Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components
Contents
1. i I TOES 1500 dan CF 4 0 GHz 1001 pts 200 0 ns Dae JUN Sole TAaeel Figure 8 Zero span measurement on pulsed signals standard bandwidth 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 10 1MA127 2e Pultit he o a Hef Level 10 00 d m BBW 50 MHZ J d a SW ope VEW 0 MHZ 100 Em CR40GH 3 i foo pts St may Dee dIuN Ads Ltt Figure 9 Zero span measurement on pulsed signals 100ns and 50 ns Zero span measurement on a pulsed signal with RBW 80 MHz and pulse widths of 100 ns and 200 ns The peak power can be measured with little error for pulse widths as low as 100 ns When equipped with the R amp S FSW B8 option and the R amp S FSW B160 I Q demodulation bandwidth extension the R amp S FSW can even deliver an I Q demodulation bandwidth of 160 MHz This makes it possible to measure peak power even for pulse widths lt 30 ns see Fig 10 Stalk es l w em j 5 N AL i P Ref Lavel 10 00 dEr Meas Time 2us SHate 200 0 MHz Att 0de Freg 40GHz Rei Length ta i TRS FR Stohr om ns l Magnitude PRP VER ZAP VIE Dabrul Wend Figure 10 FSW zero span measurement with extended I Q demod BW Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 11 2 2 2 Amplifier Testing S Parameters under Pulse Conditions Components such as amplifiers are typically characterized in terms of their gain frequency response matching and phase response by2. 2009 HF Signalgenerator R amp S SMA100A NEWS 199 09 pg 48 49 20 Wendler W 2011 The R amp S FSVR real time spectrum analyzer NEWS 203 11 pg 50 51 PD 5214 0701 71 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 26 Kraemer W 2009 Signalgenerator R amp S SMF100A NEWS 199 09 pg 42 43 PD 5214 0701 71 available from http Awww2 rohde schwarz com 27 Wenzel S 2010 modular broadband amplifiers NEWS 201 10 pg 28 31 PD 5214 3769 72 available from http Awww2 rohde schwarz com 28 Leffel M 2011 Pulse Train Master for SigGens Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1MA148 available from http Awww2 rohde schwarz com 29 Breuer P and Bin Rahim F 2011 Aeronautical radio navigation meas solutions Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1MA193 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 30 Ramian Dr F 2011 Real Time Spectr Analysis White Paper Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1EF77 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 31 Ramian Dr F 2010 External Mixers to extend freq range Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1EF75 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com Nr 1GP75 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 33 PDF datasheet of product type MAPS 010163 downloaded from https www macomtech com at June 21th 2012 34 R amp S FSW K6 Pulse Measurement Option User Manual 2012 R amp S order nr 1173 9392 02 04 32 Troster C 2010 Easy generati
3. http www2 rohde schwarz com file_3769 Pulse profile measurements V2 pdf Minihold 2009 Pulsed radar power amplifiers Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1MA126 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com Henkel 2010 Connect once and fully characterize active components NEWS 200 10 PD 5214 0718 72 pg 18 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com R amp S ZVA Vector Analyzer High performance up to 110 GHz with up to four test ports Product Brochure 09 00 Jan 2011 PD 5213 5680 12 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com Braunstorfinger 2009 Phase Adjustment of Two MIMO Signal Sources Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note Nr 1GP67 along with Phase Tracker Software available from http www2 rohde schwarz com Friedrich N Editor in Chief 2011 Airborne radar Microwaves amp RF June 2011 pg 38 43 Browne J 2011 Tracking The Evolution Of radar Microwaves amp RF June 2011 pg 52 56 Schneider M 2005 Automotive radar Status and Trends GeMiC 2005 pg 144 147 Robert Bosch GmbH Corporate Research PO box 77 77 77 D 31132 Hildesheim GE Reuter R 2011 77 GHz radar Solutions FTF Freescale Technology Forum Powering Innovations June 2011 Makowitz R and Reuter R 2012 77 GHz radar Sensorsysteme Automotive Marz April 2012 pg 20 23 Agilent Technologies 2004 Fundamentals of RF Pulse Analysis using a Spectrum Analyzers Wikipedia org 2012 radar available from http e
4. 20 can be easily identified MultiView amp Spectrum Pulse Meas Time 20 ms Att 40d6 Freq 3 4GHz Meas BW 40 Mrz l Magnitude Capture ei lw 3 Pulse Width Trend i O 05 20 0 meePulse 1 Pulse 27 4 Pulse Statistics D Pulse Results Pulse a Statistic Width Pre a m 327 18C Looe 480 Figure 20 Pulse measurement of a pulsed signal with varying PRI 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 20 1MA127 2e 3 Automotive Applications Today s automotive radar applications are focusing following items speed surveillance crash avoidance parking assistance pedestrian detection Automotive radar applications are dealing with much shorter distances of surveillance compare to Mil Aero radar applications While the latter are working in the range of 10ths of kilometres the former are operated in the range from only a few centimeters up to roughly 200 meters The much smaller distance to be covered in automotive radar is causing two important technical differences in the appropriate systems e the equipment can be operated at much higher frequencies e the radiated electric power can be smaller Therefore automotive radar works on operating bands such as 24 26 GHz or 76 77GHz and 77 81 GHz In research and development systems working at frequencies up to 110 GHz are in focus Due to the smaller radiated power there is no mandatory need for pulsed transmission in automotive ra
5. Figure 35 R amp S SMU200A as a substitute for an exciter cece cecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 36 Figure 36 R amp S SMF100A up to 43 5 GHz as a substitute for an exciter 36 Figure 37 Receiver testing using complex waveforms ccceececseecseeeeceeeeeeeeeaeeeeees 37 Figure 38 Testing long real world scenarios using the R amp S AFQ1IOD0A cee 38 Figure 39 R amp S radar product portfolio classification 0 2 0 cece cceececeecseeeeeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeees 39 Figure 40 General test equipment for radar applications ccceccceceeceeeeeeeeeaeeeeees 40 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 3 1MA127 2e 1 Motivation The scope of the subject radar has expanded in the recent years in terms of its technical evolution and spreading of applications Main causes are that CAD CAE tools are enabling a quicker and more predictable design and that highly integrated signals processors and post processing units are available for applications not possible at a nominal budget in the past Related improvement in test amp measurement devices prompted an update of the former R amp S radar Overview application note 1MA127 which has been separated into two documents The 1MA207 White Paper describes the general topics not related to the R amp S product portfolio This Application Note at hand is supplementary to the White Paper The structure of this document now
6. ID ns Averaging T Trapper ternal piatra Lari 25 0 6m Hobie goon as Dropout 0 200 a us Position ec contr o gt irs Offset 500 da meer 1 300 2 GHz Figure 5 NRP Power Viewer Plus software user interface 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 8 1MA127 2e For repetitive signals the R amp S NRP Power Viewer Plus software provides high time resolution in conjunction with the R amp S NRP Z81 Z85 and Z86 power sensors to enable display of time domain behavior even for very steep edged pulses See Fig 5 and 6 This allows determination of all of the relevant pulse parameters with high accuracy HAG Power Viewer Flys Ejja Fis Semo Messuresent Window Help ft P us we F d j T a my WE the A Seniors Continuous Average Dace EF ZE z Ofir 00 S de Frequency 1 200 gt GHz Figure 7 NRP Power Viewer Plus pulse width measurement Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 9 2 2 1 Pulse Measurements using a Spectrum Analyzer The R amp S FSW provides an optional analysis bandwidth up to 160 MHz The peak power can be measured very accurately for pulse widths down to about 100 ns See Fig 8 9 and 10 Ref Level 10 00 dBm RBW 10 MHz Att OdB s SWT Sus VBW 10 MHz TRG i Vero Span 30 cam i 4000 Si 60 cen FO dah Ad tem r a0 m
7. The following two measurement examples give an overview of the measurement functionalities provided by the R amp S FSW K6 Overviews 00 abit Meas Time S50 y Lpo t nS an a Maas OUO tei Pulse Meas Pulse Period Tapit Modulation Frequency Droop Rel Level Source Filler Pulse Width Att Lawal Maas BW Offset Meas Tine m RS Le Signal Description Input Frontend gJ Data Acquisition A ist E Detection Measurement Result Config Display Config Reference Top Level Posithon Threshold Meas Levels A bririt Hysteresis Means Point Lemgth Limit Maas Ranga sissies l Magnitude Capture Figure 18 Signal flow chart of R amp S FSW K6 application 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 18 1MA127 2e Example 1 measurement of linear FM chirped pulses The first measurement example described here is the verification of a linear FM chirped pulse signal In Fig 19 the R amp S FSW K6 is configured to provide an overview window Magnitude Capture allowing the user to verify his capture settings The result table is configured to show pulse width chirp rate and frequency error The numbers in the table allow a quick verification of design parameters as well as a comparison of one parameter over consecutive pulses Fig 19 also holds three intra pulse displays showing frequency phase and magnitude The intra pulse displays each show one parameter over time for one selected pulse Within the
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9. S parameter measurements S parameter measurements are generally performed with a vector network analyzer using CW signals However this technique can be inadequate or totally impractical with pulse radar components such as radar transmitter amplifiers The amplifier might behave differently in CW mode compared to pulse mode or might even be subject to thermal overloading Meas Receiver DUT Ref Receiver Generator Pulsed Source Figure 11 Sample circuit using a signal generator as pulse source Fig 11 shows a schematic diagram with a pulsed signal source such as the R amp S SMF100A connected to a R amp S ZVA vector network analyzer Fig 12 shows a detailed block diagram as an example of a test setup for pulsed S parameter measurement on an L band radar power amplifier 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 12 The pulsed output signal of the SMF is amplified to the required drive power by a power amplifier operating in linear mode Part of the input power and of the reflected power of the amplifier module under test DUT is coupled by a bidirectional coupler and reduced by attenuators 20 dB to the levels suitable for the ZVA reference and test inputs The DUT output is connected to a 30 dB power attenuator A part of the attenuated output signal is coupled by the directional coupler and fed via another 10 dB attenuator to port 2 of the ZVA This w
10. as listed below e Testing complete Phased Array systems Vector network analyzers ZVA ZNB families or generator analyzer combinations ex SMB100A FSW families e Stimulation and evaluation of digital radar control signals Control Platform OSP family and digital oscilloscopes RTO family e Testing complete radar systems including test software TRM radar Test System TS6710 e Entry level solutions for typical small budget areas ex Service and Maintenance Power Meter NRP Z81 When testing subsystems for instance as shown in Fig 27 the vector network analyzer VNA is the ideal instrument The RF ports of the DUT can be directly connected to the RF input and output port of the analyzer Four independent output signals at the USER CONTROL connector along with simple extension circuitry can be used to control phase shifters and programmable attenuators as included in TRMs Along with its internal command sequence capability the VNA can be easily configured as an automatic dedicated test device for TRM modules and appropriate radar systems 1MA127_ 2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 27 For higher requirements R amp S offers complete test systems for TRM modules TS6710 as shown in Fig 28 Figure 28 Test system for TRM evaluation Along with its three main modules the test systems provides all tests needed for complete TRM module evaluation e Z VA24 for generating all incomi
11. broadband signals up to 200 MHz RF bandwidth as well as very long signal sequences up to 1 Gsample of memory Fig 37 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 36 digital section DCG digital chirp generator STALO stable local osc Figure 37 Receiver testing using complex waveforms 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 37 The R amp S AFQ100A makes it possible to test the baseband receiver unit separately from the rest of the radar system by using broadband and very long sequences real world signals TX gate HRS BPF NTR STALO circulator al a h C Oo limiter reer T blanking s HEK D BPF BPF 5 DCG digital chirp generator STALO stable local osc Figure 38 Testing long real world scenarios using the R amp S AFQ100A 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 38 1MA127_2e 5 Overview R amp S Radar related Products General Tests S Parameter Tests Signal Generation and Evaluation in Signal Generation and Evaluation different products combined in one product Signal Generation Vector Network Analyzer ZVA analog 1 port to N port vector modulated x frequency range Signal Evaluation Hardware Extension ZVAX24 power probe Combiner spectrum signal analyzer Harmonic Filters oscilloscope baseband analysis Pulse Modulati
12. bus e Noise floor of 158 dBm at 1 GHz and 130 dBm at 65 GHz e Resolution bandwidth of 1 Hz to 50 MHz e Total measurement uncertainty lt 0 3 dB e Frequency resolution of 0 01 Hz e Low phase noise over entire measurement range e Can function as an RF power meter just by adding a sensor e Broad array of analysis options http www2 rohde schwarz com product FSU html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 52 R amp S FSV40 Signal Analyzer Vector Signal Analysis and Spectral Analysis in a Single Instrument i i A i SS Soa SS i f ee e Frequency range up to 3 6 7 13 6 30 40 GHz e 40 MHZ signal analysis bandwidth e 0 4 dB level measurement uncertainty up to 7 GHz e 110 dBc 1 Hz phase noise at 10 kHz frequency offset e Displayed average noise level DANL in 1 Hz bandwidth 155 dBm at 1 GHz with R amp S FSV B24 preamplifier 162dBm at 30 GHz e 15 dBm third order intercept TOI e Removable hard drive for applications where security is a concern e Frequency range up to 110 GHz with external harmonics mixers http www2 rohde schwarz com product FSV html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 53 R amp S FSW Signal and Spectrum Analyzer Setting standards in RF performance and usability i F 1 es a met f f oa A hn iE a F a 7 j I
13. into the Rohde amp Schwarz waveform format and transfers them to the Rohde amp Schwarz generators 3 The Rohde amp Schwarz Matlab transfer toolkit AN 1GP60 loads I Q signals generated using MATLAB directly into a Rohde amp Schwarz signal generator via GPIB or a TCP IP connection K6 Pulse Sequencer Generation of complex pulses and pulse i patterns Custom pulse envelopes apply HE modulation or jitter as well as markers build sophisticated test patterns for radar receiver tests Proprietary modulation schemes or envelopes can be applied ARB Toolbox Plus Tool for creating or manipulating waveforms for R amp S vector signal generators and baseband IQ modulation generators MATLAB Use R amp S MATLAB Transfer Toolbox san to interface with instrument Feii Figure 15 Loading data into the arbitrary waveform generator three ways Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 15 1MA127 2e 2 3 2 Measurement on more complex pulsed Radar Systems Zero Span Measurements The R amp S FSW can be used in conjunction with the R amp S FSW K7 AM FM PM measurement demodulator to perform a functional check on pulse compression radar systems Thus radar transmitters which use linear or non linear FM techniques can be checked see Fig 16 ea ewer ee oe S x Lem bem Ref Level 10 00 dBm Att Ode AQT 60 us DEW 40 MHz Freq 4 0 GHz TRG FEY SOM PPM Time Domai
14. intra pulse displays unwanted effects such as e g the rise and fall of the magnitude during the pulse on time can be analyzed The intra pulse displays also allow manual marker measurements of e g the chirp rate MultiView Spectrum Pulse Raf Level 0 00 dem Meas Time 2 ms Ati HO dB Freg 34 GHz Meas BW 40 MHz 1 Magnitude Capture i Cia 2 Puke Results 7 T Hi Vy ihe Pulse Freq Err a D FUSE Width RMS Chirp Rate us KHz eos 20 Oso MHz us Free Ten a I hl ddl be a PIE AAN L T A N ALAA TAS bhil 0 05 Pms 4 Pulse 1 Frequency ei Cliw amp Pube 1 Magnituee 1 Cw 6 Pulse 1 Phase ae a a E al a lemma 273 607 149296 prs OS GO00050 ys 2 4 65 149296 us S05 G200050 US 275 Bar 149290 ps 363 8500056 7 ps Figure 19 Pulse measurement on a linear FM chirped pulse signal Example 2 measurement of varying PRI pulse width and amplitude This measurement example analyzes a signal with pulses varying in pulse repetition in PRI width and amplitude In this case the R amp S FSW K6 was configured to display the result table along with a statistics table the parameter trend for pulse width and the overview window The statistics table shows the same parameters as the result table but calculates statistics i e minimum maximum average and standard deviation The Statistic display is split into two parts The first part contains the statistics calculated over all
15. more directly addresses the target groups Automotive FM CW radar engineers most likely are interested in different topics compared to engineers from the Aerospace amp Defense community i e issues related to pulse generation and evaluation Hence A amp D subjects are organized into the main chapter Aerospace amp Defense Applications while automotive topics are assembled in the appropriate Automotive chapter Subjects not fitting into any of these categories or which are important for both can be found in chapter Special radar measurements Using this structure in conjunction with the complementing white paper we hope to provide information on radar T amp M in condensed and well organized form to the main target groups This application note closes with a short overview of core radar related products from Rohde amp Schwarz and a classification of our large radar T amp M product portfolio Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 4 1MA127 2e 2 Aerospace amp Defense Applications 2 1 Pulsed Signal Generation Pulse radar with a rotating antenna Circulator Antenna Pulsed transmitter TE _ Pulse generator Sideband filter Figure 1 A pulse radar system using R amp S SMF100A The R amp S SMF100A can be used to simulate pulsed radar applications with a rotating antenna In this example see Figure 1 the external pulse from the pulse generator is applied to
16. 1 2 3 Pulse modulators To generate pulsed signals for pulsed mode measurements ZVAX B2 7x simple pulse trains can be generated from ZVA K27 more X 1 2 3 sophisticated ones can be fed in from external equipment o Directional Power couplers up to 43 dBm as replacement for ZVA ZVAX B29x couplers internal couplers for high power S parameter measurements g 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 33 Following additional information is available related to the hardware extension base unit ZVAX24 and its options e Detailed product description and order numbers of the products ZVAX B2xx in the product brochure of ZVA Ref 7 pg 18 and 25 e Article about the functionality of the extension unit Ref 6 Mechanical integration Passive radar applications need outdoor measurements with car mounted equipment This is along with field test or signal collection applications For this purpose it is useful to put the instrument combination into a portable rack as shown in Fig 33 before mounting into a vehicle 19 inch rack integration 1 U 1 75 ri T a a al art T TFE a i e _ a mg a gt fip 2 pt ae Er Bee AE he ee J n Figure 33 ZVA ZVAX24 mounted in a 19 portable rack The rack system as applied for the R amp S UCS calibration system is available either via http Awww knuerr ch INCAS System or ask your local R amp S dealer for a q
17. 110 dBc Hz L46 34 cBcyHe 18 2 dB nails Spot Hug TE wo spur agi Qt Met 968 08 dict 1200 kee 4524 dBctee am SOD HOG Re 150 64 dBokir VeLRWR h POA MHz 150 60 JBG a SHAT Ml THs m 1G000 MHZ 16 04 dBi ez iih I Tessin tf n 30 Ma e lis g A EA a 140 Th Bi ene M aF Ti re r i TH Gel H ai 150 ah ve tH Mo a ee 160 Ja o mi i 17u 1 HAZ 10 kHz 100 HAZ MHz 10 MHz Frequency Offset Figure 23 Intrinsic phase noise of the R amp S FSUP in the L band Fig 23 shows phase noise measurement results with correlation using the R amp S FSUP B60 option green curve and uncorrelated blue curve The R amp S FSUP signal source analyzer offers the following comprehensive test capabilities for use in testing COHO STALO Phase noise measurement using the phase detector method with internal or external reference Direct phase noise measurement with the spectrum analyzer Measurement of characteristic COHO STALO oscillator parameters Tuning characteristic with constant and variable supply voltage Tuning sensitivity Output power vs frequency and supply voltage Spurious frequencies and harmonics Transient response when changing frequencies Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 24 1MA127_2e 4 2 Automatic Noise Figure Measurements R amp S spectrum analyzers are ideal for making automatic measurements of the noise figure and gain due to their high sensitivity an
18. Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components Application Note Products R amp S SMU200A R amp S SMF R amp S SMA100A R amp S SMBV R amp S FSU R amp S FSV R amp S FSVR R amp S FSW R amp S NRP R amp S RTO R amp S ZVA The scope of the subject radar has expanded in the recent years in terms of its technical evolution and spreading of applications This application note along with its corresponding white paper 1MA207 show how to use the R amp S radar product portfolio to tackle test and measurement tasks in modern radar technology Target groups are students who want to become familiar with radar issues as well as radar professionals who want to solve certain test and measurement tasks Application Note Dieter Bues Roland Minihold 08_2012 1MA127_2e 1MA127 2e Table of Contents 1 MOVANO saa 4 2 Aerospace amp Defense Applications ccccsceseeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 2 1 Pulsed Signal Generation ccccceceeeesseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeneeeeeeseeseeeeneseanesenenees 5 2 2 Pulsed Signal Evaluation cccccccecsssecssseeeeeeeeseeeeeseneeeeeeseeseeseneseenesenenees 7 2 2 1 Pulse Measurements using a Spectrum Analyzer ccsesesseeeeeeees 10 2 2 2 Amplifier Testing S Parameters under Pulse Conditions 12 2 2 3 Pulse Profile Measurements cccceccesseeeeeeeneeeeeeeneesenseneesaneeeessnesenees 14 2 3 Generation and Evaluation of more
19. RPO X 10us 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 17 Automatic Detection of more complex Pulse Parameters The R amp S FSW K6 pulse measurement application is a tool to measure and display various timing amplitude phase and frequency related parameters The application uses digital baseband data I Q data captured by the R amp S FSW The available bandwidth is therefore given by the spectrum analyzers available I Q bandwidth Q data is time domain data and therefore allows time domain measurements as well as evaluation of the signal s phase A pulsed input signal is a signal whose carrier power is modulated by two states ON and OFF Basically a pulse is detected when the input signal power exceeds a threshold then subsequently falls below that threshold or vice versa Details on pulse detection are given in ref 34 chapter 4 2 The signal flow chart in Fig 18 provides an overview on how the FSW K6 performs pulse measurements The Q capture is followed by the pulse detection algorithm mentioned above which defines the sections in the I Q capture to be passed on to the measurement block The measurement block finally calculates the pulse parameters Default pulse measurements follow the IEEE 181 standard but can be configured for user specific needs Configurable settings are e g levels for rise fall tim measure ment definition of settling time and evaluation of pulse top level
20. SV K7 RTO Pulse Measurement Application FSW K6 Phase Coherence B90 Phase Coherence B90 Pulse Sequencer K6 Realtime Spectrum Analysis Phase Coherent Input Output K90 Pulse Sequencer K6 Figure 40 General test equipment for radar applications Fig 40 provides an overview of important radar related products offered by R amp S The figure consists of three different areas The standard radar frequency bands are shown in the center along with the appropriate frequencies and wavelengths The grey shaded area on the left includes important R amp S products to generate radar signals The grey shaded area on the right shows products to evaluate radar signals Each product family is represented by a white vertical bar The height of each bar is useful to get the appropriate radar bands to be covered by the specific product family By means of the dashed lines provided as reading aids the radar bands covered by each product family can be seen For instance the FSV family can be used to evaluate radar signals starting from the UHF band up to the KA band ending at 40 GHz For the sake of clarity the height of the product bars shows the total frequency range of the specific product family only The green and red colored vertical bars within the product families show the availability of following important radar related features e pulse modulation ca
21. amp S SMU200A Vector Signal Generator Versatile Wideband Digital Modulation e RF up to 6 GHz e Optional second RF path up to 3 GHz e Up to two internal baseband generators e Versatile internal digital modulation e Q modulator with 200 MHz RF bandwidth e Pulse modulator e Very low SSB phase noise e Very high level repeatability of 0 05 dB e High output power up to 19 dBm PEP overrange 26 dBm http www2 rohde schwarz com product SMU200A html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 45 R amp S SMBV100A Vector Signal Generator Signals for today and tomorrow 2 a a e RF upto 6 GHz e Maximum output level up to 18 dBm and up to 24 dBm in the overrange e Wide RF signal bandwidth of up to 120 500 MHz w internal external generators e High flexibility in generating arbitrary signals e Phase coherence option B90 e Pulse modulator generator K22 K23 e Pulse sequencer software K6 http www2 rohde schwarz com product SMBV100A html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 46 R amp S RTO Family of Digital Oscilloscopes e Bandwidth up to 4 GHz e Optional logic analysis extension with mixed signal capability e Digital trigger system operating in realtime e High trigger sensitivity at full bandwidth e Triggering and decoding of serial protocols e Generic Q Interface for external signal analysis K11 e Vari
22. ay the decoupled signals are fed to the corresponding R amp S ZVA receiver inputs for measurement of S11 and S21 details are provided in ref 5 Ref Out ZVA amp ZVA K7 amp ZVA B16 Port 1 Port 2 komplexe 21 amp 11 Messung Ref In Meas In Attenuator Attenuator 10 dB 40 dBm Attenuator Power Amp Module Attenuator 1 2 1 4 GHz 50 dBm Pulse Power Figure 12 Testing L band radar pulsed power transistor with R amp S ZVA 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 13 2 2 3 Pulse Profile Measurements In pulse profile mode the R amp S ZVA measures S parameters vs time With its 30 MHz maximum measurement bandwidth and 80 MHz sampling rate it is possible to determine the exact timing behavior of the S parameters even when dealing with the very short pulses that are commonly encountered in radar technology In pulse profile mode the R amp S ZVA writes the raw data into its own RAM Further signal processing such as filtering is then handled by the instrument software IF BW sampling rate 30 MHz 80 MHz IF gt ext Trigger Sofware DSP Figure 13 Pulse profile technique within R amp S ZVA Fig 14 illustrates an S parameter measurement made in this manner vs pulse duration on an L band radar power transistor g Trc5 RE dB Mag 10dB RefOdB Cal Trc ER dB Meg 0 2dB Ref30dBm Math D O E E a E E O C T T S T f bo
23. complex Radar Signals 15 2 3 1 Software Tools to generate more complex Radar Signals 15 2 3 2 Measurement on more complex pulsed Radar Systems 00 16 3 Automotive Applications cccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeeeeeeees 21 4 Special Radar Measurements c cccceeeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeees 23 4 1 Measurement of Phase Noise in Local Oscillators cccsseesseeeeeees 23 4 2 Automatic Noise Figure MeaSurement ccccccesssseeeeeessseeeeneeeeeeeeeees 25 4 3 Measurements on Phased Array SyStemMs ccccsssseesseeseeeseeesseneeeeees 26 4 4 Component and Subassembly Tests cccccceeseeseeeeeeeseeeeeeensesseeseeeees 29 5 Overview R amp S Radar related Products cseee 39 6 R amp S Instruments for Radar Applications 0 0 43 7 Common Radar Abbreviations cccccsseeseseeeeeeeeeenees 59 8 References rastia 62 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 2 1MA127 2e List of Figures Figure 1 A pulse radar system using R amp S SMF 100A cccceccceeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 Figure 2 SMF K27 pulse train Option on SMF eee ceeccceeeceeeeeseeeeeeeeeaeeeseeeeeeesaeses 6 Figure 3 pulse train as result of SMF K27 pulse train option ccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 6 Figure 4 Power Probes directly operated by means of a PC n a naansnannnnnsnnnnnnn
24. d power level accuracy in conjunction with the switchable calibrated noise sources The R amp S FS K30 application firmware provides features for these high performance analyzers which are otherwise available only in conjunction with special noise measuring setups The following parameters can be measured with excellent precision at a defined frequency or across a selectable frequency range e Noise figure in dB e Noise temperature in K e Gain in dB Besides LNAs frequency converters can also be tested The measurement results can be displayed in either graphical or tabular format Figure 24 Frequency converting DUT with R amp S FS K30 Gal Figure 25 Measurements results of R amp S FS K30 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 25 4 3 Measurements on Phased Array Systems As outlined in the White Paper 1MA207 electronic beamforming can be performed by means of antenna phase arrays which are feed by phase shifted signals In today s radar systems phase shifting is mainly achieved by electronic circuits a typical example is described in Ref 33 Di or SER IN 26 239 22 21 20 9 MAPS 01013 6 BT PHASE SHIFTER SEE DETAIL 7a DH TP TELLE PHASE SHIFTER DET AL RF IN b 4 b d RF OUT TF CY CY CY CY LY 58 deg 1L2 deg 225 dag 5 deg 90 deg 180 deg Figure 26 Digital Phase Shifter MMIC Fig 26 shows the appropriate block diagram By means of a chain of si
25. dar To increase sensitivity automotive radar systems are mainly working with a continuous frequency modulated signal FM CW in short As outlined in the White Paper 1MA207 test equipment for automotive radar systems are more focused on lower radiated power at higher frequencies compared to mil aero radar test equipment While commercial last generation automotive radar systems still are working with mechanical beam steering there is a clear trend towards digital beamforming DBF especially for 77 GHz systems where antenna arrays can be built on small footprints Therefore all information related to DBF as provided earlier in this document can be used for automotive radar systems in a similar way Signal generators SMB100A and SMF100A are ideal for automotive radar applications Both instruments can be operated in their base configuration with frequencies up in the 40 GHz range By means of external multipliers from the SMZ family the frequency range of SMF100A can be extended up to 110 GHz thus covering the entire frequency range of modern automotive radar systems SMB as well as SMF can provide FM modulated signals and therefore can be basically applied for automotive systems On the receiver side Signal and Spectrum Analyzers from the FSW family are best fitting automotive radar requirements due to low phase noise for oscillator tests along with the capability of analyzing short pulse rise and fall times Automotive radar system
26. dar system except for the power amplifier can be replaced with the R amp S SMU200A vector signal generator capable of complex modulation signal generation capability to determine whether there are any problems in the signal processing Fig 35 With pulse radar systems without pulse compression or when using linear FM chirp modulation with frequency deviations up to a maximum of 40 MHz the R amp S SMF microwave generator is suitable for use up to the highest RF frequencies 43 5 GHz The frequency multipliers R amp S SMZ75 90 110 increase the frequency range up to 75 90 110 GHz respectively 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 35 TX gate gt ry L circulator Z limiter Kae lt a Hee EFF BEF Oo i Oo a w w ia D wU STALO stable local ose Figure 35 R amp S SMU200A as a substitute for an exciter TX gate i Taie gl 4 ot a a D gt circulator a STALO stable local osc ExE i limiter 5 ME u Ss XS blanking iS amp EA g D BPF BPF pa Figure 36 R amp S SMF100A up to 43 5 GHz as a substitute for an exciter The receiver unit in a radar system can be tested separately based on complex receiving scenarios Useful instruments here include the R amp S AFQ100A I Q modulation generator in conjunction with the R amp S SMU200A or R amp S SMJ100A vector signal generator allowing generation of very
27. de schwarz com en products test_ and measurement signal_generation SMUK6 html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 48 AFQ 100A Arbitrary Waveform Generators Meeting New Challenges in radar Baseband Signal Generation e Variable clock rate up to 300 MHz e Maximum 1 Q bandwidth of up to 100 MHz for an RF bandwidth of 200 MHz e Ideal for generation of complex wideband radar signals with the R amp S SMU e Long signal duration 256 Msample or 1 Gsample e Analog I Q outputs balanced and unbalanced e Optional digital outputs http www2 rohde schwarz com product AFQ100A html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 49 R amp S NRP2 Power Meter Handles up to Four Power Sensors R amp S NRP Z51 55 Power Sensor Thermoelectric Accuracy at Its Best DC to 40 50 or 67 GHz Measures average power with best possible accuracy Measurement range 1 uW to 100 mW T correction to reduce matching errors Operation of sensor directly from PC via USB interface http www2 rohde schwarz com en products broadcasting broadcasting measurement NRPZ51 html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 50 R amp S NRP Z81 85 86 Power Sensor The Sensor of Choice for Analysis of radar Signals e Frequency range from 50 MHz to 18 or 40 GHz e Analysis of radar and communications signals up to 30 MHz RF bandwidth sensor ris
28. e R amp S ZVA offers a new technique for measuring the group delay and relative phase of frequency converters without access to the embedded local oscillator or its reference signal This method requires a four port R amp S ZVA with two sources ex ZVA6 to apply a two tone signal to the converter The R amp S ZVA evaluates the group delay by measuring the phase differences between both carriers at the input and the output of the DUT radar receiver and transmitter systems require that the built in mixers have well controlled amplitude phase and group delay responses The R amp S ZVA K5 option makes it possible to characterize all four complex S parameters of a mixer with LO access including absolute phase and group delay of the conversion loss This measurement uses full two port calibration which yields high measurement accuracy Circulators in radar systems are three port devices which route outgoing and incoming signals between the antenna the transmitter and the receiver Thus these non reciprocal devices work as isolators in which microwave power entering any port is transmitted to the next port in clockwise rotation All additional power flow is omitted in the ideal case refer to Fig 31 Figure 31 Circulator symbol scattering matrix and real world unit The appropriate s matrix therefore consists of all zeros with the exception of S21 S32 and 13 as indicated in Fig 31 This structure therefore can be easily measured u
29. e aircraft Air Traffic Control BARDS Baseband radar Detection Sensor B Blind Spot Detection B CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor COHO Coherent Local Oscillator Digital Beam Forming Direction of Arrival Digital Signal Processor Digital Terrain Model D D D D D D DoD o Department of Defense DUT Device Under Test E BW Bandwidth or Beamwidth Direct Current or Discrete Circuit Error Correcting Code ECCM Electronic Counter Countermeasures EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated power ELINT Electronic Intelligence electronic acquisition of radar parameters EMPAR European Multifunction Phased Array radar Electromagnetic Vulnerability Electronically Steerable Array Electronic Warfare Support Measures Electronic Stability Program Electronic Warfare Fault Collection Unit TC SD W BF C OA SP TM UT CC MV SA SM SP W CC 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 59 Common radar Abbreviations Abbreviation FC Federal Communications Commission FCW Forward Collision Warning FFT Fast Fourier Transform FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave FSK Frequency Shift Keying FTLO Fast Tracking Local Oscillator GaAs Gallium Arsenide GaN Gallium Nitride GCA Ground Controlled Approach High Frequency 3 30 MHz ntermediate Frequency Local Oscillator O TL O Low Observability LPI Low Probability of Int
30. e time lt 13 ns e Accurate continuous average power measurements on modulated and unmodulated signals from 60 dBm to 20 dBm e Ultrafast statistical analysis 1 million point CCDF in 25 ms e Operation of sensor directly from PC via USB interface http www2 rohde schwarz com en products broadcasting broadcasting measurement NRPZ81 html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 51 R amp S FSU Spectrum Analyzer Family Models up to 67 GHz without External Mixers in if c FE eons nennir I f aaia i idj A Br ie A 2 77 a fy iy aay et een PAF i e Models with upper frequency range of 3 GHz 8 GHz 26 5 GHz 43 GHz 46 GHz 50 GHz 67 GHz according to your needs e R amp S FSU67 is the only spectrum analyzer to cover the frequency range up to 67 GHz without external harmonic mixers and their inherent drawbacks e Instrument controlled internal RF attenuator 0 dB to 75 dB in 5 dB steps eliminates the external manually operated attenuator needed when harmonic mixers are used e Reference level range 130 dBm to 30 dBm is much higher than typically achievable with harmonic mixers e Unique choice for evaluating radar electronic warfare electronic countermeasures and battle field communications systems e Can make 80 measurements s in manual mode and 70 measurements s including data transfer over IEC IEEE 488
31. ed on the R amp S homepage using the search tags TS6600 and TS6710 tested on http www2 rohde schwarz com at June 21th 2012 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 42 6 R amp S Instruments for Radar Applications R amp S SMF100A Microwave Generator Special Features for radar Applications e 1 GHz to 22 GHz or 43 5 GHz e Extremely low phase noise and high rejection of harmonic and spurious signals e Fast frequency and level setting times e RF output up to 16 dBm optionally up to 25 dBm e Flexible generation of single or double pulses and pulse trains e Optional pulse modulator has on off ratio greater than 80 dB rise fall times of lt 10 ns and a minimum pulse width of 20 ns http www2 rohde schwarz com product SMF100A html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 43 1MA127 2e R amp S SMA100A Signal Generator The Perfect Substitute for Local Oscillators a R SA EC hy E S 900m Shia z725 000 a g e 9 kHz to 3 GHz or 6 GHz e Lowest SSB phase noise up to 6 GHz typ 140 dBc Hz at 1 GHz with 20 kHz offset e Optional high performance pulse generator and standard pulse modulator offer better than 80 dB on off ratio 20 ns rise fall time and 20 ns pulse widths http www2 rohde schwarz com product SMA100A html Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 44 R
32. ent This way measurement functions such as continuous average power trace statistics and data logging are available Up to four thermal sensors which are directly connected to the PC via USB can be simultaneously evaluated in continuous average power mode Various mathematical functions e g sum difference ratio SWR etc are available for analyzing the measurement results produced by the sensors Versatile trigger function internal external trigger definable holdoff and dropout time ensure correct measurements even under difficult trigger conditions In addition to the manual operation of power probes NRP Power viewer plus offers a scripting language which allows automatic test sequences to be created and being operated without the need of an extra software development environment Power Viewer Plus software is delivered along with power probes it can be operated under Windows MAC OS X or Linux In addition to Power Viewer Plus which is delivered along with NRP Zx power probes an additional software NRPV can be purchased NRPV provides additional flexibility in handling multiple sensors simultaneously Details on NRPV are available in Ref 23 see reference list at the end of this document E i0 x Fie Sersor Messuremert Winda Hep dow z a Sie ya a Q ay im G the J Bms Condnucus Average Taod Statistics Timeshe Muti Channel f a Y Scale 000 dim Ret 5 00 da oe fey Ful Sie 8 Scale
33. ercept Long Range radar LRU Line Replaceable Unit Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit Moving Target Detection Megawati North American market Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology OTH Over The Horizon Power Amplifier Phased Array radar PAR Precision Approach radar PDF Pulse Desensitization Factor Passive Electronically Scanned Array Pseudo Noise PRF Pulse Repetition Rate or Frequency PR Pulse Repetition Interval PRT Pulse Repetition Time PSS Predictive Safety System RU Line Replaceable Unt Radio Detection and Ranging RADAR RAM Random Access Memory radar Absorbing Material Rolling Airframe Missile or Reliability Availability and Maintainability RBW Resolution Bandwidth RCS radar Cross Section RDF Range and Direction Finding RS Ramp Slope RWR radar Warning Receiver 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 60 1MA127 2e Common radar Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 61 8 References ee Merrill Skolnik Editor in Chief 1990 radar Handbook Second Edition McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 057913 X 2 Hiebel M 2006 Fundamentals of Vector Network Analysis Fourth Edition 2008 ISBN 978 3 939837 06 0 PW 00002 6729 00 3 Rauscher C 2001 Fundamentals of Spectrum Analysis First Edition PW 0002 6635 00 4 Bednorz A Network Analyzer System for Pulse Profile Measurements
34. f Tests on Radar Systems and Components 41 Vector Network Analyzers and Tests Systems for radar applications Providing signal generation and evaluation at the same time is unique feature of radar test solutions introduced in this chapter Due to their independent generators and receivers Network Analyzers can be considered as small test systems they provide e signal generation according to radar requirements in terms of level and frequency range e signal evaluation e flexible in terms of hardware extension options e powerful software control capability either internal or external In addition to standard test instruments R amp S offers complete radar test system solutions providing the instrumentation hardware along with additional benefits as follows e Test software provided either as user extendable source code or fully operational e support in terms of on site installation training and hotline extendable by contract e User tailored application specific hardware For application specific hardware various platforms such as TSVP and OSP are available Both are highly configurable and can be equipped either with standard options or by user specific hardware In the latter case the user don t has to take care four control interfaces housing and power supply Currently there are two radar related test systems offered by R amp S e RF frontend tester TS6600 e TRM module tester TS6710 Further details on both test systems are provid
35. instruments include wideband power sensors such as the R amp S NRP Z81 power sensor with versatile measurement functions However a spectrum analyzer with a wide IF bandwidth in zero span mode will provide even greater flexibility for assessing the measurement parameters Figure 4 Power Probes directly operated by means of a PC The R amp S NRP Z81 85 86 are based on the latest power measurement technology They offer all of the features of a conventional peak power meter in a very compact package They can be operated with the NRP2 power meter or like all of the R amp S NRP sensors with a Windows PC e g as a cost effective solution for performing radar transmitter tests in the field No compromises were accepted in the areas of measure ment accuracy and functionality This makes the R amp S NRP Z81 85 86 very well suited for detailed analysis of radar signals with bandwidths of up to 30 MHz for individual pulses In addition the R amp S NRP Z81 also allows precision measurements of the average power of signals in the power level range from 60 dBm to 20 dBm The actual frequency range is from 50 MHz to 18 GHz for the R amp S NRP Z81 and 50 MHz to 40 GHz for the R amp S NRP Z85 86 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 7 R amp S NRP Power Viewer Plus is easy to use test software that provides all internal features of the power probe to the user just via a control PC without the need of a dedicated instrum
36. meet very demanding requirements for the phase noise The spectrum analyzers in the R amp S FSU R amp S FSQ family from Rohde amp Schwarz are well suited for such tests __ __ R amp S FSU R amp S FSQ lt I 200 MHz 1 1 GHz E i 5 GHz ae 25 GHZ pt OG 7 SSB Phase Noise dBc 1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz Carrier Offset Figure 22 Typical intrinsic phase noise produced by the spectrum analyzers The R amp S FSUP signal source analyzer provides an extremely wide measurement dynamic range along with very flexible test capabilities When equipped with the R amp S FSUP B60 option the R amp S FSUP signal source analyzer has two parallel receiving paths Due to the symmetrical structure that exists cross correlation between the two paths is possible allowing elimination of the uncorrelated intrinsic noise of the two reference sources This method can be used within the instruments full frequency range from 10 MHz up to 50 GHz The sensitivity is thus increased significantly and is no longer limited by the phase noise of the internal references An improvement of up to 20 dB is possible depending on the number of averaging steps Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 23 1MA127 2e Phase Noise ob cyHz Markar 1 Ta alta T1 RF A then 5 d 30 kHz TH Top
37. miter digital section DOG digital chirp generator TAI STALO stable jocal oscillator Figure 29 Typical block diagram for a single antenna radar system Functional groups 1 4 can be tested in all parameters using a Vector Network Analyzer VNA The best testing method for oscillators is by means of a phase noise analyzer ex FSUP The subsequent text will provide more details how to test radar components using a VNA 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 29 A VNA is highly suitable to test radar components A VNA includes one or more independent RF transmitters and receivers Each of the transmitters and receivers is covering a wide range in frequency and power By means of individually controlling frequency and power of the VNA s transmitters and receivers the operating conditions of each block unit as shown in Fig 29 can be simulated and tested within its normal operating conditions and beyond if needed Additionally the VNA is highly configurable in terms of additional components needed for tests for instance filters combiners amplifiers pulse modulators and high power directional couplers Finally the VNA is providing some important digital features as there are digital interfaces like USB ports a user control port and programming capabilities which allow control programs to run directly on the machine without the need of an external control computer All this will contribute t
38. n 4 Result Summary Carer Power 12 78 dBm Carrier Offset 76 38 kHz ven ee a 2Poak 2 a Mod Freq SINAD THD o _FM_ 20 066 MHz 20 047 MHz 20 056 MHz 5 6213 MHz Ye vo ae Dae S JUN Sole i61420 Figure 16 Characterizing a non linear FM chirp radar transmitter Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 16 Fig 17 shows a 13 bit Barker code demodulated with FSW K7 in the upper part along with the appropriate pulse power of the RF signal in the lower part some care has to be taken concerning the phase synchronization of the pulse demodulator The ZERO PHASE REF POS softkey defines for this purpose the position at which the phase of the PM demodulated signal is set to 0 rad The entry is made with respect to time In the default setting the first measured value is set to 0 rad The appropriate softkey is available only in the PM display with DC coupling MultiView Analog Demod 2 Ref Level 020 dBm SaL Att I0 dB AQT 300 us DEW SO MHz Freq 20 Ghz TRG IFP SOMH PM Time Domain iAP Clr Mill L79 532 So 780 pal MLL 0 199 8G 300 ps CF 2 0 GHz 1 RF Time Domain Dae 2lLJUN 2012 150044 Figure 17 13 bit Barker code demodulated along with FSW K7 FSW firmware versions issued before June 2012 need following pre processed initialization via the remote control interface SENS ADEM PM
39. n wikipedia org wiki radar sampled at May 14th 2012 Wikipedia org 2012 Active Electronically Scanned Array available from http en wikipedia org wiki Active Electronically Scanned Array sampled at May 14th 2012 Wikipedia org 2012 Stealth Technology available from http en wikipedia org wiki Stealth_ technology sampled at May 14th 2012 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 62 Ref Nr Bibliography Sources 18 Wendler W 2009 Signalquellenanalysator R amp S FSUP mit neuen Messfunktionen NEUES 199 09 pg 40 41 PD 5214 0701 71 available from hitp www2 rohde schwarz com 19 Wendler W 2010 It detects everything the R amp S FSVR NEWS 202 10 pg 15 17 PD 5214 3775 72 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com PD 5214 3781 72 available from http Awww2 rohde schwarz com 21 Thummler F W 2011 R amp S SMB100A generator NEWS 203 11 pg 42 43 PD 5214 3781 72 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 22 El Assir R and Lorner M 2011 RF generator NEWS 204 11 pg 33 35 PD 5214 3798 72 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 23 Geltinger J 2011 USB power sensors on the PC NEWS 204 11 pg 22 25 PD 5214 3798 72 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 24 Thummler F W 2011 Frequency multiplier family NEWS 204 11 pg 36 37 PD 5214 3798 72 available from http www2 rohde schwarz com 25 Braunstorfinger T
40. ng signals and evaluating all outputs in terms of the TRM s s parameters e OSP TRM for switching all RF signals to from the TRM e Compact TSVP for digital control of the TRMs ex Switching attenuators and phase shifters The highly configurable software as included in the test system provides complete test sequences as well as single tests for in detail evaluation Along with worldwide available field application engineers the test system is easily installed and brought to operation nearly everywhere over the world 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 28 4 4 Component and Subassembly Tests Achieving optimum performance in an overall radar system requires analysis and optimization of the individual functional groups and components Looking to the block diagram of a typical radar system refer to Fig 29 various functional groups can be found as indicated by colors 1 Filters phase shifters switches and waveguide joints indicated in blue 2 Multiport devices like mixers and circulators in green 3 Non linear active and passive devices like amplifiers and limiters in red 4 Antennas at the right 5 Mixed signal analog digital components A D converts and pulse generators in yellow 6 Oscillators so called stable local oscillators STALOs located close to the two upper mixers in the diagram yf zate Joint BPF Waveguide eirculator rae x r i
41. nnnnnnnsnnsnnnne T Figure 5 NRP Power Viewer Plus software user interface ccccceeeceeeeseeee senses 8 Figure 6 NRP Power Viewer Plus rise time MEASUreMEN ccecceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 9 Figure 7 NRP Power Viewer Plus pulse width measurement ccccecceeeeeeeeeees 9 Figure 8 Zero span measurement on pulsed signals standard bandwidth 10 Figure 9 Zero span measurement on pulsed signals 100ns and 50 ns 06 11 Figure 10 FSW zero span measurement with extended I Q demod BW 11 Figure 11 Sample circuit using a signal generator as pulse SOUICE ccceeeee ees 12 Figure 12 Testing L band radar pulsed power transistor with R amp S ZVA cceee 13 Figure 13 Pulse profile technique within R amp S ZVA 0 0 ccccccceecceeceeseeeeeeeeseeesaeeeeaeeesees 14 Figure 14 Parameters a1 b2 and s21 as result of ZVA s pulse profile mode 14 Figure 15 Loading data into the arbitrary waveform generator three ways 15 Figure 16 Characterizing a non linear FM chirp radar transmitter cccccceeeee es 16 Figure 17 13 bit Barker code demodulated along with FSW K7 cccceecceeeeee ees 17 Figure 18 Signal flow chart of R amp S FSW KG application cccceccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 18 Figure 19 Pulse measurement on a linear FM chirped pulse Signal c0088 19 Figure 20 Pul
42. o an affordable and highly flexible test system for radar components as outlined in the upcoming text VNA test scenarios specific to each of the functional groups 1 5 1 Standard two port components like filters switches blue group Testing filters switches attenuators and waveguides belongs to the standard tasks of a VNA Typical test parameters are reflection coefficients like S11 S22 and transmission coefficients like S21 S12 Predefined limit lines simplify testing and enable the user to evaluate the results in a reliable way saving costs especially in the service and production area refer to Fig 30 Tre1 i dE Mag 2dB RefOdB Cal 1 Max eM 1 11 700000 GHz 0405 EEE E _ NL AN A pains EN mail oa BS Fal Chi Base Freg Center 13 5 GHz BasePwr 10 dBm Span 9 GHz IFAT A 1134 AM Figure 30 radar X band lowpass filter transfer characteristic with limit lines 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 30 1MA127 2e 2 Multiport devices like Mixers and Circulators green group The R amp S ZVA8 24 40 50 four port models along with the ZVA K4 frequency conversion option can directly measure mixer parameters like conversion gain isolation matching group delay and intermodulation products without the need of an external generator This configuration still needs access to the local oscillator input of the DUT Th
43. on Demod Directional Couplers Figure 39 R amp S radar product portfolio classification The R amp S product portfolio can be generally subdivided into two main groups as indicated in Fig 39 The General Test group on the left is generators and receivers or power probes They are clearly targeted either for signal generation or for signal evaluation In contrast Network analyzer Products shown on the right always include at least one generator and at least one receiver in a single box This property of combined generators and receivers makes them applicable for further radar measurements beyond basic s Parameter tests for instance intermodulation or noise figure measurements In the upcoming paragraphs the products for General Tests are discussed first followed by network analyzer as applied for radar tests Additionally there is the RTO which can be used for UWB signal analysis multi channel coherent testing applications and multiband coherent analysis systems Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 39 1MA127 2e Radar Signal Generation Radar Signal Evaluation FSU W using B21 amp FS Z110 110 GHz V FSU 67 GHz Z SMB100A 40 GHz FSV 40 GHz NRP Z8x 40 GHz FSVR 40 GHz KA SGS100A KU 12 5 GHz SMBV 6 GHz SMU 6 GHz Pulse Train K3 K23 K27 Pulse Generation K21 K22 K23 K27 Pulse Evaluation NRPV F
44. on of wideband signals Rohde amp Schwarz Application Note 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 63 About Rohde amp Schwarz Rohde amp Schwarz is an independent group of companies specializing in electronics It is a leading supplier of solutions in the fields of test and measurement broadcasting radiomonitoring and radiolocation as well as secure communications Established more than 75 years ago Rohde amp Schwarz has a global presence and a dedicated service network in over 70 countries Company headquarters are in Munich Germany Environmental commitment o Energy efficient products Continuous improvement in environmental sustainability ISO 14001 certified environmental management system Certified Quality System ISO 9001 Regional contact Europe Africa Middle East 49 89 4129 12345 customersupport rohde schwarz com North America 1 888 TEST RSA 1 888 837 8772 customer support rsa rohde schwarz com Latin America 1 410 910 7988 customersupport la rohde schwarz com Asia Pacific 65 65 13 04 88 customersupport asia rohde schwarz com China 86 800 810 8228 86 400 650 5896 customersupport china rohde schwarz com This application note and the supplied programs may only be used subject to the conditions of use set forth in the download area of the Rohde amp Schwarz website R amp S is a registered trademark of Rohde amp Schwarz GmbH
45. ous types of probes active probe up to 3 GHz active differential probe current probe http www2 rohde schwarz com product RTO html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 47 R amp S SMU K6 Pulse Sequencer Software Eile Greate Project nstrument Options Heip Malt LF Radii Weta SEALE tE Egita Seciuence View Ti ziii Lp ajfhe Rotrde A Tissa Date ta 2000 SPTE d1 A a H Pattee Librar el PEC PILOT T ji PahePhase Frank a PohyPhese P1 f Pater Po Ei PohbPhare P3 J PokP hese Pa Exampel Ji PokF hase Pa Ezmmple Ei PohPiase Pa Examples j Sequence Libvary ap F PLOT ay if Pohppherse Py a Potyphase PS at Rohnhase PS ay Polyphase P4 Example OL Patathese Pl Ezampleaz ly Patyohase Pa Example E Muni Segment Yiavatorm AY al Ej FF Lis Ej Pigi Waveform Creation Finshed Successfully e Standalone PC based application e Intuitive user interface with integrated waveform display and analysis e Build pulse and sequence libraries e Set any pulse parameter and add modulation such as AM FM PM digital modulation chirps e Independently vary pulse parameters by applying jitter e Plug ins allow the user to add proprietary classified pulse content e Batch build multiple sequences and assemble multi segment waveforms e Transfer waveforms to instrument e Also available for R amp S SMBV R amp S SMJ R amp S AMU and R amp S AFQ http www2 roh
46. pability either in generating or evaluating radar signals green bars e generating phase coherent signals red bars e Real time spectrum analysis with spectrum tracking over time blue bar Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 40 Pulse modulation is needed for all radar applications in order to optimize signal to noise ratio detailed information is provided in the white paper 1MA207 Phase coherent signals are needed for steering antenna arrays as used in beamforming applications within AESA radar systems chapter 4 9 of this document provides more details The height of the green and red bars is indicating again the appropriate frequency range and thus the radar band to be covered Hence the radar X band important for defense applications is covered by generator products SMF SMB100A and the SGS100 along with their pulse modulation capabilities On the evaluation side at the right of the diagram all three product families such as NRP Z81 FSW and FSV can cover the radar X band along with the appropriate pulse evaluation capability In order to define a radar test configuration following three steps are recommended in a first approach according to Fig 40 1 select the radar band to be covered using the vertical bar at the center of the diagram 2 pick one of the 4 products from the left for radar signal generation by selecting the smallest possible frequency model 3 pick one of the 4 products from
47. processing and s parameter calculation Further information on pulsed mode measurements is available as follows e Detailed description of the products ZVA K7 and ZVA B in the appropriate product brochure Ref 7 pg 17 e Article about the functionality of both options in Ref 4 e Complete example of pulsed S parameter measurements on a radar L Band power amplifier in Application Note 1MA126 Ref 5 e General information about pulsed mode amplifier tests in the book Fundamentals of VNA pg 208 Ref 2 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 32 Hardware extensions using ZVAX24 sometimes additional electronic components are needed beyond the network analyzers and its options available For this purpose the ZVAX24 extension unit has been created gt ROH DE BStH Wars IVAR TA ER TENE LIMIT 1WERTHI 74 GH 19717 Fos P SEE l ur Figure 32 ZVAX24 front and rear view Located beneath the ZVA network analyzer it is easily connected via some few cables The extension unit is completely remotely controllable and an appropriate Graphical User Interface is available within ZVA firmware Following options are available to be built into the extension unit Hardware extensions available for ZVAX24 Combiner Generation of 2 Tone signals for intermodulation ZVAX B211 measurements Harmonic filters For extended dynamic range and spurious testing ZVAX B25x Xx
48. pulses of the current capture buffer This section is indicated with a green background referencing the indicators in the magnitude capture graph The second part displays the statistic numbers for all pulses which were analyzed since the data acquisition was started This statistical numbers are called cumulative statistic The numbers in the two sections differ only if the instrument is in continuous mode In single sweep mode both sections show identical numbers To allow the user a comparison of pulse parameters over a large number of pulses the result table can hold up to 100 000 datasets So no matter how many pulses are in the current capture buffer the table will fill up with the numerical results if the instrument is in continuous mode The results of the table can either be analyzed on the instrument or exported into a file The cumulative statistic as well as the table capable of holding up to 100 000 dataset is especially valuable when it comes to a measurement of very rare events This is also important for trending information to see things like the heating effects running over long sequences and time Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 19 The FSW K6 also allows to display one parameter over all pulses in the Q memory In Fig 20 the parameter trend is shown for the pulse width The trend display is ideally suited to identify repeating sequences since signatures such as the double peak in Fig
49. rument mT Waf reen e ED ES Mh i oog AAA r Ba e a EE Wy EPE il Fa e Frequency range up to 8 26 5 50 GHz e Upto 110 GHz with external mixers e Maximum flexibility in phase noise measurements e Phase detector method e Phase detector method with cross correlation within full frequency rage e Spectrum analyzer method e Complete characterization of oscillators Phase noise Transient response Harmonics e Maximum sensitivity in phase noise measurements e e g at 1 GHz input frequency 134 dBc 1 Hz at 10 kHz offset http www2 rohde schwarz com product FSUP html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 56 1MA127 2e Vector Network Analyzers The R amp S ZVA series Unparalleled measurement speed and accuracy 8 24 40 50 67 80 or 110 GHz maximum measurement frequency Up to four test ports Industry leading signal RF performance Wide dynamic range for fast and accurate measurements gt 135 dB at test port gt 145 dB with direct receiver access Segmented sweep increases speed accuracy and dynamic range Pulse profile measurement with 12 5 ns time resolution and up to 30 MHz measurement bandwidth Point in pulse measurements for pulse widths down to 450 ns Parallel measurements up to four times faster Two internal phase coherent sources for true differential measurements Data transfer during
50. s as used along with cars are price sensitive items of mass production The car industry therefore normally tries to avoid expensive test Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 21 procedures in their productions lines On chip integrated self test functions are an important measure for test cost reduction along with highly integrated MMIC devices Costs can additionally be reduced by using off the shelf preconfigured test equipment in cases where integrated self test functions are not suitable A vector network analyzer VNA is the best solution for this purpose as shown in Fig 21 Along with wafer probes and x y wafer positioning systems entire wafers can be tested before divided into their elements Figure 21 ZVA110 along with wafer probes and xy positioning system 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 22 1MA127 2e 4 Special Radar Measurements 4 1 Measurement of Phase Noise in Local Oscillators Making precision Doppler speed measurements requires testing of the phase noise of the coherent oscillators COHO and stable local oscillators STALO involved In Doppler radar systems excessive phase noise in the RF source and all of the other oscillators that are used in the radar system can mask targets at low speeds In FMCW radar systems targets in close proximity to the radar system can be masked The test instrument that is used for this measurement must
51. s be w NN e l a Pav anir Ch141 Profile Start 10 us Freq 1 3 GHz Pwr 0 dBm Stop 220 us Trc 4 dB Mag 0 2dB Ref20dB Cal Trc8 A dB Mag 0 2dB Ref50dBm Math OA A ee S OON a maa e R E DONT nen aaa uraa iso a a Ete E M4 Ch1_ Profile Start 10 us Freq 1 3 GHz Pwr0 dBm Stop 220 us 2 1 2008 11 14 AM Figure 14 Parameters a1 b2 and s21 as result of ZVA s pulse profile mode 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 14 1MA127 2e 2 3 Generation and Evaluation of more complex Radar Signals It need to be stressed that there is a difference between pulse generation in the basic sense and generation of more complex baseband radar signals For example basic pulse on off ratios can be created with simple analog signal generators however more complex radar signals require vector baseband signal creation Trade offs include On Off ratio of signal blanking in analog signal generator and dynamic range of baseband system 2 3 1 Software Tools to generate more complex Radar Signals There are different ways of loading data into the ARB memory of a vector signal generator or I Q modulation generator as shown in Fig 15 1 The R amp S AFQ AMU SMx K6 pulse sequencer software simplifies generation of pulsed signals with complex modulation and also handles the transfer of the signals to the Rohde amp Schwarz generators 2 The ARB toolbox Plus AN 1GP88 converts existing I Q signals
52. se measurement of a pulsed signal with varying PRI ccceceeees 20 Figure 21 ZVA110 along with wafer probes and xy positioning system 006 22 Figure 22 Typical intrinsic phase noise produced by the spectrum analyzers 23 Figure 23 Intrinsic phase noise of the R amp S FSUP in the L band cece ees 24 Figure 24 Frequency converting DUT with R amp S FS K30 cc eeccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 25 Figure 25 Measurements results of R amp S FS K30 00 0 ccccecceeceeeeeeeeeeeseeseaeeeeaeeeaees 25 Figure 26 Digital Phase Shifter MMIC 00 0 0 ccc ccccceseeceeeeeseeeeeeeeseeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeaeeesaes 26 Figure 27 Sample TRM with block GiaQraM c cecccceccsecceceeeceeeeeaeeeseeeeseeeeaeeeeaeeesaes 26 Figure 28 Test system for TRM evaluation ccccccccsecceceeeceeeeeaeeseeeeeseesseeeeeseeesees 28 Figure 29 Typical block diagram for a single antenna radar SySteM ccseeeees 29 Figure 30 radar X band lowpass filter transfer characteristic with limit lines 30 Figure 31 Circulator symbol scattering matrix and real world unit cccceeeeeee es 31 Figure 32 ZVAX24 front and rear VIEW cccccceceecceeceeeeecaeeeeseeeceecesaeeeseeeeseueeanseeaeeesees 33 Figure 33 ZVA ZVAX24 mounted in a 19 portable rack ccccecccseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 34 Figure 34 Using the R amp S SMA100A or R amp S SMB100A as a substitute for STALO 35
53. sing a VNA with at least three test ports The matrix in Fig 31 shows the ideal circulator structure only however by means of the VNA any deviation from this can be detected This can be caused by reflections 11 S22 or S33 or unwanted backward transmissions ex S23 Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 31 1MA127 2e 3 Non linear active and passive devices like amplifiers and limiters Pulsed mode S parameter measurements Components such as amplifiers are typically characterized in terms of their gain frequency response matching and phase response by S parameter measurements S parameter measurements are generally performed with a vector network analyzer using CW signals However this technique can be impractical with pulse radar components such as radar transmitter amplifiers which are designed for pulse mode operation CW mode testing of an amplifier designed for pulse mode might result in thermal overloading and even may provide wrong test results Therefore the ZVA K7 B7 products have been created which allow S parameter measurements in pulse mode ZVA K provides measurements on pulsed signals pulse profile recording time up to 3ms up to 30 MHz bandwidth for all ZVA and ZVT Along with option ZVA B 7 which includes option ZVA K recording times up to 25 ms are possible with the same bandwidth Both options provide direct A D converter access with direct RAM storage resulting in fast post
54. sweeping High speed control of external components Wide dynamic range and high sensitivity gt 135 dB at test port gt 145 dB with direct receiver access lt 115 dBm attest port lt 130 dBm with direct receiver access The industry standard in pulse profile measurements The R amp S ZVA K7 Pulsed Measurements option for the R amp S ZVA and R amp S ZVT series VNAs employs wideband detection and fast data recording for pulse profile measurements with high resolution at high speed http www2 rohde schwarz com product ZVA html Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 57 The R amp S ZVT20 The first and only VNA with up to eight ports e 300 kHz to 20 GHz e Up to eight ports e Dynamic range gt 120 dB e Output power gt 13 dBm on all ports e Power sweep range of 40 dBm to 13 dBm e Measurement speed of 8 ms for all ports e Simple configuration of multiport measurements e Unlimited number of channels and traces e Can simultaneously perform measurements on all ports of a device http www2 rohde schwarz com product ZVT20 html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 58 Common Radar Abbreviations Common radar Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Airport Surveillance radar ASR S Airport Surveillance radar Mode S Mode S is an extension to secondary radar Mode S makes it possible to query additional information e g the speed of th
55. t i l bi naa WE bsi ELBE i T i a t g M i E E Frequency range from 2 Hz to 8 GHz 13 6 GHz 26 5 GHz Low phase noise of 137 dBc 1 Hz at 10 kHz offset 1 GHz carrier 88 dB dynamic range with noise cancellation for WCDMA ACLR measurements Up to 160 MHz analysis bandwidth lt 0 4 dB total measurement uncertainty up to 8 GHz High resolution 12 1 31 cm touchscreen for convenient operation Multiple measurement applications can be run and displayed in parallel http www2 rohde schwarz com product FSW html 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 54 1MA127 2e R amp S FSVR40 Real Spectral Analysis and Spectrum Analysis in a Single Instrument ESM Hei FSO BB HSOCE ap OUDS fi toe CDOS 429 Boo Yoro 6 a TE 2 e Frequency range from 10 Hz to 7 GHz 13 6 GHz 30 GHz or 40 GHz e 40 MHZ real time analysis bandwidth for Spectrum with persistence function Spectrogram display Display of power versus time e Triggering on frequency masks e Measurement applications phase noise noise figure vector signal analysis etc e Frequency range up to 110 GHz with external harmonics mixers http www2 rohde schwarz com product FSVR html Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 55 R amp S FSUP Signal Source Analyzer Phase Noise Tester and High End Spectrum Analyzer in a Single Inst
56. the external pulse input of the R amp S SMF100A and is used as a trigger for the internal pulse generator and modulator You can delay this trigger in order to perform range and direction simulations and check them on the radar equipment s display The R amp S SMF100A microwave signal generator can be equipped with the R amp S SMF K27 pulse train option to generate pulse sequences containing jitter or even staggered pulses pulses with variable pulse pause lengths This makes the R amp S SMF100A ideal for performing sensitivity tests on radar receivers or for simulating pulse radar signals without pulse compression Pulse trains are created with an easy to use editor Lengths of up to 1023 individual pulses are possible Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 5 i Fun Pulse Trun Data tect Figure 3 Pulse train as result of SMF K27 pulse train option Further information is available in Ref 28 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 6 1MA127 2e 2 2 Pulsed Signal Evaluation For any radar system the pulse power is the central parameter Accordingly we have an interest in investigating the individual pulses This is particularly important with advanced radar systems in which the pulse width and the PRF are both variable Here it is important to analyze pulse power and shaping slope steepness pulse droop overshoot etc Suitable test
57. the right for radar signal evaluation again selecting smallest frequency 4 the risetime of the signal of interest dictates the vector bandwidth required on the signal generation and analysis tools Due to different technical concepts there are different investment costs in between the various solutions For instance NRP Z81 is a power probe with pulse evaluation capability In contrast the two products FSW and FSV are spectrum analyzers are based on frequency converting technologies where a down converted intermediate frequency signal is post processed by fast DSPs after being A D converted Different technologies also make different prices When taking NRP Z81 as price reference of 1 we come to a price relationship of roughly 6 1 for FSW and roughly 5 1 for FSV compared to NRP Z8x radar applications based on NRP Z8x therefore can be considered as lowest price entry point into radar test technology Beyond the so far mentioned radar flag ship products there are some additional products available for special radar applications which are not shown in Fig 40 For instance when signal sources need to be tested in terms of phase noise the FSUP family is highly suitable refer to the product pages at the end of this application note For radar applications which always needs signal generation and evaluation at the same time Network Analyzers and Test Systems are available as outlined in the subsequent text 1MA127_ 2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview o
58. uotation on the R amp S material number 3522 1178 00 As shown in Fig 33 there are still 4 Us remaining at the top which can be used for instance to build in an external signal generator or other special equipment By means of this configuration functional groups 1 to 4 of the radar system according to Fig 29 can be tested either in indoor or outdoor field applications 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 34 Substitution of a Signal Generator for radar Components During development of radar systems signal generators can be very useful for detecting trouble spots in the system A few applications are described in this section For example one can replace the stable local oscillator STALO with a signal generator featuring extremely low phase noise such as the R amp S SMB100A or even better the R amp S SMA100A in order to check to what extent the STALO has a negative influence on the system performance due to its presumably higher phase noise as shown in Fig 34 The signal generator can also be used for testing the entire receiver part i e when the exciter is not available i a a iJ z circulator limiter RS RS blanking Sy switch BPF BPF A C O S O Ww is so peg Oo DCG digital chirp generator STALO stable local osc Figure 34 Using the R amp S SMA100A or R amp S SMB100A as a substitute for STALO The entire transmitter unit in a ra
59. x fixed value phase shifters a total amount of 360 degrees can be achieved in steps of 5 6 degrees The on off control signal of each shifting unit is digitally controlled hence the term Digital BeamFormer DBF in short for this kind of device When combined with circulators attenuators and switches we are talking about so called transmit receive modules TRM in short HPA Circ Limiter LNA Figure 27 Sample TRM with block diagram 1MA127_2e Rohde amp Schwarz Overview of Tests on Radar Systems and Components 26 Fig 27 shows an appropriate sample which has been created by R amp S for test and demonstration purpose In phased array radar systems such TRMs are used one for each antenna element however implemented on a fairly higher integration scale in order to bring it into the top of a fighter plane for example Along with phase array radar systems multiple test scenarios have to be covered as listed below e Testing complete systems including transmitter antenna and receiver application area R amp D e Single modules either on PCB or chip basis application area QA e Testing the integration into in the target system application area QA and Production e Diagnostics and calibration of entire systems application area Service and Maintenance Hence along with phased array radar systems for nearly each point of the value chain suitable test equipment is needed R amp S provides appropriate test solutions
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