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Buses, Protocols and Systems for Home and Building

1. Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti have built in software operated terminator A basic connection is showed in the Fig 3 2 2 3 On one DMX512 line RS 845 up to the 32 devices can be connected When splitters and repeaters are used then more devices can be placed in a DMX512 system A Simple DMX512 Controlled Dimmer System Up to 1000 of 120 Ohm Data Cable Out In DMX512 Dimmer DMX 512 Console Thru Short Jumper DMX512 Dimmer Thru Short Jumper DMX512 Dimmer Thr Fig 3 2 2 3 A basic DMX512 system 27 Color Scrollers Up to 1000 120 Ohm data cable 3 F in Thru Out DMX 512 Console In DMX512 Dimmer Thru Short Jumper In DMX512 Dimmer Optically Thru Isolated Splitter Short Jumper DMX512 Dimmer Th Terminator Fogger E Terminator Thru Automated Lighting Fixtures Fig 3 2 2 4 More complex DMX512 system 27 Data format Data in the little endian format transmission is serial and asynchronous with a speed of 250 kb s A DMX512 s data packet consists of up to 512 data bytes carrying commands for devices without an address There is no need of transmitting addresses through a DMX512 packet because every device slave knows his own base address 0 511 From this address every slave reads his data one or more bytes with a meaning of a command and reacts on them e g set brightness on a specified level There can be more Ondrej
2. Fig 3 2 5 3 Point to point communication 51 b In June 2008 a new specification version 3 0 came which brought two innovations Smart power and multi point to point Fig 3 2 5 4 and Fig 3 2 5 5 communication This means one slave can be controlled by one or more masters The heart of this new feature is a special device called Gateway which is placed between masters and a slave Fig 3 2 5 4 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 35 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Other devices OpenTherm OpenTherm Burner Gateway Room controller Fig 3 2 5 4 Multipoint to point communication 51 E a pu eee hu 7 9 Fig 3 2 5 5 Multi point to point Opentherm communication 52 A master a thermostat is in an OpenTherm system powered from a slave a boiler With the new feature from the specification 3 0 called Smart power power consumption can be smartly managed by asking the slave for providing more or less power according to the needs of the master e g backlight on The minimal available power is 35 mW The other two power levels available to the master are 136 mW medium power and 255 mW high power There are two implementations of the OpenTherm protocol a An older analog implementation called OpenTherm light OT which offers a very limited functionality A m
3. 3 2 6 SMI Standard Motor Interface STANDARD MOTOR INTERFACE Fig 3 2 6 1 SMI 58 Standard Motor Interface SMI is one of the newest specialized fieldbuses for home and building automation The history of this protocol started in the year 2001 when the SMI Working Group was founded The reason for developing this bus was dissatisfaction with a standard way of controlling drives in a building No intelligent operating not possible to move to an exact position No feedback from drives about their position and about their state Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 38 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Very complex cabling SMI tries to find solutions for these problems Drive for shutters or sun protection systems compatible thanks to SMI Fig 3 2 6 2 A basic SMI concept 58 Standard Motor Interface is a typical monomaster multislave system where one master is able to control up to 16 slaves drives Slaves can be addressed individually or together group addressing or broadcast messages the allocation of one address per one drive is possible but is not necessary if all the drives are to be controlled together There are two types of commands transferred through SMI standard commands and manufacturer specific commands Commands offer besides basic actions e g move up move down mor
4. Bibliography 1 Zabka Miroslav ABB Inteligentn elektroinstalace Ego n Elektrika cz Online Cited February 18 2011 http elektrika cz data clanky abb inteligentni elektroinstalace ego nae view 2 ABB s r o Elektro Praga Ego n ABB Online Cited February 18 2011 http www117 abb com index asp thema 9745 3 Elko EP iNels iNels Online Cited February 18 2011 www inels cz 4 Bothe Robert Inteligentn elektroinstalace budov syst m Nikobus Uzivatelsky manual v 1 0 Eaton elektrotechnika Online Cited February 18 2011 http www eatonelektrotechnika cz pdf manual9620nikobus pdf 5 TES Chytry dum Testov n energetickych syst mu Online Cited April 04 2011 http www tesnet cz cs produkty chytrydum php 6 Eaton Xcomfort Xcomfort Online Cited February 21 2011 www xcomfort cz www xcomfort com 7 NEWMAN H MICHAEL BACnet Goes to Europe and Beyond BACnet org Online 1998 Cited February 24 2011 http www bacnet org Bibliography HPAC 10 98 html 8 BACnet Interest Group Europe BACnet Basics BACnet Interest Group Europe Online Cited February 23 2011 http www big eu org eng bacnet basics php 9 Wolfgang Granzer Wolfgang Kastner Christian Reinisch Gateway free Integration of BACnet and KNX using Multi Protocol Devices Vienna Vienna University of Technology Automation Systems Group 2008 10 Hermann Merz Thomas Hansemann Christof H bner
5. 1 2 3 Hybrid system 1 3 System complexity and versatility This parameter represents the ability of a system to cover one or more control tasks in building and home automation e Complex control system KNX LON Xcomfort Ego n are able to solve every basic task in building automation for example HVAC lights shutters blinds visualization or basic security e System and protocols focused on one control task e g DALI bus specialized on light control or OpenTherm focused on heating control Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 5 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 1 4 Physical layer communication medium Standardized complex protocols usually offer more than one physical layer up to 5 or 6 and commercial closed building control systems traditionally offer only one This situation is changing today because it is more and more common that a cheap commercial closed system offers in addition to the communication by one of wired physical layers also a wireless communication possibility Here is a list of some typical physical layers used in building automation e Twisted pair RS 485 e Powerline 230V e Wireless infrared RF ZigBee e Ethernet e Coaxial cable Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 6 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evrops
6. 29 Wikipedia EN RDM Online Cited June 17 2009 http en wikipedia org wiki RDM_ lighting 30 Rol Erwin Art Net Online Cited June 17 2009 http www erwinrol com index php stagecraft artnet php 31 USITT DMX512 Online Cited June 17 2009 http www usitt org standards DMX512 html Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 44 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 32 MCUserver Anatomie DMX152 Online Cited June 17 2009 http www mcu cz print php news 81 33 Kar Ujjal DMX512 EQUIPMENT Online Cited June 17 2009 http www dmx512 online com equpt html 34 Kar Ujjal The DMX512 Packet Online Cited June 17 2009 http www dmx512 online com packt html 35 Pangolin Laser Systems About DMX512 Online Cited June 17 2009 http www pangolin com LD2000 dmx about htm 36 Wikipedia CS DMX512 Online Cited June 17 2009 http cs wikipedia org wiki DMX512 37 Nusl Jaroslav Protokol DMX512 Online Cited June 17 2009 http dmx512 svetla org theory htm 38 EnOcean EnOcean Self powered Wireless Sensors Online Cited May 12 2009 http www enocean com 39 Wikipedia EN EnOcean Online Cited May 12 2009 http en wikipedia org wiki EnOcean 40 TDC EnOcean Voting and Quiz Scoring System TDC Online Cited May 12 2009 http www tdc
7. important usage of the BACnet is an interconnection of incompatible building automation systems and components First of disadvantages of the BACnet is that there exists no common configuration tool in opposite to KNX for example Therefore almost every producer has to develop his own new tool for its devices Another big problem with BACnet in recent history was that some BACnet products were not 100 compliant so the interoperability of the devices was not as good as it should be This problem was the reason of founding of BACnet Testing Laboratories BTL Today BACnet is supported in devices of more than 500 companies and also universities February 2011 191 vendor ids in the USA 59 in Germany 4 in the Czech Republic including Siemens Honeywell Hyundai Mitsubishi ABB WAGO DOMAT Control systems or Teco Kol n Further reading 8 9 11 12 3 1 2 Konnexbus LL KNX Fig 3 1 2 1 KNX 13 Konnexbus KNX is the main building automation system not only in Europe Eighty percent of companies on the market offer devices which are capable to be connected into a KNX network KNX is also known by its older name E B Instabus EIB is one of three older independent European building automation systems which were joined together in the year 2001 to create a new system called KNX The other systems were EHS and BatiBus and a backward compatibility to these older systems is provided Konnexbus is covered by five standards t
8. 2 1 has a central unit in the middle of the system one or several units which controls whole system functions So the system does not need smart sensors and actors but is very sensitive to a failure of the central unit If it fails then the whole system will not work Today these systems usually use a bus topology but sometimes they still use direct connections to sensors and actors a star topology every device has its own connection with the central device is Fig 1 2 1 Centralized system Distributed systems Fig 1 2 2 have no central unit That means that every unit is intelligent smart and knows what to do e g when and where to send data This is of course a big advantage because the system is robust and more failsafe reliable when one unit fails then the others work on Distributed systems always use a bus topology shared medium The disadvantage is that the devices are more expensive than in the case of dull devices of a centralized system Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 4 V Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Fig 1 2 2 Distributed system Hybrid systems Fig 1 2 3 are somewhere in between one example is Nikobus where inputs sensors are connected using a bus and outputs actors are connected direct by using star topology to semi central units Semi central unit ZN A P Fig
9. Conrad Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 10 Ed ES UNIE Evropsky soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vas budoucnosti 3 Open standardized protocols Protocols covered by some world wide standards can be divided according to the system complexity Chapter 1 3 into two big groups complex and specialized protocols If we apply the well known three level hierarchical model of automation and control system on building automation protocols we get a division shown in Fig 3 1 and Fig 3 2 Industrial control system theory traditionally describes these levels this way Field level sensors actuators and controllers Automation processing level execution and control systems SCADA HMI MES or databases Management information level enterprise applications ERP SAP KNX Chapter 3 1 2 and LonMark Chapter 3 1 3 are more field and automation level oriented sensors actors higher control algorithms monitoring SCADA BACnet Chapter 3 1 1 is as opposite to these two protocols more management level and less field level oriented As we can see from the figure Fig 3 2 single purpose protocols are ranked in the field level According to H M Newman from the Cornell University Ithaca USA these three levels of building automation theory can be understood in a little bit different way 7 The management level for example is where the majority o
10. Europe and 315 MHz for North America and other non FCC countries Technical parameters Europe a License free 868 3 MHz with 196 duty cycle with ASK modulation for example KNX RF implementation uses 868 3 MHz with 196 and FSK modulation b Data packets consist of 14 bytes where 4 bytes are data 39 For example to push a button means to send 3 packets These 3 packets are sent at pseudo random intervals reducing the possibility of packet collisions c Range 30 m inside buildings and 300 meters in free field For range extension repeaters can be used d Signal duration is approximately 1 ms e Speed 125 kbit s f No interference with WLAN or other wireless systems g Every device has a 32 bit unique serial identification number h 50 uWs is a minimal energy that is needed for sending packets Application of the EnOcean technology The EnOcean technology is mainly used in a home and building automation where it is an ideal solution for a building reconstruction The technology is able to solve some classical tasks of the building control a Lighting b Shading c Presence detection d Window monitoring e Room temperature sensing f Measured data acquisition But buildings are not the only possible usage of this system The EnOcean technology can be well used for example in cars where the combination of the wireless communication and of a battery free solution harvesting the energy from a rotation motion is ideal for w
11. Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 25 Ed ES UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti devices with the same base address These devices will react on the same data command so they are controlled as a group A data packet Fig 3 2 2 5 starts with the zero level min 88 ms on the receiver side called reset break followed by high level called MAB Mark after break taking at least 8 ms on the receiver side By these two first parts the transmission is synchronized The first data frame called start code takes place after break and MAB Then up to 512 data frames are transmitted where every frame consists of 1 start bit 8 data bits without parity and 2 stop bits Between 2 frames there could be a timeout MTBF Mark Time Between Frames with maximal length of 1 second At the end of a packet a timeout MTBP Mark Time Between Packets is placed with max length of 1 second If there appears any level high or low on the line for more than 1 second then this situation is evaluated as a loss of the signal error which is a dangerous situation PERM Low E 7894 Fig 3 2 2 5 Composition of the DMX512 data packet 28 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 26 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Tab 3 2 2 2 Parts and lengths of the DMX512 data
12. a computer or by so called button mode without a PC 2 2 Elko EP iNels m a B gt illc S Fig 2 2 1 iNels 3 iNels is a typical fully centralized automation system based on the special central PLC like unit CU2 01M or on the modular PLC Tecomat Foxtrot This system is not focused only on family houses but with a usage of the PLC Foxtrot also on BMS building management systems of large buildings In the case of installation with CU2 01M up to 192 connected I O devices in family houses the system is capable to solve every typical task e g HVAC lights shutters blinds plus some specialties such as security and fire safety features energy management voice control control over TV PC or GSM If PLC Foxtrot is used as the control unit then the possibilities of the system are much wider up to 288 connected I O devices using 9 CIB and of course much more expensive iNels offers communication over its own bus called C B or over CAN A new feature is a wireless connection of sensors and actors using protocol RFox In the case of the PLC Foxtrot used as the central unit it is possible to communicate over protocols LON BACnet DALI M Bus Profibus DP or Modbus 2 3 Eaton Moeller X Comfort and Nikobus A Mkobus Fig 2 3 1 Nikobus Nikobus 4 is one of a few hybrid building automation systems in topology Inputs up to 256 sensors per one unit are connected using a bus with central functional units actor units and en
13. are called OpenTherm ID There are 256 OT ID available 128 of them are reserved for OEM use and the other 90 are functionally specified 16 data Value bits In normal operation a master sends a frame every second Answer from a slave is expected in 20ms 800 ms After a slave answers there is a 100 ms pause Frame structure Fig 3 2 5 6 OpenTherm frame structure 51 There exist only few standard interfaces for interconnection of the OpenTherm system with BACnet IP LON Modbus WWW Fig 3 2 5 7 or KNX Fig 3 2 5 8 mopaus BACnet Do LONWORKS Boiler OT Gateway Thermostat Fig 3 2 5 7 A gateway to other systems 53 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 37 Ed B UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Homeautomation OpenTherm KNX E z EIB KNX Brauch Heizuno Wasser Fig 3 2 5 8 KNX and OpenTherm 54 Advantages of OpenTherm a OpenTherm can use existing 2 wires cables which were used for example for an old thermostat b No polarity sensitive wiring c Nouse of batteries a master powered from a slave d An open standard devices from different companies can work together e Offers comfortable controlling of a HVAC application e g shows more details about state of the boiler on a display of the thermostat Further reading 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
14. individual control Automatic identification of failed lamps and ballasts Robustness an interference free operation Disadvantages From the point of view of today s state of the art DALI is a little bit archaic system which should be upgraded new specification 3 0 should come in near future DALI cannot be used for controlling fast changes of brightness because of its very slow communication speed 1200 b s Another disadvantage is a high price of devices which are equipped with DALI A lot of DALI master units still support only a single master system Maximal length of the line is 300 meters and only 64 devices can be connected Also adding more than one sensor or switch directly into the DALI bus is not easy because they have to support the multi master structure So an easier way how to solve this problem is to keep the sensors separate from DALI line and send commands through a central controller Fig 3 2 1 5 Moreover the market offer of DALI sensors is not very wide Interconnections There exist a gateway to almost every important building and home automation system bus or protocol Modbus DMX512 KNX BacNet Loytec LON or Xcomfort Nikobus Another possible option of interconnection is a modular PLC used as an Ethernet gateway for DALI or to connect DALI with EnOcean and other protocols Future autumn 2009 Because DALI is today a little bit archaic but relatively often used system for controlling lights there
15. is connected to the BMS but sensors switches of the DALI system are connected directly to the DALI control units or to the DALI line Only information about faults states and most important commands central on off is communicated between the DALI system and the BMS Therefore most of the commands are issued locally from DALI area Fig 3 2 1 4 The DALI system is not dependent on the BMS and it can work correctly without a BMS Building DALI Area Management Area Building Management Connection Operation Light and or Remote uttons Presence Control Detection Fig 3 2 1 4 DALI as a stand alone subsystem of the BMS 22 c A pure subsystem of BMS Fig 3 2 1 5 A DALI system is fully dependent on the BMS all commands come from the BMS through the DALI BMS gateway DALI master That means that without the BMS the DALI system does not work From these three possibilities this one is the most frequent solution Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 21 v Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Building a DALI Area Management Building Area a Management U Connection DALI Control unit Multisensor W m IR Receiver amp Z Operation E uttons Remote Control Fig 3 2 1 5 DALI system like a pure subsystem of the BMS 22 Bus parameters A DALI line is a
16. packet 28 Transmitter Receiver 2 veksterweskiMAS B snme La sane Ls Least significant Data BS O 5 Most s s s s m R E Most Significant Data Bit MSB Mark Time between Slots Slot n Data Max 512 With the transmission speed 250 kb s every bit lasts 4 us so data frame s length 11 bits is 44 us If we have 512 data frames then a data packet with a break and MAB lasts Break MAB 1 512 frame min 88 min 8 513 44 min 22668 us So the highest freguency of the data packet sending is about 44 12 Hz 44 updates second Application of the protocol Dimmers Mirror positioning Gobo positioning Gelstring positioning Shutter positioning Focus motor positioning Fog and smoke machines Because there is no error checking DMX cannot be used for pyrotechnics or laser control and other safety problematical applications Standard In the year 2004 DMX512 standardized by ANSI under the standard E1 11 2004 USITT DMX512 A Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 27 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Remote Device Management 29 The disadvantage of the simplex communication of DMX512 was eliminated in the year 2006 approved by ANSI with an enhancement of the DMX512 protocol called Remote Device Management RDM RDM allow bi directi
17. price and design for their project Product lines include not only actors sensors or visualization panels but also gateways which are capable to interconnect the KNX system with all other building automation systems e g BACnet LON EnOcean DALI OpenTherm The system can be used for automation of every type and size of a building from family houses to office complexes and airports A classical and basic application of the protocol is a sophisticated light control but today it covers all main tasks in building automation energy management energy consumption measure HVAC control using KNX meteo station advanced shutter and jalousie control control of electronic devices security and safety tasks Similarly to other typical complex standardized protocol KNX uses more than one physical layer Twisted pair wiring inherited from the BatiBUS and EIB Powerline networking 230V inherited from the EIB and EHS Wireless KNX RF carrier frequency 868 3 MHz Infrared Ethernet KNXnet IP The most frequently used medium is a twisted pair called TP1 with a speed of 9600 bit s which enables an interconnection of basic sensors and actors field level TP1 is also used as a power supply for sensors Ethernet physical layer is used mainly for a connection of higher devices automation level like gateways touch panels computers or PLCs with the rest of the system The communication itself is based on two types of address
18. 6 V and log 0 24 V and slaves are responding by the change of the current on the bus log 1 1 5 mA and log O is represented by consumption higher by 11 to 20 mA than in the case of log 1 There exist four types of frames which are traveling between master and slaves Single Character Short Frame Control Frame and Long Frame There exist also a lot of converters and gateways which are interconnecting M Bus with other protocols and buses e g M Bus to Modbus M Bus to IP Ethernet or M Bus to KNX In Fig 3 2 4 2 and Fig 3 2 4 3 an example of an Ethernet gateway is depicted equipped by a webserver SNMP XML Syslog Modbus TCP and automatic graph generating Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 31 v Ed ES UNIE Evropsky soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vas budoucnosti OO OO OO OO OO OO Hreus e HWg PWR M Bus Energy Meter e M Bus EN 13757 2 Fig 3 2 4 2 An example of an Ethernet gateway 44 Hydrometer Electricity Meter Gasometer HWg PWR kod mm Uo SNMP Trap ETHERNET 1j Fig 3 2 4 3 Connection of the Ethernet gateway 44 Bus PT wireless Fig 3 2 4 4 Wireless M Bus 45 Wireless M Bus The newest approach year 2007 in the protocol is Wireless M Bus standard EN 13757 4 developed by a Norwegian company Radiocrafts AS This new feature uses a frequency 868 Ondrej Nyvit Buses Prot
19. 908 1 European Union intelligent buildings GB Z 20177 1 2006 Standardization Administration of China control networking Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 16 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti GB T 20299 4 2006 Standardization Administration of China Digital Technique Application of Building and Residence Community SEMI E54 16 Semiconductor equipment manufacturers standard for sensor actuator networks To support the protocol and the standards an association called LonMark was founded It has more than 400 members and it maintains the standards and the interoperability of devices Besides companies like ABB Honeywell Thermokon Shneider Somfy or WAGO LonWorks devices are also produced by Czech companies e g ZPA or ATD Today we can say that the platform is more popular in North America than in Europe where the leader on the market of building automation is KNX The LonWorks platform is focused mainly on the automation and field level of the hierarchical model The system is based on a completely decentralized peer to peer net of Smart nodes Neuron chips Every Neuron chip has a 48 bit unique serial number which is very important for the identification in an installation The dependency on a proprietary Neuron chip which is the heart of every LonTalk device is the most important disadvantage of the platform This chip d
20. Automatizovan syst my budov Praha Grada Publishing a s 2009 978 80 247 2367 9 11 ICT TU Wien About BACnet BACnet Online Cited February 25 2011 http www ict tuwien ac at bacnet 12 Swan Bill The Language of BACnet Objects Properties and Services BACnet org Online Cited February 25 2011 http www bacnet org Bibliography ES 7 96 ES 7 96 htm 13 KNX Association KNX KNX Online Cited February 22 2011 14 KNX Central Control of the Public Lighting System with KNX KNX org Online Cited February 23 2011 http www knx org fileadmin downloads 02 20 20What 20is 20KNX 03 20 20KNX 20Award 20Projects KNX 20Award 20Projects 202008 S 20 9620KNX9620Award962020089620 9620Special29620EN pdf 15 Cruise Ship MS Belle de l Adriatique KNX org Online Cited February 23 2011 http www knx org fileadmin downloads 029620 9620What9620is9620KNX 039620 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 43 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 20KNX 20Award 20Projects KNX 20Award 20Projects 202008 S 20 20KNX 20Award 202008 20 20Special 20EN pdf 16 Terminal 5 Heathrow in London KNX org Online Cited February 23 2011 http www knx org fileadmin downloads 02 20 20What 20is 20KNX 03 20 20KNX 20Award 20Projects KNX 20Award 20Projects 202006 english_commercial_ Androme da 20Telemat
21. Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation Ond ej N vlt Z hs gt E EVROPSK UNIE Evropsky soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vasi budoucnosti Department of Control Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague 2009 2011 ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Table of contents L Basile eeror atO AE 3 LE V cuneum o 3 1 2 System COMUPAlIZA LION RT EE 4 1 3 System complexity and Versatility ccccccecccccssseccccssecceceeecceeesececeeseceseeceeeegeceesseecetsueceeeseges 5 1 4 Physical layer communication medium eeesseeeeseeennnennn nennen nnne 6 2 CIOSBOU SUSPODNIS vassseitesmedtiqiddt O cem eee eee eee bu e 7 EE Dcos 7 9420 208 Word Te 8 2 3 Eaton Moeller X Comfort and Nikobus eeeeeeeeeeeneeeneeeee ee nenne nennen nne nennen nennen 8 3 QOp nstandargdized Protocol cities isis Peto aeo citai reee PRX be ORe ena PR I xo iT TIRAS SEN Oare PAY riais 11 gt 4 PNE Ge OO COIS mmm 12 3 1 1 v sl SSS 12 212 Send m T 14 3 1 3 LonWorks and LonTalk see 16 3 2 Specialized and other standardized protocols cccccss
22. VROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 4 Other buses and systems used in home automation There is a lot of other buses protocols and systems that are used in the building automation and in BMS but they are not much wide spread or their usage in buildings is not a typical application some examples include Well known open standardized protocol CAN Control Area Network CAN has a lot of applications in car or train automation industrial automation and also some in the building automation Moniko Tower in Z rich BMS Local Control Network LCN http www lcn america com Zumbotel Luxmate a system for light management which is using DSI Digital Signal Interface and DALI www luxmate com MP Bus a bus designed by the company Belimo for a master slave communication with valves lC protocol used typically for sensors in robotics ZigBee universal wireless mesh network CEBus Consumer Electronics Bus C Bus oBIX Open Building Information Exchange is a standard for Web Services based interfaces to building control systems 60 DyNet UPB Universal Powerline Bus X10 a open standard for a communication of home automation devices INSTEON Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 42 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 5
23. andard for communication So a DMX152 line a segment is made of twisted pair wires and has to be terminated with a resistor with a value 120 O a terminator The maximal length of the DMX512 cable is 1 200 m 3 900 ft A number of segments is not limited Standard connectors for DMX512 are with 5 or 3 pins i e XLR style microphone connectors Originally there was used only the 5 pin connector with 2 twisted pairs the first pair is used for DMX512 data and the second pair can be freely used by a manufacturer Now 3 pin connectors are commonly used with only 1 twister pair reserved only for DMX data The pin out for the 5 pin and 3 pin connector is showed in Tab 3 2 2 1 and on Fig 3 2 2 1 and Fig 3 2 2 2 Tab 3 2 2 1 Pin out of DMX512 connectors Pin 3 pin XLR 5 pin XLR Ground shield Data 1 first TP DMX data Data 1 first TP DMX data 5 pin XLR male female Fig 3 2 2 1 Pin out of 5 pin XLR 25 3 pin XLR male female Fig 3 2 2 2 Pin out of 3 pin XLR 26 Networking DMX512 devices are connected using a daisy chain method Every device has a DMX512 in connector and often a DMX512 out or thru connector A DMX controller has only DMX512 out connector Devices at the end of the segment have to have the terminator in out connector placed i e the resistor 120 O between pins 2 and 3 Some of the devices Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 24 Ed ES UNIE
24. are PLCs PCs or sensors and switches There are two possibilities of the master slave DALI system 1 Single master monomaster system only one master on the DALI line 2 Multi master system more than one device operates as a DALI master on one line sensors switches PLCs These devices must follow some traffic rules to avoid data collision and to maintain the correct system function Every master supports the monomaster system but only newer master devices support multimaster systems The basic principle is that a master gets signals from sensors or higher control systems and after processing this data it creates and sends commands for slaves or groups of slaves and waits for possible answers with state information The possibility of the feedback is very beneficial with regard to the fact that bulbs and lights get broken often DALI system and a building management system BMS Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 20 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti a A completely stand alone DALI system Fig 3 2 1 3 There is no connection with the BMS All slaves are controlled by masters completely locally Building DALI Area Management Area Light and or Operation Presence uttons Detection Fig 3 2 1 3 A stand alone DALI system 22 max 64 b A stand alone subsystem Fig 3 2 1 4 A DALI system
25. aster generates a PWM signal which is representing the desired temperature of the boiler water a set point In the case of short circuiting of the OpenTherm connection the boiler stars to heat the water The current signal from the boiler indicates its status error and no error OT is not a much usable implementation and due to its restrictions and limited possibilities is not used often b The full implementation of the protocol is called OpenTherm plus OT OT is in contrast to the analog OT a digital implementation That means that no PWM signal is generated and communication is realized by packet sending Devices which are supporting both implementations detect automatically after reset which protocol is used by a partner side The OT protocol uses Manchester encoded Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 36 Ed ES UNIE Evropsky soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vas budoucnosti synchronization can be done every bit unidirectional serial communication with a transmission rate of 1 0 kHz and data frame Fig 3 2 5 6 consisting of 34 bits a start bit 32 data bits a stop bit The data bits consist of 1 parity bit even 3 message type bits used for an identification of the content and meaning of the frame read data write data data invalid 4 spare bits 8 data ID bits which identify uniquely the transmitted values These bits
26. co uk index php keyzvoting 41 EnOcean Case Studies Online Cited May 12 2009 http www enocean com en case studies 42 Technik ihned cz nepatrn energie se d efektivn vyuzit Odpady Odpadov hospodarstvi ekonomika Zivotn ho prostred Online 3 25 2005 Cited May 4 2009 http odpady ihned cz secpart clanek fchec ih 43 M Bus Usergroup M Bus Usergroup Online Cited August 27 2009 www m bus com 44 HWgroup HWg PWR M Bus IP m i energie SNMP WEB HWgroup Online Cited March 28 2011 http www hw group com products HWg PWR hwg pwr cz html 45 Voj ek Antonin Sb rnice Wireless M BUS jde to i bezdr tov Automatizace HW cz Online Cited March 28 2011 http automatizace hw cz sbernice wireless mbus jde i bezdratove 46 Kocourek Petr and Novak Jiri M Bus Popis funkce Online Cited August 26 2009 http fieldbus feld cvut cz mbus mbus html 47 Wikipedia EN Meter Bus Wikipedia Online Cited March 28 2011 http en wikipedia org wiki Meter Bus 48 Wikipedia CZ M Bus Wikipedia Online Cited March 28 2011 http cs wikipedia org wiki M Bus Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 45 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 49 Voj ek Anton n M BUS Meter Bus z kladn popis komunika n ho protokolu Automatizace hw cz O
27. d devices like shutters blinds lights or heaters are connected directly to Ond ej N vlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 8 Ed ES UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti functional units star topology Fig 2 3 2 Nikobus bus is physically realized by a twisted pair and is used also as a power supply for sensors Nikobus can take care of basic automation tasks for example light HVAC and shutter blinds control switching of electric devices security and alarms or energy management Central functional units are not universal these devices are specialized on some kind of tasks a shutter blinds unit a dimming unit or a switching unit These units have functions prepared inside so users have to only configure them by the computer or using the screwdriver It is possible to incorporate RF components into the Nikobus system Today the Nikobus is a little bit old fashioned and not much adaptive system but can be cost effective for some basic simple installations f ooo Yi ie Vi 4 Mn te eee L i bore EE WEN E ome B Y WE X oe T di 3 Dj switching unit sunblind unit dimming unit Fig 2 3 3 Nikobus topology translated from 5 Fig 2 3 4 X Comfort Xcomfort 6 is an example of relatively cheap complex wireless solution for home automation especially suitable for build
28. ddressed to one device to the whole group or to be broadcasted to every slave Every ballast slave has configuration information saved in its memory which can be edited by a master and consists of Address of a device Group assignment of a device Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 19 Ed ES UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Fade time and rate Light levels Power On Maximum System failure Values of brightness in assigned scenes Every slave device provides this feedback information to the master Lamp brightness state on off brightness Lamp energy level Lamp condition failure Layout of a DALI installation Free Installation O DALI controller DALI ballast Fig 3 2 1 2 Example of a free DALI system installation 22 Standards The DALI interface will be included in the international standard IEC 62386 Another standard which covers this topic is IEC 60929 the fluorescent lamp ballast under Annex E DALI Action Group DALI AG is a working group of manufacturers and institutes which takes care of the DALI technology defines technical principles and concepts of use etc DALI AG consists of more than 40 companies for example WAGO ABB Helvar OSRAM Philips Lighting Tridonic ATCO or Zumbotel A Master slave system DALI is a strictly master slave system where slaves are light sources and masters
29. e complicated and complex actions for example precise movement to intermediate position or request for diagnostic feedback messages possible responses a motor is rotating direction of the rotation a motor defect an actual position Diagnostic response is also possible to be read during the drive rotation SMI Applications SMI is specialized only in the intelligent digital operation of drives in buildings The typical applications are roller shutters sun protection systems venetian blind drives awning solar operated systems swimming pool covers winter gardens smoke and fire protection SMI drives can be operated by control units which can be completely stand alone Fig 3 2 6 3 or are connected to higher building automation systems like KNX or LON for example Fig 3 2 6 4 Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 39 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 1A uE Roller shutter control unit Home automation Fig 3 2 6 3 Home automation and SMI 58 M M s motor control unit Bus EIB LON etc Integration into building automation Fig 3 2 6 4 SMI and BMS 58 Communication SMI uses a 5 wire cable Fig 3 2 6 5 for the interconnection of the units three wires are for the power supply L N PE and the last two wires are reserved for the data transfer Maximal length of the cable is
30. ems with both types of communication wired and wireless iNels 2 1 ABB Ego N Ego n Fig 2 1 1 ABB Ego n 1 Ego n 2 is a centralized bus building automation system focused mainly on family houses It has its origins in the Czech Republic The bus is physically realized by a 4 core cable with 2 cores for data and 2 cores for a power supply to the devices There exist two types of buses Fig 2 1 2 primary max 700m length and secondary max 2000m length The primary bus connects sensors and actors up to 64 devices on the bus with a central control unit The secondary bus is optional and it connects up to 8 central control units a GSM unit a unit of logic functions a TCP IP module and other high end devices Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 7 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Communication Module Primary bus Power Supply Module Power Control Sano ontro Module Control Module Module Secondary bus Secondary bus n Ee Fig 2 1 2 Ego n Bus structure translated and redrawn from 1 2 2 Ego n can solve typical simple home automation tasks HVAC shutter blinds and light control motion detection simulation of a presence of persons in the house control over GSM PC or PDA fire and security alarms and so on The configuration of the system can be done using
31. ergy harvester and converter Legend Window Sensor Light Actuator Actuators receivers A Y Bidirectional components Room Controller Gateway Batteryless switches and sensors transmitters A HVAC Actuator k 4 Switch y F Sensor Networking Fig 3 2 3 2 Example of a control system based on the EnOcean 38 Types of energy harvesters for battery less nodes a Motion converter gains energy from switching operations button motions piezoelectric crystal deformation Service free for 50 000 switching cycles b Solar cells used for example for a window monitoring c Thermal converter heat dissipation is used as an energy source Peltier element d Rotation converter used for example for monitoring of car wheels e Vibration converter used in industry ENERGY 3 SENSOR WIRELESS MODULE SYSTEM WIRELESS MODULE Jm Energy Converter Microcontroller LL A gt RF Transcewer Microcontroller RF Transcever Status measured value Onftrol ugnal Energy Management INFORMATION Fig 3 2 3 3 Principal structure of the EnOcean sensor node 38 Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 29 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Wireless technology EnOcean modules use two frequencies 868 3 MHz for
32. es individual and group address Every device in a KNX net has a unique individual address This address is used only for programming configuration and monitoring of the device not for transferring process data For this purpose there are dedicated group addresses This type of address is not bundled with a device but with a shared variable of a specified type we can also call them net variables This variable forms the connection between sensors and actors because it logically connects together a group of variables of the same type located in different devices More than one device can listen to one group address and react on changes but only one device can write data to the group address 1 producer and 1 or more consumers So for example when a push button is pressed then it sends a packet with some group address Then a light actor which is listening to this group address on the bus recognizes the change of the variable and switches the light on Important fact is that there is no packet sent directly a packet with destination address equals to the individual address of the device from the push button to the actor The KNX system can be configured and parameterized very easily For this purpose there exists a tool called Engineering Tool Software ETS which is manufacturer independent and easy to learn So the KNX system avoids typical problems of other standardized systems e g BACnet where exists a special configuration too
33. eveloped with the companies Toschiba and Motorola is based on three 8 bit processors where two are dedicated for the protocol itself and the third one for the application CPU1 Medium Access Control CPU2 Dedicated to processing Net variables CPU3 User application programmed in a language called Neuron C The communication between nodes is realized by a logical linkage of network variables Every device has a set of inputs outputs and configuration network variables These variables can only be of a type defined in the standard the standardized types are called SNVT Standard Network Variable Types Every SNVT contains some specific properties e g upper down limit So for example if a thermostat wants to read a temperature from some sensor then a virtual logical linkage between an output variable of the sensor and an input variable of the thermostat has to be created the variables have to be of compatible type One output variable can have a linkage with more than one input variable This is a little bit different from the approach of the KNX where the interconnection of input output variables of devices is created by a group address of some standardized type Measured values can be sent automatically in the case of some percentage change analog variables state change binary variables in some specified time intervals using timer or after some explicit request from another device The LonTalk protocol can use one of si
34. f operator interface functions reside Additional functions include communication with controllers monitoring alarm annunciation trend logging and statistical analysis centralized energy management functions and communication with or coordination of dedicated non HVAC systems such as fire alarm and security control As a practical matter most of the devices at this level are personal computer workstations The automation level is where the majority of real time control functions are carried out The devices tend to be general purpose programmable controllers The field level contains the devices that connect to sensors and actuators We would tend to think of field level devices as unitary or application specific controllers Fig 3 1 The three level architecture and basic protocols 8 Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 11 Ed E UNIE Evropsky soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vas budoucnosti A4 too d 70 Ww d E k KNX LONMARK 0 D Fig 3 2 Standards in building automation 9 ilm 3 1 Complex protocols Complex standardized protocols are the most important section of building automation from the global point of view Today there exist millions of their applications from light control on an airport or in a city to the room control of luxury ships all over the world Standardized protocols are often supported by an academic resea
35. from the other standardized protocols in one aspect it is focused on the management and automation level Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 12 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti in the above described hierarchical model Fig 3 1 and Fig 3 2 This orientation is used mainly in non residence buildings BMS The BACnet is an example of a completely non proprietary object oriented system That means that there are no proprietary special chips needed in opposite to LonTalk On the two lowest levels of the ISO OSI model the protocol is very flexible because we can presently choose from a very incompatible group of data link physical layers including Fig 3 1 1 2 ARCNET Ethernet BACnet IP Point To Point over RS 232 Master Slave Token Passing over RS 485 LonTalk or KNX IP BACnet Layers ISO OSI Layers BACnet Application Layer Application Layer BACnet Network Layer Network Layer ISO 8802 2 Type 1 MS TP Es a Data Link Layer ISO 8802 3 onak E Ethernet ARCNET ene EIA 485 EIA 232 ena Physical Layer Fig 3 1 1 2 BACnet protocol layers and equivalent ISO OSI Layers 11 The information exchange between devices over the BACnet is basically based on objects and services Today there exist 49 standard objects in the BACnet and every unit consists of at least one object for example Device mandator
36. heels monitoring Another interesting application is an audience voting system developed by the EnOcean s UK distributor 40 In this system each member of the audience receives a four button remote control Fig 3 2 3 4 with an EnOcean transmitter which has a unique identification number The signals from the controllers are then decoded by a receiver connected to a PC Other examples of the usage of EnOcean are listed in 41 Further reading 38 39 40 42 Fig 3 2 3 4 EnOcean Voting System 40 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 30 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 3 2 4 M Bus Meter Bus Bus Fig 3 2 4 1 M Bus 43 M Bus is the first communication protocol primarily designed for remote reading of consumption meters water heat electricity or gas This protocol can be used in industry as well as in building automation Meter Bus was developed by Dr Horst Ziegler of the University of Paderborn in cooperation with Texas Instruments Deutschland GmbH and Techem GmbH actual version is 4 8 The usage of the M bus and the requirements for the protocol are very different from the other systems presented here the protocol offers fail safe data collecting from consumption meters on a long distance with a very low speed which is the effect of the robust disturbance non sensitive communication the same ap
37. ics PDF 17 Wikipedia EN KNX Wikipedia Online Cited february 22 2011 http en wikipedia org wiki KNX_ standard 18 Echelon LonWorks Technology Overview Echelon Online Cited February 23 2011 http www echelon com communities developers lonworks 19 Wikipedia EN LonWorks Wikipedia EN Online Cited February 23 2011 http en wikipedia org wiki LonWorks 20 Galbavy Martin Vizualizace a vzd len zen v siti LonWorks Bachelor thesis Prague FEE CTU in Prague 2006 21 DALI AG DALI Online Cited June 17 2009 http www dali ag org 22 Advance The ABC s of DALI Online Cited June 17 2009 http www advancetransformer com uploads resources CO 7110 RO1 ABCofDALI pdf 23 Wikipedia EN DALI Online Cited June 17 2009 http en wikipedia org wiki Digital Addressable Lighting Interface 24 Resi User manual RESI DALI MODBUS Converter Online Cited June 17 2009 http www marcomweb it Documenti DALI MODBUS pdf 25 Baldwin Tom 5 pin XLR Online Cited June 17 2009 freespace virgin net tom baldwin pinout 5xlr html 26 Baldwin Tom 3 pin XLR Online Cited June 17 2009 http freespace virgin net tom baldwin pinout 3xlr html 27 Doug Fleenor Design Inc DMX 512 A Simple Explanation Online Cited June 17 2009 www dfd com dmxbasic html 28 Rol Erwin DMX512 Online Cited June 17 2009 www erwinrol com index php stagecraft dmx php
38. ing reconstruction The system is made of fully decentralized units communicating together using a proprietary wireless protocol with a carrier frequency 868 3 MHz Both actors and sensors usually using batteries are able to route packets so if one device sends a message for a device which is not in the range of the Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 9 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti transmitter then other units in range are able to receive the message and send it to the next device until it reaches the desired device The disadvantage is that the routing vector has to be preprogrammed to the devices using the computer Basic configuration of a simple installation parameterization of predefined functions can be done without the computer only by a screwdriver This system is as usual capable to solve all the typical tasks of home automation including basic remote visualization of the house on the computer PDA or GSM control ability The advantage of this product is that the producer Moeller Eaton of the system offers other companies to share the communication protocol with them if they add some new interesting feature or device into the Xcomfort system There are of course some disadvantages for example the radiator valve needs external power supply modern wireless valves use batteries for example in the system made by
39. k soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 2 Closed systems Closed building automation systems or proprietary systems are typically focused on family and small houses There exit tens of these systems on the market today They are developed not only by no name producers but also by traditional companies like ABB or Moeller Eaton Components for these systems are often offered in hobby retail chains like OBI Hornbach and Baumax and in most cases they are cheaper than any system based on an open standard Closed systems are usually complex so they can solve all the basic tasks of home automation HVAC light and shutter blinds control remote control PC PDA phone and so on A disadvantage is that they offer only very limited possibilities in functions interconnections or designs of devices An advantage of this kind of systems is that they often do not need any special training for installation and programming often without PC only using a screwdriver We can find centralized distributed and also hybrid closed systems Closed systems are based on a proprietary communication protocol with wired Nikobus or wireless connection Xcomfort Conrad FS20 and HomeMatic Wireless closed systems are becoming very popular today because their price is comparable to the price of a wired solution with the advantage of easier installation especially for older houses Also more and more producers start to offer syst
40. l for every manufacturer quite often you cannot use a tool from one producer for devices using the same protocol bus from another producer The ETS tool is managed by the KNX association and the manufacturers only have to add a plug in into the ETS tool This plug in is designed for a detailed configuration of a device and its functions The ETS tool exists in several modifications based on skills of a user Of course there are still some bugs in the ETS tool If the possibilities of the Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 15 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti parameterization are not complex enough for the installation purposes then a PLC with a KNX interface can be connected into the system First disadvantage of the KNX system is the price of the components for small installations e g family houses Second disadvantage is that the bus is designed only to transfer a small amount of data the speed of TP1 which is the mainly used medium is only 9600 bit s of a special type so it cannot be used for transferring and processing of a bigger stream of data for example from a CCTV as opposite to LonWorks protocol where this is possible Besides classical applications of the Konnexbus we can find some interesting huge or atypical installations like the Central Control of the Public Lighting System in the city of Salzburg 14 equipme
41. n The disadvantages of the system are on the first place prices of devices equipped with this protocol relatively small group of offered products and especially in the Czech Republic the low availability of the products on the market An alliance The EnOcean Alliance was founded in the year 2001 as a spin off company of Siemens AG who created this technology EnOcean Alliance contains nowadays more than 100 integration partners Siemens WAGO Osram Steute Thermokon VIPA Phoenix Contact which offer more than 300 products with the EnOcean technology There exist a lot of Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 28 Ed E UNIE Evropsky socidlni fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do vasi budoucnosti interfaces and gateways for its interconnection with buses such as KNX LON or with TCP IP and communication modules into PLC Nodes There are 3 types of nodes transmit only wireless sensors receive only actuators gateways and bidirectional wireless sensors wireless actuators gateways repeaters nodes Nodes can be harvester powered sensors actuators battery powered sensors actuators or line powered actuators sensors gateways repeaters A lot of modules mainly sensors are service free and self powered without battery so they use some kind of energy from the surrounding environment with an optimal energy consumption management Every self powered sensor contains an en
42. nline Cited March 28 2011 http automatizace hw cz mbus meterbus zakladni popis komunikacniho modelu 50 OpenTherm Association OpenTherm Association OpenTherm Online Cited May 19 2009 http www opentherm eu 51 NEC 78KO Series OpenTherm Data Link Layer Implementation Online Cited June 17 2009 http www eu necel com pdf U17475EE1VOANOO PDF 52 OpenTherm Association OpenTherm Newsletter 04 2009 Online Cited June 17 2009 http www opentherm eu pdf OTnewsletter0409 pdf 53 KWE Technologies Group Versatronik 505 OT OpenTherm Gateway Online Cited June 17 2009 http www kwe tech com index php section Products amp subs Comm 20Gateways amp page OpenTherm html 54 HKL Info Bus Systeme in der Heizungstechnik Online Cited June 17 2009 http hkl info de bussystemehkl html 55 Wikipedia EN OpenTherm Online Cited June 17 2009 http en wikipedia org wiki OpenTherm 56 O Hara Martin An Introduction to OpenTherm Online Cited June 17 2009 http www beama org uk UserFiles file downloads smarthouse OpenTherm_SmartHomesJuly07 p df 57 Honeywell Data Id Map Online Cited June 17 2009 http www hccp nl opentherm 20pages Data Id 20Map otm 58 SMI Group SMI Online Cited August 20 2009 http www smi group com 59 Jungst Christoph SMI Drive Technlology for Roller Shutters and Sun Protection Online Cited August 20 2009 http w
43. nt of the Cruise Ship MS Belle de l Adriatique 15 or BMS of Terminal 5 Heathrow in London together with DALI 16 Further reading 13 17 14 15 16 3 1 3 LonWorks and LonTalk fe Fig 3 1 3 1 Lonworks 18 LonWorks is an automation platform with a standardized communication protocol called LonTalk developed in late nineties by the company Echelon In opposite to the BACnet and the KNX LonWorks with LonTalk were not developed primarily for the purposes of building automation but as a universal automation platform LonWorks is a very flexible and complex automation system which is currently used not only for building automation but we can find also some very successful applications in other fields of automation Train and subway control Industrial production control Petrol and gas stations control Semiconductor manufacturing Consumer appliance controls Public street lighting monitoring and control Rail Electronically Controlled Pneumatic Braking LonTalk is similarly to BACnet or KNX supported by some international and national standards ISO IEC 14908 1 4 ANSI IEC 709 1 B Control networking and home control ANSI ASHRAE 135 1995 MAC layer for the Building Automation and Control Networking standard IEEE 1473 L Intra car and inter car communications for rail vehicle passenger trains AAR ECP American Association of Railroads electronically controlled pneumatic braking systems EN14
44. ocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 32 V Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti MHz with a max speed from 4 8 kb s to 100 kb s Wireless M Bus has the same application layer as the wired version but it has its own physical and link layer Wireless M Bus modules E O Ny n Water meter gt A 6 R gue Gas meter qm Heat meter D Fig 3 2 4 5 Radiocrafts AS Wireless M Bus 45 One of the most important differences between the wired and wireless version is that in the wireless approach the master is not initiating the communication The master is now only a collector or a concentrator of measurements and the meters themself start periodically the communication and send him the measurements The reason for this approach is the need of low energy consumption because the devices are usually powered by batteries The device is usually in the sleep mode where it saves the battery the battery then can power the device up to 20 years After the predefined interval a timer wakes the device up and it sends the measurement to the master GAS ELECTRICITY Wireless Meter Bus Radio Network 433MHz or 868MHz USB Host mm i Webserver Internet Display Control Fig 3 2 4 6 Basic principles of the Wireless M Bus 45 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 33 Ed E UNIE Evro
45. oday ISO IEC 14543 3 CSA ISO IEC 14543 3 Canada CENELEC EN 50090 Europe CEN EN 13321 1 Europe GB Z 20965 China The KNX system is a typical example of a fully decentralized complex home and building automation system every device has its own intelligence and knows what to receive send from to the bus and how to process the received data As is usual in the case of standardized protocols there exists an association KNX association 13 which cares about everything around the protocol organizes a scientific conference every year users meetings trainings publishes its own journal develops and produces software for the users and manufactures The KNX association has nowadays more than 220 members including companies ABB Gira Schneider Wago Hager Siemens Buderus Viessman Somphy Bosch or Toschiba There also exist more than 30000 installer companies in 100 countries and 150 training centers all over the world Strong academic research is very important for the KNX the scientific club of the Konnexbus comprises about 60 universities for example prof Kastner in TU Wien These facts imply that customers can Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 14 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti choose from a very large portfolio of KNX devices more than 7000 which are the most suitable with a function
46. onal communication between a light source and a controller over standard DMX512 line Devices that support RDM can be placed on the same line with devices that do not support it operation of these devices is not disturbed RDM has a different start code So this enhancement allows DMX512 to manage and configure devices or process a status monitoring RDM has three basic communication types unicast broadcast and discovery Art Net 30 Art Net is an Ethernet based protocol for transporting DMX512 data This protocol is also supported by over 20 manufacturers and also by the Wireshark software Further reading 25 26 27 28 29 31 30 32 33 34 35 36 37 3 2 3 EnOcean Lina enocearn Fig 3 2 3 1 EnOcean 38 EnOcean 38 is an example of the modern popular completely wireless green technology EnOcean is a system of a distributed intelligence based on a communication between wireless intelligent sensors and actuators every node has its own processor microcontroller so it can make its own decisions This system is often used only as an I O subsystem a building fieldbus for a larger building automation system Advantages of an EnOcean technology a Wireless communication b Smart energy management with a low consumption of energy c Innovative energy harvesting d Alot of service free maintenance free battery free nodes e Reduced fire risk inductive fields and low electromagnetic pollutio
47. ple is that a thermostat or a room unit calculates a heating demand and transmits it to a boiler or a heater Then the boiler answers with his status and with other information for diagnostics OpenTherm uses 2 wire non polarity sensitive physical layer where the cable is used not only for the communication between master and slave but also for powering the master The maximum length of the wiring is 50 meters In communication the master changes voltage level when transmitting data and the slave changes current when answering to the master Used levels of the current and the voltage are Current high signal 17 23 mA low signal 5 9 mA Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 34 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Threshold 11 5 14 5 mA Voltage high signal 15 18 V low signal 7 V max Threshold 9 5 12 5 V Rise and fall times 50 us max Current Voltage high level threshold low level Time Fig 3 2 5 2 Current voltage levels in an OpenTherm communication 51 OpenTherm is not exactly a bus system because the communication can be only point to point or multipoint to point a An older type of the communication is point to point Fig 3 2 5 3 which means 1 master controller thermostat communicating with 1 slave boiler ooon n lt Burner OpenTherm Room controller
48. proach as the DALI bus 3 2 1 Today M Bus is strongly supported by traditional automation companies like Siemens DESIGO WAGO or ABB and also by a lot of smaller companies which are besides sensors usually selling gateways for every important communication bus Wired M Bus The basic wired version of the M Bus has a physical link both covered by the standard EN 13757 2 and application layer EN 13757 3 implemented This basic version can have up to 250 slaves connected to the master by the bus If this amount is not enough then the network layer can be implemented M Bus is a serial bus with 8 bit asynchronous half duplex communication equipped by two basic communication mechanisms request response and acknowledged communication The communication itself is based on the master slave model where the master unit is also called a Repeater In the wired version the master unit starts the communication and asks slaves for measurements The advantage is that the slaves can be powered directly by the bus instead of batteries The wired bus is a physically shielded twisted pair and the distance between two devices can be up to 1000 meters with max speed 300 bauds The highest speed of the communication through the wired M Bus is 9600 bauds when the distance between two devices is no longer than 350 meters The exchange of data is similar to the OpenTherm technology 3 2 5 The master is changing the voltage when it sends the data log 1 3
49. psk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti This solution can be used for a lot of interesting applications for example for a realization of a reading of water consumption meters in houses from a car the car is going through the street and wirelessly reads the meters so there is no need of personal visit to the house Fig 3 2 4 7 An example of the usage of the Wireless M Bus 45 Further reading 43 46 47 48 49 45 3 2 5 OpenTherm MY OpenTherm Fig 3 2 5 1 OpenTherm 50 OpenTherm 50 is a manufacturer independent protocol for communication in HVAC and heating systems OpenTherm products are typically room thermostats heating control units boilers air heaters programmers weather compensators or cascade controllers It is an open standard which specification is available to all members and also for non members of the OpenTherm Association The OpenTherm protocol was for the first time specified for the first time in the year 1996 by the company Honeywell Later this company sold the specification for one British Pound The reason for creating this protocol was a need to have a standardized and simple to use communication between thermostats and boilers The non profit OpenTherm Association has more than 40 member companies today year 2008 42 companies for example Viessmann Hager Controls SAS Honeywell Siemens Building Technologies Communication The basic princi
50. r open specifications which are accessible for everybody who pay some fee not only for the manufacturer who developed the protocol It is common that everything about the protocol is managed by a special association not by the developer company The most significant advantage of this approach is evident open specification ensures a big flexibility for the building control system designer because there usually exist more than one manufacturer of a device with a desired function Differences between devices are in a price design or additional functions Another advantage is that these protocols are supported by significant academic research producing new non traditional features to the system for example TU Wien is one of the leading research facilities for the KNX protocol One of disadvantages of open protocols is usually the price of the system for family and small houses These systems are cost effective for bigger and large buildings such as office buildings hospitals hotels or airports Examples of some standards which cover the most important building automation protocols are KNX EN 50090 and ISO IEC 14543 Lon ANSI CEA 709 1 BACnet ASHRAE ANSI 135 and ISO 16484 5 Specification e g communication protocol of a closed system is in opposite to open protocols not public to everyone it is private to the developer company There exist some exceptions for example Eaton company and their Xcomfort system where they offer the
51. rch on one or more universities The market consists of hundreds of manufacturers with thousands of devices equipped with one of these protocols In opposite to the systems based on the closed protocols Chapter 2 systems presented in this chapter are used not only in family houses but they offer also a sophisticated approach for a complex building management of large buildings e g airports hospitals office buildings There exists a lot of books in many languages about these famous building automation protocols We can also find some usable books in the Czech language for example Building automation communication systems with EIB KNX LON and BACnet from the authors Hermann Merz Thomas Hansemann and Christof H bner 10 which practically shows basic principles of KNX LonMark and BACNet This is the reason why these three huge and important protocols will be described only briefly in this chapter 3 1 1 BacNet Fig 3 1 1 1 BACnet The development of the BACnet protocol started in late eighties in the USA in the society called ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers From the beginning of its development the protocol was designed only for the purposes of building automation as its name suggests A data communication protocol for Building Automation and Control networks Today BACnet is covered by two standards SO 16484 5 and ANSI ASHRAE STANDARD 135 The protocol is very different
52. scccccsssscceceesececeesececcegececesceeseusecesaugeees 19 3 2 1 B Pee 19 3 2 2 bib ecd Kone M O O O res 23 3 5 uec met ce 28 3 2 4 M Bus MET DU aon ee utitur torpe E ne erc ne D ME eee MINUTES 31 3 2 5 OS quia ciao MR 34 3 2 6 SMI Standard Motor IDter dC e users tta ab Eoi ERI ARE Sev REVUE Ete barrios eso ra 38 4 Other buses and systems used in home AUTOMATION ccccceeeccceeeeseeeecceeeececeuecsceueeceueceeeeeseeness 42 S olo 022 IDI R E 43 Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 2 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 1 Basic categorization Building automation systems and protocols can be divided into a plenty of categories using very different rules In this wide set of classification properties we can determine some basic and interesting classifiers openness centralization or versatility of a system These categories provide us important information which is crucial in assessing usability of a protocol or a system for a project 1 1 System openness This property describes dependency of a system on a manufacturer There exist two essential categories e Open protocols KNX LON BACnet DALI OpenTherm EnOcean e Closed systems Ego n iNels Nikobus XComfort Open protocols are based on open standards o
53. should come some new specification of the DALI bus soon with new improvements Besides a new specification the WAGO Company is preparing release in 2 years a new master PLC card which will support the multi master DALI Further reading 21 22 23 24 3 2 2 DMX512 DMX512 is a simple serial standard protocol designed especially for controlling light sources dimmers and other light effects in theaters discotheques DMX512 was developed in the year 1986 by the institute USITT United States Institute for Theatre Technology and updated in the year 1990 The purpose of the developing DMX512 was the same as in the case of DALI to replace old fashioned analog 1 10 V dimming which has problems with interference and every device has to have its own wires connected to a controller a star topology Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 23 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti A basic principle of this protocol is very simple a master periodically sends a packet of 512 bytes containing commands for slaves over the RS 485 line That means that DMX512 is a master slave system without a feedback from slaves light sources to the master controller and without an automatic error checking or correction We call this type of communication a simplex one way communication A physical layer DMX512 uses the RS 485 EIA 485 st
54. specification of their communication protocol in some cases to manufacturers who can add new features into their system Closed building automation systems are closer to the end user than the open protocols you can buy components sensors and actors of these systems in supermarkets like OBI Hornbach or Baumax The advantage are the prices of the components and of the whole system for family houses flats or small houses Usually these systems are very easy to install and to program often without a computer Closed systems are in the most of cases able to solve all the basic task of home automation But they do not offer big versatility a user can choose only from a very small group of devices and designs Another problem is that users are dependent on one producer only and when the manufacturer stops the production of the devices there will be a problem with the expansion of an installation and with replacement of crashed devices Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 3 Ed ES UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 1 2 System centralization Another property which divides protocols and systems into very different groups is logical or topology centralization e Centralized systems Ego n iNels systems based on central PLC e Decentralized distributed systems KNX LON Xcomfort e Hybrid systems Nikobus A centralized system Fig 1
55. ttle bit out of every category Protocols presented here are often used by systems based on one of the complex protocols described in Chapter 3 1 or by a system with a programmable logic controller PLC Presented protocols DALI light control DMX512 light and effects control for concerts discotheques EnOcean general I O M bus primary for remote reading of consumption meters OpenTherm heating control SMI drives and motors control shutters 3 2 1 DALI Fig 3 2 1 1 DALI 21 DALI DALI Digital Addressable Lighting Interface is a standardized bus and protocol for controlling switching and dimming of light sources in a building This protocol is intended as a replacement of classical light control possibilities such as the analog 1 10V dimming or relay switching DALI is based on the DSI Digital Signal Interface protocol which is also a competitor to this solution With this protocol light sources can be switched and dimmed a logarithmic dimming with the range 0 1 100 96 whole light scenes can be defined and controlled Another feature is a feedback from the bus and from every light so it is possible to read out a state of the ballast and possible errors One DALI line supports Max 64 devices masters slaves Max 16 groups of devices any slave can belong to as many as 16 groups Max 16 light scenes Commands e g power on off dimming setting of a specific brightness can be a
56. two wire polarity non sensitive non polarized line with max 300 meters length the maximal voltage drop is 2 V which consists of up to 64 devices There are no special wiring requirements due to the low transmission rate and the line also does not need to be terminated by any resistor The topology of the system is absolutely free line star tree ring and the bus is powered by the voltage 9 5 22 4 V usually 16 V Maximal transmission speed is 1200 b s DALI uses Manchester encoding and together with its high SNR this bus is very robust and foolproof Maximal current input of 250 mA is allowed on the DALI line and each device may consume a maximum of 2 mA The low level on bus is O V 4 5 V to 44 5 V and the high level is 16 V 9 5 V to 22 5 V PO ER a n E n L DALI ae L DAL eT eT in Is E md o DALI L DALI ee eel Serial connections a EE m i O E Ga 7 33 a E F Tne TaD Combined installation Fig 3 2 1 6 Topology possibilities of the DALI system 22 Ond ej N vlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 22 V ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti Advantages Easy modification no need of rewiring in case of a change Energy savings 30 60 96 through dimming lights in response to actual brightness of natural light and switching by occupancy sensors More comfortable lighting scenes
57. up to 350 m with free topology Data transfer is bi directional with a speed 2400 Bit s SMI drive Fig 3 2 6 5 SMI cable 58 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 40 Ed E UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti f Drive 1 Dnve r Brive rema ram rem LISM Qi LISM I LISM I 45 45 45 L I Y Y Y RPM Lee Loe ee NIE E i i I L 12 in channels U L i i L LI i 4 m A Bus system Fig 3 2 6 6 SMI cabling and basic concept 58 SMI Group SMI Group is today autumn 2009 much smaller than for example the OpenTherm Association DALI Group or EnOcean Alliance but is still growing Group consists of 7 base members Becker Antriebe GmbH elero GmbH Griesser Electronic AG SELVE GmbH amp Co KG and Alcatel Lucent Deutschland AG which own the brand and finance the SMI development Then there are 11 SMI Partners license holders for example ABB WAGO Insta which are producing and selling SMI compatible drives and control units The last part of the SMI Group is SMI Supporters which are supporting the development of the SMI 4 companies One of interesting applications of the SMI protocol is a sun protection system in the new opera building in Oslo based on SMI drives Further reading 58 59 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 41 ES E
58. ww knx org fileadmin downloads 05 20 20KNX 20Partners 02 20 20Becoming 20a 20certified 20KNX 20Training 20Centre 2008 20Conference 15b_ Jungst B ecker en pdf 60 Wikipedia oBIX Wikipedia Online Cited March 25 2011 http en wikipedia org wiki OBIX 61 N vlt Ond ej Automatick n vrh zen pro domovn automatizaci Diplomov pr ce Praha FEL VUT 2008 62 Chaloupek Jind ich Sb rnice pro zen inteligentn ch budov Semestr ln pr ce Praha FEL VUT 2009 63 KNX Connecting M Bus meters to the KNX World KNX org Online Cited August 26 2009 http www knx org knx knx applications smart metering connecting m bus Ond ej N vlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 46
59. x physical layers for transferring its data Twisted pair common Power line 230V common Radio frequency Infrared Coaxial cable Fiber optics One of the newer features of Lon is LonTalk over IP or so called IP tunneling which is very popular There exists a special transceiver for every physical layer which is transforming physical layer specific signals to standardized input signals for the connected Neuron chip The LonWorks platform can manage almost every task and wish in building and home automation BMS from room temperature control to security and access control systems Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 17 ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti But because of the cost of devices LonWorks similarly to KNX is still not much suitable for normal family houses Further reading 19 10 20 18 Ondrej Nyvlt Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 18 ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti 3 2 Specialized and other standardized protocols This chapter discusses a major part of important single purpose standardized protocols in building automation houses discotheques offices In addition to these protocols we will also discuss the EnOcean protocol in this chapter which is not single purpose but it is a li
60. y for every BACnet device Analog input output value Binary input output value Schedule Calendar Program File Access Door Every object has some common properties like identifier name or type and some special properties dependent on the type of the object In the protocol there are more than one hundred properties defined Properties can be accessed read or written by calling special services The services in total more than 30 are not made only for accessing the properties in general they can be described as follows Services are the means by which one BACnet device acquires information from another device commands another device to perform some actions or announces to one or more devices that some event has taken place Each service request issued and service acknowledgment reply returned becomes a message packet transferred over the network from the sending to the receiving device 12 All these facts show us that besides traditional tasks of small and medium building automation HVAC and light control BACnet is able to take care about tasks of BMS and complex building systems e g security and fire safety systems access control systems vertical transport systems elevator control maintenance or waste management Another Ondrej Nyvit Buses Protocols and Systems for Home and Building Automation 13 v ES EVROPSK UNIE Evropsk soci ln fond Praha amp EU Investujeme do va budoucnosti

Buses, Protocols and Systems for Home and Building

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