Resistive Circuits
Contents
1. Mode Banana Jack Connections Auto DMM gt V gt com Null Offset Instrument Control Device Acquisition Mode Run Continuously Run Stop Help L_ gt js Le 16 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi You will notice that there is a diagram showing the Banana Jack Connections Make sure to plug in the probes that came with the myDAQ to the correct inputs To run the instrument hit the Run button This will initialize the virtual instrument and you are now set to make measurements By default the instrument will initialize to measure voltage Try measuring a battery or something with a voltage potential to test if your myDAQ is working If you want to change the quantity that is being measured simply toggle the Measurement Setting to the desired i 5 quantity Using the same resistive divider and potentiometer circuit from the last part replace the power supply with the myDAQ s 15 V supply Use the built in DMM to measure the voltage across the potentiometer and show the setup to your GSI for check off Your GSI Signs Here 20 pts Once you finish feel free to play around with the other equipment and the myDAQ You will be learning about them soon enough 4 NEVER PROBE THE OUTPUT OF A WALL SOCKET THIS IS POTENTIALLY VERY HARMFUL SINCE THE LINE OPERATES AT 120 VAC 5 Note that for measurements such as current you will have2. Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Solve the equations from parts 1 and 3 simultaneously to find Ry and R2 in terms of Vs Vi max AVL and iL max Score _ 15 Now that you ve derived the formulas for the resistances satisfying the parameters let s actually build the circuit Supposed we want to use our circuit to step down a supply voltage of V 9V to power a load with that requires a supply voltage V 3V 25 to operate We also want the maximum current running through the load to be imax 10MA 13 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi What are values of R and R should you use 2 pts each l Movable For our prototype we will be using a variable resistor or a potentiometer to change the load to the circuit The symbol for a potentiometer is shown in the figure to the 2 jj JE left R max To simulate the variable load we will be connecting the A and W terminals of the potentiometer as our X load Once you have built your circuit adjust the potentiometer and verify that the b Potenti i output voltage across the load stays within the range specified by the parameters otentiometer For loads close to zero obviously we will not be able to satisfy the parameters so don t worry about those loads when you adjust the potentiometer The potentiometer has three pins The two outer pins will always have the same resistance across them The resistance between th
3. one point or another in these labs you may connect something incorrectly and the component may get really hot Be careful not to get burned To avoid these hazards we highly recommend exercising the following precautions when working in the lab 1 Turn off all power supplies when modifying a laboratory setup or performing manipulations that could potentially expose you to high voltage 2 Seta current and voltage limit on any power supplies you use We O l af will discuss this later in the lab but for now be aware that current IG and voltage limits prevent electrical risks and protect your IC from going up in smoke 3 Exercise extreme caution before touching a laboratory setup Can you feel heat radiating from you circuit component Consult your lab GSI if you re not sure Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Lab Equipment Digital Multimeter DMM Power Supply and Solderless Protoboards All electronic gadgets need power to operate or else they wouldn t be electronic Most systems require a specific supply voltage in order for the device to operate For example the power brick for a conventional laptop must supply 20V You can usually find operating voltages on the labels of your electronic devices Generally power supplies and digital multimeters are the most common tools used for powering circuits and ensuring that circuits are functioning correctly We
4. the resistor color code For most resistors three closely spaced color bands are followed by a fourth color band The first two bands represent the first two significant figures of the resistor value the third band corresponds to the multiplier as a power of ten and the fourth band determines the resistor tolerance as a measure of possible resistor values within a certain range Occasionally there is a fifth band that indicates the quality in terms of the percentage of resistors that fail every 1000 hours To calculate the value of the resistor we interpret these color codes by using the following equation ab x 10 Ohms where a the number corresponding to the first color band b the number corresponding to the second color band c the number corresponding to the third color bad Below is a table of corresponding numbers to each color in the resistor pick Brown fed prose os freen ple ole ey whe a ee E ee 2 ee ee ee ee Ask your local circuits GSI if you need a mnemonic to remember this For example in Figure 1 we have the color band sequence blue grey brown gold which is read in that order The blue band corresponds to 6 and the grey band corresponds to 8 which gives us 68 Combining this with the multiplier value of 1 we get 68X10 6802 The gold band corresponds to 5 tolerance so the value of the resistor falls within the range 680 05 680 Q and 680 05 680 0 VA N i Figure i Lab 1 Resistive Ci
5. will be using these tools for the majority of our labs Download and read the instructions from the course web on how to operate the programmable laboratory supply and the digital multimeter The link to the instructions can be found here If you still do not understand how to operate the equipment download the user s manual or consult your lab GSI The Digital Multimeter DMM Agilent DMM 34401A The digital multimeter measures a number of different quantities from capacitance and resistance to frequency In this lab we are most interested in voltage and current We will use the DMM not only to check the output of the circuits we design but also to verify our setup Some of the questions you should consider when using the DMM are Does the voltage supplied to the circuit have the correct value Is the supply current in the expected range i e not something like 10kAmps Performing sanity checks like these will make your life much easier in the lab The Programmable Power Supply In many applications electronic equipment is powered by batteries However prototyping circuits that are battery powered is problematic because discharged batteries are always a hazard The power supply eliminates this problem Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Agilent E3631 Programmable Power Supply The programmable power supply also helps us avoid inconsistencies in powering our circuits b
6. UDIO IN OUT Using Basic Functions of myDAQ On your computer under Programs you should find the software for the myDAQ under National Instruments gt NI ELVISmx for NI ELVIS amp NI myDAQ Under NI ELVISmx for NI ELVIS amp NI myDAQ you will find the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher Opening this program should launch the toolbar shown below E NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher a DMM Scope FGEN VPS Bode DSA oe s l 5 4 omaga ARB Digin DigOut Imped 2 Wire 3 Wire Each icon on this toolbar is a virtual instrument that you can run on your computer The virtual instrument will use input from the myDAQ to perform measurements Our myDAQ comes with the following virtual instruments DMM Digital Mulitimeter Scope Your good old oscilloscope Bode Bode plotter DSA Dynamic Signal Analyzer ARB Arbitrary Waveform Generator 15 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Digln Digital Reader DigOut Digital Writer We won t be using most of these instruments We are only interested in the DMM Scope and FGEN instruments since those are the ones you are familiar with In addition don t worry about the instruments that you cannot access These instruments are intended for use on another device You might be wondering where the power supplies are The myDAQ does not come with a programmable power supply but comes with s
7. YOUR NAME YOUR SID Lab 1 Resistive Circuits YOUR PARTNER S NAME YOUR PARTNER S SID Pre Lab 10 Lab 90 Total 100 Resistive Circuits Lab 1 Resistive Circuits ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 43 100 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Professor Ali Niknejad Lab Contents Lab Objectives Il Pre Lab a Pre Lab Assignment b Resistor Color Codes Ill Lab Section a A Word of Caution b Lab Equipment i The Digital Multimeter ii The Programmable Power Supply iii Solderless Protoboard Breadboard c Resistive Networks Resistor Voltage Divider Introducing the myDAQ Basic Functions li Pin Outs iii DMM IV Lab Submissions a Image Citations Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Lab Objectives The lab is intended to introduce you to basic electrical components and to help you become familiar with electronic equipment that you will use to design build and test circuits In this lab we will start by analyzing resistive circuits and then later analyzing potentiometers There is no post lab section for this lab or any of the following labs however you are expected to complete all questions in these documents and turn it in as your lab report You have two sections to complete this lab These labs must be completed in pairs but only one lab report per team is required When you make measurements where appropri
8. ate please use at least 2 to 3 decimal places and include units This is meant to be a two week lab so as to give you two sections to get used to the equipment and techniques used In the first week your GSI will mainly be discussing how to use each piece of equipment and showing demos You are also encouraged to follow the videos on your own lab bench Afterward you will do the actual lab by following the instructions on this lab document and turning in the requested work Pre Lab Assignment 1 Make sure to have read the document for Lab O just as an introduction 2 Read the following section on Resistor Color Codes and complete the exercises 3 Familiarize yourself with the rest of this document before arriving in lab In addition we recommend that you take a look at some documentation to learn the basics before you get started Below are also links to some useful tutorials Some guides on the various equipment http rfic eecs berkeley edu ee100 refs html The EECS department has produced some nice videos walking you through the usage of the equipment http rfic eecs berkeley edu ee100 refs htm Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Resistor Codes In every lab we will be using a lot of resistors specifically many resistors of different values So how do we tell resistors apart Every resistor has a series of color markings or bands that indicate the value of the resistor by
9. e middle and each of the outer pins will vary as you turn the knob Finally the resistance between the first outer pin and the middle pin plus the resistance of the second outer pin and the middle pin should add up to the resistance between the two outer pins at all times Show this setup to your GSI for check off but don t take it apart just yet Your GSI Signs Here 20 pts Introducing the myDAQ Device In this last section we will be introducing a new tool called the myDAQ that you may find useful at home for your labs This section is a bit of literature but it s better than reading a manual If you prefer reading the manual it can be found here Notice how all the equipment on your lab bench is pretty heavy duty That s inconvenient since you re pretty much forced to come to the lab to do your work Not so if you have the myDAQ This portable little device combines all the functionality of each piece of equipment into one little box All you need are some cables some wires and your computer and you are good to go Take a look at the diagram of the myDAQ device below 3Ulaby and Maharbiz Circuits Figure 2 3 b 14 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi ae 0 9 Size and Weight t X Height 5 8 inches 147 mm Width 3 5 inches 89 mm Depth 0 9 inches 23 mm Weight 6 1 oz 173 g L d 5 8 a 2 2 o KAZAL om tm AUDIO A
10. es are longer than the traces in the middle of the board These red and blue traces are usually designated as power traces There you should hook up your positive and negative supplies It is strongly recommended that you connect your supplies to your power traces as opposed to some random trace on the breadboard so that it allows convenient access and organization to the supplies and ground connections Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Resistive Networks Now let s move on to a resistive network problem Your first task will be to calculate the voltage value at Nodez2 in the figure below Node1 R1 1kQ V1 10V Node2 7 R2 100 Ground And the next thing will be to build the circuit on the protoboard Using the DMM measure the value of the voltage at Node 2 of the circuit and compare it to the value you get in the calculation If you don t know how to connect the DMM correctly ask your GSI for help By now you should have gotten some values from your hand calculation as to what the voltage is at each node of the circuit In the space provided below record your voltage measurements for Node 2 It should not match the simulator value exactly Explain why this is the case Score _ 7 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Now let s examine the behavior of resistors You already have learned that when we put resistors in series t
11. everal constant supplies which will be discussed in the next section Pin Outs on the myDAQ You will notice that on the side of the myDAQ there are a set of 20 pins with various labels on them Some of these pins are power sources and others are digital analog I Os For most of the labs we will not be using the I O pins too much since this is primary a circuits course not a programming course The first set of pins we want you to take note off are the left most 3 pins labeled 15V 15V and AGND These correspond to your positive and negative voltage supplies with common ground The second set of pins we want you to note are on the right side of the myDAQ These pins are labeled DGND and 5V These two pins correspond with your positive 5 volt supply and ground In addition to these power supplies you will notice that there are a set of analog output pins AO analog input pins Al 10V and digital input output pins DIO on the myDAQ Each set of pins is grouped together with an arrow The pins that fall under the arrow are all linked to the ground pin that the arrow point to We will be using these pin outs as our sources when you are building circuits outside of the lab The Digital Mulitimeter DMM Now let s take a look at the DMM On the ELVISmx Instrument Launcher launch the DMM program The following window should appear 4 Digital Multimeter NI ELVISmx US Measurement Settings ws ve a ar aa oe 2
12. he equivalent resistance Req of a series of n resistors is equal to n Reg gt R Equivalent Resistance in Series i 1 Combining In Series Resistors Figure 2 17 In a single loop circuit Reg is equal to the sum of the resistors Combining In Parallel Resistors ie b Equivalent circuit And for a network of n parallel resistors the equivalent resistance Req is equal to R i 1 n 1 1 Req D z Equivalent Resistance in Parallel In a relatively simple resistive network we can use these rules to implement another rule the voltage divider The voltage divider equation allows you to calculate the voltage across certain resistor configurations Figure 2 21 Voltage source connected to a parallel combination of three resistors 2 17 10 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Resistor Voltage Divider Sometimes you just can t get you what you need to power your device properly You have a 9V battery but your circuit runs on 2 AA batteries 3V So what do you do A rather primitive solution is to use a voltage divider to step down a higher voltage to a lower one Suppose we have a voltage source Vs and we want to use that to deliver a certain voltage V to a device assume V lt VY In addition we want to accomplish this using only resistors and the voltage source using voltage division Let s do some calculations to figure out what resis
13. ircuit can be modeled as a 1kQ resistor and we need to apply a voltage V across it To ensure that your circuit does not go up in smoke like the 1 million chip in the previous example we set the current limit to Imax For the following values of Vaq and Imay what voltage and current will your power supply actually provide in this setup Hint given the resistance determine if the circuit draws more current that the current limit Let Vag 5V and Imax 10mA as your values What if Vaq 10V and Imay 5mA are your values Solderless Protoboards Breadboards In the following exercises you will be using the solderless protoboard known affectionately as the breadboard The breadboard is a convenient set of traces that help you prototype your circuit by providing sets of pre made connections A series of wire or metal contacts within the breadboard allow current and voltage to flow through the prototyped circuit The figure below indicates which holes on the breadboard are connected viii A typical breadboard and its traces Notice that the breadboard at your station looks slightly different but the connections follow the same pattern Also note that there are designated banana plug connectors on the breadboard Be aware that these connectors do not connect to any other part of the board by themselves In order to use the banana plug connectors you have to wire them to appropriate traces on the board Also notice the red and blue trac
14. rcuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Now it s your turn given the color band sequence orange orange red gold in Figure 2 what is the value of this resistor R Make sure to include units Given that the resistor tolerance band gold corresponds to 5 tolerance what are the largest and smallest values this resistor can have 4 pts each Ideally if the manufacturer did a good job every resistor would be manufactured to have the same value Public Service Announcement PLEASE RETURN YOUR RESISTORS TO THE CORRECT BIN AFTER YOU FINISH THE LAB IF YOU DON T BAD THINGS MAY HAPPEN Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Lab Section In our labs we will be working with electronic equipment to supply power Before proceeding with the rest of this lab please read the next section carefully A Word of Caution In these labs you will be working with electronic equipment which supply power to your circuits The labs in this course are designed to operate on voltages less than 25V These voltages level are not harmful and do not deliver sufficient energy to cause bodily harm the resistance of your body is on the order of 300 to 10000 However the equipment we are using is capable of generating higher voltages which is powered by the high household power grid operating at 110 to 240V This can potentially be harmful Another hazard in these labs is hot circuit components At
15. to change the connector the high red probe is connected to 17 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Lab Report Submissions This lab is at the beginning of the lab section Make sure you have completed all questions and drawn all the diagrams for this lab In addition attach any loose papers specified by the lab and submit them with this document These labs are designed to be completed in groups of two Only one person in your team is required to submit the lab report Make sure the names and student IDs of BOTH team members are on this document preferably on the front Image Citations Textbook Images are courtesy of Fawwaz T Ulaby and Michel M Maharbiz and National Technology and Science Press Fawwaz T Ulaby and Michel M Maharbiz Circuits 2009 National Technology and Science Press Additional Citations i www parts digikey es i www ca digikey com ii www constructionstore co uk iv Www speedysigns com v home agilent com vi www triosmartcal com au vii www octopart com vii www engr astate edu ix http www ni com mydaq specifications htm 18
16. tor values to use The circuit in consideration looks like the following The resistance X of a practical load the device will vary so we will not be able to get the exact desired load voltage at all times Instead we will compromise with an acceptable range for V Suppose that V must range between VL min and VL max Then the allowable change in V is AV VL max Vimin In addition we want to minimize unnecessary power dissipation by limiting the amount of current in the circuit to avoid burning out components Therefore we need to make sure i will not exceed some current limit i max Considering these constraints we want to solve for optimal R and R3 in terms of Vs Vimax AVL and iL max It is easier to calculate by first expressing the above circuit as this equivalent circuit R 2 Ulaby and Maharbiz Circuits Figure 2 21 11 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Show that the follow relationships hold V y 2 ay ER R R p 12 Ri R Score _ 10 By looking at the equivalent circuit we see that we need to achieve a balance we want R to be small enough so that AV is small but we also want R to be large enough so the current stays under il max 1 The highest output voltage Vmax occurs when X gt in other words when the load acts like a open circuit What is VL max in terms of V and R 12 Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE40 43 100
17. y delivering a constant voltage which you can set by changing the output voltage Most laboratory supplies also have a current limit feature that you can use to set the maximum current the supply will deliver regardless of what voltage you specify Why should we set the current limit Your new IC chip Suppose you are testing a new circuit with your brand new 1 million chip You expect your new chip to nominally draw 100m4A But unfortunately for you you wired something wrong and instead of drawing 100mA your chip draws 1kA 10 times what you expected it to draw Your basic physics class in high school taught you that power is proportional to voltage times current P IV Even if voltage is set at 1V your brand new 1 million chip has dissipated a lot of power in the form of wasted heat Now your brand new 1 million chip is fried or your programmable power supply needs a new fuse The current limit is designed to prevent exactly this The current limit will prevent the output current from exceeding a certain value so that excessive current flow will not destroy your setup We usually set the current limit at a small margin above nominal draw Usually 100mA to 200mA is usually a good start Lab 1 Resistive Circuits EE43 100 Spring 2012 V Lee T Dear T Takahashi Now for a few quick questions Suppose you have designed a new audio amplifier and are now ready to test it in the laboratory According to the design the c
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