5TM Sensor
Contents
1. 100 mS Power Up Time SDI 12 100 150 200 mS Measurement duration 150 200 mS Cable Capacitance meter 250 pF Cable Resistance meter 35 mQ EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CONNECTION TYPES PIGTAIL CABLE gee a E eio Data E o Serer STEREO CABLE 220PF NOTE This is a low impedance variant of the recommended SDI 12 Specification This allows up to 62 sensors to be maintained on a bus Ground Power DECAGON DEVICES For support contact us via email at support decagon com or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO A SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Our probes are built to the highest standards but misuse or improper protection or improper installation may break your sensor and possibly void the manufacturer s warranty Before integrating your sensors into your sensor network make sure you have followed the recommended installation instructions and have the proper protections in place to safeguard your sensor from damaging interference LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION Probes have built in circuitry that protects them against common surge conditions Installations in lightning prone areas however require special precautions especially when probes are connected to a well grounded third party logger Visit our website and read the following application note for more information Lightning Surge Suppression And Standard Grounding Practices POWER AND GROUNDING Older senso2. on your bus is returning the following information Dielectric To convert to VWC in mineral soil we recommend the well known Topp equation Topp et al 1980 1 60 Variable 0 4 3X10 e 5 5X107 e 2 92X107 e 5 3X107 Note For other soil types refer to the sensor user manual 24 1 Variable Temperature measurement in C t The measurement and corresponding data command are intended to be used back to back If you would like to start a measurement on more than one sensor at a time you must use the concurrent command See the SDI 12 Specifications document for more information CHANGE ADDRESS COMMAND aAb The change address command is used to change a sensor s address to a new address All other commands support the wild card character as the target sensor address except for this command All of Decagon s sensors have a default address of 0 zero out of the factory In order to use more than one of our sensors on a bus system you must change the addresses so that they are all unique Supported addresses are alpha numeric i e a z A Z and O 9 Changing address while connected to a bus is not recommended Here is an example output from one of our sensors the logger command is in bold 1A0 0 PARAMETER FIXED LENGTH DESCRIPTION 1A0 4 Chars Request from the data logger asking the sensor to change the f address of sensor with address 1 to a new address of 0 zero 0 1 Char Ne
3. these sensors and their data acquisition equipment or field data loggers Customers using data loggers that support SDI 12 sensor communications should consult the user s manual for their data logger These sensors are fully integrated into Decagon s system of plug and play sensors cellular enabled data loggers and data analysis software Volumetric Water Content Temperature Accuracy Generic calibration equation 0 03 m3 m3 3 VWC typ 1 C Medium Specific Calibration 0 02 m3 m8 2 VWC Resolution 0 0008 m3 m3 0 08 VWC from O 50 VWC 0 1 C Range O 1 m8 m8 0 100 VWC 40 C to 50 C DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 1 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SENSOR IMAGE Moisture Temperature CEt DEVICES SENSOR NAME 5TM Sensor DIMENSIONS 10 cm X 3 2 cm CABLE LENGTH 5 meters Custom cable lengths are available for an additional cost ELECTRICAL AND TIMING CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX UNITS Supply Voltage VCC to GND 3 6 15 V Digital Input Voltage logic high 2 6 3 3 9 V Digital Input Voltage logic low 0 3 0 0 75 V Current Drain during measurement 0 5 3 10 mA Current Drain while asleep 0 03 mA Operating Temperature Range 40 50 C Power Up Time DDI Serial
4. DECAGON DEVICES 2365 NE Hopkins Ct Pullman WA 99163 USA 5TM Sensor Volumetric Water Content and Temperature APPLICATIONS Volumetric water content measurement Soil water balance Irrigation management Soil temperature measurement Modeling processes that are affected by temperature ADVANTAGES Digital sensor communicates two measurements over a Serial interface DESCRIPTION The Decagon 5TM sensor is a low cost accurate tool for monitoring volumetric water content and temperature in soils As with all ECH20 sensors the 5TM determines volumetric water content VWC by measuring the dielectric constant of the media using capacitance frequency domain technology The sensor uses a 70 MHz frequency which minimizes textural and salinity effects making the 5TM accurate in most soils The 5TM measures temperature using an onboard thermistor Robust thermistor for accurate temperature AUDIENCE a a f Decagon provides the information in this integrators ow input voltage requirements amde ax Hee PIM ie eile eSableh Low power design supports battery operated data loggers Robust epoxy overmold to resist corrosive environments Supports SDI 12 or DDI Serial 1 wire serial communications protocols Modern design optimized for low cost sensing Small size makes it easy to install Use SDI 12 to easily integrate with systems manufactured by other companies MEASUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS communication between
5. Response int length sum i crc Finding the length of the response string length strlen Response Adding characters in the response together for i i lt length i sum Response i Converting checksum to a printable character crc sum 64 32 return crc DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 12 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST
6. Sensor Address Pre pended on all responses this allows you to know i 1 Char i ioe which sensor on your bus is returning the following information The measurement data will be available after this specified time in 001 3 Chars seconds If a sensor finishes early it will initiate a service request SDI 12 address and a return character line feed 2 1 Char Number of values that will be returned t The measurement and corresponding data command are intended to be used back to back If you would like to start a measurement on more than one sensor at a time you must use the concurrent command See the SDI 12 Specifications v1 3 document for more information DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 7 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO DATA COMMAND aD0 The data command is used to retrieve the measurement response from the sensor Each value is delimited by the sign of the value that can be either positive or negative Here is an example output from one of our sensors the logger command is in bold 1D0 14 1 60 24 1 PARAMETER FIXED LENGTH DESCRIPTION Request from the data logger asking the sensor with address 1 to 1D0 4 Chars return the response from a measurement A measurement command must be sent prior to sending the data command Sensor Address Pre pended on all responses this allows you to know 1 1Ch ar which sensor
7. and is in bold 1I 113 DECAGON 5TM 329631800001 PARAMETER FIXED LENGTH DESCRIPTION 11 3 Chars Request from the data logger asking for information from sensor address 1 Sensor Address Pre pended on all responses this allows you to know which sensor on your bus is returning the following information 13 2 Chars Indicates that the target sensor supports SDI 12 Specification v1 3 The Vendor Identification String The parameter is the same for all 1 1 Char DECAGON 8 Chars our Decagon sensors STM 6 Chars The Sensor Model string Tais string is specific to the sensor type For 5TM Sensors the string is STM 329 3 Chars The Sensor Version This number is divided by 100 to give our sensor version In this case the Decagon sensor version is 3 29 The Sensor Serial Number This is a variable length field For older 631800001 Up to 13 Chars sensors this may be omitted Newer sensors may contain serial number information here In the event that the fixed length is longer than the parameter the trailing characters will be populated with space characters MEASUREMENT COMMAND aM The measurement command can be used to begin a sensor measurement Here is an example output from one of our sensors the logger command is in bold 1M 10012 PARAMETER FIXED LENGTH DESCRIPTION 1M 3 Chars Request from the data logger asking the sensor with address 1 to begin a measurement
8. at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO Note Sometimes the signaling from the sensor can confuse typical microprocessor UARTs The sensor holds the data line low while it takes measurements It raises the line high to signal the logger that it will send a measurement as documented above Then the sensor may take some additional measurements before starting to clock out the first data byte starting with a typical start bit low Once the first start bit is sent typical serial timing is valid however the signal transitions before this point are not serial signaling and may be misinterpreted by the UART DDI SERIAL RESPONSE The data string output by the sensor should be in a format similar to the one below 56 0 645 lt 0D gt x_ lt 0D gt lt 0A gt PARAMETER DESCRIPTION Raw dielectric output in the format raw output dielectric 50 To convert to VWC in mineral soil we recommend the well known Topp equation Topp et al 1980 43X10 2 5 5X10 e 2 92X107 5 3X107 56 In this example 56 this is the raw apparent dielectric reported Dividing this by 50 gives a value of 1 12 This is an appropriate value for a sensor measuring air Note For other soil types refer to the user manual of the sensor r Place Holder so that the DDI Serial response is identical to the 5TE For the 5TM this value is always zero Raw Temperature Traw Traw 10 T 400 where T is the degrees C
9. elsius To convert it to temperature subtract 400 and divide by 10 In this example 645 is the raw temperature value reported Subtracting by 400 645 and dividing by 10 gives us a temperature of 24 5 C Note For Traw values that exceed 900 the Traw needs to be decompressed prior to converting it to Celcius using the following equation Tadecompressed 5 Traw 900 900 ee This carriage return character signals the end of the measurement string and start of the meta data string DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 11 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO Everything below is this line is meta data Sensor Type This character is used to indicate the sensor type x is used for 5TM sensors Checksum This one character checksum is used in our instruments to ensure that the data transmitted are valid The checksum is used for sections listed above 7 56 0 645 lt 0D gt x See the following function for an example of how to implement the checksum algorithm in C E N The carriage return and line feed are used to signal the end of the meta data section and the end of the transmission DDI SERIAL CHECKSUM Here is an example of how to calculate the checksum crc in C In this case the string passed to the function would be 56 0 645 lt 0D gt x and the returning value would be the character char CalculateChecksum char
10. en 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO SDI 12 TIMING SDI 12 communication sends characters at 1200 bits per second Each character has 1 start bit 7 data bits LSB first 1 even parity bit and 1 stop bit Active low or inverted logic levels start DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 EP stop Example SDI 12 transmission of the character 1 0x31 All SDI 12 commands and response must adhere to the following format on the data line Both the command and response are preceded by an address and terminated by a carriage return line feed combination at least 8 33 at least 8 33 DATA LOGGER SENSOR Break i at least 12ms Command Response i gt he i i Marking Marking l Sensor must respond Maximum time l within 15 ms MAXIMUM TIME 380 mS Most Commands 780 mS For aD command after a concurrent measurement 810 mS For aD command after a concurrent measurement with CRC DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 6 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO COMMON SDI 12 COMMANDS Below is a list of common SDI 12 commands that are often used in an SDI 12 system and the corresponding responses from our sensors INFO COMMAND aI The information command can be used to obtain a variety of detailed information about the sensor you are connected to Here is an example output from one of our sensors the logger comm
11. le to operate as a computer to sensor interface for making on demand sensor measurements DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 4 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO SDI 12 COMMUNICATION SDI 12 is a common bus communication protocol that allows you to connect multiple sensors to a common data line The SDI 12 protocol requires a unique aloha numeric sensor address for each sensor on the bus so that a data logger can send and receive readings to specific sensors Visit www sdi 12 org to download the latest SDI 12 Specification or find out more information about the standard DECAGON S SDI 12 IMPLEMENTATION Decagon s sensors use a low impedance variant of the SDI 12 standard sensor circuit See the Equivalent Circuit Diagram This allows for up to 62 sensors to be connected onto the bus at one time instead of the 10 that is stated in the standard Keep in mind that the more sensors you have on a bus the more difficult it will be to isolate and remove the faulty sensor and restore communication to the remaining sensors on your SDI 12 bus Out of the factory all Decagon sensors start with SDI 12 address zero and print out the DDI Serial string during the power up time specified in the Electrical and Timing Characteristics section See the start up sequence diagram in the DDI Serial section for a detailed diagram This can be interpreted by non Decago
12. n SDI 12 sensors as a pseudo break condition followed by a random series of bits To circumvent this issue sensors with firmware version 3 29 and newer omit the DDI Serial string when their SDI 12 address is non zero Simply changing the sensor addresses on the SDI 12 bus to non zero values will prevent any race conditions on the data line during sensor power up After the power up time our sensors are fully compatible with all the commands listed in the SDI 12 Specification v1 3 except for the continuous measurement commands aRO aR9 and aRCO aRCQ SENSOR BUS CONSIDERATIONS An SDI 12 bus isn t something you can set up and just walk away Sensor buses require regular checking sensor upkeep and sensor trouble shooting If one sensor goes down that may take down the whole bus even if the remaining sensors are functioning normally Power cycling the SDI 12 bus when a sensor is failing is okay but we do not recommend scheduling power cycling events on an SDI 12 bus more than once or twice a day Many factors influence the effectiveness of your bus configuration and many questions should be answered How often should data be checked How is the data delivered to the end user How do isolate a faulty sensor Visit our website and read our application note and view our virtual seminars on Best Practices for SDI 12 Sensor Networks DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 5 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 betwe
13. ntact Decagon with your specific requirements if the protocol choice for your application is not obvious SDI 12 INTRODUCTION SDI 12 is a standards based protocol for interfacing sensors to data loggers and data acquisition equipment Multiple sensors with unique addresses can share a common 3 wire bus power ground and data Two way communication between the sensor and logger are possible by sharing the data line for transmit and receive as defined by the standard Sensor measurements are triggered by protocol command DDI SERIAL INTRODUCTION The DDI Serial protocol is the method used by the Decagon s family of data loggers for collecting data from the sensor This protocol uses the data line configured to transmit data from the sensor to the receiver only simplex Typically the receive side is a microprocessor UART or a general purpose IO pin using a bit bang method to receive data Sensor measurements are triggered by applying power to the sensor INTERFACING THE SENSOR TO A PC The serial signals and protocols supported by the sensor require some type of interface hardware to be compatible with the serial port found on most personal computers or USB to Serial adapters There are several SDI 12 interface adapters available in the marketplace however Decagon has not tested any of these interfaces and cannot make a recommendation of which adapters work with Decagon sensors Decagon s Em50 data logger and ProCheck hand held both are ab
14. r versions start measurements as soon as they are powered For older sensors ensure that there is sufficient power to support the maximum sensor current drain for all the sensors on the bus simultaneously Our sensor protection circuitry may be insufficient if your data logger is improperly powered or grounded Refer to your data logger s installation instructions Improper grounding may affect the sensor output as well as the sensor performance For Decagon loggers visit our website and read the following article for more information Lightning Surge Suppression And Standard Grounding Practices CABLE PROBLEMS Cable problems can lead to severed cables or disconnected sensors Rodent damage driving over sensor cables tripping over the cable not leaving enough cable slack during installation or poor sensor wiring connections are just some of many factors that can cause cabling issues DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 3 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO SENSOR COMMUNICATION TYPES Decagon digital sensors feature a 1 wire serial interface for communicating sensor measurements The sensor supports two different protocols SDI 12 and DDl Serial Both interfaces are documented in this guide Each protocol has advantages and implementation challenges There are differences in voltage levels logic levels and signal timing for each protocol Please co
15. signal levels When the sensor is first powered it automatically makes measurements of the integrated transducers then outputs a response over the data line Systems using this protocol control the sensor excitation to initiate data transfers from the sensor This protocol is subject to change as Decagon improves and expands our line of digital sensors and data loggers NOTE Out of the factory all Decagon sensors start with SDI 12 address zero and print out the startup string when powered cycled On sensors with firmware version 3 29 and newer the start up string is omitted when the address is non zero DDI SERIAL TIMING DDI serial communication sends characters at 1200 bits per second Each character has 1 start bit 8 data bits LSB first no parity bit and 1 stop bit Active high or non inverted logic levels star DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 stop Example serial transmission of the character 9 Ox39 Upon power up the sensor will pull the data line high within 100 mS to indicate that the sensor is taking a reading When the reading is complete the sensor begins sending the serial signal out the data line Once the data is transmitted the sensor goes into SDI 12 communication mode In order to get another serial signal the sensor must be power cycled POWER Measurement Signal at most 100ms Response SDI 12 Mode mM gt DATA x DN DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 10 DEVICES or call us
16. w Sensor Address For all subsequent commands this new address will be used for the target sensor DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 8 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO ADDRESS QUERY COMMAND While disconnected from a bus the address query command can be used to determine which sensor you are currently communicating with Sending this command over a bus will cause a bus contention where all the sensors will respond simultaneously and corrupt the data line This command is helpful if you are trying to isolate a failed sensor Here is an example output from one of our sensors the logger command is in bold 210 PARAMETER FIXED LENGTH DESCRIPTION Request from the data logger asking for a response from any sensor 2 Chars f listening on the data line Sensor Address Returns the sensor address to the currently 0 1 Char connected sensor DECAGON For support contact us via email at support decagon com 9 DEVICES or call us at 1 509 332 5600 between 7AM to 5PM PST 5TM Sensor Integrator Guide ROO DDI SERIAL COMMUNICATION The DDI Serial communications protocol is ideal for systems that have dedicated serial signaling lines for each sensor or use a multiplexer to handle multiple sensors The serial communications are compatible with many TTL serial implementations that support active high logic levels using 0 3 6 volts
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