 6 12 Interface element for shape input 6 14 Figure 6 13 Interface element for general input 6 15 xvii Chapter 7 xviii Figure 6 14 Figure 6 15 Figure 6 16 Figure 6 17 Figure 6 18 Figure 6 19 Figure 6 20 Figure 6 21 Figure 6 22 Figure 6 23 Figure 6 24 Figure 6 25 Figure 6 26 Figure 6 27 Figure 6 28 Figure 6 29 The Recognizer button and picker give users control over recognition 6 16 Users may need to control recognition separately in a slip 6 17 In an Alpha Sorter picker users select a sort key for ink text 6 19 Selecting words and shapes 6 23 Orientations of the scrubbing gesture 6 24 Scrubbing a little or a lot 6 25 Joining two words 6 26 Breaking a paragraph into two paragraphs 6 26 Inserting space in text 6 27 A caret marks the text insertion point 6 27 The Caret picker lists 14 hard to write characters and three actions 6 28 How a Correction picker works 6 29 How a Corrector view works 6 30 The four built in keyboards 6 32 A Keyboard picker lists alternate on screen keyboards 6 33 A keyboard can be embedded in a data input slip 6 34 Routing and Comm
32. Ea 9 or pee eee Len eS pe M Tae eo E Hoody ANS Guotes 1 A Dying is one of the few All Notes Johnny Carson Quotes G EA For three days after death blew ea ce hair and fingernails Poiana MERTE continue to grow but phone Groucho Marx Quotes GJ EA How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Scrolling With Scroll Arrows A user scrolls information in a view by tapping scroll arrows on a Newton device Scroll arrows always come in pairs each arrow pointing away from the other and toward information that is currently hidden Tapping an arrow means Show me more of the information that s hidden in this direction For example when a user taps a scroll arrow that points down the information moves up bringing up what was just below the view Pressing and holding the pen on a scroll arrow causes continuous movement in the appropriate direction Figure 2 30 shows the change when a user scrolls the Notepad by tapping a down arrow Figure 2 30 Scrolling by tapping a down arrow Ee Quotes UNKNOWN 2 FE Talk is cheap because B Mark Twain It is easier to stay oi than a Tham font ode all Fhe eae oll a Oep 3 2 Names Dates Extras Undo Find Assist 1 Before tapping the down arrow How Views Work ESE 7 ET Mark Twain G A It is easier to stay out than Tepi 2 Names Dates Extras Undo Find sist 2 After tapping the down arrow
33. Figure 2 29 Figure 2 30 Figure 2 31 Figure 2 32 Figure 2 33 Figure 2 34 Figure 2 35 Figure 2 36 Figure 2 37 Figure 2 38 Figure 2 39 A confirmation alert tells the user about a grave situation 2 19 A status slip reports on a lengthy operation 2 20 A sequence of status messages traces the steps of an operation 2 22 A gauge in a status slip measures elapsing progress 2 23 A status slip can report a condition that demands a user decision 2 24 A palette provides handy access to useful settings 2 25 A drawer slides open and closed 2 26 Where to position a small auxiliary view 2 31 Dragging a view s drag handle moves the view 2 34 Dynamically adjust a view s position size and layout to fit the screen 2 35 A view may change size in response to user actions 2 35 Ready to scroll Notepad notes into view from above or below 2 36 Scrolling by tapping a down arrow 2 37 The universal scroll arrows at the bottom of a MessagePad screen 2 39 How scroll arrows work in the Date Book s Day view 2 40 Scroll arrow color may indicate what scrolling will reveal 2 41 A control for scrolling in four directions 2 42 An alternate control for scrolling in four directions 2 42 Automatic scrolling 2 43 How an overview relates to a detail view 2 45 The Overview button at the bottom of a MessagePad screen 2 46 Getting an overview 2 47 Chapter 3 Controls 3 1 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3
34. Handwriting Recognition i cee 7 Se TT Fant need at Sleep Paris France 2 39 am Tue 3r12 CO7O miles i Conga Sleep after 5 minutes O Use a regular Close box in a simple main Do not use a regular Close box in a status s view a slip or other view where there are no bar or in a view where itis aligned with text adjacent buttons or picture buttons Where to Use a Large Close Box Always include a large Close box at the right end of a main view s status bar so the user can close your application In a view without a status bar the large Close box looks better than a regular Close box alongside text or Close Boxes 3 15 CHAPTER 3 Controls picture buttons but do not use a large Close box in a slip with an OK or Yes button Instead use a Cancel button see Naming Cancel and Stop Action Buttons on page 3 5 Figure 3 16 shows where to use a large Close box and where not to use one Figure 3 16 Where to use a large Close box Preferences Meee Security hie Lee kE Locale a Sound A Alarm C Sleep 2 Handwriting Recognition Sleep 2 39 am Tue 3fie2 GSO miles Paris France Sleep after 5 minutes al omx vO Use a large Close box in a status bar or in a Do not use a large Close box in a simple s view where it is aligned with text or picture main view a slip or other view where there buttons are no adjacent buttons Radio Buttons 3 16 A radio button is a cont
35. How labeled text input lines work Server Guest Server Ella Server Sam Server san Server Sam ONS A ini f Ella A 1 User taps 2 Picker pops up 3 User taps a listed 4 Selected picker diamond label and check marks item to select it item becomes the Current selection input If you choose to implement the picker behavior it means users can tap the label to pop up a list of input options If a user chooses from the picker that choice appears on the input line as if the user wrote it there The choice is marked with a check mark in the picker Ordinarily the chosen text replaces all text on the input line if any Your application can provide different behavior if necessary For example choosing from the Please picker in the Assist slip inserts the chosen text at the beginning of the input line without replacing any text Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Text Input Lines that Expand You can reduce the amount of space required for several stacked input lines in your application by using expanding input lines which are called expandos Each expando consists of a text label to the left and a text value to its right When a user taps an expando the label or the value a text input area expands from it A user can write in the expanded text input area and can close it by tapping another expando Closing an expando collapses it and updates its value If the expando currently has no value two hyphens are
36. In Out Box application by tapping whichever of these icons is present the In Box icon the Out Box icon or the In Out Box icon Once the application is open the user sees either incoming items in the In Box or outgoing items in the Out Box and can switch between them by tapping a radio button in the application s main view The user can choose to sort the items in the In Box and the Out Box by various criteria such as date type of transport or status Figure 7 1 shows the In Box and Out Box overviews with the items sorted by type of transport The In Out Box CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 1 All items in Box 7 Out Box Fax 1 Item i From 5105280950 Read Mone Fri 272 3 59 pm Beam 3 Items ee G Dates Won 2 5 Mew Ann Caner Fri 22 4 15 pm West G Notepad Fri 1712 4 32 pm Mew Ann Caner Fri 2 2 4 20 pm Names Recomyvitt Mew Ann Owner Tue 276 S46 am O Update 0 Items O eWorld 1 Item ie Welcome to eWorld Mail Read eWorld Support Mon 3 25 4 06 pm B m p Cmm EES The In Box The In Out Box application displays either the In Box or the Out Box All items 3 In Box Out Box Print 1 item Selected Items Ready Thu 278 3 10 pm O Fax 1 tem Cl Selected Items Ready ALE Body Thu 2 6 3 10 pr Beam 1 tem Mlajors Art Ready Thu 28 S 25 pm Oo eWorld 4 tems 7 ef You can observe a lot j sent Marge N Owerra Fri 272 10 46 am ae ef If you can count your Sent Conglom
37. Intelligent Assistant CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 23 An Assist slip appears when the Assistant needs more information Unfiled Notes Sat 3 2 Qe 1 User writes too Bob few words ee r u 1 u n n 1 u n n n Tap Please for more options Prompt message 2 Assist slip 2 displays what Please Bob 5 user wrote and Wook A ee ee ee ee Cee eee ee TO waits for more Unfiled Notes Sat 3 2 es 1 User writes OWING Weed etit Se epecin cet eee natn eee 2 Assist slip No prompt waits for input message Please An Assist slip s Please picker lists the actions that applications have currently registered with it as well as eight phrases the Assistant has tried to interpret recently Figure 8 24 shows a sample Please picker Intelligent Assistant 8 25 Actions that applications have registered with the Assistant Phrases the Assistant has tred to interpret recently 8 26 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 24 The Assistant s Please picker lists known actions and recent phrases call fax find mail print remember call N E Body Bob remind me of Mercedes birthd tell Amanda later ring Marge Royce fax work call Pat about lunch at home lail this to Jim The built in tasks that the Assistant lists in the Please picker include calling faxing finding
38. Pat dates before February 1996 n Where 22 5 m twt fs Look for 2 29 96 dates before Where 20 Everywhere i Selected e ma 1239 d 5 6 F 8 910 pa 111213141516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 The Scope of a Search The system supplied Find slip always contains radio buttons labeled Everywhere and Selected If the currently active application supports the Find service it is represented by a radio button in this slip as well To search just the currently active application a user selects its radio button in the Find slip To search all available applications registered with the Find service a user selects the Everywhere radio button in the Find slip In this case applications need not be open to be searched To search some applications and not others a user taps the Selected radio button in the Find slip Tapping the Selected radio button causes a checklist to appear at the top of the Find slip Included in the list are all currently available applications that are registered with the Find service The user can tap items in the list to place a check mark next to those applications in which Find CHAPTER 8 Newton Services the system is to conduct a search The Find slip in Figure 8 8 depicts a search for the word Daphne in the Notepad and Dates applications Figure 8 8 Searching specified applications Mf Notepad ti Names av Dates Calls 1 0 Box Where 2 Everywhere Selected i No
39. Sign Letter Structured List Input The Newton interface also includes an element for the input of structured lists such as outlines and checklists A structured list consists of a sequence of topics each of which may be one or more paragraphs long To the left of each topic is a small circular topic marker and an optional checkbox A user can drag a topic s marker to move that topic above or below another topic A user can make a topic subordinate or not subordinate to the topic above it by dragging its marker right or left This ability to create a topic hierarchy can be suppressed by an application in any structured list Figure 6 11 shows an example of a structured list view Writing Drawing and Editing Topic marker CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 11 1 avocados 1 Before dragging the first topic marker Shape Input A user can rearrange a structured list by dragging topic markers Unfiled Notes Haks 2 After dragging the first topic marker directly below the last topic marker There is one interface element for the input of geometric shapes It can be a blank area in which users can draw or it can contain dotted lines to cue users that the area accepts input Figure 6 12 shows an example Shape input areas have the following capabilities Recognition Automatically recognize geometric shapes such as rectangles and other polygons circles and ovals and straight lines and curves midpoint
40. a simulation of the product in prototyping software that animates some features or demonstrates how the product will work Observe Users Once you have a prototype drawn or mocked up you can begin to show it to people to get reactions to it The fourth step called user observation lets you test the workability of your product design by watching and listening carefully to users as they work with your prototype Although it is possible to collect far more elaborate data observing users is a quick way to obtain an objective view of your product Before you do any testing take time to figure out what you re testing and what you re not By limiting the scope of the test you re more likely to get information that will help you solve a specific problem You can use the information you gather about your target audience to help you pick participants for your user observation find people who have the same demographic background and experience level as the typical user in your target audience Your participants will work through one or Involve Users in the Design Process CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users more specific tasks These tasks can be based on the task analyses that you performed earlier in the design process After you determine which tasks to use write them out as short simple instructions Your instructions to the participants should be clear and complete but should not explain how to do things you re trying to test See the f
41. actions Other controls allow users to make choices or to assign parameters in a range Controls display existing choices so that they are visible to users Because of their appearance and behavior controls enhance the user s sense of direct manipulation This chapter describes the appearance and behavior of the following basic Newton controls m Text and picture buttons m Close boxes regular and large m Radio buttons m Checkboxes m Sliders m Hot spots This chapter ends with brief descriptions of standard Newton buttons that appear in the status bars of many applications the Analog Clock Info Recognizer Keyboard New Show Filing Action Item Info and Rotate buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Buttons A button is a small graphic object that performs an action when tapped The action that the button performs is described by text or a picture on the button as shown in Figure 3 1 Figure 3 1 Tapping a button initiates an action Lists intormation Lists types ot new G options data items Lists recognition Displays a Filing options am Slip Displays a Lists routing keyboard options Text Buttons A text button is a rounded rectangle containing text that names the button s function Figure 3 2 shows some typical text buttons in a slip Figure 3 2 A text button s name states what the button does File this Note on i Internal E Pink Card And file in Mone Unfiled i Personal BU Business i Quotes Text bu
42. and down again but not up again Keeping the pen down the user then drags a duplicate away from the original item Changing Shapes After drawing a selection box around a whole shape a user can drag any corner to change the shape Dragging a corner or edge of the selection box stretches shrinks or distorts the whole shape Writing Drawing and Editing 6 31 Typing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Moving Objects A user can move an object text ink text sketch shape or a combination of them by selecting the object and then dragging it to another part of the same input area or to another visible input area The user can also drag the selected object to the top left or right edge of the screen where it becomes a miniature and attaches itself to the edge of the screen Then the user can go to another view and drag the miniature from the edge of the screen to any visible input area Typewriter alpha Phone 6 32 Wherever users can write text on a Newton device they can type it using an on screen keyboard as well Figure 6 27 shows the four keyboards that are built into the Newton system You can also create custom keyboards for use in your application Figure 6 27 The four built in keyboards Numeric RRR alem A g Time Date Typing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Displaying Keyboards There are several ways users can display a keyboard One is to double tap any blank space in a text input area A
43. and Its Users Involve Users in the Design Process The best way to make sure your product meets the needs of your target audience is to show it to the kinds of people you hope will buy it Do they understand what it s for and what to do with it Can they use it Can they keep track of where they are Does it help them You can do this during every phase of the design process to help reveal what works about your product as well as what needs improvement When you give people an opportunity to use your product or a mock up of it they will inevitably find some undiscovered flaws You can implement significant changes to your product during its evolution and thereby save yourself lots of time and money and save your users from frustration By identifying and focusing on users needs and experiences you can create products that are easier to assemble learn and use These improvements can translate into competitive advantages increased sales and enhanced customer satisfaction Define Your Audience There are several steps to involving users in your design process The first step done at the beginning of a project is to define the users and then do an analysis of the target audience You want to determine what these people are like how they might use a product like yours if they have any similar products and what features they would like to see in your product By doing some research on your target audience you can find out if wh
44. and Tables Like a picker a scrolling list is a list of items from which a user selects a field value A scrolling list does not usually show its whole list of items at once but a user can see items that aren t currently visible by scrolling the list with local scroll arrows A user can also scroll by tapping and dragging the pen either above or below the list Figure 6 3 shows examples of a scrolling list with local scroll arrows A user can select a listed item by tapping it and an application may allow a user to select multiple items by tapping each item in turn If a scrolling list includes a checkbox next to each item then each selected item has a check mark in its checkbox If a scrolling list does not include checkboxes then the selected items are highlighted Tapping a selected item deselects it Users don t have to select anything in a list They can just scroll through a list to peruse its contents A scrolling list has a thin black rectangular border with square corners It can be any size that fits the view that contains it Tapping CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 3 Data input using scrolling lists with or without checkboxes Look for Where lt 0 Everywhere Selected i Notepad x Each tap on a black scroll arrow scrolls one item i0 Wheat toast Specials Highlight marks a Swrdoush toast Bieta Soran eli 2 Biscuit Blueberry waffles kd selected item z Ed 2 Nape Buttermilk pancakes
45. auxiliary view Figure 2 25 shows the best position for a small auxiliary view Figure 2 25 Where to position a small auxiliary view a sae Hard work i Easy work Three times more space below Keep an auxiliary view within the bounds of its related main view its parent view If an auxiliary view hangs outside its parent view the Newton system draws and refreshes the auxiliary view unpredictably Moreover the auxiliary How Views Work 2 31 2 32 CHAPTER 2 Container Views view does not get any pen input from outside the parent s bounds These restrictions have no practical effect on an auxiliary view that is attached to the root view instead of an application s base view Closing a View Closing a container view makes it go away Most views close in response to user actions If a view has a Close box and most views do a user can close the view by tapping the Close box A view may also have other controls that close it In addition an application should close a status slip on its own when it finishes the operation that occasioned the status slip An application determines what happens visually audibly and logically when a user closes the application s views The user may see a visual effect and hear a sound effect or the view may seem simply to disappear The Newton system determines the visual and sound effects when a user closes a notification alert confirmation alert or routing slip Clos
46. be able to undo individual actions taken in a slip but once the slip is closed there is nothing to undo You don t need to enable undo for every user action In general you should enable undo for actions that change data You generally do not need to enable undo for actions that change the view of data or the environment such as scrolling From a user s standpoint the most desirable actions to have reversed by the Undo button are the actions that would be most difficult to reverse manually You should consider the needs of your audience when deciding which actions can be undone Error Handling 6 37 6 38 CHAPTER 6 Data Input When a user initiates an action that can t be undone and could be very difficult to reverse by hand your application should warn the user and give the user a chance to cancel the action For example if a user is about to change a lot of text with a search and replace operation that can t be undone display a confirmation slip that says something to the effect of OK to make this change Can t undo Error Detection Users may notice and correct some input errors but your application should also check input items for validity There are a couple of approaches you can take to error checking depending on the circumstances and users expectations One approach is to check an input item for errors as soon as a user moves on to another input item With this approach a user must correct an
47. box to mean take action is ambiguous Figure 2 15 compares these two alternatives Figure 2 15 Dismissing slips that complete actions O Better s Clear choice Worse Vague choice 2 16 epiease schedule lunch 12 30 Gotlieb oia enone ah a g 4 Take specific action Close don t take action ePiease schedule lunch 12 30 Leth iiei oli aiaia E a A Cancel Close take action Auxiliary Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views In the absence of a take action button a Close box means simply I m done with this task Close boxes and text buttons are covered in Chapter 3 Controls Input fields follow the guidelines given in Chapter 6 Data Input Notification Alerts An application uses a particular type of auxiliary view a notification alert to provide messages about error conditions warn users about potentially undesirable situations or actions and announce alarms Use a notification alert to convey information that is useful to the user but doesn t present any threat such as a loss of data The notification alert s wavy black border visually distinguishes it from operational slips A user responds to a notification alert by tapping its Close box thereby acknowledging the message and putting away the slip Figure 2 16 shows a notification alert Figure 2 16 A notification alert tells the user something important G Notepad Nothing is selected
48. but the more elaborate pickers have a Close box that a user taps after choosing an item Also most types of pickers close if a user taps outside them This chapter details the appearance and behavior of the following types of Newton pickers m List pickers Number pickers m Date and time pickers m Data overview pickers This chapter ends with brief descriptions of prefabricated Newton pickers that pop up in many applications the Info New Show Action and People pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers List Pickers As its name suggests a list picker presents users with a list of items from which to choose This section describes the following aspects of list pickers m what list pickers can contain m how the items can be organized m where list pickers can pop up how people use list pickers Elements of List Pickers A list picker includes words or icons bitmap pictures that name picker items The list may contain marks next to picker items and separator lines which are not pickable between groups of items Additionally some of the items can be disabled not pickable Figure 4 1 points out features of list pickers Figure 4 1 The parts of list pickers Picker label Look for Separator line dates before Words as picker dates on items Check marks dates after currently picked value state or attribute Print Date amp Fax No check mark when more than one picker item ga Beam applies h
49. create a new data item and to specify the format of the item such as a new note checklist or outline in the built in Notepad application If users can create new data items in your application it should have a New button to the right of the Keyboard button on the status bar Figure 3 27 shows a New button on a status bar Figure 3 27 Where a New button goes New button _ Tapping a New button brings up a New picker which is described on page 4 25 Show Button A Show button lets users change views for displaying information such as the Card view or the All Info view in the built in Names File application An application should have a Show button to the right of the New button if users can pick different views in the application Figure 3 28 shows a sample Show button Figure 3 28 Where a Show button goes CAERA TET New jt Show EX Show button Tapping a Show button brings up a Show picker which is described on page 4 26 3 26 Standard Newton Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Filing Button A Filing button lets users designate a folder and a storage location if more than one is available for data that s currently displayed How much data is affected depends on where the Filing button is located If the Filing button is on a status bar it affects all the data in the main view or all the selected items in an overview If the Filing button is on a separ
50. displayed Figure 6 9 shows how an expando works Figure 6 9 How expandos work Field label a bulletin this case f gt Likes A field with no value 1 After editing the expanded field a user taps 2 The previously expanded field collapses and the an input field that s not expanded tapped field expands Although expandos seem to make the most of a small amount of screen space quite elegantly they have not proven successful with users The way they work is not particularly intuitive and users are prone to making mistakes with expandos even after learning how to use them Instead of expandos you should consider using straightforward labeled input lines in slips Avoid including buttons or other controls in expandos When expanded an expando should only contain an input line If your application needs more than that in an expando it should be using slips instead Writing Drawing and Editing 6 11 User writes anywhere 6 12 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Paragraph Input Another interface element accepts the input of multiple lines or paragraphs of text This interface element can appear simply as a blank area in which a user can write information but usually it contains one or more horizontal dotted lines like lined writing paper These lines indicate to users that the area accepts input Figure 6 10 shows an example Figure 6 10 Interface element for multiple line or paragraph text input United States ii
51. for it 3 As the user replaces inserts or deletes individual letters the system updates the recognized text The Corrector view can also be used for bulk correction In this scenario the user leaves the Corrector open and one by one taps words to be corrected Software developers can define corrector templates for different types of data dates times etc Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Changing Capitalization of Text To change how a word is capitalized a user selects the word and then draws a vertical line over it Drawing the line in an upward direction over the first letter of the word capitalizes that letter Drawing the line upward over the middle of the word capitalizes all letters Drawing the line downward changes capital letters to lowercase Changing Paragraph Margins To change paragraph margins a user selects the paragraph by drawing a selection box around it Then the user holds the pen on the left or right side of the box and drags it Removing Extra Space from Paragraphs To remove extra space from a paragraph a user selects the paragraph by drawing a selection box around it Then the user taps the border of the box Duplicating Text or Shapes After selecting text or shapes a user can duplicate the selection by quickly tapping twice inside the selection and not lifting the pen after the second tap That gesture is called tap and a half because the pen goes down up
52. for selecting a folder An application can suppress either cluster For example the built in Date Book application suppresses the cluster for selecting a folder Furthermore the system suppresses the cluster for selecting a storage location if the Newton has only one storage location However the Filing slip always contains at least one cluster of radio buttons If your application suppresses the folders cluster the system does not suppress the storage locations cluster even if there is only one storage location available Figure 8 16 illustrates several configurations of the Filing slip Filing CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 16 A Filing slip can include storage locations folders or both File this Date on File this Note on i Internal Pink Card if Internal E Pink Card And filein 2 Mone Unfiled 2 Miscellaneous Business if Personal File this Note in None Untiled i Miscellaneous tw Business i Personal A Filing slip should open with the current folder and storage location selected Your application can override this behavior if it cannot determine a useful initial filing state such as when a user has selected multiple items for filing from an overview A Filing slip includes folders that are visible only in the current application as well as folders that are visible everywhere All the folders are listed together in alphabetical order If necessary you can have your application suppress the display
53. i Newton Cafe i Overra Marge W Pending Pat i Reconwitt Amanda B tt Shorts Jim a Selected Only Names only Standard Newton Pickers i Alice s Restaurant 617 555 2020 Anderson Bob 315 555 4476 Li Azari Rufus 14555 6684 i Body M E 216 555 0950 i Conglomerated Cr 800 555 1000 i Ginger Island i Majors Art i Newton Cafe Overra Marge N 510 555 1558 i Pending Pat 510 555 f422 617 555 1000 510 555 1666 Li Reconwitt Aman 714 555 9553 to Shorts Jim 305 555 9060 1 Selected Only Names and associated data C HAPTER 5 Icons This chapter describes how to design icons those small pictographs that represent objects or actions in the Newton interface Topics covered include m Designing effective icons m Extras Drawer icons m Icons in titles m Icons in buttons m Icons in pickers Designing Effective Icons This section presents some basic guidelines for designing effective icons Remember that all your icon designs must work in the context of a Newton device The theme of the Newton interface is communications You want to build on this theme and diverge from it as little as possible You must also consider other important facets of the Newton interface described here when you re designing icons Designing Effective Icons 5 1 CHAPTER 5 Icons Thinking Up an Icon Image An icon is like the proverbial picture that s worth a thousand words
54. icon 2 Item Info slip appears Routing Outgoing Items There are several steps involved in sending an item from an application through the Out Box to an output device First a user chooses a routing action from an Action picker Next the user supplies routing information in a routing slip provided by the transport that performs the chosen routing action Then the system places the item in the Out Box Eventually a transport transfers waiting items in the Out Box to the proper output devices For example a user might choose Print from an Action picker in the Notepad application and in the Print routing slip might choose a printer that s not available Later the user would connect the printer and the print transport would send the waiting print item to the printer This section describes how a user sends data items from an application with an Action picker Alternative routing methods are covered in Routing Alternatives on page 7 34 Routing Outgoing Items 7 7 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Action Button and Picker Users can send items from any application that has an Action button which is a picture button that looks like the back of an envelope To send the currently selected data item a user picks a routing action from the Action picker that pops up when the user taps an Action button The Action picker lists all transports capable of sending the currently selected data item and it may list other actions
55. information a view of the forest instead of the trees From the overview a user can select a part of the information to see in detail Figure 2 37 shows a conceptual view of the Notepad s overview Overview Contents An overview is not another view displayed on top of the current view an overview is the same view in a different format Instead of showing individual data items in full detail an overview presents a summary list of multiple data items How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 37 How an overview relates to a detail view 6 02 Sun 3 10 All Notes 6 03 Sun 3 10 All Notes Johnny Carson Quotes G EA milal Mahatma Gandhi There is more t for three days after death T Fi1v21 926 am Quotes ree Pen ee ae er pre ee rere cH E John Lennon Life is what happens hair and fingernails OT Fritv21 927 am Quotes continue to grow but Phone 5 ae plone eae en calls taper off Johnny E Fri 1 21 9 29 am Quotes Groucho Marx Quotes GJ EA er E Johnny Carson For three days aft Fri 1721 3 31 am Quotes riaj Groucho Marx Either this man is d Either this man is dead or 2 Fri 1721 9 33 am Quotes A rrr eres E eS een a ee finds my watch has stopped ee ee E e sev tha cela ee dha a averse pore eruiat a a a a ra a dasteaterw tooo era ators sree Nnknawin the diitercnce betwee Groucho Marx E Fri 1 21 9 35 am Quotes ia wee OT ee at ESTA SET New ESTA SET New Cy An overv
56. inverts to give visual feedback to the user that the item has been tapped Figure 3 9 shows how several buttons look when highlighted Figure 3 9 Tapping a button highlights it 0 A B ce HH OB M B BS D B O E EH A button stays highlighted as long as the user continues to press the pen on that button When the user lifts the pen from the highlighted button the action associated with the button takes place Your application must continue to highlight the button until the action is complete In the case of a button that displays an ordinary slip not a status slip the button stays highlighted only until the slip appears In the case of a button that pops up a picker described in Chapter 4 Pickers the button stays highlighted as long as any action initiated by the picker is in progress Keeping the button highlighted provides the minimal feedback to the user that Newton is still working When an action begun by a button takes more than a few seconds your application should provide more feedback by displaying a status slip that names the action underway as described in Status Slips on page 2 20 If your application uses buttons made from system protos the system auto matically adjusts button highlighting in response to a user s pen movements When a user slides the pen away from a highlighted button while still pressing Buttons 3 9 CHAPTER 3 Controls the pen on the screen the button becomes unhighlighted
57. is How Views Work 2 47 2 48 CHAPTER 2 Container Views displayed causes the normal view of the tapped name to appear but tapping the right part of the line where the telephone number is displayed initiates a phone call If an application spends more than a few seconds preparing an overview it should display a status slip with a message such as Preparing overview see Status Slips on page 2 20 Scroll and Overview in an Overview An overview should respond to the universal scroll arrows and the Overview button When a user taps a scroll arrow your application should scroll all the currently visible items out of view except the last item After scrolling there should always be one item still visible from before scrolling When scrolling the last item into view the application can leave more than one item still visible from before scrolling so that the overview remains full of items users can t do anything with empty space in an overview When a user taps the Overview button the overview goes away and the detail view reappears showing the same item as before the overview appeared Thus repeatedly tapping the Overview button switches back and forth between the overview and the detail view Avoid any temptation to use the Overview button to zoom up or down multiple levels of detail or to step through a hierarchy of views because the user can easily become confused about whether the next tap will go up or d
58. is displayed in the In Out Box the Show picker lists at least the two choices All Info and Card which the Names File application provides Figure 7 2 illustrates a Show button in the In Out Box Figure 7 2 A Show button provides access to alternative views Show picker lists available views for the displayed data item 7 6 Newton Cafe Fri 22 12 34 pm 241 Cappuccino Court Newton MA 02166 Internet cafeanewton com Newton Cafe Linda Thomas Bol 555 1000 Sr ol 355 8125 F Viewing Routing Information When viewing the detail of an item in the In Out Box the transport icon to the left of the item title is an Item Info picture button and a user can tap it to display a view that gives routing information about the item Figure 7 3 shows an example In the In Out Box application an Item Info slip displays the item title as an editable field the transport icon and name and the item s size The slip may display other information depending on the type of transport For example Item Info slip for a fax transport shows the fax resolution and the recipient s fax number The In Out Box CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 3 Viewing routing information in an Item Info slip couldn t wait for su NE Body Fri 315 11 14am Title couldn t wait for Succe ay Fax Size 756 bytes Pink Card Resolution fine HH Phone 216 555 0950 By 1 User taps Item Info button transport
59. items to output devices ee oa Call Bob Anderson Keady Fri 2r 16 227 pm Saturday February 1 Print E Fax a Services for ca Beam sending to output PE ef eworld p devices Send picker Send button Sat 2r 17 10 55 am Before choosing an output service from the Out Box s Send picker a user can select specific queued items to be sent If the user does not select items first the chosen service sends all items waiting for it Routing Incoming Items As mentioned earlier users receive incoming data items through the In Box part of the built in In Out Box application The items come from Newton transports that connect to sources of incoming items retrieve items and transfer the items to the In Box For example the built in fax transport can connect to a calling fax machine retrieve a fax and transfer it to the Newton In Box 7 24 Routing Incoming Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Receiving In Box Items To receive items a user can pick a routing action from the In Box s Receive picker which pops up when the user taps the Receive button The Receive picker lists all Newton transports capable of receiving data items from external sources Figure 7 18 shows a sample Receive button and picker Figure 7 18 The Receive picker lists the transports available for receiving PA oa Names APDA MeV Ann Caner Sun 2 18 3 16 pm mio Names Arlingto om Ann Owner Sun 2r 1 F
60. line Inserts space for several lines the longer the vertical line the bigger the space Breaks the line and inserts space for several lines When a caret is displayed in an input area it marks the point where the Newton system will insert newly written words No matter where a user writes in the input area the Newton system inserts the text at the caret It doesn t matter whether the system is set for text recognition or ink text Figure 6 23 illustrates the caret A caret marks the text insertion point We must believe in luck Data Input Figure 6 22 Inserts space for one letter a word Insets space for a word the a word longer the line the bigger the space Inserting Figure 6 23 Caret e ten 1 User writes the word success Writing Drawing and Editing We must believe in leck 2 New word is inserted at the caret 6 27 1 User taps caret 6 28 CHAPTER 6 Data Input A user can move the caret simply by tapping the screen at the desired location Users always know and control exactly where their writing goes The caret is not displayed if a user turns off the Insert new words at caret option in the Handwriting Recognition section of the built in Preferences application In that case a user can insert a new word by writing it on top of the word it should precede the Newton system shifts the old word to the right and inserts the new word A user can input
61. may contain controls that the user operates by tapping as well as areas where the user can write and draw GLOSSARY context sensitive control Date Book dimmed divider bar double tap drag drag handle drawer edit electronic ink endpoint expando Describes an application that can adjust its actions according to the current situation For example an application with context sensitive user input adjusts handwriting recognition according to the type of field name date time number phone number and so on An object in a container view that a user can manipulate with a pen to cause instant action with visible results or to change settings to modify a future action The built in application for recording and viewing appointments and calendar notes setting alarms entering repeating events and keeping a to do list Describes words or objects that appear gray Do not dim text or objects in Newton applications hide objects that are disabled or unavailable See separator bar To touch the same spot or nearly the same spot twice in rapid succession with the pen To place the pen on a movable object slide the pen to move the object and lift the pen to stop moving the object A small control that a user can drag to move a container view It is a small black tab with a central hole and is centered in the view s top border A container view that slides open and closed at the bottom of anoth
62. more picker items into view Figure 4 9 shows a scrolling folder picker Figure 4 9 List pickers that are too long to display all at once have scroll arrows 4 12 Unfiled Notes Folder 06 Folder OF Business Folder 01 Folder 02 Folder 03 Folder 04 Folder 05 Folder 06 Folder OT Folder 03 Folder 09 Folder 06 Folder 09 Folder 10 Folder 11 Folder 12 Folder 13 Folder 14 Folder 15 Folder 16 Folder 17 Scroll arrows for picker Folder 10 Folder 11 Folder 12 Miscellaneous Personal 1 Before user taps down arrow 2 After user taps down arrow several times As usual the color of the scroll arrow indicates whether tapping it will bring more items into view An arrow is black if tapping it will bring more items into view An arrow is white if tapping it will not bring more items into view Users can also scroll list pickers by dragging from the middle of the picker past the top or bottom of the picker Users cannot scroll a list picker with the universal scroll arrows Tapping a universal scroll arrow or anywhere else outside a list picker makes the picker go away List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Scrolling pickers are harder to use than pickers that don t scroll because users have to remember the picker items that aren t currently visible You should keep your pickers short and avoid scrolling pickers in your applications Index Tabs If the list of picker items is very long scrolling fro
63. obscured by another container view that s already open Some of an application s container views open in response to user actions Tapping an icon in the Extras Drawer may open an application s main view tapping a button tapping a text label marked with a black diamond or choosing from a picker may open a plain slip a confirmation alert or a palette In addition an application may open status slips notification alerts and other views on its own View Display Order A Newton user can keep more than one application open at a time memory permitting Each open application has its own pile of container views At the bottom of an application s pile of views is its main view An application s auxiliary views appear on top of the main view in the order in which they were opened Technically it is the application base view that contains all of an application s other views Usually the main view is the base view but you can organize your application differently if necessary A user can bring a view with a matte border and drag handle to the front by tapping the drag handle How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views The Backdrop A Newton device always has at least one application open and it is called the backdrop The backdrop s main view is at the bottom of the display order The backdrop cannot be closed so its main view has no Close box For example the backdrop on an Apple MessagePad 120 is initially the Note
64. of either type of folder For example the built in Extras Drawer application only displays folders specific to it Note that this option to suppress folders should not be a user preference but should be decided when the application is designed Applications provide the headings for the radio button clusters in a Filing slip The wording your application should use for headings depends on the how many items a user is filing and on whether the Filing slip includes both folders and storage locations or just one of them Table 8 1 specifies the wording to use in each case Filing 8 17 8 18 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Table 8 1 Headings for radio button clusters in Filing slips Heading for Number of storage locations Heading for folders items being filed File this Item on one File this Item on And file in one File the selected Items on multiple File the selected Items on And file in multiple File this Item in one File the selected Items in multiple NOTE In these headings the word Item is capitalized and may be replaced with the specific type of item being filed such as Note Name Date Task Call and so on None of these headings ends with a colon or has any other punctuation In addition to radio buttons for selecting filing options all Filing slips have a File button for initiating the filing operation and a large Close box for canceling the filing operation Editing Folders If a Filing slip contai
65. of states common words and user s words Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input m Recognize punctuation marks Preceding a word single quotation mark double quotation mark left parenthesis or hyphen Following a word single quotation mark double quotation mark right parenthesis hyphen period comma exclamation point question mark colon or semicolon Force capitalization of the first letter of every word m Recognize numbers including monetary amounts decimal points and signs and Can t be used in combination with letter by letter recognition m Recognize phone numbers Can t be used in combination with letter by letter recognition m Recognize dates Can t be used in combination with letter by letter recognition m Recognize times Can t be used in combination with letter by letter recognition Editing Users must be able to change input they have written drawn or typed In all the Newton input areas described in this chapter people can use consistent techniques for the following data editing actions m Select text and shapes m Join words m Break one paragraph into two m Erase text or shapes m Insert space in text m Insert new text m Replace text m Correct misrecognized text m Change capitalization of text m Change paragraph margins Writing Drawing and Editing 6 21 6 22 CHAPTER 6 Data Input m Remove extra space from paragraphs Dup
66. only if it clearly identifies what it represents Coming up with a tiny grainy black and white visual image that is even relevant let alone unambiguous can be difficult Far more of us have learned basic verbal skills than basic visual skills There are several approaches you can take to finding a visual image that identifies what it represents If an icon has some correlation to a physical device such as a calculator or a clock the icon should resemble the device If the icon represents part of a metaphor such as an in box as a metaphor for the place where incoming communications are kept the icon should resemble its metaphorical counter part For example the In Box icon resembles a real in box not some other repository such as a folder or a flour canister If you need to design an icon for a more conceptual entity such as an applica tion or part of an application you can use one of the following approaches Try making the icon represent the function of the application If the function is complex and hard for new users to understand think about how you could explain the idea to someone who doesn t use a Newton device and try to generate some images that way Often the terms you use and the analogies you come up with to explain the concept can provide clues for visual images Another approach to designing conceptual icons is making the icon represen tative of a product name This may work for your product in one location but re
67. positions at which views open affects the usability of your application and of the whole Newton device Each view that opens may obscure part of the other views already open Equally important are users preferences If a user moves a view your application should maintain that position Position of a Main View The initial position of a main view that fills the screen is obvious Most smaller main views are centered horizontally but are off center vertically Usually there is about three times as much uncovered screen space below the view as above it Some main views such as the built in Find and Assist views are centered at the bottom edge of the visible screen area How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views If the main view is movable your application should save its position before closing it and should reopen it in the position at which the user left it Keep users in control Position of Auxiliary Views When a user opens a slip palette or other auxiliary view your application should initially position it directly over the view to which it relates This arrangement reinforces the relationship between the auxiliary view and its related view and also puts the auxiliary view near the user s focus In general you should horizontally center a small auxiliary view over its related view and place it near the top of the related view leaving about one fourth of the uncovered portion of the related view visible above the
68. preferences slip for configuring any options that apply to that transport Figure 7 23 illustrates some common options Transport Preferences CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 23 Some common preference items for transports Preference item Example Whether to show or 4 Show status dialogs hide status slips When tosena Se Send now Upon completing routing slip Send later From Out Box Specify when Specify in routing slip What to do with sent EEES After printing File uem Delete Log Delete Where file sent LTA LELLE rile ed eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Items or log entries Delete Log o ejo o o Delete File log entries in None Untfiled i Miscellaneous Business Personal File copies in Hone Untfiled 2 Miscellaneous Business iO Personal Where to file read Filereadmailin ee e e a items Hnfiled Items File read mail in EP None Unfilled 2 Miscellaneous i Business i Personal A transport s preferences slip can include other items such as buttons For example the fax preferences slip includes a button for scheduling automatic fax sending times and another button for setting the Newton to receive faxes exclusively Transport Preferences 7 33 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications A preferences slip can also include an Info button in the lower left corner Tapping it pops up an Info picker that lists at least the one item Help Generally pickin
69. provided by the application Figure 7 4 shows a sample Action button and picker Figure 7 4 An Action picker lists the transports available for sending Transports capable of sending this item Other actions provided by the application 7 8 ___HiRovee Gh Fax Unfiled Notes Action picker The routing action that a user chooses from an Action picker applies to the data in the view that contains the Action button If the view contains multiple data items that can be individually selected such as the items listed in an overview then the routing action picked by the user applies to the currently selected items If there is nothing to route when a user taps an Action button for example if the user taps the Action button in an overview without first selecting any items the system displays a notification alert containing the message Nothing is selected The warning message does not appear in an application that defines its own Action picker items unless the application removes those items when there is nothing to act on Your application can include actions that can function without a target item in this case your application should not disable those actions and the warning message will not appear Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications An Action Button s Location The scope of an Action button determines where it should be located If an Action button can affect all the d
70. selection is showing in the view after the user performs an operation don t scroll at all For example if the user increases the text size of a lengthy selection so that the bottom part extends out of view your application should not automatically scroll to the end of the selection How Views Work 2 43 2 44 CHAPTER 2 Container Views scrolling Performance Scrolling the contents of a view can sometimes seem slow Here are some techniques you can use to improve scrolling speed Implement the accelerated scrolling behavior described in Local Scroll Arrows on page 2 39 Scroll multiple lines at a time rather than just a single line at a time when the user taps a scroll arrow m Reduce the number of child views that need to be redrawn if possible For example make a list that is implemented as several paragraphs each a separate view into a single paragraph m Set the view fill to white Many views need no fill color so you may be inclined to set the fill color to none when you create such a view However it s best to fill the view with white if you don t need a transparent view This can increase the performance of your application because when the system is redrawing the screen it doesn t have to update views behind those filled with a solid color such as white Overview In addition to scrolling an application that deals with multiple instances of similar information can show an overview of the
71. send now or later without displaying a picker This overrides any preferences setting a user may have made for the transport When saving items in the Out Box for later transmission a transport has to determine when it should get information from the sender s owner and worksite cards Although this issue doesn t affect the user interface visibly the issue does affect stability and consistency as they appear to users In general the transport should get information from the sender s owner card at the time the item is sent to the Out Box Such information might include the sender s name return address such as fax number or e mail address credit card information and so on However if the transport uses worksite information to make a connection for example to determine how to dial the recipient s fax number the transport should wait to obtain the most current information based on the user s current worksite setting until the item is actually transmitted from the Out Box and make necessary adjustments at that time For example if a user queued several fax items at home but didn t send them until at work the transport might need to change the area code information for dialing the recipient s fax number Routing Outgoing Items 7 19 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Other Routing Slip Elements A routing slip s lower panel may have additional controls and pickers that affect what is sent and how it is s
72. slip If a search finds more than one item the Find service displays an overview list of the found items Figure 8 11 depicts a Find overview as it might appear after searching all applications for man Find 8 11 8 12 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 11 A Find overview lists items that match search criteria Find man Notepad iT Either this man is dead or my watch has stoppe i The intelligent man finds almost anything ridic i There is no sweeter sound than the crumbling i Manila a committee is a thing which takes a week tod Time Zones 1 Manama Bahrain A user can alternately hide and reveal the names of items listed under an application in the Find overview by tapping the application name there Tapping the name of an item in the Find overview displays a detail view of the item The Find slip stays open in front of the detail view A message at the top of the Find slip states which item is displayed and whether other items were found in the same application Figure 8 12 shows an example of the message Find Filing CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 12 The Find slip reports which found item is currently displayed All Notes Groucho Mark Quotes GJ EA Either this man is dead or This is ttem 1 There are more items Lookfor Man ES A Where Everywhere Selected SI Notepad Fina If more than one item was found tapping the universal down arrow goes to
73. some external destination such as a printer or a modem Compare to input A small view that provides controls for modifying the contents of other views The user can move a palette and it floats on top of other views of the same applica tion so it can remain open for use in all visible views A view that contains one or more other views The permanent internal description of an individual person that works with a particular Newton PDA or a particular public image of a single owner The owner is the obvious example but there can be many others Choosing a persona sets up information such as name title birthday phone numbers and e mail addresses A list of choices that appears when the user taps an adjacent text label marked by a solid diamond A picker may also appear when a user taps a button The user chooses one of the listed items by tapping it A control that the user taps to designate or confirm an action implied by the icon displayed on the button A standard Newton control that displays its state either on or off and is part of a group in which the user can turn on only one button at a time A picture on the on off indicator identifies the kind of setting Short for picture element the smallest dot the Newton can draw on the screen On a Newton MessagePad there are 80 pixels to an inch Each pixel can be either black or white so it can be represented by a bit thus the display is said to be a bitmap GLO
74. store on Newton devices Figure 2 1 shows examples of container views There are conventions for opening closing moving scrolling and getting an overview of container views This means that no matter which application people use they know how to control container views on the screen and how to adjust container views in the available screen space 2 1 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 1 Examples of container views Ann Owner i tiome hax A Name Royce Walthrop He 1 419 555 2543 100 A Street Town atid Country Ohio 44000 eWorld nebody Format Plain CoverPage Standard ff Fine resolution ta Manually connect eFax Gd R outing slip T 216 555 0950 F T 216 555 1963 T 216 555 1953 G Extras This icon can t be deleted because File this Name on it is built in internal i Fink Card And file in i Mone Unfiled i Miscellaneous business i Personal Ordinary slip Alert box Palette Corrector view CHAPTER 2 Container Views When people manipulate container views on the screen they see immediate visual feedback As a user drags a movable container view the view keeps up with the user s pen reinforcing the user s sense of direct manipulation When people open and close container views they see a representation of such actions These mechanisms emphasize that the user is in control and can directly manipulate real interface objects such as container views How Views
75. the graphic language of the interface For example users learn to recognize a black diamond as the source of a pop up list of choices Behavioral consistency of the interface means people only have to learn once how to do things such as erasing and scrolling Then they can explore new functions and applications using the skills they already have User Control Allow users not your application to initiate and control actions Keep actions simple and straightforward so users can easily understand and remember them Provide ample opportunity to cancel operations before they begin and wherever possible allow users to gracefully stop an operation that s underway Be careful about unleashing agents experts or wizards that will do things behind a user s back Forgiveness People make mistakes so your program should make it easy for them to correct their mistakes Let them use the Undo button to reverse their last action People need to feel they can experiment without damaging the system or their data Create safety nets for people so they feel comfortable learning and using your product Always advise people when they begin an operation that has potentially dire consequences Display a warning and have the user confirm the operation before proceeding This doesn t mean you should have users confirm every action Frequent warning messages suggest something is wrong with the program design obviate some of the warnings by making m
76. the next found item and tapping the universal up arrow goes to the previous found item Tapping the Overview button redisplays the overview of found items Between uses the Find service stores the setting of the Look For picker The next time a user taps the Find button the Find slip reopens with the most recent search criteria preset Note that in order to conserve memory the overview list of found items is not saved between uses of the Find service The Newton system s Filing service allows users to associate data items with folders displayed by the user interface A user can create edit and delete folders at will In addition users can select a storage location internal or card with the Filing service Filing 8 13 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Filed data items look to a user like they are in folders but filed items do not actually reside in a folder or directory structure Instead the Filing service tags a filed item to identify the folder in which it belongs When a user wishes to see an application s data items belonging to a particular folder the application displays the data items having the appropriate tag Applications use two user interface elements to implement filing a Filing button and a folder tab The Filing button enables users to file application data in folders After filing items in folders users can locate them by using the folder tab and its picker For more information on the folder tab see page
77. the situation such as Nothing here Figure 3 21 shows how the Time Zones application responds when a user taps one of its invisible hot spots Hot Spots 3 21 CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 21 Pring CA USA om Mon 3711 1 A user taps a hot spot L Belgrade Bratislava f Budapest Cracow Florence A Innsbruck f Katowice f Ljubljana Munich Prague Yenice ravatsnntatannsbsnatanatatsbannanitetanatenatynstanesnatetan na i e n n a aris France am Tue 3 tlz SS 70 miles 2 A list of nearby cities appears and the user can tap one to select it 1 A user taps where there isn t a hot spot Providing feedback for small transparent hot spots upertingo CA USA 43 pm Mon 3711 Middle of Nowhere Paris France 743 am Tue 3712 BS 70 miles w EE 2 The application provides feedback nevertheless Of course sometimes the whole point of hot spots is to make users guess where to tap Secret hot spots would be fine in maps meant to teach geography by exploration for example In addition to graphical hot spots there can be hot spots in text For example double tapping a word pops up a picker for editing the word see Correcting Misrecognized Text on page 6 29 Standard Newton Buttons A typical application includes some of the following standard Newton buttons either on a status bar on a separator bar or in a slip the Analog Clock Info Reco
78. through the lines of text To select lines in a shape a user draws the highlighting mark along the lines To select whole paragraphs shapes or a combination of text and shapes a user circles them with the highlighting mark The highlighting mark doesn t need to be close to the items as long as it encloses them completely and doesn t enclose anything else The Newton system puts a gray selection box around the object or objects the user circled Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 17 Selecting words and shapes SIE ATEI 1 User draws highlighting mark 2 Newton highlights selection A user can extend a selection or select more objects by drawing additional highlighting marks If they are far apart the user may select one at a time Selected objects do not have to be adjacent but all selected objects must be in the same input area Anything that is selected remains selected when the user selects more in the same input area If a user selects nonadjacent objects Writing Drawing and Editing 6 23 CHAPTER 6 Data Input objects that the user has not selected may appear within the borders of the gray selection box but only the selected objects are highlighted Erasing Text or Shapes To erase text or shapes a user scrubs them out with zigzag gestures Immediately after scrubbing the user hears a poof sound and sees smoke clouds cover the scrubbed objects The smoke quickly dissipates
79. up a keyboard it should appear centered above the status bar floating above other views If possible the keyboard should be situated vertically where it does not cover the text insertion caret A user can move a keyboard by dragging its drag handle and can bring up other views above the keyboard Keys There are three kinds of keys on a Newton keyboard character keys modifier keys and editing keys A character key enters text A modifier key redefines the most of the character keys An editing key moves the text insertion caret Character Keys Most of the keys on a keyboard are character keys There are character keys for letters numbers punctuation and blank space If the user taps one of these keys while entering text the corresponding character is added to the text The tab return and del keys also act as character keys Although they don t add characters to the text they do have a visible effect on the text as described in the following paragraphs Typing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Return In a field that allows entering multiple lines of text the return key inserts a carriage return at the text insertion caret It ends the current paragraph and moves the caret to the beginning of the next line In a field that allows entering one line of text the return key moves the caret to the next text input field in the same container view Tapping the return key is never a shortcut for tapping a button or other control
80. user connects the Newton to a fax modem and a phone line and sends the items Users can view many types of outgoing items while the items are still in the Out Box In addition users can change the content routing or addressing of some items in the Out Box For example a user could direct a printed item to a different printer edit the text of an e mail message or change a fax number Users can also send some Out Box items directly from the Out Box For example if the Out Box contains a fax waiting to be sent a user can also print the waiting fax directly from the Out Box A transport can be designed to connect and transfer out data items a user sends to it as soon as those data items appear in the Out Box For example a transport for wireless communications could automatically transfer out items as soon as a user sent them from an application without the user having to open the Out Box In Out Box Items The In Out Box shows the same header information for each item it displays in the In Box or Out Box Each item s header consists of an icon that identifies the transport followed by the item s title and status A second line shows the name of the sender or recipient followed by the date and time the item was put in the In Out Box Table 7 1 explains the meanings of the standard status words displayed in the In Out Box headers The In Out Box CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Table 7 1 Meanings of status words i
81. users become confused in those situations Remember that people will use Newton while on the move in places where there s no place to sit or to set it down In such settings it s easiest to use applications with simple straightforward screens and an obvious path through the information Make sure that your application s controls are clearly identified that there aren t too many places for the user to navigate through that you don t display too many container views at once and that the user can easily see what to do Minimize writing tapping to pick from a list of alternatives is easier Use Screen Space Wisely Because the user s hand is usually held close to a Newton device it s best to keep tappable controls at the bottom of the screen have the user enter data in the middle of the screen and display titles and other descriptors at the top of the screen This way the most important information the user s informa tion isn t obscured each time he or she taps a button If you need to display controls on the side make sure your application allows users to move the controls to either side of the screen according to whether they are right or left handed Check the Screen Size A Newton application s main view the visual object that serves as the application s base of user operations can be any size If your application s main view does not fill the entire screen keep in mind that whatever is v
82. want to allow the user to choose a transport for the item being sent Your application can get a list of transports that can handle specific formats Using this list the application could make available a picker from which the user could choose a transport Routing Alternatives C HAPTER 8 Newton Services This chapter describes the user interface for Newton system services not described in other chapters Topics include How the system automatically indicates it is busy How your application or transport can allow users to hide and show status slips What your application should do if it schedules alarms or other actions What role sound should play in your application or transport How your application should enable users to find data in it How your application should enable users to file their data in folders How your application or transport can have the Intelligent Assistant respond to a user s written request for action Where and how to provide users with on screen help Where and how to provide user preference settings for your application or transport All these topics are described in terms of the applications and transports that come with most Apple MessagePad models Applications and transports you develop should follow these models 8 1 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Automatic Busy Cursor The system lets users know when it is temporarily busy and may be unable to respond to their input by displaying a sma
83. with a gap separating the two groups Figure 3 12 Group buttons by function Buttons that control or initiate action Buttons that affect content and appearance ESTA Sy new CO Ea x Gap 3 12 Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Avoid spacing consecutive buttons so close together that they look cramped On an Apple MessagePad space consecutive buttons in a group three pixels apart and leave four pixels between buttons and the view s border If you must you can reduce the space between consecutive buttons to two pixels but no less Figure 3 13 illustrates the MessagePad guidelines Figure 3 13 Regular spacing between buttons on a MessagePad ekekeke EE EASTA NEASRTANANENA TE E P E E E S E E E E E E E A E cece EED PES E CCC mE EEN EEE 3 pixels betw E H ixels between p H E an ae EEEE HE buttons E E E Ni rT E T E E EE E EHEHE HEE HE HE a EE HEH HEE Trt al EESE HE EE EE EE EE A EE LL HEN EE EE EE EEE See HE HE HE BE EE HEE EES HE HE w EE HE GOT TT EE E EE HE HE E EHEHE EE HE feel EEEE HE HE as BE SE EEN EEE EE TITITIIIIIILLITITtt ttt TTITLILITLIIIII tte TCL CCC cece TCC Cece 4 pixels between buttons and border BPHRHRHBRHEHRHHEHEHEHEHEHHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEEEEE E PHRHREBHREeHREeHREeHREeHBEHEHEHEEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEEHE Es E pHRHREBRBBRBHReHREeHEeHEHREeHEHBHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEESEe EE E PHRHREeBBRBeHBREHEeHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEHEEEHE s amp s PHRHREHReHBRBeHRHReHEHHEHEHEHEHEHHEHEHE
84. 1 general input 6 14 ink text in 6 18 input field for 6 1 inserting space in 6 26 inserting text in 6 27 keyboard keys for 6 34 labeled input line for 6 10 paragraph input for 6 12 picker for 6 3 radio button for 6 6 recognition in 6 15 6 18 6 19 removing extra space in 6 31 replacing text in 6 29 scrolling list for 6 4 selecting text and shapes in 6 22 shape input 6 13 simple input line for 6 9 slider for 6 7 tapping for 6 3 text input 6 8 typing for 6 32 writing for 6 8 date input 6 8 date picker 4 17 date searches 8 8 deferred recognition 6 18 Delete command 4 26 7 12 del key 6 35 diamond 3 4 4 7 direct manipulation as design principle 1 6 display order view 2 28 display orientation button spacing 3 13 IN 4 changing 1 12 picker alignment 4 9 Rotate button 3 30 view size 2 34 divider bar See separator bar drag handle 2 33 drawer 2 26 2 33 drawing 6 8 drop shadow See shadow Duplicate command 4 26 7 12 E editing shapes 6 14 techniques 6 21 text 6 9 Effective 1 4 ellipsis 6 5 list picker 4 3 overview 2 45 scrolling list 6 5 status slip 2 21 text input 6 8 E mail command 4 26 7 11 erasing text or shapes 6 24 error handling 6 37 expanding text input line 6 11 expando 6 11 Extras Drawer 5 6 8 29 F Fax command 4 26 feedback as design principle 1 7 busy cursor 8 2 button 3 9 INDEX sound 8 6 status slip 2 20 user testing 1 3 views 2 3 field label capitalization 6 2
85. 3 23 Close box on 3 15 defined 2 11 Filing button on 3 27 8 15 Info button on 3 23 Keyboard button on 3 25 New button on 3 26 picture button on 3 7 Recognizer button on 3 24 Show button on 3 26 status slip See also status canceling or stopping 2 23 closing 2 23 opening 2 28 progress indicator 2 22 INDEX redisplaying 2 23 8 3 summarized 2 20 user decision in 2 24 Stop button 2 23 3 6 7 31 stopping status slip 2 23 storage location 3 27 8 16 8 20 8 31 striped border 2 7 sub pickers 4 14 switching to overview 2 47 tab key 6 35 table in picker 4 4 table of contents 2 44 Tag button and picker 7 26 take action button 2 16 2 33 3 4 target audience 1 2 1 13 target item routing 7 8 7 11 task analysis 1 13 task slip Intelligent Assistant 8 27 testing user 1 14 text changing capitalization 6 31 changing margins 6 31 correcting misrecognized 6 29 duplicating 6 31 erasing 6 24 expanding input line for 6 11 input 6 8 inserting 6 8 6 27 inserting space in 6 26 labeled input line for 6 10 moving 6 32 paragraph input element for 6 12 removing extra space in 6 31 replacing 6 29 selecting 6 22 simple input line for 6 9 text button defined 3 2 name of 3 4 picker from 4 7 text insertion point See caret text searches 8 7 3D icon 5 3 time input 6 8 time picker 4 17 Time Zones 7 14 title capitalizing 2 5 in folder tab 8 21 list picker 4 3 main view 2 10 status slip 2 21 view 2 4 5 11 Transport pic
86. 4 2194 E Assist Connect X Built in fax transport displays this slip An e mail transport might display this slip A transport can also allow users to schedule times when it automatically connects and receives incoming items Users schedule connect times by setting preferences in the In Out Box application as described in Transport Preferences on page 7 32 Receiving Remote In Box Items A user may not want an e mail transport to receive all items every time it connects due to the length of time it would take or the amount of storage space they would occupy on the Newton device An e mail transport or other transport that potentially receives numerous items from a remote source at a slow speed can retrieve just the item headers and put them in the In Box with a status of Remote That status tells users that the body of the item is stored remotely and has not yet been transferred to the Newton If a user attempts to view an incomplete item in the In Box the In Box notices the Remote status and has the appropriate transport get the remainder of the item from the remote source Disposing of Received Items Most received items remain in the In Box until a user disposes of them To dispose of In Box items a user selects one or more of them and chooses an Routing Incoming Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications action from the Tag picker which pops up when the user taps the Tag button The Tag picker l
87. 8 19 Filing Button and Slip If you want users to be able to file data in your application it must include a Filing button which is a picture button that looks like a an ordinary file folder Tapping a Filing button displays a Filing slip which enumerates the available filing options Figure 8 13 shows a sample Filing button and Filing slip Figure 8 13 A Filing slip names available folders and storage locations Storage locations Folders 8 14 Unfiled Notes s Filing button 1 Tuna sandwich on File this Note on Filing slip Internal i Pink Card And file in Mone Untfiled iO Miscellaneous i Business i Personal Filing CHAPTER 8 Newton Services The filing options that a user selects in a Filing slip apply to the data in the view that contains the Filing button If the view contains multiple data items that can be individually selected such as the items listed in an overview then the filing options selected by the user apply to the currently selected items If there is nothing to file when a user taps a Filing button for example the user taps the Filing button in an overview without first selecting any items the Filing service displays the message There is nothing to file A Filing Button s Location Where you put a Filing button in your application s views depends on how much data the Filing button affects If a Filing button affects all the data in a view
88. 9 editing mark 6 22 icon 5 10 list picker 4 11 separator line 4 11 hot spot 3 21 4 7 How Do I button 8 27 8 28 human interface design principle See principles of human interface design humor icon 5 6 icon animating 5 9 application 5 2 button 5 12 designing 5 1 Extras Drawer 5 6 highlighting 5 10 image 5 2 line thickness in 5 3 list picker 4 2 localizing 5 6 mask 5 10 name 5 9 in overview 2 45 picker 4 3 5 12 picture button 3 7 shadow shape 5 3 5 9 size 5 4 5 8 5 11 5 13 three dimensional 5 3 in view title 2 4 5 11 IN 6 In Box See In Out Box incoming data See routing index tabs in list picker 4 13 indicator progress 2 22 Info button 3 23 7 32 7 34 Info picker 4 24 7 32 8 29 ink text Alpha Sorter for 6 18 input of 6 8 recognition of 6 18 In Out Box See also routing In Box 7 3 incoming items 7 3 7 24 Item Info button and slip 7 6 items in 7 4 Out Box 7 4 outgoing items 7 4 7 7 preferences 7 32 purpose put away items 7 3 7 27 Receive button and picker 7 25 remote items 7 26 Send button and picker 7 24 Show button and picker 7 6 status of items in 7 4 Tag button and picker 7 26 using 7 2 viewing items in 7 5 input field defined 6 1 font 6 2 position 6 2 inserting space 6 26 inserting text 6 27 insertion point See caret Intelligent Assistant Assist slip 8 24 interpreting request 8 23 invoking 8 22 Please picker 8 25 purpose 8 22 INDEX routing 7 35 task slip 8 27 I
89. Drawers 2 26 A drawer is a container view that slides open and closed at the bottom of the screen or at the bottom of another container view Figure 2 24 shows the Extras Drawer Figure 2 24 A drawer slides open and closed Untiled icons p e B amp B p In Box Mut Box Calls Connection Card acta aia sal acide har ore A fl SRLS E E E E A EN E E EE E eee E E T Jit tapi e Seep es eh a eT Calculator Formulas Time Clock Styles ones sink arn tata E E an areata A E E E EETA MMM j olume Battery i A ze new i oax Tgp 2p Tegi sp Names Dates Extras Unda Find szlst Names Dates Extras Unda Find ssist The Extras Drawer closed The Extras Drawer open A drawer can be used for the main view of an application or for an auxiliary view It can have a a title a folder tab or neither depending on its function and contents A drawer must have a Close box Drawers CHAPTER 2 Container Views Roll Views In a roll view several discrete fixed size subviews are arranged one above another like pictures on a filmstrip A roll view invariably contains more subviews than can be displayed in full detail at once To see a subview that s not currently displayed a user can scroll through the subviews Alternatively a user can see an overview consisting of one line subview titles In most applications users don t find roll views useful Studies show that users tend not to use scrolling to access differen
90. E E E BE of baseline of text EE E E O an EEN E E PTT TTT EE E E SSeS eee EEN E E EE E E Tatana T m a M a M M M M a M M M M M M eee M M M M M M M M M M M Mmenepaneaeaeaueaueaea BeBe BeBe BeBe HB eB eBe ee eee eee eee ee NE EEN EEEE eRe RBe RP RP Re Ree eee eee eee eee eee eee E ZeneBEReBeBReBe BBB RBBB RBBB eee eee eee ee eee ee Mmenpnepaeaeaueaueaeaea Bea BeBe EBB BBB BeBe eee eee ee 2 E PTT TT Tt tree ooo onono ao aao 2 Buttons 3 3 CHAPTER 3 Controls If your application has buttons whose names change during the operation of the application the application must resize the button when its name changes so that the spacing always conforms to the guidelines Naming Text Buttons Keep button names short Never use more than three words for a button name and try to limit button names to one word Capitalize button names like book titles That is always capitalize the first and last words of the name and capitalize all other words except articles a an the coordinating conjunctions for example and or and prepositions of three or fewer letters Since button names should seldom be more than two words almost all words in button names should be capitalized Avoid punctuation and symbols in button names Except for very common symbols such as an ampersand amp users find symbols ambiguous Do not use ellipses in the button name even if tapping the button displays another slip However a button name should be
91. HEHEHEHEHEESse s amp s TOO OOOOOOODO OOOO Oooo ooo ooo Se C If your application changes a button s name it should dynamically resize the button and maintain the correct spacing between buttons Your application should maintain the correct spacing between buttons when a user rotates the display with the Extras Drawer Accommodate the changing width of a view by adding or taking away space between groups of buttons Your application also needs to maintain the spacing between buttons if their names change during operation Buttons 3 13 CHAPTER 3 Controls Large Buttons If a user needs to be able to tap some text buttons or picture buttons in your application with a finger instead of a pen you can use large buttons If your large buttons won t fit at the bottom of a view it s OK to put them along one side of the view Put them only on one side but be sure the user can choose whether they appear on the right or left A user s left hand would block the whole screen while tapping large buttons along the right edge of the screen so left handed users need to be able to set an option that shifts large buttons from the right side to the left side of the screen If your application includes large buttons and you want them to work when a user rotates the display with the Extras Drawer your application needs to be able to adjust the position of the large buttons for regular or sideways orientation of the display Close Boxes Th
92. In addition to alternate views a Show picker can list commands that display a particular data item in the currently selected view For example the built in Date Book application s Show picker lists Today which is not an alternate view but is a command to display the calendar data for today Figure 4 19 illustrates the Show picker for the Date Book Figure 4 19 The Show picker lists alternate ways to see an application s data Alte rnate e Day views check Jada cek Poean The TER marks the T E R E ck active view Tol Weare gt bedeesteeeee a ia Command gi To Do List eeeeeeeeeeereereeeesreeen displays a E Day s Agenda o particular entry Gl Show EAN Picking a view or a command from a Show picker changes the view Action Picker The Action picker lists commands for sending and receiving data by communications methods such as printing faxing beaming and e mailing In many applications the Action picker includes additional commands for acting on data that s currently displayed A separator line divides the routing commands from the other action commands Figure 4 20 shows an example Action picker CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 20 The Action picker lists commands for acting on data Elle PP CELE OP Pe LA Tia FA aT a LE i ah Whitenight Industr 502 555 9966 E Print Name l he Routing Fax commands co Beam il Beam My Card Other action commands I Duplicate i D
93. Look Nothing makes an application look more like it belongs or less like it belongs on a Newton device than the appearance of its container views This section describes the key visual attributes of container views m controls m title style m border style m fill pattern View Controls There are several standard controls for manipulating container views These controls include the drag handle folder tab Close box local scroll arrows universal scroll arrows and Overview button The first four controls are part of the container view they affect The latter two controls are not part of the container view they affect Figure 2 2 points out the standard view controls For details on container view controls see Moving a View on page 2 33 Folder Tab on page 8 19 Close Boxes on page 3 14 Scrolling on page 2 36 and Overview on page 2 44 How Views Look 2 3 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 2 Standard controls for manipulating views E Quotes Folder tab E Robert Louis Stevenson GJ EA Drag handle Local scroll i arrows i 10 Box etookter Gandhi Where Everywhere Selected a 0 Notepad 69 Close box arrows Ter amp gt ep a Ie y Mames Dates Ext Und Find assist Overview button ee ae ae Universal scroll View Title A container view should have a title at the top unless the view s identity is obvious from its contents Or
94. Place All places Fed jet jgh ij Kl fanjop gr st juv bx yz L Alice s Restaurant L Authors Guild Bobcat Canyon Golf 7 FP nnnlnmarataoand f randit Filing 8 21 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Intelligent Assistant 8 22 The Intelligent Assistant is a system service that attempts to complete actions specified by a user s written input You can think of the Assistant as an alternate interface to Newton applications and services The Assistant can complete a number of tasks using the built in applications and services and your application can extend the Assistant to carry out tasks that the application performs Users can also display an application s online help from the Assistant This section describes the Assistant s user interface in the context of built in applications If your application uses Assistant services it should behave similarly Invoking the Assistant A user invokes the Assistant by tapping the Assist button which is a picture button that looks like a light bulb Before tapping the Assist button a user can write an action request or select existing text to be used as a request When a user taps the Assist button the system passes the Assistant any currently selected text If no text is selected then the system passes the Assistant the most recently written text The Assistant classifies the words in that text as actions targets of actions or unknown entities Depending on the results of this an
95. SBN 0 201 48838 8 12345678 9 MA 0099989796 First Printing May 1996 Balloon Help Espy Geneva the light bulb logo MessagePad NewtonScript Newton Toolkit New York QuickDraw and System 7 are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc Adobe Illustrator and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated which may be registered in certain jurisdictions FrameMaker is a registered trademark of Frame Technology Corporation Helvetica and Palatino are registered trademarks of Linotype Company ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registered trademark of International Typeface Corporation Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA AND REPLACEMENT ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THIS MANUAL INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINETY 90 DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE OF THIS PRODUCT Even though Apple has reviewed this manual APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL ITS QUALITY ACCURACY MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AS A RESULT THIS MANUAL IS SOLD AS IS AND YOU THE PURCHASER ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS MANUAL ev
96. SSARY point proto template radio button routing routing slip scroll scrolling list select selection separator bar shape sibling views A unit of measurement for type 1 point equals approximately 1 72 inch A predefined template that defines the appearance and behavior of a standard interface element such as a Close box or a status slip A proto template is called a proto for short A standard Newton control that displays its state either on or off and is part of a group in which the user can turn on only one button at a time A text label next to the on off indicator identifies the kind of setting The process of sending or receiving data through the built in In Out Box application using a communications transport such as printing faxing beaming or e mailing A view in which a user specifies the sender recipient format and other information needed to send data by the method the user picked from the Action picker To cause currently displayed data to move off the screen and be replaced by data that was not visible A boxed list of text items A user sees more items by tapping the universal scroll arrows or optional local scroll arrows and selects one or more items by tapping them To designate an object by tapping double tapping or dragging across it The next action that happens to an object happens to the selected object The object or group of objects most recently designated
97. Text 6 27 Replacing Text 6 29 Correcting Misrecognized Text 6 29 Changing Capitalization of Text 6 31 Changing Paragraph Margins 6 31 Removing Extra Space from Paragraphs 6 31 Duplicating Text or Shapes 6 31 Changing Shapes 6 31 Moving Objects 6 32 Typing 6 32 Displaying Keyboards 6 33 Keyboard Position 6 34 Keys 6 34 Character Keys 6 34 Return 6 35 Tab 6 35 Del 6 35 Shift 6 35 Caps 6 35 Option 6 36 Arrow Keys 6 36 Type Ahead and Auto Repeat 6 36 1X Chapter 7 Error Handling 6 37 Error Correction 6 37 Error Detection 6 38 Routing and Communications 7 1 The In Out Box 7 2 The InBox 7 3 The Out Box 7 4 In Out Box Items 7 4 Viewing Items in the In Out Box 7 5 Viewing Routing Information 7 6 Routing Outgoing Items 7 7 Action Button and Picker 7 8 An Action Button s Location 7 9 Action Picker Contents 7 10 Building an Action Picker 7 11 Routing Slips 7 12 Sender Picker 7 13 Recipient Pickers 7 15 Choosing a Printer 7 15 Choosing Fax or E mail Recipients 7 16 Transport Picker 7 18 Send Button and Close Box 7 18 Other Routing Slip Elements 7 20 Format Picker 7 20 Preview Button 7 23 Sending Out Box Items 7 24 Routing Incoming Items 7 24 Receiving In Box Items 7 25 Receiving Remote In Box Items 7 26 Disposing of Received Items 7 26 Putting Away Received Items 7 27 Putting Away Items Automatically 7 28 Filing Items That Are Put Away 7 28 Extending the Tag Picker 7 29 Chapter 8 Routing Status 7 29 Stoppi
98. The button tracks the pen movement as long as the user keeps pressing the pen If the user slides the pressed pen back over the button it is highlighted again If the user lifts the pen while the pointer is not over the button nothing happens The display of electronic ink is turned off while the pen is tracked A button is not highlighted if a user initially presses the pen outside the button and slides the pressed pen over the button Button States Text buttons and picture buttons are never dimmed displayed in gray instead of black in a Newton application If a button is not available your application should make it disappear If you want it to be available your application should make it reappear Figure 3 10 shows how to disable a Newton button Figure 3 10 A button disappears when it isn t available q gt 3 10 The Notes button disappears when there is no cover Format Plain Format Plain CoverPage Standard cCoverPage None Sf Fine resolution to Manually connect Sy Fine resolution a Manually connect page Don t dim gray out a button when it is unavailable era J lt Fax x Format Plain Format Plain CoverPage Standard CoverPage Hone Sv Fine resolution to Manually connect H Fine resolution tt Manually connect Fax Bd Assist era OX Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls A button can disappear and reappear with no visual effect or with a subtle visual effect such as z
99. The label should imply two clearly opposite states For example the Sound preferences slip Figure 3 18 shows a checkbox labeled Action sound effects that controls whether or not sound effects are played for actions If the checkbox is selected the action sound effects are played The clearly opposite state when the checkbox is not selected is to not play action sound effects Checkboxes are usually capitalized like sentences However in some contexts it makes more sense to capitalize them like book titles Checkbox labels should be all lowercase except for proper nouns if the checkboxes are part of a group and each label completes a sentence begun by the label of the group If you can t think of a label for a checkbox that clearly implies its opposite state you might be better off using radio buttons With radio buttons you can use two labels thereby clarifying the states It s sometimes tempting to use a checkbox because one item takes up less space than two However the resulting item may be ambiguous and thus difficult to understand Sometimes using one checkbox instead of two radio buttons can make users focus more carefully on a choice between two states One state is clearly labeled but a user must think to figure out the unlabeled state While thinking Checkboxes 3 19 CHAPTER 3 Controls the user may briefly ponder the significance of changing the checkbox s state For example a checkbox in a fax routing s
100. a punctuation mark or other special character by choosing it from the picker that pops up when the user taps the caret In addition the Caret picker allows a user to break a paragraph at the caret moving the caret to the start of the new paragraph delete the character to the left of the caret or insert a blank space Figure 6 24 shows the Caret picker Figure 6 24 The Caret picker lists 14 hard to write characters and three actions eds Acs 2 Picker pops up 3 User selects a 4 Selected character is character inserted Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Replacing Text By extending the method for inserting text a user can replace existing text Instead of tapping to position the caret the user drags the highlighting mark to select the text to replace Then the user writes the replacement text anywhere on the screen and the selected text is replaced Correcting Misrecognized Text If the Newton system does not recognize a word correctly the user can correct it by several means For one the user can replace any letter by writing another letter over it The user also has the option of selecting or erasing the word and writing it again Another alternative the user can double tap a word to pop up a picker that lists some alternate words From the list of alternates the user can select one as a replacement Figure 6 25 shows how a Correction picker works Figure 6 25 How a Correction picker works Yo
101. ached unless the user types while an application is performing a lengthy operation Typing CHAPTER 6 Data Input When a user holds the pen on a key for a certain amount of time the system acts as if the user were repeatedly tapping that key This feature called auto repeat affects character keys and modifier keys alike Auto repeat does not function during type ahead It operates only when the Newton system is ready to accept typing Error Handling Applications need to strictly check user input for errors while providing several easy ways for users to correct their mistakes Error Correction Users can edit their input with a common set of gestures see Editing on page 6 21 In addition tapping the Undo button reverses the effect of a user s most recent action Tapping Undo a second time undoes the undo The Newton interface elements provide undo capabilities for most user input This includes writing drawing typing correcting editing selecting a radio button tapping a checkbox setting a slider and choosing from a picker of a labeled input line or expando Your application provides all other undo capabilities For example if a user chooses an item from an ordinary picker not one that s part of a labeled input line or expando your application is responsible for letting the user undo the choice by tapping the Undo button Undo should apply to a single recent action not to a set of actions Users should
102. ake Newton digital books and to add online help to Newton applications You have this book only if you purchased the Newton Toolkit package that includes Book Maker m The NewtonScript Programming Language This book describes the NewtonScript programming language Visual Cues Used in This Book Throughout this book you ll see visual cues to certain types of information Boldfaced text indicates that a new term is being defined and that a definition of the word appears in the glossary m This symbol indicates an example of the correct way to use a Newton interface element Q m This symbol indicates an example of the wrong way to use a Newton interface element It specifically calls out common mistakes Developer Products and Support APDA is Apple s worldwide source for hundreds of development tools technical resources training products and information for anyone interested in developing applications for Apple computer platforms Customers receive the Apple Developer Catalog which xxiii XX1V PREFACE features all current versions of Apple development tools as well as popular third party development tools APDA offers convenient payment and shipping options including site licensing To order product or to request a complimentary copy of the Apple Developer Catalog use the following information APDA Apple Computer Inc P O Box 319 Buffalo NY 14207 0319 Telephone 1 800 282 2732 United States
103. alysis the Assistant may attempt to complete a task or it may prompt the user to supply additional information Figure 8 22 shows the Assist button initiating a fax operation Intelligent Assistant CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 22 Unfiled Notes BO peso ov Names Dates Extras Unda Find Assist The Assist button makes the Assistant try a written action request 8 30 Fri 3715 Unfiled Notes Ann Owner Cupertino Fax A Name Newton tafe Fax 1617 555 8122 Format All Topics cCoverPage Standard yf Fine resolution Grex G PT Manually connect Hak le BO pes 2p Names Dates Extras a Unda Find Assist 1 User selects written action request and taps 2 Assistant attempts to complete the requested Assist button action Interpreting the Request Phrase The Assistant can attempt to complete an action only if it can construe one from the phrase the user writes or selects before tapping the Assist button The Assistant is pre programmed to know certain verbs that describe actions in the built in applications It can associate multiple verbs with a single action For example the Assistant performs the same task if given the word phone call or dial Applications can add words to the Assistant s lexicon but users cannot Intelligent Assistant 8 23 8 24 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services The Assistant matches words regardless of their capitalization For example it considers t
104. at you re including in a product is desirable and useful Analyze Tasks The second step is to analyze the tasks people will be doing with your product You need to do a task analysis for each task you anticipate that your users will do Look at how they perform similar tasks without a Newton Involve Users in the Design Process 1 13 1 14 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Then look at how the Newton can facilitate the tasks To help plan a task analysis imagine a scenario in which someone uses your product List each task a person might perform in that scenario then break each task apart into its component steps This allows you to identify each step that a person goes through in order to complete the task Order the steps according to how people do them When you feel you have all the steps listed and ordered read the list back to someone and see if that person can use the steps you ve listed to accomplish the task Build Prototypes For the third step apply the information you ve collected about your users their skills and the tasks you envision them performing to create a prototype of your design Prototyping is the process by which you develop preliminary versions of your design to verify its workability You can use a variety of techniques to construct prototypes of your design Creating storyboards is one technique you draw out the steps your users will go through to accomplish a task Another technique is to build
105. ata in a view it should go at the bottom right corner of the view next to the view s Close box For example the main view of the Names File application has one Action button and it affects all data in the view In the backdrop application which has no Close box the Action button goes at the bottom right corner of the application s main view Figure 7 5 shows examples of views with one Action button each Figure 7 5 An Action button at the bottom of a view affects the entire view Action button on a Status bar Action button on the backdrop application s Status bar Action button in a Slip Hillsdale OH 44704 T 419 555 3545 H Li HeNew Heada J Show JC Hillsdale OH 44704 T 419 555 3545 H Li J New F ada Show One Repeat Don t repeat Add Notes Routing Outgoing Items 7 9 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications In a view where an Action button can only affect one data item of several that may be displayed perhaps by scrolling the view there should be an Action button above each item at the right side of the view Generally such a view has a separator bar above each data item and an Action button should be at the right end of each separator bar For example each note in the Notepad application has its own Action button which applies just to that note Figure 7 6 shows an example of Action buttons above each data item in a view Action button on a separator bar 7 10 Figu
106. ate Book application displays for creating a new meeting or To Do task For finding the task slip is the standard Find slip see Find on page 8 6 Intelligent Assistant 8 27 Help CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Besides providing a means of correcting missing or ambiguous information a task slip also gives a user one last chance to confirm or cancel execution of the task before the Assistant actually takes action It s especially important to provide this opportunity to confirm modify or cancel the task if executing it will change the user s current context open other applications modify the user s data or inconvenience the user in some way The Newton system includes online help for built in applications and system services Users can see the online system help by tapping the How Do I button in the Assist slip When a user taps that button the system displays an outline like overview of help topics Tapping a topic expands the outline to display that topic s subtopics or if that topic has no subtopics to display instructions for that topic Although you cannot add to the built in help you can provide the same kind of help within your Newton application Figure 8 25 shows the built in help overview Figure 8 25 Online help has a topical outline and concise instructions 8 28 Es How dol Ee e Write and Draw Set an alarm for a meeting or event amp Use the Notepad F Use the Name File
107. ate response depends on whether the view scrolls page by page or continuously like a roll of paper A view that scrolls continuously should scroll up to the bottom of an item that is too large to show all at once A view that scrolls page by page should scroll up to the top of an item that is too large to show all at once For instance the Notepad which scrolls like a roll of paper scrolls up to the bottom of a note that is taller than the height of the Notepad main view In contrast the Out Box which scrolls detail items page by page would scroll up to the top of the same note Universal Scroll Arrows Newton devices have two universal scroll arrows for user control of scrolling The universal scroll arrows are part of the Newton system they are not attached to one view On an Apple MessagePad 120 they are located in the center of the screen below the display area Figure 2 31 shows the universal scroll arrows How Views Work Scroll up Scroll down CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 31 The universal scroll arrows at the bottom of a MessagePad screen adspets 0 Names Dates Extras Find assist Undo ad Any view can have its scrolling controlled by user taps on the universal scroll arrows but they only affect one of the open views To be affected a view must meet two requirements First the view must be set up during application development to receive taps on the universal scroll arrows Second it must be in
108. atically using a specific transport without any user intervention The Action button is not used in this case For example an application might have a transport make a connection when ever a user opens the application and break the connection when the user closes the application Another application might poll for data such as pager messages and could have a transport poll more frequently and use more power while the application is open than when the application is closed If your application has its own method for routing apart from the Action button it can display a routing slip for the user to confirm or cancel the action as well as specify additional routing information If your application routes items programmatically to an e mail fax or call transport you may want to allow users to choose the recipient Your application can use the same method as the built in routing slips see Choosing Fax or E mail Recipients on page 7 16 If you want to provide a way for users to select a different printer your application can use the same printer selection method as the Print routing slip see Choosing a Printer on page 7 15 Before instituting a programmed routing action you may want to allow the user to choose a format for the item being sent Your application can get a list of formats that can handle the item Using this list the application could make available a picker from which the user could choose a format You may also
109. ation should use a text button or a picture button never use a radio button to bring up a slip to confirm authorize cancel or stop an action or to initiate a process Radio Buttons 3 17 CHAPTER 3 Controls To operate a radio button the user can tap any part of it including the text or picture that identifies it Tapping one button in a cluster turns off whichever button was on before A cluster of radio buttons must contain at least two items Instead of using a single radio button use a checkbox see the next section Checkboxes At the opposite extreme a cluster shouldn t contain more than seven radio buttons A large cluster of radio buttons simply takes up too much space on the screen Rather than a lot of radio buttons use a picker see Chapter 4 Pickers A cluster of radio buttons always has the same set of choices It never changes contents depending on the context If more than one group of radio buttons is visible at one time the groups need to be visually separate from each other Each cluster may have a heading to identify it Radio buttons and cluster headings are usually capitalized like book titles However in some contexts it makes more sense to capitalize them like sentences If the radio button text completes a sentence begun by the label of the radio button cluster the heading should be capitalized like a sentence and the radio buttons should be all lowercase except for proper nouns A
110. ator bar it affects the information between that separator bar and the next one If the Filing button is in a slip it affects all the information in the slip A Filing button goes to the left of an Action button near the right end of a status bar at the right end of a separator bar or in the lower right corner of a slip Figure 3 29 shows Filing buttons on a status bar on a separator bar and in a slip Figure 3 29 Where a Filing button goes Filing button ona separator bar Filing button in a Slip Filing button ona Status bar 12 00 Tue 3712 Unfilled Calls CN 0A er E Add Notes ee ee ee ELA eNews mm EES Tapping a Filing button brings up a Filing slip The slip lists the storage locations currently available such as the internal store and a named card store The slip also lists the folders defined for the current application and has buttons for editing the existing folder names or creating new folders Tapping a Filing button brings up a Filing slip which is described in Filing Button and Slip on page 8 14 For general information about filing see Filing on page 8 13 By looking at a Filing button for a particular data item users can tell whether the current item is stored internally or on a card If the item is stored on a Standard Newton Buttons 3 27 CHAPTER 3 Controls card the Filing button contains a small black triangle If the item is stored internally the Filing button contain
111. ax Receive picker __________________ Beam Transports iD Update capable of eee cfs eWorld by receiving Items Receive button When a user picks a routing action from the Receive picker the corresponding transport connects to its source of incoming data Each transport may have a different procedure for connecting For example the fax transport displays a slip asking whether the user wants to wait for a fax call or connect manually An e mail transport might display a slip in which a user sets up the phone number to dial specifies what items to retrieve and taps a Connect button when ready The beam transport tries to connect immediately Figure 7 19 shows the connection slips for the fax transport and an example e mail transport Some transports can connect automatically when the system detects incoming data items for them For example the beam transport can connect automati cally to another Newton device that is sending through its beam transport A transport that can connect automatically should allow users to disable automatic connection by setting preferences in the In Out Box application as described in Transport Preferences on page 7 32 Routing Incoming Items 7 25 7 26 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 19 Connection setup varies by transport Receive mall tor Do you want to wait for a call or are you manually connecting Wait For Call Ann Owner Home At 634 3194 62
112. by Intelligent Assistant In addition to using an Action button to send outgoing items a user can send items by using the Intelligent Assistant First the user writes the name of an action call fax mail or print and taps the Do button in the Intelligent Assistant s main view After interpreting what action to take the Intelligent Assistant finds out from the frontmost application which items to send Then the Intelligent Assistant has the system display the routing slip for the type of action the user wants The Intelligent Assistant also interacts with the list picker for picking a recipient in a routing slip If a user writes a routing action such as fax Bob the Intelligent Assistant sets up the picker with a list of names that contain Bob and have fax numbers from the Names File Figure 7 25 shows how this might look Figure 7 25 Routing with the Intelligent Assistant ee Ann Owner A f Home Fax fi CLES Rohb Jones Fax Bob Jones Fax Bob Anderson Fax Names that eeq Joe Bob Fax A tch th r Bob Roberts Fax eae ileal A E sca peti ecialadsadicee recipient written Mercedes Bianchi Fax in the Intelligent Marge N Overra Fax Assistant Art Majors Fax Jim Shorts Fax Prd N E Body Fax Amanda B Reconwitt Fax Pat Pending Phone Other Names Routing Alternatives 7 35 7 36 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Programmed Sending An application can send an item programm
113. cause people may use Newtons in places where they can t hear or where they must turn off the sound The system automatically provides feedback when it s temporarily busy by displaying the busy cursor During operations that last more than a few seconds your application should display explanatory messages and show elapsing progress See and Point A Newton application is better than a person at remembering lists of options commands data and so on Take advantage of this situation by presenting lists and letting users choose from them People can concentrate on accomplishing tasks with your program instead of remembering how to operate it As a bonus your program controls its inputs and doesn t have to check as many error conditions Consistency It s likely that people will use other Newton software besides yours at the least they will use some of the built in applications and services You can turn this likelihood to your advantage by designing your application s inter face to be consistent with other Newton applications Both you and your application s users benefit if they can build on prior experience when learning how to use your application Observe Basic Human Interface Principles 1 7 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users You can make your application consistent visually and behaviorally by incorporating standard Newton interface elements in it Visual consistency helps people learn and then easily recognize
114. centering visually balancing the icon as opposed to mathematically centering it you can include white pixels at the top or bottom of the icon 5 14 Icons in a Picker C HAPTER 6 Data Input Although some applications for Newton devices only present information to people many applications gather data from people as well A person can input information in a Newton application by m Tapping and dragging to select an input from a list or range of options provided by the application m Writing and drawing to input text and shapes m Typing text on an on screen keyboard The Newton interface elements that applications use for these input methods are described in the first two sections of this chapter There s also a section on handling user errors Input Fields An application gathers user input in areas called input fields An input field generally consists of a text label a value and some means of changing an existing value or entering a new value Figure 6 1 illustrates some typical input fields Input Fields 6 1 Labeled input fields 6 2 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 1 Users enter and edit data in input fields Whitenight Industries Ltd Address Align field labels in neat columns and be consistent in how you align field values with field labels including picker labels Line up every field s label with the field s displayed value or line up every field s label with the dotted line on whi
115. ch a user edits the field value Use the bold style of the system font for text that is the voice of the application or system such as field labels Use the plain style of the casual font for text that represents the voice of a user such as values the user enters or changes The casual font contrasts well with the system font and it has tested very well with users On an Apple MessagePad use the 9 or 10 point size of the system font and the 10 or 12 point size of the casual font Field labels are usually capitalized like sentences That is you capitalize the first word but not any additional words unless they are proper nouns Do not put a colon at the end of a field label The consistent use of fonts make it clear which text is a label and which is a value Input Fields Tapping CHAPTER 6 Data Input People can quickly and accurately input data that an application presents in a multiple choice format such as a picker scrolling list set of checkboxes cluster of radio buttons or slider A user simply taps or drags to choose an input value from the options presented Pickers Pickers allow a user to enter information in a way that is fast fun and intuitive They have the added advantages of being easy to target and taking up minimal real estate The Newton system defines many types of pickers list pickers overview pickers location pickers date pickers time pickers and number pickers In most of these pickers a use
116. cles a an the coordinating conjunctions for example and or and prepositions of three or fewer letters On an Apple MessagePad use 10 point text for the title The optional icon must be no more than 11 pixels tall How Views Look 2 5 pF CHAPTER 2 Container Views View Border Every container view is framed by a border A border is not visible if its view fills the screen Primarily a view s border serves to demarcate what s in the view and what s not Secondarily certain borders identify special types of container views In general Newton views are rectangular and have rounded corners Use square cornered borders only when you have a specific need for a particular look A view s border is not visible if the view completely covers the screen For example a MessagePad 120 user does not see the border of a view that measures 240 x 320 pixels The view has a border but it is off screen Matte Border The most common type of view border called a matte border consists of a thick gray band edged on the outside by a thin black line Users expect views with matte borders to be movable see Moving a View on page 2 33 Figure 2 4 shows the matte border Figure 2 4 A matte border indicates a movable view File this Note in None Unfilled i Miscellaneous tf Business a Personal Rounded corners i On an Apple MessagePad a standard matte border is five pixels thick with a cor
117. cons Figure 5 2 shows an example of icons with text in them and icons that convey the idea much better without text Figure 5 2 Avoid text in icons q gt Keep icons pictorial Don t use text in icons p Make All Sizes of an Icon Look Alike If you make an icon in more than one size maintain a close visual relationship among all sizes Design the large icon first and then adapt the design to the small icon You can leave out inessential details in the small version of your icon but it shouldn t look significantly different from the large version Figure 5 3 shows examples of small and large icons You can t design each variation of an icon in isolation The large and small variants are incarnations of the same icon so the basic design must work for all of them Be flexible in adapting your design to all sizes Icon design is an iterative process During the design process you may need to redesign one version of an icon when you find it doesn t translate well to another version Designing Effective Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons Figure 5 3 Small icon resembles large icon i 5 Large icon VOJ Small icon Small icon similar different Use Icons Consistently Use icons consistently throughout your application If there is an existing design for an icon use it Don t invent new designs for icons that have a standard design such as the icons for printing faxing beaming mailing duplicating and de
118. cted item deselects it For selecting or deselecting tapping an item s name has the same effect as tapping its checkbox The picker reports the number of selected items at its bottom right corner and the user can preview the set of selected items by tapping the Selected Only checkbox at the bottom left of the picker An application can suppress the count of selected items the Selected Only checkbox or both in any of its overview pickers If a value in the right column of an overview picker begins with a black diamond tapping it pops up a list picker that contains alternate values from the stored data plus a command for entering a new value Figure 4 16 shows how this works in an overview picker that lists names and phone numbers If a user selects an item for which there is no value displayed in the right column of an overview picker a slip appears in which the user can enter the needed information An overview picker can be set up to only allow selecting one item In this case selecting an item automatically deselects the previously selected item Setting up an overview picker for only one selection does not change the way the picker looks the checkbox next to each item does not change to a radio button Overview Pickers 4 21 4 22 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 16 Entering a new value in an overview picker Faxes All Names Fuca et igh ij Kl fnnjop qr st juv px yz Li Alice s Restaurant 617 555 2070 i Ander
119. d If the recognizer misreads a word the user can double tap the word to bring up a list of other possible matches for it or to use the on screen keyboard or Corrector view to correct it User Control of Recognition Recognition is modeless That is users do not need to put the system in a special mode or do all their writing and drawing in a special slip Users can write in any text input area and draw in any shape input area They can also write text and draw shapes in any general input area An application that has general input areas needs to allow users to designate whether to use the text recognizer or the shapes recognizer In addition users should be able to temporarily disable the text recognizer or the shape recognizer as appropriate for the type of input area The customary way to provide control over recognition is with a Recognizer button and picker as shown in Figure 6 14 Figure 6 14 The Recognizer button and picker give users control over recognition Recognize as text A Text Defer recognition v Ink Text A Text CH Shapes Recognize as CH Shapes A Ink Text r Sketches shapes r Sketches foo oriens No recognition i Gi Preferences 24 i Preferences i Preferences Recognizer picker for Recognizer picker for Recognizer picker for Recognizer button writing and drawing writing only drawing only identifies the recognition in effect 6 16 Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input T
120. d Assist and others If your application has functions analogous to those in the built in applications and services use the same mechanisms Users will be accustomed to them and will expect other software to work in the same way You can most easily match the built in applications and services by using the system proto templates in the Newton Toolkit You can extend the Newton interface if you need to but make sure your extensions retain the original look and feel Use the Common Pool of Data All built in Newton applications and services can access a common pool of data and so can your Newton software This pool is the information a user enters into the Newton device Since all applications have access to this data a user can work more efficiently because each piece of information needs to be entered only once Thereafter the data can be accessed and used in many different ways Your application can read and write this data Put it to the user s advantage Design for the Newton System CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Keep Applications Simple Newton isn t designed for complex tasks or applications that require viewing a large area or multiple windows of data at a time Applications that require the user to keep track of several pieces of information at once probably won t work well because the user must either move around a lot within the application or deal with many simultaneous or layered views Studies show that
121. d distinct _e amp sl SG BSS Corey ine ne Ti imne ime ones onnes ones ones ones ma _ B F ah l RAY simple is good Ne OR good luck Time Timme Time Time Time Zones Zonnes Zones pa Zones A 2 WIDE rc eC F 1 ate a S Too big works because 41697 Time Time ma Time Time Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones others are shapes A BY A oe Squares Time Time Time Time Time Zones Zoneg Zones Zones Zones Can be YP A ese WwW Boring SOO s Calllog D Board Online Trainer Break the Rules Creatively Sin Boldly and find grace Do cool masks Don t use thin lines in a a ik ce ane concepts Newton icon Use thick interesting lines Capture essences Extras Drawer Icons 5 7 CHAPTER 5 Icons Extras Drawer Icon Size To maximize the number of icons visible at once the Extras Drawer puts very little space between the icons in it An application icon will be easier to recognize if it does not occupy all the space available to it in the Extras Drawer Icons that fill their entire allotted space appear crowded and piglike Sorry A Newton PDA is not a desktop computer Five icons take the same space in the Extras Drawer as just three and a half icons in a Mac OS folder window Figure 5 6 compares large and small icons in the Extras Drawer Figure 5 6 Large icons crowd the Extras Drawer Untfiled Icons Un 4 T z g i H e In Box Mut Box Calls Connection Card In Bo
122. d eliminate a pixel in each corner to make the icon more rounded A rounded icon looks more Newtonlike Extras Drawer Icon Names When you design an Extras Drawer icon you should also come up with the name to be displayed beneath it If the name is too long to fit on one line the Extras Drawer automatically wraps the name onto a second line You can control where the line breaks by including a blank space or a hyphen at a judicious spot in the name Despite this accommodation of two line icon names you should avoid them A two line icon name crowds the icon below it and diminishes the vertical separation between icon rows Whether one line or two broad icon names may collide in the Extras Drawer To keep an icon name from running into its neighbors make it no more than 9 to 11 characters long per line The length depends on which letters are in the name since letters are different widths Don t worry about your careful work devising an icon name being undone by a user changing the name Users cannot change the names of Extras Drawer icons Animating an Extras Drawer Icon Instead of having an Extras Drawer icon highlighted when a user selects it you can have it appear to move or to change to an alternate state For example many of the built in applications icons feature this type of simple animation including In Box Out Box Calls Time Zones Clock Prefs Setup and Writing Practice Extras Drawer Icons 5 9 An al
123. dard Newton Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Tapping a Recognizer button pops up the Recognizer picker which is described in User Control of Recognition on page 6 16 For more information on recognition of handwriting and drawing see Recognition on page 6 15 Keyboard Button A Keyboard button lets users bring up an on screen keyboard Users can also use the Keyboard button to switch between the available styles of on screen keyboards If users can enter text in your application it should have a Keyboard button to the right of the Recognizer button in the status bar Alternatively a Keyboard button can go in the lower left corner of each slip in which users can enter text The Keyboard button comes in two sizes regular and small Use the small size only if space doesn t permit using the regular size Figure 3 26 shows both sizes of Keyboard button on status bars and in slips Figure 3 26 Where a Keyboard buttons goes Regular Keyboard button on a status bar TE AEE New fht Show Ea Small Keyboard 7 button on a crowded status bar Keyboard button in a slip Tapping the Keyboard button brings up an on screen keyboard Tapping the Keyboard button while a keyboard is displayed pops up the Keyboard picker Keyboards and the Keyboard picker are described in Typing on page 6 32 Standard Newton Buttons 3 25 CHAPTER 3 Controls New Button A New button lets users
124. dinarily a title consists of text in the bold style of the system font an optional small icon and a triple underline all centered at the top of the view If the title of a subordinate view is long or instructional you can left justify it and omit the icon and the triple underline Figure 2 3 compares different types of titles 2 4 How Views Look Ordinary title with icon Ordinary title without icon Subordinate view title left justifed No title view s contents make its purpose clear CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 3 Various title styles Formulas Metric Conversion E os loan Bawement Metric Conversion a ee eee Measurement Length F Select a Printer Styiewriter I amp 1D i Pers LaserWriter 300 Please The title only identifies the container view s contents The title is not a control that the user can tap to change a setting alter a state or initiate an action Controls that do these things are described in Chapter 3 Controls For example if you want users to be able to change a view s title have them tap a button or choose from a picker in the status bar A view title should not end with a colon The title s position size and font make a colon unnecessary and distracting You capitalize view titles according to conventional rules for book titles That is you capitalize the first word of a title and you capitalize all other words except arti
125. directions Scroll left right up or down 2 42 How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Automatic Scrolling In the discussions of scrolling behavior and appearance in the previous sections the user controls scrolling by deciding which scroll arrow to use and how long to use it Most of the time the user should be in control but sometimes an application should scroll a view automatically When your application performs an operation and the effect is to select something that s not currently visible your application must scroll to show the new selection For example when the user searches for some text your application locates the desired text If this text appears in a part of the information that isn t currently visible your application should scroll the information to show the found text Figure 2 36 shows the effect of automatic scrolling in the Names File Figure 2 36 Automatic scrolling All Names All Names One item was found Look for Mercedes Look for Mercedes Where 20 Everywhere Selected Where 20 Everywhere Selected Mame Find x Mame Fina x Li S New Add Show am ES Li S New Add J Show es ES 1 Before the search for Mercedes 2 After the search for Mercedes An application should not scroll automatically any more than is necessary to bring a selection into view Users want to control what shows in a scrollable view If part of a
126. distinctive silhouette rather than a boxy shape See page 5 3 APPENDIX Avoiding Common Mistakes Storage Allow users to move your application s data between storage locations with the Filing button in the Extras Drawer s status bar This is the method used by the built in applications See page 8 14 Date and Time Input To input dates and times use the specially designed Newton pickers See page 4 17 Glossary alert box alert sound application A view that appears on the screen to warn the user or report an error An audible warning from the Newton s speaker that warns the user of an unusual or potentially undesirable situation An alert sound may or may not be accompanied by a notification slip Software that performs a specific task such as the Notepad Date Book and Names File application base view auto repeat backdrop bitmap The container view that contains all other views that make up an application Compare to main view The repeated automatic generation of characters that happens when a user holds down the pen on an on screen keyboard The one application that cannot be closed Initially the Notepad is the backdrop but a user can use the Extras Drawer to make a different application the backdrop A set of bits in the Newton s memory that represent the pixels of a picture GL 1 GLOSSARY busy cursor button button bar caret character checkbox close
127. drag handle moves the view 8 29 Sat 3 9 Quotes Lewis Carrol G A Reeling and Writhing of Co 2 314 5 6 7 89 0 der label yu oli ada alto hD ninla x v b nm f shite mom TA E Bob and Ray ss 4 EA 2 Keyboard view moves up Your application determines the size of its views It should base its view sizes on the screen size of the Newton device on which it is running since Newton screens can come in a wide range of sizes For example a container view that fills the screen on an Apple MessagePad 120 which measures 240x 320 pixels will not fill the screen on a MessagePad 100 which measures 240x 336 pixels The same image would be too tall to fit on a screen of a MessagePad 120 that a user has rotated to the wide orientation 320 x 240 pixels An application can dynamically determine the screen size and based on that information can calculate appropriate view sizes An application may also need to adjust view layouts according to the aspect ratio of the screen Figure 2 27 shows how the built in Calculator adjusts its size and layout when a user rotates the display How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 27 Dynamically adjust a view s position size and layout to fit the screen 6 35 Sat 379 All Notes E B ee A PEREA EEEE CE e Regular orientation on a MessagePad 120 g Bob and Kay 40 Sat 379 All Notes Quotes GJ EA
128. e sender Where a real envelope would have a postage stamp a routing slip displays the name of the transport and its icon in a border that looks like a postage stamp To complete the look the top part of a routing slip has square corners and a diagonally striped border just like an airmail envelope Extending below the routing slip envelope is a panel that represents what is being sent This lower panel has controls for canceling or completing the routing action and may have additional interface elements that affect the format and content of what is sent Figure 7 8 shows a sample routing slip Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 8 A routing slip shows sender recipient and type of transport ee Ann Owner f peueel Work Fax A gt 4 Type of transport Recipient Name Alice s Restaurant i 4 1 617 555 2020 Format Plain CoverPage Standard ff Fine resolution tt Manually o Sends to Out Box eFax Jj Cancels routing Content options The system animates the display of a routing slip First the envelope panel appears to slide onto the screen from the right Then the lower panel appears to slide out of the envelope A routing slip is part of a transport not part of an application A transport uses a routing slip to get all the user supplied information necessary to send an item Because a transport provides the user interface for its routing slip an application does n
129. e Close box and large Close box are both picture buttons that contain the picture of a cross shaped like an X Both buttons work in the same way Tapping a Close box or a large Close box closes the container view in which the button appears The differences between the Close box and large Close box are purely cosmetic The large Close box is the same height as standard text and picture buttons The frame around the X is not part of the large Close box s picture The Close box is slightly smaller than the large Close box and its picture includes the frame around the X Figure 3 14 compares the Close box and the large Close box Figure 3 14 A Close box compared to a large Close box 3 14 EES mj New x Large Close box Close box Close Boxes CHAPTER 3 Controls Always put the Close box or large Close box in the bottom right corner of the container view it closes Where to Use a Regular Close Box The contents of a container view determine whether it should have a Close box or large Close box A large Close box looks best alongside text buttons or picture buttons A regular Close box does not look good next to text or picture buttons because it is smaller than they are Figure 3 15 shows where and where not to use a regular Close box Figure 3 15 Where to use a regular Close box Preferences ST Z Cupertino CA amp Security 5 39 pm Mon 3 11 Ea Sound ig Alarm Sleep
130. e computer with another graphical user interface There may be similarities between portable computers and Newton devices but the differences summarized below are more important than the similarities when it comes to designing a user interface for an application Newton Portable Computers Focused function General purpose New architecture optimized for Derived from desktop computer mobility and communications architecture which is optimized use it anywhere any time for stationary operation Tapping writing and drawing Typing pointing and clicking with with a pen mouse and keyboard Intelligent assistant Scripting and macros New and custom applications Existing desktop applications It s a communications assistant It s a personal computer Simple Complex To take advantage of its distinguishing features and capabilities Newton has distinctive user interface elements Know Your Audience Identifying and understanding your target audience are among the most important first steps when you start designing your product To create a product that people can and will use study the people who make up your target audience It s useful to create scenarios that describe a typical day in the life of a person you think uses the type of product you re designing Think about the different work spaces tools and constraints and limitations that people deal with You can also visit actual work places and study how people do their jobs Anal
131. eal world so they immediately understand the concept of filing data items in folders on a Newton Other common metaphors include scrubbing to delete data tapping buttons to make things happen sending and receiving things through an in box and out box setting dates and times on calendars and digital clocks and homing in on information with alphabetic index tabs Figure 1 1 illustrates some Newton metaphors Metaphors suggest a use for objects and actions in the Newton interface but that use doesn t define or limit the implementation of the metaphor For example a paper folder has a limited storage capacity but a folder on a 1 4 Observe Basic Human Interface Principles CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Figure 1 1 Metaphors help people quickly grasp how software works EERE s orani ee foer button anc folder tab for filin E Tue 3719 notes i althrop Royce Dates Calendar for specifying a date 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ef 23 24 25 26 27 28 Newton doesn t have to be constrained by the same limitation Newton folders can hold a limitless number of items up to the storage capacity of the hardware and this is an advantage that the Newton can offer Try to strike a balance between the metaphor s suggested use and the ability of the Newton to support and extend the metaphor Naturally you can t find a metaphor for everything Be sure to use the established metaphors but if you can t come up with a solid metap
132. ecify a particular recipient it displays a generic recipient that a user does not change For a description of People pickers see People Picker on page 4 27 Choosing a Printer When a user taps the printer named in the center of a print routing slip a list picker pops up The picker lists printers that a user has recently chosen along with items that allow the user to choose a different printer The user can choose to select a network printer or other printer If a user chooses to select a network printer and is connected to a network the system displays a list of printers it finds on the network If the user chooses to select a non network printer the system displays a list of printers for which driver software is installed on the Newton device Figure 7 10 illustrates the process of choosing a printer Routing Outgoing Items 7 15 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 10 Choosing a printer in a routing slip Ann Owner Home Printer StyleWriter 1 amp IT ap Printer 3 StyleWriter I amp I T Most recently ae ApDID aE selected printers Choose Network Printerd e e e e o e ej o Choose Other Printer Format Plain Ge ceccccece Ge cc cccceces Select aPrinter Select a Printer Stylewriter i1 amp It Pers Laserwriter 300 Choosing Fax or E mail Recipients The recipient in a fax or e mail routing slip is a picker label Tapping it pops up a picker that lists na
133. ecognition system has a sophisticated multiple recognizer architecture There are separate recognizers for words geometric shapes and gestures any of which an application can make simul taneously active An arbitrator in the recognition system examines the results from simultaneously active recognizers and returns the recognition match that has the highest confidence The text recognizers can handle printed cursive or mixed handwriting They can work together with built in dictionaries to choose words that accurately match what a user has written and they can recognize a user s writing letter by letter A user can also add new words to a personal dictionary The shape recognizer recognizes both simple and complex geometric objects cleaning up rough drawings into shapes with straight lines and smooth curves The shape recognizer also recognizes symmetry using that property if present to help it recognize and display objects Writing Drawing and Editing 6 15 CHAPTER 6 Data Input You don t need to do anything in your application to handle ordinary recog nition The Newton system s input interface elements handle recognition of writing and drawing including a method for users to correct misrecognized words For example when a user writes a word on a labeled input line that interface element automatically passes the pen strokes to the system s text recognizer accepts the recognized word back and displays the typeset wor
134. elete Picking a routing command from an Action picker starts the routing process which is detailed in Chapter 7 Routing and Communications Picking the Duplicate command if the Action picker includes one makes an exact copy of the data item or items affected by the Action picker Picking the Delete command if the Action picker includes one brings up a confirmation alert asking the user to authorize deleting the data item or items affected by the Action picker The function of other commands listed below the separator line in an Action picker are determined by the application that adds them there People Picker The People picker is an overview picker that contains names of people and companies from the Names File and Owner Info applications For each name a People picker can also include a phone number fax number or e mail address The controls and behavior of a People picker are the same as any ordinary overview picker see Overview Pickers on page 4 19 Figure 4 21 shows a sample People picker Standard Newton Pickers 4 27 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 21 A People picker excerpts items from the Names File and Owner Info applications Names Unfiled Names Phones Unfiled Names Fed jetigh ij Kl fanjop gr st juv bx yz Eco ef gh ij Kl mnjop qr st juv pex yz 4 28 Alice s Restaurant Li Anderson Bob a Azari Rufus Ct Body M E i Conglomerated Credit to Ginger Island Li Majors Art
135. em Be as specific as possible if appropriate use the name of the application or the name of the view to which the message applies For example The Expense Report slip doesn t scroll is more helpful than This view doesn t support scrolling Confirmation Alerts An application uses a confirmation alert which has the same wavy border as a notification alert to have the user confirm or cancel an action that may have far reaching consequences For example confirmation alerts appear before the Newton puts into effect changes the user has made to folder names Use a confirmation alert to warn the user in advance of a potentially Auxiliary Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views dangerous situation For example a confirmation alert appears before Newton restores anything from the backup on a storage card A confirmation alert has no Close box Instead it has labeled buttons usually one named OK and another named Cancel The user taps OK to continue the far reaching or potentially hazardous action or taps Cancel to cancel the action and do something else Figure 2 18 shows a confirmation alert with OK and Cancel buttons Figure 2 18 A confirmation alert tells the user about a grave situation Delete all selected items Can t Undo Take care to phrase the confirmation message so that it makes sense with either the Cancel button or the OK button For instance the message You ve modified one or more items Do yo
136. en if advised of the possibility of such damages THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS ORAL OR WRITTEN EXPRESS OR IMPLIED No Apple dealer agent or employee is authorized to make any modification extension or addition to this warranty Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for incidental or consequential damages so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you This watranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Newton 2 0 user interface guidelines Apple Computer Inc cm Includes index ISBN 0 201 48838 8 1 User interfaces Computer systems I Apple Computer Inc QA76 9 U83N49 1996 005 265 dc20 96 20168 CIP Preface Contents Figures xiii About This Book xxi Chapter 1 Who Should Read This Book xxi What s in This Book xxii Related Books xxii Visual Cues Used in This Book xxiii Developer Products and Support xxiii Newton and Its Users 11 Understand Newton 1 1 Know Your Audience 1 2 What People Do With Newton 1 3 Accessibility 1 3 Observe Basic Human Interface Principles 1 4 Metaphors 1 4 Direct Manipulation 1 6 Feedback 1 7 See and Point 1 7 Consistency 1 7 User Control 1 8 Forgiveness 1 8 Stability 1 9 Aesthetic Integrity 1 9 Design for the Newton S
137. ent The system includes a Format picker if there is more than one format for the class of data being sent A transport may include additional pickers buttons checkboxes radio buttons and other interface elements that users may need to prepare the routing action For example the built in fax transport includes six additional interface elements a picker two checkboxes and three buttons Figure 7 13 shows the interface elements in the lower panel of a Fax routing slip Figure 7 13 Setting format and content options in a routing slip eS Ann Owner A 7 Home Fax 5 Name H E Body Fax System includes Format picker if s 1 216 555 0950 more than one E format exists for outgoing data Format Plain Transport c P provides other over Page Standard user options i Fine resolution i Manually connect Fax x Format Picker A routing slip s Format picker lists all the routing formats that apply to the outgoing item or items For example five formats might apply when faxing an item while only one format applies when beaming Figure 7 14 shows the variety of format choices available in several built in applications on an Apple MessagePad 120 7 20 Routing Outgoing Items Data class One Notepad item One Names File item Multiple Names File items Date Book detail CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 14 Format choices vary by transport and class of data Faxing multiple formats in picker E mai
138. er container view To change or modify For example to insert remove replace or move text The marks a user sees as the user writes or draws on the screen as opposed to the typeset words or regular shapes the system displays when it recognizes the user s writing or drawing A type of communications connection such as a serial connection modem infrared beam or AppleTalk network An input area that expands when tapped to become large enough for writing GL 3 GL 4 GLOSSARY Extras Drawer field A built in container view that displays named picture buttons a user can tap to open applications One item of data input Also the place in a container view where a user can input a data item by tapping typing writing or drawing floating container view folder tab font font size font style gauge glance gravity highlight hot spot icon A container view that initially appears in front of all open sibling views A control that allows users to select which folder s contents are currently displayed in a container view The folder tab goes at the top of the container view and displays the name of the currently selected folder A complete set of characters in one typeface design The size of a font in points Examples of font size are 12 point and 18 point A set of stylistic variations other than size such as bold italic and underline An object with a marker that indicates an amo
139. er taps the Close box your application should register the ongoing action with the Notify service The system will continue processing the action in the background In addition your application may register a deferred notification alert when it sets an alarm see Alarms on page 8 4 and at other times The Notify service lists registered actions and notifications in a Notify picker which pops up if a user taps the Notify button Choosing a listed action redisplays the corresponding status slip Choosing a listed notification alert displays it Figure 8 3 shows a Notify picker Figure 8 3 The Notify picker lists ongoing actions and deferred alerts G Advisory bar Status slip Notification alert Notify Button and Picker 8 3 Alarms CHAPTER 8 Newton Services When a user chooses an action or alert from the Notify picker the Notify service automatically removes the chosen item from the picker If your application or transport completes an action listed in the Notify picker it must remove the action from the Notify picker by unregistering the action with the Notify service The Notify service automatically removes the Notify button when the last item is removed from the Notify picker For more information on status slips see Status Slips on page 2 20 and Routing Status on page 7 29 For more information on notification alerts see Notification Alerts on page 2 17 Your application can use the N
140. er the operation so the Notify service will remove it from the Notify picker Close boxes and text buttons are covered in Chapter 3 Controls Auxiliary Views 2 23 CHAPTER 2 Container Views User Decision Besides reporting on the progress of an ongoing operation a status slip can report a condition that requires a user to choose one of two alternatives This type of status slip contains an icon a message of up to three lines and two text buttons This type of status slip does not have a progress indicator Stop button Cancel button or Close box Figure 2 22 shows an example of a status slip that demands a user decision Figure 2 22 A status slip can report a condition that demands a user decision 2 24 Do you want to wait for a call or are you manually connecting Wait For Call Manually Connect x Palettes A palette is a small container view that gives a user instant access to useful settings or information For example a user can use the Styles palette from the Extras Drawer to set the font size and style of any selected text or to change the line weight of a drawing Figure 2 23 shows the Styles palette A palette must be movable so it has a rounded corner matte border and a drag handle like a slip A palette can have a title but typically a palette s contents make its function clear without a title A palette floats on top of main views and on top of slips that are already open F
141. erated Credit Fri 2ra 10 46 am B send OCEAN The In Box is where a user first sees and deals with incoming faxes e mail beamed items and other data items received by Newton transport software Users can view many types of incoming data items in detail while the items are still in the In Box and can send some items directly from the In Box Most items remain in the In Box until a user puts them into other applications For example a user can read incoming e mail messages and then print them send replies to them or fax copies of them directly from the In Box before putting them into the Notepad application Some incoming items may not remain in the In Box for a user to put away An application can have the Newton system immediately transfer specific types of incoming items from the In Box to the application For example incoming stock quotes from a wireless modem could be transferred automati cally to a stock tracking application The In Out Box 7 3 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications The Out Box The Out Box holds data items coming from all applications and waiting to be printed faxed beamed e mailed or sent by other Newton transport software Items in the Out Box stay there until a user physically connects the Newton to a suitable output device and chooses to send the items For example a user may choose to fax and e mail several items while aboard an airplane Those items go into the Out Box and wait until the
142. ere the selected text contains two sizes Icons wth words as picker items Separator line no check mark Duplicate with icons or command items ff Delete Picker button 4 2 List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers A list picker does not include a title because the picker s context should make its purpose clear The picker may contain scroll arrows a Close box and other controls as described in Using a List Picker on page 4 9 Check Marks A check mark W has special meaning in a list picker In a picker that lists attributes values or states a check mark indicates which picker item is in effect A check mark is not used in a list of commands because no command is in effect until the user picks one Also check marks are not shown for picker items with an icon Icons Icons are completely optional in list pickers in fact there are several reasons to avoid them Use icons to clarify and distinguish the wording of picker items but not purely for decoration For a discussion of the pros and cons of icons in list pickers see Icons in a Picker on page 5 12 Item Names In a list picker use one word for item names when possible and capitalize it When you must use more than one word you should generally capitalize just the first word You can capitalize differently if it makes sense in a particular context For example the items in the Date Book s Show picker are titles of views and are capitalized l
143. error before the input gets stale or leads to other input errors However a user who makes lots of mistakes may feel pestered by what seem to be nitpicking error messages Another approach is to check all input items in one view at the same time when a user taps a button to confirm all the input items and close the view This approach only disrupts the user once per view instead of once per input item If you take this approach try to make your error messages as specific and diagnostic as possible It s all too easy to make error messages vague Error Handling C HAPTER 7 Routingand Communications The Newton system provides a standard user interface for sending and receiving data by several communications methods called transports Most Newton systems come with transports for printing faxing beaming and e mailing You can develop additional transports that users can install and remove at will independent of installing and removing applications The system makes newly installed transports available immediately in all applications built in and otherwise and makes newly removed transports unavailable immediately in all applications If you are developing an application and want to give users access to transports for sending your application s data items you include Action buttons in the application s container views If you want your application to receive incoming data items you have your application tell the system which
144. es and Never Sliders work very well for displaying a continuous range of values and for letting users choose any value in the range Radio Buttons For a field that can have just one of a few unchanging values an application can use a cluster of radio buttons A user selects an input from a cluster of radio buttons by tapping one of the radio buttons This automatically deselects the previously selected radio button in the cluster A cluster of radio buttons always offers the same choices the radio buttons never change dynamically depending on context Figure 6 4 shows a sample cluster of radio buttons Figure 6 4 With radio buttons a user can select one value for a field The selected radio button is black Bread i White toast i Wheat toast Sourdough toast it Biscuit co Mone Notice that a cluster of radio buttons offers a user the same choices as a short picker On the downside radio buttons take up more space in a view than a picker because they are always visible in the view On the upside being always visible makes radio buttons faster and easier to use than a picker There s no need to tap and a wait however briefly for anything to pop up For a detailed description of radio buttons see Radio buttons on page 3 1 Tapping CHAPTER 6 Data Input Checkboxes For a field that can have one or more of a few unchanging values an applica tion can use a set of checkboxes Figure 6 5 shows a
145. es and states group the items according to type In a picker that contains a single type of item look for another criterion For instance the Printer picker in a Print routing slip lists specific printers in one group and commands that access other printers in a second group The Look For picker in the Find slip has two groups one for finding text and another for dates You put a separator line between groups of items in a list picker How many separator lines to use is partially an aesthetic decision Remember that separator lines take up screen space and that the Newton interface relies on aesthetic integrity as a means of good communication Figure 4 4 contrasts a good balance of grouping with too little grouping and too much grouping List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 4 Grouping items in list pickers eh Print Date f Print Date eh Print Date Eh Fax eh Fax c Beam 7 g Beam EJ Mail Duplicate Mai Duplicate i Delete m ite am Delete o Appropriate Too many Not enough grouping groups groups For general grouping of items in a picker you should only use a dotted separator line never a solid separator line The solid separator line is reserved for setting apart choices related to storage such as the names of available card stores and the internal store at the bottom of a picker see Folder Tab on page 8 19 Sources of List Pickers A list picker can pop up from a text button or text label
146. evice For example an Apple MessagePad 120 comes with transports for printing faxing e mailing and beaming Users can install additional transports at any time Building an Action Picker The system builds every Action picker dynamically at the time a user taps an Action button This allows all applications to take advantage of new transports that might be installed in the Newton device at any time Because the system is responsible for building an Action picker an application need not know anything about the available transports Likewise transports can be removed from the system without any effects on applications The Newton system matches the transports to the data being routed creating the Action picker on demand Instead of naming an individual transport any action listed in an Action picker may name a group of related transports For example there might be several different e mail transports listed as a group under the single action Mail After picking the Mail action a user would have an opportunity to select one of the available e mail transports as described in Transport Picker on page 7 18 Routing Outgoing Items 7 11 7 12 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications In addition to putting transports and transport groups at the top of an Action picker the system puts application defined actions at the bottom of the picker An application can define actions that appear in all its Action pickers It can als
147. ew 2 27 Rotate button 3 30 rotating display See display orientation routing updating 7 14 See also In Out Box routing slip Action button and picker 7 8 alternative methods 7 34 automatic 7 3 7 4 confirming 7 19 formats 7 20 incoming items 7 3 7 24 by Intelligent Assistant 7 35 Item Info button and slip 7 6 nothing to route 7 8 outgoing items 7 4 7 7 7 8 preferences 7 32 preview in 7 23 printer 7 15 programmed 7 36 recipient information 7 15 7 16 7 35 remote items 7 26 scheduled 7 26 sender information 7 13 status 7 29 stopping 7 31 Transport picker 7 18 view template for 7 5 routing slip animation 7 13 border 2 7 Close box 7 18 contents 7 12 controls in 7 20 e mail 7 16 fax 7 16 Format picker 7 20 printer 7 15 purpose 7 12 recipient information 7 15 7 35 Send button 7 19 Sender picker 7 13 shadow for 2 8 Transport picker 7 18 S scheduled routing 7 26 screen See also display orientation layout 1 11 size 1 12 2 34 scroll arrows See also scrolling list picker 4 12 local 2 39 nonfunctional 2 49 overview picker 4 22 scrolling list 6 5 universal 2 38 using 2 37 scrollers See scroll arrows scrolling See also scroll arrows automatic 2 43 in Find service 8 13 four way 2 41 list picker 4 12 none available 2 49 in overview 2 48 overview picker 4 22 by page 2 38 2 40 performance 2 44 view 2 36 scrolling list 6 4 scrubbing 6 24 searching See Find service see and po
148. ew button The detail item that was displayed should either be centered in the overview or at the top of the overview Figure 2 39 shows the change when a Names File user taps the Overview button Figure 2 39 Getting an overview EETETE Untied Notes E Sun 3 10 Qe All Names A jerjgh ij ki jnnjop arj st juv bea yz 216 555 0950 600 555 1000 fO2 555 3266 510 555 6703 910 555 0123 910 555 7422 413 555 3636 401 555 3549 617 555 1000 af T Overra Marge N 510 555 1558 iris Pending Pat 310 555 1666 100 A Street His Pepper Basil 719 555 6644 Town and Country Ohio 44000 Hiu Pham Duoc Yan 516 555 5365 eWorld nebody Hiei Pillow Kitty 509 555 1267 iff Pineda Bruno 510 555 6546 216 555 0950 F ish Reconwitt Amand 714 555 9553 216 555 1953 H iis Roberts Bob 510 555 8989 216 555 1983 W Cais Shorts Jim 605 555 9060 Ci Thornborrow Jem 308 555 7664 POO pessal gt Names Dates Extraz i Undo Find Assist Tepi ep Mames Dates Extras bd Unda Find Assist 1 Before tapping the Overview button 2 After tapping the Overview button To see an item in detail a user taps its title in the overview Tapping an item listed in the overview closes the overview and displays the detail view for the item that was tapped Your application could also take different actions depending on where the user taps an entry in the overview For example in a Names File overview tapping the left part of a line where the name
149. ewton system s Alarms service to display a notification alert or perform other actions at a specified time If the Newton is asleep at the time the alarm is to execute the system powers up the Newton and executes the alarm If the alarm displays an alarm notification alert the user can postpone the alarm for a specified time period by tapping the Snooze button included in the notification alert as shown in Figure 8 4 Figure 8 4 An alarm notification alert s Snooze button can postpone the alarm Alarm title Alarm message How long to postpone 8 4 G Reminder Thu 2 29 10 30 am Take a break 9 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes Alarms CHAPTER 8 Newton Services The Snooze button is optional Your application can use a plain notification alert without a Snooze button see Notification Alerts on page 2 17 or no notification alert at all Unacknowledged Alarms Your application does not have to do anything to handle alarms that a user does not acknowledge If a user is away from his or her Newton when an alarm goes off and the Newton goes back to sleep before the user returns the user won t know the alarm went off until powering up the Newton again The Newton system s Persistent Alarms user preference solves this problem When this preference is enabled the system reschedules alarms until the user acknowledges them To conserve battery power the length of time between reappearances of a particula
150. following items m An icon visually identifies the application or the operation in progress m A title names the application or the operation in progress m A message provides additional information about the operation in progress for example Searching Names Connecting to desktop and so on m A progress indicator shows that the system is busy and may show elapsing progress A Stop or Cancel button allows a user to halt the ongoing operation m A Close box allows a user to put away the status slip without halting the ongoing operation Auxiliary Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views A status slip does not take the place of the Newton busy cursor which appears automatically at the top center of the screen when the system temporarily cannot respond to user input see Automatic Busy Cursor on page 8 2 Your application should display a status slip when it begins an operation that takes more than a few seconds to complete Title and Message Either the title or the message text in a status slip should begin with a gerund such as preparing or sorting and end with three periods nota single period a hyphen a dash or an ellipsis character For example when searching more than one application the built in Find service displays Find on the first line and a message similar to Searching in Names the message is continuously updated with the name of the application currently being
151. front of all other open views that have also been set up to receive those taps It is entirely possible for the view that is affected by the universal scroll arrows to be partially or completely covered by other open views that were not set up to receive scroll arrow taps A view that receives scroll arrow taps also receives taps on the Overview button which is described in Overview on page 2 44 There is no convention for indicating what will scroll when a user taps a universal scroll arrow Users must learn by experience what will scroll when they tap the universal scroll arrows Generally the universal scroll arrows should scroll most of the information in a view An application should not use the universal scroll arrows to scroll part of the information embedded in a view For instance the built in Date Book application uses the universal scroll arrows for scrolling from day to day not for scrolling from hour to hour or month to month Local Scroll Arrows For scrolling part of the information embedded in a view an application should use local scroll arrows For instance the Date Book has a set of local scroll arrows for scrolling from hour to hour and another set for scrolling from month to month Figure 2 32 illustrates the Date Book s use of scroll arrows How Views Work 2 39 Universal scroll arrows scroll day to day 2 40 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 32 How scroll arrows work in the Date Book s Da
152. g Help from this Info picker simply displays the system help book open to the routing section A transport can add more items to the Info picker that pops up in a Preferences slip Routing Alternatives There are some alternatives to the Action picker method of routing For example the Calls application has a Place Call button for routing an outgoing phone call Tapping the Place Call button displays a routing slip for the call transport The Call routing slip is similar to a Fax routing slip In the upper part of the Call routing slip a user specifies the caller the caller s location and the call recipient see Sender Picker on page 7 13 and Choosing Fax or E mail Recipients on page 7 16 In the lower part of the Call routing slip a picker and a button control how the call is dialed Figure 7 24 shows a sample Call routing slip Figure 7 24 A Call routing slip sets up an outgoing phone call if Ann Owner Caller name and A iome Phone location if Call recipient e Name Message Center Ph name and number 595 5e75 7 34 Routing Alternatives Routing slip for pr the action witten in the Intelligent Assistant CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Another way users can route items through most transports is with the Intelligent Assistant In addition applications can route items program matically These two routing methods are described in more detail in the remainder of this section Routing
153. gin with a diamond symbol if the button pops up a picker For complete information on pickers see Chapter 4 Pickers Naming Take Action Buttons A user typically reads the text in a slip until it becomes familiar and then relies on visual cues such as button names or positions to respond To assist users in quickly spotting which button in the slip initiates an action name the take action button with a specific verb such as Print Fax or File These words are self sufficient whereas vaguely affirmative names such as OK and Yes require the user to scan other parts of the slip to verify what action the button initiates Figure 3 4 compares a specific button name to a generic button name in the same context Buttons Usea specific verb Avoid a vague affirmative CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 4 Name buttons distinctively wherever possible File this Date on IOE Internal Pink Card File this Date on iE Internal Pink Card There are cases where a button named OK or Yes serves best You may want to name a button with a vague affirmative to encourage the user to look elsewhere in the slip for a complete description of a pending action with far reaching consequences Another place to use OK or Yes is in a slip where you simply can t name the action to be taken with one or two words If you name buttons with generic words be sure other text in the slip makes clear what action the button initiates Na
154. gnizer Keyboard New Show Filing Action Item Info and Rotate This section describes where each of those standard buttons belongs and what it does 3 22 Standard Newton Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Other specific controls defined by the Newton system are described elsewhere For descriptions of scroll arrows and the overview button see Scrolling on page 2 36and Overview on page 2 44 The Undo button is described in Error Correction on page 6 37 The Notify Icon is described in Notify Button and Picker on page 8 2 The Action button is described in Action Button and Picker on page 7 8 The New Show Filing Find and Assist buttons are described in Chapter 8 Newton Services Analog Clock Button Space permitting you can include an Analog Clock button at the left end of your application s status bar The clock continuously displays the time of day If a user taps the clock a small panel bearing a digital clock and battery gauge slides out The panel goes away automatically after three seconds unless the user taps it sooner Figure 3 22 shows how the Analog Clock button works Figure 3 22 How the Analog Clock button works LE A EEN New fht Show EA 3712 96 10 00am Battery EHHH The Analog Clock button displays the time Tapping the Analog Clock button briefly displays a digital clock and battery gauge Info Button An Info button lets users access your application s Abo
155. gure 5 8 shows the masks of several animated icons Extras Drawer Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons Figure 5 8 Combining an icon with its mask to animate the icon Not selected on cin Tar s id ah Mask hg ki r ee fh w Bs a Selected il yl om lt gt ES By be If you don t provide a mask for your application s icon the Extras Drawer automatically creates one that is an all black shadow of the icon An all black shadow mask combines with an icon to create a highlighted form of the icon Title Icons An icon at the beginning of a view title graphically represents whatever the title describes in words For example an icon at the beginning of a slip title indicates the function of the slip An icon is optional in a slip title Figure 5 9 illustrates a slip title with an icon Figure 5 9 An icon in a slip title should decorate and inform 11 pixels high on a MessagePad E kman Bal Man ad AAA A title icon should be the same height as the title text The usual font for the title is the 10 point bold system font which calls for an icon 11 pixels tall on an Apple MessagePad For more information on view titles see View Title on page 2 4 Title Icons 5 11 CHAPTER 5 Icons Button Icons You can use an icon to label a button For example the Action button and the Filing button have icons as labels The button may have a border or not depending on the icon design and the button location see Picture Button
156. hand held video camera will work In fact you don t even have to use video equipment You can use a tape recorder to record what is spoken during the session The important point is that you create some kind of objective factual record of the session that you refer to later That way you ll have documentation to support your design decisions and you ll be able to see trends in users behavior You might want to write a report that documents the process you used and the results you found After you ve examined the results and summarized the important findings fix the problems you found and test the product again By testing your product more than once you ll see how your changes affect users performance Involve Users in the Design Process 1 19 C HAPTER 2 Container Views pictThis chapter describes container views in which an application shows the user text and graphic information and in which the user interacts with the information and the application The chapter presents specifications and recommendations about the appearance and behavior of these container views including how to display them on the screen how users interact with them and how they interact with each other There are several kinds of standard container views whose regular looks enhance the visual stability of Newton applications The standard views provide predictable ways to see and interact with all the different kinds of information people can create and
157. hat makes it appear If top alignment would cause the picker to extend past the bottom of the screen then the picker should line up with the bottom of the label or button that makes it appear A long picker or a short screen may require aligning the top or bottom of the picker to the top or bottom of the screen Figure 4 6 illustrates proper and improper alignment of list pickers and the labels or buttons that make them appear 4 8 List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 6 How a list picker should align with its label or button Button hidden behind picker vO Best picker next to its label or vO OK wide picker Avoid picker and its label or button s button and aligned at top or bottom s above or below its misaligned or picker completely label or button covering its label or button If you want your application to work when a user rotates the display with the Extras Drawer s Rotate button your application may need to make picker alignment dependent on screen size Using a List Picker A user makes a list picker pop up by tapping the button or label that controls it While the picker is open the application highlights the picker s controlling button or label Nothing else happens until the user touches the screen again The user does not have to press and hold the pen on the button or label to keep the picker open the picker stays open until the user touches the screen again If the user touches the screen outside the lis
158. he Action picker which is described on page 4 26 For general information about sending and receiving data see Chapter 7 Routing and Communications ltem Info Button The picture button at the left end of a separator bar which is called an Item Info button depicts the type of item below the separator bar For example the Notepad application includes three types of items plain note checklist and outline Tapping an Item Info button brings up an Item Info slip in which a user can change the title of the item below the separator bar The Item Info slip also reports statistics about the item such as its type when it was created where it is stored and how much storage space it occupies Figure 3 32 shows a sample Item Info button and slip Standard Newton Buttons 3 29 CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 32 Seeing an Item Info slip 1 05 Tue 3 12 All Notes 1 A user taps the E Mahatma Gandhi Quotes GJ EA Item Info button in aa aeaea a separator bar E Tite Mahatma Gandhi 2 The ItemInfo f slip for the item E note EE Date 9 26 am Fri 1721794 below the bar is E displayed Size 232 bytes Where Pink Card If a user scrolls an item s separator bar out of view while its Item Info slip is displayed the Item Info slip closes automatically and does not reopen automatically if the user scrolls the separator bar back into view To see the Item Info slip again the user must tap the Item Info butto
159. he Recognizer picker lists the type of recognition options that are appropriate for the type of input users can make If users can only write text the recognizer should only include text recognition options Text and Ink Text If users can only draw shapes the recognizer should only include shapes recognition options Shapes and Sketches The Recognizer picker should include all recognition options if users can write text and draw shapes The last item in the Recognizer picker is always Preferences Selecting it gives users quick access to the handwriting recognition section of the built in Preferences application The Recognizer picker usually pops up from a Recognizer button on the left side of the status bar next to the Info button In addition users may need to control recognition separately in slips The Recognizer picker should also pop up from a Recognizer button in the lower left corner of a slip that allows users to input text or shapes if that slip covers the status bar and can t be moved out of the way A slip should also contain its own recognition control if it allows both text and shape input but the Recognizer picker on the status bar only offers text recognition options Figure 6 15 shows a shows a slip with its own recognition control Figure 6 15 Users may need to control recognition separately in a slip x E ee G Preferences OLE TA ETE New fe Show ae T ate G Preferences y In this application the Rec
160. he word phone to be the same as the word Phone The order in which a user writes words is not significant For example the phrase Royce fax produces the same result as the phrase fax Royce This syntax independent architecture allows easier localization of applications for international audiences The Assistant ignores words it does not know giving users the freedom to write naturally Rather than limiting the user to terse commands the Assistant extracts meaningful words from phrases such as Make a phone call to Bob at work and ignores the others There is a limit to this freedom however The Assistant does not attempt to interpret a phrase containing more than 15 words Assist Slip If the Assistant can t interpret a user s written request the Assistant displays an Assist slip where the user can provide more information The user can choose an action from the Assist slip s Please picker and can write on the slip s input line If a user wrote some words before tapping the Assist button but did not write enough to clearly specify an action the Assist slip displays those words and includes a message prompting the user to provide additional information For example if a user just wrote Bob the Assistant could perform a number of actions it could find Bob fax Bob call Bob schedule a meeting with Bob and so on Figure 8 23 shows examples of Assist slips with too few words and with no words
161. hich the user enters a first name last name and fax number The name and fax number would be added to the overview picker and to the Names File data Later the user could use the Names File application to fill in additional information for the new person Standard Newton Pickers A typical application has some of the following standard Newton pickers pop up from buttons on its status bar or on separator bars the Info picker New picker Show picker Action picker and People picker This section describes all of those standard Newton pickers Additional pickers defined by the Newton system are described in other parts of this book The Keyboard Recognition and Alpha Sorter pickers are described in Chapter 6 Data Input The Action picker is described in Chapter 7 Routing and Communications The Filing Folder Find and Assist pickers are described in Chapter 8 Newton Services Standard Newton Pickers 4 23 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Info Picker The Info picker pops up from the standard Info button at the left end of the status bar and gives users access to preference settings for the application general information about the application or on screen help for the application The Info picker contain any of these general information items About Help and Prefs The Info picker may also contain additional items unique to the application Figure 4 17 shows several example Info pickers Figure 4 17 An Info picker
162. hor for another object or action then do without Don t distort the real world into a caricature in a slavish attempt to find a metaphor Observe Basic Human Interface Principles 1 5 1 6 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Direct Manipulation Your product should let users feel that they are directly controlling something tangible not abstract Make sure objects on the screen remain visible while a user performs actions on them and make the result of the user s actions immediately visible For example a user can reschedule a meeting in the built in Date Book application by dragging the meeting s icon from one time to another Figure 1 2 illustrates direct manipulation Figure 1 2 Users should feel they are directly controlling something tangible Apr 24 Apr 25 Apr 24 Apr 25 prn m 7 So A ek Meena eA i ee LTA eT New jf Show FEA x ERA Jte New fle Show BAX 1 User drags a meeting icon to a new time 2 Icon appears at new meeting time Observe Basic Human Interface Principles CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Feedback In addition to seeing the results of their actions users need immediate feed back when they operate controls and ongoing status reports during lengthy operations Have your application respond to every user action with some visible change For example make sure every button highlights when a user taps it Audible feedback also helps but can t be the primary or sole feedback be
163. ich users can correct and edit text and shapes Text Input There are several interface elements for text input They can accept all types of written input including general text numbers phone numbers dates and time Applications can also tune the text input elements for a specific type of text such as numbers phone numbers or dates All text input elements have the following capabilities Recognition Automatically transform handwriting or printing to typeset text An application can let users turn off or delay recognition m Ink Text Display and store handwriting and printing exactly as written in electronic ink for later transformation to typeset text at the user s discretion m Text insertion Add newly written words at the caret symbol displayed on the screen or at the end of the nearest line depending on how the user sets handwriting preferences m Clipping Automatically clip text that won t fit by showing an ellipsis to indicate text beyond what is visible m Correction Let users correct misrecognized text Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input m Editing Let users edit text select delete copy and paste duplicate and move Formatting Let users format individual words and characters in several different fonts styles and sizes Where there is space to write paragraphs of text not just single lines the text input elements also have these capabilities m Word wrap Re form line
164. ich you will have to step in and provide assistance but you should decide what those situations will be before you begin testing For example you may decide that you will allow someone to struggle for at least three minutes before you provide assistance Or you may decide that there is a distinct set of problems on which you will provide help However if a participant becomes very frustrated it s better to intervene than have the participant give up completely As a rule of thumb try not to give your test participants any more infor mation than the true users of your product will have Here are some things you can say to the participant As you re working through the exercises I won t be able to provide help or answer questions This is because we want to create the most realistic situation possible Even though I won t be able to answer your questions please ask them anyway It s very important that I capture all your questions and comments When you ve finished all the exercises I ll answer any questions you still have 6 Describe in general terms what the participant will be doing Explain what all the materials are such as the set of tasks disks and a questionnaire and the sequence in which the participant will use them Give the participant written instructions for the tasks If you need to demonstrate your product before the user observation begins be sure you don t demonstrate something y
165. iew commonly takes the form of a table of contents It lists the titles or names of items that can be viewed in more detail Together with the name or title of each item the overview lists a a key bit of information about the item For instance the Notepad lists the first part of each note next to its title The Names File lists a phone number with each name The Call Log lists the date and time of each call And the Extras Drawer lists each item s size and where it is stored If an item s title or supplemental information is too long for the space available in an overview the application can use an ellipsis to indicate there is more information Next to each item in an overview there may be a small icon that symbolizes the type of item note checklist or outline in the Notepad person company group or place in the Names File and so forth The overview may also have a checkbox next to each item so a user can select one or more items and act How Views Work 2 45 CHAPTER 2 Container Views on the selected items with controls in the status bar such as a Filing button or Action button see Primary Controls and Status Bar on page 2 11 A gray line separates checkboxes from data items If an overview lists items that users may have filed in folders the overview should have a folder tab at the top so users can determine which folder s items are displayed see Folder Tab on page 8 19 If listed items cannot be filed i
166. iew lists items that match search criteria 8 12 The Find slip reports which found item is currently displayed 8 13 A Filing slip names available folders and storage locations 8 14 A Filing button at the bottom of a view affects the entire view 8 15 A Filing button above an item affects only that item 8 16 A Filing slip can include storage locations folders or both 8 17 Headings for radio button clusters in Filing slips 8 18 Slips for entering and editing folder names 8 19 A folder tab allows users to filter a view by folder 8 20 A Folder picker can list available storage locations 8 20 A folder tab can include a digital clock and calendar 8 21 A folder tab can include a view title 8 21 The Assist button makes the Assistant try a written action request 8 23 An Assist slip appears when the Assistant needs more information 8 25 The Assistant s Please picker lists known actions and recent phrases 8 26 Online help has a topical outline and concise instructions 8 28 The Prefs application shows system wide preference settings 8 30 A preferences slip contains application specific settings 8 31 PREFACE About This Book Newton 2 0 User Interface Guidelines describes how to create software products that optimize the interaction between people and devices that use Newton 2 0 software The book explains the whys and hows of the Newton 2 0 interface in general terms and in specific details Newton 2 0 User Interface G
167. ifies what to find and where to look Tapping the Find jee gt button brings up ae the Find slip m Look for ewon Where Everywhere 3 Selected The standard Find slip contains a labeled input line used to specify a search criterion and several radio buttons used to specify the scope of the search The labeled input line has a picker for specifying the kind of search to perform a text item or a date Your application can also implement specialized searches for other kinds of data these searches are described in more detail later in this section Figure 8 6 illustrates the standard Look For picker Figure 8 6 Specifying text or date searches in a Find slip dates on dates after Text Searches Text searches are not sensitive to capitalization and only match the beginnings of words For example a search for man would find the items man and Manila but not human To specify the text to search for a user writes on the input line in the Find slip Find 8 7 1 User taps the date to pop upa Date picker 2 Then selects a date in the Date picker CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Date Searches Date searches find items dated before after or on the date specified in the Find slip To specify a date a user taps the date shown in the Find slip This pops up a standard Date picker as shown in Figure 8 7 Figure 8 7 Specifying a date in a Find slip Look for
168. ike book titles If the text of a picker item ends a sentence begun by a picker label you should capitalize the label like a sentence and not capitalize the picker items at all except for proper nouns The Find slip s Look For picker is an example of sentence capitalization Avoid punctuation and symbols in list pickers Except for very common symbols such as an ampersand amp users find symbols ambiguous In parti cular do not put an ellipsis at the end of a picker item that will bring up a slip Unlike menus on personal computers Newton pickers do not use an ellipsis or any other symbol to indicate a command that will need more information from the user List Pickers 4 3 CHAPTER 4 Pickers You use different parts of speech to name items in a list picker depending on what effect they have when the user picks one For picker items that act as commands use verbs or verb phrases that declare the action that will occur when the user picks the item For example Duplicate means Duplicate the current data item and Fax means Fax the current data item Your picker command names should fit into a similar sentence In a list picker that lists several actions in the form of verbs include an object of the action in the form of a noun with the first item Subsequent items that refer to the same object need only list the action they don t need to repeat the object For example start with Print Note and follow up
169. ile the picker is open An overview picker can cover the label or button that makes it appear See pages 4 9 and 4 20 Field Alignment Be consistent in how you align field values with field labels including picker labels Generally you should line up a field s label with the field s displayed value not with the dotted line if present on which a user edits the field value In a view that has several fields in a column line up the labels at their left edges to insure a neat orderly appearance for your application See page 6 2 Close Box Size Use a regular small Close box in a view where there are no adjacent buttons Use a large Close box only where there are adjacent text buttons or standard height picture buttons See pages 3 15 and 3 15 Button Location Put buttons that affect an entire view at the bottom of the view and put buttons that only affect part of the view elsewhere Group buttons that affect content and appearance at the bottom left of a view and put buttons that control or initiate action at the bottom right See page 3 11 Button Spacing Space adjacent buttons three pixels apart and leave four pixels between buttons and the border of the view they re in See page 3 12 APPENDIX Avoiding Common Mistakes Button Size Make every text button 13 pixels high and center the button s name vertically Make the button just wide enough that with the button s name horizontally centered
170. ing When a process begun by a picker item takes more than a few seconds your application should provide more feedback by displaying a status slip that names the process underway as described in Status Slips on page 2 20 User Editing of Pickers If you want to allow users to be able to add remove and change items in a list picker include an item Edit or Edit Picker at the bottom of the picker with a separator line above it Choosing this item should bring up a slip in which users can edit the picker The slip should clearly indicate how many items the picker can contain Title the slip to make its purpose clear for example Edit Category List Instead of allowing users to edit picker items an application could auto matically include recent inputs for an input field in that field s picker For information on input fields see Chapter 6 Data Input List Pickers 4 11 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Scrolling A list picker may contain too many items to display at once on some Newton devices This can happen when a user rotates the display by tapping the Rotate button in the Extras Drawer It can also happen if a user adds many items to a customizable picker such as a folder picker When a list picker becomes too long to fit on the screen the Newton operating system automatically reduces the picker s length and adds ordinary local scroll arrows to the picker A user can tap the scroll arrows to bring
171. ing a Main View Tapping the Close box in an application s main view closes the application The main view goes away together with any of the application s auxiliary views that are also open Because a Newton device is personal most applications should maintain their state while closed even if the Newton device goes to sleep or a user turns it off An application that involves an ongoing task should save its state before closing and it should return to that saved state the next time it opens State information to be saved and restored includes newly and partially entered data the positions of all movable container views including the main view if it is movable and anything else the application will need to recreate what the user sees at the time the application closes An application doesn t need to save and restore its state if the application involves discrete short term tasks a dictionary e mail and so forth How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Closing a Slip A user can close any slip except a confirmation alert by tapping the Close box at the slip s lower right corner The slip goes away and the application accepts any changes a user made in the slip unless the slip has a take action button next to the Close box as described in Slips on page 2 15 If a user taps a take action button such as Do or Find the slip goes away and the application initiates the named action with the settings the use
172. int as design principle 1 7 selecting text and shapes 6 22 Send button 7 19 7 24 Sender picker 7 13 sending data See routing separator bar INDEX Action button on 3 28 7 10 buttons on 3 11 defined 2 11 Filing button on 3 27 8 16 Item Info button on 3 29 picture button on 3 7 separator line in Action picker 4 26 7 10 in folder tab 8 19 in list picker 4 6 not highlighted 4 11 shadow icon 5 4 view 2 8 shapes changing 6 31 duplicating 6 31 erasing 6 24 input 6 13 moving 6 32 selecting 6 22 Show button 3 26 7 6 Show picker 4 26 7 6 side by side paragraphs 6 9 simple input line 6 9 size icon 5 4 5 8 5 11 5 13 picture button 3 7 screen 2 34 text button 3 3 view 2 34 slider 3 20 6 7 slip Action button in 3 28 7 9 closing 2 16 2 33 3 15 defined 2 15 Filing button in 3 27 8 15 Filing slip 3 27 icon in title of 5 11 Item Info slip 3 29 Keyboard button in 3 25 opening 2 28 IN 12 position of 2 31 recognition in 6 17 Recognizer button in 3 24 status slip 2 20 vs roll view 2 27 Snooze button 2 17 8 4 sound 8 6 sound effect 2 32 space inserting 6 26 stability as design principle 1 9 standard Newton buttons 3 22 standard Newton pickers 4 23 star blinking 2 23 8 2 state application 2 32 3 6 button 3 10 3 11 stationery New picker 4 25 Show picker 4 26 status See also status slip Find service 8 11 In Out Box item 7 4 routing 7 29 status bar Action button on 3 28 7 9 Analog Clock button on
173. is sometimes called shown by this picker is the one corresponding to the last used owner name for a routing operation The default worksite for the owner is the one corresponding to the last worksite used for a routing operation including a canceled routing operation or the setting of the home location in the Time Zones application whichever was done last Note that users can create additional owner names and worksites in the Owner Info application and they can add cities to the Time Zones application Some transports need the sender s return address as well as the sender s name The transport extracts any return address information it needs such as the sender s fax number or e mail address from the sender s card in the Owner Info application Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Recipient Pickers The kind of recipient information displayed in the center of a routing slip envelope depends on the kind of transport involved For printing the recipient is the model or name of the printer to use For faxing or e mail the recipient is a name and fax number or e mail address taken from the Names File For beaming the recipient is any device with a compatible infrared port Print fax and e mail transports should display the name of the recipient as a picker label A user can tap the name to pop up a People picker in which to select different recipients The built in beam transport does not need to sp
174. is what the recognizer usually returns But if an input stroke is vague enough the recognizer might return an improper type of text such as a number instead of a letter Thus users can manage to write virtually anything in any text field Here is a complete list of recognition options that applications can control Allow users to control recognition with a Recognizer button on the status bar in a slip or both m Separately enable or disable recognition of words shapes and editing gestures m Recognize words letter by letter without using dictionaries Improve recognition of complex stroke groups in which users tend to put large spaces such as telephone numbers This is accomplished by disregarding spatial cues distance between gestures or strokes and relying solely on temporal cues time between the end of one stroke and the beginning of the next one to determine when a user has completed a group of strokes m Make the Names dictionary or any other built in dictionary the primary dictionary The Names dictionary contains common names for a user s locale not the names contained in the built in Names application m Use custom dictionaries with specialized words such as product names or plant species Limit word recognition to one or more of the built in dictionaries proper names surnames first names names of days and months names of countries names of states names of cities names of companies abbrevia tions
175. isible behind your application will be operable In this situation users can Design for the Newton System 1 11 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users get confused about what s frontmost and therefore about what will be scrolled when the scroll arrows are tapped and which view is currently in use Also keep in mind when designing your application that future Newton devices may have larger or smaller screens than current Newton devices To work with different screen sizes a Newton application must check the screen size and make adjustments as needed to the size and location of the things it displays so that everything fits If you want your application to work in either of the two display orientations available on an Apple MessagePad 120 your application needs to be able to adjust the position and configuration of everything it displays for regular or sideways orientation of the display Figure 1 3 shows how the built in Notepad application and the on screen keyboard adjust their size position and layout when a user rotates the display Figure 1 3 An application adjusts its size position and layout to fit the screen 4 25 Mon 37 18 Quotes Franklin Adams 4 A EE m oio FHE a ALT New Regular orientation on a MessagePad 120 4 27 hon 3 18 gt Quotes Wark Twain SESE GJ EA __then success is sure Mark Sideways orientation on a MessagePad 120 1 12 Design for the Newton System CHAPTER 1 Newton
176. ists only actions that apply to at least one of the selected items Figure 7 20 shows a sample Tag button and Tag picker Figure 7 20 The Tag picker disposes of currently selected In Box items Tag picker Li g Names Arington Yete Kean clini 16 pm ea Put Away B Log 1996 1 tem H EY Reply Read Mon 2719 12 55 pm Forward Tag button 5 Putting Away Received Items The Tag picker includes the Put Away action if an item the user has selected can be transferred from the In Box to another installed Newton application Each application registers with the system the types of items it can accept from the In Box For example the built in Notepad application accepts text items such as e mail messages in addition to regular Notepad items Independent of applications abilities to accept items from the In Box each transport can include a method for putting away items it has received If a transport can put away an item the user has selected the Tag picker includes a Put Away action whether or not any applications have registered to accept that type of item When a user chooses to put away an item the In Box displays a slip identify ing the target application If there are multiple targets multiple applications that can accept the item and a transport with a put away method the slip includes a picker label that the user can tap to pop up a list picker from which to choose one of the targets The slip a
177. ith a picker to the standard Find slip Figure 8 9 A custom Find slip displays application specific criteria at the top 10 10 Thu 2729 Unfiled Checks Ann Owner 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino CA 95014 Criterion added by the frontmost application Where Everywhere 3 Selected Checkbook amp Besides adding criteria to the top of the Find slip your application can suppress the Find slip s standard input line If necessary your application can completely replace the standard Find slip with a slip of its own 8 10 Find CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Initiating or Canceling a Search After using the Find slip to specify the search criteria a user initiates the search by tapping the Find button Alternatively the user can cancel the search by tapping the Close box to dismiss the Find slip Search Status While a search executes the system reports its progress in a status slip Figure 8 10 depicts a typical Find status slip Figure 8 10 A status slip shows the progress of a Find operation PE Searching in To Do The status slip displayed by the Find service includes the Find icon and name an animated busy indicator that looks like a barber pole and the name of the application currently being searched The status slip also includes a Stop button which allows the user to halt the search in progress Search Results If a search finds just one item that item is displayed behind the Find
178. ith the i icon and its picker for information options such as Help About and Prefs Always place the Info button at the far left end of the status bar unless your application includes an Analog Clock which is optional See pages 3 23 4 24 8 28 and 8 30 New and Show Buttons If users can create new items or display different views of information in your application include a New button and a Show button like the ones in the built in applications Put the New button near the left end of the status bar next to the Info button if present and put the Show button to the right of the New button See page 3 26 Screen Size Design your application to handle any screen size and aspect ratio If your application can t scale its views small enough or can t rearrange view contents to fit the aspect ratio notify the user before closing your application See pages 1 11 and 2 34 Tapping v Writing Tapping is faster than writing so for data input favor pickers scrolling lists and tables radio buttons sliders and so forth over written input See page 6 3 APPENDIX Avoiding Common Mistakes Picker Placement and Alignment Align the top of a picker with the top of its button or label Make exceptions for overview pickers for other very wide or very tall pickers or for small screens See page 4 8 Display a picker so its button or label is at least partially visible and keep the button or label highlighted wh
179. ition of Overview Pickers 4 20 Using an Overview Picker 4 21 Picking Items 4 21 Scrolling Items 4 22 Creating New Items 4 23 Standard Newton Pickers 4 23 Info Picker 4 24 New Picker 4 25 Show Picker 4 26 Action Picker 4 26 People Picker 4 27 vii Chapter 5 Icons 5 1 Chapter 6 Designing Effective Icons 5 1 Thinking Up an Icon Image 5 2 Make Shapely Icons 5 3 Design for the Newton Display 5 3 Avoid Text in Icons 5 4 Make All Sizes of an Icon Look Alike 5 4 Use Icons Consistently 5 5 Think About Multicultural Compatibility 5 6 Extras Drawer Icons 5 6 Extras Drawer Icons Together 5 6 Extras Drawer Icon Size 5 8 Extras Drawer Icon Shape 5 9 Extras Drawer Icon Names 5 9 Animating an Extras Drawer Icon 5 9 Title Icons 5 11 Button Icons 5 12 Icons in a Picker 5 12 Data Input 6 1 viii Input Fields 6 1 Tapping 6 3 Pickers 6 3 Scrolling Lists and Tables 6 4 Radio Buttons 6 6 Checkboxes 6 7 Sliders 6 7 Writing Drawing and Editing 6 8 Text Input 6 8 Simple Input Line 6 9 Labeled Input Line 6 10 Text Input Lines that Expand 6 11 Paragraph Input 6 12 Structured List Input 6 12 Shape Input 6 13 General Input 6 14 Recognition 6 15 User Control of Recognition 6 16 Deferred Recognition 6 18 Forcing Recognition 6 19 Configuring Recognition 6 19 Editing 6 21 Selecting Text and Shapes 6 22 Erasing Text or Shapes 6 24 Joining Words 6 26 Breaking Paragraphs 6 26 Inserting Space in Text 6 26 Inserting New
180. its picture has an unbroken line around it a sort of self border Figure 3 8 shows where you should omit picture button borders and where you should keep the borders Figure 3 8 Where to use borders with small self bordered picture buttons 3 8 Unfiled Notes aoe eS ELA Se New CHE ela ey inew arte VOJ Avoid borders on a separator bar but use Don t add borders to self bordered buttons on them on a status bar or at the bottom of a slip a separator bar and don t omit them on a Status bar or at the bottom of a slip Designing Picture Buttons Picture buttons are tempting to use because they are more compact than text buttons But designing an unambiguous picture small enough for a picture button is very hard A button s function may be more evident if you label it with a short name instead of a picture Avoid pictures that look like the buttons of other applications such as Names and Dates Users may think your look alike button will open the corresponding built in application and may be confused if your buttons do something else Buttons Not highlighted Highlighted CHAPTER 3 Controls Button Behavior Although text buttons and picture buttons look different their basic behavior is the same Both types of buttons provide similar feedback to the user and an application disables both types the same way Button Feedback When a user taps a text button or a picture button the button highlights
181. ity Closest City cupertino CA Dallas TX Uzbekistan 1 Tapping the abe ee 2 Pops up the e diamond label in Des Moines IA second level Yugoslavia thefirst level Detroit MI picker Faire picker Dover DE Dubuque lA Duluth MIN Eau Claire Wi El Paso TX Elizabeth WJ Fargo ND Flagstaff AZ Zambia Zimbabwe Closest City Closest City lexico Acapulco Guadalajara l Ml rida 4 Lists the Mexico City corresponding Monterrey items in the Puebla first level picker San Miguel de Alle 3 Tapping an item in the second level picker and then tapping theClose box E Morocco El hy anima Fi Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand List Pickers 4 15 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Number Picker A number picker displays a number that a user can change by tapping the digits of the number itself The digits are large and are split into top and bottom halves to make them easy for users to target Tapping the top half of a digit increases it and tapping the bottom half of a digit decreases it Designed initially to replicate the old mechanical digital alarm clocks the look of the number picker evolved so that only the flipping digits remain Figure 4 12 shows an example number picker Figure 4 12 A number picker simplifies specifying a numerical value Tapping the bottom of a digit decreases it 4 16 set Tapping the top of a x digit increases it Like a list picker a number picker pops up when a
182. k the participant for suggestions on how to improve the product 10 Use the results As you observe you may see users doing things you never expected them to do When you see participants making mistakes your first instinct may be to blame the mistakes on the participant s inexperience or lack of intelligence This is the wrong focus to take The purpose of observing users is to see what parts of your product might be difficult to use or ineffective Therefore if you see a participant struggling or making mistakes you should attribute the difficulties to faulty product design not to the participant 1 18 Involve Users in the Design Process CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Be sure to schedule time between your sessions to make notes and review the session Jot down any significant points If you used videotape or audio cassette tape mark in your notes the specific parts of the tape that you may want to review To get the most out of your test results review all your data carefully and thoroughly your notes the videotape or cassette tape the tasks and so on Look for places where participants had trouble and see if you can determine how your product could be changed to alleviate the problems Look for patterns in the participants behavior that might tell you whether the product was understood correctly It s a good idea to keep a record of what you found out during the test You don t need elaborate video equipment a
183. ker 7 18 transports See also application in Action picker 7 8 7 10 adding 7 11 automatic data transfer 7 4 7 25 beam 7 25 built in 7 11 connecting to data source 7 25 defined 7 1 e mail 7 16 7 25 7 26 fax 7 16 7 25 grouping 7 11 7 18 Item Info 7 6 power off handling 7 31 preferences 7 19 7 25 7 32 printer 7 15 put away incoming items 7 27 recipient information 7 15 removing 7 11 routing slip 7 12 sender information 7 13 7 19 status slip 7 29 Tag picker 7 29 Transport picker 7 18 2D scrolling 2 41 IN 13 INDEX type ahead 6 36 typing 6 32 U unacknowledged alarms 8 5 undo 6 37 universal scroll arrow defined 2 38 list picker 4 12 overview picker 4 23 usability testing 1 13 user control as design principle 1 8 user observation steps for conducting 1 15 users abilities and limitations 1 3 observing 1 14 V view active 2 29 appearance of 2 3 auxiliary 2 14 behavior of 2 28 border of 2 6 2 13 closing 2 11 2 16 2 32 confirmation alert 2 18 2 28 controls in 2 3 defined 2 1 display order of 2 28 drawer 2 26 feedback for 2 3 fill 2 9 folder tab in 2 10 icon in title of 5 11 magnification of 2 48 main 2 9 IN 14 matte border for 2 6 modal 2 19 2 29 movable 2 29 2 31 2 33 notification alert 2 17 opening 2 28 overview 2 44 2 47 palette 2 24 plain border for 2 8 position of 2 30 resizing of 2 34 roll 2 27 scrolling of 2 36 separator bar in 2 11 shadow 2 8 size of
184. l black shadow mask highlights an icon Another mask creates an alternate form of the icon 5 10 CHAPTER 5 Icons When a user selects an icon the Extras Drawer creates the selected form of the icon by combining the unselected form of the icon with the icon s mask The Extras Drawer uses the same method to animate one icon as it uses to highlight another The design of the mask determines how the selected form of an icon looks highlighted or animated Figure 5 7 compares a mask used for highlighting with a mask used for animation Figure 5 7 An icon s mask either highlights or animates the icon Not selected Mask selected Note bounding boxes are for illustration only Actual icons do not have bounding boxes The selected form of an icon is black only in spots where either the mask is black or the unselected form of the icon is black The selected form is white wherever both the unselected form and the mask are black as well as where both are white You create a mask by comparing each pixel of the unselected form of an icon to the corresponding pixel of the selected form If both forms of the icon have a black pixel in the same position or if both have a white pixel in the same position the mask has a white pixel there The mask has a black pixel where one form of the icon or the other has a black pixel but not where both do In making this comparison of the pixels you are following the exclusive or rule of logic Fi
185. lan you ll be able to examine their expectations for your product as well as their intentions and their problem solving strategies You ll find that listening to users as they work provides you with an enormous amount of useful information that you can get in no other way Some people feel awkward or self conscious about thinking aloud Explain why you want participants to think aloud and demonstrate how to do it For example you could say something like this We have found that we get a great deal of information from these informal tests if we ask people to think aloud as they work through the exercises It may be a bit awkward at first but it s really very easy once you get used to it All you have to do is speak your thoughts as you work If you forget to think aloud I ll remind you to keep talking Would you like me to demonstrate 1 16 Involve Users in the Design Process CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users 5 Explain that you will not provide help It is very important that you allow participants to work with your product without any interference or extra help This is the best way to see how people really interact with the product For example if you see a participant begin to have difficulty and you immediately provide an answer you will lose the most valuable information you can gain from user observation where users have trouble and how they figure out what to do Of course there may be situations in wh
186. le data The first column lists the identities of the individual data items that a user can select and the second column provides additional information that a user can edit in place A title in the upper left corner identifies the type of data in the picker An overview picker can include a number of controls for finding specific entries including a folder tab alphabetic index tabs and scroll arrows At the bottom an overview picker can have a checkbox for restricting listed items to those currently selected a New button for adding items to the list a counter that reports the number of items selected and a large Close box Figure 4 15 points out features of overview pickers Overview Pickers 4 19 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 15 The parts of overview pickers Title identifies type of item being selected acd jefjghj ij Ki injop qr st juv ex yz Alphabetic index i Alice s Restaurant 617 555 2020 tabs vt Anderson Bob 315 555 4576 ia Azari Rufus 314 555 6685 i Bianchi Mercedes 510 555 9543 Faxes All Names Sa Folder tab Two dashes indicate absent information if Body N E 216 555 0950 po Picechaphene i Conglomerated Cr 415 555 4123 Scroll arrows Li Darrow Arlo 702555 3768 CE seacing Nems Button for adding an item Li Ginger Island i Majors Art 510 555 7422 i Middlebrook Civ 413555 1722 i Moore Worth 401 555 3549 cae rs i Newton Cafe 617555 51 a G
187. lected items Can t Undo Plain Border For simplicity some container views require a plain black border made of medium weight lines Figure 2 7 shows examples of views with plain borders Figure 2 7 Some views need the simplicity of a plain border 2 8 Hal lo we e Ee Drop Shadows It s possible to add a drop shadow to a view s bottom and right borders but this ersatz 3D look is not appropriate for Newton applications Don t use drop shadows just because you like the way they look or because you want to make a Newton application look like a personal computer application Although you shouldn t use drop shadows you can use another type of shadow that tells users something about a view For example a shadow How Views Look CHAPTER 2 Container Views reinforces the notion that there are two parts to a routing slip an outer part above the shadow and an inner part below it Figure 2 8 shows acceptable and unacceptable uses of shadows in the Newton interface Figure 2 8 Sparing use of some types of shadows is OK Application Preferences Home tat Always store new items internally Printer Hermes x Format Merle O This plain shadow s function is to separate Don t use decorative drop shadows on a s the top of the routing slip from the bottom Newton View Fill Standard container views by default are filled with white not with black or a pattern If you want users to see thro
188. leting Figure 5 4 shows that the icon for faxing is the same in an Action picker in the Fax routing slip and in the Out Box Figure 5 4 Use icon elements consistently Ann Owner Work Print Note Fax icon in Ej Fax Action picker Fax icon in Fax routing slip ga Beam EJ Duplicate i Delete Gs Jonathan Winters Ic NE Body Fri 315 11 14 am Fax icon in Out Box People generally assume that different icons have different functions or behaviors and they may try to find operational differences even if none exist In contrast where applications use standard icons consistently users can quickly learn what those icons represent Designing Effective Icons 5 5 CHAPTER 5 Icons Think About Multicultural Compatibility Your icons should be designed with multicultural use in mind For example to localize an icon for outgoing communications you might consider using the design of a mailbox But if you did you would have to design a different icon for every country in which your product shipped Instead try to design one icon that is understood universally or at least in many countries An example of an icon that is understood around the world is the Out Box icon Even though people in different locations around the world deposit mail in differently shaped boxes they all still recognize the Out Box icon as a representation of outgoing communications In general icons shouldn t be gra
189. licate text or shapes m Change shapes m Move objects The techniques people use for these editing actions are described in the next 12 sections ending with Moving Objects on page 6 32 To make these editing actions available in your application you don t have to do anything at all as long as you use standard input elements based on Newton prototypes Although you can make some of the editing actions available in custom input areas you can t make them all available In particular it s impossible to implement the customary techniques for selecting multiple objects moving objects changing paragraph margins and more selecting Text and Shapes Users must select text or shapes before copying moving or otherwise manipulating them To select an object a user holds down the pen on or near the object until a heavy mark appears under the pen and the Newton device makes a high pitched sound Then the user draws the highlighting mark over or around the object The sound does not happen if the Pen sound effects option is turned off in the Sound section of the built in Preferences application Figure 6 17 shows how selection works To select words a user draws the highlighting mark across them To select text that s on more than one line a user draws the highlighting mark from the beginning of the first word to the end of the last word To select several whole lines of text a user draws the highlighting mark vertically
190. ling single format so no picker needed EL Plain Subject Can t Make Launch Letter hemo i Fine resolution tt Manually connect x x Li Text Only RUE Phone Book Subject Bianchi Hercedes Single Card Summary Cards comes tot Text Only EL Cards Subject Multiple terms Cover P Cards and Notes Summary Wf Ferd Phone Book Li Text Only Can t e mail this class of data Day View To Do List aji Although a transport specifies most items in its routing slip it does not determine which formats to list in a Format picker The system builds a Format picker each time it displays a routing slip and it determines which formats to list based on the transport and the class of data being routed Routing Outgoing Items 7 21 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Each application defines routing formats for its classes of data and registers the formats with the system Typically an application defines several routing formats so that users have a choice of routing actions For example an application might define two formats for printing and faxing image data one format for beaming or e mailing structured data and another format for e mailing text data If two or more applications happen to define routing formats for the same class of data the system makes all those formats available whenever a user routes that class of data in any of the applications Any format can specify an auxiliary view for getting sup
191. lip lets a user select fine resolution or not This option could be implemented with two radio buttons perhaps labeled Fine and Standard A user is more likely to think about all the ramifications of the choice with a checkbox than with two radio buttons Figure 3 19 illustrates the two approaches Figure 3 19 One checkbox vs two radio buttons Sliders Format Plain Format Plain CoverPage Standard CoverPage Standard Resolution Fine lt 2 Standard Sf Fine resolution t_ Manually connect Fax Bd PT Manually connect Fax x Checkbox takes less space and may make a Radio buttons explicitly label choices but take user think about unstated consequences but more space and may obscure unstated the unlabeled state may be ambiguous consequences You can use checkboxes to control options and set attributes in your applica tion But use a text button or picture button not a checkbox to bring up a slip to confirm authorize cancel or stop an action or to initiate a process 3 20 The Newton interface also includes a slider with which users can set a magnitude position probability or other value in a range Users set a value by dragging a diamond shaped knob The knob indicates the current value relative to the maximum and minimum values A slider should have labels that identify the range and direction of the slider Figure 3 20 shows an example of a slider Sliders CHAPTER 3 Controls
192. lists information items General eS a a a Application specific Only general information items No general information items 4 24 E Account info information item fip No application specific i oia information items inasa Only application specific i mm EA information items If you do not have all three general information items About Help and Prefs keep the ordering listed but leave out the unused items List any application specific items below a separator line If your application does not have any unique items in its Info picker or if it has only unique items not About Help or Prefs then do not include the separator line Any unique items you include in the Info picker should specify a state or initiate an action that affects the whole application An About box should include your application s name version number and copyright information You can include additional information in the About box if you wish such as a logo credits and acknowledgments Include a Close box so users can put the About box away after reading it Use a conventional matte border Standard Newton Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Choosing Help from an Info picker displays online help for the application For more information see Help on page 8 28 Choosing Prefs from an Info picker displays a slip containing application specific preference settings For more information see Application Preference
193. ll graphic called the busy cursor at the top of the screen Your application or transport does not need to do anything to benefit from this feedback the system displays the busy cursor automatically as needed Figure 8 1 shows a busy cursor Figure 8 1 A busy cursor indicates the system is temporarily engaged Busy cursor Fore February 1996 a Thursday Feb 79 m t w tye Bicyele Rae 1 2 5 mong Soa tins gd since Morea owe 1 1 2 pi The automatic busy cursor is not meant to provide complete feedback during a lengthy operation If your application or transport begins an operation that may take more than a few seconds to complete it should display a status slip see the next section and Status Slips on page 2 20 Notify Button and Picker 8 2 The system displays a small graphic at the top of the screen called the Notify button to notify the user of ongoing actions and deferred notification alerts that applications or transports have registered with the system s Notify service The Notify button looks like a star and it blinks periodically Figure 8 2 shows the Notify button Automatic Busy Cursor The Notify button The Notify picker CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 2 The Notify button signals an ongoing action or deferred alert LAN Unfiled Notes 10 Pasta salad If your application displays a status slip with a Close box while it performs a lengthy action and a us
194. lso gives the user the option of having that item deleted from the In Box or having a copy kept there If no application has registered to accept an item the user has selected and the transports that received the selected items do not know how to put away items the Tag picker does not include the Put Away action For example none Routing Incoming Items 7 27 7 28 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications of the built in applications registers to accept page image data like faxes and the built in fax transport does not include a method for putting away items it receives so the Tag picker does not include a Put Away action when a user selects only faxes in the In Box The Tag picker does include Put Away when a user selects faxes together with some other class of data that can be put away but the selected faxes are not put away Putting Away Items Automatically The In Box can put away some incoming items automatically That happens if an application has registered to automatically accept items designated for it As soon as the In Box receives such an item it transfers the item from the In Box to the application without user intervention For example the In Box could automatically transfer incoming stock quotes from a wireless modem to a stock tracking application If the In Box can t automatically put away a received item because the target application is missing perhaps it is on a card that is not inserted the In Box holds the i
195. m one end to the other can be tedious To give users a quicker method of traveling through a long list of picker items you can augment scroll arrows with a series of small labeled index tabs displayed along the right edge of the picker The tabs essentially divide the picker items into sections alphabetically and a user taps a tab to see the section it identifies Figure 4 10 illustrates picker scroll arrows and index tabs Figure 4 10 A lengthy picker can include scroll arrows and index tabs One two or three taps scroll to the picker items beginning with the first second or third letter of the tapped tab Each tap scrolls the number of items displayed minus one Liechtenstein Lituani A tap closes the picker and selects the highlighted picker item if any Tapping an index tab scrolls to the picker items that begin with the first letter of the tapped tab Double tapping an index tab scrolls to the picker items that begin with the second letter of the tapped tab Triple tapping an index tab scrolls to the picker items that begin with the third letter of the tapped tab In a list picker with an index tab tapping a listed item selects the item but doesn t close the picker To close the picker and confirm the selection a user taps the picker s Close box To cancel the selection and close the picker a user taps outside the picker List Pickers 4 13 4 14 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Hierarchical List Pickers If a list
196. marked with a black diamond In addition a picker can pop up from a picture button or a hot spot but for aesthetic reasons picture buttons and hot spots are not marked with black diamonds Figure 4 5 shows pickers from those four sources List Pickers 4 7 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 5 Pickers can pop up from buttons labels and hot spots TAI T o i Name h m jah ij jki innjop ar st l lij ki panjop ar st juve 1 e Walthrop Walthrop Area Code ware 9 AER na g n n agg ker Lat Company n 0H 44 Address Phone E lail 35 9545 Pager Dates Affiliate Scie CLUS tOr Picker from a text button Print Name fl Beam My Card EJ Duplicate i Delete Picker from a picture button Home Work Fax pe Car Cellular Home Fax ESES f Picker from a label af Picker from a hot spot For picker control at the bottom of a view or on the status bar use text or picture buttons Elsewhere in a view label pickers usually look best Position of List Pickers A list picker that pops up from a button or text label should appear next to the label or button but should not completely cover the label or button so users can see where the picker comes from If a picker is too wide to fit in the space next to the picker label or button the picker should appear below or above and flush with the label or button If possible a list picker should line up with the top edge of the label or button t
197. member that some product names and thus product icons may be impossible to localize For example in the United States an icon for extensions could have something to do with an extension cord In other languages the word used for extension cords may have nothing to do with extensions and therefore an icon based on the word extension cord would be meaningless Another drawback to this approach is that product names are often not finalized until late in the development process so you might not have much time in which to design an icon based on the final product name It is often easiest to create icons that represent objects nouns rather than actions verbs For example the function of deleting something is represented by a wastebasket an object rather than by some image of the action of Designing Effective Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons deleting Thinking of an object that is representative of the function of your icon is the key to good conceptual design Remember that for every image you generate you need to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the idea in regard to your audience before deciding on the final design Make Shapely Icons People are good at recognizing patterns and shapes so make the shape of an icon distinctive Rectangular slab like icons all look the same particularly without colors or shades of gray to create a pattern on them Once users have seen a distinctively shaped icon and learned what it represent
198. mes a user has recently chosen along with an Other Names item The user can select a recipient from the picker list or the user can tap Other Names to select different recipients from a People picker A fax transport s routing slip generally has only one field for recipients labeled Name An e mail transport s routing slip may have three fields for recipients labeled To Cc and Bcc The To field identifies primary recipients the Cc carbon copy field identifies secondary recipients and the Bcc blind carbon 7 16 Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications copy field identifies recipients whose names and addresses are hidden from To and Cc recipients Figure 7 11 illustrates the process of choosing fax or e mail recipients Figure 7 11 Choosing fax or e mail recipients in a routing slip Ann Owner Home Mercedes Bianchi Fax Marge WN Overra Home Art Majors Fax Jim Shorts Fax Format Plain CoverPage Standard N E Body Fax Eight most Amanda B Reconwitt Home recently used Pat Pending Phone names for the Alice s Restaurant Fax Same transport Fan x Other Names Mf Fine resolution 1 Manually connect Faxes All Names ab iy efigh ij kl tanjop qr st juv prx yz Li Alice s Restaurant 510 555 8593 Li Anderson Bob 315 555 4476 i Azari Rufus 314 555 6685 i Bianchi Mercedes 417 555 9630 e e i Body N E 216 555 0950 oo 417 555 9680 H nieme _ aT
199. ming Cancel and Stop Action Buttons A slip with a button that initiates an action also needs a means of canceling the pending action On a Newton device you ordinarily use a large Close box described under Close Boxes on page 3 14 not a button named Cancel to dismiss a slip and take no action However you can use a button named Cancel to complement an OK or Yes button Figure 3 5 shows where to use a Cancel button and where not to use one Buttons 3 5 3 6 CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 5 Where to use a button named Cancel Are you sure you want to delete El Trabajador Look for Where Everywhere lt 1 Selected Q Use Cancel with OK or Yes Q Don t use Cancel with a specific action A button named Cancel should close the view it s in and return the application to the state it was in before the view appeared Cancel means Dismiss the operation I started with no other effects A Cancel button should not be the only button that can close a view in such a view use a Close box instead Rather than Cancel use a text button named Stop to allow a user to halt an operation that s underway especially if this button is next to a large Close box In that context a Cancel button may look to some users like a duplicate of the Close box Figure 3 6 illustrates the use of a Stop button Figure 3 6 A Stop button lets a user halt an operation Ga Looking for receiver Buttons CHAPTER 3 Con
200. n Rotate Button On Newton devices that can change the orientation of the display the Rotate button enables users to control which way the display faces The effect of tapping a Rotate button depends on the number of available orientations If a device has two orientations regular and sideways like a MessagePad 120 then tapping a Rotate button changes between the two orientations If a device has more than two orientations then tapping a Rotate button presents a list of possible orientations Figure 3 33 illustrates a Rotate button on a MessagePad 120 3 30 Standard Newton Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 33 A Rotate button lets users change the screen orientation Untiled icons gt be B amp G In Box Mut Box Calls Connection Card to amp Calculator Formulas Time Clock Styles Rotate button on an a MessagePad Exe O_O 120 Yolurie Battery o ONaNx Standard Newton Buttons 3 31 CHAPTER 4 Pickers A picker is a black bordered unmovable view that pops up in response to a user action such as tapping a button label or hot spot A picker contains a set of items such as commands attributes states or application data The items may be presented as a simple list a table with rows and columns a numerical counter or a calendar and those formats can be mixed in a single picker Users can choose an item or merely browse the picker Most pickers close immediately when a user chooses an item
201. n folders the application can organize the overview by some other criterion such as by date For example the Date Book groups meetings and events by date starting with the displayed date Overview Button The control for seeing an overview is the round black button located between the universal scroll arrows On an Apple MessagePad the Overview button is at the center of the screen below the display area Figure 2 38 shows the Overview button Figure 2 38 The Overview button at the bottom of a MessagePad screen Overview Oo PF 3s op 2 46 Names Dates Extras Find assist Undo Y Like the universal scroll arrows the Overview button is a function of the Newton system and is not attached to one view The Overview button affects one open view To be affected a view must be set up during application development to receive taps on the Overview button In addition the view must be in front of all other open views that have also been set up to receive those taps The view that is affected by the Overview button may be partially or completely covered by other open views that were not set up to receive Overview button taps A view that receives taps on the Overview button also receives taps on the universal scroll arrows which are described in Universal Scroll Arrows on page 2 38 How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Switching to and from an Overview To see an overview a user taps the Newton device s Overvi
202. n picker under some circumstances Figure 4 3 shows how to make picker items unavailable Figure 4 3 Remove unavailable items from a list picker Print Dates Print Date E Fax Fax G Beam si ARRETE 4 Print Date ith ipii Duplicate P SHED FERS Ibe m Delete i Delete All items available VOJ Unavailable Don t dim items removed unavailable items List Pickers 4 5 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Applications should not attempt to imitate the interface of personal computers by dimming unavailable picker items Although applications can designate picker items as unselectable the system does not display them in gray text or otherwise make them visibly different from selectable items Newton picker items should simply disappear when they are unavailable Organization of List Pickers The items in a list picker should be logically related to each other and to the label button or whatever else controls the picker Arrange the items in a list picker in an order that makes sense and is most convenient to users In general start the list with the items most likely to be picked and end the list with the items least likely to be picked If all items are equally likely to be picked or if you want to arrange them without prejudice or bias list them alphabetically You can organize a list picker visually making it easier to locate an item by grouping related items In a picker that contains several types of items actions attributes valu
203. n the In Out Box headers Status Meaning In Box New Body has not been displayed yet Read Body has been displayed Remote Body has not been received yet just header Logged Item logged header kept body deleted Out Box Pending Item not ready for sending routing slip incomplete Ready Item ready for sending Sent Item sent Logged Item logged header kept body deleted Error Attempt to send failed Viewing Items in the In Out Box Users can see more than just header information for some types of items in the In Out Box For example the In Out Box can show a page preview of print and fax items It can also show item detail in views based on templates that other applications provide The built in applications provide view templates for their data and your application can provide additional view templates for that data or its own data If you want users to be able to see your application s data in detail in the In Out Box your application must define view templates and register them with the system If no application provides a view template for a particular type of data the In Out Box displays a generic blank view The In Out Box 7 5 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications If applications provide multiple view templates for the type of data currently on display in the In Out Box application the In Out Box includes a Show button and picker so users can choose among the available views For example when a Names File item
204. ner roundness of five pixels and an inset of one pixel How Views Look Routing slip specifies source and destination Shadow Separates routing information from content options Slide out panel for setting options that affect content CHAPTER 2 Container Views Striped Border A border made of pairs of short slanted lines edged by a thin black rectangle is used around views known as routing slips see Routing Slips on page 7 12 It s no accident that this border looks something like the border traditionally printed on airmail envelopes because routing slips are analogous to postal envelopes Figure 2 5 shows a routing slip border Figure 2 5 A striped border suggests routing fnn Owner eis AN Square corners Home Name H E Body Fax 1216 3555 0950 Format Plain CoverPage Standard Mf Fine resolution Li Manually connect Fax Bd The paired short lines in a striped border slant 45 degrees to the right Wavy Border A view with a heavy black wavy border is called an alert box It contains an important message that a user must acknowledge There are two types of alert boxes they are described in Notification Alerts on page 2 17 and Confirmation Alerts on page 2 18 Figure 2 6 shows the wavy border of an alert box How Views Look 2 7 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 6 An alert box has a thick wavy border G Newton There is nothing to undo Delete all se
205. ng a Send or Receive in Progress 7 31 Transport Preferences 7 32 Routing Alternatives 7 34 Routing by Intelligent Assistant 7 35 Programmed Sending 7 36 Newton Services 8 1 Automatic Busy Cursor 6 2 Notify Button and Picker 8 2 Alarms 8 4 Unacknowledged Alarms 8 5 Alarm Etiquette 8 5 Sound 8 6 Find 8 6 Text Searches 8 7 Date Searches 8 8 The Scope of a Search 8 8 Customizing the Standard Find Slip 8 9 Initiating or Canceling a Search 8 11 Search Status 8 11 Search Results 8 11 Filing 8 13 Filing Button and Slip 8 14 A Filing Button s Location 8 15 A Filing Slip s Contents 8 16 Editing Folders 8 18 Folder Tab 8 19 Intelligent Assistant 8 22 Invoking the Assistant 8 22 Interpreting the Request Phrase 8 23 Assist Slip 8 24 Task Slips 8 27 Help 8 28 xi Preferences 8 30 System wide Preferences 8 30 Application Preferences 8 31 Appendix Avoiding Common Mistakes A 1 Info Button A 1 New and Show Buttons A 1 Screen Size A 1 Tapping v Writing A 1 Picker Placement and Alignment A 2 Field Alignment A 2 Close Box Size A 2 Button Location A 2 Button Spacing A 2 Button Size A 3 Capitalization A 3 Picker Icons A 3 Dismissing a Slip A 3 Take Action Button A 3 Fonts A 4 Keyboard Button A 4 Punctuation to Avoid A 4 Extras Drawer Icons A 4 Storage A 5 Date and Time Input A 5 Glossary GL 1 Index INi xii Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Figures Newton and Its Users 1 1 Figure 1 1 Figure 1
206. nk text you have needlessly limited the number of satisfied customers Of course there are exceptions to allowing ink text universally An application that needs to make decisions or perform calculations based on what users write can t allow ink text For instance the built in Formulas application doesn t and shouldn t allow ink text because it makes calculations based on values that users write Similarly an application that keeps track of mileage might allow ink text in user comments or notes but not elsewhere Yet that application would be more versatile if it allowed ink text everywhere and deferred calculations based on ink text values A user in a hurry could jot down information in ink text without worrying about recognition errors Later the user could double tap the ink text to have it recognized and the application could make calculations based on the newly recognized text Your application does not have to disallow ink text in input fields that may be used for sorting or sequencing If a user writes ink text in such a field your application can display an Alpha Sorter picker in which the user selects a sort key Figure 6 16 shows how the built in Names File application uses Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input an Alpha Sorter picker if a user writes ink text in the Name field which determines the card s sequence If your application simply sorts ink text with recognized text the ink text comes befo
207. nother is to double tap a word to bring up a Correction picker and then tap the keyboard in that picker as described under Correcting Misrecognized Text on page 6 29 Users can also bring up a keyboard by tapping any visible Keyboard button An application can put a Keyboard button on the left side of its status bar and at the bottom left corner of slips as described in Keyboard Button on page 3 25 If a keyboard is already displayed then tapping a Keyboard button pops up a Keyboard picker The Keyboard picker lists the available keyboards and a user can select one by tapping its name in the Keyboard picker A check in the Keyboard picker marks the currently selected keyboard Figure 6 28 shows the Keyboard picker in the built in Notepad application Figure 6 28 A Keyboard picker lists alternate on screen keyboards Keyboard picker ihana COBOGOODOBBOLA omon TAA Typewriter Wumeric Phone Time Date Any time the user is about to input data that the Newton system is unlikely to recognize such as an e mail address your application should automatically display an appropriate keyboard for the user Another option is to embed a keyboard in a slip used for data input as the built in Names File application does Figure 6 29 shows a keyboard embedded in a slip Typing 6 33 6 34 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 29 A keyboard can be embedded in a data input slip Keyboard Position When a user brings
208. notify the user with a message such as This view does not scroll To avoid confusing users don t begin messages about not scrolling or not having an overview with This application unless the message applies to every one of the views in your application Furthermore better messages state the title of the view in place of the generic This view or This application If the frontmost view has local scroll arrows but doesn t respond to the universal scroll arrows and doesn t let views behind it receive universal scroll arrow events then the view should display a message that explains why the universal arrows don t work or what the user must do to make them work Under these circumstances a message such as You must close this view to use the universal scroll arrows is clearly more accurate than This view does not scroll No view has to receive taps on the Overview button and universal scroll arrows If the frontmost view was not designated during application development to receive taps on those controls the taps go to the next lower view that was so designated For example a slip or other auxiliary view can simply let its main view respond to the Overview button and the universal scroll arrows How Views Work 2 49 C HAPTER 3 Controls Controls are graphic objects that cause instant actions or audible results when the user manipulates them with the pen Some controls change settings that modify future
209. ns radio buttons for selecting a folder the slip also includes New and Edit Folder buttons for creating new folders and editing the names of existing ones Tapping either button displays a slip for entering and editing a folder name Figure 8 17 shows examples of the slips used for entering and editing folder names In a slip for creating a new folder the slip includes a checkbox for designating where the folder can be seen in all applications everywhere or just in the application where the folder was created In a slip for editing an existing folder the checkbox is replaced by a message stating where the folder name is shown The same message appears instead of a checkbox when creating a new folder in an application that suppresses the display of folders specific to it or the display of folders visible everywhere as described earlier in A Filing Slip s Contents on page 8 16 Filing CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 17 Slips for entering and editing folder names Mame Hot Name Cool W Show only in Notepad Shown in Notepad Folder Creation slip has a checkbox for Folder Editing slip reports where the folder designating where the folder can be seen can be seen Users can create up to 12 folders visible everywhere and 12 more folders specific to each application The system does not permit an application specific folder to have the same name as a folder that is visible everywhere Folder Tab If a view has a Filing b
210. nsports specifies its own routing slip The system remembers the most recently chosen transport in a group and uses that transport if a user later chooses the same routing action from an Action picker Send Button and Close Box Every routing slip has a large Close box in its lower right corner If a user taps a routing slip s Close box the routing slip closes with a visual effect of quickly sliding off the screen to the right Nothing else happens Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications To the left of the Close box is a text button labeled with the name of the routing action Tapping this text button which is known as the Send button closes the routing slip but with different animation than the Close box First the lower panel slides up as if it were going into the envelope part of the routing slip Then the envelope slides off the screen to the right In addition to the routing slip closing one of three things happens when a user taps a Send button The outgoing item may be placed in the Out Box and sent immediately The item may be placed in the Out Box and held there until a user sends it Or a picker may pop up giving the user the choice of sending now or later Customarily a transport allows users to control which of those three alternatives happens by setting preferences in the In Out Box application as described in Transport Preferences on page 7 32 A transport can also force the button to
211. o define a different set of actions for the Action picker in a specific view and the views it contains Routing Slips When a user specifies an action that involves a transport the transport displays a routing slip in which the user can confirm or cancel the action as well as specify additional routing information The transport does not have to display a routing slip if a user has set transport preferences as described in Transport Preferences on page 7 32 that make the routing slip superfluous For example the beam transport does not display a routing slip if a user has set beam preferences so that beamed items are always sent immediately and not held in the Out Box When a user chooses an application defined action from below the separator line in an Action picker and the action might result in a loss of data the application displays either a special routing slip or a confirmation alert see Confirmation Alerts on page 2 18 For example the built in applications display a confirmation alert if a user chooses the Delete action but not the Duplicate action A routing slip serves the same purpose as and even resembles an airmail envelope and its contents The top part of a routing slip looks like an envelope thereby extending the Action button s visual metaphor and contains addressing information In the center of the routing slip envelope is the recipient and in the upper left corner are the name and location of th
212. o do anything to handle scrubbing in input areas that are based on Newton prototypes If you make other input areas you must program them to recognize the scrubbing gesture play the poof sound and display the dissipating smoke animation sequence Scale the smoke cloud to the size of the user s zigzag gesture keeping the height and width proportional to the original image s dimensions Do not scale the smoke cloud down so much that it becomes unrecognizable even if the zigzag gesture is very small Writing Drawing and Editing 6 25 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Joining Words To join words a user draws a V between them at their baselines as shown in Figure 6 20 Figure 6 20 Joining two words your suit cases are much your suitcases are much 1 User draws a small V between two words 2 System joins the words Breaking Paragraphs To break one paragraph into two a user draws a backwards L at the desired breaking point as shown in Figure 6 21 Figure 6 21 Breaking a paragraph into two paragraphs Addressee Addressee DE 26506 1 User draws a backwards L 2 System breaks paragraph at that point Inserting Space in Text To insert space in text users draw carets and lines as shown in Figure 6 22 The top of the caret should line up with the baseline of the letters 6 26 Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Inserting space in text first line eared line New Text Inserts space for a single
213. of picker items is extremely long index tabs won t be enough to prevent interminable scrolling What happens is a user taps a tab and immediately sees the beginning of the corresponding section of picker items but the user still must scroll several times to find an item that s not near the beginning of that section For example imagine one picker that lists several hundred cities from around the world The solution to this situation is to create a two level hierarchy of list pickers The first level picker contains a set of picker items and a diamond label Tapping the diamond label pops up a second level picker that lists different sets of picker items for the first level picker Picking an item in the second level picker determines which set of items appear in the first level picker For example compared to a single picker that lists hundreds of cities a two level picker hierarchy simplifies picking a city anywhere in the world The first level picker lists cities for just one country and contains the name of the country as a diamond label A user can pick one of the listed cities or tap the diamond label to pop up a second level picker that lists other countries If the user picks a country then the first level picker changes to list that country s cities Figure 4 11 shows how the city and country hierarchical pickers work List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 11 How a two level hierarchy of list pickers works Closest C
214. of text See caret See Newton user interface and user interface To highlight by changing white pixels to black and vice versa Behaves the same as a Close box but looks slightly larger to match the standard height of a text button A principal container view that serves as a center of user operations for an application Compare to application base view A thick gray border framed with black An instruction to execute a method a programmed function A programmed function Each method contained in a template processes a particular message for the view that the template defines When a view receives a message for which it has a method the Newton executes that method The built in application for storing names addresses phone numbers and other information about people Newton user interface The standard conventions for interacting with Newton devices The interface ensures users a consistent means of interacting with all Newton devices and the applications designed to run on them GL 5 GL 6 GLOSSARY Notepad notification slip output palette parent view persona picker picture button picture radio button pixel The built in application for taking and organizing notes which may contain text and drawings A view that appears on the screen to warn the user or to report an error A notification slip may or may not be accompanied by an alert sound Information transferred from a Newton to
215. ognizer button indicates the type of recognition in effect 3 24 Where a Keyboard buttons goes 3 25 Where a New button goes 3 26 Where a Show button goes 3 26 Where a Filing button goes 3 27 A Filing button reports where a data item is stored 3 28 XV Chapter 4 xvi Figure 3 31 Where an Action button goes 3 29 Figure 3 32 Seeing an Item Info slip 3 30 Figure 3 33 A Rotate button lets users change the screen orientation 3 31 Pickers 4 1 Figure 4 1 The parts of list pickers 4 2 Figure 4 2 A list picker can contain a two dimensional table of items 4 5 Figure 4 3 Remove unavailable items from a list picker 4 5 Figure 4 4 Grouping items in list pickers 4 7 Figure 4 5 Pickers can pop up from buttons labels and hot spots 4 8 Figure 4 6 How a list picker should align with its label or button 4 9 Figure 4 7 Using a list picker from a button 4 10 Figure 4 8 Using a list picker from a label 4 10 Figure 4 9 List pickers that are too long to display all at once have scroll arrows 4 12 Figure 4 10 A lengthy picker can include scroll arrows and index tabs 4 13 Figure 4 11 How a two level hierarchy of list pickers works 4 15 Figure 4 12 A number picker simplifies specifying a numerical value 4 16 Figure 4 13 Time pickers specify a time a time range or a time offset 4 17 Figure 4 14 Date pickers specify one date or a date range 4 18 Figure 4 15 The parts of overview pickers 4 20 Figure 4 16 Entering a new value in an overview picker 4
216. ognizer picker on the Another Recognizer picker controls text and shapes Status bar only controls text recognition recognition in a slip that allows writing and drawing A Text v Ink Text Writing Drawing and Editing 6 17 6 18 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Deferred Recognition A user can defer text recognition by selecting Ink Text from a Recognizer picker While recognition is set to Ink Text the Newton system recognizes word boundaries but does not recognize words letters numbers or symbols themselves Later a user can double tap ink text to have the Newton system recognize it The user can double tap one word at a time or can select a group of words and have them all recognized by double tapping the selection As the Newton system recognizes a word it displays a small curved arrow above it and then replaces the ink text with typeset text When a user double taps a selection of several words the Newton system recognizes them all displaying a small curved arrow above each one in turn before replacing the ink text selection with typeset text In general ink text can appear anywhere regular text can appear and the two can be mixed Your application should permit ink text everywhere it accepts general text entry There are times when users need the speed of ink text and there are users who prefer ink text over recognized text For those users ink text is an important data input tool If your application does not allow i
217. oice of the system and application use the bold style of the System font in 9 or 10 point sizes For values a user can change use Casual 10 and 12 point Those are the fonts that are preset by the system protos Keyboard Button If your application includes a Keyboard button on the status bar or at the bottom of a slip use the larger size button as in the Notepad unless space on the status bar is constrained as in the Date Book See pages 3 25 and 6 33 Punctuation to Avoid Don t use ellipses in button names picker labels or list picker items See pages 3 4 and 4 3 Do put an ellipsis at the end of the title or the message text in a status slip but use three periods rather than an ellipsis character Also use an ellipsis to accommodate an item whose text is too long to fit on a line in the space available for it for example in overviews See pages 2 21 2 45 and 6 5 Don t use a colon at the end of a title a heading or a field label See pages 2 5 3 18 and 6 2 Extras Drawer Icons To avoid overlapping icons in the Extras Drawer make yours no more than 29 pixels tall and wide Leaving a little space helps separate icons See page 5 8 Limit the length of an Extras Drawer icon s name to between 9 and 11 characters per line Put a blank space in the name where you want it to break and wrap onto another line See page 5 9 Make a Newton icon more distinctive and easier to identify by giving it a
218. ollowing section Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation for more information it includes a series of sample steps on which you can base your own user observation During the user observation record what you learn about your design you ll be using this information to revise your prototype Once you ve revised your prototype conduct a second user observation to test the workability of the changes you ve made to your design Continue this iterative process of creating prototypes and conducting user observations until you feel confident that you ve fully addressed the needs of your target audience Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation The following steps provide guidelines that you can use when conducting a simple user observation Remember this test is not designed as an experiment so you will not get quantitative data that can be statistically analyzed You can however see where people have difficulty using your product and you can then use that information to improve your product Most of these steps include some explanatory text with sample statements that you can read to the participant Feel free to modify the statements to suit your product and the situation 1 Introduce yourself and describe the purpose of the observation in very general terms Most of the time you shouldn t mention what you ll be observing Set the participant at ease by stressing that you re trying to find problems in the prod
219. on displays a large slip containing a reduced image of one outgoing page The slip contains a Next button for advancing to the next page and a large Close box for closing the slip Figure 7 16 shows an example of a Preview slip Figure 7 16 Previewing outgoing page images Ann Owner f Home Fax A Name Bob Anderson Home 1 315 555 4476 ELp 1T 1 PF Format Letter CoverPage Standard Mf Fine resolution 1 Manually connect knk Le pi Parties Api fell Fle le ee eee H Frees Eam hrpa ah pi Hh pra briar ga la a hay a p pa He pap a eee A aa arate cccococoooooooooooooo J Routing Outgoing Items 7 23 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications sending Out Box Items Items a user chooses to send later as described in Send Button and Close Box on page 7 18 wait in the Out Box until the user is ready to have the transports transfer the items out of the Newton device At that time the user connects the Newton to an output device and chooses a matching output service from the Send picker that pops up when the user taps the Send button in the Out Box For example to send faxes waiting in the Out Box a user connects a fax modem and chooses Fax from the Out Box s Send picker The Send picker lists all Newton transports capable of transferring items from the Out Box to an output device Figure 7 17 shows a sample Send button and picker in the Out Box Figure 7 17 The Out Box s Send picker lets users send
220. oom closed and zoom open Generally buttons should not flash as they appear Visual effects that attract the eye virtually compel immediate action as if they were shouting Tap me now Button Placement Text buttons and picture buttons are easiest to use at the bottom of the view that contains them In that position a user s hand won t cover the view while tapping a button Buttons that affect all items in a main view should go ona status bar at the bottom of the main view see Primary Controls and Status Bar on page 2 11 The status bar is optional if the main view is small like the main views of the built in Connection Card and Time Zones applications Buttons at the bottom of a slip or other auxiliary view are generally not on a status bar In a view that displays multiple items each item is headed by a separator bar see Separator Bars on page 2 11 Buttons that apply to only one item do not go at the bottom of the view Instead the buttons are attached to each item s separator bar and they scroll along with the item when a user scrolls the view For example a Filing button and an Action button go at the right end of each separator bar see Filing Button on page 3 27 and Action Button on page 3 28 Other buttons can go on a button bar that floats near the end of an item Figure 3 11 shows buttons on a separator bar buttons on a floating button bar and buttons on a status bar It s possible fo
221. or details on the customary position of a palette the front to back order of container views and how container views move see How Views Work on page 2 28 Auxiliary Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 23 A palette provides handy access to useful settings EEE ny Quotes W E Groucho Marx G A I don t have a photograph Palette A palette has a Close box or a large Close box if a text or picture button is adjacent but the user may leave the palette open indefinitely This has several ramifications one being that a user must be able to move the palette to get at whatever it is covering In addition changes a user makes in a palette should take effect right away Immediate feedback lets the user see that the input had the desired effect If your application doesn t respond immediately to new settings of checkboxes radio buttons and other controls it s less clear to the user when the input goes into effect For descriptions of close boxes radio buttons checkboxes and other controls see Chapter 3 Controls Palettes that remain open take up screen space a valuable commodity on smaller screens Therefore use palettes sparingly Don t use a palette where you can use a slip instead such as in situations where the user can make the appropriate settings and then close the slip Don t use a palette in place of controls in the status bar Auxiliary Views 2 25 CHAPTER 2 Container Views
222. ore actions reversible Observe Basic Human Interface Principles CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Stability Personal digital assistants introduce a new level of complexity for many people To cope with this complexity people need some stable reference points The Newton interface is designed to provide an environment that is understandable familiar and predictable It defines a number of regular interface elements to foster a perception of stability including view borders view titles folder tabs standard buttons and standard button locations Each of these elements has a specific look and a regular predictable behavior In addition the interface defines a clear finite set of basic data objects text ink text shapes and sketches and a clear finite set of editing commands with which users can create and manipulate the objects Your application can share and enhance the stability by using the regular interface elements and handling data objects in the customary manner Aesthetic Integrity People primarily see software as a functional product not a fashion product This means you want them to notice what your product does not how it looks Don t succumb to the temptation to load up with the latest interface fads they ll quickly become dated Since people will spend a lot of time with your product design it to be pleasant to look at for a long time A spare clean interface will stand up to repeated viewing much be
223. ot need to know anything about what is required to send an item via that transport Sender Picker The sender s name and location displayed in the upper left corner of a routing slip are actually the label of a picker Tapping the label pops up a Sender picker from which a user can choose a different sender name or worksite Figure 7 9 illustrates the Sender picker Routing Outgoing Items 7 13 7 14 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 9 Changing the sender s name or location Names from Owner Info Worksites from Owner Info Choose a city from Time Zones Ue Ann Owner Home Alter Ego Apple Computer The Sender picker lists the owner names and worksites that have been entered in the built in Owner Info application The last item in the Sender picker Other City brings up a picker from which a user can choose another city Choosing another city for the sender in a routing slip automatically makes that city the home city in the Time Zones application If a user chooses a different owner worksite or city the system updates the routing information as needed For example in a Fax routing slip the system prefixes the destination fax number with a 1 and the area code only if a user chooses a worksite or city with a different area code The system doesn t add a 1 or the area code if the sender s worksite has the same area code as the destination The default owner name or persona as it
224. ou re trying to test For example if you want to know whether users can figure out how to use certain controls don t show them how to use the controls before the session Don t demonstrate what you want to find out Involve Users in the Design Process 1 17 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users 7 Ask if there are any questions before you start then begin the observation 8 During the observation remember several pointers Stay alert It s very easy to let your mind wander when you re in the seventh hour of observing users A great deal of the information you can obtain is subtle Ask questions or prompt the participant Make sure you have a tester protocol that spells out how frequently you prompt and what you say Your interruptions shouldn t be frequent but when a participant is hesitating or saying Hmmm ask what the participant is thinking about Be patient it is very easy to become impatient when someone is taking a long time The participant is doing you a favor and is probably somewhat nervous Anything you can do to alleviate the participants insecurities and put the participant at ease will provide you with much richer data 9 Conclude the observation Do the following when the test is over Explain what you were trying to find out during the test Answer any remaining questions the participant may have Discuss any interesting behaviors you would like the participant to explain As
225. our application can easily associate a sound with a system event or play sound on demand Each sound can be played synchronously so that other tasks must wait for it to finish or asynchronously so that another task can begin before the sound finishes The Newton system includes a number of built in sounds which the built in applications use and other applications can use as well Newtons play only sampled recorded or prefabricated sounds the Newton system does not synthesize sound The built in applications and transports use sounds extensively but unobtrusively to provide secondary feedback and enrich the user experience Sound should always play a secondary role in Newton software Don t make sound the sole conveyer of information For users who must turn the sound off or who are hearing impaired your application should convey vital information visually as well 8 6 The Newton system provides a Find service with which a user can search participating applications for text dates or other types of data A user specifies what to find in a Find slip that may be supplied by the system customized by an application developer or supplied entirely by the developer The Find slip appears when a user taps the Find button which is a picture button that looks like a magnifying glass Figure 8 5 illustrates the Find button and the Find slip that the system supplies Sound CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 5 A standard Find slip spec
226. own An application that doesn t have a list style overview can use the Overview button to toggle a view between two levels of detail or magnification If there are more than two levels of zooming the Overview button must always toggle between the same two levels preferably the biggest and smallest levels For access to other levels use another type of control described in Chapter 3 Controls For example you could use a button on the status bar the Show button or a special Zoom button or zoom looking picture button For completeness the magnification control should provide access to all levels including the two levels controlled by the Overview button How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Closing an Overview Tapping the Close box has the same effect whether a view is displaying item detail or an overview the application closes Tapping a Close box in an overview does not switch to item detail Nonfunctional Scroll and Overview Controls Some views scroll or display an overview but not both Rather than doing nothing when a user taps a nonfunctional scroll or overview control a view should provide feedback If a view that scrolls but doesn t have an overview is frontmost and a user taps the Overview button the view should notify the user with a message such as This view does not have an overview Likewise if a user taps a scroll arrow when a view that doesn t scroll is frontmost the view should
227. pad A user can change the backdrop with the Extras Drawer application What Is Active On a Newton device there is no single active view or active application because all visible views and applications are active Most views both movable and stationary allow users full access to the visible parts of other views If a user can see a place to tap write or draw outside a view the user can usually do it A user can even interact with some applications that aren t visible by using the system s Find service or its Intelligent Assistant service described in Chapter 8 Newton Services Naturally a small movable view affords the most access to other views behind it A stationary view only allows access to what a user can see around it A large movable view larger than half the height or width of a Newton device s screen will always block some part of what s behind it A user can t move a view partially off the screen It is possible for an application to take over the screen putting users in the state or mode of being able to work only inside one view The application temporarily suspends access to other views that may be visible It forces the user to make decisions before doing any other actions such as adding or changing information in a visible application Users can cancel a modal view they can respond to a message in it or they can use a modal view to set parameters or assign values that become content in a
228. picker items Scrolling Items Most overview pickers list more items than can be displayed at once Users can see more items by using the scroll arrows in the picker unless the application has suppressed them The color of the scroll arrow indicates whether tapping it will bring more items into view An arrow is black if tapping it will bring more items into view An arrow is white if tapping it will not bring more items into view Overview Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Users can also scroll overview pickers with the universal scroll arrows In addition users can scroll overview pickers by dragging from the middle of the picker past the top or bottom of the picker Creating New Items When the item a user wants is not included in an overview picker the user doesn t have to close the picker and go to another application to create the item Users can create entirely new items without leaving an overview picker that has a New button If you don t want users to be able to create new items from within an overview picker you can suppress the picker s New button To create a new item a user taps the New button at the bottom of the overview picker A slip appears in which the user enters just the information needed for the picker The new item is added to the picker and to the other information in Newton storage For example tapping the New button in an overview picker that lists names and fax numbers would bring up a slip in w
229. plemental informa tion from the user When a user chooses that format the system displays the auxiliary view For example choosing the Letter format when printing or faxing an individual note in the Notepad application brings up a slip in which the user supplies the addressee and indicates whether to include the ink text signature Figure 7 15 illustrates that example Figure 7 15 A format can get supplemental information in an auxiliary view Se Ann Owner A Home Fax 5 Name Bob Anderson Horie 1 315 555 4476 51 Partlow Pond Road Fine New York 13639 Format Letter 7 W Sign Letter ii Fine resolution LO Manually connect Fax x 1 User chooses Letter format when faxing a 2 Letter format displays a slip requesting additional Notepad item information 7 22 Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Each time a routing slip opens the system initially sets the format to the format most recently used for the transport and class of data If the class of data has never been routed through the transport before the system makes the initially selected format the first format it finds Preview Button A transport that routes page images should allow users to preview the pages from its routing slip The built in print and fax transports do that by including a Preview button in the lower left corner of their routing slips aligned with the large Close box in the opposite corner Tapping the Preview butt
230. portion of the entire gauge Figure 2 21 shows two examples of progress gauges 2 22 Auxiliary Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 21 A gauge in a status slip measures elapsing progress Tithe of printed item Close Stop or Cancel A status slip usually has a large Close box and a Stop button or Cancel button Tapping the Stop button or Cancel button halts the operation that s in progress If halting the operation takes more than a few seconds the application should change the status message to Stopping or Canceling while halting is in progress Make an effort to choose the button Stop or Cancel that most accurately describes the action that will occur Stop suggests halting an operation that has already begun In contrast Cancel suggests a user has decided to take a different tack without any action having taken place Tapping a status slip s Close box closes the status slip but does not stop the operation it was monitoring To alert the user that an operation is in progress the application registers the operation with the system s Notify service causing the Notify button to blink at the top of the screen see Notify Button and Picker on page 8 2 The user can open the status slip by tapping the Notify button and choosing the operation from the Notify picker that pops up If an application completes an ongoing operation while the status slip is closed the application must unregist
231. ps a listed item to pick it Sleep Sleep 3 never 3 Picker disappears and picked item appears next to picker label 4 10 List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers If a user touches a picker list and slides the pen instead of lifting it the picker tracks the pen movement As the pen appears over an item in the list the item is highlighted When the user lifts the pen within the list the currently high lighted item blinks briefly the picker disappears and the effect associated with the picked item happens If the user slides the pen outside the list so that no item is highlighted and then lifts the pen the picker simply goes away The display of electronic ink is turned off while the pen is tracked An item that can t be selected such as a separator line is not highlighted when a user taps it or slides the pen over it Tapping an unselectable item or lifting the pen while it is over an unselectable item makes the picker go away After the user picks an item and the picker disappears your application must continue to highlight the label or button that controls the picker until the action or effect associated with the picked item is complete In the case of a picker item that displays an ordinary slip not a status slip the picker s controlling label or button stays highlighted only until the slip appears Keeping the label or button highlighted provides the minimal feedback to the user that the applica tion is still work
232. r alarm increases in proportion to the number of times it has gone unacknowledged Alarm Etiquette Every application should schedule and use alarms in a way that does not hamper the activities of other applications on the same Newton Storage is one concern since each alarm uses internal storage space You don t have to limit your application to one alarm but scheduling a daily wake up alarm for the next year by creating 365 different alarms would use up an excessive amount of internal storage Exercise reasonable judgment when creating multiple alarms Actions taken besides displaying a notification alert should be brief If your alarm initiates a time consuming process it may delay the execution of other alarms set to go off at approximately the same time Note that your application may not be open when its alarm executes In fact your application may not even be installed If your application s alarms aren t useful when it isn t installed it should remove them when a user removes it for example by removing the card it s on There is no point in wasting space with useless alarms that display notification messages such as Sorry this alarm can t execute because the application isn t installed Alarms 8 5 Sound CHAPTER 8 Newton Services A user sets the volume of alarm sounds in the Alarm section of the Prefs application Your application should not change the alarm volume set by the user Find Y
233. r can input data with a couple of taps A picker simplifies data input by listing all the possible values or at least several common values for an input field A field s picker is not visible until a user taps the field s label which begins with a diamond Then the picker pops up and the user can pick a listed input by tapping it in the picker If the user taps one of the picker items the picked item becomes the field value and the application displays it next to the field label If the user does not tap any of the picker items there is no change to the selected input displayed next to the picker Figure 6 2 demonstrates how a picker works for data input A picker may always list the same set of inputs or it may list different input items each time it pops up The application can modify a picker in response to user input or to changes in the application s environment Tapping 6 3 Eqgs Over casy 1 User taps a field label with a diamond 6 4 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 2 How a picker works for data input aE Over easy Eggs Poached Over medium Over well ea Ee Over easy Over medium Over well Hard boiled Hard boiled Soft boiled Soft boiled 2 Picker pops up and a check 3 User taps a listed input to 4 Selected input appears marks the field s current value select it and close the picker next to the field s label For more information on pickers see Chapter 4 Pickers Scrolling Lists
234. r made in the slip If a user taps a Close box that is next to a take action button the slip goes away and the application does not initiate the named action To close a confirmation alert a user taps the OK button or other affirmative button to authorize the pending action or taps Cancel or equivalent to cancel the action Closing a Drawer A user can close a drawer by tapping its Close box Alternatively a user can close a drawer that has no other views open in front of it by tapping the same button that opened the drawer If a drawer is open but another view is in front of it tapping the drawer s button twice closes the drawer The first tap brings the drawer to the front Moving a View Users expect to be able to move views that have matte borders To move a view a user puts the pen on the drag handle and drags to a new location Figure 2 26 points out a drag handle Moving a view doesn t affect the appearance of its contents A main view can t be moved off the screen and an auxiliary view can t be moved outside the bounds of the main view unless the auxiliary view is a child of the root view How Views Work 2 33 Drag handle 2 34 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 26 6 25 Sat 3 9 Quotes Lewis Carrol G A Reeling and Writhing of gnnounanonnars SE prion ey 1 User drags the keyboard view s drag handle up Changing a View s Size Dragging a view s
235. r your application to add buttons to another application s status bar For example your application could add a button to the backdrop application s status bar so users could bring your application to the front without going through the Extras Drawer This could be a boon or a nightmare depending on how crowded the status bar is in the backdrop application If you want to add a button to another application make sure users can disable the feature Buttons 3 11 CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 11 Where to put buttons in a view EET En Al Notes W E Fri 6 23 Quotes 2 A Buttons on a 5 7 separator bar P P affect only the _ Alice s Adventures ih item below them oa Wonderland 00 Buttons on a 4 A ha button bar affect un 6 25 Quotes a A only the item above them o Looking Glass House TERET The Garden of Li ve Flowers ERG Buttons e M a E a status bar affect Hk E the whole viv A Rez New Button Spacing Group text and picture buttons with similar functions together Users assume buttons near each other are related Generally buttons that directly control or take action are on the right and buttons that affect content or appearance are on the left Separate the left and right groups with blank space if the number and sizes of buttons permit Figure 3 12 shows buttons groups at the right and left sides of a container view
236. re 7 6 An Action button above an item affects only that item E walnuts 2 A free in the lunch room Action Picker Contents An Action picker lists the routing actions available for the particular class of data that is currently selected There are two types of routing actions that can appear in an Action picker m Routing actions corresponding to transports installed in the Newton device such as Print Fax Beam and Mail m Application defined actions such as Delete and Duplicate that do not involve the In Out Box or a transport Actions based on transports that work with the type of data being routed are listed at the top of an Action picker Application defined action commands appear at the bottom of an Action picker below a separator line Figure 7 7 illustrates the two parts of an Action picker Routing Outgoing Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 7 An Action picker can include two kinds of actions Print Note Actions that ve involve transports ca Beam Other actions handled by the i Separator line application E Duplicate i Delete Note that the first action listed in an Action picker has the name of the target item appended to it for example Print Note Other actions listed in the same picker do not have the name of the target item appended A Newton device has certain transports built in the exact configuration depends on the capabilities of the d
237. re the recognized text that comes first alphabetically Figure 6 16 In an Alpha Sorter picker users select a sort key for ink text What letter should this entry be sorted under Forcing Recognition Under some circumstances your application may have to recognize ink text forcibly For example when a user tries to place a call to an ink text phone number the Calls application forces recognition of the ink text If your application forces recognition make sure it allows the user to correct mistakes in the recognized text before it acts on the text Configuring Recognition You can configure recognition separately for each field in your application For example in one field you could disable recognition of shapes and configure the text recognizer to recognize only names and in another field you could configure recognition differently Writing Drawing and Editing 6 19 6 20 CHAPTER 6 Data Input No matter how you have configured recognition for a text field users can input the wrong type of text if they try hard enough For example a user may manage to input numbers where words are the proper type of input This happens because every kind of text recognition uses the built in symbols dictionary which includes all digits and some punctuation together with all letters of the alphabet Users have to try hard to input an improper type of text because recognition is weighted towards the proper type of text and that
238. rol that displays a setting that can be either on or off Each radio button is part of a group in which only one radio button can be on at a time The inverse arrangement in which only one button is off is also possible but is not described separately in this book because it is logically equivalent to the normal arrangement Radio Buttons Regular radio buttons Not selected Selected CHAPTER 3 Controls There are two types of radio buttons One is a small oval that is empty if it is not selected or is filled with solid black if it is selected The oval radio button is labeled to the right with a word or phrase The second type of radio button is a small picture with a border unless the picture itself has a continuous edge Typically several of these picture radio buttons are placed next to each other and the one that is selected is indicated by a thick border Figure 3 17 shows some regular radio buttons and some picture radio buttons Figure 3 17 Only one radio button in a cluster can be selected File this Note on i Internal Pink Card And file in i Mone Unfilled iOi Personal i Business ii Quotes Mizcelaneous Picture radio buttons Selected Not selected An application can use radio buttons to control options such as the order in which to sort information An application can also use radio buttons to change the attributes of a selected object such as the style of a view In contrast an applic
239. s on page 3 7 Figure 5 10 shows a few buttons with icons as labels Figure 5 10 An icon can label a button Untiled Notes touch button border 4 If a button has a border leave white space between the icon and the interior edge of the button border On an Apple MessagePad leave at least one pixel of white space between the icon and the border Icons in a Picker You can put an icon next to an item in a picker although it is by no means necessary to do so In fact there are several reasons to avoid icons in pickers m Icons make pickers harder for new users to operate Studies show new users initially take extra care and time to tap only the icons not the text m Rarely can users select a picker item solely by looking at the icons and not reading the text 5 12 Button Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons m Icons increase the size of a picker not only in width but also in height The larger a picker the more it obscures what s beneath it m If you have one icon in a picker you have to make companions for the other picker items It can be hard enough to state the name or function of each picker item in a word or two let alone to design an intelligible tiny pictogram for each item Use judgment long pickers may not benefit as much from icons as shorter ones Then again there s nothing like a good shape to grab a user s eye once the user has associated it with something the user is seeking in a long lis
240. s on page 8 31 New Picker The New picker lists the types of data items that can be created in the currently active application such as a new note checklist or outline in the built in Notepad application In an application that supports Newton stationery the New picker lists all the data structures defined for the application For example the built in Names File s New picker lists Person Company and Group data structures The New picker pops up from the standard New button on the left side of the status bar next to the keyboard button Figure 4 18 shows the New picker for the Names File application Figure 4 18 The New picker lists types of data items that users can create The New picker Picking an item from a New picker creates a new data item of the type picked If the currently active application displays multiple data items one after another in a paper roll fashion like the built in Notepad then the New picker creates an item after the last item in the current view and automatically scrolls it into view Standard Newton Pickers 4 25 Show Picker The Show picker lists alternative views for displaying data in an application such as the Card view and All Info view in the built in Names File applica tion In an application that supports Newton stationery the Show picker lists all the available views for types of data that the application uses The active view has a check mark next to its name in the Show picker
241. s they are likely to recognize it again and quickly recall its meaning Figure 5 1 compares distinctively shaped icons with rectangular icons Figure 5 1 Distinctive icon shapes are easier to recognize than rectangular icons amp 8 a x E O Make icon shapes Avoid rectangular icon unusual shapes Design for the Newton Display A distinctive icon shape without any detail is just a shapely shadow When adding detail to make an icon more interesting keep in mind the capabilities limitations and conventions of the Newton display To make your icons look like they belong on a Newton use lines that are two pixels thick An icon drawn with single pixel lines looks like it belongs on a desktop computer What s more the thicker lines are easier to see in low light Three dimensional effects in icons are difficult to achieve on a Newton because they require shading and many angled lines Those effects are difficult to render on screens Designing Effective Icons 5 3 CHAPTER 5 Icons that display only black and white no shades of gray or colors particularly in the smaller icon sizes Newton icons do not have drop shadows There is no assumed light source to create an artificial shadow Avoid Text in Icons Avoid using text in your icons whenever possible Text in icons can be confusing and it s hard to localize for other regions languages or countries It s appropriate to use text with icons but not within i
242. s nothing Figure 3 30 compares the two states of the Filing button Figure 3 30 A Filing button reports where a data item is stored Untiled Calls Stored internally Untiled Calls Call c m Stored on a card Action Button An Action button lets users send data through various means such as print fax beam and e mail In many applications users can also use the Action button to duplicate and delete data that s currently displayed The location of the Action button determines how much data is affected If the Action button is on a separator bar it affects the information between that separator bar and the next one If the Action button is in a slip it affects all the informa tion in the slip In a slip or on a status bar the Action button goes next to the Close box except that in the backdrop application which has no Close box it goes at the right end of the status bar An Action button goes at the right end of a separator bar Figure 3 31 shows examples of Action buttons on a status bar on a separator bar and in a slip 3 28 Standard Newton Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 31 Where an Action button goes 12 00 Tue 3712 Unfilled Calls Action button on a separator bar Name Marge N Overra Action button in a Slip Add Notes Action button on ae ee in e Dackaro ene DAE tex DE appicatons Status bar ELA eNews am Tapping an Action button pops up t
243. s of existing shapes Writing Drawing and Editing Gravity Automatically snap new line endpoints to nearby corners and 6 13 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 12 Interface element for shape input User draws anywhere E sun 772 A EF m Editing Let users edit shapes select delete copy and paste duplicate reshape resize and move Formatting Let users set the line thickness of individual shapes and shape segments General Input The one interface element for general input lets a user write text and draw shapes If the user writes text the general input element creates a paragraph and operates within that paragraph like the paragraph input element described in Paragraph Input on page 6 12 If the user draws shapes the general input element creates a shape input area and operates like the input element described under the heading Shape Input on page 6 13 Figure 6 13 shows an example of a general input element 6 14 Writing Drawing and Editing CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 13 Interface element for general input Miscellaneous Full eee ee a a a a writes anywhere 50am aah erew Recognition The Newton operating system is able to recognize handwriting printing and drawing transforming it into typeset editable text or editable geometric shapes The Newton system can also recognize a common set of pen gestures for correcting and editing input The r
244. s of text as a user writes additional words adjusting spaces between words and wrapping words from the end of a full line to the beginning of the next line without breaking in the middle of the word Paragraph resizing Automatically lengthen or shorten a paragraph as a user adds or deletes words from it and allow a user to select and manually resize paragraphs m Side by side paragraphs Create a new paragraph alongside an existing one when a user writes words far away from the existing paragraph Almost all of these capabilities apply both to recognized text and to ink text The exception Users cannot correct ink text since it has not been recognized Users can edit ink text however Simple Input Line A simple input line consists of a dotted line to write on as shown in Figure 6 7 Figure 6 7 How an unlabeled text input line works Special instructions User writes above dotted line VIP Service Writing Drawing and Editing 6 9 Picker available No picker 6 10 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Labeled Input Line A labeled input line consists of a simple input line with a text label at its left Optionally this label can have a pop up picker that lists common values and a user can choose one to save the effort of writing it As usual a diamond at the beginning of a label indicates the option of a picker Figure 6 8 shows examples of labeled input lines with and without a picker Figure 6 8
245. searched Other applications use the title and message text differently When receiving e mail for example the first line could display the current phase of the operation and the second line could display specific information being used in that phase Figure 2 20 illustrates The title should be in the bold style of the system font and the message should be in the plain style of the system font The icon size should correspond to the title height On an Apple MessagePad use 9 point text for the title and 9 point text for the message Auxiliary Views 2 21 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 20 A sequence of status messages traces the steps of an operation ef Connecting No progress d indicator barber 271 0471 pole for a brief d operation ef Connecting to Network ef Connecting to eWorld SprintNet 2400 baud OwnerMlame ef Checking for Mail al ef Storing Sender Mame Subject of e mail Progress Indicator The progress indicator if present in a status slip can take different forms It can be a simple barber pole gauge which animates a set of diagonal stripes while the operation progresses but does not indicate how much of the operation has been completed Alternatively if it s possible to quantify the progress of the operation that s underway then a status slip should include a progress gauge that indicates relative completeness of the current operation as a shaded
246. set of checkboxes Figure 6 5 With checkboxes a user can select more than one value for a field Beverages W Coffee Checks mark 1 I Tea selected it Juice checkboxes i Milk A user can select any number of checkboxes by tapping them one by one Tapping a checkbox that is already selected deselects it A set of checkboxes always offers the same choices the checkboxes never change dynamically depending on context For a detailed description of checkboxes see Checkboxes on page 3 18 Sliders For a field that can have any value in a range such as a magnitude position or probability an application can use a slider Figure 6 6 shows an example of a slider Figure 6 6 A slider used for data input Meat Bacon i Sausage if Steak i Hash ie Mone Slider rare med well For more information on sliders see Sliders on page 3 20 Tapping 6 7 CHAPTER 6 Data Input Writing Drawing and Editing In some places users can t be restricted to multiple choice input methods They must be able to input their own text or shapes pictures The Newton interface includes several elements in which users can write text or draw pictures Some of these interface elements recognize text from handwriting or printing some recognize geometric shapes from line drawings and one interface element recognizes both types of input All of the interface elements that recognize text or shapes also recognize a common set of gestures with wh
247. son Bob 0315555 4476 i Azari Rufus 314 555 6685 L Bianchi Mercedes 417 555 9630 Faxes All Names Fuca et igh ij kl fnnjop qr st juv px yz Li Alice s Restaurant 617 555 2020 i Anderson Bob a1 555 4476 i Azari Rufus Ci Body N E 216 555 0950 po Body N E FaN i Conglomerated Cr 415 555 8123 Li Conglomerad New Phone Li Darrow Arlo 702 555 3288 CE i Darrow Arlo k ad 1 A user taps in the second column where a 2 The user picks the New command diamond indicates a list picker will pop up Faxes All Names Faxes All Names ucdd lef jgh ij kl mnjop qr st juv prx yz Fugcd lef igh ij Kl mnjop qr st juv ix yz ta Alice s Restaurant 617 555 2020 to Alice s Restaurant 617 555 7070 i Anderson Bob 315 555 4476 i Anderson Bob 315 555 4476 i vi Azari Rufus 614 555 1661 New phone for Rufus Azari ii Bianchi Mercedes 417 555 9680 a it Body M E 716555 0950 co ra 814 5 555 ies i Conglomerated Cr 415 555 8123 Aur i Darrow Arlo 702 555 3738 CZ 4 The new value appears in the overview picker and the item is selected 3 The user enters a new value ina slip and then taps the slip s Close box When a user closes an overview picker the selected item or items are customarily displayed next to the picker label The label and the value are customarily aligned at their baselines The value should be displayed in the casual font not in the system font like the picker label and
248. ssagePad what people do with them and how they differ from personal computers The first chapter also presents important principles you should keep in mind when designing Newton software and explains how to involve users in designing the interface The rest of the chapters define various parts of the Newton 2 0 interface They describe each interface element in general language and show examples of how to use the elements correctly For the more technical reader the book specifies dimensions spacing and other specific implementation details for the Apple MessagePad The book concludes with a list of common interface mistakes and a glossary xxii This book does not explain how to create Newton software with Newton Toolkit the Newton development environment For that you ll need to refer to these other books all of which come with Newton Toolkit m Newton Programmer s Guide This set of books is the definitive guide and reference for Newton programming This book explains how to write Newton programs and describes the system software routines that you can use to do so PREFACE Newton Toolkit User s Guide This book introduces the Newton Toolkit NTK development environment and shows how to develop Newton applications using Newton Toolkit You should read this book first if you are anew Newton application developer m Newton Book Maker User s Guide This book describes how to use Newton Book Maker and Newton Toolkit to m
249. st slips Ann Owner Home 2 Note 5 To recipient Date 10 04 am Tue 1725794 Size 2457 bytes Where Pink Card i Movable slips should have a drag handle and a Stationary slips do not have a drag handle ora matte border matte border Auxiliary Views 2 15 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Movable slips should have matte borders and stationary slips should not For instance routing slips are stationary and have special striped borders Border styles are described in View Border on page 2 6 A slip contains text and controls and may contain icons pictures and input fields Each slip contains some text to indicate the purpose of the slip and what caused the slip to appear In some cases this text is a title for the slip Most slips have a Close box or large Close box in the bottom right corner and some slips have additional primary controls at the bottom For instance a Close box alone is not enough in a slip whose purpose is to prepare for and initiate an action In this case users must be presented with a choice for dismissing the slip take action or cancel A text button named with a verb such as Do or Find clearly means Take this action with the settings I ve made in this slip A large Close box located next to one of those take action buttons thus means Ignore these settings and cancel the action The alternative combination of buttons a text button named Cancel to mean cancel next to a large Close
250. standard icons for them Routing Status A transport should display a status slip whenever it is engaged in some lengthy activity such as sending or receiving data A transport s status slip includes a transport icon a status message and a large Close box Most status slips also have a Stop button In addition a status slip can include the title of the item being routed and a progress indicator If a transport needs to have a user choose between two alternatives it can display a status slip with up to three lines of text and two buttons The system defines several standard types of status slips as shown in Figure 7 21 Routing Status 7 29 7 30 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Figure 7 21 Status slips apprise users of lengthy transport activities ef Checking for Mail ef Connecting to Network amp S ef Storing YLELELELELELELEL ELE LD Sprinthet 2400 baud SenderName Subject of e mail E Printing page 1 Title of printed item Do you want to wait for a call or are you manually connecting Wait For Call Manually Connect x Routing Status CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Transports can dynamically switch from one type of status slip to another without closing the status slip and can easily update the contents of the status slip as well for example updating a progress indicator All transports that use the standard status slips have a similar user interface and match
251. t If you decide to include icons in a picker try to make them useful mnemonic devices Use icons to clarify and distinguish the wording of picker items Avoid purely decorative doodads Figure 5 11 illustrates the use of icons in a picker Figure 5 11 Icons can help communicate picker item functions Do not exceed 16 pixels high by 22 pixels wide Smaller is better Sj Put Away Log Add to Names Eau Icons in lists may represent individual items or they may label some attribute of each item such as the type of item To be consistent with icons in existing pickers a picker icon should not exceed 16 pixels in height or 22 in width This does not mean you should go ahead and make all your icons 16 pixels high Consider 16 pixels the maximum icon height in pickers to be used only in it it s difficult to create a recognizable image with fewer pixels Only two of the icons in the built in MessagePad applications are 16 pixels high the Log and Put Away items in the In Out Box Where possible vary the sizes of icons in a picker It s not uniform size that makes icons unify a picker give visual relief and jog users memories To do that give all the icons in a picker the same visual weight and style but unique shapes and configurations Icons in a Picker 5 13 CHAPTER 5 Icons The standard Newton pickers automatically align each icon with its text at their vertical midpoints If you want to adjust the
252. t the picker goes away Picking an Item A user picks an item listed in a list picker by tapping the item The picked item blinks briefly the picker disappears and the action or effect associated with the picked item happens Figure 4 7 shows the sequence of events for the Set button in the built in Clock application List Pickers 4 9 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 7 Using a list picker from a button Daily Alarm Minute Timer 1 User taps button to pop up its picker In the case of a list picker that pops up next to a text label the current value of Clock Type 12 Hour 24 Hour Daily Alarm Minute Timer Time Date S et Options 2 User taps a listed 3 Picker disappears 4 Picked item takes effect item to pick it but button stays highlighted until the picker the most recently picked item is usually displayed next to the picker label The label and the value are customarily aligned at their baselines The value should be displayed in the casual font not in the system font like the picker label and picker items Figure 4 8 shows the sequence of events with the label picker in the Sleep preferences slip Figure 4 8 Using a list picker from a label Sleep after 1 minute after 5 minutes after 10 minutes after 30 minutes never after 1 minute after 5 minutes after 10 minutes after 30 minutes never 1 User taps a label to pop up its picker 2 User ta
253. t bring more items into view Figure 2 33 illustrates the use of color in local scroll arrows Figure 2 33 Scroll arrow color may indicate what scrolling will reveal Names All Names fabjcd ef igh ij Kl nnjop qr ifur bx yz Thornborrow Jemima Li Un A Lee i Walthrop Royce Li Whitenight Industries Ltd aii Black more items in this direction tat White empty in this direction If you implement local scrolling in your application and want users to easily recognize your local scroll arrows make them look like the arrows in the built in applications Do not design your own scroll arrows or make them look like scroll arrows on personal computers Four way Scrolling A view that allows the user to pan up down left and right across a map drawing or other large document must provide a four way two dimension scrolling control The four way scroller should be centered at the bottom of the view Figure 2 34 shows how the standard four way scroller looks How Views Work 2 41 Scroll left right up or down CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 34 A control for scrolling in four directions There s an alternate four way scroller that may be better in some situations The alternate scroller is more compact than the standard scroller but users find the standard scroller easier to target Figure 2 35 shows the alternate four way scroller Figure 2 35 An alternate control for scrolling in four
254. t end of each separator bar is an Action button for routing the item If the application allows users to file items in folders a Filing button appears on each separator bar next to the Action button and the name of the item s folder appears next to the Filing button whenever the view is showing the items of all folders For more information on those buttons see Action Button and Picker on page 7 8 and Filing Button and Slip on page 8 14 On an Apple MessagePad the separator line is two pixels thick and the title is in 9 or 10 point text 2 12 Main Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views The Main View s Border Every application s main view must have a border even if the border is not visible because the view fills the screen Generally an application s main view should have a rounded corner matte border as described under View Border on page 2 6 Alternatively a main view can have a plain rounded corner black border A matte border is a better choice if the view is movable or might be movable on a large screen because users historically have associated matte borders with movable views and plain borders with stationary views Figure 2 12 shows the two border styles Figure 2 12 Main views have matte or plain borders with rounded corners Paris France 12 12 am Tue 7 4 GSO miles A movable main view is preferable to a fixed view If users can t move your application s main view they may ha
255. t subviews finding it easier to pick from a list than to remember the relative position of subviews Usually it makes more sense to implement the subviews of a roll view as individual slips and list their titles in an overview For example the overviews of the built in Preferences and Formulas applications list the titles of individual slips and users cannot scroll from slip to slip For more information on scrolling and overview see Scrolling on page 2 36 and Overview beginning on page 2 44 Roll views bear some resemblance to the paper roll structure of the Notepad but there are several major distinctions For one users can create new notes in the Notepad but cannot create new subviews in a roll view Users can also vary the length of notes in the Notepad but a roll view s subview sizes are fixed Moreover a roll view s summary cannot scroll and can display at most 16 one line subview descriptions There can be more than 16 subviews to see beyond the 16th subview a user must scroll subview by subview starting with the 16th one Roll Views 2 27 CHAPTER 2 Container Views How Views Work 2 28 Container views provide immediate feedback about actions a user may take such as opening closing moving and scrolling The remainder of this chapter describes these behaviors Opening Container Views Opening a container view makes it visible and gives the user access to it unless it is partly or completely
256. tem Info button 3 29 7 6 Item Info slip 3 29 7 6 K keyboard caps key 6 35 character keys 6 34 del key 6 35 displaying 6 33 option key 6 36 position 6 34 return key 6 35 tab key 6 35 types of 6 32 Keyboard button 3 25 Keyboard picker 6 33 L labeled input line 6 10 large Close box 3 14 layout screen 1 11 list picker Action picker 4 26 Caret picker 6 28 check mark in 4 3 Close box in 4 13 for data input 6 3 6 10 font 4 4 Format picker 7 20 hierarchical 4 14 highlighting 4 11 icons in 4 2 4 3 index tabs in 4 13 Info picker 4 24 items in 4 2 4 3 Keyboard picker 6 33 New picker 4 25 organizing 4 6 in overview picker 4 21 position of 4 8 punctuation in 4 3 Receive picker 7 25 scrolling 4 12 Sender picker 7 13 separator line in 4 6 Show picker 4 26 sources 4 7 table in 4 4 Tag picker 7 26 Transport picker 7 18 unavailable items in 4 5 user editing of 4 11 using 4 9 vs radio buttons 6 6 localizing icons 5 6 local scroll arrows defined 2 39 list picker 4 12 scrolling list 6 5 M magnification view 2 48 Mail command 4 26 7 11 main view border 2 13 closing 2 11 2 32 defined 2 9 folder tab 2 10 movable 2 13 opening 2 28 overview 2 44 position 2 30 separator bar 2 11 INDEX size 1 11 status bar 2 11 title 2 10 margins changing 6 31 mask icon 5 10 matte border 2 6 2 13 menu See list picker overview picker message confirmation 2 19 Find service 8 12 no scrolling or overvie
257. tem until the application is present Then the In Box automatically transfers all items it is holding for that application What happens to an item after the In Box automatically puts it away depends on the transport involved The transport may have the In Box delete the item delete the item and make a log entry in the In Box or keep a copy of the item Filing Items That Are Put Away In general when an application gets items from the In Box it should put them away unfiled so users can find them If an application puts away an item without regard to its folder the item will be filed in the same folder on the receiving Newton as it occupied on the sending Newton That could make the item hard for a user to find especially if the folder is undefined on the receiving Newton Your application can alleviate this problem by putting away all items unfiled even if the recipient has a folder of the same name as the sender Routing Incoming Items CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Extending the Tag Picker A transport can add actions to the Tag picker For example an e mail transport might add the actions Reply and Forward so users could reply to and forward received e mail directly from the In Box The built in transports define the following action items Reply Forward Copy Text to Notepad and Add Sender to Names There is a standard icon for each of these actions If you create a new transport that includes these actions use the
258. tepad Fina E Normally the Find service searches applications in their entirety but the currently active application can separate its data and list the separate parts in the checklist that appears when a user selects the Selected radio button in the Find slip For example a personal finance application could allow users to search its check register credit card register and accounts list independently Customizing the Standard Find Slip In addition to the system supplied variations on the Find slip your application can modify or completely replace the Find slip when it is frontmost Typically your application would do this in order to provide a customized user interface for specialized searches For example your application could add a labeled input line with a picker that enables a user to conduct specialized finds If your application specifies custom interface elements the system adds them to the top portion of the standard Find slip whenever two conditions are met First your application must be frontmost Second a user must select your application s radio button in the Find slip Find 8 9 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Keep in mind that a user may need to scroll among found items while the Find slip is displayed therefore when customizing or replacing this slip avoid making it so large that it obscures the display of the found items Figure 8 9 shows a sample application named Checkbook that adds a labeled input line w
259. the stop time 1 1 2 hours 2 hours Date and Time Pickers 4 17 CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 14 Date pickers specify one date or a date range December 1995 Start date January 1996 March 1996 Februar larch j as 2S Wee Picking another April month or May Today changes June the calendar July August September October November Stop date March 1996 Scrolling change thecalendar Date FT March 1996 Et 5 m t w t Tapping a date selects it Tapping the top or bottom of a number increases or decreases it Picking another duration changes the stop date Tapping a Close box accepts the selected date 4 18 Date and Time Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Overview Pickers Like list pickers overview pickers can pop up in response to a user tapping a text label or button marked with a black diamond a picture button or a hot spot And overview pickers like list pickers are used to present a user with items from which to choose That s about where the resemblance between the two types of pickers ends For example list pickers allow a user to select only one item but overview pickers generally allow a user to select one or many items The following sections describe overview pickers in detail Contents of Overview Pickers An overview picker presents a one or two column extract of stored data such as names and phone numbers from the Names Fi
260. the transports available for receiving 7 25 Connection setup varies by transport 7 26 The Tag picker disposes of currently selected In Box items 7 27 Status slips apprise users of lengthy transport activities 7 30 Accessing transport preferences from the In Out Box s Info picker 7 32 Some common preference items for transports 7 33 A Call routing slip sets up an outgoing phone call 1 34 Routing with the Intelligent Assistant 7 35 Newton Services 8 1 Figure 8 1 Figure 8 2 Figure 8 3 Figure 8 4 A busy cursor indicates the system is temporarily engaged 8 2 The Notify button signals an ongoing action or deferred alert 8 3 The Notify picker lists ongoing actions and deferred alerts 8 3 An alarm notification alerts Snooze button can postpone the alarm 8 4 xix XX Figure 8 5 Figure 8 6 Figure 8 7 Figure 8 8 Figure 8 9 Figure 8 10 Figure 8 11 Figure 8 12 Figure 8 13 Figure 8 14 Figure 8 15 Figure 8 16 Table 8 1 Figure 8 17 Figure 8 18 Figure 8 19 Figure 8 20 Figure 8 21 Figure 8 22 Figure 8 23 Figure 8 24 Figure 8 25 Figure 8 26 Figure 8 27 A standard Find slip specifies what to find and where to look 8 7 Specifying text or date searches in a Find slip 8 7 Specifying a date in a Find slip 8 8 Searching specified applications 8 9 A custom Find slip displays application specific criteria at the top 8 10 A status slip shows the progress of a Find operation 8 11 A Find overv
261. the use of other status slips throughout the system For general information on status slips see Status Slips on page 2 20 A status slip s Close box allows a user to hide the slip without halting the action that the slip is monitoring If a user taps a status slip s Close box the transport closes the slip and registers the action with the system s Notify service The Notify service displays the flashing notify button at the top of the screen and adds the action to the Notify picker as described in Notify Button and Picker on page 8 2 The action continues in the background and the user can perform another task The user can also redisplay a status slip by choosing the corresponding action from the Notify picker If a transport completes an action while its status slip is not displayed the transport must unregister the action so the Notify service will remove it from the Notify picker A status slip s Stop button allows a user to halt the action that the slip is monitoring as described in the next section Stopping a Send or Receive in Progress A transport should stop an ongoing send or receive operation as soon as possible under two conditions One is when a user taps the Stop button in the transport s status slip The second is when the system notifies the transport that it wants to turn off power If the system is about to turn power off while a transport is engaged not idle the transport should handle the sit
262. there are three or four pixels between the name and the button s left and right borders See pages 3 3 and 3 7 Capitalization Capitalize the following items like sentences checkboxes field labels and picker items Capitalize the following items like book titles view titles text button names and radio buttons In some contexts it makes sense to capitalize differently but your should be consistent within an application See pages 2 5 3 4 3 18 3 19 4 3 4 20 and 6 2 Picker Icons Think twice before including icons in pickers They re hard to design and have limited benefit See page 5 12 Dismissing a Slip If dismissing a slip does not cause an action to take place other than accepting changes made to data in the slip use a Close box for putting away the slip In this context the Close box means close or put away Use a take action button and a Close box if users have a choice when dismissing the slip of initiating an action or canceling In this context the Close box means cancel See pages 2 16 2 23 and 2 33 Take Action Button Name a slip s take action button with a specific verb such as Print Fax or File Only use vaguely affirmative names such as OK and Yes where you want to force users to scan other parts of the slip to verify what action the button initiates See pages 3 4 and 3 5 A 3 A 4 APPENDIX Avoiding Common Mistakes Fonts Use fonts carefully For the v
263. tion The primary function of an Assist slip is to specify an action If the Assistant can determine an action to take based on words a user writes or selects before tapping the Assist button then the Assistant does not display an Assist slip Once the Assistant knows what action to take it can resolve other missing or ambiguous information with a task slip Task Slips Quite often the Assistant knows what action to take but does not have enough information to complete that action The Assistant tries to fill in as much of the required information as it can but the user may still have to resolve ambiguities or provide additional information In that case the Assistant displays a task slip For example if a user writes the request fax Bob the Assistant can get Bob s fax number from the Names File application But what if Bob has no fax number or more than one fax number What if there is more than one Bob or no one named Bob Even if there is only one Bob with one fax number the user may want to add another fax number another Bob or a message on the fax cover page The task slip for any built in action is the same as or similar to the slip a user sees when performing the action without the Assistant For routing actions printing faxing mailing or calling the task slip is a routing slip see Routing Slips on page 7 12 For scheduling meetings and remembering To Do items the task slip is similar to the slip the D
264. to another main view with a folder tab Figure 2 9 A title or a folder tab tops a main view Title underlined Style preferred Plain folder tab Folder tab with clock and calendar 2 10 Formulas Metric Conversion E Loan Payment E a kot Deocont tshoio All Names Royce Walthrop ESE O O O Quotes Bob and Ray GJ A Here ic a conplomentare Main Views CHAPTER 2 Container Views Primary Controls and Status Bar An application s primary controls go at the bottom of its main view usually on a status bar A status bar is not strictly required but it helps to visually anchor the controls Figure 2 10 shows sample status bars with assorted controls Figure 2 10 A status bar anchors primary controls at the bottom of a main view AENA SETI New ffe Show ENX Status bars with assorted controls Li Send FOC EX Each application can have a different set of controls but an application s main view must have a Close box unless the application is the backdrop see The Backdrop on page 2 29 and Closing a Main View on page 2 32 Close boxes and other standard status bar controls are described in Close Boxes on page 3 14 and Standard Newton Buttons on page 3 22 On an Apple MessagePad the status bar is a black line two pixels thick with end points two pixels from the right and left edges of the application s main view separator Bars In a vie
265. to reveal the scrubbed objects have disappeared A zigzag must go back and forth at least four times to be considered a scrubbing gesture The zigzag should have sharp corners and each segment of the zigzag should be about the same length The zigzag can have any of the four orientations shown in Figure 6 18 Figure 6 18 Orientations of the scrubbing gesture 6 24 Depending on the size of the zigzag it can erase a letter a word or a group of words Also depending on its size one zigzag can erase a whole shape or part of one In addition a single zigzag can erase text and shapes that have been selected Figure 6 19 shows examples of scrubbing a little and scrubbing a lot Writing Drawing and Editing 4 single word 4 group of words 4 single letter scrub over the etter at least four imes CHAPTER 6 Data Input Figure 6 19 Scrubbing a little or a lot phe word W A whole shape Part of a shape Selected text and Shapes start scrubbing outside the selection to avoid moving it fi na The effect of scrubbing may be different if a user first selects several objects If a user selects several objects contiguous or not and then scrubs over all or any part of the selected objects all the selected objects are deleted Unselected objects if any are not deleted by this scrub However if nothing is selected all objects touched by the scrubbing gesture are deleted Your application doesn t have t
266. trols Picture Buttons A picture button is a small picture an icon that represents the button s function The picture is usually bordered by a rounded rectangle like a text button with a picture instead of a text name Figure 3 7 shows several picture buttons Figure 3 7 A picture button depicts what the button does Picture button without bordering rectangles Picture buttons with bordering rectangles gy gden Nash There was a young bel Ready Wed 3 20 5 49 pm There was a young belle of old Natehez A picture button should be as tall as the large Close box described under Close Boxes beginning on page 3 14 and wide enough to enclose the picture Leave white space between the picture and the interior edge of the button border On an Apple MessagePad make picture buttons with borders 13 pixels tall not counting the 2 pixel black border and leave at least one pixel of white space between the picture and the border Picture buttons on a status bar definitely need bordering rectangles to match the other items there and to isolate the pictures from the bar Conversely picture buttons on separator bars do not touch the bar and often look better without bordering rectangles For example the Filing button and Action button must have a border when they are on a status bar but look better without a border on a separator bar A button looks good without a border if Buttons 3 7 CHAPTER 3 Controls
267. tter than a highly decorative interface For example the built in Setup application has lots of non functional decorative elements to make a user s first Newton experience a friendly one but the built in applications that people use daily have none of that decoration Make sure you follow the graphic language of the interface Don t invent new interface elements to replace existing ones and don t change the function of standard interface elements If you change the look of standard interface elements people will actually try to make up functional reasons for the differences If you square off the corners of your buttons use unique view borders or use a different symbol to designate a pop up people will waste time trying to figure out what your custom elements do that the standard ones don t It won t occur to people that you merely have your own notion of how the interface elements should look Observe Basic Human Interface Principles 1 9 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Design for the Newton System 1 10 In addition to the general user interface principles presented in the previous section you should keep in mind the guidelines in this section as you design software specifically for the Newton system Observe the Built In Applications Your software will coexist with built in Newton applications and services On an Apple MessagePad they include the Notepad Names File Date Book In Out Box Filing Routing Fin
268. ttons i Miscellaneous 3 2 Buttons CHAPTER 3 Controls Text Button Sizes A text button should be the same height as the large Close box described under Close Boxes on page 3 14 and wide enough for its name to fit centered on one line in the bold style of the system font Make the button wide enough to leave as much space at the sides of the text as there is space above the text On an Apple MessagePad make text buttons 13 pixels tall not counting the 2 pixel black border Use 9 point text in the bold style of the system font for the button name Leave three pixels between the button s bottom border and the baseline of the text and make the button wide enough to leave three or four pixels between the name and the button s left and right borders In a eroup of buttons you can make all buttons uniformly narrower if you must but always leave at least two pixels of white space at the right and left ends of the text Figure 3 3 shows the preferred spacing between the name and border of a text button on an Apple MessagePad Figure 3 3 Leave standard margins between a button s name and its borders EE E E 3 or 4 pixels at n 8 left and right EEN E E EE E E Pr TTT TTT Tt PET TTT TT TT EEN E E SSeS SSS EE E E EEE HEE EEN E E EE EE EE E E EE EE EEN E E HE EE HE EE E E EE EE EE EEN E E EE EE EEEE HE EE E E EE EE E EE HE EEN E E EE EE E EE HE EE E E EE EE E EE HE EEN E E EE EE ENEE HE 3 pixels to EE
269. tuitously cute Humor typically doesn t translate well to other cultures or languages Also don t use inside jokes or pictures that represent code names Although it might work to use such icons during your development process for product identification be sure to remove them and replace them with appropriate icons before you ship your product Symbols and colloquial language are usually culturally dependent meaning that what one person relates to may have no meaning or may be an insult in another person s culture Extras Drawer Icons 5 6 For users to be able to open an application it must have an icon in the Extras Drawer The application name appears beneath the icon in one or two short lines of text In addition an application that stores data has a storage icon in the Storage folder of the Extras Drawer Extras Drawer Icons Together As you design an icon for an application look at it in the Extras Drawer next to other icons Looking at your icon in the context of other icons may help you determine its visual impact Is the design too light or too heavy Is the Extras Drawer Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons spacing comfortable between neighboring icons How can the icon animate to make it inviting to use Figure 5 5 illustrates some guidelines to consider when designing icons for the Extras Drawer Figure 5 5 The good the bad and the ugly in Extras Drawer icons Avoid words in icons vo 0 N Shapes are goo
270. ty Your software needs to appeal to and be useful to people with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds There are likely to be members of your target audience who are different from the so called average user that you envision Users will undoubtedly vary in their ages styles and abilities They may also have physical or cognitive limitations linguistic differences or other differences you need to consider Identify how the individuals in your target audience differ and what special needs they may have Know Your Audience 1 3 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users Make your application accessible to people around the world by including support for worldwide capabilities in your designs from the beginning of your development process Take stock of the cultural and linguistic needs and expectations of your target audiences Observe Basic Human Interface Principles Effective software adheres to certain basic principles no matter whether it runs on a Newton PDA a personal computer or a high powered computer workstation These principles are based on the capabilities and processes not of the machine but of the human operator how people usually think act and work Metaphors Wherever possible model the actions and objects in your program on something from the real world This trick especially helps inexperienced users quickly grasp how your program works Folders are a classic metaphor People file things in folders in the r
271. types of items it can handle The rest of the user interface for sending and receiving data items is provided by the transports the system and the built in In Out Box application This chapter describes the Newton routing and communications interface in detail covering the following topics a What role the In Out Box application plays in routing incoming and outgoing data items m How users route outgoing items including how the Action button works and how transports get routing information from users CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications m How users route incoming data items m When and how transports should display status information m When and how transports should allow users to stop an ongoing transfer of data items How transports should provide user preference settings a What alternative routing methods are available This chapter discusses the Newton routing and communications interface in the context of the applications and the transports that come with most Apple MessagePad models Applications and transports you develop should follow these models The In Out Box 7 2 The built in In Out Box application holds incoming and outgoing data items received or sent by a Newton transport a communications method such as printing faxing beaming and e mailing On some Newton devices the In Out Box application has two icons in the Extras Drawer one labeled In Box and the other labeled Out Box A user can open the
272. u really want to cancel is not as clear as Disregard all changes can t undo Instead of an OK button you can use a button whose label describes the result of accepting the message in the confirmation alert For example in a confirmation alert that warns about the consequences of restoring from a card you could have a button named Restore instead of OK Likewise you could replace the Cancel button with one that more precisely describes the action such as Don t Restore Confirmation alerts are modal While a confirmation alert is displayed the system restricts users to interacting primarily with that confirmation alert The system ignores all taps outside a confirmation alert A user can write outside a confirmation alert however Auxiliary Views 2 19 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Status Slips When an application begins an operation that takes more than a few seconds to complete the application should display a message describing its busy status The application can display the status message in a view that s already displayed or it can display the message in a status slip Figure 2 19 shows a typical status slip Figure 2 19 A status slip reports on a lengthy operation Icon and title identify the operation Message gives additional information 2 20 LELELELELELELEL ALE De Progress J indicator shows Searching in Mames busy state A status slip contains some or all of the
273. uation gracefully Generally this means displaying a confirmation alert asking for the user to confirm that it is OK to break the connection After the user consents the system waits for the transport to become idle before turning off the power Stopping a Send or Receive in Progress 7 31 CHAPTER 7 Routing and Communications Transport Preferences The Newton system stores user configurable preferences and other configura tion information for the built in transports and can do the same for custom transports The stored preferences correspond to items in a preferences slip for each transport Users access the transports preferences slips from the Info picker that pops up when a user taps the Info button in the In Out Box application Each transport that has a preferences slip is listed in the In Out Box s Info picker Figure 7 22 illustrates the procedure Figure 7 22 Accessing transport preferences from the In Out Box s Info picker Info picker Info button 7 32 me E Can t Make Lunch Hi Ready Bob Anderson Sun 27185 7 36 pri Fax Preferences L M iS Answer phone after 2 rings O Monday February 19 1996 3 items f ae e fe When faxing Specify when Can t Make Lunch Hi Ready 40 pr F After sending a fax er Thursda Ready Delete F File read faxes in Print Prefs Ready E unfiled Items Fax Prefse o fo Coire ec eee e dpi amie Oe ham A Each transport may add its own
274. uct For example you could say something like this You re helping us by trying out this product in its early stages We re looking for places where the product may be difficult to use If you have trouble with some of the tasks it s the product s fault not yours Don t feel bad that s exactly what we re looking for Involve Users in the Design Process 1 15 CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users If we can locate the trouble spots then we can go back and improve the product Remember we re testing the product not you 2 Tell the participant that it s OK to quit at any time Never leave this step out Make sure you inform participants that they can quit at any time if they find themselves becoming uncomfortable Partici pants shouldn t feel like they re locked into completing tasks Say some thing like this Although I don t know of any reason for this to happen if you should become uncomfortable or find this test objectionable in any way you are free to quit at any time 3 Talk about the equipment in the room Explain the purpose of each piece of equipment hardware software video camera tape recorder microphones and so forth and how it will be used in the test 4 Explain how to think aloud Ask participants to think aloud during the observation saying what comes to mind as they work By listening to participants think and p
275. ugh a container view to the views beneath it you can make it transparent Main Views Nearly every application has a main view that serves as a base of operations An application s main view may also be called the application base view But strictly speaking the main view is a user s concept and the application base view is a programmer s concept An application base view is the view that contains all the other views that make up the application A main view is a center of user operations Main Views 2 9 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Applications are not limited to one main view The built in Names File and Date Book applications for example have several main views each Title or Folder Tab An application s main view should have an ordinary underlined title at the top unless the view s identity is obvious from its contents An application s main view cannot have an ordinary title at the top if the application allows users to file information in folders In this case a folder tab must go at the top of the main view A folder tab shows the name of the folder whose data is currently displayed in the view and a user can choose a different folder by tapping the folder tab A folder tab can include a view title or a digital clock and calendar but does not have to include either of them For more information on folders and folder tabs see Chapter 8 Newton Services Figure 2 9 compares a main view with a title
276. uidelines helps you link the philosophy behind the Newton 2 0 interface to the actual implementation of the interface elements Examples from a range of Newton soft ware show good human interface design These examples are augmented by descriptions and discussions of the reasoning behind the guidelines This book also contains examples of how not to design human interface they are marked as such and appear with a discussion that points out what s inappropriate and how to correct it Who Should Read This Book This book is for people who design and develop software for Newton devices If you are a designer a human interface professional or an engineer this book contains information you need to design and create software that fits the Newton model It also provides background information to help you plan your software product s design Even if you don t design and develop software for Newton reading this book will help you understand the Newton interface This understanding is useful to managers and planners who are thinking about developing Newton software as well as to people who are studying human interface design in general xxi PREFACE This book assumes you are familiar with the concepts and terminology used with Newton devices and that you have used a Newton device and its standard applications What s in This Book Related Books This book begins with a chapter that describes Newton devices such as the Apple Me
277. unications 7 1 Figure 7 1 Table 7 1 Figure 7 2 Figure 7 3 Figure 7 4 Figure 7 5 Figure 7 6 Figure 7 7 The In Out Box application displays either the In Box or the Out Box 7 3 Meanings of status words in the In Out Box headers 7 5 A Show button provides access to alternative views 7 6 Viewing routing information in an Item Info slip 7 7 An Action picker lists the transports available for sending 7 8 An Action button at the bottom of a view affects the entire view 7 9 An Action button above an item affects only that item 7 10 An Action picker can include two kinds of actions 7 11 Chapter 8 Figure 7 8 Figure 7 9 Figure 7 10 Figure 7 11 Figure 7 12 Figure 7 13 Figure 7 14 Figure 7 15 Figure 7 16 Figure 7 17 Figure 7 18 Figure 7 19 Figure 7 20 Figure 7 21 Figure 7 22 Figure 7 23 Figure 7 24 Figure 7 25 A routing slip shows sender recipient and type of transport 7 13 Changing the sender s name or location 7 14 Choosing a printer in a routing slip 7 16 Choosing fax or e mail recipients in a routing slip 7 17 Switching to another transport in a group 7 18 Setting format and content options in a routing slip 7 20 Format choices vary by transport and class of data 7 21 A format can get supplemental information in an auxiliary view 7 22 Previewing outgoing page images 7 23 The Out Box s Send picker lets users send items to output devices 7 24 The Receive picker lists
278. unt degree or value in relation to a range of possible values A user can only read a gauge Compare to slider A small container view that closes itself automatically after it has been displayed for a brief period Also if a user taps the view it closes immediately A drawing feature that causes the endpoints of a newly drawn line to snap to nearby corners and midpoints of existing graphic shapes To make something visually distinct typically when it s selected Usually done by reversing black and white areas A small unnamed control that responds like buttons when tapped Usually there are many hot spots in a view and they can be visible or not A symbol that graphically represents an object or a concept For example icons in the Extras Drawer represent applications GLOSSARY Item Info slip ink text input input area input line insertion point interface invert large Close box main view matte border message method Names File A slip that reports statistics for an item headed by a separator bar The statistics include the item s title type creation date size and storage location A user can change an item s title in the Item Info slip Words written in electronic ink Information transferred into a Newton from some external source such as the pen or a modem Compare to output A place in a container view where a user can write or draw An input area where a user can write one line
279. ur cam tur eed your fee You can observed l DP observe a Jotjust by Jya Eo faw Y lot just by watching watching Yogi Berra a a Yogi Berra A n 1 User double taps 2 Correction picker 3 User selects 4 Selected alternate the misrecogni d pops up alternate word word replaces word Your misrecognized word At the bottom of the Correction picker are three buttons a Keyboard button a Corrector button and a Try Letters button Tapping Try Letters causes the Newton system to ignore the recognition dictionaries and try to recognize the word letter by letter Tapping the Keyboard button displays a keyboard Writing Drawing and Editing 6 29 6 30 CHAPTER 6 Data Input with which the user can type corrections Tapping the Corrector button brings up a Corrector view in which the user can make corrections to individual letters The user can write over a letter to replace it delete a letter by scrubbing it or insert a space in which to write an additional letter In addition the user can tap a letter in the Corrector view to pop up a Correction picker that lists alternate letters plus the commands Insert and Delete Figure 6 26 shows how a Corrector view works Figure 6 26 How a Corrector view works educator S If 4 Educator S eee educates ae e educatur ice i educated ee Ob ANIA notes oq eee a eae eee 1 User taps Corrector button User can tap any letter to pop up a Correction picker
280. user taps its label which begins with a diamond Because a user may have to tap several times to specify a number a number picker has a Close box Tapping the Close box confirms the specified number and makes the picker go away A user can cancel and close the picker by tapping anywhere outside it Specialized number pickers for specifying dates and times are used in other pickers described in the next two sections Number Picker CHAPTER 4 Pickers Date and Time Pickers Tapping the top of a number increases it tapping the bottom of a number r decreases it Tapping a Close box accepts the specified time The system includes pickers for specifying a time a date a date and time a start and stop time a start and stop date or a time offset Each of these pickers pops up when a user taps its label which begins with a diamond Then the user can specify a date or time by tapping in the picker The picker does not go away automatically when a user selects a date or time in it Date and time pickers also contain a Close box which the user must tap to confirm the selected time or date The user can cancel the selection and close the picker by tapping anywhere outside the picker Figure 4 13 and Figure 4 14 show several time and date pickers Figure 4 13 Time pickers specify a time a time range or a time offset Gx Stop time 01 00 1 hour J 30 minutes Picking another 45 minutes duration changes 1 hour
281. ut box preference settings and on screen help Put the Info button at the left end of the status bar next to the Analog Clock button if it is present Figure 3 23 shows examples of Info button placement Tapping the Info button pops up the Info picker which is described on page 4 24 Standard Newton Buttons 3 23 CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 23 Where an Info button goes Info button _ without Analog Clock button Info button with J LESTA TET New Jt Show EX a Clock Recognizer Button A Recognizer button lets users control the system s recognition of handwriting and drawing An application s main view should have a Recognizer button to the right of the Info button on its status bar if users can write or draw in the main view Additionally a Recognizer button can go in the lower left corner of each slip in which users can write or draw Figure 3 24 shows a Recognizer button on a status bar and one in a slip Figure 3 24 Where a Recognizer button goes Recognizer button on a status bar Recognizer button in a slip Ai NA TET New jt Show EX The Recognizer button is a picture button and the picture on the button indicates the type of recognition currently in effect Figure 3 25 shows how the Recognizer button looks for each type of recognition Figure 3 25 The Recognizer button indicates the type of recognition in effect 3 24 5 Text Ink Text Shapes Sketches Stan
282. utton for filing the view s data into folders then the view must also have a folder tab at the top so users can see the data they have filed in folders A folder tab looks like the cut tab part of a paper file folder The Newton folder tab shows the name of the folder whose data is currently displayed in the view The name begins with a diamond because tapping it pops up a picker from which a user can choose which folder to see Additionally a user can choose to see only items not filed in any folder or items from all folders including unfiled items A check mark appears next to the current choice Figure 8 18 shows a sample folder tab and picker Every Folder picker includes two choices in addition to the alphabetical list of folders At the top of the Folder picker above a separator line is the choice Unfiled Items At the bottom of the alphabetical list of folders below a separator line is the choice All Items In both of these choices your application can replace the word Items with the name of the type of item displayed in the view Filing 8 19 CHAPTER 8 Newton Services Figure 8 18 A folder tab allows users to filter a view by folder 1 User taps folder tab 2 Folder picker pops up and user chooses what to see ore Unfilled Names Royce Walthrop ana ma m a a a a calles a 217 Crocker Lane Hillsdale OA 44714 Untiled Names Business Miscellaneous Personal All Names
283. ve to close your application to work on another application beneath it If you want a user to be able to leave your application open make its main view small matte bordered and movable It s possible for a stationary main view to have a different border style and still look like it belongs on a Newton device You need a strong reason something more than personal preference to give your application s main view anything other than a rounded corner black border or a rounded corner matte border Main Views 2 13 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Auxiliary Views When an application needs to display and input more information than will fit in its main view it displays an auxiliary view There are several types of auxiliary views as shown in Figure 2 13 and detailed in the following sections Figure 2 13 Examples of auxiliary views Fl Whitenight Industries Ltd Ordinary slips give users the space they need to make detailed settings and to input or change data Status slips tell users what is happening during lengthy operations 2 14 Auxiliary Views G Print Newton is unable to print Notification alerts communicate important messages to users Are you sure you want to change the name of the Essential folder to Trivial Confirmation alerts ask users to authorize a far reaching or dangerous operation Palettes give users handy access to useful settings and information Drag handle
284. view to which the modal view is subordinate If users tap in other views nothing happens Users must attend to the one modal view and must close it before they can use other views Users can put away a modal view only by tapping one of its controls How Views Work 2 29 2 30 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Although modeless views give users more flexibility modal views have the advantage of being less ambiguous Nothing a user does in a modal view should take effect until the user taps a button to confirm the state of the modal view A modal view avoids intermediate states that can occur with a modeless view where a user s changes take effect without the user being aware that this is happening You can use modal views when your application needs information before it can continue A modal view is fairly simple to implement but that doesn t mean that you should use modal views too freely You should rarely restrict the user s actions by forcing the user into a mode View Position When designing an application you must decide where to position the application s main view ordinary slips and palettes The system takes care of positioning routing slips status slips notification alerts and confirmation alerts In making these decisions consider the type of view its size in relation to the main view or the screen what other views you know will also be open and how the view s content relates to the other open views The
285. void punctuation in radio buttons and cluster headings In particular do not end a cluster heading with a colon The heading s meaning is clear without the colon Checkboxes 3 18 Checkboxes like radio buttons provide alternative choices for users A checkbox is a small dotted box that may include a check mark W It is labeled to the right or left with a word or phrase Use a checkbox to indicate an option that must be either off or on The user selects or deselects the checkbox by tapping it or its label When the option is selected a check mark appears in the box When the option is not selected the box is empty Checkboxes act like toggle switches which can be on or off A checkbox is on when it is selected and off when it is not selected Figure 3 18 shows some typical checkboxes Checkboxes Checkbox off Checkbox on CHAPTER 3 Controls Figure 3 18 Each checkbox can be on or off a Sound Alert Sound Bell Alert Volume MEE off it Action sound effects vt Pen sound effects You can have one checkbox or as many as you need Checkboxes are indepen dent of one another even when they offer related options Any number of checkboxes can be on or off at the same time It s a good idea to group sets of checkboxes that are related and to separate the groups from other groups of checkboxes and radio buttons Each group may have a heading to identify it Labeling a checkbox unambiguously can be difficult
286. w 2 49 nothing to route 7 8 notification 2 18 status slip 2 21 metaphor as design principle 1 4 icon for 5 2 misrecognized text correcting 6 8 6 29 modal view 2 19 2 29 movable main view 2 13 palette 2 24 slip 2 15 view 2 29 2 31 2 33 moving text or shapes 6 32 N name checkbox 3 19 icon 5 9 list picker item 4 3 text button 3 4 New button defined 3 26 overview picker 4 19 4 23 New picker 4 25 Newton about 1 1 designing for 1 10 IN 8 devices 1 1 future devices 1 12 what people do with 1 3 Newton services Alarms service 8 4 busy cursor 8 2 Filing service 8 13 Find service 8 6 help 8 28 Intelligent Assistant 8 22 Notify service 8 2 preferences 8 30 sound 8 6 summarized 8 1 notification alert 2 17 2 28 Notify button 2 23 7 31 8 2 Notify picker 2 23 7 31 8 3 number picker 4 16 numbers written 6 8 O observing users 1 14 OK button 2 19 online help 4 25 opening views 2 28 option key 6 36 orientation display 1 12 2 34 3 30 Out Box See In Out Box outgoing data See routing overview See also Overview button Overview picker Action button and picker in 7 8 closing 2 49 defined 2 44 ellipsis in 2 45 Find service 8 11 none available 2 49 Overview button 2 46 scrolling 2 48 INDEX switching to 2 47 Overview button 2 46 2 49 overview picker capitalizing 4 20 closing 4 22 contents 4 19 for data input 6 3 defined 4 19 font 4 20 list picker in 4 21 new item in 4
287. w that may display more than one variable sized item at once like the notes in the Notepad a separator bar heads each item A separator bar identifies the item below it and carries controls that apply only to that item Figure 2 11 shows some separator bars in the Notepad Main Views 2 11 CHAPTER 2 Container Views Figure 2 11 Separator bars separate multiple items in a scrolling view Controls that Ton potes affect the item Separator bar E Mahatma Gandhi Quotes EA oe ees i Thereis more to life than Name of tems Indicates type of yanunua nnn eee item Title of item Mahatma Gandhi John Lennon Guotes G EA Life is what happens while E E EOE AE E E BOD pees vnut ore makina other plant A user creates a separator bar also called a divider bar by drawing a line across the view or by tapping a New button on the view s status bar Tapping the New button always scrolls to the last item and adds a new blank item below it Making the line gesture adds a new blank item below the line before the following item A separator bar is a heavy black line with various buttons and text At the left end of each separator bar is a picture button called the Item Info button which indicates the type of item below it Next to that button is the item s title displayed in the bold style of the system font For more information on the Item Info button see Item Info Button on page 3 29 At the righ
288. with Fax Beam and Mail where Note is understood in all but the first item If a picker item changes an attribute or a state use a word or phrase that describes the change Descriptive words nouns and adjectives in pickers imply an action They should fit into the sentence Change to or Make this For instance while picking a label for a phone number in the Names File a user might think Make this phone number the Home number A user who is about to change the view in the Names File might think Change to the All Info view List pickers display items in the bold style of the system font On an Apple MessagePad the item names are 10 point text Table of Items A list picker can include a two dimensional table of items with any number of rows and columns The table can contain anything that can be represented by a bitmap picture The entire table is actually implemented as one bitmap picture complete with the border between cells and around the table Figure 4 2 shows a list picker that contains a table of items List Pickers CHAPTER 4 Pickers Figure 4 2 A list picker can contain a two dimensional table of items Unavailable Items An application may need to make some of a list picker s items available only in certain contexts To make items unavailable an application should remove them from the picker For example the Date Book application removes Beam and Mail from its Actio
289. x defined 3 14 in a picker 4 13 closing application 2 32 2 49 backdrop application 2 29 confirmation alert 2 19 drawer 2 26 2 33 main view 2 11 2 32 modal view 2 29 notification alert 2 17 overview 2 49 overview picker 4 21 4 22 palette 2 25 slip 2 16 2 33 status slip 2 23 view 2 32 colon 2 5 3 18 6 2 common pool of data 1 10 communications method See transport configuring recognition 6 19 confirmation alert 2 18 2 28 consistency as design principle 1 7 container view See view controls Action button 3 28 7 8 Analog Clock button 3 23 buttons 3 2 checkbox 3 18 Close box 3 14 defined 3 1 Filing button 3 27 8 14 hot spot 3 21 Info button 3 23 Item Info button 3 29 Keyboard button 3 25 New button 3 26 Preview button 7 23 radio button 3 16 Receive button 7 25 Recognizer button 3 24 Rotate button 3 30 routing slip 7 20 Show button 3 26 7 6 slider 3 20 Snooze button 8 4 on status bar 2 11 Tag button 7 26 title not a 2 5 in a view 2 3 correcting misrecognized text 6 8 6 29 Corrector view 6 29 cursor busy 8 2 D data common pool of 1 10 data input Caret picker 6 28 changing capitalization 6 31 changing shapes 6 31 changing text margins 6 31 IN 3 INDEX checkbox for 6 7 correcting misrecognized text in 6 29 defined 6 1 drawing input 6 8 duplicating in 6 31 editing of 6 8 6 21 erasing text or shapes in 6 24 error handling for 6 37 expanding text input line for 6 1
290. x ut Box Calls Connection Card a E 2 Calculator Formulas Time Clock Styles Tim Clock Styles ones ones MME t E MME E olume Battery Yolurive Battery B ONEaNx B ONEaNx Avoid full 29 x 29 size 33 Prefer 25 x 25 or smaller a Q On an Apple MessagePad the maximum size for an icon in the Extras Drawer is 29 pixels by 29 pixels but smaller icons generally look better A full size square icon looks too tall and may appear to be uncomfortably close to the icons above and below it You should give your icon breathing room by making the body of the icon no bigger than 25x 25 Use the four pixel margin for sparse decorative accents or for visual irregularities that extend somewhat beyond the central part of the icon and give it a distinct shape You can also use the extra space around a 25 x 25 icon for a mask that animates the icon see Animating an Extras Drawer Icon on page 5 9 Extras Drawer Icons CHAPTER 5 Icons Extras Drawer Icon Shape Icons for Newton applications generally should not look like icons for desktop computer applications Boxy icons are common on desktop computers where colors and shades of gray can distinguish one icon from another In the Newton Extras Drawer boxy black and white icons look too much alike especially when they are in great number or are uniform in size Try to give your Extras Drawer icon a distinguishing silhouette If for some reason your design must use a black rectangular fiel
291. y 2 7 built in applications observing 1 10 busy cursor 8 2 button See also radio button Action button 3 28 7 8 adding to another application 3 11 Analog Clock button 3 23 on button bar 3 11 Cancel button 2 16 3 5 defined 3 2 in expanding text input 6 11 Filing button 3 27 8 14 grouping 3 12 highlighting 3 9 4 11 icon in 5 12 Info button 3 23 Item Info button 3 29 Keyboard button 3 25 large 3 14 name of 3 4 New button 3 26 Overview button 2 46 picker from 4 7 picture 3 7 position 3 3 Preview button 7 23 Receive button 7 25 Recognizer button 3 24 Rotate button 3 30 on separator bar 3 11 Show button 3 26 7 6 size of 3 3 Snooze button 2 17 8 4 spacing of 3 12 standard 3 22 state of 3 10 3 11 on status bar 3 11 Stop button 3 6 Tag button 7 26 take action 2 16 2 33 text button 3 2 unavailable 3 10 3 11 Undo button 6 37 button bar 3 11 C Cancel button 2 16 2 19 2 23 3 5 canceling Cancel button 3 5 slip 2 16 status slip 2 23 capitalizing button name 3 4 checkbox 3 19 INDEX list picker item 4 3 overview picker item 4 20 radio button 3 18 view title 2 5 caps key 6 35 caret gesture for inserting space 6 26 moving 6 35 text insertion 6 27 6 34 6 35 Caret picker 6 28 character keys 6 34 checkbox for data input 6 7 defined 3 18 overview picker 4 19 vs radio button 3 19 check mark in list picker 4 3 city 7 14 clipping 6 8 clock in folder tab 8 21 Close bo
292. y the next tap on a character key to produce a set of international characters and special symbols For example in many Newton fonts option 4 produces the symbol option r produces and option g produces Like the Newton shift key the Newton option key is not pressed concurrently with pressing a character key The Newton option key locks on when tapped and releases automatically when a character key is tapped Option can be used together with shift in combination with a character key to produce still other symbols For example option shift produces the Spanish character Arrow Keys The left arrow and right arrow keys move the text caret left or right one character at a time If a user selects some text and then taps an arrow key the text is deselected and the caret appears at the right or left edge of the selection This action doesn t move the selected text If a user selects a shape and then taps an arrow key nothing happens The selected shape does not move and the selection does not change Arrow keys never duplicate the function of scroll arrows The modifier keys caps shift and option have no effect on the arrow keys Type Ahead and Auto Repeat If a user types more quickly than the Newton system can handle the system queues the extra keystrokes for later processing This queuing is called type ahead There s a limit to the number of keystrokes that can be queued but this limit is usually not re
293. y view 1112131415 Local scroll 15018 19 60 5 58 arrows scrol 30 month to month 10 e E a inner anit tabetha earn 1 1 Ce ee ee 2 22 uuu n n nuun n nnan nunnu NENENNmMENENEEmMENmMENENEEO TIN EE T EAE A EAE ances E A TAE T F 120 GE Lench E Local scroll Kl arrows scroll hour to hour 3 MNA Jee New Jt Show ENX EO PFS ep Mames Dates z Find assist Undo Y Usually each tap on a local scroll arrow scrolls one item of information If a user presses and holds the pen on a local scroll arrow items scroll by continuously After five items have scrolled by the application can begin scrolling page by page For scrolling purposes the size of a page is one less than the number of items that fit in the view As a shortcut a user can double tap a local scroll arrow to scroll a page These two forms of accelerated scrolling are optional but an application that features accelerated scrolling should behave as described here A view can contain local scroll arrows even if it does not respond to the universal scroll arrows The local scroll arrows shouldn t scroll the whole view they should only scroll some part of the view How Views Work CHAPTER 2 Container Views Local scroll arrows can use color white or black to indicate whether scrolling will bring more items or any more empty space into view An arrow is black if tapping it will bring more items into view An arrow is white if tapping it will no
294. ystem 1 10 Observe the Built In Applications 1 10 Use the Common Pool of Data 1 10 Keep Applications Simple 1 11 iii Chapter 2 Use Screen Space Wisely 1 11 Check the Screen Size 1 11 Involve Users in the Design Process 1 13 Define Your Audience 1 13 Analyze Tasks 1 13 Build Prototypes 1 14 Observe Users 1 14 Ten Steps for Conducting a User Observation 1 15 Container Views 2 1 iv How Views Look 2 3 View Controls 2 3 View Title 2 4 View Border 2 6 Matte Border 2 6 Striped Border 2 7 Wavy Border 2 7 Plain Border 2 8 Drop Shadows 2 8 View Fill 2 9 Main Views 2 9 Title or Folder Tab 2 10 Primary Controls and Status Bar 2 11 Separator Bars 2 11 The Main View s Border 2 13 Auxiliary Views 2 14 Slips 2 15 Notification Alerts 2 17 Confirmation Alerts 2 18 Status Slips 2 20 Title and Message 2 21 Progress Indicator 2 22 Close Stop or Cancel 2 23 User Decision 2 24 Palettes 2 24 Drawers 2 26 Roll Views 2 27 How Views Work 2 28 Opening Container Views 2 28 View Display Order 2 28 The Backdrop 2 29 What Is Active 2 29 View Position 2 30 Position of a Main View 2 30 Position of Auxiliary Views 2 31 Closing a View 2 32 Closing a Main View 2 32 Closing a Slip 2 33 Closing a Drawer 2 33 Moving a View 2 33 Changing a View s Size 2 34 Scrolling 2 36 Scrolling With Scroll Arrows 2 37 Universal Scroll Arrows 2 38 Local Scroll Arrows 2 39 Four way Scrolling 2 41 Automatic Scrolling 2 43 Scrolling Performance 2 44
295. yze the steps necessary to complete each task you anticipate people wanting to accomplish Then design your product to facilitate those tasks Know Your Audience CHAPTER 1 Newton and Its Users using a step by step approach by thinking of how a person might get from one place to the next in a logical fashion Involve users throughout the design process and observe them working in their environment Use people who fit your audience description to test your prototypes and development products Listen to their feedback and try to address their needs in your product Develop your product with people and their capabilities not computers and their capabilities in mind For more information see Involve Users in the Design Process on page 1 13 What People Do With Newton The features and capabilities that make Newton what it is also strongly influence what people want to do with Newton devices These expectations indirectly affect the user interface of Newton software An application must make it easy for people to accomplish the following tasks on demand Capture information fragments write sketch pick from lists specify dates and times and select options Organize information file sort schedule prioritize copy delete and format m Retrieve information find recall browse skim read and view m Send and in some cases receive information by various means print fax mail and direct transfer Accessibili

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