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1. Function Parameter Description add net Creates a place with the given parameters name and adds this place to the given net tokentype capacity queue watch initialMarking withName net Searches for a place with name in the name model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description getID Returns the internal ID of the place getName Returns the name of the place get Tokentype Returns the tokentype of the place getCapacity Returns the capacity of the place getQueue Returns the queue type of the place get Watch Returns the watch attribute of the place getInitialMarking Returns the initial marking of the place setName name Sets the name of the place set Tokentype tokentype Sets the tokentype of the place setCapacity capacity Sets the capacity of the place setQueue queue Sets the queue type of the place TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes 87 setWatch watch Sets the watch attribute of the place setInitialMarking initialMarking Sets the initial marking of the place Definition Definition The class Definition encapsulates a model definition and its expression Class Methods Function Parameter Description addDefinition net Creates a definition with the given name name and expression in the model net expression withName net Searches for a definition with name in the name model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description getExpression Returns the expressio
2. Figure 4 2 Window to define a new tokentype in a SCPN model External token type and module definitions can be imported by using the libImport feature The corresponding button contains a white rectangle with the name imp in it A file dialog is opened to choose an external SCPN model which contains token type or module definitions After choosing an appropriate file a white rectangle is placed in the model which shows the filename A libImport has a filename attribute which contains the full path to the external model The definitions of the imported model can be used in the current model Modules can be instantiated and token types can be used All definitions which are used from the imported model will be temporarily copied into the current model just before a simulation starts 4 3 SCPN Expressions A lot of attributes of components are represented by expressions which will be described in the following 4 3 1 Constants The most commonly used class of expressions are constants A constant expression is stat ically evaluable and represents an initial parameter The simulation state is not accessible 42 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN However a constant may consist of a complex arithmetical or boolean expression and may reference a value parameter as described on page 45 Place capacities and transition firing delays are examples for constant expressions The data type of a constant expression derives from the
3. Screwdriver Figure 4 19 A module definition with two inputs and one output transition and has an own label for identification In an implementation view of a module inputs and outputs are drawn as dashed places Different implementations of a module can be created by using the New replication action in the SCPN menu as described on page 45 Each replication represents an alternative im plementation for this module Actions to delete replications and switch between replications have been already described on page 45 4 8 3 Module Instantiation In difference to substitution transitions multiple instantiations of a module may exist A module instance can be created by using the moduleInstance button as described on page 38 Input and output pins are created automatically which represent placeholder transitions for the module inputs and outputs They provide an assignment for the inputs and outputs and can be connected to normal places The three important steps to create and use a module are depicted in Figure 4 20 If the simulation or a tokengame is started a module instance is internally converted to a substitution transition which holds the selected implementation as its submodel The places which are attached to the module pins are then equal to the common places in the module implementation Figure 4 21 shows the substitution transition and the corresponding submodel which have been created before the simulation starts 4 9
4. Figure 4 6 Window to add edit parameter values for SCPN models Check net Validates the model in the currently selected editor window This is done by validating the underlying XML model against the given SCPN XML schema All XML schema definition files are located in TimeNET etc schemas A lot of structural and syntactical properties are specified in the XML schema Most of the structural proper ties are automatically considered by the TimeNET GUI Expressions and some more structural properties are also checked by using an internal ANTLR grammar scheme for SCPN which additionally validates the syntax of expressions Note that not all expres sions can be validated Some of them might give errors when starting the simulation An example of a syntax error is shown in Figure 4 7 Check net errors Element name Element path Message Timed Transition TO T0 argumentsExpression unexpected token EX in EX 1 0 Immediate Transition T2 T2 globalGuard Undefined place or definition name Aus Input Arc P1 gt T5 arc_3 Duplicate name Input Are P1 gt T5 and Input Are P7 gt T5 Output Arc T0 gt PO arc_0 output inscription expecting found null in new Output Arc T7 gt P5 arc_13 output inscription Undefined inscription name c Figure 4 7 Example of a syntax error after Check net TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 49 4 5 Simulation This section explains t
5. WEIGHT lt transition name gt lt md_weight gt ENABLING FUNCTIONS FOR IMMEDIATE TRANSITIONS FUNCTION lt transition name gt lt md_enable gt MARKING DEPENDENT ARC CARDINALITIES CARDINALITY INPARC OUTPARC INHARC lt transition name gt lt place name gt lt md_arc_mult gt REWARD MEASURES MEASURE lt name of reward measure gt lt reward_def gt END OF SPECIFICATION FILE Explanations lt list of arcs gt lt multiplicity of arc gt lt MD gt lt connected place gt lt number of intermediate points gt lt X position of intermediate point gt lt Y position of intermediate point gt TINPARC input arc OUTPARC output arc TINHARC inhibitor arc Abbreviations GSPN Generalized Stochastic Petri Net TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Model File Format TN 77 The model may contain immediate and exponentially timed transitions DSPN Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Net The model may contain immediate exponentially timed and deterministic transitions CDSPN Concurrent Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Net Like a DSPN but more than one deterministic transition may be enabled in a marking EDSPN Extended Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Net The model may contain immediate exponentially timed deterministic and more generalized transitions lt MD
6. _ NAME DELAY ENABLING DEPENDENCE TYPE FIRING POLICY PRIORITY ORIENTATION PHASE GROUP GROUP_WEIGHT X Y POSITION TRANSITION TAG amp DELAY ARCS TRANSITION lt name gt lt delay parameter gt lt MD gt lt real value gt CIS SS EXP DET GEN IM CRO RA RE lt priority gt lt orientation gt lt phase gt lt group gt lt group weight gt lt X position gt lt Y position gt lt X position of name gt lt Y position of name gt lt X position of delay gt lt Y position of delay gt 75 76 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Model File Format TN INPARCS lt number of input arcs gt lt list of input arcs gt OUTPARCS lt number of output arcs gt lt list of output arcs gt INHARCS lt number of inhibitor arcs gt lt list of inhibitor arcs gt _ DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS DELAYPAR DEF lt parameter name gt lt param def gt MARKING DEPENDENT FIRING DELAYS FOR EXP TRANSITIONS EXP_DELAY lt transition name gt lt md_exp_delay gt MARKING DEPENDENT FIRING DELAYS FOR DET TRANSITIONS DET_DELAY lt transition name gt lt md_det_delay gt PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION DEFINITIONS FOR GEN TRANSITIONS GEN_DELAY lt transition name gt lt pmf_def gt MARKING DEPENDENT WEIGHTS FOR IMMEDIATE TRANSITIONS
7. gt lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt person gt Conditions with element values Also the content of an element may be used to limit the selection This is done like for attributes but the AttributeName needs to be a like as Wert Query Result firstname Armin lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt More predefined functions Several more predefined functions are available to limit the search results These are Function Description normalize space Removes all spaces in the beginning and at the end like the trim function in Java Example normalize space bbb bbb count Counts the number of selected elements name Returns the name of the current element starts with Returns TRUE if the value of the first parameter of the function starts with the value of the second parameter Example starts with name first returns TRUE for the lt firstname gt element contains Returns TRUE if the first parameter value con tains the second parameter value like the starts with function Example contains name name returns TRUE for all lt firstname gt and lt lastname gt elements string length Returns the length of the given string Example string length test return 4 96 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual References Bibliography 1 10 11 M Ajmone Marsan St
8. 33 34 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN and DateTime as shown later in Table 4 3 on page 44 Structured types are user defined and may contain any number of base types or other structured types just like a Pascal record or a C struct Types and variables are textually specified in a declarational part of the model This is done with type objects in the graphical user interface of TimeNET but is omitted in the model figures Variable definitions are not necessary in difference to standard colored Petri nets because they are always implicitly clear from the context place or arc variable Places Places are similar to those in simple Petri nets in that they are drawn as circles and serve as containers of tokens By doing so they represent passive elements of the model and their contents correspond to the local state of the model As tokens have types in a colored Petri net it is useful to restrict the type of tokens that may exist in one place to one type which is then also the type or color of the place This type is shown in italics near the place in figures The place marking is a multiset of tokens The unique name of a place is written close to it together with the type The initial marking of a place is a collection of individual tokens of the correct type It describes the contents of the place at the beginning of an evaluation A useful extension that is valuable for many real life applications is the specification of a place cap
9. Edit BS Undo Move Ctrl Z A Cut Ctrl X Cy Copy Ctrl C E3 Paste Ctrl V 1 Hide Output Figure 2 4 Menu Edit Figure 2 4 shows the menu Edit with the following commands Undo lt command gt Takes back the last change in the drawing area All recent changes are stored and can be rolled back one after another The last change command which TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface 9 can be taken back by applying Undo is shown on the right side of the Undo menu entry Keyboard shortcut Ctrl Z Cut Copies the selected model objects into the internal buffer and deletes them from the model For a description of selecting objects and other operations on model elements refer to Section 2 5 Keyboard shortcut Ctr1 X Copy Copies the selected model objects into the internal buffer For a description of selecting objects and other operations on model elements refer to Section 2 5 Alternative Ctrl C Paste Adds the model elements from the internal buffer to the current model The elements are added in a position slightly away from the position of the copied cut elements They are still selected after the paste operation and can therefore easily be moved to the desired position Pasting can also be done by pressing Ctr1 V Copying and pasting is also possible between different pages of a hierarchical model and between open windows containing differe
10. Function Parameter Description connectInputPin net Creates an output pin with the given pa pinName rameters and connects this pin to place place inscription 92 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual XPath Syntax connectOutputPin net Creates an input pin with the given pa pinName rameters and connects this pin to place place inscription selectImplementation implName Chooses one implementation with the name implName from the module defini tion setParameter Value name Sets the value of parameter name to value value getParameter Value name Returns the value of parameter name Module Connector Pin ModulePin The class ModulePin represents a pin to connect a module instance to the model This object is not available for public and is used for internal functions Other classes exists in the script API They provide testing functionality as well as support functions The following class is the most important System Functions System Some very important functions are available in the System class Class Methods Function Parameter Description command cmdLine Starts the command cmdLine copyFile source Copies a source file to the destination dest dest runNet net Starts the code generation and simulation name of the model net with the given parame start Time ters endTime TimeNET 4 0 User Manual XPath Syntax 93 D 2 XPath Syntax The syntax of XPath is oriented on the structure of XML documents
11. C Kelling A Zimmermann and G Hommel TimeNET a toolkit for evaluating non Markovian stochastic Petri nets Performance Evaluation vol 24 pp 69 87 1995 R German and C Lindemann Analysis of stochastic Petri nets by the method of supplementary variables Performance Evaluation vol 20 pp 317 335 1994 P Heidelberger and P D Welch A spectral method for confidence interval generation and run length control in simulations Communications of the ACM vol 24 4 pp 233 245 1981 C Kelling Control variates selection strategies for timed Petri nets in Proc European Simulation Symposium Istanbul 1994 pp 73 77 97 98 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual References Simulationsverfahren f r zeiterweiterte Petri netze Dissertation Technische Universit t Berlin 1995 advances in Simulation SCS International TimeNET m a parallel simulator for stochastic Petri nets in Proc 28th Annual Simulation Symposium Phoenix AZ USA 1995 pp 250 258 TimeNET 2 0 user manual Technische Universitat Berlin 1997 C Lindemann Stochastic Modeling using DSPNexpress Oldenbourg 1994 T Murata Petri nets Properties analysis and applications Proceedings of the IEEE vol 77 no 4 pp 541 580 1989 M Vill n Altamirano J Vill n Altamirano J Gamo and F Ferndndez Cuesta
12. Figure 4 3 Main menu of graphical user interface for net class SCPN The first additional menu SCPN contains items to create and select replications and to navigate through submodels Additionally it contains SCPN net class specific functions such as a syntax check a Javascript controlled simulation a template generator for manual transitions and a parameter control for SCPN modules This additional menu is shown in Figure 4 4 Next Replication S New Replication at Remove Replication gt Run Script 3 Generate Template Edit Parameters W Check net Figure 4 4 Menu SCPN for net class SCPN The additional functions are described in the following 46 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Descend The last shown replication implementation of the underlying submodel is dis played in the editor window It is the same action as doubleclicking a substitution transition or module definition Menu item Ascend is the reverse operation and dis plays the parent model of a submodel This item is available if a substitution transition or a module definition is selected Ascend The parent model of the submodel will be displayed It is the reverse operation to menu item Descend This item is available if a submodel of a substitution transition or an implementation of a module definition is currently displayed in the editor window Next Replication The next replication implementation is then displayed in the editor wind
13. It con tained all analysis components of the latter at that time but supported the specification and evaluation of extended deterministic and stochastic Petri nets eDSPNs Expolynomi ally distributed firing delays are allowed for transitions Different solution algorithms can be used depending on the net class If the transitions with non exponentially distributed firing delays are mutually exclusive TimeNET can compute the steady state solution DSPNs with more than one enabled deterministic transition in a marking are called concurrent DSPNs TimeNET provides an approximate analysis technique for this class If the mentioned re strictions are violated or the reachability graph is too complex for a model an efficient simulation component is available in the TimeNET tool A master slave concept with par allel replications and techniques for monitoring the statistical accuracy as well as reducing the simulation length in the case of rare events are applied Analysis approximation and simulation can be performed for the same model classes TimeNET therefore provides a uni fied framework for modeling and performance evaluation of non Markovian stochastic Petri nets Enhancements of TimeNET 3 0 23 19 21 included e an algorithm for the transient analysis of DSPNs e a component for the steady state and transient analysis of discrete time deterministic and stochastic Petri nets e a component especially designed for manufacturing systems
14. DateTime amp date IsLeap Year const IsLeap Year int year IsValid const IsValid month aMonth int aDay int aYear int aHour int aMinute int aSecond IsValid int aHour int aMinute int aSecond IsValid month aMonth int aDay int aYear Minute const Month const MoonPhase const MoonPhase const DateTime amp date NextWeekDay week_day weekday int hour int minute int second const operator long const operator double const operator const DateTime amp aDate const double DateTime DateTime amp DateTime DateTime amp DateTime amp DateTime amp double DateTime DateTime amp DateTime DateTime amp DateTime amp DateTime amp bool bool DateTime amp bool bool bool char friend ostream amp int static void void static void void void void void static DateTime string int int int static int int TimeNET 4 0 User Manual SCPN Classes 83 operator const DateTime amp aDate const operator int nSeconds const operator operator int operator int nSeconds operator double nTicks operator const DateTime amp aDate operator const DateTime amp aDate const operator int nSeconds const operator operator int operator int nSeconds operator double nTicks operator const DateTime amp aDate operator lt const DateTime amp aDate const operator lt const Da
15. If this option is enabled the destination net file is opened after running the script Skip integration If this option is enabled the database integration is not performed Activate this option if the script does not need database access Generate Template Creates template files c and h for a manual transition which must be selected before These template files can be used to overwrite the transi tion behavior such as guard functions A detailed description of manual transition is given in Section 4 7 Both template files are created in a special directory named lt modelname gt manual within the current model directory Edit Parameters Opens a window to add and edit value parameters of a SCPN model as shown in Figure 4 6 A parameter consists of the following values Type The data type of the parameter value This must be a basic type Name The name of the parameter A parameter is referenced in expressions by using this name 48 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Default value The default value which is normally used If the parameter is assigned to a module this value can be overwritten in each module instance Description Optionally a parameter may store a short description which is otherwise not used Edit parameters Name Default value Description lcontainerCapacity 15 0 Capacity of a container real istdDelay i Standard delay bool lallowShortway True ifthe short way is allowed
16. Interface The upper row of the window contains some menus with commands for file handling editing and other model specific commands and is explained in Section 2 2 below Frequently used commands are available in the upper tool bar Their use is explained in Section 2 3 A toolbar at the bottom of the main windows contains model elements that are available for the current model type Section 2 4 explains these object buttons in general while the actual elements depend on the current net class and are explained in the corresponding section Finally use of the main drawing area and attribute area is covered by Section 2 5 2 1 User Interface Genericity and Net Classes The graphical user interface for TimeNET 4 0 has been completely rewritten in JAVA and can therefore be run in both Unix and Windows based environments The new GUI retains the advantages of the former one Agnes A generic net editing system especially in being generic in the sense that any graph like modeling formalism can be easily integrated without much programming effort Nodes can be hierarchically refined by corresponding submodels The GUI is thus not restricted to Petri nets and is already being used for other tools than TimeNET As a stand alone program it is named PENG which is short for platform independent editor for net graphs Two design concepts have been included in the interface to make it applicable for different model classes A net class corresponds to
17. It is applicable for all XML documents of TimeNET One scope of application for XPath is the usage of XSLT stylesheets These stylesheets can be used to transform XML documents Within a stylesheet XPath is used to select parts of the data to apply transformation The XPath language is based on a tree representation of the XML document and provides the ability to navigate around the tree selecting nodes by a variety of criteria Similar to the unix file access a path is used to select one or more elements The basic query mechanisms of XPath will be described by using the following simple XML document Example lt data gt lt person id 1 gt lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt person gt lt person id 2 gt lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt gt lt person gt lt data gt Absolute Paths A query which begins with the character starts a search on the highest hierarchical level like in the Unix filesystem All elements are found which correspond to the search pattern Query Result data person firstname lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt Relative Paths If a query begins with the character starts the search on the current element and searches all levels below Query Result lastname lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt lastname gt Zi
18. be adapted in the according field Transient Analysis computes and displays the transient solution of DSPNs the behavior of the net from the initial marking at time zero up to a specified point in time No general transitions are allowed for this evaluation TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 29 RESTART Simulation Detect initial transient Confidence level 5 Permitted difference for probability measures close to 0 0 or 1 0 5 Seed value Max of samples Min of firings for each transition Max model time Max real time sec Max of RESTART thresholds Max CPU time preestimation sec Cancel Figure 3 11 Option window for steady state RESTART simulation For the transient analysis of a DSPN at least one performance measure must be speci fied Figure 3 12 shows the available options The first and most important parameter is the time until the transient evaluation should be carried out measured in model time units The desired numerical Precision is given next The output form tells the program whether a graphical output of the transient behavior is wanted curve or not point The values of the performance measures are computed and copied into the model results for the final point in time in both cases The stepsize for output controls
19. been already evaluated the string changes to name value They can be created by using the button named R in the object button area A performance measure defines what is computed during an analysis A typical value would be the mean number of tokens in a place Depending on the model this measure may correspond to the mean queue length of customers waiting for a service or to the expected level of work pieces in a buffer Measures have the following attributes e The name of the measure e An expression which should be evaluated e The computed result which is changed after a successful evaluation of the model The meaning of a computed value may depend on the algorithm that computed it e g there are different results for a transient and a steady state evaluation for the same measures A result can be cleared by deleting the result value in the attribute window For the definition of measures a special grammar is used see Appendix on page 80 A performance measure in the context of the EDSPN net class is an expression that can contain numbers marking and delay parameters algebraic operators and the following basic measures e P lt logic_condition gt corresponds to the probability of lt logic_condition gt e P lt logic_cond_1 gt IF lt logic_cond_2 gt computes the probability of lt logic_cond_1 gt under the precondition of lt logic_ cond_2 gt conditional probability e E lt marc_func gt refers to
20. corresponding context place capacities are always integer values firing delays are always real values 4 3 2 Functions Some object attributes allow expressions which are represented by functions A function mostly depends on the simulation state Local and global guards are an example for functions which evaluate to a boolean value How a function is accessing the state of the simulation is varying and specified in the description of each modeling object Three basic types of references to state values exists e References to places e References to definitions and measures e References to tokens and their attributes 4 3 3 Place References Some functions allow references to places Such a reference is replaced by the current number of tokens in this place during runtime of the simulation Place references are depicted by a hash mark followed by the name of a place Two variants for decomposing the name of a place exists If the name of a place is a simple name e g P1 the corresponding place object will be initially sought in the current submodel If it could not be found the search continues in the parent submodel until the root model or in case of a module definition the module implementation is reached Complex place names contain a path of substitution transitions with a replication identifier other than that mentioned place name For instance subTrans1 0 subTrans1_1 2 P2 refers to place P2 which is in th
21. e The logfileExpression contains expressions in C syntax which are evaluated on each firing of the transition The following expression variables can be used TAB produces the TAB character NOW writes the current simulation time lt arcvariable gt By using the name of an arc variable of one of the input arcs the corresponding token of the current binding can be accessed Note that the data type is equivalent to the type of the token lt arcvariable attribute gt Like in programming languages attributes of a complex tokentype can be accessed by using a dot followed by the attribute name If the attribute is a complex tokentype itself another dot can be used to access their attributes and so on Assume a transition with two input arcs one named with A structured type at tributes name string and time DateTime and the other with B type integer no attributes then a valid logfileExpression is NOW TAB A name TAB B TAB NOW A time 3600 24 e The displayExpression contains one expression in C syntax which is evaluated on each firing of the transition and is displayed as a result measure in the result monitor cf Section 4 6 The expression syntax the same as for logfileExpression Immediate transitions are drawn as thin bars Most of the attributes are already described for timed transitions before Additional attributes are 38 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN e The
22. enabling It normally uses net gt getPlace lt placename gt to find a place in the model and checks the current marking size by using the method place gt getMarkingSize void initGlobalGuards Registers this transition as a global guard listener of places and is called once in the beginning of the simulation Each place which is referenced by the global guard function of this transition needs to be informed The method net gt getPlace lt placename gt gt addGlobalGuardTransition this is used to reg ister each place void moveTokens TokenList amp binding Moves tokens from places to other places It is executed if a transition fires The default implementation moves tokens from all input places to all output places according to the arc inscriptions Parameter binding contains the current binding which is a set of tokens to be moved Tokens can be removed from a place by calling place removeToken token and added to a place by calling place addToken token TempBindingList generateBindingList Generates a list of all possible bindings for this transition It is called to create bindings if all preconditions to enable the transition are fulfilled The default implementation uses a permutation of all tokens in all input places with respect to the transition attributes such as takeFirst Each binding is a set of tokens which is represented by a TokenList bool hasTimeguard const Returns true if this transition has a time guard and is
23. graphical user interface and available analysis algorithms are covered by Sections 3 3 and 3 4 In the following it is assumed that the reader is familiar with the elementary Petri net concepts a comprehensive survey can be found in 16 for instance TimeNET uses the customary Petri net formalism as e g in 1 2 A SPN consists of places and transitions which are connected by input output and inhibitor arcs In the graphical representation places are drawn as circles transitions are drawn as thin bars or as rectan gles and arcs are drawn as arrows inhibitor arcs end with a small circle connected with transitions Places may contain indistinguishable tokens which are drawn as black dots The vector containing the number of tokens in each place is the state of the SPN and is referred to as marking A marking dependent multiplicity can be associated with each arc Places that are connected with a transition by an arc are referred to as input output and inhibitor places of the transition depending on the type of the arc A transition is said to be enabled in a marking if each input place contains at least as many tokens as the multiplicity of the input arc and if each inhibitor place contains less tokens than the multiplicity of the inhibitor arc A transition fires by removing tokens from the input places and adding tokens to the output places according to the multiplicities of the corresponding arcs thus changing the marking The reacha
24. gt marking dependent The actual value depends on the current marking IS infinite server The enabling policy of the transition is infinite server SS single server The enabling policy of the transition is single server EXP exponential The transition s firing delay is randomly distributed with an exponential distribution function DET deterministic The transition s firing delay is fixed GEN generalized The transition s firing delay is randomly distributed with a user defineable distribution function IM immediate The transition fires without delay RS race with resampling Each change of marking causes this transition to resample a new firing time from its distribution RA race with age memory The transition resamples a new firing time only after it has fired The time spent by a transition while enabled is never lost RE race with enabling memory A transition resamples a new firing time after it has fired or becomes enabled again If the transition is disabled the time spent while being enabled is lost lt priority gt The priority may only be given for immediate transitions In a given marking only the transitions may fire that have the highest priority among those structurally enabled lt orientation gt Gives the orientation of the graphical representation of a transition 78 symbol usage symbol lt symbol gt expr1 e
25. including modeling with hierarchically and colored stochastic Petri nets independent models for structure and work plans steady state analysis and simulation model based control e a completely rewritten graphical user interface Agnes which integrates all different net classes and analysis algorithms The new version TimeNET 4 0 stable version available since 2007 includes a completely rewritten JAVA graphical user interface and provides support of the Microsoft Windows operating system 20 It supports a new class of stochastic colored Petri nets SCPNs A standard discrete event simulation has been implemented for the performance evaluation of SCPN models SCPNs allow arbitrary distributions of firing delays including zero delays complex token types global guards time guards and marking dependent transition prior ities Petri net classes are defined by an extendable XML schema in TimeNET 4 0 which affects the behavior of the graphical user interface A model is a well formed XML document which is validated automatically Recent enhancements of TimeNET 4 0 include e a generic graphical user interface in JAVA based on an XML net class representation easily extendable for most graph like modeling formalisms TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Introduction 3 e user interface and evaluation algorithms run under Windows and Linux operating system environments e modeling and simulation of stochastic colored Petri nets e
26. processes although Stop solution has been selected You may want to refer to the list of running user processes depending on your operating system environment to kill unwanted analysis processes if necessary 2 8 Startup If TimeNET is started without command line options it opens the main GUI window with no model opened The model file to be opened can be given as a parameter and forces TimeNET to start with a window containing the model if it can be found Model files must be given with absolute path names Chapter 3 Extended Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets This section covers the use of the TimeNET tool in the domain of non colored stochastic Petri nets specifically with non exponentially distributed firing times The net class called EDSPN in TimeNET should not be taken as a mathematical definition of extended determin istic and stochastic Petri nets It should rather be understood as a model class containing the modeling power of several well known subclasses like GSPNs DSPNs and eDSPNs having either an underlying continuous or discrete time scale In fact sometimes the same model is understood differently depending on the analysis algorithms that interpret the model specifically Please refer to subsection 3 1 for a description of supported model types The model objects places transitions arcs textual elements available in the net class EDSPN are explained in detail in Section 3 2 EDSPN specific features of the
27. set attribute x to value of attribute y of a lt gt lt new gt Create a new token with default attribute values Table 4 1 Examples for arc inscriptions of stochastic colored Petri nets New tokens of the output place type are created if no input variable is specified at an output arc The attributes of a new token are set to their default values initially c f Table 4 3 on page 44 Attributes of new tokens can be set to specific values The individual attributes of the token or the value if it is a base type may be set to a constant value of the type or to a value that depends on other input tokens The elements of a structured type are again set in angle brackets Multiple new tokens can be constructed with a leading number and the 40 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN symbol Operators are allowed in expressions as long as their resulting type corresponds to the required one In the special case where an element of a structured token should be copied to create a new token it is not necessary to write down all member attributes in assignments The member attribute in brackets is sufficient The type of the variables contained in the input and output arc inscriptions is implicitly given by the type of the connected place and is thus not defined by the modeler Restrictions on the input tokens are modeled using transition guards as already described Performance measures are depicted in the model by a string name
28. the expected value of the marking dependent expression lt marc_func gt e E lt marc_func gt IF lt logic_condition gt corresponds to the expected value of the marking dependent expression lt marc_func gt only markings where lt logic_condition gt evaluates to true are taken into consideration Marking dependent functions in performance measure definitions are of the form Pn refer ring to the number of tokens in place Pn Logic conditions usually contain comparisons of marking dependent functions and numbers Examples of performance measures are E P5 and N 5 P P2 lt 3 A constant definition which can be used in marking and delay parameters is depicted as a string name expression They can be created by using the button named D in the object button area After defining N 5 it is possible to write N in any place or transition where a number is allowed But it is important to set the type of the definition correctly because an initial marking is an integer value while a transition delay is a real value Definitions have the following attributes e The defType specifies the data type of a definition and can be int or real 20 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN e The name of the definition e An expression which is the definition value and is internally replaced for every oc currence of the definition name 3 3 Specific Menu Functions This section describes the miscellaneous funct
29. the points for which intermediate results are computed and displayed The result can be obtained in two ways either by repeating Jensen s method or by storing and computing the matrix exponentials The cluster size deter mines the number of steps for which one randomization is performed 5 in the case of repeated randomizations The internal stepsize can be adjusted to control the internal discretization points 30 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN Transient Analysis Transient model time Precision Output form Output stepsize Algorithm variant Internal stepsize Cluster size Cancel Figure 3 12 Option window for transient analysis Transient Simulation estimates the initial behavior until a given time It can be used for any type of model but is restricted to basic measures Figure 3 13 shows the corresponding option window The simulation is always running in sequential mode The Number of sampling points can be specified to adapt the resolution of the generated curves If the Percent age rule is on only a decreasing percentage of all sampling points need to reach the predefined accuracy otherwise this must hold for all sampling points The remaining settings have equivalent meanings like the ones for the steady state simulation 3 5 Evaluation Results After a successful evaluation of the model measure definition
30. the statistical analysis after a stationary simulation or detailed results of a transient simulation STRUCT Contains structural information for internal usage tmark Contains the numbering of tangible markings of the model TN Contains the model in the TN format which has been used since TimeNET 2 0 and is still taken as input by some evaluation methods The graphical user interface generates this file for an eDSPN model and starts the analysis afterward The user interface is also able to import models in this format A description is available in Section B traps Contains the traps of the model Chapter 4 Stochastic Colored Petri Nets In this section the usage of TimeNET in the domain of stochastic colored Petri nets is described This class is called SCPN in TimeNET and is new in TimeNET 4 0 SCPNs are especially useful to describe complex stochastic discrete event systems and are thus appropriate e g for logistic problems The main difference between simple Petri nets and colored models is that tokens may have arbitrarily defined attributes It is thus possible to identify different tokens in contrast to the identical tokens of simple Petri nets The introduction of individual tokens leads to some questions with respect to the Petri net syntax and semantics Attributes of tokens need to be structured and specified resulting in colors or types Numbers as arc information are no longer sufficient as in simple Petri nets Transiti
31. using the Run script item of the SCPN menu or by using the batch files run Linux or run bat Windows in the SCPNScripts directory The following parameters can be used in the batch file Parameter Description s Disables the database integration optional m MODELDIR Path to the model directory to resolve relative paths i INTEGRATION Specifies the integration props file for data integration Additionally the configuration file for the Log4j subsystem is given as a system property value Dlog4j configuration LO0G4J CONF in each batch file To use the TimeNET home directory inside the scripts it is specified by DTNETHOME TNETHOME 4 9 1 Creating Javascript scripts In addition to standard Javascript language elements like data types operators and control structures a special SCPN modeling and simulation interface is provided All required SCPN TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 63 Start queue1 Exit ee a Substitution b Substitution submodel Figure 4 21 Module substitution objects such as places transitions arcs measures etc are available as Javascript classes The TimeNET Javascript interface is explained in Appendix D and a Javadoc HTML doc umentation jsapi doc zip and jsapi doc tgz can be found in the docs directory of TimeNET The basis for creating or modifying a SCPN model is a net object An empty net is created by var newNet Net create An existing model can be loaded by va
32. 00 09 49 00 12 38 01 15 27 02 18 16 03 21 05 04 E Material lt Place gt E SupplierBuffer2 lt Place gt 41 7 m 4 422 4 127 Jai 3 831 3L 3 536 bat 3 241 oa 2 945 2 650 eD 2 355 1 n F i 2 059 ALUR a MIAA AUI A 13 9 J lh PM lh Walt i TW i eh araso N M 1 173 J 0 017 01 07 037 03 07 057 03 07 077 03 07 09 02 07 11 02 07 00 09 25 54 11 51 48 14 17 42 16 43 36 19 09 30 n o b FB YY OD N 12 29 07 y 4 090 5 Figure 4 11 Result monitor window which displays results from a simulation shows the defined area A reset to the original zoom is possible by doubleclicking with the left mouse button into the drawing area Typically the result monitor is automatically started when running a simulation and shows the results immediately In the upper part of the main window is a status bar named Vector Cache which displays the level of the internal cache There is a second gauge that visualizes 54 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN B Original data values Ef value 06 32 01 05 1 7 07 07 12 29 05 1 7 07 07 35 19 05 1 7 07 07 44 19 05 1 7 07 10 19 54 05 1 7 07 10 44 25 05 1 7 07 14 10 22 05 1 7 07 13 27 19 05 1 7 07 16 13 53 05 1 7 07 16 34 45 05 1 7 07 16 44 52 05 1 7 07 19 42 0 05 1 7 07 24 12 47 O05i 7 07 22 11 26 05i1 7 07 22 49 35 05 1 7 07 01 57 00 05 1 8 07 02 12 15 05 1 8 07 04 26 03 05 1 8 07 04 43 23 05 1 8 07 05 04 25 0
33. 5 1 8 07 08 11 50 05 1 8 07 09 46 07 05 1 8 07 11 19 15 05 1 8 07 14 06 40 05 1 8 07 14 26 40 05 1 8 07 14 31 16 05 1 8 07 15 59 27 05 1 8 07 17 34 05 05 1 8 07 17 45 00 05 1 8 07 20 41 31 05 1 8 07 22 11 08 05 1 8 07 22 56 57 05 1 8 07 23 48 56 05 1 8 07 02 56 21 05 1 9 07 04 25 36 05 1 9 07 06 03 46 05 1 9 07 07 29 14 05 9 07 Figure 4 12 Window with data values of a specific diagram the progress of the simulation run and shows the currently simulated time Figure 4 13 shows the appearance of the top level menu bar of the result monitor File Display X Axis Y Axis Window Figure 4 13 Main menu of the Result monitor The first menu File contains the typical open and close functions as well as export functions for data values It is shown in Figure 4 14 The following commands are available TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 55 Open Ctrl O Close Ctrl C Close all Export values Export SVG Image Exit Ctrl X Figure 4 14 Menu File of the Result monitor Open Allows to open a set of data values This function is currently not available Close Closes the currently selected subwindow Close all Closes all subwindows Export values Allows to export the original values of the currently selected subwindow This function opens a file dialog to choose the target location for th
34. DateTime int dayOfYear int year int hour int minute int second DateTime int dayOfYear int year DateTime const DateTime amp aDate DateTime ulonglong nDayNumber int hour int minute int second DateTime ulonglong nSeconds DateTime const struct tm date DateTime const char datestring DateTime const std string amp datestring 81 82 void void void void void void void int DateTime static DateTime static bool int ulonglong weekday int int static int int static int DateTime static DateTime DateTime static DateTime double ulonglong double int bool static bool bool static bool bool static bool static bool static bool int month moon_phase static moon_phase DateTime bool TimeNET 4 0 User Manual SCPN Classes AddDays int nDays AddHours int nHours AddMinutes int nMinutes AddMonths int nMonths AddSeconds int nSeconds AddWeeks int nWeeks AddYears int nYears Age const DateTime amp aDate const BeginDST const BeginDST int aYear Check const std string amp datestring Day const DayNumber const DayOfWeek const DayOfYear const DaysInMonth const DaysInMonth month aMonth int aYear DaysInYear const DaysInYear int year Easter const Easter int year EndDST const EndDST int aYear Fraction const FullSeconds const FullDateTime const Hour const IsDST const IsDST const
35. En hancement of the accelerated simulation method RESTART by considering multiple thresholds in Proc 14th Int Teletraffic Congress Elsevier Science Publishers B V 1994 pp 797 810 A Zimmermann J Freiheit and A Huck A Petri net based design engine for man ufacturing systems Int Journal of Production Research special issue on Modeling Specification and Analysis of Manufacturing Systems vol 39 no 2 pp 225 253 2001 A Zimmermann R German J Freiheit and G Hommel Timenet 3 0 tool descrip tion in Int Conf on Petri Nets and Performance Models PNPM 99 Tool descrip tions Zaragoza Spain University of Zaragoza 1999 A Zimmermann M Knoke A Huck and G Hommel Towards version 4 0 of TimeNET in 13th GI ITG Conference on Measurement Modeling and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems MMB 2006 March 2006 pp 477 480 A Zimmermann TimeNET 3 0 User Manual Technische Universit t Berlin 2001 http pdv cs tu berlin de timenet Stochastic Discrete Event Systems Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 2007 A Zimmermann J Freiheit R German and G Hommel Petri net modelling and performability evaluation with TimeNET 3 0 in 11th Int Conf on Modelling Tech niques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol 1786 Schaumburg Illinois USA 2000 pp 188 202
36. Exp a specifies an exponentially distributed firing time with the mean expected real value a The rate of this distribution is then 1 a Uni a b specifies a continuous uniform distribution in the range between the real values a and b DUni a b specifies a discrete uniform distribution in the range between the real values a and b Norm m v specifies a normal distribution also called Gaussian distribution The real parameter m is the mean value and parameter v is the variance real value LogNorm m v specifies a log normal distribution The real parameter m is the mean value and parameter v is the variance real value both of the underlying normal distribution Wei k s specifies the Weibull distribution with the real valued shape parameter k and the real valued scale parameter s Triang a b specifies a triangular distribution with lower limit a and upper limit b The triangle is isosceles 36 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN A firing delay may depend on the current marking of the model Each parameter of the time function and the time function itself may thus contain references to definitions and places A definition is replaced by its current value and a reference to a place is replaced by the number of tokens in this place Page 40 provides a detailed description It is also possible to define an arbitrary user defined time
37. It is the maximum number of tokens the place can contain A value of 0 represents an unlimited capacity and is the default value e The tokentype of a place specifies the type of tokens for that place As tokens have types in a colored Petri net it is useful to restrict the type of tokens that may exist in one place to one type which is then also the type or color of the place This type may either be a predefined base type or a model defined structured type The default type is int the empty type is omitted e The watch attribute of a place denotes an automatic measure output If this attribute is true the number of tokens over time is measured and automatically displayed in the result monitor cf Section 4 6 as a result measure Transitions are either timed or immediate transitions The tert of each transition is an identification string the name and shown as a label When a transition is created it gets an initial name T plus a number Timed transitions are drawn as empty rectangles e Their firing delay is given as a temeFunction Its default value is an exponentially distributed firing time of 1 0 Currently the following time functions are available Det a specifies a deterministic constant firing delay with the real value a Because this is not really a function it is also allowed to write just a number into the field timeFunction Examples for a deterministic firing delay are Det 10 0 and 20 0
38. NET 4 0 User Manual Model File Format TN Appendix B Model File Format TN The file lt netname gt TN contains the description of a Petri net model for older TimeNET versions but is still used as an interchange format between the graphical user interface and most analysis algorithms Lines beginning with are interpreted as a comment and ignored FILE lt model name gt TN CONTAINING STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF A NET NET_TYPE GSPN DSPN EDSPN CDSPN DESCRIPTION lt optional comment gt PLACES lt number of places gt TRANSITIONS lt number of transitions gt DELAY_PARAMETERS lt number of delay parameters gt MARKING_PARAMETERS lt number of marking parameters gt RESULT_PARAMETERS lt number of reward measures gt LIST OF MARKING PARAMETERS NAME VALUE X Y POSITION MARKPAR lt name gt lt integer value gt lt X position gt lt Y position gt LIST OF PLACES NAME MARKING X Y POSITION PLACE amp TAG P PLACE lt name gt lt marking parameter gt lt integer value gt lt X position gt lt Y position gt lt X position of name gt lt Y position of name gt LIST OF DELAY PARAMETERS NAME VALUE X Y POSITION P DELAYPAR lt name gt lt MD gt lt real value gt lt X position gt lt Y position gt LIST OF TRANSITIONS
39. Parametrizable Module Concept Modularization is a key concept of software and model design It allows to outsource multiply used functionality into a library A module definition provides an interface to integrate an instance of a module into the environment This interface also defines the parameters which can be set during the instantiation Other than adjusting value parameters also the structure of the implementation should be exchangeable A module definition may hold several alternative implementations which have the same interface During the instantiation one of these implementation can be chosen 4 8 1 Modules Modules are created by placing a module definition into the model as described on page 38 Such like a substitution transition inputs and outputs are represented by places which are connected to the module definition by arcs as shown in Figure 4 19 The inscription of a module definition forms the name under which it can be instantiated The names and tokentypes of all input and output places are equal to the names of the inputs and outputs of the module and their types 4 8 2 Module Implementation The implementation of a module can be edited in a separate page of the model This page is accessible by doubleclicking the module definition or use the Descend action just like a sub stitution transition A module implementation is equivalent to a submodel of a substitution TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 61 Bolts
40. T 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN Performance measures must be defined to tell the analysis algorithms what to com pute One exception is the stationary analysis which computes the throughputs for all timed transitions and the token distribution probabilities for all places Performance measures have been explained before see page 19 The information on how to get the performance results is given in Section 3 5 Option windows appear every time the user selects one of the evaluation commands The options for every algorithm are explained below and are kept by TimeNET until the next time the window is opened The option windows have in common a set of buttons on the lower part of the window Start begins the algorithm showing the output in a monitor window Default resets the option values back to their default Load and Save can be used to store and retrieve sets of options in an option file opt while Cancel closes the window without starting the evaluation Monitor windows show the output of the evaluation algorithms which are running as background processes Please refer to Section 2 7 for details Stopping a running evaluation is possible by pressing the Close button of the monitor window Sometimes an evaluation method cannot be stopped especially on Windows based systems In this case the running process must be killed manually by using the task manager on Windows or the kill command on Linux The following paragraphs explain t
41. TimeNET 4 0 A Software Tool for the Performability Evaluation with Stochastic and Colored Petri Nets an pps User Manual Armin Zimmermann and Michael Knoke Technische Universit t Berlin Real Time Systems and Robotics Group Faculty of EE amp CS Technical Report 2007 13 ISSN 1436 9915 August 2007 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 1 History of the Tool and le eh iene Ae OTe At RAD aol ee data ie 1 1 2 Acknowledgments otis ext a eg nea ee Ek Hem YS ES ee oe ak ee 3 2 TimeNET s Graphical User Interface 5 2 1 User Interface Genericity and Net Classes 06 22r OTIS be Mat hee a a ede Ble ao NS oe A ates EO eee 6 23 Command SEW LONG od node Maeda Rode Mend eae a Mase Ble May cea bev ite ater thew ed 10 2A Opject IM bOU 2 e 8 4 2 eke a aan Ole RA Re high ee Mite iG Seeks At 11 2oy APNE Ateas beth ee Ae ee op Ae Se ee ES A Ge Stk a thes Sed oe Muchas 12 2 6 File Selection Window ooa aaa a 12 2 7 Solution Monitor Windows ooa a we be ae ees Gee 13 2 87 StartUp 20 s ck e a eid ee e A eh See Te a i eel a ed 14 3 Extended Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets 15 3 1 Supported Model Types eo Se eh a 16 goo Objectsand Attributes e s ori sa ea ee o Se ee tee el ie te a n 17 3 3 Specific Menu Functions 4 0 9 26 aa a a 20 3 4 Analysis Methods o o aaa a 22 3 5 Evaluation Results ooa a a 30 4 Stochastic Colored Petri Nets 33 4 1 Colored Petri Nets oaa aa enut amp Btaps dnd meena lent
42. TimeNET Scripting Engine TimeNET 4 0 provides a scripting engine for the SCPN net class This engine allows a script controlled generation and modification of SCPN models as well as an automated start of the simulation with different parameters The script needs to be written in Javascript a well known scripting language most often used for client side web development An editor for the script development is not integrated into TimeNET Each available editor can be used Example scripts are located in the SCPNScripts directory 62 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Input Queue Output lt xX gt Mod lt xX gt gt O a Definition ta1 Qa ta2 Output b Implementation Start queue1 Exit Input Output lt X gt gt lt xX gt ff lt X gt gt lt X gt gt c Instantiation Figure 4 20 Module implementation and instantiation The Javascript engine in TimeNET supports a data warehouse by supporting OpenAdaptor an EAI Enterprise Application Integration software It provides many ready built con nectors that include JMS JDBC IBM MQ Series TIBCO Rendezvous TCP IP Sockets SOAP HTTP and Files It provides exception management and scriptable components for data filtering transformation and validation A script does not belong to a specific model but if the script modifies some parts of a model it must be ensured that these components exists in the model Starting a script is either possible by
43. TimeNET provides the numerical analysis of the stationary behavior for GSPNs DSPNs and extended DSPNs Stationary approximation can be used for concurrent DSPNs Transient numerical analysis can be applied to GSPNs and DSPNs The simulation component of TimeNET can perform the transient as well as the stationary evaluation of SPNs in continuous time without the restriction of not more than one enabled transition with non exponentially distributed firing time in each marking TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 17 3 2 Objects and Attributes This section lists and explains all available modeling objects in the EDSPN net class As stated before not all of them can be used in any combination depending on the analysis algorithm that should be applied to the model OD HE ENS Figure 3 1 Model element buttons for net class eDSPN Figure 3 1 shows the model element button area for net class EDSPN in its initial state They are explained in the following with their attributes Places are depicted as circles e The tezt of a place is an identification string which is shown as a label nearby the place in the model When a place is created it gets an initial name P plus a number All names of model elements must be unique e The initial marking of a place is a text either specifying a natural number or containing the name of a marking parameter with the initial token number Places have an initial marking of zero Transitions are eit
44. a model type and is defined by a XML schema file Node objects connectors and miscellaneous others are possible elements which are defined by a basic XML schema which can be extended in each net class For each node and arc type of the model the corresponding attributes and the graphical appearance is specified The shape of each node and arc is defined using a set of primitives and may depend on attribute values of the object Actual models are stored in an XML file consistent with the model class definition Program modules can be added to the tool to implement model specific algorithms A module can select its applicable net classes and extend the menu structure by adding new algorithms All currently available and future extensions of net classes and their corresponding analysis algorithms are thus integrated with the same look and feel for the user Figure 2 1 shows a sample screen shot of the GUI displaying an eDSPN net class Depending on the net class different objects are available in the upper and lower icon lists In addition to that analysis methods typically are applicable for one net class only Those methods are integrated in the menu structure of the tool which therefore changes automatically if a different net class is opened There are standard menus with the necessary editing commands in the top row Commands should be self explanatory and follow usual GUL style 2 2 Menus The following section describes the commands t
45. acity This maximum number of tokens that may exist in the place is shown in square brackets near the place in a figure but omitted if the capacity is unlimited the default Hierarchical Models A SCPN model can be hierarchically defined Each submodel is represented by a substitution transition on the parent level All input and output places of the substitution transitions are connector places of the submodel and will be shown in each submodel as dashed circles 4 2 Objects and Attributes This section lists and explains all available modeling objects in the SCPN net class O01 0 fc BN e t O Figure 4 1 Model element buttons for net class SCPN Figure 4 1 shows the model element button area for the net class SCPN in its initial state They are explained in the following together with their attributes Places are depicted as circles e The tezt of a place is an identification string which is shown as a label nearby the place in the model When a place is created it gets an initial name P plus a number All names of model elements must be unique e The queue of a place is the access strategy for the selection of tokens Three different types exists Random is the default strategy and returns tokens randomly FIFO TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 35 returns tokens in the order of arrival just like in a queuing system The opposite strategy is LIFO e The capacity of a place is the maximum capacity
46. acknowledged The extension for colored models has been carried out during a project funded by General Motors Research and Development TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface Chapter 2 TimeNET s Graphical User Interface A powerful and easy to use graphical interface is an important requirement during the pro cess of modeling and evaluating a system For version 4 0 of TimeNET a new platform independent generic graphical user interface based on Java has been implemented The subsequent Section 2 1 explains the underlying concept of net classes and its consequences for the user interaction All currently available and future extensions of model types and their corresponding analysis algorithms are integrated with the same look and feel for the user Figure 2 1 shows a sample screen shot of the interface TimeNET C Models EDSPNimmppd1 3 x File Edit View Validate Evaluation Export ale 4 Qualified Name Value text Light2Heavy delay 1 0 serverType ExclusiveServer preemptionPolicy PRD DTSPNopriority 1 Figure 2 1 Graphical user interface of TimeNET 4 0 The window is composed of four main areas a menu bar top with an icon bar below drawing area left attribute area right and a net class specific modeling tool bar bottom 5 6 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User
47. are displayed in red AF Editor Sees File Edit Tools Help ea sa Component Palette Adaptor Framework c3 Components Layout Link Controller PipelineController Logging EJ All Sources o C All Pipes c All Sinks BridgeSocketSink 4D DebugSink FileSink DD FTPSink 4D GenericSink 4D HospitalSink InspectorSink OER 2 pietta Adaptor Properties ese Current adaptor adaptor Property Toots E QD LDAPSink D LocalSink D MailSink MaSink Name NullSink mo 1 p e n i om mysql jdbc Driver SocketSink dbcmysql ocalhostitest SybaseBcpinSink est TableDisplaysink select oid firstname lastname titl TibRvSink TxnExceptionsink 255 user gt CI By Category ontactdb xitOnError QLName extEncoding Adaptor Other Properties C1 WarehouseSink Figure 4 23 Adaptor Framework Editor window with SQL connection The first entry JdbcDriver is the class name of the JDBC driver which is used to connect 66 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN to the database The parameter JdbcUrl specifies the URL to which a database connection will be opened A particular database instance can be chosen by the Database entry User Name and Password are required to access the database A script wants to access specific DataObjects from this database This is controlled by the e
48. bility graph is defined by the set of vertices corresponding to the markings reachable from the initial marking and the set of edges corresponding to the tran sition firings The transitions can be divided into immediate transitions firing without delay 15 16 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN drawn as thin bars and timed transitions firing after a certain delay drawn as rectangles Immediate transitions have firing priority over timed transitions Stochastic specifications are added to the formalism such that a stochastic process is un derlying an SPN Possible conflicts between immediate transitions are resolved by priorities and weights assigned to them Firing delays of timed transitions are specified by determin istic delays or by random variables Important cases are transitions with a deterministic delay drawn as filled rectangles with an exponentially distributed delay drawn as empty rectangles and with a generally distributed delay drawn as dashed rectangles In case of non exponentially distributed firing delays firing policies have to be specified 2 We assume that each transition restarts with a new firing time after being disabled corresponding to race with enabling memory as defined in 2 3 1 Supported Model Types TimeNET allows the evaluation of several model classes To clarify the notations for the different classes of SPNs a short summary is given in the following In generalized stochasti
49. ble to write N in any place or transition where a number is allowed But it is important to keep the type of the definition correctly because 4 is an integer value while 4 0 is a real value Definitions have the following attributes e The result is the name of the definition e An expression which is the definition value and is internally replaced for every occur rence of the definition name It is possible to place a comment into a SCPN model to increase understandability The corresponding button shows an exclamation mark A comment is a user defined string TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Al which is given in the attribute commentTezt Comment objects will be ignored during sim ulation and have no effect for the evaluation of result measures A record Tokentype defines a structured data type as described later on page 44 It is shown in a white oval in the model The button has the same sign A recordTokentype extends the included set of basic types to increase the modeling possibilities A recordTokentype must have a unique name and may contain an unlimited number of attributes Figure 4 2 shows the dialog window to set the attributes The tokentype of a place has to be a basic type or one of the defined tokentypes Edit tokentype Attributes of tokentype Order Type Name int id string name DateTime ordertime Config configuration Cancel OK
50. butes which are also defined in the net class If an object is hierarchically refined like a substitution transition double clicking it switches the drawing area view to the refining model sub page Selecting an object with the right mouse button opens a popup menu with object specific actions as shown in Figure 2 10 These actions mostly involve a delete and rotate action 2 6 File Selection Window For several commands a file needs to be selected by the user e g when opening or saving a model to disk Figure 2 11 shows the corresponding window which is a typical Java file selection dialog TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface 13 Heavy2Light 7 Look In Modelle lv C mmppd13 xml D titlemodel xml File Name Files of Type XML files xml Open Figure 2 11 File Selection Window The current directory can be changed by clicking in the upper text field where the current directory name is displayed The files that are contained in the current directory are shown in the file list in the center of this dialog The file type in the bottom part restricts the files that are shown A file can be selected by double clicking it in the Files box or by entering its name in the Selection box The initial directory from which model files can be selected is set by the GUI usually the path of the most recently loaded model W
51. by 10 percent zoom in per click Scale to normal size Sets the size of the image back to the original size which is defined by the GUI Close Closes the current model view which is the currently active window Close all views Closes all views of the current model Cascade Tile ms mmppd13 xml Figure 2 6 Menu Window Figure 2 6 shows the Window menu contents Cascade Stacks all opened model views so that each window title bar is visible Tile Displays all opened model views side by side so that all windows are visible at once The size of the windows is decreased but the model inside each window is not scaled down lt Models gt This is a list of currently available model views By selecting one model in this list the corresponding view is selected and moved to the front of all other windows 2 3 Command Buttons On the top of the main window right below the menu bar a button area toolbar with some of the most frequently used menu commands is available Each button is depicted as an icon A short description is shown in a tooltip after some time if the mouse pointer is over an icon The command buttons are shown in Figure 2 7 and each of them can be either activated or disabled depending on the user interface state e g Copy can only be started when an object in the drawing area is selected pele 5 Pike Figure 2 7 Command button area The functions that are started by most of the buttons have already bee
52. by checked for equality and inequality can be compared gt lt gt lt and arith metically combined Real values are internally stored as double values with a codomain of about 1 7 10308 with a precision of 15 digits The same operators are defined as for integer values Boolean values are internally stored as bool values which represent false or true Possible operators are the checks for equality and inequality and the logical operators conjunction amp amp disjunction and negation String values are constant strings bordered by double quotes The typical C escaping mech anism is applicable Quotation marks and the backslash sign are prefixed by a backslash A tabulator can be written as t and a new line as n Date Time values are internally stored as objects of the DateTime class Appendix C 1 describes all methods of this class The DateTime class internally uses a double value which makes the Date Time values uncountable But it provides for practical reasons the hh mm ss MM dd yyyy format which is often used for input and output The global variable NOW always represents the current simulation time DateTime values can by checked for equality and inequality and can be compared 4 3 8 Structured Types Basic data types are not sufficient for SCPN models TimeNET supports a datatype system that is comparable with structs in the programming language C A s
53. by clicking with the left mouse button into the drawing area of a diagram and drag the mouse to another location After releasing the mouse button the diagram only TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 53 E Result Monitor 4 LoopDemo1 5 37 28 PM 192 168 2 101 File Display X Axis Y Axis Window Vector Cache 0 E cmisplacement lt Resutt gt E costs lt Resutt gt og amp 6 544 8 256 816 6 Line 141 points 235 415 Mean line 5 999 5 454 4 908 4 363 3 817 3 272 2 727 2 181 1 636 1 090 3 214 013 9 192 612 5 171 211 1 149 809 7 128 408 3 107 006 9 85 605 5 64 204 2 42 802 8 545 21 401 4 0 0 0 017 01 07 03 06 07 05 09 07 07 12 07 09 14 07 11 17 07 01 01 07 03 08 07 05 13 07 07 18 07 097 23 07 117 28 07 07 00 00 08 33 07 10 06 14 11 39 21 13 12 28 14 45 35 07 00 00 11 55 33 16 51 07 21 46 40 02 42 14 07 37 48 on HO HWN HO D o O Misroute 0 BackToPlant lt Transition Display gt A Misroute 0 BackToSupplier lt Transition Display gt 49 331 6 69 189 48 079 2 e pa points 63 423 46 826 8 Rectangle line 57 658 45 574 3 51692 44 321 9 46 126 43 069 5 0 360 41 817 1 N 40 564 7 oa eee 39 312 3 23 063 38 059 8 17 297 36 807 4 11 531 35 555 0 5 765 34 302 6 0 e a aae E SS ee 077 11 07 07 21 07 08 01 07 08 12 07 087 23 07 09 03707 01 01707 037 07 07 057 11 07 07 15707 09 18 07 11 22 07 01 00 39 23 50 07 22 39 35 21 29 04 20 18 32 19 08 00 07 00
54. c Petri nets GSPNs 4 immediate transitions and exponentially timed transitions can be specified Deterministic and stochastic Petri nets DSPNs 3 extend GSPNs by allowing determinis tically timed transitions under the restriction that at most one of them is enabled in each marking The restriction is caused by the numerical analysis method but does not apply to simulation In concurrent DSPNs 6 exponentially and deterministically timed transitions may be en abled without restrictions It is thus identical to DSPNs from the modeling point of view In extended DSPNs 6 at most one expolynomially timed transition may be enabled in each marking An expolynomial distribution can be piecewise defined by exponential polynomi als and has finite support An expolynomial distribution may contain jumps therefore it can represent random variables with mixed continuous and discrete components The class of expolynomial distributions contains many known distributions e g deterministic delay uniform distribution triangular distribution truncated exponential distribution finite dis crete distribution allowing the approximation of practically any distribution e g by using splines and is particularly well suited for the numerical analysis Since the probability den sity function PDF seems to be graphically more significant for the user than the cumulative distribution function CDF TimeNET uses the pdf for temporal specifications
55. called to speed up the check for the timeguard function 60 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Seconds_T Timeguard const DateTime amp now Returns the duration when the tran sition could be enabled based on the given time now If this method returns 0 0 the time guard is satisfied and the transition can be enabled immediately A detailed description of the DateTime class is given in Appendix C 1 Seconds_T getFiringDelay const Returns a tangible firing delay It is called when a binding is created This method uses the class Delay as described in Section C 2 which contains some important delay functions such as exponential or normally distributed random delay It is possible to implement an own delay distribution which not neces sarily needs to be a continuous function double display TokenList amp binding Returns a value which is displayed as a result measure in the result monitor after each firing of this transition The default implemen tation uses the attribute displayExpression This method has access to the currently fired binding which can be evaluated to return a measure void log TokenList amp binding Writes a number of values to the logging output after each firing of this transition The default implementation uses the attribute logExpression This method has access to the currently fired binding which can be evaluated to write out the measure The constant name translogfile has to be used as the output stream 4 8
56. ck to the simulation which does the next step 4 6 Result Monitor The result monitor is a TimeNET component which is used to graphically display result measures of a SCPN simulation Figure 4 11 shows the main window of the result monitor after running a simulation It is divided into a number of subwindows each of them showing a diagram of result measures The title of a subwindow contains the name and type of the corresponding measure All windows can be resized and arbitrarily placed inside the main window Two different types of charts are available A bar chart which is shown in the right bottom window and a line chart which is used in all other windows in Figure 4 11 Line charts typically show the period of time on the horizontal axis Discrete values on the vertical axis represent value changes of a measure at a specific point in time By default points are connected by a line Bar charts show rectangular bars of lengths usually proportional to the magnitudes or frequencies of what they represent Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values The bars are always vertically oriented A legend can also be displayed in each diagram Line charts may also show the mean line and the gliding mean line of the corresponding values It is also possible to display the original data values in a separate window as shown in Figure 4 12 It is possible to zoom into a line chart by defining a visible area The start point of this area is chosen
57. del Instance Model Class Remote System Client part Java XML for interoperability Remote System Server part gt Code Generation f Model Specific Program Database Simulation Kernel C C for speed gt Normal Mode Single Step Mode Simulation Server Figure 4 24 Remote structure of TimeNET components 4 11 Database Access The SCPN netclass provides a database access to load initial markings and other parameters of a model In general the database is not required and should be used only for very complex models In this case the simulation shows some warnings that a sufficient database is not found A description of the database format might be provided in a later version of this manual 68 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Technical Notes Chapter 5 Technical Notes For the most up to date information check the tool s web page at the following address http pdv cs tu berlin de timenet 5 1 System Requirements TimeNET 4 0 is currently supported on two runtime environments e Windows Windows XP a version for Windows Vista will be compiled when a MinGW port for Vista is available e Linux on personal computers recommended distribution Debian 3 1 e SunOS 5 6 5 9 Solaris on Sun workstations TimeNET 3 0 runs in these environments 5 2 Downloading TimeNET TimeNET is free of charge for non commercial use Companies sho
58. e fri 7 0 0 NOW TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 37 e The specType is either Automatic default value or Manual An automatic transi tion uses the given attributes to generate the appropriate simulation code as described in Section 4 5 Sometimes it is necessary to overwrite the generated code manually to allow special actions or complex behavior Template classes are generated for each manual transition if the simulation is started once These templates can be used to overwrite some of the generated code The location and structure of these template classes are described in Section 4 7 e The manualCode attribute can be used to add manual code for overwriting the tran sition behavior as described in attribute specType e The watch attribute of a transition denotes an automatic measure output If this attribute is true the number of firings over time is measured and automatically displayed in the result monitor cf Section 4 6 as a result measure e The logfileName is the name of an optional log file which will be written during a simulation run if a logfileExpression exists e The logfileDescription specifies the first line of the log file It can be used to have textual headers for different logging columns The headers can be separated by using a double quote A logfileDescription Delivered Produced Ordered writes these three strings separated by a TAB character to the log file
59. e Reade re amp 33 4 2 Objects and Attributes ooa RR a 34 4 3 SCEN Expressionsi 2 r suraa d a aa E amp a ee GW ed se a el hse Lx 41 Agak Constants Yt cee eeh r ee a Rte a A a a E a a te E aa 41 Boos PUNCS ai ar sn aa p he eee yee og pa ae oe a e we R r 42 il 4 3 3 Place References 00 4 3 4 Definition and Measure References 4 3 5 Token and Attribute References 4 3 6 Operators cen ef in ante Si he ao oe he 4 3 7 Basic Data Types xc 6 2 5 5 6 oa et eae ey 4 3 8 Structured Types Ae he 8h eh ed Bras Sew 4 3 9 Value Parameters ost ee 2 ale ae See ae 4 4 4 Specific Menu Functions 0 0 4 5 Simulatie s e na nok BR ch ch DOB Ee fh ee es Ys 4 6 Result Monitor jn de choy a ahs a 4 7 Manual Transitions de 23 wee a 4 8 Parametrizable Module Concept 48 1 Modules ona ede sae hie a ene Seep a os 4 8 2 Module Implementation 4 4 2 44 424 4 8 3 Module Instantiation 4 9 TimeNET Scripting Engine 4 9 1 Creating Javascript scripts 4 9 2 Integration of external data 4 10 SCPN Simulation System Architecture 4 11 Database Access 0 0 0000 ee eee 5 Technical Notes 5 1 System Requirements lt lt Ya amp See SS wa es 5 2 Downloading TimeNET os ay wee a al Ree ee eee aS 5 3 How to Install the Fool i324 268 222 de OE as 5 4 Configure a multi user installation 2 5 5 Starting
60. e a double b const Appendix D Javascript Classes D 1 JavaScript API TimeNET offers a programming interface API to Javascript Each SCPN object exists as a Javascript class Instances of such a class can be created and for example added to a Petri net The following Javascript classes are available Net Net The Net class represents a SCPN model Methods of this class allow to create models load and export models access model elements import libraries and check a model for correctness based on the underlying XML model schema Class Methods Function Parameter Description create Creates a new empty SCPN model load filename Creates a model from the file filename Object Methods Function Parameter Description importLib filename Imports a library from file filename check Validates the model against the XML schema for SCPN toFile filename Exports the model into the file filename getPlaces Returns a JavaScript Array with all Place objects of the model 85 86 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes get Transitions Returns a JavaScript Array with all Tran sition objects of the model getArcs Returns a JavaScript Array with all Arc objects of the model Place Place The class Place encapsulates all important information of places such as name capacity token type and initial marking Functions for creating and searching exists as well Class Methods
61. e created file The file is stored in the csv format so it contains a list of semicolon not comma separated values which can be loaded into Microsoft Excel and other programs Export SVG Image Allows to export the image of the currently selected subwindow in the SVG scalable vector graphics format A SVG image is supported by some open source programs and also by a lot of commercial programs such as Adobe Illustrator Exit Exits the result monitor Some display options are available in the second menu Display which is shown in Figure 4 15 The following commands are available Properties Chart type gt K Line J Points Mean line J Gliding mean line A J Gliding mean line B J Rectangle line J Legend Show full chart Data values Figure 4 15 Menu Display of the Result monitor 56 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Property Opens a dialog window to change the properties of one or all subwindows This window is shown in Figure 4 16 All available options are described separately in this paragraph because they are also available as individual menu items The property dialog allows to set specific properties for all chart windows in one step Properties of An1 lt Place gt X Axis Y Axis Points Line Grid v Grid Meanline Format Format Chart type C Gliding meanline A Date amp Time KA Number kA Line chart Interval i C Custom range Custom ran
62. e of internal simulation processes It is defined by setting the spec Type attribute of any transition to Manual as described on page 36 This section covers a short survey of the implementation It is not possible to give a full specification for manual transition code because it depends on some internal structures which are not available for public As described later in Section 4 5 each modeled transition is translated into C code which can be found in a special folder in the model directory This generated implementation is a very useful hint for the own C implementation of manual transitions Two methods exist to generate template classes for a manual transition which can be used for individual C implementation 1 The Generate Template item in the SCPN menu see Section 4 4 creates the template class for a selected manual transition 2 Template classes for all manual transitions are created after starting a temporary simulation For each manual transition a C source file c and a C header file h will be created in a special directory named lt modelname gt manual in the currently used model directory This is only done if there is no class with the same name The location of a template class is the same location which is used by the simulation to load the manual transition code A template file contains some special code which is depicted by square brackets The following list describes these items which are al
63. e remember that there might be additional menu entries available depending on the current net class These entries are explained in the net class specific section of this manual The following commands are the default New After selecting a net class from the upcoming selection window a new model editor window for models of this class is opened The drawing area is initially empty and the new model is called Untitled xml until it is given a name with Save as The available set of net classes depends on the net class description files that are currently accessible for the user interface The New command can directly be invoked by pressing Ctr1l N Open From the subsequent file selection menu explained in Section 2 6 the model to be opened can be selected A new window of the editor is opened with the model afterward The extension xm1 for the standard TimeNET 4 0 file format is set initially 8 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface but it can be changed as desired The tool is also able to open models in the old TN format which makes it possible to import models from older versions of TimeNET The Open command can directly be invoked by pressing Ctr1 0 Open Recent File A list of recently opened model files is displayed One of these models can be opened by selecting its name If the GUI is started for the first time the list is empty Save Save changes of the current net unde
64. e second replication of submodel subTrans1_1 which in turn is in the submodel subTrans1 Each submodel is referenced by the name of the corresponding substitution transition Places inside a module implementation cannot be referenced from outside but may be accessed by definitions 4 3 4 Definition and Measure References All functions which allow place references also allow references to definitions and measures A reference to these kind of expressions is depicted just by the name It is for instance possible to reference a definition with name D1 in an exponentially distributed transition firing delay by typing Exp D1 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 43 In contrast to place references it is possible to reference definitions which are part of a module instance by using the instance name In this case the definition has to be defined in each module implementation of the corresponding module Other definitions are not visible The expression subTrans1 0 modInst1 D3 references definition D3 of the module instance modInst1 in the first replication of the substitution transition subTrans1 4 3 5 Token and Attribute References Some attributes of transitions e g local guards and output arcs facilitate access to incoming tokens and their attributes Each token is uniquely identified by the inscription of the input arc which is used to reference these tokens An attribute of a token can be accessed by the token name follow
65. ed by a dot and the attribute name Is the attribute a member of a structured data type their child attributes can be accessed similarly Examples tokenX References token tokenX tokenX color References attribute color of token tokenX tokenX color red References attribute red of attribute color of token tokenX 4 3 6 Operators Table 4 2 outlines the operators which are available in arithmetic and logical expressions Priority Operator Type Executed operation 8 G2 brackets 7 arithmetic unary plus unary minus logical NOT arithmetic multiplication division 6 5 ys arithmetic addition substraction 4 lt lt arithmetic lower than or lower or equal gt gt arithmetic higher than or higher or equal 3 primitive equal unequal amp amp logical AND 1 logical OR Table 4 2 Possible operators in stochastic colored Petri nets 4 3 7 Basic Data Types TimeNET supports five basic data types Table 4 3 shows each type with some examples 44 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Type Name Default value Examples Integer int 0 732 Real real 0 0 9 56 Boolean bool false true false String string i foo Date Time DateTime 0 0 001 1 0 NOW 11 23 46 03 27 2007 Table 4 3 Base types in stochastic colored Petri nets Integer values are internally stored as int values The range of values is between 23 2147482648 and 2 2147483647 on a 32 bit system Integer values can
66. ediate transition get Weight Returns the weight of the immediate tran sition setLocalGuard expression Sets the local guard expression of the tran sition setGlobalGuard expression Sets the global guard expression of the transition setPriority priority Sets the priority of the immediate transi tion set Weight weight Sets the weight of the immediate transi tion Timed Transition TimedTransition The class TimedTransition provides functions for creating and modifying timed transitions In addition to generic transition properties TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes 89 Class Methods such as localGuard or globalGuard it has special functions for timed transitions Function Parameter Description add net Creates a timed transition with the given name parameters in the model net delay withName net Searches for a timed transition with name name in the model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description getName Returns the name of the transition getLocalGuard Returns the local guard expression of the transition getGlobalGuard Returns the global guard expression of the transition getTimeFunction Returns the time function of the timed transition setLocalGuard expression Sets the local guard expression of the tran sition setGlobalGuard expression Sets the global guard expression of the transition setTimeFunction expression Sets the time function of the timed tran sition Sub
67. ese options are already described in the previous evaluation algorithm Stationary Analysis The results of an experiment are written to a file lt modelname gt EXPRESULTS which is located in the model directory as described later in Section 3 5 Stationary Simulation RESTART is a variant of the steady state simulation algo rithm which is especially useful for evaluating models with rare events probabilities smaller than 10 and is based on the RESTART method 17 Estimation of those events is a well known problem in simulation algorithms and usually requires ex tremely long simulation runs To use this method exactly one measure representing a rare event must be defined This measure must be of the form P Pi gt n or P Pi lt n to measure the small probability that there are at least n or not less than n respectively tokens in place Pi in steady state Figure 3 11 shows the option window for this evaluation algorithm Most of the options are equivalent to the ones already explained for the standard simulation above The max number of RESTART thresholds is an important parameter for the RESTART technique and can be computed by the expected order of magnitude of the rare event probability A rule of thumb is to use the positive exponent of the expected small probability i e choose thresholds 8 if the measured probability is about 1078 Some parameters for the method are searched in a pilot simulation run whose length can
68. ess is used make sure that a Result monitor is running on the target computer as described in Section 4 6 Result Server Portnumber This is the port number which is used to connect to the result monitor The default value is 4444 but this value can be changed in order to avoid conflicts with other ports Random seed value Can be used to specify a seed value for the random generator The default value is 0 then the current milliseconds of the system clock is used A value different from 0 is useful to get the same order of executions for multiple simulation runs Activate simulation logging If this item is activated several logfiles are produced during the simulation to analyze the simulation process These logfiles will be stored in a newly created folder lt modelname gt 1log in the model directory 50 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Configure Simulation Start Time hh mm ss mmiddiyyyy 07 00 00 01 01 2007 End Time hh mm ss mmiddiyyy 07 00 00 02 01 2007 Simulation Server IP wa xxx yyy z2zz localhost Simulation Server Portnumber xxxx 4445 Result Server IP WA XxXx yyy 22z localhost Result Server Portnumber xxxx 4444 Random seed value 0 current ms used lo Activate simulation logging Cancel Figure 4 9 Option window for the SCPN simulation The simulation starts when pressin
69. et Class SCPN 57 Show full chart If activated the full chart is shown after receiving start and end time Otherwise the horizontal axis grows after receiving new values Data values Opens a separate window which shows the original data values in a table Such a table is depicted in Figure 4 12 Parameters of the horizontal x axis and the vertical y axis of a selected diagram can be changed by using the menus X Axis and Y Axis exemplarily shown for the x axis in Figure 4 17 The following commands are available X Axis l Grid Axis format Range Autoview Figure 4 17 Menu X Axis of the Result monitor Grid If activated a grid is shown in the selected diagram Axis format Should be used to define the data type which is used to interpret and show the values on the axis The following datatypes are possible Number Date Time and Date Time The default setting for the x axis of a line chart is Date Time and for the y axis it is Number Bar charts always show an integer number on the x axis Note that the x axis of a bar chart is on the left side Range Defines the value range of the axis A new dialog is shown where the lower and upper boundary of the range can be specified In the default settings the x axis shows the complete time range of the simulation run and the y axis starts with the lowest value and stops at the highest value Autoview Resets all properties of this axis to the default settings The alignment of a
70. expression They can be created by using the button named R in the object button area A performance measure defines what is computed during a simulation A typical value would be the mean number of tokens in a place Depending on the model this measure may correspond to the mean queue length of customers waiting for a service or to the expected level of work pieces in a buffer Measures have the following attributes e Attribute eval defines the type of this measure Three different types are available Instantaneous measures display the instantaneous value of the given expression over time Cumulative measures display the cumulative value of the given expression over time TimeAverage measures display the average value of the given expression over time i e the cumulative value divided by the model time e If watch is true then the measure will be automatically displayed as a result measure e The result is the name of the measure e An expression which should be evaluated A performance measure expression can contain numbers definitions algebraic operators and place references written as lt placename gt Examples of performance measures are P5 P8 and N 5 P2 P1 while N is a valid definition A constant definition which can be used in other expressions is depicted as a string name expression They can be created by using the button named D in the object button area After defining N 5 it is possi
71. f the simulation com ponents consisting of the GUI the simulation server the result monitor and the database Each component may run on the local computer or on any other computer in the network When running a simulation or token game the simulation asks for the simulation and result server address as described in Section 4 5 The local computer localhost is used per default It is possible to enter another IP address but it is required to run the corresponding server on the target machine before the simulation starts Script files for starting the simulation server and the result monitor are located in the TimeNET bin directory and have the following syntax Note that the script without file ending is for Linux systems while the bat script is for Windows systems startRemoteServer lt port number gt lt model path gt Starts the simulation server on the local machine which is listening on the given port number The given model path needs to be a valid directory where the compiled model files will be stored and the simulation is executed startResultMonitor lt port number gt Starts the result monitor on the local machine which is listening on the given port number The ResultMonitor runs without opening a window A window will be opened not until receiving data on the given port from a running simulation TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 67 Statistic Client TimeNET Graphical User Interface Result Monitor Mo
72. fter which the simulation stops zero means no limit The next option can be used to set a lower limit on the simulation run because it requires every transition of the model to be fired at least the given amount of times This may be useful in situ ations where the firing frequencies differ extremely to assure that every model activity has been covered The Maximum model time specifies an upper limit in terms of the simulated time i e measured in model time units The Maximum real time that the simulation may take can be specified in seconds After the simulation has stopped for any of the reasons listed above the reached accuracy is shown in the monitor window The standard simulation allows two types of variance estimation which is necessary to detect the already reached accuracy The normal case is the application of variance estimation based on spectral variance analysis 10 In many cases a variance reduction technique based on control variates can be applied successfully 11 This can accelerate the simulation run but requires a minimum number of 5 simulation processes to be executed either quasi parallel on the host computer or distributed in a workstation cluster The Experiment option allows to run multiple simulation runs automatically with a given range of parameter values Starting the simulation as an experiment opens another dialog window as shown in Figure 3 9 to define the parameter range and additional experiment options Th
73. function by overwriting this function as described in Section 4 7 Please be aware that for consistency reasons transition firing times are specified as delays for all transition types Firing rates of exponential transitions have to be transformed into a delay by taking their reciprocal value Their globalGuard is a global firing condition A global guard function restricts the enabling of a transition It is a boolean function that depends on the model state A transition with global guard P1 gt 0 amp amp P2 lt 4 is only activated if there are tokens in place P1 and less than 4 tokens in place P2 The sign means the number of tokens in a place A global guard function may contain references to definitions and places A definition is replaced by its current value and a reference to a place is replaced by the number of tokens in this place Page 40 has a detailed description Their localGuard is a local firing condition It is a boolean function that depends on the input arc variables The transition is only enabled with a certain binding of tokens to variables in a model state if the guard function evaluates to true for this setting A transition with an input arc variable Order and a local guard Order type 3 is only activated for tokens in the corresponding place whose type attribute is 3 Their takeFirst attribute can be used to speed up the simulation in certain situations Typically a transiti
74. g 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http pdv cs tu berlin de TimeNET schema SCPN etc schemas SCPN xsd gt eDSPN models Remove the first lines until eDSPN xsd gt and add the following lines at the same place lt net id 0 netclass eDSPN xmlns http pdv cs tu berlin de TimeNET schema eDSPN xmlns xsi http www w3 org 2001 XMLSchema instance xsi schemaLocation http pdv cs tu berlin de TimeNET schema eDSPN etc schemas eDSPN xsd gt Appendix A Model File Format XML The new model file format for TimeNET 4 0 is derived from a XML schema definition which is a standardized language to express a schema a set of rules to which an XML document must confirm in order to be valid Two basic schema definitions net objects xsd and graph xsd are available to define the principle structure of a net together with its graphical appearance Each netclass extends both basic schema definitions to define actual net objects and their behavior The TimeNET GUI loads these netclass definition files to create display and validate corresponding models The following net classes are available eDSPN xsd This schema definition is used for DSPN and eDSPN netclasses SCPN xsd This schema definition is used for stochastic colored Petri nets SCPN A TimeNET 4 0 model is a XML model which conforms to one of the netclass definition files These XML schema files can be found at TimeNET etc schemas 73 74 Time
75. g number of tokens are bound to the variable and removed during firing Each input variable identifier may be used in only one input arc of a transition to avoid ambiguities A transition s output arc defines what tokens are added to the connected place at the time of the transition firing There are two general possibilities for this either existing tokens are transferred or new tokens are created In the transfer copy case the name of the chosen input token is used at the output arc The token that was bound to this input variable is moved to the corresponding output place The multiplicity of tokens must be the same to avoid ambiguities i e if three tokens are taken away from a place there is no possibility of transferring only two of them and arbitrarily removing one For the same reason it is not possible to use the same input variable at several output places Arbitrary numbers of input token copies can be made by creating new tokens and setting their attributes accordingly Table 4 1 contains examples for arc inscriptions including the syntactical expressions Input arc Output arc Meaning lt a gt lt a gt Move a token a lt XVa gt lt Xa gt Move two identical tokens a lt Xa gt lt 37 a gt Not allowed because of different multiplicities lt a gt lt a z 5 gt Move token a and change attribute x to 5 lt a gt lt copy a gt Create a copy of token a lt a gt lt new x a y gt Create a new token and
76. g the Start button and stops at the given End Time If the result monitor is configured to run at the local computer localhost then it is automatically opened at the start of the simulation and shows all defined measures After a successful simulation a file results log with the results of all measures is stored in lt modelname gt result Stop Simulation stops a currently running simulation If this does not work please use the TaskManager on Windows or the kill command on Linux to stop the simulation process The name of a simulation process equals the name of the simulated model and has on Windows systems the file ending exe Tokengame starts a step by step simulation of the selected model TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 51 Figure 4 10 shows the applicable options which will be described in the following Start Time Start time of the tokengame simulation in the format hh mm ss mm dd yyyy This time is used to initialize transitions and calculate their first firing times Simulation Server IP This is the IP address of the simulation kernel If the simula tion should run locally the IP is localhost If another IP address is used make sure that a simulation kernel is running on the target computer as described in Section 4 10 Simulation Server Portnumber This is the port number which is used to connect to the simulation kernel The default value is 4445 but this value can be changed in o
77. ge ay D Bar chart Gliding meanline B Interval _ Rectangle line _ Legend v Show full chart size Data values Apply to all charts Cancel Figure 4 16 Dialog window to edit the display properties Chart type This menu item sets the type of the chart of the currently selected window It is possible to select a line chart or a bar chart Line If activated a line is drawn in the diagram between all data values This option is only available for line charts and is set by default Points If activated a point is drawn for each data value This option is only available for line charts Mean Line If activated a line which represents the arithmetic mean is drawn for all data values This line is drawn green colored This option is only available for line charts Gliding mean line A B If activated a line which represents the gliding mean is drawn for all data values starting with a specific time and date A dialog window is opened to enter the start time This option is only available for line charts Rectangle line If activated a rectangle line is drawn in the diagram between all data values The line is drawn blue colored This option is only available for line charts Legend If activated a legend is shown in the currently selected diagram Some diagrams in Figure 4 11 have the legend activated TimeNET 4 0 User Manual N
78. graphical display of SCPN simulation results e independent components for modeling simulation analysis and result output allowing the GUI to be run on a different computer than the analysis modules 1 2 Acknowledgments The TimeNET developers are thankful for the contributions of the numerous master stu dents project programmers and Ph D students of the Real Time Systems and Robotics Group at TU Berlin Without them the development and implementation of TimeNET 4 0 and earlier versions would not have been possible Tobias Bading Enrik Baumann Frank Bayer Mario Beck Heiko Bergmann Stefan Bode Knut Dalkowski Renate Dornbrach Patrick Drescher Heiko Feldker Jorn Freiheit Mag dalena Gajewsky Reinhard German Armin Heindl Matthias Hoffmann Alexander Huck Frank Jakop Christian Kelling Oliver Klossing Kolja Koischwitz Felix Kuhling Thomas Kuhlmann Andreas Kiihnel Christoph Lindemann Christian L he Samar Maamoum Markolf Maczek Ronald Markworth Rasoul Mirkheshti Jorg Mitzlaff Martin M ller Maud Olbrisch Daniel Opitz Daniel Pirch Markus Pritsch Ralf Putz Dawid Rasinski Oliver Re hfeld Stefan Ronisch Jens Peter Rotermund Ken Schwiersch Anja Seibt Jan Trowitzsch Dietmar Tutsch Frank Ulbricht Matthias Wei Florian Wolf Katinka Wolter Henning Ziegler Robert Zijal Andrea Zisowsky Moreover the financial support of the German Research Council DFG and various indus trial project partners is gratefully
79. hat are available in the main menu indepen dent of the current net class Additional features for certain net classes are explained later in TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface T the corresponding sections Figure 2 2 shows the menu region of the graphical user interface with the minimal set of menus File Edit View Window Figure 2 2 Menu region of the graphical user interface The menu entries can be accessed by clicking with the left mouse button or by pressing Alt and the key that is underlined in the name of the menu entry This is also valid for all submenus To leave a submenu that has been opened with keystrokes press Esc Some commands can be accessed directly by control key combinations as shown in the menus beside the command If applicable this is mentioned in the menu entry explanation An existing model file can e g be opened by pressing Ctr1 0 c f Figure 2 3 without opening the menu As usual menu entries that are not available at the moment due to the state of the interface or the selected object are shown in gray and cannot be activated A short description of a menu entry is shown in a tooltip after some time if the mouse pointer is over the entry B New Ctrl N O Open Ctrl O Open Recent File b B Save Ctrl S EB Save as Print Export Image Settings Exit Alt Q Figure 2 3 Menu File Figure 2 3 shows the menu structure for entry File Pleas
80. he different evaluation algorithms together with their options in the sequence as they appear in the Evaluation menu structure Figure 3 7 Stationary Analysis computes the steady state solution of the model with continuous time Background information about this algorithm can be found in 9 6 7 Figure 3 8 shows the available options The Overall solution method defines how the embedded Markov chain EMC is treated during the algorithm normally it is explic itly computed and stored option EMC explicit It is possible to avoid fill ins in the EMC matrix option fill in avoidance Independent parts of the subordinated Markov chains SMC can be computed sequentially or in parallel on a cluster of workstations option Computation of SMCs sequential distributed The overall precision is given as an error value and the maximum allowed number of iterations for the analysis algorithm as an integer For the integration of matrix exponentials an arithmetic with arbitrary precision can be used option Precision of arithmetics arbitrary double The number of bits to store values can be specified in the case of arbitrary precision option Bits for arbitrary precision and the corresponding truncation error can be given option Truncation error If the EMC is computed explicitly the obtained linear system of equations can either be solved directly or iteratively For the fill in avoidance method the initial iteration vector can either be
81. he performance evaluation of TimeNET for the SCPN net class The complexity of this net class only allows a simulation to get performance measures Simulation is accessible via the Simulation menu which is shown in Figure 4 8 Simulation Start Simulation J Tokengame Figure 4 8 Menu structure of SCPN simulation The following items are available in the Simulation menu Start Simulation simulates the selected SCPN model Figure 4 9 shows the applicable options which will be described in the following Start Time Start time of the simulation in the format hh mm ss mm dd yyyy This time is used to initialize transitions and calculate their first firing times End Time End time of the simulation in the format hh mm ss mm dd yyyy If the simulation has reached this time by firing a transition the simulation is stopped Simulation Server IP This is the IP address of the simulation kernel If the simula tion should run locally the IP is localhost If another IP address is used make sure that a simulation kernel is running on the target computer as described in Section 4 10 Simulation Server Portnumber This is the port number which is used to connect to the simulation kernel The default value is 4445 but this value can be changed in order to avoid conflicts with other ports Result Server IP This is the IP address of the result monitor If the Result monitor should run locally the IP is localhost If another IP addr
82. hen working with model files the standard extension xml for TimeNET 4 0 file format models is initially set but it can be changed if necessary Cancel exits from the file selection without action 2 7 Solution Monitor Windows Most analysis algorithms of TimeNET are implemented as independent background processes that are started by the user interface when necessary Their output is visible in a solution monitor window like the one shown in Figure 2 12 Thus the progress of the analysis algorithms as well as possible errors are shown The suc cessful end of an analysis process usually means that the text Finished is printed in the window The monitor window can be closed with the Close button after the analysis process 14 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface Check Structure Output STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS he net contains 2 P invariants PO P1 P3 P7 1 PO P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 P8 1 All places are covered by p inyariants EXTENDED CONFLICT SET Priority immediate Transitions 1 T1 T2 Removing temporary files Figure 2 12 Solution Monitor Window has finished Pressing the button during a running analysis requires the user to select if the background process should be killed stop solution or shall continue Running background processes do not need the user interface and can therefore e g keep running after exiting TimeNET and logging out Sometimes TimeNET might not be able to correctly terminate the background
83. her exponential deterministic immediate or general transitions The tert of each transition is an identification string and shown as a label When a transition is created it gets an initial name T plus a number Exponential transitions are drawn as empty rectangles e Their firing delay is exponentially distributed Its default value i e the expectation of the exponentially distributed firing time is 1 Please be aware that for consistency reasons transition firing times are specified as delays for all transition types Firing rates of exponential transitions have to be transformed into a delay by taking their reciprocal value e The serverType is either Infinite Server or Single Server default value It deter mines the way in which multiple customers are handled Informally speaking tran sitions with infinite server semantics can be enabled concurrently to themselves as many times as there are enough input token sets available This server characteris tic is known from queuing theory In case of a single server type the firing times are determined sequentially Immediate transitions are drawn as thin bars e The priority is a natural number default 1 that defines a precedence among simulta neously enabled immediate transition firings The default priority is 1 higher numbers mean higher priority 18 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN e The weight is a real value default 1 specifying the
84. ibling lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt Access to the following elements Following elements which are no children of the current element but follow the current element in the XML document can be selected by using the keyword following Query Result data person following lt person id 2 gt lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt lt person gt Access to preceding elements Preceding elements which precede the current element in the XML document but are not directly parents can be selected by using the keyword preceding Query Result data person preceding lt person id 1 gt lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt person gt TimeNET 4 0 User Manual XPath Syntax 95 Conditions for positions If several elements match the search criteria one of them can be chosen by specifying its position The position should be specified in squared brackets and contains the position as a number or a predefined function such as last e g 1 or last Query Result lastname last lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt Conditions with attributes To limit the number of search results attribute may be given as a condition A condition of the form AttributName Wert have to be written after the element Query Result person id 17 lt person id 1
85. ions of the graphical user interface that are available only for the net class EDSPN Figure 3 2 shows the appearance of the top level menu bar Performance analysis modules menu entries under Evaluation are explained in their own subsequent section File Edit View Validate Evaluation Export Window Figure 3 2 Main menu of graphical user interface for net class EDSPN The first additional menu Validate contains evaluation functions based on the structure of the EDSPN model It is shown in Figure 3 3 Estimate Statespace Traps Siphons Check Structure J Tokengame Figure 3 3 Menu Validate for net class EDSPN The additional functions are described in the following Estimate Statespace Computes an estimation of the number of reachable states that the current model has based on the structure of the model Figure 3 4 shows an example monitor window with the result output Traps Computes the set of minimal traps i e place sets that will never become unmarked in any subsequent marking after they are once marked Figure 3 5 shows an example Every trap is described by the corresponding places and their initial marking Siphons Computes the set of minimal siphons i e place sets that will never become marked again in any successive marking after they become unmarked The output of this command is similar to the one of Traps Check Structure Obtains minimal place invariants of the model and extended conflict sets of immediate t
86. ith differing priorities cannot be in conflict with each other and will therefore not be in the same ECS Check the ECS and adjust the priorities also in the case of confusions which are detected and notified by the structural analysis prior to the performance analysis algorithms 22 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN Check Structure Output STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS he net contains 2 P inyariants HeavyTraffic LightTraffic 1 Queue QueueAvailable 3 Uncovered places NewPacket EXTENDED CONFLICT SET Priority immediate Transitions 1 EnterQueue 1 PacketLoss Removing temporary files Figure 3 6 Example of place invariant and extended conflict set results Tokengame Starts the so called token game of the Petri net model which is an interactive simulation of the model behavior The places shown in the drawing area contain their respective number of tokens in the current state and enabled transitions flash Please note that the firing times of the transitions are not taken into account Double clicking an enabled transition with the left mouse button causes it to fire changing the marking accordingly This is especially useful for debugging a model checking whether it works as it is supposed to To exit from the token game select the menu entry again The user decides between resetting the marking of the model back to the state before the token game was started and keeping the current marking as the new in
87. itial marking before reaching the normal editing mode again 3 4 Analysis Methods This section explains the performance evaluation functions of TimeNET for the EDSPN net class They are all accessible via the Evaluation menu for which the submenu structure is shown in Figure 3 7 The different variants of available analysis methods have been organized systematically depending on categories like stationary and transient evaluation methods TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 23 which are either analysis approximation or simulation Those categories are explained first to avoid later repetitions Stationary Analysis Stationary Approximation Stationary Simulation Transient Analysis Transient Simulation p All Solutions Figure 3 7 Menu structure of EDSPN performance evaluation algorithms Transient Stationary or Steady State A transient evaluation analyzes the model behavior from the initial marking at time zero until a given end time Consequently it can e g for a reliability model be used to answer questions of the type What is the probability that after one week of operation the system is still operable Or How many parts have been produced one hour after a re setup of a manufacturing system The performance measures are computed for the final point in time but several analysis algorithms compute and optionally show a figure for the transient evolution of the measures over time Steady state or stationary eva
88. l directory e Switch to the TimeNETinstall directory e On Linux use tar to extract the directories and files from the archive tar xvzf TimeNETxxx_linux tgz e On Windows right click the archive TimeNETxxx_windows zip or use WinZip and extract all files into the current directory 5 4 Configure a multi user installation One tool installation can be used by several users on a machine The TimeNETinstall direc tory contains two directories TimeNET and Models after file extraction If you want to use TimeNET from different user accounts you should copy the Models directory to each local user directory which is My Documents on Windows and home username on Linux After starting TimeNET as described later each user can create and use own models in its local Models directory 5 5 Starting the Tool If all previous steps have been successfully completed the tool can be started using the command TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Technical Notes 71 e On Linux usr local bin TimeNETinstall TimeNET bin startGUI e On Windows C Program Files TimeNETinstall TimeNET bin startGUI bat 5 6 Configuring the User Interface Several graphical appearance options of the user interface can be changed with the menu entry File Settings 5 7 Upgrading to TimeNET 4 0 It is not possible to update older versions Please install TimeNET 4 0 in a new directory 5 7 1 Conversion of old Model Files If you need to conver
89. ll diagram windows can be chosen in the last menu Window which is shown in Figure 4 18 The following commands are available Auto tile If activated the currently selected diagram window is automatically relocated to fit into the current tile structure Tile Relocates all diagram windows in the main window by using a tile structure The windows are displayed in tiles one beside another List Relocates all diagram windows in the main window by using a list structure The windows are displayed at the full width one after another Cascade Relocates all diagram windows in the main window by using a cascaded structure The windows are displayed staggered one behind another 58 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN Window Vw Auto tile Tile List Cascade i 1 CMisplacement lt Result gt i f 2 Costs lt Result gt a Fi 3 Material lt Place gt m 4 Misroute 0 BackToPlant lt Transition Display gt 4 3 5 Misroute 0 BackToSupplier lt Transition Display gt m S 6 SupplierBuffer2 lt Place gt Figure 4 18 Menu Window of the Result monitor Window list A list of all opened windows is displayed By selecting one window from this list the corresponding diagram window will be activated and moved to the front The currently active window is shown by a checkmark 4 7 Manual Transitions A manual transition allows individual C implementation of transition behavior and re quires a very good knowledg
90. lowed While dragging the mouse over a destination object a valid destination is shown when the destination object changes into the selected state changes the color To add an intermediate point double click on the arc at the desired position for this intermediate point A point is added at this position and can be moved to change the arc position e The arc multiplicity text is 1 initially but can be changed by selecting the arc and enter a different value in the attribute window This value can be marking dependent an arc going from a place P1 to a transition with multiplicity P1 would flush all tokens from the place when the transition fires Inhibitor arcs are depicted by a line with a small circle on one end These type of arcs always go from a place to a transition e The inhibitor arc condition text is 1 initially but can be changed by selecting the arc and enter a different value in the attribute window The meaning of an inhibitor arc is that if the place has at least the number of tokens specified by the condition it will hinder the transition from firing i e opposite to that of a normal arc lFor example P3 1 is true if the number of tokens in place P3 is equal to 1 For a complete syntax definition of marking dependent expressions refer to the Appendix at page 78 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 19 Performance measures are depicted in the model by a string name expression or if the expression has
91. luation assesses the mean system performance after all initial transient effects have passed and a balanced operation mode has been reached It is informally comparable to the transient solution for lim in the normal case Steady state evaluation computes the mean for all performance measures and can be used to answer typical questions like What will be the maximum bandwidth of a com munication channel Or What will be the expected number of parts in a manufacturing system s buffer The selection of either transient or steady state evaluation is done separately for each evaluation methods in the menu Evaluation Please note that not for all evaluation algorithms there are both available Analysis Approximation Simulation This selects the basic type of evaluation al gorithm Analysis means a direct and exact numerical performance evaluation with a full exploration of the reachability graph Approximation algorithms are also direct numerical techniques but try to avoid some of the costly evaluation parts by allowing some kind of inaccuracy Simulation algorithms do not compute the reachability graph but follow the standard Monte Carlo style simulation approach with some refinements details see below The term evaluation is used throughout this document as a syn onym for any of the available performance evaluation algorithms including all three types mentioned here Miscellaneous remarks for performance evaluations 24 TimeNE
92. luding their mathematical background References are given in this manual These papers are available upon request from the authors or can be downloaded from their home pages Parts of this text are based on the TimeNET 3 0 21 and TimeNET 2 0 manuals 14 as well as other material about TimeNET An overview of older versions of the tool is given in references 8 23 18 while the current version has been announced in 20 Background information about stochastic discrete event systems as well as a range of applications can be found in 22 1 1 History of the Tool The software package DSPNexpress 15 has been developed at the Technische Universitat Berlin since 1991 mainly influenced by the tool GreatSPN and has been maintained at the Universities of Dortmund and Leipzig later It provides a user friendly graphical interface running under X11 and is especially tailored to the steady state analysis of deterministic and stochastic Petri nets For the class of generalized and stochastic Petri nets steady state and transient analysis components are available A refined numerical solution algorithm is used for steady state evaluation of DSPNs facilitating parallel computation of intermediate re sults Isolated components and isomorphisms of subordinated Markov chains of deterministic transitions are detected and exploited 2 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Introduction The first version of TimeNET was a major revision of DSPNexpress at TU Berlin
93. lue Max of samples Min of firings for each transition Max model time Max real time sec Method for statistical analysis spectral variance v Experiment L Cancel Figure 3 10 Option window for steady state continuous time simulation the simulation The maximum relative half width of the confidence interval Mazimum relative error in percent sets the relative size of the confidence interval For probability measures a refined variance estimation is used since samples of proba bilities cannot be assumed to be normally distributed The precision of estimates close to 0 0 or 1 0 can be improved by specifying a smaller permitted difference for those measures The default value allows 50 of the probability density function to be out side the interval 0 0 1 0 which means no improvement at all Smaller values improve accuracy for the cost of increasing simulation run time To start simulation runs with the same or a different set of random numbers the initial Seed value of the random number generator can be adjusted The following four options can be used to limit the run length of a simulation which 28 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN normally depends only on the model the performance measures and the required ac curacy The Mazimum number of samples that are generated for a measure can be specified a
94. meter values Starting the analysis as an experiment opens another dialog window as shown in Figure 3 9 to define the parameter range and additional experiment options Varying Parameter identifies the name of a definition in the model explained on page 19 whose values will be iterated From value specifies the start value for the varying parameter of this experiment To value specifies the stop value for the varying parameter of this experiment Step size allows to define a linear or logarithmic step size In the linear mode the 26 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN Summand is added in each step whereas in the logarithmic mode the Exponent is multiplied Summand linear or Exponent logarithmic The value which is added or mul tiplied in each step The results of an experiment are written to a file lt modelname gt EXPRESULTS which is located in the model directory as described later in Section 3 5 Experiment Options Varying Parameter linear Summand linear or Exponent logarithmic Cancel Figure 3 9 Option window for simulation analysis experiment Stationary Simulation Standard simulates the steady state behavior of an arbitrary SPN and for the estimates of the performance measures are derived Background information on the implementation can be found in 13 12 Figure 3 10 shows the applicable options For all measure
95. mmermann lt lastname gt Combined Paths Several different paths can be combined by the character This op eration equals to a logical or Query Result firstname lastname lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt 94 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual XPath Syntax Placeholders lt A query may use the placeholder This returns all elements in the given path Query Result data person lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt lt lastname gt Zimmermann lt lastname gt Access to the parent element The keyword parent allows to access the parent element of the current element Note that the return value of a XPath query might be a complete subtree Query Result lastname parent lt person id 1 gt lt person gt lt person id 2 gt lt person gt Access to the sibling elements Not only the parent element but also the siblings are accessible The keyword following sibling selects all following siblings and preceding sibling all preceding siblings Query Result lastname preceding lt firstname gt Michael lt firstname gt sibling lt firstname gt Armin lt firstname gt firstname following lt lastname gt Knoke lt lastname gt s
96. n explained in Sec tion 2 2 before TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface 11 New equal to File New Creates a new model Open equal to File Open Opens a model file Save equal to File Save Saves the active model Undo equal to Edit Undo Takes back the last model change 100 equal to View Scale to normal size Sets the size of the image back to the original size Scale Down equal to View Scale down Image Scales down the image by 10 percent Scale Up equal to View Scale up Image Scales up the image by 10 percent Delete Deletes the selected objects Grid Activation equal to View Grid activation Activates a grid for aligning objects In some net classes there are additional command buttons available at the right side of the default buttons They are explained in the net class sections 2 4 Object Buttons The net objects are displayed on buttons in the area on the bottom of the main window The available objects completely depend on the current net class Please refer to the net class specific sections of this document for an explanation of the object semantics Figure 2 8 shows the buttons for the EDSPN class as an example ETA Oj O i EENS Figure 2 8 Object button example for net class EDSPN Each available object is shown as an icon A short description is shown in a tooltip after some time if the mouse pointer is over an icon There are several types of objects available in general which co
97. n of the definition setExpression expression Sets the expression of the definition Measure Measure Class Methods The class Measure encapsulates a model measure and its expression Function Parameter Description addMeasure net Creates a measure with the given name name and expression in the model net expression withName net Searches for a measure with name in the name model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description getExpression Returns the expression of the measure setExpression expression Sets the expression of the measure 88 Immediate Transition ImmediateTransition The class ImmediateTransition pro vides functions for creating and modifying immediate transitions In addition to generic transition properties such as localGuard or globalGuard it has special functions for immedi ate transitions Class Methods TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes Function Parameter Description add net Creates an immediate transition with the name given parameters in the model net priority weight withName net Searches for an immediate transition with name name in the model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description getName Returns the name of the transition getLocalGuard Returns the local guard expression of the transition getGlobalGuard Returns the global guard expression of the transition getPriority Returns the priority of the imm
98. nt nets However it is of course impossible to paste net objects into an incompatible model belonging to another net class In net classes where object names have to be unique Paste renames the added objects automatically Hide Output Hides any output of the simulation windows if this entry is selected View C Models EDSPNimmppd13 xml 1 Grid activation m Sharp edges y Scale down Image 2 Scale up Image 100 lt 5cale to normal size Close x Close all wews Ctrl Figure 2 5 Menu View Menu View shown in Figure 2 5 contains operations on the currently selected model view Create new view on file Creates a new editor window with a copy of the model which can be selected by the shown file list In Figure 2 5 is only one model opened such that the file list contains only this model name as an entry C Models EDSPN mmppd13 xml Grid activation If this entry is selected it activates an invisible grid for aligning objects New objects are automatically aligned on the grid Already drawn objects are kept in their current positions but are aligned on the grid when being moved Sharp edges If this entry is selected arcs have sharp edges Otherwise they have rounded edges 10 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface Scale down Image Each click scales down the image by 10 percent zoom out resulting in more space on the drawing area to add objects Scale up Image Scales up the image
99. ntry SQL String which is mostly a SELECT statement in SQL syntax Each result from this query is assigned to a DataObject After adding the SQLSource component we have to add a LocalSink as a second component This component is the interface to the TimeNET scripting engine It allows to receive and process all DataObjects produced by the SQL Source TimeNET requires a special name of this sink to get access to it The name entry of the LocalSink must have the name Ware houseSink Each SQL Source component needs a connection to the LocalSink which is automatically done If the connection is missing it can be created or removed by selecting the SQLSource and afterward click on the LocalSink while holding the key STRG The complete framework should be looking like Figure 4 23 If all of these steps have been successfully completed the SQL database is ready to be connected to the OpenAdaptor system Just save the configured framework to a file and use this file as integration property file when starting the Javascript script see script options in Section 4 4 or 4 9 It is possible to add more components like other data sources filter components or additional sinks to allow more complex connection structures or to filter invalid data 4 10 SCPN Simulation System Architecture TimeNET uses a remote component based structure which is shown in Figure 4 24 when sim ulating SCPN models This structure allows a distributed execution o
100. ochastic Petri nets An elementary introduction in Advances in Petri Nets 1989 Lecture Notes in Computer Science G Rozenberg Ed Springer Verlag 1990 vol 424 pp 1 29 M Ajmone Marsan G Balbo A Bobbio G Chiola and A Cumani The effect of execution policies on the semantics and analysis of stochastic Petri nets IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering vol 15 no 7 pp 832 846 1989 M Ajmone Marsan and G Chiola On Petri nets with deterministic and exponentially distributed firing times in Advances in Petri Nets 1987 Lecture Notes in Computer Science G Rozenberg Ed Springer Verlag 1987 vol 266 pp 132 145 G Chiola M Ajmone Marsan G Balbo and G Conte Generalized stochastic Petri nets A definition at the net level and its implications EEE Transactions on Software Engineering vol 19 no 2 pp 89 107 1993 R German and J Mitzlaff Transient analysis of deterministic and stochastic Petri nets with TimeNET in Proc Joint Conf 8th Int Conf on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Performance Evaluation Lecture Notes in Computer Science Springer Verlag 1995 vol 977 pp 209 223 R German Analysis of stochastic Petri nets with non exponentially distributed firing times Dissertation Technische Universitat Berlin 1994 Performance Analysis of Communication Systems Modeling with Non Markovian Stochastic Petri Nets John Wiley and Sons 2000 R German
101. of a temporary SCPN model which can be used in the script file to store the model modifications The given destination filename is passed through the Javascript engine and is available as arguments 1 in the script Integration property file This file is required to setup the OpenAdaptor frame work which can be used by Javascript to access different database connections A default integration property file which is automatically set can be found in TimeNET etc gpsc_conf integration props Normally this file does not need to be changed Log4j property file This file is required to setup the Log4J framework which is in ternally used by OpenAdaptor A default Log4J property file can be found in TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 47 Run Script Script file C ATimeNETModelgeneration SimulateLoop js Source net file C Models SCPNiDemo xml Destination net file CAModelsiSCPNiDemo_scriptxml Integration property file C TimeNETietc gpsc_confiintegration props Log4j property file IC TimeNETetc gpsc_confilog4j props C Open destination net file Skip integration Cancel Figure 4 5 Window to start a Javascript script for controlling a SCPN simulation TimeNET etc gpsc_conf log4j props and is automatically set Normally this file does not need to be changed Open destination net file
102. on creates bindings by considering all tokens of all input places and selects one of these bindings randomly If the takeFirst attribute is set to true only one valid binding will be created and used Note that the semantic of the Petri net is changed The takeFirst attribute is usable if there is no semantical assumption of the token order The serverType is either Infinite Server or Single Server default value It deter mines the way in which multiple customers are handled Informally speaking tran sitions with infinite server semantics can be enabled concurrently to themselves as many times as there are enough input token sets available This server characteris tic is known from queuing theory In case of a single server type the firing times are determined sequentially Their temeGuard is a global firing condition based on the simulation time It is a func tion which returns the duration a positive real value with double precision until the transition will be enabled The transition is only activated if the value is 0 0 The cur rent simulation time is provided by the NOW value A simulation time is internally based on the DateTime class which has a lot of functions to create manipulate and calculate time and date values A detailed description of the DateTime functions can be found in Section C 1 To enable a transition each Friday at 7 00 00 am use the following timeGuard return NOW Next WeekDay DateTim
103. on firings may depend on token attribute values and change them at firing time A transition might have different modes of enabling and firing depending on its input tokens The SCPN class in TimeNET uses arc variables to describe these alternatives The model objects places transitions arcs and textual elements available in the net class SCPN are explained in detail in Section 4 2 SCPN specific features of the graphical user interface and available simulation algorithms are covered in Sections 4 4 and 4 5 Advanced features of TimeNET SCPNs include manual transitions module concept scriptiong engine and database integration First time readers should skip these later sections 4 1 Colored Petri Nets In the following we mostly point out differences to uncolored Petri nets The syntax of textual model inscriptions is chosen similar to programming languages like C or Java The main difference of stochastic colored Petri nets compared to standard Petri nets are the existence of token types colors and the ability to hierarchically define the model Both issues are described shortly Token Types or Colors Tokens belong to a specific type or color which specifies the range of their attribute values as well as applicable operations just like a type of a variable does in a programming language Types are either base types or structured types the latter being user defined Available base types in the tool include Integer Real Boolean String
104. ontains some auxiliary information of the performed evaluation It contains the solution method model name type of analysis and some important evaluation settings curves Contains visualization data of all defined measures in the case of an experiment a set of analysis This file can be used to plot the results with external tools DEFINFO Contains information about structural properties of the model such as marking dependent arc multiplicities enabling functions of transitions and marking dependent transition weights ECS Describes extended conflict sets of the model ese Contains an estimation of the state space EXPRESULTS Contains a tabular list of results of an experiment This file contains the end result of each measure in each experiment step It is possible to plot this file INV Contains the place invariants of the model pid Contains the list of software processes which are used to evaluate the model 32 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN pmf Contains the delay functions of all general transitions RESULTS Lists detailed results of given performance measures This file contains the end result of each measure as it is shown in the measure definition after a successful perfor mance evaluation Additional contents are the throughput values of timed transitions rrg Contains the reduced reachability graph RRG of the model in binary form siphons Contains the siphons of the model STAT_OUT Contains results of
105. ow This item is available if a submodel of a substitution transition or an im plementation of a module definition is currently displayed and several replications or implementations exists New Replication A new replication implementation is created and displayed in the ed itor window This item is available if a submodel of a substitution transition or an implementation of a module definition is currently displayed Remove Replication The currently shown replication implementation is removed and the previous one is shown in the editor window The first replication implementation repli cation 0 cannot be removed This item is available if a submodel of a substitution transition or an implementation of a module definition is currently displayed Run Script Opens a window to setup a Javascript environment and allows to run such a script which e g controls a simulation Detailed information about the TimeNET scripting engine can be found in Section 4 9 Figure 4 5 shows the setup window for the scripting engine This window has the following entries Script file Full path of the script file which should be started Normally scripts are stored in the directory TimeNET SCPNScripts Source net file Full path of the SCPN model which should be used The default entry is the currently opened SCPN model The given model file is passed through the Javascript engine and is available as arguments 0 in the script Destination net file Full path
106. pens the program as shown in Figure 4 22 AF Editor DBR File Edit Tools Help Blam a a Component Palette Adaptor Framework 4 Layout Link Controller i FipelineController Logging EJ All Sources C All Pipes CJ All Sinks CJ By Category Current Adaptor Property Tools amp Ka Controller a Logging Other Properties Schedule StartHour Schedule StartMinute Schedule StopHour Schedule StopMinute SecurityManager ClassName Figure 4 22 Adaptor Framework Editor window As an example we want to connect to a SQL database as a source for our data to reveal a possibility to attach and configure external data repositories TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 65 The AF Editor is responsible for adding data sources such as an JDBC capable SQL database to the OpenAdaptor system and to configure their behavior It creates a configuration file which must be an argument for OpenAdaptor later on Openadaptor extracts the configu ration data and creates corresponding Java objects with the defined behavior In our example the automatically created Controller and Logging components see Fig ure 4 22 must be removed Afterward a new component of type SQLSource is added The bottom part of the AF Editor window contains the default settings of this component They need to be adapted as shown in Figure 4 23 Required settings
107. priority is a natural number that defines a precedence among simultaneously enabled immediate transitions The default priority is 1 higher numbers mean higher priority Timed transitions have always a lower priority than immediate ones e The weight is a real value default 1 0 specifying the relative firing probability of the transition with respect to other simultaneously enabled immediate transitions that are in conflict compare 4 for the issue of how these values should be set correctly in the context of GSPNs Substitution transitions are drawn as rectangles with two thin bars on each side All of their attributes are already described for timed transitions before A substitution transition contains one or more submodels which are connected to the parent model by the input and output places of this substitution transition One submodel named replication is created by default and can be accessed by double clicking the substitution transition Section 4 4 describes how to add more replications and how to access different replications Module definitions are drawn as rectangles with the name Mod inside A module def inition is an interface from a model instance to its environment just like a substitution transition Additionally it defines the parameters which can be set during instantiation Each module may have different implementations All implementations have the same inter face and one of them can be chosen at the time of
108. r oldNet Net load filename xm1 After this step it is for example possible to search for places by name or to add transitions All possible objects and functions are described in Appendix D To include external data into the model the data needs to be successfully integrated into the internal data warehouse Two methods exist directly integrate external data or integrate formerly integrated data which are available in a XML file Data in the internal warehouse can be queried by using XPath queries A reference documen tation to XPath is available in Appendix D 2 Three different result types exist 1 results that are returned by string and can be analyzed by Javascript string functions 2 results that are returned as a string array where each element matches one result and 3 results that are returned by ResultNodes The last type is the most flexible type A ResultNode is a simplified XML DOM Node which has functions to get the value its attributes and the child nodes With this result type it is possible to work with complex subtrees as results 64 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 4 9 2 Integration of external data OpenAdaptor https www openadaptor org is used to connect external data to the script ing engine A simple example should describe this process First the Adaptor Framework Editor AF Editor part of OpenAdaptor must be started This can be done by running bin openadaptor_framework_editor bat which o
109. r the model name that is shown in the title bar of the editor window If in front of the net path located in the title bar an asterisk x is shown the current net has been changed since the last Save Ctr1 S also saves the net Save as Save the current model under a new name which has to be selected in a sub sequent file selector window The model is saved in the standard TimeNET 4 0 xml format Print Export Image Exports the current figure to a drawing program Batik from which it is possible to print edit and save the picture The exported file type is Scalable Vec tor Graphics SVG which is an XML markup language for describing two dimensional vector graphics and is supported by an increasing number of open source and commer cial tools Because this module is directly based on the shape definitions contained in the net class definitions it will work also for future net classes Only the currently shown model page is exported for a hierarchical model The menu entry opens a file selection window which allows to specify the desired filename Settings Opens a settings window where some options of the GUI can be configured This includes paths fonts colors default simulation values as well as various other param eter Exit Closes all editor windows and quits the user interface If there are unsaved changes in any one of the open windows it is possible to cancel the command Keyboard access Alt Q
110. ransitions showing them in two windows A place invariant or semi flow is informally a set of places for which a weighted sum of tokens remains the same for any reachable marking of the Petri net Figure 3 6 shows TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 21 B Estimate Statespace Output Estimating statespace Result of estimation based on state equation with backtracking Statespace 11 ime passed with computation 1 48s Removing temporary files B Traps Output Removing temporary files Calculation of Traps ime passed with computation 0 01 No oftraps 2 MARKING 3 Queue QueueAvailable MARKING 1 HeavyTraffic LightTraffic Figure 3 5 Result example for the trap computation an example of the output for the model in Figure 2 1 on page 5 where the number of tokens in places HeavyTraffic plus LightTraffic is always 1 the token count of the invariant the number of tokens in places Queue plus QueueAvailable is always 3 and place NewPacket is not contained in any place invariant The extended conflict set ECS is the second output in Figure 3 6 An ECS is a set of immediate transitions obtained by the transitive closure of transitions that are in structural conflict This is important for the specification of firing probabilities because they are relative to the other transitions in the same ECS Adjust the priorities of immediate transitions to put transitions into different ECS because transitions w
111. rc from a place to a transition Class Methods Function Parameter Description add net Creates an input arc with the given pa place rameters in the model net transition inscription TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes 91 Output Arc QutputArc The class OutputArc represents an arc from a transition to a place Class Methods Function Parameter Description add net Creates an output arc with the given pa transition rameters in the model net place inscription Module Definition Module The class Module represents a special model definition An implementation of a module definition can be created and added to a model by using the createInstance method At this time it is not possible to create real module definitions but they can be imported by libraries Class Methods Function Parameter Description withName net Searches for a module definition with name name in the model net Object Methods Function Parameter Description createInstance net Creates a new module instance with name instanceName instanceName in the model net Module Instance ModuleInstance The class ModuleInstance represents a specific implementation of a module definition To connect a module with other objects of the model input pins and output pins exists They can be created and connected to places of a model A module instance is created by the createInstance method of the module definition Object Methods
112. rc from a transition to another transition is not possible in a Petri net and the target transition will not be selected Arcs are initially created as a direct line between the source and destination objects Intermediate points can be added by double clicking with the left mouse button on the arc where the additional point of the arc should be positioned Intermediate points can be dragged to other positions to change the arc s appearance Clicking on an empty area and dragging with the mouse selects all objects inside the drawn rectangle Clicking on a selected object and dragging it moves all selected objects For commands like copy and delete the current selection is used Clicking and dragging an end point of an arc can be used to change the source or destination object of the arc In the same manner it is possible to move intermediate points of arcs or visible attributes of objects like the name The position of those attributes is relative to their main object Therefore if only the name of a transition is moved it stays in the same relative position to the transition when the transition is moved afterward If an object has been selected its attributes and their current values e g for a place the initial marking and the name are displayed in the attribute window on the right side of the drawing area Attributes are defined by the net class for each object type individually New objects are created with initial default values for all attri
113. rder to avoid conflicts with other ports Activate simulation logging If this item is activated several logfiles are produced during the simulation to analyze the simulation process These logfiles will be stored in a newly created folder lt modelname gt 1log in the model directory Configure Tokengame Start Time hh mm ss mmiddiyyyy 07 00 00 01 01 2007 Simulation Server IP vwwv xxx yyy zzz localhost Simulation Server Portnumber xxxx 4445 _ Activate simulation logging Cancel Figure 4 10 Option window for the SCPN token game Simulation and Tokengame Process The simulation process consists of various steps which will be shortly described in this section A tokengame is a special kind of a simulation and is covered also in this section It includes an activity control mechanism for the simulation process Differences between a tokengame and a standard simulation will be pointed out at the respected places After starting the simulation of a model the corresponding XML document is parsed by an internal abstraction layer which is also used in the GUI to check the model This layer includes a SCPN specific ANTLR grammar that represents a more detailed structural description of 52 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN the SCPN class than the XML schema A lot of structural and syntactical properties can be verified by using this grammar Model objects and it
114. relative firing probability of the transition with respect to other simultaneously enabled immediate transitions that are in conflict e The enablingFunction also called guard is a marking dependent expression which must be true in order to allow the transition to be enabled Its default empty state means that the transition is allowed to fire Deterministic transitions are drawn as black filled rectangles e The fixed firing delay of this transition type is initially 1 General transitions are depicted as rectangles filled with gray e The firing delay of a general transition is described by its probability mass function and belongs to the class of expolynomial functions Such a distribution function can be piecewise defined by exponential polynomials and has finite support It can contain jumps making it possible to mix discrete and continuous components Many known distributions uniform triangular truncated exponential finite discrete belong to this class The default firing delay UNIFORM 0 0 1 0 of general transitions is uniformly distributed in the interval zero to one The full available syntax definition can be found at page 78 under the term lt pmf_definition gt An Arc is depicted as an arrow To create an arc select the source with the left mouse button and drag the mouse with the button still pressed over the destination object Forbidden arcs disappear after releasing the button e g arcs between transitions are not al
115. rrespond to the nodes arcs and definitions of the model class Clicking an icon allows to add objects of this type From then on the corresponding element is created every time the left mouse button is pressed in the drawing area see next section until a different selection is made The leftmost object button which is shown in Figure 2 9 switches back to the default selection mode which allows to select and edit objects in the drawing area In this mode it is also possible to select multiple objects e g for copying these objects to the clipboard by clicking and dragging the mouse in the drawing area Obviously this button is available independently of the current net class 12 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Graphical User Interface Figure 2 9 Generic button to activate selection mode 2 5 Drawing Area The main drawing area covers the biggest portion of the user interface see Figure 2 1 and displays a part of the current model The shown model can be edited with the left mouse button like using a standard drawing tool with operations for selecting moving and others Editing is only possible in selection mode which is described on page 11 In all other modes the corresponding object is created with the left mouse button Arcs can be created by selecting the source object and dragging the mouse to the target object While dragging the target object will be selected if this target is allowed by the underlying net class e g drawing an a
116. s defined in the measure editor estimates are computed during the simulation run To perform a simulation at least one measure must be defined Since samples from the transient phase do not represent the steady state behavior of the model the length of this phase is detected automatically by the simulation component and the samples from this phase are discarded The detection can be switched off by unchecking the detect initial transient button The initial and recommended choice are simulation runs with the detection switched on However there are cases in which a performance measure has no variation during the simulation like in a completely deterministic model confusing the detection algorithm which never signals the end of the transient phase After switching it off those models can be evaluated as well Usually a TimeNET simulation run stops after a user specified accuracy of the results has been achieved which is checked statistically The accuracy can be controlled as follows The confidence level defines the probability in percent that the real value of the performance measure lies in the confidence interval which is computed during TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 27 Stationary Simulation Simulation Detect initial transient Confidence level 5 Max relative error 5 Permitted difference for probability measures close to 0 0 or 1 0 5 Seed va
117. s in the model see page 19 are updated automatically and their result attribute gets the evaluation result The result is shown in the drawing area on the right side of the measure name An already existing result value for a measure is overwritten with the new result if a new performance evaluation has been finished A performance evaluation also creates some text files with intermediate results e g the extended conflict set and detailed output of the end results These files are available in a new directory which is named lt modelname gt dir and is located in the same directory where the current model is loaded from Some of these text files can be used to plot the result data with a tool such as gnuplot The following list describes the different text files based on their file extension Note that each type of performance evaluation creates only a subset of the following files The main TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 31 Transient Simulation Simulation Transient model time Number of sampling points Percentage rule Confidence level 5 Max relative error 5 Seed value Max real time sec Cancel Figure 3 13 Option window for transient simulation results can be obtained from the files lt modelname gt RESULTS lt modelname gt STAT_OUT and lt modelname gt curves AUX C
118. s relationships are stored in internal classes which are built automatically from the ANTLR grammar The abstraction layer is able to generate C code for all tokens transitions and measure objects from a SCPN model These files will be stored in a special folder containing 32 random digits inside the model directory The code for manual transitions is copied to this directory as well A buildnet class is generated to reconstruct the model structure from the generated objects This is the starting point of the simulation A makefile is copied to the same directory and executed afterward It compiles the gener ated files and links all compiled objects with a simulation kernel which is already built in TimeNET The output is an executable simulation program which is started by the GUI The name of this program is lt modelname gt exe m which is started by the GUI The name of this program is lt modelname gt exe The initial marking is saved by the abstraction layer into a file marking xm1 which is loaded from the generated simulation program This is started with some arguments which are provided by the GUI from the input of the simulation dialog These arguments capture knowledge about the IP address of the result monitor and the simulation time If the simulation runs in tokengame mode it stops after each simulation step and transfers the current marking to the GUI After the user has chosen a transition to fire its name is transferred ba
119. sion gt lt pmf_expression gt lt pmf_expression gt lt pmf_expression gt lt impulse gt lt rectangle gt lt real_constant gt I lt real_constant gt TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Model File Format TN 79 lt rectangle gt lt expolynomial gt lt if_expr gt lt expression gt lt real_value gt lt real_parameter gt lt real_constant gt lt exponent gt lt rew_item gt lt logic_condition gt lt comparison gt lt comp_oper gt lt mark_func gt lt num_op gt lt integer_value gt lt integer_constant gt lt integer_parameter gt lt marking gt lt place_name gt lt identifier gt lt expolynomial gt R lt real_constant gt lt real_constant gt lt expolynomial gt lt expolynomial gt lt expolynomial gt lt expolynomial gt lt expolynomial gt lt real_constant gt x A lt integer_constant gt eA lt real_constant gt P x IF lt logic_condition gt lt expression gt ELSE lt expression gt lt expression gt lt real_value gt _ lt expression gt lt expression gt lt expression gt lt num_op gt lt expression gt lt real_parameter gt lt real_constant gt lt rew_item gt lt reward_def gt only lt in
120. sitions are not allowed While dragging the mouse over a destination object a valid destination is shown when the destination object changes into the selected state gets a different color To add an intermediate point to the arc double click on the arc at the desired position for this intermediate point A point is added at this position which can be moved to change the arc position and can also be removed In contrast to simple Petri nets where a number is the only attribute of an arc the modeler must be able to specify what kind of tokens should be affected and what operations on the TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 39 token attributes are carried out when a transition fires This is done with arc inscriptions which are defined by the attribute text Arc inscriptions are enclosed in angle brackets lt gt in figures Input arcs of transitions and their inscriptions describe how many tokens are removed during transition firing and attach a name to these tokens under which they may be referenced in output arc and guard expressions They carry a variable name in pointed brackets for the latter task optionally extended by a leading integer specifying the number of tokens to be removed from the place The default value for omitted multiplicities is one A token from the input place is given to the variable as its current value and removed from the place during firing If a multiplicity greater than one is specified the correspondin
121. so explained as a comment in each template file lt ignore gt Text which indicates that all characters that follow in the same line should be ignored and will be removed during code generation TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 59 lt comment gt Text which indicates the beginning of a block of one or more lines which will be ignored and removed during code generation The comment region ends at the token lt comment gt lt classname gt Text for the class name lt parent gt Text for the parent class name lt headername gt Text for the name of the header file s define It is recommended to keep those text parts and add edit only constructor and method code Also it is recommended to modify only methods whose behavior cannot be clearly defined by the GUI All other methods should be removed from the template If a method does not exist the parent method automatically uses the default behavior which considers the corresponding transition attributes from the model The constructor of a manual transition automatically calls the parent constructor of the internal transition class It should not be changed but can be used to initialize new class variables Methods which are important for specifying additional behavior are described in the follow ing bool globalGuard Returns true if the global guard function is satisfied This method is called after a change in an input or output place of the transition to check for
122. stitution Transition SubstitutionTransition The class Substitution Transition Class Methods is a transition which holds submodels which are represented by replications Function Parameter Description add net Creates a substitution transition with the name given parameters in the model net withName net Searches for a substitution transition with name name in the model net 90 Object Methods Function Parameter TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes Description getName Returns the name of the transition getNumberOfReplications Returns the number of replications of the substitution transition getReplication n Returns the replication with number n of the substitution transition Replication Replication The class Replications represents one specific submodel of a substitution transition It can be seen as a class from type Net with specific properties and can therefor be used in all parameters of type Net To reference places which are connected to the parent substitution transitions SlavePlaces can be added to a replication submodel Class Methods Function Parameter Description create subst Trans Creates a replication submodel for the substitution transition substTrans Object Methods Function Parameter Description addSlavePlace place Creates a representation of place in the replication Input Arc InputArc The class nputArc represents an a
123. t model files from one version of the tool to another here are some hints e TimeNET 1 4 2 0 models Filename extension TN Format explanation see Section B TimeNET 4 0 allows to import and export models in the old TN format After loading a model in the old TN format it is automatically converted to the new XML format The internal analysis modules for eDSPN models still use the old TN format into which it is possible to export model files e TimeNET 3 0 models Filename extension net Format explanation see manual of TimeNET 3 0 TimeNET 3 0 stores models in a net class independent format It is not possible to load models in the NET format of TimeNET 3 0 into TimeNET 4 9 Such models must be converted to the TN format first using TimeNET 3 0 File Export and File Import e TimeNET 4 0 Beta realease models The general XML format of TimeNET models has slightly changed so that models created with the 4 0 beta version must be converted by following a few simple steps Open the old model in your favourite text editor and change the first lines depending on the type of the model this is also explained in the web pages from where you can copy and paste the text GMPN models Remove the first lines until GMPN xsd gt and add the following lines at the same place TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Technical Notes lt net id 0 netclass SCPN xmlns http pdv cs tu berlin de TimeNET schema SCPN xmlns xsi http www w3 or
124. teTime amp aDate const operator const DateTime amp aDate operator const DateTime amp aDate const operator gt const DateTime amp aDate const operator gt const DateTime amp aDate const operator int index const operator lt lt ostream amp stream const DateTime amp date Second const SetBeginDST month aMonth week_day aWeekDay SetDate const DateTime amp aDate SetEndDST month aMonth week_day aWeekDay SetFraction double aFraction SetHour int aHour SetMinute int aMinute SetSecond int aSecond Today toString const WeekOfMonth const WeekOfYear const WeeksInYear const WeeksInYear int year Year const Pope Gregor XIII s reform cancelled 10 days the day after Oct 4 1582 was Oct 15 1582 static const int Reform Year static const month ReformMonth static const ulonglong ReformDayNumber static const DateTime MAX static const DateTime MIN 84 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Javascript Classes Timeguard functionality double NextWorktime int fromHour int toHour const C 2 Delay class typedef double Seconds_T class Delay public Seconds_T Exp double firingDelay const Seconds_T Det double firingDelay const Seconds_T Uni double a double b const Seconds_T DUni long a long b const Seconds_T Triang double a double b const Seconds_T Norm double a double b const Seconds_T LogNorm double a double b const Seconds T Wei doubl
125. teger_value gt lt identifier gt lt digit gt lt digit gt lt digit gt lt exponent gt lt digit gt lt digit gt lt digit gt lt exponent gt lt digit gt lt digit gt lt exponent gt PE e O lt digit gt lt digit gt P lt logic_condition gt P lt logic_condition gt IF lt logic_condition gt E lt marc_func gt E lt marc_func gt IF lt logic_condition gt lt comparison gt NOT lt logic_condition gt lt logic condition gt lt logic_condition gt OR lt logic_condition gt lt logic_condition gt AND lt logic_condition gt lt mark_func gt lt comp_oper gt lt mark_func gt Ree eae ot ee eee ee lt mark_func gt lt num_op gt lt mark_func gt 7 lt markfunc gt lt integer_value gt ree Prana lt integer_constant gt lt integer_parameter gt lt marking gt not inside a parameter definition lt digit gt lt digit gt lt identifier gt 4 lt nlace name gt lt identifier gt lt letter gt lt letter gt lt digit gt 80 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual SCPN Classes lt letter gt Wa T UAN A a nq lt digit gt a nq no 297 4 25 76 ara 7 Q Q The special elements for reward measure definitions are explained in the following All of them sho
126. the Tool oa so dss acp a pae see ae ate ig 5 6 Configuring the User Interface oao aoaaa 5 7 Upgrading to TimeNET 4 0 5 7 1 Conversion of old Model Files A Model File Format XML B Model File Format TN Contents Contents C SCPN Classes C 1 DateTime class C 2 Delay class D Javascript Classes D 1 JavaScript API D 2 XPath Syntax References ill 81 81 84 85 85 93 96 iv Contents Chapter 1 Introduction This manual describes the software package TimeNET version 4 a graphical and interac tive toolkit for modeling with stochastic Petri nets SPNs and stochastic colored Petri nets SCPNs TimeNET has been developed at the Real Time Systems and Robotics group of Technische Universitat Berlin Germany http pdv cs tu berlin de The project has been motivated by the need for powerful software for the efficient evaluation of timed Petri nets with arbitrary firing delays TimeNET and its predecessor DSPNex press were influenced by experiences with other well known Petri net tools e g GreatSPN and SPNP For the latest information about TimeNET check the tool s home page at http pdv cs tu berlin de timenet The manual describes the features and usage of the tool The aim is to help the user to work with the tool without going into the details of its components Additional publications are available which describe in particular the implemented evaluation techniques inc
127. the instantiation More information about the module concept is given in Section 4 8 Like substitution transitions module definitions are connected by common places with the model The text attribute specifies the name of the module Names of input and output places correspond to the names of module inputs and outputs Module instances are drawn as black rectangles A module instance is a current imple mentation of a module The text attribute of a module instance is an identification string which is shown as a label nearby the module instance in the model Two other attributes must be given in a popup dialog window The module attribute which is the name of the module that should be instantiated and the implementation attribute which is the name of one of its implementations The module instance is drawn together with its module pins These are small black rectangles A module pin corresponds to an input or output also called common places of the instantiated module Exactly one place has to be attached as an input or output to each pin A double click on a module instance opens an editor window to change parameter values which have to be previously defined in the module as described on page 47 An Arc is depicted as an arrow To create an arc select the source object with the left mouse button and drag the mouse with the button still pressed over the destination object Forbidden arcs disappear after releasing the button e g arcs between tran
128. tructured type can be defined in the model It consists of several attributes each has to be either a basic type or an already defined structured type The graphical editor window which is used to create a structured type has been shown on page 41 The literal NULL may be used to check a structured type for emptiness TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class SCPN 45 4 3 9 Value Parameters A value parameterization allows the usage of placeholders for attribute values which are replaced by a current value before the simulation starts Test series with varying parameters are possible Value parameters are only available for basic types and can be declared at the root level of a SCPN model or in a module definition A value parameter in a module definition has a predefined value which can be overwritten in each module instance The parameter value either has a literal value of the corresponding type or is the name of a parameter of a parent model level Each value is hierarchically top down inherited A dollar sign extended by the name of a parameter is used to reference a value parameter The expression numPar can be used as a place capacity if numPar is a value parameter of type int 4 4 Specific Menu Functions This section describes the miscellaneous functions of the graphical user interface that are available only for the net class SCPN Figure 4 3 shows the appearance of the top level menu bar File Edit View SCPN Simulation Window
129. uld contact Armin Zim mermann for a commercial license If you want to use TimeNET please copy fill out and sign the registration form from the TimeNET web pages Send it by fax or mail to Technische Universitat Berlin Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Robotik Armin Zimmermann Sekr FR 2 2 Franklinstr 28 29 10587 Berlin Germany Fax 49 30 31 42 11 16 69 70 TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Technical Notes After your successful registration we will send an email with login name and password for the TimeNET download page Use your web browser to download the files you need According to your target architecture you should download one of the available precompiled TimeNET files Please note that the password may be changed without further notice If you are a registered user of TimeNET you can obtain the current password by email at any time 5 3 How to Install the Tool The tool can be installed by extracting all files from the downloaded archive into a directory TimeNETinstall as described in the following steps e Permenently remove TNETHOME and MODELDIR environment variables from your system which were required by previous versions of TimeNET Applies to users of older version only e Create a TimeNETinstall directory in C Program Files on Windows or in usr local bin or home username on Linux e Copy the downloaded compressed archive TimeNETxxxx_windows zip or TimeNETxxxx_linux tgz into the newly created TimeNETinstal
130. uniformly distributed random or loaded from a file To load the vector one must have been saved during a previous analysis last option For the random initialization of the initial vector a seed value for the used random number generator can be given Please note that in every reachable marking of the model at most one timed non exponential transition can be enabled Otherwise the algorithm stops with an error message Furthermore no dead markings are allowed in a steady state solution TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Net Class EDSPN 25 Stationary Analysis Overall solution method EMC explicit Max of iterations Precision je 07 Computation of SMCs v Precision of arithmetics integration of matrix exponentials double v Bits for arbitrary precision integration of matrix exponentials Truncation error integration of matrix exponentials Linear system solution in case of EMC explicit solution method Max iterations linear system solution in case of EMC explicit with iterative solve Initial iteration vector in case of fill in avoidance method Seed value in case of fill in avoidance with initial random vector Save stationary iteration vector Experiment Figure 3 8 Option window for steady state continuous time analysis The Experiment option allows to run multiple analysis runs automatically with a given range of para
131. w the results of an analysis or a simulation run either in steady state or at the chosen transient instant of time P lt logic_condition gt Probability of lt logic_condition gt P lt logic_condition_1 gt IF lt logic_condition_2 gt Probability of lt logic_condition_1 gt under the precondition of lt logic_condition_2 gt conditional probability E lt marc func gt expected value of the marking dependent expression lt marc_func gt E lt marctfunc gt IF lt logic_condition gt expected value of the marking dependent expression lt marc_func gt only markings where lt logic_condition gt evaluates to true are taken into consideration Appendix C SCPN Classes Some SCPN classes are important for the specification of expressions in the model and for creating manual transitions The definition of these classes is shown in the following C 1 DateTime class class DateTime public month names enum month jan 1 feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec weekday names enum week_day mon 1 tue wed thu fri sat sun moon phase names enum moon_phase new moon waxing_crescent first_quater waxing_gibbous full moon waning_gibbous third_quater waning_crescent J DateTime DateTime month month int day int year int hour int minute int second DateTime month month int day int year
132. xpr2 expression expression lt md_exp_delay gt lt md_det_delay gt lt md_weight gt lt md_enable gt lt md_arc_mult gt lt reward_def gt lt param_def gt lt pmf_def gt syntax definition lt md_exp_delay gt lt md_det_delay gt lt md_weight gt lt md_enable gt lt md_arce_mult gt lt reward_def gt lt param_def gt lt pmf_def gt lt pmf_definition gt lt pmf_expression gt lt impulse gt TimeNET 4 0 User Manual Model File Format TN terminal symbol non terminal symbol Expression 1 or expression 2 any number of occurrences of expression including none optional expression marking dependent delay of an exponential transition marking dependent delay of a deterministic transition marking dependent firing weight of an immediate transition marking dependent guard of an immediate transition marking dependent multiplicity of an input output or inhibitor arc reward measure definition definition of a delay paramter depending on other parameters firing delay distribution function of a generalized transition lt if_expr gt lt if_expr gt lt if_expr gt lt logic_condition gt lt if_expr gt lt expression gt lt expression gt lt pmf_definition gt DETERMINISTIC lt real_constant gt UNIFORM lt real_constant gt lt real_constant gt lt pmf_expression gt lt pmf_expres

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