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1. tna 21 k ti with TWA Time Weighted Average concentration for period with length ty ug L PEC momentary water concentration from a single application ug L trwa length of period for TWA d k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d 2 2 1 7 2 TWA concentration of repeated applications Analytical solutions have been derived using equation 21 for the TWA of a single application and equation 19 for calculation of PEC paer the peak concentration after n applications The parameters that determine the TWA concentration are the number of applications the time interval between loadings and the number of applications within the TWA period Four different situations determining the TWA are discriminated called Case 1 to Case 4 see Eq 22 25 Which case applies should be determined going from Case 1 tot Case 4 period highest TWA Concentration TWA Case 1 Case 2 55 5 4 4 T T 2 2 5 5 ju i i Time d Time d Case 3 Case 4 rans a O N __ a 4 4 E 5 p g i 8 8 Time d Time d Figure 1 Illustration of case 1 to 4 Concentration and TWA concentration as a function of time for cases as indicated in the graphs The grey area shows the period over which the maximum TWA concentration was calculated Alterra rapport 1648 21
2. time interval between applications d 2 2 4 4 Constant parameters E R AH AH sol Rico2 molar Arrhenius activation energy 54000 J mol universal gas constant 8 3144 J mol K enthalpy of vaporization 95000 J mol enthalpy of dissolution 27000 J mol exchange coefficient of CO in the liquid phase 4 8 m d Alterra rapport 1648 2 Meoz Ry H20 Mro molecular weight of CO 44 g mol exchange coefficient of H O in the vapour phase 720 m d molecular weight of H O 18 g mol 2 2 4 5 Calculated parameters kT VP I k T SOL 1 D nE RR a O DN xS DT50 V K om PEC water PE C er TWA t TWA Daphnia trwa m Z rest N E Cronin NEC NEC ETR water acute 28 water chronic fish water chronic daphnia degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d saturated vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature Pa degradation rate coefficient at ambient temperature 1 d solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature m volatilisation rate coefficient 1 d width of the water surface m cross section of water layer m exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d dimensionless Henry coefficient residence time d dilution rate coefficient 1 d overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation
3. T degradation rate coefficient at ambient temperature 1 d k T degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d E molar Arrhenius activation energy constant parameter 54000 J mol R universal gas constant constant parameter 8 3144 J mol Kk The FOCUS Soil Modelling Workgroup FOCUS 1997 found an average value for the molar Arrhenius activation energy F of 54 kJ mol S D 15 kJ mol This was calculated from the results of about 50 experiments covering a range of pesticides and soils The whole range covered 20 to 100 kJ mol Note that all evidence for the applicability of Eq 1 and all values for E were determined for the soil compartment not for the aquatic compartment In surface waters additional processes as photolysis may occur and in sediments anaerobic conditions may affect microbial degradation in an indirect way Since amp TI is determined in a water sediment study that incorporates all degradation processes this does not lead to an underestimation of the loss processes 14 Alterra rapport 1648 Saturated vapour pressure The dependency of the saturated vapour pressure on the temperature is derived using the Van t Hoff equation ala VP T VP Tref exp 2 2 R T Tope Van den Berg and Boesten 1998 with T ambient temperature in scenario K Typ reference temperature at which VP was determined K VP I saturated vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature mPa
4. Tow Lye Tyson VP Tref SOL Tref DT50 pesticide water om K OC LC50 fish LC50 Daphnia EC50 fish EC50 Daphnia EC50 algae NOEC fish NOEC Daphnia reference temperature at which K T ot DT50 determined K reference temperature at which VP was determined X temperature Pa reference temperature at which SOL was determined K saturated vapour pressure of substance at reference solubility of substance in water at reference temperature g m half life for degradation in water d molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation g mol sorption coefficient organic matter L kg Not needed if K is available sorption coefficient on organic carbon L kg Not needed if K is available concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms fish mg L concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms Daphnia mg L concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms fish immobilisation in mg L concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms Daphnia immobilisation in mg L concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms algae growth inhibition in mg L No Observed Effect Concentration of fish mg L No Observed Effect Concentration of Daphnia mg L was water 2 2 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M Yodrift ditch n At individual dose applied g a i ha percentage of spray drift number of applications
5. The Multiple Application Factor the drift factor and the vegetation distribution factor are corresponding with the values used in EU SANCO 10329 2002 and mentioned in SETAC ESCORT 2 workshop the drift factor is based on the tables published by Rautmann et al 2001 The standard assessment could be conducted for 1 meter distance with a default value of 0 0277 2 5 2 Effect assessment for non target arthropods For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values and an extrapolation factor In case of non target arthropods the Acceptable Effect Alterra rapport 1648 35 Concentration will be used in stead of the No Effect Concentration This is because some effects are considered acceptable in accordance SANCO 10329 2002 The Acceptable Effect Concentration is calculated using AECyr4 EF yr LR50yra 45 with AECy Acceptable effect concentration for Non Target Arthropods g a i ha LR50xra Rate that kills 50 of Typhlodromus pyri or Aphidius rhopalosiphi the most sensitive endpoint of the two organisms will be taken EFyra extrapolation factor for effect assessment of Non Target Arthropods The extrapolation factor is based on available semi field data where lethal sub lethal and reproduction endpoints have been measured for a considerable number of types of substances and species This means that this risk assessment in which the extrapolation factor of 2 is applied also covers s
6. VP Tref saturated vapour pressure of substance at reference temperature mPa AHp enthalpy of vaporization constant parameter 95000 J mol R universal gas constant constant parameter 8 3144 J mol K The enthalpy of vaporization is substance dependent Smit et al 1997 estimated an average enthalpy of vaporization of 95 kJ mol from available literature data on 16 pesticides range 58 to 146 kJ mol For most pesticides the enthalpy of vaporization is not known so 95 kJ mol can then be used as the default value Solubility The effect of the temperature difference on the water solubility is also accounted for using the Van t Hoff equation T T refSOL SOL SOUT ox w 3 l 3 ee den Berg and Boesten 1998 with ambient temperature in scenario K Taa reference temperature at which SOL was determined K SOL T solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature mg L SOL Tref solubility of substance in water at reference temperature mg L AH R enthalpy of dissolution constant parameter 27000 J mol universal gas constant constant parameter 8 3144 J mol K The enthalpy of dissolution is also substance dependent and Bowman and Sans 1985 found a range of 17 to 156 kJ mol with an average of 27 kJ mol For most pesticides the enthalpy of dissolution is not known so 27 kJ mol can then be used as the default value 2 2 1 4 Calculation of the overall dissipation rate coefficient
7. 5 volatilization rate coefficient 1 d kr dilution rate coefficient 1 d Where the overall half life DT50 then becomes In 2 prso 22 14 k with k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d DT50 overall half life accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution d 2 2 1 5 Calculation of peak PEC a for one application water The momentary concentration is the concentration in water after the redistribution of the pesticide between water and suspended solids Firstly the nominal concentration in the watercourse can be calculated using Eq 15 18 Alterra rapport 1648 M drift ditch 100 i c V 15 with gr total mass concentration in water layer mg m ug L M individual dose applied g a i ha drift ditth percentage of spray drift default value 2 77 100 correction factor to convert from percentage to fraction 0 1 correction factor to convert from g ha to mg m V ratio between volume of watercourse and surface m The default value for drift is based on the drift value used for non target arthropods see 2 5 1 The value of 2 77 is applicable if the distance to the ditch is 1 meter The ratio between volume and water surface in 1 m length of watercourse is calculated with pattani 16 b 2 b s l Ue with V ratio between volume and surface of watercourse m h water
8. In this screen the results of up to three Pesticide Risk Assessments can be compared Export PRAs to MS Excel PRA optional PRA 1 w JAbamectin broc 50perc dry E Appl scheme application Scheme 1 Abamectin broc 50perc dry icarbendazim tangerine 50 wet e Pesticide cypermethrin lt select pesticide gt Physical Scenario Physical Scenario Physical Scenario Clear Application Scheme ae Application Scheme ee Application Scheme Pesticide Characteristics 7 Pesticide Characteristics 7 Pesticide Characteristics site ivet mono crop Terrestrial te01 lwet mono crop ne a eaa lt select a scenario NTA lt select a scenario Groundwater Thai mono crop 131 M006 Dietary i fwet monoc rop ETRn water 45 63 ETRn water 0 4078 ETRn water 0 4078 ETRn water undefined NEC water a0 0005872 pg L NEC water 0 01664 ug L NEC water undefined pg L PEC1 water 0 02624 pg L PECn water 0 0268 pg L ETR soil ac 0 778 ETR soil chr undefined ETRn water 2 086 ETRn water 0 00328 ETRn water 0 00328 ETRn water undefined NEC water a0 003 ug L NEC water 0 047 ug L NEC water undefined pg L PEC1 water 0 006259 pg L PECn water 0 006259 pg L ETR soil act4 914E 05 x JETR soil chr undefined Figure 24 The Compare screen of PRIMET ETRn water undefined ETRn water undefined ETRn water undefined ETRn water undefined NEC water a undefined pg
9. Kom coefficient for distribution over organic matter and water dm kg Ko coefficient for distribution over organic carbon and water dm kg NOAEL jammas No Observed Adverse Effect Level for mammals mg kg d 2 6 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M sacked dosages applied stacked over a growing season g a i ha 2 6 4 4 Constant parameters No data available 2 6 4 5 Calculated parameters PEC atya Predicted Environmental Concentration of an application of 1 kg a i ha annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration of the sum of all ay applications within one year annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L 42 Alterra rapport 1648 q volume flux of water m d ADI Acceptable Daily Intake mg kg d DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application X1 independent regression variables X2 independent regression variables 2 7 Dietary risk assessment 2 7 1 Dietary exposure assessment 2 7 1 1 Considered food items and diet The food items considered by PRIMET for the dietary exposure assessment are drinking water fish macrophytes and crops Different diets can be used but a few regional food diets are set by the WHO 2003 which can be used as best estimates of the daily in
10. dose number of applications and drift The other 58 Alterra rapport 1648 global parameters can be accessed on the specific schemes For using a MonQI application as single application see section 3 5 10 foster Stew fat rte lt No data to display gt Figure 13 Application Scheme input screen of PRIMET 3 5 4 The physical scenario Aquatic The Aquatic assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button Aquatic The Aquatic assessment input screen is shown is Figure 14 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Aquatic scenario or modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the values for the different parameters belonging to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark together with the picture in the right hand side of the screen can be used to gain information about the parameters Alterra rapport 1648 59 prenco HEY TER Dry season mix crop at kokprachadee or O E A mz o fag amp w x Figure 14 The Aquatic scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 5 5 Terrestrial The Terrestrial assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button The Terrestrial assessment input screen is shown is Figure 15 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Terrestrial scenario or modify or delete e
11. volatilization and dilution 1 d overall half life accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution d total mass concentration in water layer mg m ug L concentration of pesticide dissolved in water ug L ratio between volume and surface of watercourse m sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg Only when K is available momentary peak water concentration from a single application ug L momentary water concentration from n applications ug L Time Weighted Average concentration for period with length ty ug L Time Weighted Average concentration for fish default period of length 28 days ug L Time Weighted Average concentration for Daphnia default petiod of length 21 days ug L length of period for TWA d whole number of application intervals within TWA period time remaining from TWA period 4wa Ad d Acute No Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L Chronic No Effect Concentration for fish ug L Chronic No Effect Concentration for Daphnia ug L Acute Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications Alterra rapport 1648 ETR iia Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to z applications ETR aercirmicfsh Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio for fish due to applications ETR patercbronicdaptnia T Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio for Daphnia due to n applications 2 3 Terrestrial risk assessment for earthworms 2 3 1 Terrestrial exposure assessment for ear
12. 3 3 The toolbar 3 3 4 The selection panel The Home screen 3 4 1 Databases used in PRIMET 3 4 2 Manage Pesticide Risk Assessment PRA 3 4 3 Selection of scenarios 3 4 4 Assessments Input to a PRA 3 5 1 General 3 5 2 Pesticide 3 5 3 Application Scheme 3 5 4 The physical scenario Aquatic 3 5 5 Terrestrial 3 5 6 Bees 3 5 7 NTA 3 5 8 Groundwater 3 5 9 Dietary 3 5 10 MonQI scenario s Output of a PRA 3 6 1 Output via the Home screen the Results screen 3 6 2 Output via the Compare button Options 3 7 1 Button Exit 3 7 2 Button About 3 7 3 Button Options 3 7 4 Button Variables 3 7 5 Button Help 3 7 6 Button Legend Alterra rapport 1648 Summary Within the last decade the agriculture sector in Southeast Asia and other regions has been intensifying at a rapid pace A large increase in the use of external inputs like pesticides has taken place in many different agricultural sub sectors such as horticulture This increased productivity has been beneficial for human health in terms of food security Pesticide exposure however may affect the environment and human health through different emission routes for instance via spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater This potentially affects organisms in water in and around soil and on plants and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposure in case they consume contaminated products like groundwater macrophytes and fish To est
13. 36 1040 1048 Vogt H 2000 Sensitivity of non target arthropods species to plant protection products according to laboratory results of the IOBC WG Pesticides and beneficial organisms IOBC Bulletin 23 9 3 15 Vogt H Bigler F Brown K Candolfi M P Kemmeter F Kthner Ch Moll M Travis A Ufer A Vinuela E Waldburger M Walterdorfer A 2000 Laboratory method to test effects of plant protection products on larvae of Chysoperla carnea Neuroptera Chrysopidae In Candolfi MP Bl mel S Forster R Bakker FM Grimm C Hassan SA Heimbach U Mead Briggs MA Reber B Schmuck R Vogt H editors Guidelines to evaluate side effects of plant protection products to non target arthropods Gent Belgium BART and EPPO Joint Initiative IOBC WPRS WHO 1996 Guidelines for drinking water quality 2nd ed Vol 2 Health criteria and other supporting information World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland 76 Alterra rapport 1648 WHO 2003 GEMS Food regional diets Regional per capita consumption of raw and semi processed agricultural commodities The Global Environment Monitoring System Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme GEMS Food Food Safety Department World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Alterra rapport 1648 77
14. 5 Calculated parameters EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish BCF Bio concentration factor L kg EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish mg kg d PEC concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophytes K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg EDL Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a defined vegetable item mg kg d FDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a vegetables mg ke d EDI Estimated Daily Intake mg ke d ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application Alterra rapport 1648 47 3 User manual 3 1 What s new in PRIMET 2 0 The main new features in PRIMET 2 0 are Risk assessment with MonQI application scenario s see section 3 5 10 Two new PRA s Pesticide Risk Assessment added Bees and non target arthropods Possibility added to estimate the chronic risk to aquatic organisms and earthworms 3 2 Getting Started 3 3 Installation Before you can use the PRIMET application you have to download the PRIMET 2 0 package from the website www primet wur nl Save the package at a special folder on your computer and unzip the application and the databases 3 3 1 Resolution The minimum screen resolution for optimal use of PRIMET is 1024 768 pixels or higher 3 3 2 Menu s in the menu bar The m
15. Assessment Type State Of Input Data Risk Analysis Details ETR1 ETR2 Wi Aquatic e0 5 ox Lal 57 0 13 J7 force calculation Terrestrial oao ov Lal 0 67 Error J7 force calculation Bees e0 a al 5 7E02 J7 force calculation xy NTA e a Lal Ma J force calculation ui Groundwater e0 5 al 0 0015 J force calculation 7 Di etary Q aa Lal 0 44 J force calculation Figure 8 The Assessments section in the Home screen of PRIMET 3 5 Input toa PRA 3 5 1 General Every input screen contains two sections Select and Manage and Input data In the Select and Manage section existing pesticides or scenarios can be selected from a list they can also be edited or deleted and new pesticides or scenarios can be generated The Select and manage section Figure 9 is more or less analogous to the Manage PRA section in the Home screen It is possible to edit the values of the default data The default value for the active ingredients can always be rollback with the restore values button To keep the original values you can also create a new item with the new button It is also possible to delete items with the delete button Alterra rapport 1648 55 Select and Manage Active Ingredients cypermethrin v New Edit Delete Restore values Description i Figure 9 The Select and Manage Active Ingredients section in the input screens of PRIMET In the section Input da
16. Calculated parameters PEC in field exposure in field g a i ha PEC off field exposure off field g a i ha AECxnra Acceptable effect concentration for Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi g a i ha ETRyr4 n field Exposure Toxicity Ratio in field due to application ETR y off field Exposure Toxicity Ratio off field due to application 2 6 Groundwater risk assessment 2 6 1 Groundwater exposure assessment To estimate the leaching of pesticides to the groundwater a meta model of the spatially distributed European pesticide leaching model EuroPEARL is incorporated into version 2 0 of PRIMET EuroPEARL consists of a link between the one dimensional multi layer mechanistic pesticide leaching model PEARL and a Geographical Information System EuroPEARL considers transient flow and solute transport and assumes Freundlich adsorption first order degradation and passive plant uptake of pesticides Physical parameters are depth dependent while bio chemical parameters are depth temperature and moisture dependent The meta model Tiktak et al 2006 is based on an analytical expression that describes the mass fraction of pesticide leached The meta model ignores vertical parameter variations and assumes steady state flow The meta model is based on simulations in which the pesticide is applied each year The 80 percentile of the leaching concentration at 1 m depth the predicted environmental concentration PEC
17. PRIMET Sections 3 5 2 3 5 9 do NOT explain the individual parameters given in the screens because the user can obtain this information using the blue button with the question mark and because a more elaborate explanation of the parameters is already given in Chapter 2 of this report 56 Alterra rapport 1648 3 5 2 Pesticide The Pesticide input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button Pesticide The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new pesticide or modify or delete existing ones The Input data section of the Pesticide input screen consists of six parts Aquatic Bees Groundwater Dietary Terrestrial and NTA Figure 12 They correspond to the physical scenarios and the six assessment types shown in the Home screen The subdivision is made to show the user which pesticide input data is relevant for which assessment It is therefore possible some pesticide input parameters are displayed twice ot more in the Input data section The PRIMET software takes this into account if for instance the user enters a value for SOL Tref in the Aquatic section this number is automatically copied to the SOL Tref box in the Dietary section Select and Manage Active Ingredients cypermethrin New Edit Delete Restore values Description ee a Input data Aquatic Groundwater DT50water a d ADI user fos 7 masketd EC50 algae E 3 m
18. The overall dissipation rate of pesticides from the watercourse is the sum of the degradation rate coefficient the volatilization rate coefficient and the dilution rate coefficient This coefficient is needed to calculate the loss of pesticide between two Alterra rapport 1648 15 applications When only one application is considered in the risk assessment this parameter is not needed and the exposure assessment is more simple 2 2 1 5 Degradation rate The DT50 is an input parameter for PRIMET from which amp Ivef can be calculated using Eq 4 Ln 2 k T DT50 7 4 with k Lref degradation rate coefficient at reference temperature 1 d DT50 ji half life for degradation in water d The degradation rate can be adjusted to the ambient temperature using Eq 1 Degradation in water includes all chemical and biochemical processes in the water layer because the degradation rate should be determined by a water sediment study that may include a day night light regime V olatilization rate The volatilisation rate coefficient depends on the properties of the pesticide and ditch It is calculated by afer th i ky k Ka A Adriaanse et al 1997 with k volatilisation rate coefficient 1 d k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d Ky dimensionless Henry coefficient O width of the water surface m A cross section o
19. d 2 2 1 7 Calculation of TWA for chronic exposure To assess the risks of chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to pesticides the PRIMET tool includes the calculation of Time Weighted Average concentrations The calculation of exposure concentrations in the assessment of aquatic risk in PRIMET is based on a water body system of a water layer only linear equilibrium sorption to suspended solids and to aquatic macrophytes and a total dissipation rate constant accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution which is corrected for temperature see 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 7 1 TWA concentration of a single application A pesticide application at 0 results after instantaneous linear equilibrium sorption to suspended solids and aquatic macrophytes in a Predicted Exposure Concentration PEC ae 2 2 1 5 The concentration after the application as a function of time is given by Eq 20 c t PEC exp k t 20 with c concentration of pesticide dissolved in water ug L t time d PEC momentary water concentration from a single application ug L k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d How PEC and are derived is described in Sections 2 2 1 4 and 2 2 1 5 water The TWA concentration results from integration over 0 to my4 and division by the length of the TWA period twa giving Eq 21 20 Alterra rapport 1648 1 TWA EC rue i exp
20. depth of water body m b bottom width of water body m Sy side slope horizontal vertical 1 length of watercourse Then the momentary concentration of a single application PEC man OF a single application is calculated via P EC l ii 1 7 l ssem K om ss om Adriaanse 1996 with PEC a momentary water concentration from a single application ug L i total mass concentration in water layer ug L SS mass concentration of suspended solids in water kg L Wis mass fraction organic matter in suspended solids g g Ke sorption coefficient on organic matter L kg If K is not available it can be calculated from the more available K using Eq 18 K ne aan 18 1 724 FOCUS 2001 with Ky sorption coefficient on organic matter basis L kg K OC sorption coefficient on organic carbon basis L kg Alterra rapport 1648 19 2 2 1 6 Calculation of peak PEC pater for multiple applications water The PEC from a series of applications with fixed time interval between applications is calculated via 1 gee n 1 PEC water PEC water oka 19 with PEC e Momentary water concentration from a single application ug L PEC momentary water concentration from n applications ug L n number of applications ke overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d At time interval between applications
21. input screen of PRIMET 3 5 8 Groundwater The Groundwater assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button Groundwater The Groundwater assessment input screen is shown is Figure 18 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Groundwater scenario or modify or delete existing ones A meta model of PEARL is used and the user has to select a region as described in section 2 6 1 After selecting the right scenario you can copy the resulting values to the Groundwater scenario with the copy button on the right hand side from the Pearl scenario selection screen In the part Scenario of the Input data section the user has to fill in values for the different parameters i e bw ConsWater etc see section 2 6 1 required to calculate the ETR Alterra rapport 1648 63 pew Al nw ef st Mixed vegetable crop Thailand Dry season temperate and wet mean annual rainfall gt 0 8 m yr mean annual temperature lt 12 5 C Lom Figure 18 The Groundwater scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 5 9 Dietary The Dietary assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button W Dietary others The Dietary assessment input screen is shown is Figure 19 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Dietary scenario or modify or delete existing ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the
22. scenario for seven components in the same way as for a single PRA see Figure 21 The pesticide is already given in the MonQI Scenarios If an Application Scheme will not be selected the default value for drift will be taken Step 2 Select other Scenarios Aquatic feao NTA fitar Select Application Scenario only if you want to over rule the default value for drift Terrestrial teor Groundwater fenor pees eo1 z Dietary fio z Application Scheme lt select a scenario gt gt Figure 21 Selection of The Dietary scenario input screen of PRIMET Step 3 To see the calculated results press the Export to Exel button PRIMET will ask to select a location and filename to save the results as a MS Excel sheet After that PRIMET will show the results The first rows of the sheet contain information about the selected farms en scenarios 66 Alterra rapport 1648 MonQI Application Scheme In order to view an individual MonQI application you can copy a specific MonQI farm and application to a new Application Scenario A new scenario have to be made te Monqi scenario 1 and a record from the MonQI scenario matrix has to be selected see Figure 22 With the Cony gt gt button it is possible to copy the application parameters into the new application scenario in PRIMET Application Scheme Select and Manage Application Scenarios Mongi scenario 1 7 New Edit Delete Description minput data mSelec
23. value 0 1 The extrapolation factor is corresponding with the Plant Protection Products Directive 91 414 EEC For more information see also the Guidance Document on Terrestrial Ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91 414 EEC SANCO 10329 2002 rev 2 final noted by the SCFA on 18 October 2002 2 3 2 2 Effect assessment chronic exposure The chronic No Effect Concentration is calculated using N E C soit chronic ER oi chronic i N OEG x cic 3 7 with NEC ps3 No Chronic Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg 30 Alterra rapport 1648 NOEC arthworms No observed effect concentration of earthworms mg kg EF extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of earthworms default value 0 2 soil chronic The extrapolation factor is corresponding with the Plant Protection Products Directive 91 414 EEC For more information see also the Guidance Document on Terrestrial Ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91 414 EEC SANCO 10329 2002 rev 2 final noted by the SCFA on 18 October 2002 2 3 3 Terrestrial risk assessment for earthworms 2 3 3 1 Acute terrestrial risk assessment to earthworms The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR ikawe aS a result of all stacked applications is E TR acute P E C vil N E C oi acute 3 8 with ETR viene Acute Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to 7 applications PEC oi concentration in the upper part of the soil from n applications default
24. yet in use 3 3 2 3 View With the View menu the user can call the input screens for pesticide application scheme and the six physical scenarios These input screens are described in more detail in section 3 5 input to a PRA 3 3 2 4 Help The command Help and the command About are described in more detail in section 3 7 Options By clicking on the command Go to homepage the homepage of the PRIMET model http www primet wur nl will start up in your internet browser 50 Alterra rapport 1648 3 3 3 The toolbar The toolbar below the menu bar can be customized by the user Buttons can be added or removed How to do this is explained in section 3 2 3 2 Tools 3 3 4 The selection panel The selection panel contains two sub panels Main and Options Clicking on the grey title buttons will show the buttons of the sub level The sub level Main buttons are described in sections 3 4 and 3 5 The buttons in the Options sub level is described in section 3 7 The use of the selection panel is optional because its options can also be called using options in the menu bar or in the Home screen 3 2 The selection panel can be hidden by clicking on the menu command show selection panel under the menu View in the menu bar 3 4 The Home screen The Home screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button Home The Home screen Figure 3 is the main screen of PRIMET It can be us
25. ALTERRA WAGENINGEN E GS PRIMET version 2 0 technical description and manual A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide Risks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade Floor M Peeters Paul J van den Brink Joost Vlaming Jan G Groenwold Wim H J Beltman Jos J T 1 Boesten Alterra rapport 1648 ISSN 1566 7197 PRIMET PRIMET version 2 0 technical description and manual PRIMET version 2 0 technical description and manual A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide RIsks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade Floor M Peeters Paul J van den Brink Joost Vlaming Jan G Groenwold Wim H J Beltman Jos J T I Boesten 1 Alterra Wageningen University and Research centre P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands 2 Wageningen University Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Wageningen University and Research centre P O Box 8080 6700 DD Wageningen The Netherlands 3 Envista Consultancy Aalsmeerhof 27 6843 VV Arnhem The Netherlands Alterra rapport 1648 Alterra Wageningen 2008 ABSTRACT Peeters F M P J van den Brink J Vlaming J G Groenwold W H J Beltman and J J T I Boesten 2008 PRIMET version 2 0 manual and technical description A Decision Support System for assessing Pesticide RIsks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade Wageningen Alterra Alterra rapport 1648 77 blz 29 figs 2 tables 22 refs Pesticid
26. Aquatic Ecotoxico logy in the context of Directive 91 414 EEC Sanco 3268 2001 tev Aquatic risk assessment 2 2 3 1 Acute aquatic risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR applications is ETR water acute ETR water acute PEC water NEC water acute If ETR 1 lt ETR E TR water acute water acute PEC NEC water actue Alterra rapport 1648 as a result of xz water acu a 31 water acute Acute Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications momentary peak water concentration from applications ug L No Acute Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour lt 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 25 2 2 3 2 Chronic aquatic risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR applications is J as a result of n water chroni ETR pereon Z lowest value of ETR apap TWA NE Catenin 32 a E TR airdri apie WA bpapmia N E Ciir eoori Daoa 32 b ETR a Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to z applications ETR paterchronicfob Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio for fish due to z applications ETR aerchronicDapinia Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio for Daphnia due to n applications TWA ra Time Weighted Average concentration for fish default period of length 28 days
27. Case 1 The period in which the applications occur is shorter than the TWA period hence AZ lt tnya explnk At exp nk At 1 exp k At l Pt PEC TWA Cree 22 trwa 1 expl nk At x H exp k At l exp k tiwa nAt 1 exp k At el k el Cra with TWA Time Weighted Average concentration for period with length fp ug L PEC e momentary water concentration from a single application ug L fira length of period for TWA d overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d n number of applications A time interval between applications d Case 2 Concentrations in the At interval after the final application are all higher than in the period before the final application t At gt PEC Hence the condition for use of the Case 2 solution is 1 exp nk At exp k At exp n Dk At gt 1 23 The solution for Case 2 is given by TWA n exp nk At 7 exp a 24 aig en 1 exp k Ar Case 3 Concentrations of the final applications determine the highest TWA c tn td lt c t t A t Hence the condition for use of the Case 3 solution is 1 exp nk At exp k t exp n m k At gt 1 25 rest 22 Alterra rapport 1648 The solution for Case 3 is given by m 1 exp nk ay exp nk At 4 A 1 exp k At TWA oee 26 trwa rs 1 exp n
28. Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications 2 4 Risk assessment for bees 2 4 1 Exposure assessment for bees For products applied as sprays exposure should be established as the maximum single application rate expressed as gram active ingredient per hectare g a i ha PEC M 40 PEC exposure concentration to bees M individual dose applied g a i ha 2 4 2 Effect assessment for bees For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values and in case of bees an assessment correction factor to convert from pg bee to g ha The No Effect Concentration for bees is calculated using NEC EF LD50 41 with NEC No effect concentration for bees g ha LD50 concentration oral or contact that kills 50 of bees ug bee the most sensitive endpoint of oral LD50 and contact LD50 BF extrapolation correction factor for effect assessment of bees to convert from ug bee to g ha default value 50 The extrapolation correction factor is corresponding with the Plant Protection Products Directive 91 414 EEC For more information see also the Guidance Document on Terrestrial Ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91 414 EEC and EPPO 2002b Environmental risk assessment scheme for plant protection products Chapter 11 Honeybees In EPPO 2002b the extrapolation correction factor of 50 was validated against incidents Alterra rapport 1648 33 2 4 3 Risk assessmen
29. Input scenario parameters 2 5 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 5 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 5 4 4 Constant parameters 2 5 4 5 Calculated parameters Groundwater risk assessment 2 6 1 Groundwater exposure assessment 2 6 2 Groundwater effect assessment 2 6 3 Groundwater tisk assessment 2 6 4 Parameters groundwater risk assessment 2 6 4 1 Input scenario parameters 2 6 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 6 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 6 4 4 Constant parameters 2 6 4 5 Calculated parameters Dietary risk assessment 2 7 1 Dietary exposure assessment 2 7 1 1 Considered food items and diet 2 7 1 2 Consumption via drinking water 2 7 1 3 Consumption via fish 2 7 2 Consumption via macrophytes 2 7 2 1 Consumption via vegetables 2 7 2 2 Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake 2 7 3 Dietary effect assessment 2 7 4 Dietary risk assessment 2 7 5 Parameters dietary risk assessment 2 7 5 1 Input diet scenario parameters 2 7 5 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 7 5 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 7 5 4 Constant parameters 2 7 5 5 Calculated parameters 36 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 40 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 3 User manual 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 Literature What s new in PRIMET 2 0 Getting Started Installation 3 3 1 Resolution 3 3 2 Menu s in the menu bar 3 3 2 1 File 3 3 2 2 Tools 3 3 2 3 View 3 3 2 4 Help 3
30. L NEC water undefined pg L NEC water undefined pg L PEC1 water undefined pg L PECn water undefined pg L ETR soil ac undefined JETR soil chr undefined The selection column of one PRA is show in detail in Figure 24 The column contains two sections Settings and Results The input of the sections becomes visible if you click on the grey bar with the name of the section in it The Settings section Figure 25 left hand side contains several pick lists There are two possibilities 1 The user can select a PRA from the first pick list and the other parts of the PRA will be selected automatically 2 The user may specify the separate parts defining a PRA i e application scheme pesticide physical scenarios Alterra rapport 1648 69 The Results section contains input data output of an intermediate calculation or output data of all four assessments The label value and unit of the parameters are given in the Results section You can hide or show the data of an assessment by clicking on the coloured bar with the name of the assessment in it Depending on the size of your screen it might be necessary to hide the data of the other assessments to make the data of the Dietary assessment The vertical grey bars on the right hand side can be used to scroll up and down the data PRA optional Resurs PRA optional het sereme rpicaton Scheme 1 wel seme awe Pesticide Pestic
31. Pe Options Figure 3 The Home screen 3 4 1 Databases used in PRIMET PRIMET is distributed with two Microsoft Access databases At the first start PRIMET will ask where the databases are located As default the following databases will be connected 1 PRIMET database primet_db_v2 mdb 2 Active Ingredi nt aidb_primet_v2 0 mdb In PRIMET 2 0 there is an option to connect a third database namely 3 MonQI Result Database monqi_db_mdb This database is not connected as default These data are project dependent and have to be collected by the user itself For more information see section 3 5 10 The database can be selected from a browse screen Click on the grey button with the three dots E to select one of the databases Figure 4 This will prompt a new screen to locate the database In the title of the screen you can read which database is mentioned Primet AI of MonQJI If the database type is not the right one the database will not be accepted by PRIMET If the database is not accepted you can try it again with the buttons behind the database names Note that a PRIMET database needs to be selected because it contains configuration information what PRIMET needs It is therefore not possible to select an arbitrary 52 Alterra rapport 1648 empty MS access database If you whish to start with an empty database it is advised to remove existing data in the forms of PRIMET Subsequently you can remove all the PRA
32. TBHS01 LA01 Happy Sweet 5188 lambda cyhalothrin 25 6 25 Sort Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 LA01 Happy Sweet 5344 mancozeb 1600 177 78 ee mns Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 Laot Happy Sweet 5353 metalaxyl M 100 11 11 Aquatic click again to reverse the m as sorting order Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 LA01 Happy Sweet 5369 carbofuran 600 600 hold Shift to sort on more Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 LA01 Happy Sweet 5409 cypermethrin 8 8 aera than one column Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO4 Laot Happy Sweet 5419 difenoconazole 137 5 34 38 Fitter Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 LA01 Happy Sweet 5554 diazinon 5000 5000 zl Tan Thanh 1 TBHSO1 LA01 Happy Sweet 5757 Lufenuron 0 18 0 06 X 287 scenario s selected 4 gt Step 3 Batch Run MonQI Application Scenarios Export to Excel case 250 287 r5tep 2 Select other Scenarios V Aquatic foaot z NTA nta1 X Select Application Scenario only if you want to over rule Dietary the default value for drift others Terrestrial fteot 7 Groundwater fenor gt T Bees feo gt Dietary dio1 gt Application Scheme lt select a scenario gt x Figure 20 The MonQI Application Scenarios on the Home screen of PRIMET Groundwater Options Step 1 The scenarios can be filtered on each column for a specific scenario run in the same way as a filter selection in MS Excel The complete instructions on how to do this is explained in the left hand side of the matrix of MonQI scenarios Step 2 Chose a complete
33. a eating of fish is calculated by multiplying the amount of fish eaten per day with the concentration of the pesticide in the fish The concentration of the pesticide in the fish is calculated using the PEC paer Of in case of multiple applications the PEC as calculated in the surface water risk assessment and bioconcentration factors BCF values for the different pesticides PEC vater A BCF PEC y 1000 59 with PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish PEC momentary water concentration from applications ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L BCF Bioconcentration factor L kg The BCF can be calculated from the more available K using the following relation as determined by Veith et al 1979 BCF q 085108 Kow 0 70 60 with BCF Bioconcentration factor L kg K Octanol water partitioning coefficient L kg The EDI for fish can now be calculated using PEC ssn CONS isn EDI 61 with EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish mg kg d PEC concentration in the fish mg pesticide kg fish CONS ie daily fish consumption kg d bw course weight default value 60 kg for adults 2 7 2 Consumption via macrophytes The amount of pesticide consumed via eating of macrophytes is calculated analogous as done for fish i e by multiplying the amount of macrophytes eaten per day with the concentration of the pesticide in the macrophytes The
34. assessment is expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio s which are calculated by dividing the estimated exposure concentrations by the safe concentration The exposure concentrations are estimated using worst case scenarios for local conditions The safe concentration is calculated from toxicity data and extrapolation factors If the ETR is smaller than 1 i e the estimated exposure is lower than the safe concentration the risk is acceptable If the ETR is larger than 1 but smaller than a certain value in this report 100 a risk may be present Whether there is a real risk should be determined in a higher tier risk assessment by using more complex fate and effect models e g PEARL TOXSWA PERPEST see www pesticidemodels eu If ETR s are very large e g gt 100 risks are quite certain although the methods used are based on worst case assumptions For the risk assessments physical chemical as well as toxicity data and fate and behaviour data of the active ingredient have to be available This includes data on toxicity dissipation and sorption characteristics solubility etc For some common active ingredients the required data are included in the PRIMET 2 0 database For new active ingredients the required data have to be gathered from literature Further the average pesticide application schemes practiced by farmers have to be defined in terms of dosage number of applications and time interval between applications This may involv
35. be calculated data are missing to calculate ETR2 54 Alterra rapport 1648 The globes below Risk Analysis enable the user to quickly check the risk calculated for each individual assessment A green colour indicates there is no risk orange indicates that there is a potential risk and a red colour indicates there is a risk more detailed information about the calculation can be found in Chapter 2 A grey coloured globe signifies that some input data are missing and that the risk calculation cannot be performed Clicking on the button with the magnifying glass below Details will open a new screen showing all input data and all output data including the output data of intermediate calculations of the assessment these output screens will be discussed in section 3 5 The risk is expressed in ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio and given below ETR If some input data are missing the ETR cannot be calculated and the value n a not available is assigned to the ETR To enforce a new calculation you can use the option box force calculation PRIMET will calculate till the point that relevant data ate missing For some assessment types it is possible to calculate an ETR2 In case of aquatic and terrestrial assessment ETR2 gives the ETR s for chronic risk In case of non target arthropods ETR2 gives the risk off field ETR1 gives the risk in field r ssessments Physical Scenario Application Scheme z Pesticide Characteristics
36. blished in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the written permission of Alterra Alterra assumes no liability for any losses resulting from the use of the research results or recommendations in this report Alterra rapport 1648 February 2008 Contents Summary 1 Introduction 2 Incorporated processes and calculations Introduction 2 2 Aquatic risk assessment 2 1 23 2 4 2 201 2 2 2 2 2 3 Aquatic exposure assessment 2 2 1 1 Limitations of approach 2 2 1 2 Steps in calculating the aquatic exposure 2 2 1 3 Temperature dependent pesticide parameters 2 2 1 4 Calculation of the overall dissipation rate coefficient 2 2 1 5 Calculation of peak PEC sae for one application 2 2 1 6 Calculation of peak PEC paer for multiple applications 2 2 1 7 Calculation of TWA for chronic exposure Aquatic effect assessment 2 2 2 1 Effect assessment acute exposure 2 2 2 2 Effect assessment chronic exposure Aquatic risk assessment 2 2 3 1 Acute aquatic risk assessment 2 2 3 2 Chronic aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 List of parameters needed for the aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 1 Input scenario parameters 2 2 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 2 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 2 4 4 Constant parameters 2 2 4 5 Calculated parameters Terrestrial tisk assessment for eatthworms 2 3 1 2 52 Terrestrial exposure assessment for earthworms Terrestrial effect assessment fo
37. can be derived using equation 52 The meta model estimates the predicted environmental concentration PEC for an standard application of 1 kg a i ha and is not calibrated to estimate the PEC at other depths than 1 m INPEC 4 e a 00 1X1 2X2 48 Tiktak et al 2006 with PEC A ko ba Predicted Environmental Concentration annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L x0 xl and amp 2 regression coefficients which can be derived from table 2 X1 and X2 independent regression variables 38 Alterra rapport 1648 X1 is defined as follows X1 20D 4 49 with k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d 0 volume fraction of water default value 0 25 m m Dyw depth ground water default value 1 m q volume flux of water m d where In DT50 4 60 with k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d DT50 half life in soil d due to degradation where q 0 2849 365 0 8634 Pr 365 51 with q volume flux of water m d Pr mean annual precipitation m yr X2 is defined as follows X2 k P iJon Kom Dy q 52 with k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d where k In 2 DT50 P dry bulk density soil kg dm ca organic matter content kg kg Kom coefficient for distribution over organic matter and water dm kg Dyw depth default value 1 m q volume flux of water m d W
38. concentration of the pesticide in the macrophytes was calculated using the PEC we of in case of multiple applications the PEC as calculated in the surface water risk assessment and sorption coefficient values Ka for the different pesticides 44 Alterra rapport 1648 PEC water K PEC 62 j 1000 ea with PEC concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophytes PEC momentary water concentration from n applications ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg The K can be calculated from the more available solubility SOL T using the following relation as determined by Crum et al 1999 K 3 20 0 65 log SOL T 63 with K sorption coefficient for macrophytes L kg SOL I solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m SOL T is calculated using Eq 3 The EDI for fish can now be calculated using PEC p CONS yy EDI 64 with EDL Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d PEC a concentration in the macrophytes mg pesticide kg macrophytes CONS yp daily macrophytes consumption kg d by coutse weight default value 60 kg for adults 2 7 2 1 Consumption via vegetables Since no good model exists that predicts the concentration of the pesticide on the vegetables PEC estem this is an input variable for the PRIMET decision support system vegite The EDI for a
39. d vapour pressure of substance at ambient temperature mPa M pesticide molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation g mol R universal gas constant constant parameter 8 3144 J mol K T ambient temperature in scenario K SOL T solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature mg L 0 001 correction factor to convert from mPa to Pa If the SOL T is calculated using Eq 3 and O and A by Eq 6 and 7 the Henry coefficient by Eq 10 and the exchange coefficients by Eq 8 and 9 the volatilisation rate coefficient can be calculated using Eq 5 Alterra rapport 1648 17 Dilution rate The dilution of the pesticide due to water movement can be taken into account It can be characterized via the residence time of the watercourse using Eq 11 L T 11 v with T residence time d L length of the water body m v flow velocity m d From the residence time the dilution rate coefficient can be calculated using Eq 12 1 k 12 4 with kr dilution rate coefficient 1 d T residence time d Total dissipation rate The overall dissipation rate coefficient amp can now be calculated using the rate coefficients calculated above by summing them according to Eq 13 k k 1 k k 13 with k overall dissipation rate coefficient accounting for degradation volatilization and dilution 1 d k L degradation rate coefficient at ambient temperature 1 d
40. depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil NEC piane Z No Acute Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg If ETR pracne lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR pirar 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETR pirane gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 3 3 2 Chronic terrestrial risk assessment to earthworms The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR applications is 3 as a result of all stacked soil chroni ETR sireeni PEC al NEC gitbronic 39 with ETR ari Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to applications PEC i concentration in the upper part of the soil from n applications default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil NEC chronic No Chronic Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg If ETR Sige lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR vieron 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour Alterra rapport 1648 31 ETR lt soil chronic gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour Since the chronic toxicity tests for earthworms are static tests the acute PEC p will be used to calculate the chronic risk to earthworms soil 2 3 4 List of parameters needed for the terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 4 1 Input scenario parameters P dry bulk density soil kg soil dm soil DEPTH depth of the field default value 0 05 m FAP ioe extrapolation fac
41. e a review of farmers practices in the research area In Alterra rapport 1648 11 some cases MonQi can be used to get the required information related to the application scheme MonQi is a methodology for monitoring management of agricultural systems in the tropics with the aim to improve the quality of farm management crop production quality of produce living standards and environment www monqi org 12 Alterra rapport 1648 2 Incorporated processes and calculations 2 1 Introduction As described in the introduction PRIMET is able to assess the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life earthworms 3 bees 4 non target arthropods 5 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 6 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are calculated for edge of field situations i e for the ecology of water courses adjacent to the treated field for the terrestrial life within the treated soil for invertebrates in and around plants bees and non target arthropods for the human consumption of the groundwater below the treated field and the human consumption of fish and macrophytes aquatic water plants present in the watercourse adjacent to the treated field as well as the cultivated crop itself For all risk assessments an exposure as well as an effect assessment is performed The exposure assessment consists of estimating the concentrations in the waterc
42. e colour ETRyr4 in field gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 5 3 2 Risk assessment for non target arthropods off field The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR f field as a result of applications is ETRyr off field PEC jel AECyr4 47 with ETR off field Exposure Toxicity Ratio off field due to application PEC offfied exposure off field g a i ha ABCs Acceptable Effect Concentration to Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi g ha If ETRyra off field lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETRyra off field 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETRyra off field gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 5 4 List of parameters needed for the risk assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 4 1 Input scenario parameters veg vegetation distribution factor default value 10 EF yra extrapolation factor for effect assessment of non target arthropods default value 2 2 5 4 2 Input pesticide parameters LR50xra Rate that kills 50 of Typhlodromus pyri or Aphidius rhopalosiphi the most sensitive endpoint of the two organisms will be taken 2 5 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M individual dose applied g a i ha drift factor drift factor drift 100 default value 0 0277 n number of applications Alterra rapport 1648 37 2 5 4 4 Constant parameters MAF Multiple Application Factor see table 1 2 5 4 5
43. e exposure via for instance spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater potentially affects organisms in water in and around soil and on plants and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposute in case they consume contaminated products like groundwater macrophytes and fish To estimate these risks at the household level the PRIMET Decision Support System was developed PRIMET runs with a minimum of input data and is developed to be used in developing countries The risk assessment is expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio s which are calculated by dividing the predicted exposure by the safe concentration This report provides a mathematical description of the processes incorporated into PRIMET and a user manual PRIMET 2 0 is freely available at www primet wur nl Keywords Developing Countries Human Health Pesticides Risk Assessment Tropics Vegetables ISSN 1566 7197 This report is available in digital format at www alterra wur nl A printed version of the report like all other Alterra publications is available from Cereales Publishers in Wageningen tel 31 0 317 466666 For information about conditions prices and the quickest way of ordering see www boomblad nl rapportensetvice 2008 Alterra P O Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands Phone 31 317 484700 fax 31 317 419000 e mail info alterra wur nl No part of this publication may be reproduced or pu
44. e way described above They are given in Table 1 PRIMET calculates only the parameters of the left hand side formulas Table 1 Relating parameters in the Pesticide input screen assessment parameters Formula o Aquatic O Ky Trettw Ln 2 i K AT o Aquatic o DT50 mI P DT50 o Aquatic Groundwater o Kom o Aquatic Groundwater o Koc on os 1 724 o Soil o Kg Ln 2 o Soil Groundwater o DT50soil lt DT 50 pi o Groundwater Dietary o ADI NOAEL o NOAEL ADI 3 5 3 Application Scheme The Application Scheme input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button un Application physical scenarios The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Application Scheme ot modify or delete existing ones The Input data section of the Application Scheme input screen contains five parts Aquatic Terrestrial NTA Bees and Groundwater corresponding to the physical scenarios and the assessment types with the same name Figure 13 Analogous to the Pesticide input screen input some parameters are displayed twice in the Input data section and if one parameter in one part of the section i e Df in Aquatic is entered the same value will automatically be loaded in the box of the same parameter in the other part of the section i e D in Terrestrial The assessments NTA Bees and Groundwater ate mentioned for the individual parameters for the application i e
45. ed to select the PRIMET database the active ingredients database and the MonQI database to manage PRA s Pesticide Risk Assessment and it shows the results of the different risk assessments expressed as the ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio after selection of input to the assessment types Alterra rapport 1648 51 gt Pie File Tools View Help 2 x rs B Po H Home Exit Customize toolbar A 15 x atabase nage Pesticide Risk Assessment Home E Primet W15 primet db15 mdb SAN Prai gt en s application IE Primet 1 5 aidb_primet_mongi_v15 mdb ae Description Edit scenario lt add description here gt Delete Scenario selection Pesticide cypermethrin x Aquatic Pry aix crop 7 o NTA ftar a lacoste Application Scheme fpppication Scheme 1 gt o Terrestrial fabamactin Ck wet 7 o Groundwater fore ws z a physical scenarios Bees feo gt o Dietary Pry mono gt La is ai Assessments Physical Scenario 7 Application Scheme oae z Pesticide Characteristics Assessment Type State Of Input Data Risk Analysis Details ETR1 ETR2 Terrestrial iwi Aquatic oaoa io wo Lal 46 0 41 I force calculation Terrestrial oao r Lal 0 67 Error I force calculation Th Bees oaa Lal 5 7E02 force calculation NTA 5 ie e NTA oaoa s Lal n a J7 force calculation Groundwater s X an Groundwater e020 Lal 0 00068 force calculation W Diet a A pool W Dietary ooo A ox
46. enu bar at the top of the screen contains the menus File Tools View and Help 3 3 2 1 File The File menu includes two menu commands select PRIMET database and exit The select database option is described in more detail in section 3 3 1 A click on the exit command will close PRIMET 3 3 2 2 Tools The commands in the menu Tools are all except for Customize toolbar described in more detail in section 3 6 Options Clicking on the command Customize toolbar will show Figure 2 Alterra rapport 1648 49 _ x Toolbars Actions Options Categories Actions page All Actions 2 Exit F10 a Properties fle Ay Go to homepage Ctrl H In Descriptio About To add actions to your application simply drag and drop from either Categories or Actions onto an existing ActionB ar Drag to create Separators Figure 2 Customize toolbar dialog in PRIMET On the first tab Toolbars in Figure 2 the visibility of the toolbar in PRIMET is set The second tab Actions is used to add buttons to or remove buttons from the toolbar Individual buttons can be added to the toolbar by dragging them from the field Actions and dropping them in the toolbar Buttons are removed from the toolbar by dragging them from the toolbar and dropping them anywhere in the application The third tab Options is used to personalize the menu and toolbar but is not
47. er acute Daphnia Xttapolation factor for acute effect assessment of Daphnia default value 0 01 EF vater acutealgae T extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of algae default value 0 1 1000 factor to correct from mg L to ug L The extrapolation factors ate corresponding with the Plant Protection Products Directive 91 414 EEC See also the Guidance Document on Aquatic Ecotoxicology in the context of Directive 91 414 EEC Sanco 3268 2001 rev 24 Alterra rapport 1648 2 2 2 2 Effect assessment chronic exposure The chronic No Effect Concentration for fish and daphnia is calculated using NEC water chronic fish and N E sist voile Dione with N E OE E N E ETE NOEC fish NOEC Daphnia EF water chronic fish EF vater chronic Daphnia 1000 The extrapolation 2 2 3 EF NOEC fish 1000 30a water chronic fish EF NOEC Daphnia 1000 30b water chronic Daphnia Chronic No Effect Concentration for the fish ug L Chronic No Effect Concentration for Daphnia ug L No Observed Effect Concentration of fish mg L No Observed Effect Concentration of Daphnia mg L extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of fish default value 0 1 extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of Daphnia default value 0 1 factor to correct from mg L to ug L factors are corresponding with the Plant Protection Products Directive 91 414 EEC See also the Guidance Document on
48. erval between applications is calculated using FOCUS Soil Modeling Workgroup 1997 1 fs aid PEC voit PEC wit 35 k A l e k At Alterra rapport 1648 29 with PEC a concentration in the upper part of the soil from n applications default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil n number of applications k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d where amp ln 2 DT50 o1 At time interval between applications d 2 3 2 Terrestrial effect assessment for earthworms c For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values and in case of earthworms an extrapolation factor EU 1997 To establish the size of the extrapolation factor a number of uncertainties must be addressed to extrapolate from single species laboratory data to a multi species ecosystem These uncertainties include intra and inter laboratory variation of toxicity data intra and inter species variation biological variance laboratory data to field impact extrapolations 2 3 2 1 Effect assessment acute exposure The acute No Effect Concentration is calculated using N E Citas EF rites X LC5 O iivs 36 with NEC cs No Acute Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg LC50 inworms Concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms earthworms mg kg BB i extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of earthworms default
49. f water layer m The width of the water surface and cross section of the water surface can be calculated from the water depth bottom with and side slope using Eq 6 and 7 O b 2 h s 6 A b bh b s 7 16 Alterra rapport 1648 O width of the water surface m h water depth of water body m b bottom width of water body m Sy side slope horizontal vertical A cross section of water layer m According to Liss and Slater 1974 exchange coefficients of the pesticide in air kg and water kl can be derived from ees ca Meo 8 1 CO y M pesticide k yJ Mno k k no mm M pesticide with k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in water m d co2 exchange coefficient of CO in the liquid phase Liss and Slater 1974 estimated a coz of 4 8 m d constant parameter Meo molecular weight of CO constant parameter 44 g mol Meee molecular weight of the pesticide under investigation g mol k exchange coefficient of the pesticide in air m d Royo exchange coefficient of H O in the vapour phase Liss and Slater 1974 estimated a mo of 720 m d constant parameter Mipo molecular weight of H O constant parameter 18 g mol Adriaanse 1996 Beltman and Adriaanse 1999 The Henry coefficient can be calculated by VP T j 0 001 i M pesticide 1 0 R T SOL T Adriaanse 1996 with K dimensionless Henry coefficient H VP I saturate
50. g L DT50soil a Qa Koc O 8 67864 01 Like EF mammals o mn KOM O 5o44 Like Koc O 8678 4 Miike D 5 872E 5 3 mg L KOM D 5 034E4 1 Like D 0 00128 3 mg L NOAEL mammal D 10 7 mg kg d L E C50 daphnia LIE C5O fish Mpesticide p m g mol Dietary NOEC Daphnia o 0001664 6 mg L ADI user 005 7 mefketd NOEC fish z 6 mg L EF mammals 0 7 soL Tref of no mgl Logikow o 5s img TrefSOL Bal K NOAEL mammal w 7 mefketd Trefkw el soL Tref Ql no ment Trefup el m Terrestrial pitref o coz Pa DT50soil D 68 2 d Bees LC50earthworms 100 mg kg LD50 bee 0 035 ug bee NOEC earthworms Ls mg kg NTA set of Figure 12 Pesticide input screen of PRIMET Furthermore there are some pesticide input parameters which can be calculated from other pesticide input parameters like Kom and Koc Usually Koc information is more readily available however K is needed in the calculations Kom can be calculated from the Koc and vice versa This is implemented in PRIMET If a value for Koc is Alterra rapport 1648 57 entered PRIMET converts the Koc to the Kom and the correct value for Kom is automatically loaded in the input box for Kom and vice versa The user has the possibility to fill in one of the relating parameters instead of having to make the conversion him herself There are four types of combinations of input parameters which are related in th
51. here amp is analogous to equation 50 and q is analogous to equation 51 If K is not available it can be calculated from the more available K analogous to equation 18 Values for 0 1 and 2 can be picked from table 2 Alterra rapport 1648 39 Table 2 Regression coefficients resulting from calibration of the meta model Leaching set Region 0 al a2 Autumn TD 5 30 0 16 0 46 TW 4 95 0 16 0 60 WD 5 20 0 07 0 37 WW 5 02 0 23 0 57 Spring TD 5 09 0 44 0 46 TW 4 72 0 39 0 58 WD 5 07 0 28 0 30 WW 4 81 0 58 0 46 Regions TD temperate and dry mean annual rainfall lt 0 8 m yr mean annual temperature lt 12 5 C TW temperate and wet mean annual rainfall gt 0 8 m yr mean annual temperature lt 12 5 C WD warm and dry mean annual rainfall lt 0 8 m yr mean annual temperature gt 12 5 C WW warm and wet mean annual rainfall gt 0 8 m yr mean annual temperature gt 12 5 C The metamodel estimates the predicted environmental concentration PEC for a standard application of 1 kg a i ha To estimate the PEC for a chosen situation all applications in one year in kg a i ha have to be added The PEC will be calculated using PEC PEC 1 kg ha IM tei 0 001 53 with PEC 1 tyu Predicted Environmental Concentration of an application of 1 kg a i ha annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration of
52. icator species the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi and the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri The selection of these indicator species was based on a sensitivity analyses of available test species and associated laboratory test methods performed by Beneficial Arthropod Regulatory Testing Group Candolfi et al 1999 and International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants IOBC Vogt 2000 The standard species are only suitable for risk assessment of formulations that are sprayed on the fields 2 5 1 Exposure assessment for non target arthropods The following equations are used to describe the exposure in field and off field For both exposures the key input is the nominal field application rate PEC in field M MAF 43 PEC offfiedd M MAF drift 100 veg 44 with PEC in field exposure in field g a i ha PEC offfied exposure off field g a i ha M individual dose applied g a i ha MAF Multiple Application Factor drift percentage of drift spray default value 2 77 100 factor to convert from drift to drift factor veg vegetation distribution factor default value 10 The MAF depends on the number of application 7 and is provided in Table 1 Table 1 MAF after n applications default values for leaf dwelling arthropods n applications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 gt 68 MAF after n 1 0 Ales 2 3 2 7 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 5 35 applications
53. ide ETRn water 45 63 a Eperme ETRn water 0 4078 PEREEMA ETRn water 0 4078 ication me ee Pesticide Characteristics ETRn water undefined Aquatic Aquatic NEC water a0 0005872 pg L Terrestrial Terrestrial NEC water 0 01664 g L Beas Bees NEC water undefined pg L NTA NTA PEC1 water 0 02624 pg L ARTET SUR PECn water 0 0268 pg L gt jetar Dietary aaa Dry mono y ETR soil ac 0 778 4 ETR soil chr undefined NEC soil ac10 mg kg NEC soil chr undefined mg kg PECnsoil 7 78 mg pesticide xl ETR bee 571 4 NEC bee 1 75 gfha undefined mg kg d undefined mg kg d EC nta undefined g a i ha a undefined mg kg d ETR nta in undefined undefined mg kg d ETR nta off undefined undefined mg kg d EDivegitem undefined mg kg d ETRdiet undefined xl Figure 25 Selection column of a PRA is lifted out of the Compare screen Clicking on the header will shrink of Export PRs to MS E The Compare screen also contains a button _Export PRAS to MS Excel to export the data to a MS excel file An extra column containing the description of the parameter is added to the Excel file 3 7 Options The functionalities of the buttons in the Options section of the Status bar Figure 26 are discussed in this Chapter 70 Alterra rapport 1648 Figure 26 The buttons in the Options section of the Selection Panel 3 7 1 Button Exit Clicking on the Exit butto
54. imate these risks the PRIMET Decision Support System was developed PRIMET is the acronym for Pesticides RIsks in the tropics to Man Environment and Trade This DSS is able to estimate the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life earthworms 3 bees 4 non target arthropods 5 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 6 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are assessed at the household level i e actual pesticide application data at the farm level is needed as input parameters The risk assessment is expressed as Exposure Toxicity Ratio s ETR which are calculated by dividing the exposure by the safe concentration If the ETR is smaller than 1 i e the exposure lower than the safe concentration the risk is acceptable If the ETR is larger than 1 but smaller than a certain value in this report 100 a risk may present If ETR s are very large e g gt 100 risks are quite certain although the methods used are based on worst case assumptions The PRIMET 2 0 DSS is freely available on www primet wur nl and incorporated in a Graphical User Interface This report provides a mathematical description of the processes incorporated into PRIMET 2 0 and a user manual Alterra rapport 1648 9 1 Introduction Within the last decade the agriculture sector in Southeast Asia has been intensifying at a rapid pace A large increase in the use of external
55. input from eight different components They can be selected in the Scenario selection section in the Home screen of PRIMET Figure 7 Scenario selection Monai Application Scenarios Pesticide Jeypermethrin 2 aquatic test jan o o NTA ftar a Application Scheme test jan 2 Terrestrial fabamactin Ck met o Groundwater fore aw j o Bees beoz oj Dietary Pry mono fe Figure 7 The Scenario selection section in the Home screen of PRIMET Every component i e Pesticide Application Scheme etc has its own pick list from which the pesticide and the different scenarios can be selected The button with the picture of a magnifying glass can be used to switch to the input screens of the different components directly The input screens are discussed in more detail in section 3 5 3 4 4 Assessments The Assessments section in the Home screen of PRIMET gives information about the status of the input data and a brief summary of the output The information about input and output is given per assessment type The three lights below State of Input Data are an indication whether all input data are present in the PRA If the lights are green all data necessary for generating output is available If one or more lights have a grey colour some input data are missing and output cannot be generated i e Figure 8 Terrestrial scenario one or more pesticides characteristics are missing If the light is yellow only ETR1 can
56. inputs like pesticides has taken place in many different agricultural sub sectors such as horticulture This has led to an increase in productivity and income of the rural population On the one hand this increased prosperity has been beneficial for human health in terms of food security but on the other hand human health may be negatively affected by the consumption of pesticide residues In addition to this the negative impacts on ecosystems harm the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems and can harm future productivity Pesticides may enter the environment through various emission routes for instance via spray drift or runoff to surface water accumulation in the topsoil and leaching to groundwater This potentially affects organisms in water in and around soil and on plants and might also pose risks to humans via dietary exposure in case they consume contaminated products like groundwater macrophytes and fish To estimate these risks the PRIMET Decision Support System DSS was developed Version 2 0 of this DSS is able to estimate the risks of pesticide application to 1 aquatic life 2 terrestrial life earthworms 3 bees 4 non target arthropods 5 the use of groundwater as drinking water and 6 dietary exposure via the consumption of groundwater vegetables fish and macrophytes The risks are assessed at the household level i e actual pesticide application data at the farmer s level is needed as input parameters The risk
57. k At s H k At l kt L 1 exp k Ar Joo Ni expl k tra m whole number of application intervals within TWA period Trost time remaining from TWA period rwa 7 Ad d Case 4 Concentrations of the final 1 applications determine the highest TWA PEC mee gt c t t ta Hence the condition for use of the Case 4 solution is re 1 exp nkAt exp k t exp n m k At lt 1 27 rest The solution for Case 4 is given by Jose n 1 k At m p zele a exp k At PEC a TWA water iA ae expl k tuu 1 expl k ar 28 2 2 2 Aquatic effect assessment For the effect assessment a safe concentration is calculated from toxicity values for some standard test species and an extrapolation factor The toxicity values are gathered for a limited number of standard species viz an alga Daphnia and fish These species have been chosen because of their ease of handling and rearing in the laboratory Their test procedures are highly protocolised and well described in for instance OECD guidelines Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 1993 The standard test species are regarded as convenient surrogates for sensitive indigenous species of aquatic ecosystems despite a general awareness of the uncertainty associated with the extrapolation from one species to another To protect sensitive indigenous aquatic populations the NEC is usually calcu
58. lated by multiplying the toxicity value of the most sensitive standard test species by an extrapolation factor e g EU 1997 Alterra rapport 1648 23 To establish the size of the extrapolation factor a number of uncertainties must be addressed to extrapolate from single species laboratory data to a multi species ecosystem These uncertainties include extrapolation from 50 effect to no effect intra and inter species variation biological variance laboratory data to field impact extrapolations 2 2 2 1 Effect assessment acute exposure The acute No Effect Concentration is calculated using NEC perane lowest value of EF gater acute fish lowest value of LC50 or EC50 fish 1000 EF vater acute Daphnia owest value of LC50 or EC50 Daphnia 1000 29 EF sc seat EC50 algae 1000 with NEG apy Acute No Effect Concentration for the water compartment ug L LC50 fish concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms fish mg L LC50 Daphnia concentration that kills 50 of the test organisms Daphnia mg L EC50 fish concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms fish immobilisation in mg L EC50 Daphnia concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms Daphnia immobilisation in mg L EC50 algae concentration that affects 50 of the test organisms algae growth inhibition in mg L EF vaer acutefsh extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of fish default value 0 01 EF vat
59. life accounting for degrad DTS50soil Overall half life in soil due to degradat 1000000 DT50water Half life for degradation in water s 1000000 DWS Drinking Water Standard ajajajaj x x 3 3 Figure 29 The Variable Definition screen 3 7 5 Button Help A click on the Help button should reveal the Help file However the Help file is not yet implemented in this version of PRIMET 3 7 6 Button Legend Clicking on this button will show the Legend screen This screen is already discussed in section 3 5 1 of this report Alterra rapport 1648 73 Literature Adriaanse P I 1996 Fate of pesticides in field ditches the TOXSWA simulation model Winand Staring Centre Report 90 Wageningen The Netherlands Beltman W H J amp P I Adriaanse 1999 Users Manual for TOXSWA 1 2 simulation of pesticide fate in small surface waters Winand Staring Centre Techn Doc 54 Wageningen The Netherlands Bowman B T amp W W Sans 1985 Effect of temperature on the water solubility of insecticides J Environ Sci and Health B20 625 631 Candolfi M Bakker F Canez V Miles M Neumann C Pilling E Priminani M Romijn K Schmuck R Storck Weyhermtller S Ufer A Waltersdorfer A 1999 Sensitivity of non target arthropods to plant protection products Could Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius spp be used as indicator species Chemosphere 39 1357 1370 Crum S J H A M M Van Kammen Polma
60. n and M Leistra 1999 Sorption of nine pesticides to three aquatic macrophytes Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37 310 316 EU 1997 Council Directive 97 57 EC of September 21 1997 Establishing annex VI to Directive 91 414 EEC Concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market Official Journal of the European Communities L265 87 109 FOCUS Soil Modeling Workgroup 1997 Soil persistence models and EU registration DG VI European Commision Doc 7617 VI1 96 Brussels Belgium FOCUS 2001 FOCUS Surface Water Scenarios in the EU Evaluation Process under 91 414 EEC Report EC Document Reference SANCO 4802 2001 rev 1 Report of the FOCUS Working Group on Surface Water Scenarios Brussels Belgium JMPR 2003 Report of 2003 Joint FAO WHO meeting on pesticide residues Geneva 15 24 September 2003 www fao org ag agp agpp pesticid jmpr pm _jmpr htm Koorevaar P G Menelik amp C Dirksen 1983 Elements of soil physics Elsevier Amsterdam The Netherlands Leistra M A M A van der Linden J J T I Boesten A Tiktak amp F van den Berg 2001 PEARL model for pesticide behaviour and emissions in soil plant systems Description of the processes in FOCUS PEARL v 1 1 1 Alterra Report 013 Wageningen The Netherlands Alterra rapport 1648 75 Liss P S amp P G Slater 1974 Flux of gases across the air sea interface Nature 24 181 184 OECD 1993 OECD guidelines for
61. n factory far anita affant sccaccmant nf aarthiuinrme z co Figure 23 The Results screen of PRIMET The Results screen contains three sections Summary Log and Values The input of the sections becomes visible if you click in the grey bar with the name of the section in it The Summary section contains all output variables of the scenario and their calculated value The Log section is usually empty but displays error messages when input or intermediate data is missing The Values section contains all input output and intermediate parameters and their values The structure of the Summary and Values sections is the same The sections contain seven columns type topic name label value unit and description The column type indicates if the parameter is input data output of an intermediate calculation or output data The column topic informs the user about whether the parameter is defined by the pesticide PE the application scheme AP or the physical scenario SC Furthermore the Result screen contains two buttons below in the screen Print and Export Clicking on the button Print will sent a print command to the printer which will print the Results screen The button Export can be used to export the data in the Results screen to a MS Excel file 68 Alterra rapport 1648 3 6 2 Output via the Compare button The Compare screen can be opened from the main menu with the button Compare
62. n will close PRIMET 3 7 2 Button About A click on the About button shows the About PRIMET screen The screen contains three tabs About PRIMET Authors and Licence The About PRIMET tab gives information about the version and specifies some links to homepages of the companies and projects related to PRIMET The tab Authors gives the email addresses of the authors of PRIMET The Licence tab gives relevant information about the terms and conditions for using PRIMET Alterra rapport 1648 71 About Primet Figure 27 The About PRIMET screen 3 7 3 Button Options The PRIMET properties screen Figure 28 appears after clicking the button Options E Load previously used input database on startup E Save PRA settings periodically to database M Use MonQI Result Database RDB www mongi org Figure 28 The PRIMET properties screen 72 Alterra rapport 1648 If you want to work with a MonQI database then select the option Use MonQI Result Database This option is default unselected Standard the options Load previously used input database on start up and Save PRA settings periodically to database are selected 3 7 4 Button Variables In the Variable Definition screen the user is able to check background information of the different parameters of PRIMET If a parameter is a constant its value is given in the table In addition the range precision number of figures in which the value is expre
63. ourses terrestrial soil groundwater fish and macrophytes The effect assessment consists of determining safe concentrations for the different compartments and is based on laboratory toxicity data or international standards and the use of extrapolation factors The risk assessment is then performed by dividing the predicted concentration by the predicted safe concentration In each of the following sections one of the risk assessments is described Each section is divided into subsections that describe the exposure effect and risk assessments as well as a subsection describing the required input data and the calculated parameters 2 2 Aquatic risk assessment 2 2 1 Aquatic exposure assessment 2 2 1 1 Limitations of approach PRIMET is able to estimate the PECs Predicted Exposure Concentrations for watercourses adjacent to the field that is treated with a pesticide For the acute risk assessment of aquatic organisms an instantaneous PEC peak concentration will be calculated For chronic risk assessment of aquatic organisms a time weighed average exposure concentration will be calculated For compounds with Koc larger than 30 000 L kg PRIMET calculates an unrealistically high PEC because adsorption to sediment is ignored To limit the number of input parameters the concept for hydrology is very simple e g residence time is used instead of flow For a more refined calculation of the PEC the reader is referred to the TOXic substances in Surface WA
64. r earthworms 2 3 2 1 Effect assessment acute exposure 2 3 2 2 Effect assessment chronic exposure 2 3 3 Terrestrial risk assessment for earthworms 2 3 3 1 Acute terrestrial risk assessment to earthworms 2 3 3 2 Chronic terrestrial risk assessment to earthworms List of parameters needed for the terrestrial risk assessment 2 3 4 1 Input scenario parameters 2 3 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 3 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 3 4 4 Constant parameters 2 3 4 5 Calculated parameters Risk assessment for bees 2 4 1 2 4 2 Exposure assessment for bees Effect assessment for bees 11 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 18 20 20 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 25 2 6 2 2 4 3 Risk assessment for bees 2 4 4 List of parameters needed for the risk assessment for bees 2 4 4 1 Input scenario parameters 2 4 4 2 Input pesticide parameters 2 4 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters 2 4 4 4 Constant parameters 2 4 4 5 Calculated parameters Risk assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 1 Exposure assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 2 Effect assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 3 Risk assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 3 1 Risk assessment for non target arthropods in field 2 5 3 2 Risk assessment for non target arthropods off field 2 5 4 List of parameters needed for the risk assessment for non target arthropods 2 5 4 1
65. s application scenarios and physical scenarios you won t need Database E Primetprimet db14 mdb E Primet aidb _primet_mongi_v14 mdb select a MonQI result database RDB Figure 4 The Database section in the Home screen of PRIMET 3 4 2 Manage Pesticide Risk Assessment PRA In the section Manage PRA existing PRA s Pesticide Risk Assessment can be selected from a list they can also be edited or deleted and new PRA s can be created Figure 5 Manage Pesticide Risk Assessment Pra 1 New Description Edit Pesticide Risk Assessment 1 Delete Figure 5 The Manage PRA section in the Home screen of PRIMET id An existing PRA can be selected from the pick list A new PRA can be generated by clicking on the button New The screen shown in Figure 6 appears The name filled in the box PRA will be added to the pick list of the Manage PRA section in the Home screen of PRIMET The description typed in the field Description will appear in the yellow box shown in Figure 5 It is important to realise that the physical scenarios and the six assessment types properties belonging to the PRA are only saved to the database after clicking the Save button Alterra rapport 1648 53 lO x PRA kadd name here gt Description lt add description here gt Cancel Figure 6 New Edit PRA screen of PRIMET 3 4 3 Selection of scenarios A PRA needs
66. ssed and the number of decimals with which the value is displayed are specified in the table i e F Primet 2 0 Build 14 18 x ie Tools view Help z gt Exit Customize toolbar iv ee nit iw fdeser foonstant efoeraut x franee min m2 Cross section of water layer regression coefficients regression coefficients regression coefficients ADI user mg kg d Acceptable Daily Intake user defined ADI_LCALC ADI calculated mg kg d AcceptableTolerable Daily Intake calc 1000000 AECNTA AEC nta ga i fha Acceptable Effect Concentration for T B b m Bottom width of water body l 100 BCF BCF L ke BioConcentration Factor Bw bw kg Body weight 60 kg for adults 90 CFISH ConsFish kg d Daily fish consumption 5 CMF ConsMF kg d Daily macrophyte consumption 5 CONSWATER ConsWater Lfd Daily drinking water consumption 2 lii 3 CSOIL Csoil mg pesticide Concentration in the upper 5 cm of thy CSOLT Csol T mg L Solubility of substance in water at amt 2000000 CTOT ict mg m3 mes Total mass concentration in water layt CVEGIT Cons eg kg d Daily consumption of the vegetable ite e 5 DEPTHF Depth D Depth of the field 7 0 3 DGW DGw Depth ground water DRIFT Xdrift DRIFTDITCH drift ditch Dt DT50 Percentage of spray drift 100 Percentage of spray drift 100 Time interval between applications 1000 Overall half
67. ssment Terrestrial is chosen as an example Figure 23 The parameters are discussed neither as they are already described in detail in Chapter 2 of this report Alterra rapport 1648 67 Summary sc ETRSOIL_A ETR soil acute 0 778 Acute Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to n applications OUTPUT SC ETRSOIL_C ETRsoil chronic undefined Chronic Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application OUTPUT SC NECSOIL_A NEC soil acute 10 mg kg No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment OUTPUT SC NECSOIL_C NEC soil chronic undefined mg kg No Effect Concentration for the soil compartment OUTPUT SC PECNSOIL PECnsoil 7 78 me pesticide k Concentration in the upper part of soil depending on the depth of the soil fror Log Errors occured E Scenario GetValue No value defined for ETRSOIL_C part of Terrestrial Values elie Pesticide cypermethrin INPUT PE SEE 0150501 68 d Overall half life in soil due to degradation INPUT PE LC50_T_E LCS50earthworms 100 mefke Dose that affects 50 of the earthworms INPUT PE NOEC_T_E NOEC earthworms undefined mefke No observed effect concentration of earthworms INTER PE KS ks 0 01019 14d Degradation rate coefficient in soil where ks In 2 DEG50soil INPUT AP DT Dt 7 d Time interval between applications INPUT AP M M 1000 gaisha Individual dose applied INPUT AP N n 6 Number of applications INPUT SC DEPTHF Depth D 0 05 m Depth of the field INIDI IT e FFC FF enil annta na avtrannlatin
68. t MonQI scenario farm CROP pesticide Copy gt gt TBHSO1 Happy Sweet cypermethrin 4 Filter by Pesticide as TBHSO1 Lao4d Happy Sweet cypermethrin 60 30 2 25 v selected on Home page TBHSO1 LAOS Happy Sweet cypermethrin 42 6667 21 3333 2 25 TBHSO1 LA06 Happy Sweet cypermethrin 20 20 1 TBHSO1 Lao Happy Sweet cypermethrin 26 13 2 36 Aquatic NTA drift ditch i drift or a x Dt 5 M 30 a gaisha M gaisha n 2 a n Bees Terrestrial M 30 gaiha Dt 25 Groundwater M gai sha M stacked 60 gaisha j Figure 22 Selection of a specific MonQI using for copying into a new scenario in PRIMET 3 6 Output of a PRA 3 6 1 Output via the Home screen the Results screen The section Assessments in the Home screen contains an entry to the screens with detailed output per assessment Clicking on the button with the magnifying glass Figure 8 below Details will open a new screen Results Figure 23 showing per assessment all input data and all output data including the results of intermediate calculations Only the structure and possibilities of the Results screen will be discussed in this section because the structure is the same for the Results screens of all six assessments the Result screen of one asse
69. t for bees be The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR as a result of applications is E TR P E Cri N E Gy 42 with ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application PEG exposure concentration to bees individual dose applied g ha NEC No Effect Concentration for bees g ha If ETR lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR lt 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETR gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 4 4 List of parameters needed for the risk assessment for bees 2 4 4 1 Input scenario parameters EF extrapolation correction factor for effect assessment of bees to convert from pg bee to g ha default value 50 bee 2 4 4 2 Input pesticide parameters LD50 concentration that kills 50 of bees ug bee the most sensitive endpoint of oral LD50 and contact LD50 2 4 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M individual dose applied g a i ha 2 4 4 4 Constant parameters No data 2 4 4 5 Calculated parameters PEC exposure concentration to bees individual dose applied g a i ha ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application NEC No Effect Concentration for bees g ha 34 Alterra rapport 1648 2 5 Risk assessment for non target arthropods In this version of PRIMET the risk assessment for non target arthropods will be performed for the EU standard species These standard species include two sensitive ind
70. ta data can be typed in to the boxes The boxes can have different colours The meaning of these colours is explained in Figure 10 Legend hh Legend of colors used 0 Defined value ok Undefined value enter valid value az Undefined related value linked to other variable s Default value can be changed Figure 10 The show legend screen under tools explaining the meaning of the colours of the boxes in the input screen A blue button with a question mark is placed in front of every input box Figure 11 Moving the mouse cursor over the blue button will display a pop up box containing relevant information about the parameter like range and unit When you click on the blue button two little grey buttons with arrows appear behind the input box With these buttons you can alter the number of decimals visible in the input box Do realize however that PRIMET performs the calculations with the numbers given in the database and not with the numbers displayed on the input screens So the number of decimals stored in the database is determining for the output of the calculations The numbers between brackets behind the values gives relations between other values i e EC50 algae are related with L E C50 daphnia en L E C50 fish the lowest value is used for the No Effect concentration water DT50water 0 1 d EC50 algae 0 12 14 pest Figure 11 Input boxes and their options in the input screens of
71. takes of the different commodities For the far east the WHO estimates an average daily intake of 451 g cereals 109 g roots and tubers 15 g pulses 50 g sugars 50 g nuts and oilseeds 14 g vegetable oils and fats 2 g stimulants 3 g spices 179 g vegetables 32 g fish and seafood 13 g eggs 85 g fruits 33 g of milk products 47 g of meat and 2 g of animal oils and fats WHO 2003 For each of the four food items an Estimated Daily Intake EDI is calculated which are summed to a total EDI In the following paragraphs the calculation of the individual EDIs is described 2 7 1 2 Consumption via drinking water It is assumed that people drink groundwater pumped up from 1 m depth The annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth PEC in ug L as calculated within the groundwater risk assessment is used as a representative pesticide concentration for drinking water The Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water is estimated by PEC CONS parer EDI 58 bw 1000 with EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L COnSyu daily drinking water consumption default value 2 litres for adults L d bw course weight default value 60 kg for adults 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L Alterra rapport 1648 43 2 7 1 3 Consumption via fish The amount of pesticide consumed vi
72. ted Daily Intake mg kg d ADI Acceptable Daily Intake mg kg d If ETR lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR S 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETR gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 7 5 Parameters dietary risk assessment 2 7 5 1 Input diet scenario parameters PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L PEC momentary water concentration from n applications ug L water 46 Alterra rapport 1648 PEC concentration in the defined vegetable item mg pesticide kg macrophyte Cons daily fish consumption kg d CONS yp daily macrophyte consumption kg d CONS yp daily consumption of the vegetable item kg d CoMS an daily drinking water consumption default value 2 litres for adults L d by course weight default value 60 kg for adults EF mammas assessment factor to account for interspecies and intraspecies extrapolation adequacy of study nature and severity of effect default value 100 2 7 5 2 Input pesticide parameters Ky Octanol water partitioning coefficient L kg SOL T solubility of substance in water at ambient temperature g m ADI Acceptable Daily Intake mg ke d NOAEL amas No Observed Adverse Effect Level for mammals mg kg d 2 7 5 3 Input pesticide application parameters None is captured in PEC and PEC water 2 7 5 4 Constant parameters No parameters 2 7 5
73. ters TO XSWA model Adriaanse 1996 The meta model used by PRIMET is validated by TOXSWA Alterra rapport 1648 13 2 2 1 2 Steps in calculating the aquatic exposure To calculate the peak PECs and chronic TWAs five steps have to be done 1 correct the temperature dependent pesticide parameters for degradation and for volatilization to the temperature in the scenario 2 calculate the overall dissipation rate coefficient for the processes degradation volatilization and dilution 3 calculate the PEC for a single application 4 calculate the PEC for multiple applications 5 calculate the TWA for chronic exposure In the following sections the four steps will be discussed 2 2 1 3 Temperature dependent pesticide parameters Degradation and volatilization rates of the pesticide from the watercourse are temperature dependent In this section the methods for correcting the degradation rate the saturated vapour pressure and the solubility all needed for volatilization to the values at the ambient temperature is described Degradation rate coefficient With the Arrhenius equation the degradation rate coefficient at a given temperature T can be calculated from the degradation rate coefficient determined at a reference temperature T using Eq 1 k T bg 4 pl Ta E refkw T with T ambient temperature in scenario K Tw reference temperature at which k Turn or DT50 was determined K see Eq 4 k
74. the sum of all applications within one year annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L Ms dose applied stacked over a growing season g a i ha 0 001 factor to convert from g a i ha to kg ai ha 2 6 2 Groundwater effect assessment The methodology that the World Health Organisation WHO uses to calculate drinking water standards is included in PRIMET to calculate a threshold value for the use of groundwater as drinking water The standard is based on the Acceptable Daily Intake ADI which is set by the FAO JMPR 2003 or calculated from toxicity studies performed with e g rats 40 Alterra rapport 1648 NOAEL mammals ADI 64 EF mammals with ADI Acceptable Daily Intake mg ke d NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level for mammals mg ke d EF extrapolation factor to account for interspecies and intraspecies extrapolation adequacy of study nature and severity of effect default value 100 mammals The ADI is converted to a Drinking Water Standard using WHO 1996 DWS ADI bw P 55 Cons Water with DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L ADI Acceptable Daily Intake mg kg d by course weight 60 kg for adults P fraction of the ADI allocated to drinking water default value 0 1 CONnSpa daily drinking water consumption default value 2 litres for adults L d 2 6 3 Groundwater risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ra
75. the testing of Chemicals Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Paris France Rautmann D Streloke M and Winkler R 2001 New basic drift values in the authorisation procedure for plant protection products In Forster R Streloke M eds Workshop on Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Measures in the Context of the Authorization of Plant Protection Products WORMM Mitt Biol Bundesanst Land Forstwitsch Berlin Dahlem 383 133 141 SANCO 10329 2002 Guidance Document on Terrestrial Ecotoxicology under Council Directive 91 414 EEC SETAC 2000 Guidance Document on Regulatory Testing and Risk Assessment Procedures for PPP with non target arthropods from the ESCORT 2 workshop Smit A A M P F van den Berg amp M Leistra 1997 Estimation method for the volatilization of pesticides from allow soil Environmental Planning Bureau Series 2 Agricultural Research Department Wageningen The Netherlands Tiktak A J J T I Boesten A M A Van der Linden M Vanclooster 2006 Mapping Ground Water Vulnerability to Pesticide Leaching with a Process Based Metabmodel of EuroPEARL Van den Berg F amp J J T I Boesten 1998 PEsticide Leaching and Accumulation model PEST LA version 3 4 Description and user s guide Winand Staring Centre Techn Doc 43 Wageningen The Netherlands Veith GD DL de Foe and BV Bergstedt 1979 Measuring and estimating the bioconcentration of chemicals in fish J Fish Res Board Can
76. the value for PEC n water 3 5 10 MonQI scenario s If you want to work with specific MonQI scenarios you first have to select a MonQI results database How to organize a correct MonQI database see http www mondiorg First a MonQI database has to be selected in the home screen If the third database option is not visible the MonQI database option has to be selected Choose the option Use MonQI Result Database in the PRIMET properties via Tools gt gt Properties The database can be selected with the L button on the Home screen After that the Monqi Application Scenarios tab see figure 20 has to be chosen from the Home screen To perform a MonQI Scenario run the three steps given in the screen have to be followed Alterra rapport 1648 65 i Primet 2 0 Build 14 la x File Tools View Help AIE Z ia AN H d Home Customize toolbar Home IE Primet primet db14 mdb wee application IE Primet aidb_primet_mongi_v14 mdb aoe rene E Primet mongi_db_yr2_080f3 mdb Aap Scenario selection Monai Application Scenarios Step 1 Select Application Scenarios Select Application Scenarios _ Iiocation farm _ Plot crop tia pesticide y M stacked M kh le Application from the table by sorting and Hiren manna E Lat Happy Sweet 269 undefined 3 8 0 95 physical filtering scenarios Tan Thanh 1
77. thworms The concentration for the within field soil compartment is calculated from the dose of the pesticide divided by the amount of soil kg in the upper part of the soil default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m 0 1 M SOD ua aaa 33 DEPTH with Cag concentration in the upper part of the soil default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide m soil 0 1 correction factor to convert from g ha to mg m M individual dose applied g a i ha DEPTH depth of the field default value 0 05 m soi The Predicted Environmental Concentration PEC after one application is for the soil compartment PEC lt G4 P 1000 with PEC a concentration in the upper part of the soil from one application default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil Gy concentration in the upper part of the soil default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide m soil P dry bulk density soil default value 1 0 kg dm 1000 factor to convert from kg dm to kg m The realistic worst case bulk dry density for an average soil is 1 0 kg dm This value can be used as a default value but is not applicable for peat soils bulk dry density for peat soil 0 25 kg dm If measured values for bulk dry densities are available these values can be used to calculate the PEC i The PEC from a series of n applications with fixed time int
78. tio ETR for using the groundwater as drinking water as a result of all stacked applications is PEG ETR _ 56 DWS 1000 ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application PEC annual average concentration leaching from the soil profile at 1 m depth ug L 1000 factor to correct from ug L to mg L DWS Drinking Water Standard mg L If ETR lt 1 No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR lt S 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETR gt 100 Risk indicated by a red colour Alterra rapport 1648 41 2 6 4 Parameters groundwater risk assessment 2 6 4 1 Input scenario parameters Dyw depth ground water default value 1 m Pr mean annual precipitation m yr P dry bulk density of the soil default value 1 0 kg dm TA organic matter content default value 0 02 kg kg x0 x1 and a2 regression coefficients see table 2 bw course weight default value 60 kg for adults ConsW ater daily drinking water consumption default value 2 litres for adults L d O volume fraction of water default value 0 25 m m P fraction of the ADI allocated to drinking water default value 0 1 EF ammals assessment factor to account for interspecies and intraspecies extrapolation adequacy of study nature and severity of effect default value 100 2 6 4 2 Input pesticide parameters ADI Acceptable daily intake mg kg d DT soil overall half life in soil d
79. tor for acute effect assessment of earthworms default value 0 1 EP pees extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of earthworms default value 0 2 2 3 4 2 Input pesticide parameters LC50 cuthworms Concentration that kills 50 of earthworms mg kg NOEC anwo No observed effect concentration of earthworms mg kg DT50 soil half life for degradation in soil d 2 3 4 3 Input pesticide application parameters M individual dose applied g a i ha n number of applications At time interval between applications d 2 3 4 4 Constant parameters 0 1 correction factor to convert from g ha to mg m 2 3 4 5 Calculated parameters Gis concentration in the upper part of the soil default depth of the upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide m soil k degradation rate coefficient in soil 1 d where amp In 2 DT50 PEC i concentration in the upper part of the soil from one application default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil PEC oi concentration in the upper part of the soil from n applications default depth of upper part of the soil 0 05 m in mg pesticide kg soil 32 Alterra rapport 1648 NEC inom No Acute Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg NEC vitcinmic No Chronic Effect Concentration for the soil compartment mg kg ETR piate Acute Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to 7 applications EIR gig Chronic
80. ub lethal and reproduction effects and it is not necessary to separately consider sub lethal and reproduction endpoints in the risk assessment 2 5 3 Risk assessment for non target arthropods Version 2 0 of PRIMET makes a distinction between the risk assessment of non target arthropods in the field and out of the field in field and off field For both tisk assessment in field and off field the same criteria are used In EU legislation different criteria will be used in higher tier risk assessment The criterion for potential recovery or recolonisation for in field is that this must be the case before the following spraying season The period for off field is shorter for the time being without a specific definition SANCO 10329 2002 mentions an ecologically relevant period Higher tier risk assessment of NTA is not taken into account in Version 2 0 of PRIMET 2 5 3 1 Risk assessment for non target arthropods in field The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR field as a result of applications is ETRyra nfeeld PEC ial AE Cyr 46 with ETR n field Exposure Toxicity Ratio in field due to application PEC in field exposure in field g a i ha AECxnra Acceptable Effect Concentration to Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi g ha 36 Alterra rapport 1648 If ETRyra in field lt 1 NoRisk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETRyra in field S100 Possible risk indicated by a orang
81. ug L TWA patria Time Weighted Average concentration for Daphnia default period of length 21 days ug L NEC srercbroniefisb Chronic No Effect Concentration for fish ug L NEC srercbronicDaptnia Chronic No Effect Concentration for Daphnia ug L If ETR eee Sk No Risk indicated by a green colour 1 lt ETR paterchronii 100 Possible risk indicated by a orange colour ETR paterchroni F 100 Risk indicated by a red colour 2 2 4 List of parameters needed for the aquatic risk assessment 2 2 4 1 Input scenario parameters T ambient temperature in scenario K E length of the water body m v flow velocity m d h water depth of water body m b bottom width of water body m sy side slope horizontal vertical SS mass concentration of suspended solids in water kg L Wh mass fraction organic matter in suspended solids g g EF vater acutefish extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of fish default value 0 01 EF vater acute Daphnia Extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of Daphnia default value 0 01 EF vater acuteale T extrapolation factor for acute effect assessment of algae default value 0 1 EF vater chroniefish extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of fish default value 0 1 26 Alterra rapport 1648 EF water chronic Daphnia extrapolation factor for chronic effect assessment of Daphnia default value 0 1 2 2 4 2 Input pesticide parameters
82. values for the different parameters relevant to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark can be used to obtain information about the parameters The parameters PEC and PEC sa can be derived from other scenarios but they also may be specified by the user If you want to specify these parameters yourself values for the parameters have to be filled in the boxes of these parameters shown at 64 Alterra rapport 1648 the left hand side of the screen The values filled in these boxes will always overrule the values derived from other scenarios Select and Manage Dietary Scenarios Dry mono mi New Edit Delete Description e mono crop dry season minput data Scenario bw kg ConsFish kefd ConsMF kefd ConsWater Lid ConsVeg kefd X alues derived from other scenarios baer o 5 pest PECgw 0 2278 iGw PECnwater user 4 pest PEC water p 026 4a PECvegitem Et sticide kg vegetable z 2 mepe gee User defined values will over rule these calculated values Figure 19 The Dietary scenario input screen of PRIMET ma dEtived from other scenarios is only visible at the right hand side of the Dietary input screen if a PRA is selected in the Home screen containing a complete Aquatic and Groundwater scenario all parameters have a value If not all values filled in for the groundwater and aquatic scenario no values can be derived for PEC and PEC Something to be aware of is that
83. vegetable item can now be calculated using PEC eg CONS pog EDIveg 65 bw with EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a defined vegetable item mg kg d PEC concentration in the defined vegetable item mg pesticide kg macrophytes CONS yg daily consumption of the vegetable item kg d Alterra rapport 1648 45 2 7 2 2 Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake The EDI for the overall consumption can now be calculated by summing all individual items EDI EDI EDI EDI p EDI 66 with EDI Estimated Daily Intake mg ke d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to drinking of water mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of fish mg kg d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of a vegetables mg ke d EDI Estimated Daily Intake due to eating of macrophytes mg kg d 2 7 3 Dietary effect assessment The effect standard is based on the Acceptable Daily Intake ADI which is set by the FAO MPR 2003 or which is calculated from toxicity studies performed using Eq 54 Like ADI the ADI is an estimate of the amount of a substance expressed on a body weight basis that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk 2 7 4 Dietary risk assessment The risk expressed in Exposure Toxicity Ratio ETR for eating different food items is EDI ETR ji 67 diet ADI ETR Exposure Toxicity Ratio due to application EDI Estima
84. xisting ones In the Input data section the user can fill in the values for the different parameters belonging to the scenario The blue buttons with a question mark and the picture at the right hand side of the screen provide information about the parameters 60 Alterra rapport 1648 Figure 15 The Terrestrial scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 5 6 Bees The Bees assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button The Bees assessment input screen is shown is Figure 16 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new Bees scenario or modify or delete existing ones The Input data section only exist of the extrapolation correction factor for effect assessment of bees to convert from wg bee to g ha default value 50 Alterra rapport 1648 61 S lt add description here gt Figure 16 The Bees scenario input screen of PRIMET 3 5 7 NTA The NTA assessment input screen can be accessed from the main menu with the button The NTA assessment input screen is shown is Figure 17 The Select and Manage section can be used to generate a new NTA scenario or modify or delete existing ones The Input data section only exist of the extrapolation factor for effect assessment of non target arthropods default value 2 and the vegetation distribution factor default value 10 62 Alterra rapport 1648 Figure 17 The NTA scenario

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