Towards green cars
Contents
1. CO2 nitrous oxide N20 methane CH4 and ozone O3 are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere P4 only chose carbon dioxide CO2 to analyse but the other emitted gases show the same change in the same length of time The analysed data and the diagram come from the official website Carbon dioxide Information Analysis Centre and present the major global sources of carbon dioxide CO2 emissions from different countries from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present page 53 85 Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 op Number of cars Global CO Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning 12 9 30000 Z pad amp 10 25000 3 Actual point 3 f E Sa Canada j R 2 ndia 6 J rd 7 a 2 15000 i 2 4 a g 10000 2 f Former x es 5000 iia ae E a ig 5 USA 2S 0 z t T T T To 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 1832 1862 1882 1902 1922 1942 1962 1982 2002 Figure 1 Diagram left shows the change in the number of cars on diagram right the global carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel burning is presented have to add that the emitted carbon dioxide gas comes from transportation 20 cement manufacture and gas flaring When on a smoggy day we cannot see the Sun because of the air pollution maybe everybody will feel his responsibility and everybody will be able to grasp we have to do something at the moment for the future2. That is not a yes or no question there is no choice Do we have to change our habits Do we need to change our cars But better late than never Solution for the problem How can we find the good solution to reduce the air pollution and the greenhouse gas emission coming from transportation Maybe by developing new kinds of cars which emit less gas or run without gas emission But is the idea of hybrid cars a new one The world s first hybrid car was The Semper Vivus by Prof Ferdinand Porsche who was busy designing and developing this car as early as 1896 Four years later when his second car the Lohner Porsche with electrical motors first appeared in the World Exhibition of Paris in April 14 1900 it was 112 years ago it astonished the automobile world and was an authentic novelty for the automobile fans of that time The innovating success of this design catapulted Dr Ferdinand Porsche to the fame as engineer 300 Lohner Porsches were produced Up to the 1920s a lot of manufacturers made hybrid cars in a very similar pattern After this date in the transport history we cannot find any other hybrid trials until the 1960s and 1970s What was the reason The advances in ICE Internal Combustion page 54 85 Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 Engine the cheap oil and automobile production in general killed off the hybrid cars Then the first reviving hybrids appeared owing to the A
3. Very special thanks go to Eszter Viszlai Nagy for English translation and special thanks go to Dr Matyas Koniorczyk Dr Tamas Tasnadi for their professional help References 1 Herwig Birg World Population Projections for the 21st Frankfurt Campus Verlag Ny St martins Press 1995 2 articles economictimes indiatimes com 3 Tilling Stephen Ozone and the Greenhouse Effect A Practical G C S E Course work Guide ISBN 1 85153 819 4 4 www ipcc ch 5 http cdiac ornl gov 6 Zoltan Ocskay Lohner Porsche Semper Vivus Veteran The oldtimers Buda pest 2011 7 Toyota group Owner s manual 8 Toyota group Quick Reference Guide Toyota hybrid Printed in the USA 1 08 page 57 85
4. Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 Towards green cars Janos Heged s Le wey Klara High Scool P cs Hungary Abstract From the beginning of the 20th century many people and factories have been trying to introduce better and better environment friendly cars In our days there are sever al different types of vehicles which can get the Green Car award Which was the first car like that Why is it good to use that kind of car Just because its operation is cheaper What are the benefits of using a green car People know that they are environment friendly vehicles powered by alternative fuels and more expensive than other conventional internal combustion engine vehicles am going to give the reasons why we should speak about this topic in a secondary school how we can bring hybrid technology into education Then am going to present some parts of the development of alternative cars and to analyse the structure of the most remarkable models Introduction Undoubtedly the energy crisis the air pollution and the increasing emission of greenhouse gases are among the biggest problems of the contemporary world The primary cause of these problems is the excessive use of fossil fuels in energy pro duction Not only physicists chemists and engineers have the responsibility to save the environment and by trying to reduce the energy crisis through their new inven tions but also teachers by making children interested in
5. a small electric motor 5kW to 25kW which has to provide extra torque to the power train system in the car When the power driving cycle is less intense the vehicle can also utilize the engine to charge the battery pack If our car is a parallel hybrid we have the possibility to turn off the internal combus tion engine and use the vehicle like a completely emission free full electric vehicle In this case the electric motor runs on the battery pack But please note that we have electric energy only for a shorter in town drive If we look at the palette of hybrid cars we will see that a lot of them are actually par allel hybrid vehicles The other way to classify the hybrids is by their power sometimes we say the cars are on different degrees of hybridization The microhybrids have less electric power they are utilized only in parallel hybrids A special electrical engine with a belt drive is in charge of the electric supply and it is useful in the start stop mechanism The mildhybrid has more power than the microhybrid but it is not enough to make the car move The electric motor helps the ICE during acceleration therefore the normal engine is calmer and needs less gasoline page 55 85 Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 Only the full hybrid strong hybrid vehicles are able to move by electric power with out running the internal combustion engine When the power driving cycle is less in tense we run downhill the po
6. duction and con sumption of energy will rise The transportation sector is second in terms of world energy use The transportation share of total liquids consumption increases from 51 in 2006 to 56 But do we have enough coal gas oil on our planet Is it possible to increase the production continuously Or should we change the energy sources There are more than 600 million motor vehicles on the streets The biggest manufac turer is Japan having produced 8 056 000 cars in 1998 Then the US with 5 554 000 and Germany with 5 348 000 In course of time these numbers experi ence a rapid growth In 1960 Japan produced just 185 000 cars but by the end of the 1990s it was producing nearly 10 million a year It is believed that at this growth rate the number of cars on Earth will double within the next 30 years Human life demands mobility so we can t organize our everyday lives without chang ing places In several countries in Europe people are used to travelling 100 kilome tres a day so they can t imagine life without transportation Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas Greenhouse gases GHG are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere both natural and anthropogenic which absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radia tion emitted by the Earth s surface the atmosphere itself and by clouds This proper ty causes the greenhouse effect Water vapour H20 carbon dioxide
7. r salons the sellers could not give any additional information about the tech nology they were able to read the papers behind the windscreen They told me should buy a car with normal combustion engine was in 12 car salons and found just one where they suggested buying a hybrid car In the abstract wrote Not only physicists chemists and engineers have the respon sibility to save the environment and by trying to reduce the energy crisis through their new inventions but also teachers by making children interested in these prob lems Teachers have an important role not only in teaching but in the environmental education In school we must speak about the energy consumption about the green house gases and about the climate change Students do not gather enough infor mation at home Even if they receive information from the media about air pollution or the greenhouse effect maybe they do not realize their relevance If we don t show them a way to environment friendly life they will never have a green attitude They will simply live like the other thousands of millions of people in a consumer society who start and stop their ICE cars several times day by day The striking facts and interesting details of technology collected in the present paper may serve as a good starting point for elaborating on this aspect of environmental education page 56 85 Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 Acknowledgements
8. rab Oil embargo What does a green car and a hybrid car mean We can frequently meet these ex pressions But which one is correct It seems difficult to give the answer It is certain that all green vehicles must be environmentally friendly so they must not produce so many harmful impacts on the environment they reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emission A green vehicle can be a hybrid electric vehicle a plug in hybrid elec tric vehicle sometimes they include just a conventional motor with high fuel econo my The real hybrid vehicle can be described as a curious mixture of an electrical vehicle and a car with an internal combustion engine There are two different drive systems in it where the first is the normal internal combustion engine and the second one is the electric motor There are more possibilities in hybrid car classification we can make this for example according to the driving system Nowadays the serial hybrid and the parallel hybrid constructions are the two most current technical solutions Serial hybrid vehicles are driven only by electric traction only Due to the lack of direct drive between wheels and internal combustion engine a permanent revolution per minute can be obtained in the ICE The internal combustion engine drives a generator which is responsible for simultaneously supplying electricity to electric motors and batteries In the paral lel hybrid an internal combustion engine works in conjunction with
9. tential energy will be stored in the battery When we need more energy during acceleration the electric and the internal combustion en gine are working together It is always an on board computer that adjusts the electric motor permanent depending on the thrust level This computer has to check the bat tery charge status too as the battery must not be charged less than 40 or more than 60 In this way the battery can actually last longer than the car itself Conclusions experience during the research How can we introduce this subject to the students You might think that nowadays it is not difficult to see hybrid vehicles even if you do not own them In my country you would be surprised During the work on this topic the hybrid car tried to speak to hybrid car owners but they were unfriendly and suspicious was turned down many times To get information about the car was a mission impossible was at the point of giving up when fortunately was helped by a really good colleague who turned out to have such a car herself We had a test drive was lucky enough to look under the hood found the high voltage units and the warning cautions Sitting in the car felt was in a SCI FI It is useful to read the user s manual of a hybrid car it is really informative We must learn how to drive hybrids Without a manual the owner can have some serious prob lems too the owner can even cause damage to the car M In the ca
10. these problems The reme dy is complex here we discuss only some issues related to the substitutes to com bustion engine driven vehicles The large scale introduction of alternative vehicles would have a positive impact on global climate change too Outline the problem Population and income growth are the two most powerful driving forces behind the demand for energy According to the United Nations the world population reached 7 billion on October 31 2011 Nowadays more than 250 children are born and 100 people die every minute so in every 60 seconds the world s population increases by 150 people Since 1900 world population has more than quadrupled real income has page 52 85 Physics Competitions Vol 15 No 1 amp 2 2013 grown by a factor of 25 and primary energy consumption by a factor of 22 5 The next 30 years are likely to see continued global integration and rapid growth of low and medium income economies Maybe the population growth is trending down but we know from the statistics that the income growth is trending up Over the last 20 years the world population has increased by 1 6 billion people and it is projected to rise by 1 4 billion over the next 20 years The world s real income has risen by 87 over the past 20 years and it is likely to rise by 100 over the next 20 years At the global level the most fundamental relationship in energy economics remains robust more people with more income means that the pro
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