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User Manual for SIBERIA (Version 8.30) Prof

1. A B B A S gt A 5 6 1 3 r 0 6 6 A S A m or _ PA S A pA S gt A o 3 BANS A 6 1 4 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 719 This form directly relates the long term sediment transport with the area and slope In this form we do not need to evaluate each of the parameters B m n Q B m separately In this form there are only 4 independent parameters to be estimated m n 4 If you are not interested in simulating the runoff characteristics of the DEM then you can simply simulate erosion only In this way the model calibration task is simplified somewhat In fact internally within SIBERIA the net result of the way the solution is calculated is effectively the same as Equation 6 1 4 for erosion 6 1 1 Brute Force Calibration The brute force calibration method involves the simulation of runoff and sediment transport record for DEM for an long period at least 20 years preferably more This long term record is then analysed and the parameters in the long term erosion model evaluated by nonlinear regression in Equation 6 1 4 The most important aspect of this approach is that you must be able to simulate the discharge and sediment transport record for a range of different catchment areas within the DEM so as to get the scaling exponent on area As suggested above you can set p 1 and m 1 if you are not specifically interested in simulating the hydrology and then evaluate the remaining pa
2. channelisation elevation area drainage direction channel depth and soil depth e The slope is calculated assuming the Ax and Ay of the finite difference grid are 1 units e The random field is that used to perturb the coefficients of sediment transport and CIF see parameter 10 ModeRn e The channelisation state indicates directly whether a point is a channel or a hillslope for the deterministic channels mode the values will either be SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 36 approximately 0 or greater than 1 for the stochastic channels mode there will be a distribution of values from 0 to 1 reflecting the proportion of time that grid point is a channel e The drainage directions Figure 3 1 indicate which of the 8 adjacent nodes the node drains into the interpretation is 1 1 0 i e one node negative in x and 0 in y 2 0 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 11 1 1 12 1 1 13 1 1 14 1 1 0 and 5 9 0 0 i e drain to themselves If irregular boundaries are specified then those nodes that lie outside the domain will have all 0 s for the states and 5 for the drainage direction see the sample below e The channel depths are in the units of the vertical elevations If no channel model is specified then this column is zero e The soil depth are in the units of vertical elevations If no soil model is specified then the column is zero Sample code that reads in restart files is listed in the Appendices Finite difference grid Drai
3. Average flow direction for a region rather just adjacent nodes 7 gt Dinifinity implementation Not done yet 9 ModeUplift mode of tectonic uplift perturbation 0 default gt No perturbation SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 109 Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc C Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc gqagnaanaaaagaaagaaaaa Sinusoidal with amplitude TAmp Period Tper and initial phase TPhase 2 gt Square wave with parameters as for sinusoidal 3 gt impulse uplift with height TAmp Period Tper and initial phase TPhase 10 ModeRandom mode of Random perturbation using FRanCV 0 default gt No Perturbation 1 gt bl 2 gt b5 11 ModeErode mode for use in the user defined FACTOR routine 0 default gt spatially constant FACTOR 1 depth dependent armouring erodibility lst used in J Bell BE thesis 3 spatially variable erodibility based on RGN input erodibility with correction for physical Grid dimensions 12 ModeRunoff mode for use in the user defined RUNOFF routine 0 default gt spatially constant RUNOFF 1 gt spatially variable runoff from a file of grid data first used in Hancock 1997 PhD 2 gt known inflows from offsite first used in J Bell BE thesis 3 gt spatially variable runoff based on RGN input 20 gt runoff with correction for physical Grid dimensions ModeChannel mode for incorp
4. Bg js gt Q 0 6 q Bq S Q where the threshold is applied separately to the fluvial and diffusive components It is thus possible to have the diffusive component above the threshold and the fluvial transport below the threshold simultaneously 2 4 Runoff models Runoff is not modelled directly in SIBERIA Thus there is no continuity of water nor runoff routing within the model Rather a conceptually and computationally simpler SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 10 approach using what is called a sub grid effective parameterisation is adopted with a generally accepted conceptualisation of runoff being used This conceptualisation relates the discharge to area draining through that point Q B A 2 4 1 This runoff then feeds into the fluvial erosion model q Kq S Q 2 4 2 The key interest here is the G factor in the erosion model Other runoff models can be implemented through a user defined module This capability is discussed in Section 4 Hortonian runoff For the Hortonian runoff mechanism runoff will occur in all points of the catchment for all storms Thus for all storms erosion will occur at all places within the catchment We thus set G 1 for the Hortonian mechanism so that all runoff events create erosion at all pints within the catchment Subsurface saturation runoff For the saturation from below or subsurface saturation mechanism only those points within the catchment that are satur
5. higher than the elevations of the DEM LAYER DEM 1 2 test rst2 LAYER BILINEAR 1 20 1 30 10 0 20 0 22 0 35 0 allows the input of a smooth surface defined by a bilinear surface The 1 4 parameters define the east north coordinates of the bottom left and top right corner of a box while 2 4 parameters define the elevations at the 4 corners 1 is bottom left corner 2 bottom right 3 top left and 4 top right corner Note that these 8 parameter ONLY define the elevations of the bilinear surface not the spatial extent of the layer i e the layer will extend outside the bound box defined by the 1 4 parameters To restrict the spatial extent of the layer you should input a masking region 5 Monte Carlo Modelling Monte carlo risk assessment modelling is controlled by the parameter Modemc For Modemc 0 the monte carlo capabilities are disabled 5 1 ModeMC 0 This mode is for non Monte carlo runs This is the default mode for running SIBERIA 5 2 ModeMC 1 This mode is the mode that has been historically used for Monte Carlo modelling Because of fundamental incompatibilities of the old Monte Carlo Control file and the current one this mode SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 78 has now been disabled If this value is selected then the code issues a warning and sets Modemc 0 All the capabilities of this mode and more are available in Modemc 2 in a slightly different format 5 3 ModeMC 2 Currently undocumented 6
6. lt filename gt then SIBERIA will read all of the answers to the following questions from the file called lt filename gt exactly as if you were inputting the answers yourself at the keyboard lt Filename gt cannot have any spaces within it The must be in the first column 2 BOUNDARIES file filename Input the name of a boundary file If none is specified then it is assumed that a rectangular domain is to be used The file name cannot have spaces in it SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 15 3 No of times with RESTART output Input the number of times at which you want restart data files to be output If you answer 0 or press lt return gt with no answer i e no output files are required then skip to question 7 If you input a negative number then SIBERIA will read the numbers one per line until a blank line is input at which stage input of times is terminated If no restart output files requested then skip to question 7 4 Input of each time from run start 5 Generic filename for these RESTART output files no extension Input the number of timesteps from the start of the run at which the restart files are to output There are as many lines to be input here as times specified in the previous question When all required times are input a message END of times input is output In V8 30 the capabilities have been extended slightly If a single negative number is input then SIBERIA will output files at th
7. see Section 2 6 4 2 The Built in Erosion Models This module determines the value of 6 Equation 2 1 5 and 2 1 6 to be applied at each point in the grid at point in time The mode parameter for this model is ModeErode At some stage in the future this Model will be eliminated and be replaced by the layering model see Section 4 9 The layering model is undergoing staged development and it may not yet provide all the capability in this section However if your needs are satisfied by the layering model it is recommended that you use the layering model in preference to this model ModeErode 0 This is the default fluvial erosion module 61 m and n are spatially and temporally constant The fluvial erosion rate in the channel is K f1 and the fluvial erosion rate on the hillslope is K B Or q Kq S 4 2 1 If ModeRandom 1 then is multiplied by a random perturbation as well see Section 3 2 1 ModeErode 1 This is the depth dependent erosion model a simple approximation to armouring reduction of the erodibility The default erodibility K see ModeErode 0 for the definition of the default erodibility K is adjusted by a factor that is dependent on the cumulative depth of erosion since the start of the simulation The equation for the erodibility at that point is K defaut 4 2 2 l j 1 e new where K is the value of K used in the modelling at that point K is the value of K defined new for
8. timestepping a b alba Channel initiation equation 5 3 PRIOR TO V6 34 the interpretation of this equation was NOTE parameters for Restart files for these early Versions are automatically adjusted TO comply with the interpretation above see SUBROUTINE ReadIn SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 111 Channel initiation equation coefficient on CIF power on the Slope used in the CIF equation for uniform initial Elevation gives starting value power on Area in the CIF equation threshold used in the determination of the drawdown in the Channel when going from overland TO Channel time over which SInit Elevation change is applied TO the Notch Vegetation Cover factor TO adjust bl TO reflect veg effects on soil erodibility ala USLE Maximum Slope that can be reached due TO landslide stability default 0 0 gt inactive factor TO adjust the time scale of Channel formation timescale 1 DTime factor TO adjust the relative rates of overland TO Channel sediment transport adjustment the spacing of the XY Grid in m the easting of the bottom left hand corner of the Grid the northing of the bottom left hand corner of the Grid the coefficent in the Channel dimensions model the power in the Channel dimensions model m6 depth b A A is used for ModeChannel 1 6 Q is used for ModeChannel 2 bl for a second fluvial sediment transport process IF b12 0 0 THEN model does not use a second process default b12 0 m12 ml for a second fluvia
9. 0 00000 0 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 0 00000 0 00000 0 00000 0 0 00000 0 00000 10 ky 1 ModeDir 0 ModeROff 0 0 00000 QsHold 00000 YFix 00000 Tamp 00000 al 80000 m1 50000 b5 10000 YHold 00000 dtime 00000 North 00000 00000 00000 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 19 1 Erode 2 Runoff 3 Uplift 4 CtrBnk 5 s 6 7 8 9 10 Others Deterministic channels mode set O New Parameters 1 Start etc Restart file test 10000 rst2 output Time 10000 iterations 400000 Max CIF 3 201165934649938 0 0000000000000000E 00 3 201165934649938 0 0000000000000000E 00 0 0000000000000000E 00 Range Overland CIF Range Channel CIF Max Normalised CIF 0 3841399121579925 Max Area 50 Slope Range 3 7225381786813115E 04 0 6467226307185001 Elevation Range 10 00216125160456 10 99243219363890 Max Elevation change 2 9527342311917884E 11 Min Elevation change 1 9877620485308714E 06 Potential Elevation change at outlet unit time 6 2784971814983808E 04 Sum of cyclic erosion 0 0000000000000000E 00 Stability No 0 000164 Diffusion Peclet No 0 0000000000000000E 00 Relative Mass Balance 1 000054445493391 Absolute Mass balance 8 5454317870809642E 10 Zin Zout 1 5695388644459491E 05 1 5696243187638199E 05 Total Mass 883 0540539953805 Hypsometric Integral 0 9085802797814257 Pred D E Hypso Int 0 0000000000000000E 00 100 0000000000000 Total Area 81 Drainage
10. 16 20 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 21 25 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 26 30 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 31 35 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 36 40 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 41 45 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 46 50 IF version ge 7 03 THEN DO 1021 i 1 MaxUser READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 FilenameUser i 1 80 CONTINUE SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 102 aaa Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc ELSE DO 1200 i 1 80 FilenameUser 1 i i CONTINUE END IF READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 init DO 1101 i 1 init READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 ixxx I iyyy i CONTINUE DO 1120 j 1 Intvar 4 DO 1130 i 1 Intvar 3 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 slope i j vz i j y i j Z2 i j 11 12 area i j il direct i j i2 1130 CONTINUE 1120 CONTINUE RETURN 9999 WRITE Error reading RST3 file STOP WRITE Premature END TO RST3 file STOP Routine TO left justify a string from one CHARACTER variable TO another SUBROUTINE moveb strngl strng2 Parameters Input strngl input string il start CHARACTER position in strng2 Output strng2 destination CHARACTER variable i2 last CHARACTER position used in strng2 CHARACTER strngl1 strng2 INTEGER il i2 INTEGER k 1 1 len strng1 k 1 DO while strngl k k eq and k 1t 1 k 1 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 103 IF i2 gt len strng2
11. 1960 s These models are based on widely accepted physics and have been successfully calibrated in a range of environments The sophistication of SIBERIA lies in 1 its use of digital terrain maps for the determination of drainage areas and geomorphology and 2 its ability to efficiently adjust the landform with time in response to the erosion that occurs on it The basic theory underlying the model and the approximations required for computer solution are described in this manual The parameters that the models uses are described together with the process involved in running SIBERIA The standard file formats used for input to the model and for transfer to other data analysis and visualisation packages are described and sample code is provided for input of these files Finally details are provided on the standard procedures that are available in the model to extend various components of the model if the standard ones should fail to meet the purposes of the user For further information about the details of the theory underlying SIBERIA or results from the model the publications in the references should be consulted 1 1 A Warning to US Users on Model Units When the physical units option ModeErode 20 and ModeRunoff 20 is selected for SIBERIA the units assumed are SI Briefly e Vertical elevation and horizontal distance units metres e Sediment discharge units cubic metres of sediment metre width timestep note that cubic metres here is the n
12. 30 User Manual 68 where y 0 75 and d is the median size of the sediment grading distribution More complex expressions have been published but to first order are mostly of this form Note that this expression is a function only of the d of the flow If for a moment we consider two masses of sediment M and M with mean diameters d and d the average diameter of the sediment after they are mixed is _Md M d mM M a and if we note that if there is constant relationship between the d and d pre and post mixing i e d Kd with constant K then this mixing relationship applies also for d This allows us to write a mixing equation for b as follows Y Y 2 M M B M M 1 I 2 T Y Y Y B b B where the pP xis the erodibility coefficient after the mixing of the two types of sediment Note that the only assumption here is the constant relationship between d and d 4 9 3 Computational Notes This maximum layer depth can be controlled by the user though the user should be aware that layer storage can take an enormous of memory and a high resolution will likely result in out of memory errors during the run particularly for 32 bit operating systems like Windows or very long run times if the consumed memory exceeds the physical memory in your computer and virtual memory is triggered If virtual memory is not triggered then the runs times are largely independent of the number of layers Relative to a run w
13. 6 2 for a typical result of this process 100 y 170 96 x 0 88205 R 0 99863 10 T m 1 ae oO oO 0 1 0 01 10 10 0 001 0 01 0 1 1 Area m Figure 6 2 Example Mean Peak Discharge versus Area plot from a kinematic wave model from Willgoose and Riley 1998b SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 83 10 1 2 oO 0 1 0 01 0 01 0 1 1 10 Q l s a 10 1 pn i 2 o 8 0 1 8 8 0 01 0 01 0 1 1 Slope b Figure 6 3 Example Field data showing a Concentration versus discharge and b Concentration versus slope from Willgoose and Riley 1998b SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 84 Stage 2 At a station instantaneous sediment concentration discharge slope relationship This is the stage that fits the parameters 6 m and n in Equation 6 1 5 This is simply achieved by multiple regression of sediment fluxes per unit width or sediment concentration which is just sediment flux divided by discharge against slope and discharge see Figure 6 3 for some typical field data For this to work you must have plot or catchment runoff and erosion data for at least two different slopes preferably more though cost normally prohibits too many plots at different slopes and different discharges in rainfall simulator this is easy to achieve by applying different rainfall or run on rates for the same plot If the data has been collected for a series of natural rainfall events as compared to simulators wh
14. Calibration of SIBERIA There are a number of ways of calibrating SIBERIA to data most of which are complicated enough in detail to refer the interested user to the original papers Calibration can be done in two ways 1 fiddling the parameters of the model until the model fits known landforms in some measurable and hopefully defensible way 2 calibration of the processes within the model directly and then using those parameters to predict landform characteristics We will only address the second of the methods here as the first methods are at least in principle if not in practice relatively obvious and straightforward Moreover here we will address only the calibration of the fluvial sediment transport parameters At this time there are few reliable methods to calibrate the diffusive processes 6 1 Calibration to erosion plot data This section describes the calibration of the transport limited fluvial sediment transport model in SIBERIA to erosion plot data The equations we need to calibrate are the runoff equation Q B A 6 1 1 and the fluvial sediment transport equation Q aa 9 Q S 9 gt 9 mo 6 1 2 0 PQ S 0 lt Q where it should be noted that these are the mean annual equations That is the sediment transport that simulated is that occurring on average every year not instantaneously at given time An important observation for the discussion below is that Equation 6 1 2 can be formulated as 6 8 JA S
15. Limitation This is conceptually based on the link being sediment grading and transport capacity of the flow As the grading of the sediment in the flow gets coarser then the transport capacity decreases and the ability to eroded material from the surface decreases and vice versa e Detachment Limitation The transport limitation model is used and the potential entrainment rate is calculated The detachment limitation model then provides a relative detachment reduction factor for the entrainment rate If this factor is for example 0 1 then for the sediment eroded at that point and time the potential transport limited entrainment rate is calculated and the actual entrainment rate is 0 1 times that potential rate 4 9 2 The Transport Limited Model The default transport limited model operates by interpreting the b input as the coefficient on the transport limited capacity of the material on the surface The actual transport capacity of the flow is then calculated by mixing the b from the sediment entrained at the surface and the b of the sediment being transported by the flow from upstream The process of determining the b result from that mixing is based on b being determined by the transport capacity of the non cohesive granular flow where the difference in b solely reflect the differences in the grading of the sediment in the flow A simple model for the relationship between b and the sediment grading is 1 an ae SIBERIA 8
16. LowX 2 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 113 HighX kx LowY 2 HighY ky END IF PUT YOUR STUFF HERE if you want to write out a RST2 file use the following line some things are not intialised by the reading programs so need values put in filename should be the name of the file to be output say junk filename junk detcif true We are generating a RST2 file ofext RST2 time iscale er nr cvar sed are not needed when generating RST2 files Time 0 0 Iscale 1 Er 0 Nr 0 CALL WrtOut vz channels Elevations Area grid grid FileName iInit iXXX iYYY Direct Time LrregularBoundary Domain slope DetCIF Version ofext iscale er nr Sed cDepth SoilDepth
17. ModeErode 0 and C C are the coefficient and exponent of the erodibility reduction SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 55 respectively and Z is the depth of erosion at that node in the domain since the start of the simulation The model ensures that for zero depth erosion the erodibility starts at the default value for erodibility but that as the depth of erosion increases the erodibility reduces asymptotically to zero To evaluate the cumulative depth of erosion Z the elevation at that point at the start of the simulation is simply subtracted from the current elevation at that point positive values indicate erosion Thus this model does not account for any uplift of the elevations by tectonic uplift The model implicitly assumes that there is no tectonic uplift If there is net deposition at that spot in the catchment then no adjustment is made The parameters are input in a file specified by the file parameter 1 FileErode The format is Line 1 A line that consists only of the string SIBERIA This is used to identify the file and ensure that it is a SIBERIA file Line 2 4 3 title lines for the file Line 5 C C in free format separated by spaces A sample file follows SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 56 SIBERIA This is a sample file of the simple armouring model Data for the gully experiment at Ranger 1997 1998 Run 3 10 0 1 0 ModeErode 3 This mode allows the input of regions that have different erosion properties A re
18. ModeRunoff is given a value greater than 20 all parameters are assumed to be given in rates unit width 4 4 The Built in Tectonics Models This module determines the tectonic uplift to be applied at every node in the grid The mode parameter for this model is ModeUplift ModeUplift 0 This is the default tectonics module The uplift is spatially constant and does not respond to isostasy The uplift has two components that are simply added together 1 a time invariant uplift parameterised by zinit and notch and 2 a time varying uplift parameterised by Tamp Tphase Tperiod For more detail see Section 2 2 ModeUplift 1 This is identical to ModeUp1lift 0 If ModeUp1lift 0 is specified then the model defaults to ModeUplift 1 The time varying uplift function is sinusoidal ModeUplift 2 This is similar in concept to ModeUp1lift 1 The time varying uplift function is a square wave with the centre of the square wave coinciding with the peaks of the sinusoid SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 63 ModeUplift 3 This is similar in concept to ModeUp1lift 1l The time varying uplift function is a impulse function with the impulses coinciding with the positive peaks of the sinusoid in ModeUplift 1 The magnitude of the pulse uplift is Tamp 4 5 The Built in Drainage Directions and Contour Banks Models This is an extension to SIBERIA that requires the input of a file for some modes and controls the way water is deemed to have flowed within th
19. ON it cannot be turned off NOTE If you wish to use the detachment model you MUST set it ON before you input any layers otherwise the layers input before this command will have the default detachment rate Default is 1 0 LAYER DETACHMENT ON These commands set the detachment rate NOTE You must set these values before you input layers otherwise the layers will have the default detachment rate SIR SR ER RR RRR RH LAYER DETACHMENT RELATIVE 0 6 LAYER DETACHMENT ABSOLUTE 0 01 LAYER DETACHMENT DEFAULT th Sk LAYER PARAMETER COMMANDS the general format of these commands is the same as the EROSION RUNOFF models for region input at the top of this file except that a region file is not input as part of the command line For instance for EROSION parameters input is EROSION indicating this is an erosion command starts in column 1 one of either ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE indicating ABSOLUTE the erosion parameters are as given RELATIVE the erosion parameters given are multipied with the erosion parameters at that point previously given ie this changes the parameters by a relative amount initially the parameters are those set in the parameters input at the start DEFAULT sets the parameters back to the default values those input in the parameters input at the start This can be handy for resetting parameters when you have input lots of layers with RELATIVE parameters the parameters For RELATIVE these are interpret
20. RealVar 5 1000000 END IF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 97 YFIX is set TO channel for all V6 files IMPLICIT in V6 Realvar 8 1 user defined erosion module not available in v6 do 1001 k 1 10 DO 1000 i 1 80 FilenameUser k i i 1000 CONTINUE 1001 continue RETURN Modify any change in PARAMETER interpretation from old versions of SIBERIA V7 SUBROUTINE updatev7 version IntVar Realvar This SUBROUTINE assumes that all modifications for V6 changes have already been done Only V7 modification are in here IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER Intvar REAL 8 realvar version fix gridsize easting and northing TO default values DO this for all versions IF Realvar 34 eq 0 0 THEN realvar 34 1 realvar 35 0 realvar 36 0 END IF Change in interpretation from soil porosity never used TO Bulk Density IF version le 7 00 realvar 22 1 RETURN SUBROUTINE rst2v6 version unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid IMPLICIT NONE SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 98 INTEGER grid area grid grid init ixxx iyyy direct grid grid Intvar unitno NoPar noints noreals REAL 8 slope grid grid vz grid grid y grid grid z grid grid crealvar version INTEGER i j WRITE Input V6 RST2 file DO 1010 i 1 noints IntVar i 0 CONTINUE DO 1020 i 1 noreals RealVar i 0 CONTINUE noints 8 noreals 33 READ unitno err 9999 END 9
21. be and is also observed to be about 1 3 1 5 depending on rill geometry in overland and channel geometry in channel flow More recently Willgoose and Riley 1993 1998a b observed for an armoured surface on a mine site that a fitted value for n of about 0 7 was best Evans 1998 showed that this result was consistent with measurements of the armours on the surfaces where the steeper surfaces had a coarser armour than the flatter surfaces Thus the erosion rate on the steeper surfaces did not increase as much as would be expected from blind application of the river equations which assume that the grading of the m 1 transported material is independent of slope Since the ratio of determines the n characteristic shape of the landform over the long term such considerations are important in the calibration The parameters calibrated for SIBERIA will not reflect these characteristics if these issues are not addressed either by the structure of the model or by the way the model is used for calibration Thus the calibrated parameters will only be as good as the model used for generating the data and the intelligence with which that model is subsequently used At this stage it seems reasonable to suggest that for most natural surfaces m will be in the range 1 3 1 5 a general recommendation for the value of n is not possible though data backed up physical reasoning would suggest that a value less than 2 and perhaps as low 0 5 1 might be appro
22. catchment f la e dt scaled by the mean duration and peak discharge of the hydrograph Tq and 4 the mean peak discharge and correlation with the duration of the event related to the rainfall and runoff statistics of the catchment Willgoose et al 1989 and Willgoose at al 1991a provide a detailed development of this equation The discharge in Equation 6 1 6 and 6 1 7 is the mean peak discharge unit width q The mean peak discharge is approximately equal to the in 2 33 year recurrence peak discharge event for that catchment In the index method for flood prediction the mean peak discharge Q is related to a power of the area of a catchment Q B A 6 1 8 where the coefficient f is the flood frequency index of the discharge and changes with the recurrence interval of the flood event Typically it is found that the power on area A is independent of the recurrence interval of the flood discharge and is typically in the range 0 6 0 8 The dependence on the mean peak discharge arises because of the nonlinearity of the discharge exponent in Equation 6 1 5 That m gt gt 1 means that larger runoff events have a disproportionately high input into the mean annual sediment flux and smaller flood events can be ignored with little error To convert from the mean peak discharge to mean peak discharge unit width an effective flow width is required For hillslope elements that is likely to be come proportion of the element w
23. corner that drained about 100 sq km We modelled that large river as an offsite inflow node The file that has the multipliers in it is specified in FileRunoff file parameter 2 Section 3 2 3 The format of this file is line 1 The header string SIBERIA RUNOFF starting column 2 i e the first column is blank lines 2 4 3 lines of information about the file You may input anything you like line 5 The number of offsite inflow nodes that are in the file SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 61 line 6 and beyond One line is input for offsite inflow node Each line consist of 4 numbers The first two numbers are the x y coordinates on the grid The Third number is the area of the inflow The fourth number is the slope of the inflow The code then calculates the inflow discharge into the grid by use of 63 and m3 and the default runoff equation The inflow sediment transport is also calculated by use of 61 m and n and the default sediment transport equation using the input area and slope The elevation change of the code at which the inflow is specified is then calculated by the imbalance between the sediment inflow and the outflow from that node in the same way that it is done in all of the other nodes of the domain Note that even though the elevation of the inflow node may change during the simulation and then perhaps the slope draining into that node and upstream you cannot change the inflow slope specified for the inflow node No c
24. equation 2 1 2 is the equation governing the development of channels and the extension of the networks In the deterministic model this function takes the form 2 5 1 1 9Y a a y F a Y lt d oas 7 fours This is based on one developed by Meinhardt 1982 to differentiate the leaf vein cells in a leaf for a biological model of leaf reticulation It is a convenient equation based on the phenomenology of channel head extension rather than fundamentally derived from the controlling transport physics at the channel head which is very complicated and poorly understood at the current time The form of Equation 2 5 1 causes Y to have two stable attractors 0 and 1 Typically the modelling process starts with Y 0 everywhere representing a catchment with no channels only hillslopes If desired a pre existing channel network can be applied i e Y 1 along the channels When the value of the channel initiation function a exceeds the channel initiation threshold a the value of Y 0 becomes unstable and Y goes into transition where it is increasing to Y 1 i e that spot in the catchment goes into transition from hillslope to channel When Y reaches a value of 1 it remains there since the value of Y 1 is stable irrespective of the value of the channel initiation function channel formation is modelled as a one way process from hillslope to channel The role of the channel initiation function is to trigger the channelisation pr
25. erodibility of the top layer i e 1 surface layer This is identical to SURFACE_B1 though SURFACE_B1 can be called without using the layer model LAYER _1 DEPTH The depth of the top layer i e 1 layer surface layer This is the vertical i e measured in the vertical direction distance from the base of the 1 layer to the surface If there is no layer beneath it i e there is only one layer then this number is large exact value implementation dependent LAYER_2_DEPTH The depth of the 2 layer This is the vertical i e measured in the vertical direction distance from the base of the 2 layer to the bottom of the 1 layer If there is no layer beneath it i e it is the bottom layer then this number is large exact value implementation dependent Ditto for the 4 layer Ditto for the 5 layer LAYER FLOW DETACHMENT LAYER 1 DETACHMENT LAYER 2 DETACHMENT LAYER 3 DETACHMENT LAYER 4 DETACHMENT LAYER_5 DETACHMENT Ditto for 3 layer INTERNAL MODEL STATES NOT NORMALLY NEEDED BY USERS This is the elevation change estimated by the predictor step in the fluvial erosion numerical solver This is the elevation change estimated by the corrector step in the fluvial erosion numerical solver SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 47 PREDCORRECT SED DIFF This is simply PREDICTOR_SED CORRECTOR_SED PREDCORRECT SED RATIO This is simply PREDICTOR_SED CORRECTOR_SED DINFWEIGHTS The weights for the Dinfinity drainage direction so
26. format The same values appear in the same fashion within the file See the sample code in Appendix A for how to input this file format Sample code that reads in restart files is listed in the appendices The drainage directions are INTEGER 2 while all other integers i e area fixed elevation points parameters are INTEGER 4 All reals are REAL 4 The text character strings for the user defined functions are CHARACTER 80 SIBERIA is a CHARACTER 20 and the version number is INTEGER 2 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 38 SIBERIA does not output RST3 format because binary files are typically incompatible between different types of computers However many of the support package for SIBERIA support the rst3 file format Using the UNIX compress facility typically yields a file size comparable with the RST3 files 3 3 4 The RSU data file The RSU file format is a flexible format for storing spatially distributed data from SIBERIA runs Typically if there is an RSU file there is also a corresponding one with the RST2 file extension For example if there is a file run5 1 0001000 rsu then there will also be a file run5 1 0001000 rst2 Programs like VIEWER will automatically look for an RSU file when they input an RST2 file and will input it if it exists The filename always ends with the file extension rsu lower case The file format is as follows e Line 1 A header starting with SIBERIA identifying the version of SIBERIA this fi
27. kx and ky in the parameter list If these values are bigger than the values of kx and ky specified in the restart file then the input values in the boundary file will override those in the restart file e The remaining lines give the domain of the problem The data is input on a rectangular grid of the same dimensions as input in the 2nd line The first line is y 1 the second y 2 etc i e if the file is printed out then the catchment will be upside down when viewed in normal Cartesian coordinates The notation is that a indicates a point outside the domain Any other value is within the domain The character is a generic point within the domain The character is a fixed elevation point Other symbols are planned for specific purposes and will be implemented as need arises see below Note that fixed elevation points input here i e will override those input in the restart file this is the interaction between boundary and restart files noted in Section 3 2 2 Note that for various algorithmic reasons the first column i e y 1 and first row i e x 1 MUST be outside the domain i e A sample file follows Sample code that reads in boundary files is listed in the Appendices The boundary file can include definition of regions for which hydrology and sediment transport information can be requested The regions are designed to make accounting and monitoring of the quantities of runoff and sediment transpor
28. sediment transport does not occur default 0 p S ihreshold D DS Sireshold gt D Q J Sthreshold z S Snreshold S i DS Sihr hold 0 z hresho lt D S hreshold S See also parameters 21 22 23 and 51 Threshold Q below which fluvial sediment transport does not occur default 0 Q ae 2 BQ S gt 9 0 B Q S lt Q See also parameters 11 24 39 40 and 41 FactMx The maximum value for FACTOR in SEDANAL used in the calculation of O default 1 See also parameters 25 53 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual Z O QRO 8 30 User Manual 27 FRanMn Mean for random fluctuations See also parameters 10 26 29 1 at e Coefficient on CIF in differentiation equation 0 025 c1 CIF threshold B a Q Mms 5 cP a Q s gt a 5 bsla g s gt l channel a Blaos gt hillslope a See also parameters 27 36 44 45 and 47 YFix The CIF allocated to fixed elevation points e 0 gt all fixed elevation points are hillslope e 1 gt all fixed elevation points are channels default FRanCV Scaling factor for random fluctuations Maximum value 2 If FranCV 1 then it is unformly distributed between 0 5 and 1 5 See also parameters 10 26 29 b3SDs Standard deviation for short term variations in the runoff rate used in variation of saturation from below regions runoff model b3SD1 Standard deviation for long term variations in the runoff rate used in variation of channel head position in stochastic c
29. slope Spesnoa Used in the diffusive transport model Dz Dyn DS Smena p PS Smena p t Sireshold 2 S S threshold S i D ge Sthreshold lt D Sires S e If this parameter is less than or equal to 0 then no maximum stable slope is applied i e Sp esnoa 18 considered infinite e See also parameters 21 22 23 and 51 52 Dtime e Rate at which a node changes from hillslope to channel transition once the CIF is exceeded Default 1 53 Otime e Factor to adjust the relative rates of overland to channel sediment transport adjustment Q s hillslope QO channel O e See also parameters 25 53 54 Gridxy e The grid spacing in the X and Y directions in the units of the simulation e g metres default 1 e See also parameters 54 55 and 56 55 East e The easting of the SW corner of the grid in the units of Gridxy default 0 e See also parameters 54 55 and 56 56 North e The northing of the SW corner of the grid in the units of Gridxy default 0 e See also parameters 54 55 and 56 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual E 7 a a SoilExp1 SoilExp2 SMThreshold 32 Coefficient b in the channel depth model ModeDP depth b X where ModeChannel gt X area ModeChannel 2 gt X discharge See also parameters 13 57 and 58 Exponent m in the channel depth model ModeDP depth b X where ModeChannel l1 gt X area ModeChannel 2 gt X discharge See also parameters 13 57 and 58
30. subroutines that adjust the interpretation of parameters depending on the version of the code that created the file Previous versions of SIBERIA interpreted some parameters slightly differently from that described in this manual SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 94 gqaagaaaaaaagaaaa SUBROUTINE readin slope vz y z area grid filenm init ixxx iyyy amp direct FilenameUser MaxUser IMPLICIT NONE slope slopes for DIM VZ Y Zz random field for DTM channelisation of the DTM elevations of the DTM area area draining through the DTM direct flow directions for the DTM grid storage size of the arrays above x y the same fi lenm name of restart file TO be READ init no of fixed elevation points ixxx iyyy x y coordinates of the init fixed points INTEGER MaxNoInts MaxNoReals PARAMETER MaxNoInts 20 MaxNoReals 50 INTEGER grid area grid grid ixxx iyyy amp direct grid grid MaxUser REAL 8 slope grid grid vz grid grid y grid grid z grid grid CHARACTER filenm CHARACTER 80 FilenameUser MaxUser INTEGER intvar REAL 8 realvar COMMON D Intvar MaxNoInts realvar MaxNoReals INTEGER unitno RstMode NoPar init INTEGER noreals noints lgthname lgthstr REAL 8 iversion CHARACTER 30 Line noreals MaxNoReals noints MaxNoInts unitno 10 lgthname lgthstr filenm 80 RST1 files no longer supported in V7 of SIBERIA IF filenm lgthname 4 lgthname eq rst2 or amp filenm lgthname 4 lgthname eq
31. the adjacent nodes Thus slopes in channels are calculated differently in channels compared with hillslopes ModeChannel 2 The depth of the channel is calculated with regime equation depth b Q 4 6 2 The slope in a channel is the slope is then the difference between the elevations channel depth between the adjacent nodes Thus slopes in channels are calculated differently in channels compared with hillslopes ModeChannel 3 In this mode the sediment transport in channels and hillslopes is calculated ignoring the parameter O Thus the erodibility of both the hillslopes and channel is identical irrespective of what value of O is input No channel calculations at all are calculated so the code is a little faster in this mode than the other modes 4 7 The Built in Soil Models These models are as implemented by Saco Willgoose and Hancock 2005 in review Journal of Geophysical Research and are as yet undocumented 4 8 The Generic Dependent Model This module is to allow for the calculation of any variable that may be dependent on the output from SIBERIA but which in itself does effect SIBERIA calculations e g soil water values vegetation etc However conceivably a user defined erosion module could be linked to a user defined vegetation module leading to powerful and general modules not anticipated in the original construction of SIBERIA There are no standard modules for this case at this time so only ne
32. the masking region if one has been activated with the bottom elevation for the layer being 2m lower than the landscape surface A multilayer cap can be input by first inputting the lowest layer then the next layer up working your way upwards to the surface For instance to create a three layer cap with top layer 1m thick 2 layer 0 6m thick and bottom layer 0 2m thick with the top layer SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 71 having 0 1 lt default erodibility gt 2 layer 0 5 lt default erodibility gt and the 3 layer being 10 lt default erodibility gt the following commands are input LAYER ERODIBILITY DEFAULT LAYER ERODIBILITY RELATIVE 10 0 LAYER CAPPING 1 8 LAYER ERODIBILITY DEFAULT LAYER ERODIBILITY RELATIVE 0 5 LAYER CAPPING 1 6 LAYER ERODIBILITY DEFAULT LAYER ERODIBILITY RELATIVE 0 1 LAYER CAPPING 1 0 LAYER DEM allows the input of a spatially variable elevation provided by a DEM The DEM is in a RST2 file which must have the same grid dimensions as the domain The layer can be offset vertically from this DEM The sign convention of the offset is a positive offset has the layer base is above the DEM elevations while negative is below As for the other layer commands if the layer base is above the landscape surface at a point no layer is produced at that point The follow command reads the DEM from file test rst2 note that on UNIX machines upper and lower case are important in the file name and creates a layer 1 2 m
33. time For instance a spatially uniform uplift event such as that resulting from an earthquake can be described by Co X t Co ltto 2 2 1 where c is the uplift resulting from the tectonic event occurring at time t and f is the dirac delta function Likewise the tectonic uplift could be one that occurs continuously with time but variable in space such as that resulting from continuous bulging of the continental crest oN lax 2 2 2 where c x is the spatially variable uplift rate The model implements 3 standard tectonic uplift models which may be combined to produce many complex time and space varying tectonic uplifts 1 Continuous spatially uniform uplift over a specified time period from the start of a simulation aay C tE 0 2 2 3 2 Continuous tilting uplift over a fixed time period from the start of the simulation xy Cx t 0 o 2 2 4 3 Spatially uniform cyclic uplift with either a sinusoidal uplift square wave uplift or pulse uplift over the entire period of the simulation SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 7 ee Co y t Tomp snl Tora period __ 20 Tamp for slp Topas gt 0 a period Coy r rt r 0 Sem for sin Tae T hase lt Eor 2 2 4 Co y t Lamp osin oe T hase perio Note that elevations are defined relative to the elevation datum at the outlet of the catchment e g the elevation of the outlet notch Thus the tectonic uplift rate cp is defined
34. wastes and different surface materials were determined from an extensive field campaign with a rainfall simulator over a three year period Bell at al 1993 Because of a lack of data for different slopes data was only available for plots with slope of 20 at the time and different discharges a single constant rainfall rate was applied for 30 minutes so that only a small variation in discharge that resulting from a time varying infiltration rate was observed m 1 5 and n 2 were assumed being about the values to be expected for a rilled surface Willgoose at al 1989 No erosion threshold was observed in the data so that A 0 could be assumed and the calibration method above was used The erodibility parameter p was then simply estimated by relating the sediment removed from the plot during the 30 minute rainfall simulation experiment and the runoff unit width measured This equation was then used with local pluviograph records and the measured infiltration characteristics of the plots to generate a long runoff and erosion series from which P was then estimated 6 2 Calibration to other erosion models This section discusses the calibration of SIBERIA s transport limited fluvial sediment transport model to other fluvial erosion models The equations we need to calibrate are the runoff equation Q B A 6 2 1 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 86 and the fluvial sediment transport equation Q ane zO BQ S gt yt 6 2 2 0 B
35. 2 file i e it will destroy output from a previous set of calculations This allows the user to override this behaviour If set ON then it will also overwrite existing RSU and LAYER files e NO THREADS For users running on single processor PCs this command can be ignored SIBERIA has parallel computation capability using a protocol called openMP Most parallel supercomputers and or the queuing system they use require that the user specify how many CPUs will be used by the run This command specifies how many CPUs to request e XYZ file This option outputs a gridded elevation DEM in an text form at each time a RST output is requested The format of the file is a series of lines with each line being a triple of the X Y Z coordinates of each node in the grid It is useful visualisation and CAD packages where you only want elevation data in a simple format e OUTPUT amp OUTPUT_BIN This options specifies the output of simulation data in addition to what is output in the RST2 file The file is a column format where is column corresponds to an OUTPUT command If OUTPUT is specified then all that data is put into one file the RSU file If OUTPUT_BIN is specified then in addition to output in the RSU file the specified data is output into a binary file Each different data type corresponding to a individual OUTPUT_BIN command is output into a separate file with a name constructed from the RST2 file and an abbreviation corresponding to that data set T
36. 998 nopar nopar norealstnoints READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Intvar i i 1 noints READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 1 noreals READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 init the rest of the restart file DO 1110 i 1 init READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 ixxx I iyyy i CONTINUE DO 1120 j 1 Intvar 4 DO 1130 i 1 Intvar 3 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 slope i j vz i j y i j amp 2 i j area i j direct i j 1130 CONTINUE 1120 CONTINUE RETURN 9999 WRITE Error reading RST2 file STOP WRITE Premature END TO RST2 file SUBROUTINE rst2v7 version unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid FilenameUser MaxUser SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 99 IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER grid area grid grid init ixxx iyyy direct grid grid Intvar unitno NoPar noints noreals MaxUser REAL 8 slope grid grid vz grid grid y grid grid z grid grid realvar version CHARACTER 80 FilenameUser MaxUser INTEGER i j WRITE Input V7 RST2 file DO 1010 i 1 noints IntVar i 0 CONTINUE DO 1020 i 1 noreals RealVar i 0 CONTINUE noints 20 noreals 50 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 nopar nopar norealstnoints READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Intvar i i 1 noints READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 1 noreals IF version ge 7 03 THEN DO 1021 i 1 MaxUser READ unitno 6060 err 9999 END 9998 FilenameUser i 1 80 FORMA
37. Commands that identify the runoff data to be input The general format of the erosion command is RUNOFF lt modification keyword gt 63 m3 lt region filename gt The lt modification keyword gt specifies how the values of 63 and m3 are to be modified If it is ABSOLUTE then for every point on the grid covered by the region file then previous values of 63 and m3 are replaced by the new values If it is RELATIVE then for every SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 62 point on the grid covered by the region file the previous values of 63 and m3 are multiplied by the new values The lt region filename gt is the file name of the region file that has the region to be modified The filename should not include spaces The order of the commands in the model file is important SIBERIA modifies the erosion parameters in the order in which the commands are presented in the file If you have region files that overlap and you use ABSOLUTE then the order of modification will affect the final values for the erosion parameters ModeRunoff 20 and greater In this case the 63 parameter is interpreted as being the rate parameter unit width of hillslope The parameter is then internally converted within SIBERIA to the rate parameter for the grid resolution adopted using the value of Gridxy input All the ModeRunoff models for less than 20 are still available simply subtract 20 from ModeRunoff to determine the models from above Note that once one of ModeErode or
38. Density 1 2345679012345678E 02 Channels t CIF kmliffab nttpktfb mtmttjlbb SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 20 mtppoiccb ltlhfd bb jttlcbcbb lihgcbb b cccbbbbcb b b b ca ACB ECGHAO DDCNS BFFFC AHA JI jpmeaa tcdmida qdoeega ndkkie kekca ggec bdcb fprsssss mmcfosrsss aqqfpknssss rriprsssss sslsssssss ssqqssstss SSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSS oo 0 0 o o ti E O TEL O O o tr 0 oJriZ cIIE o0 0 0 0 END CPU seconds 1807 640 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 21 3 2 SIBERIA parameters There are a large number of parameters for SIBERIA These parameters control the 1 mode of operation of the mode i e what algorithms to use what exogenous inputs to apply 2 the actual physical parameters in the model and 3 numerical behaviour of the model e g the number of timesteps and frequency of output of statistics the size of the timestep In modifying the parameters they are referred to by a number the first parameter is 1 the second is 2 and so on The parameters are split into three groups e The first group are the integer parameters which are the first 20 parameters i e 1 to 20 These parameters typically control the mode of operation of the model and what physical models are used for the simulation e The second group are the real parameters which are the next 50 parameters i e 21 to 70 The parameters are the actual physical parameter
39. F stuff j i 1 1 ne THEN domain j i true area areatl SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 105 Fixed elevation outlet BC points IF stuff j i 1 1 eq THEN NoOut NooOut 1 IF NoOut gt NoOutlets THEN WRITE No of Outlet nodes in boundary file too large WRITE Max Allowed NoOutlets STOP END IF ixxx NoOut j iyyy NoOut i END IF Fixed elevation regions BC regions eg reservoirs num ord stuff j i 1 1 IF num ge l and num le 10 THEN region j i num call addregion num Regions NoRegions MaxRegions end if ELSE Outside domain Domain j i false END IF 2010 CONTINUE 2000 CONTINUE IF NoOut eq 0 THEN WRITE No Outlet node has been specified in the boundary file STOP ELSE init NoO0Out END IF CLOSE unit FIOUnit status keep DO 1030 i 1 ky 1 Domain kx 1 i false CONTINUE DO 1040 i 1 kx 1 Domain i ky 1 false CONTINUE WRITE Irregular boundaries have been input WRITE Total catchment area area WRITE No of specified catchment outlets init RETURN Finding the ordinal number of an input character Returns a ve value if the input character is not recognised integer function ord tr implicit none character l tr SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 106 integer no i parameter no 36 character no ta data ta 1234567890abcdefghijklmnopgqrstuvwxyz do 1001 i 1 no if ta i i eq tr go to 1100 continue ord 1 return ord i
40. For the second fluvial erosion process this is the b1 parameter If b12 0 then the second fluvial erosion process is not used See also parameter 39 and 60 For the second fluvial erosion process this is the m1 parameter If b12 0 then the second fluvial erosion process is not used See also parameter 40 and 59 Soil parameter Model under development See also parameters 61 62 63 and 64 Soil parameter Model under development See also parameters 61 62 63 and 64 Soil parameter Model under development See also parameters 61 62 63 and 64 Soil moisture parameter Model under development See also parameters 61 62 63 and 64 esl be SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 33 3 2 3 File name parameters S frasennos_ linterna ts tetas _ FilectrBank Filename for user defined pa directions and contour bank model see ModeDir Ee o Filename for the dependent variables model see ModeDP SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 34 3 3 File formats 3 3 1 _ Introduction There are 3 standard file formats that SIBERIA creates and uses The first two file formats contain the digital terrain map DTM data and contain sufficient data for SIBERIA to be able to restart from this without having to reinput the parameters the user might want to change some of the parameters controlling the length of run though These two file formats have identical and interchangeable data their difference is in their internal format T
41. ModeErode or ModeRunoff is given a value greater than 20 all parameters are assumed to be given in rates unit width 4 3 The Built in Runoff Models This module determines the coefficient 63 to be applied at each point in the grid and at each point in time The mode parameter for this model is ModeRunof f At some stage in the future this Model will be eliminated and be replaced by the layering model see Section 4 9 The layering model is undergoing staged development and it may not yet provide all the capability in this section However if your needs are satisfied by the layering model it is recommended that you use the layering model in preference to this model ModeRunoff 0 This is the default fluvial erosion module Both 63 and m3 are spatially constant q By A 4 3 1 ModeRunoff 1 This mode allows for the input of a spatially variable but constant in time runoff The spatial variability of runoff 63 is determined by B x B3 B3 30 4 3 2 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 60 where B is the value of 63 input in the parameter list and B x is the multiplier on B to yield the spatially varying runoff Note that the runoff at any point is determined by the equation Q B32 A 4 3 3 The file that has the multipliers in it is specified in FileRunof f file parameter 2 Section 3 2 3 The format of this file is line 1 The header string SIBERIA RUNOFF starting column 2 i e the first column is
42. N of the rectangular Grid ky Y DIMENSION of the rectangular Grid modeIC type of initial condition TO be applied TO initial elevations 0 flat level surface with initial value SInit 1 surface sloping upwards in the ve X direction with max height SInit TimeUp END of time for application of the tetconic uplift ModeSolver mode of solution of the sediment transport relation 0 disabled gt soln for elevations by Taylor Series 1 gt soln of the physical transport equation 3 gt as for ModeSolver 4 except the TwoFluvialProcesses occur everywhere additive sediment transport processes corrected Version of ModeSolver 5 with Correct BC implementation for Area 1 For TwoFluvialProcesses channel hillslope processes switch switching sediment transport proceses soln by explicit analytic soln predictor corrector nonlinear shear stress driven source limitation model equivalent to ModeSolver 5 except there is no erosion at all on the hillslope 8 ModeDir mode of solution of the directions in the DirAnal routine 0 default gt directions as steepest Slope 1 gt directions for the channels are writ in stone provided that channels drain into channels 2 use ModeDir 1 except READ in allowable drainage directions from a user defined file used TO model contour bank constraints on drainage directions DO not change set from RST2 file Highly optimised version of ModeDir 0 for RISC processers 5 gt R8 implementation 6 gt
43. O S lt Q where it should be noted that these are the mean annual equations Now as previously noted in the preceding section the parameters B m and f m n Q need to be evaluated This can be done by generating a synthetic set of erosion data using another sediment transport model e g CREAMS WEPP for a range of different slopes catchment areas and rainfall rates Since there are 6 parameters then at least 6 and preferably more to check the adequacy of the representation used by SIBERIA different sets of data need to be evaluated though if the model that is being used to generate the data outputs both runoff and erosion data then only 4 independent sets of data are necessary Though again more would be desirable Of most importance is that there be different slopes to determine n different catchment areas to determine m and different runoff rates to determine m Now an important observation to make is that the values of the parameters f m and i m n Q may not be the obvious ones discussed in the literature For instance in Willgoose et al 1989 it was noted that river engineering suggests that m n should be about 1 8 and 2 1 respectively for the Einstein Brown sediment transport equation for a wide channel i e the wetted perimeter of the flow does not change with flow depth This ignores channel geometry and Willgoose et al noted as have other authors for example Moore and Burch 1986 that the value for m should
44. OUTPUT LAYER_1 Bl is equivalent to OUTPUT SURFACE_B1 and is provided to display Bl when layers is not used SURFACE Bl doesn t need the layers model while LAYER_1 Bl does OUTPUT LAYER 1 Bl OUTPUT LAYER 2 Bl OUTPUT LAYER 1 Z OUTPUT LAYER 2 Z The Detachment Limitation Model This model is only available in combination with the LAYERS module so the output commands are a subset of the LAYERS commands and LAYERS SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 52 model has to be activated to enable the detachment model The detachment rate for the material in the flow OUTPUT LAYER _FLOW_DETACHMENT The detachment rate of the material for the various layers note LAYER 1 is equivalent to the detachment rate for the surface Sk Sh Sk HR SR ROE OUTPUT LAYER_1 DETACHMENT OUTPUT LAYER 2 DETACHMENT INTERNAL MODEL STATES These commands provide diagnostic output of the internal model operations They are primarily available to aid debugging of the code operation and provided here as a memory aid for the developer It is not anticipated nor recommended that the user use these options States that control the stability mass balance of the solver Elevation changes of predictor OUTPUT PREDICTOR_SED Elevation changes of corrector OUTPUT CORRECTOR_SED Difference between elevation changes of predictor and corrector OUTPUT PREDCORRECT SED DIFF Relative differen
45. RST2 THEN rstmode 2 ELSE IF filenm lgthname 4 lgthname eq rst3 or filenm lgthname 4 lgthname eq RST3 THEN rstmode 3 ELSE WRITE FATAL ERROR filenm 1 40 is not a supported restart file STOP END IF END IF IF rstmode le 2 THEN SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 95 Reading the ASCII version of the restart file OPEN unit unitno file filenm status old err 9999 In later versions gt V6 34 of the code the first line idenbtifies the version of thecode that created the restart file Early versions DO not have this header line and start straight in with the parameters 6000 READ unitno 6000 Line FORMAT a30 IF line 2 7 eq BRANCH or line 1 6 eq BRANCH OR line 2 8 eq SIBERIA or line 1 7 eq SIBERIA THEN READ line 9 30 6010 iversion FORMAT 21 0 ELSE CLOSE unit unitno status keep OPEN unit unitno file filenm status old err 9999 last version of the code not TO INCLUDE the header line is V6 33 iversion 6 33 END IF IF iversion 1t 7 00 THEN CALL rst2v6 iversion unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy slope vz y z area direct grid ELSE CALL rst2v7 iversion unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy slope vz y z area direct grid FilenameUser MaxUser END IF CLOSE unit unitno OPEN unit unitno file filenm status old err 9999 form unformatted READ unitno nopar IF Line 1 4 eq BRAN or Line 1 4 eq SIBE THEN READ unit
46. T a80 CONTINUE ELSE READ unitno 6060 err 9999 END 9998 FilenameUser 1 1 80 END IF READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 init the rest of the restart file DO 1110 i 1 init READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 ixxx I iyyy i CONTINUE DO 1120 j 1 Intvar 4 DO 1130 i 1 Intvar 3 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 slope i j vz i j y i j amp 2 i j area i j direct i j 1130 CONTINUE 1120 CONTINUE CLOSE unit unitno RETURN 9999 WRITE Error reading RST2 file STOP SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 100 9998 1130 1120 WRITE Premature END TO RST2 file SUBROUTINE rst3v6 version unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER grid area grid grid ixxx iyyy intvar direct grid grid noreals noints unitno nopar init REAL 8 version slope grid grid vz grid grid y grid grid z grid grid cvealvar INTEGER i j INTEGER 2 IParameter 8 il i2 NoInts 8 noreals 33 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 IParameter i i 1 6 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 IParameter i i 7 8 DO 1150 i 1 NoInts IntVar i IParameter i CONTINUE READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 1 5 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 6 10 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 11 15 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 16 20 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 21 25 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar
47. THEN i2 len strng2 1 i2 il k ENDIF strng2 il i2 strngl k 1 RETURN END SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 104 Appendix C Code to read in boundary files The code below is the input routine for boundary files from SIBERIA v7 This code is available in module INOUT aaaaaaaa SUBROUTINE InputBoundaries BoundFile Domain Grid kx ky init ixxx iyyy Regions NoRegions MaxRegions Region BoundFile name of file TO be READ domain LOGICAL array with the DATA of what nodes are in the domain Grid the declared size of domain same in x and y directions kx ky x and y sizes of the domain init no of fixed elevation points ixxx iyyy the x and y coordinates of the fixed elevation points 1010 INTEGER NoOutlets PARAMETER NoOutlets 1500 INTEGER Grid kx ky init ixxx iyyy Regions amp NoRegions MaxRegions Region grid grid LOGICAL Domain Grid Grid CHARACTER 80 BoundFile INCLUDE gridsizel inc INTEGER FIOUnit Noout Area ix iy i j kxm kym num ord CHARACTER 1 stuff GridSizel GridSizel DATA FIOUnit 10 OPEN unit FIOUnit file BoundFile status old READ FIOUnit 1000 FORMAT al READ FIOUnit kxm kym IF kx 1t kxm or ky lt kym THEN WRITE The grid is too small for input boundaries WRITE KX KY increased END IF kx kxm ky kym ix kx iy ky NoOut 0 Area 0 DO 2000 i 1 iy READ 10 1010 stuff j i j 1 ix FORMAT 201al1 DO 2010 j 1 ix Region j i 1 I
48. User Manual 41 Example BND File Boundary File from Xnetworks 20 m grid from v2 triangulation 59 36 KKKKK KKEKKKKKKKK eese EK KEK KEK KKEKKKKKK wcrc ccc cw FZ EKKKEKKEKEKKEKKKEKEKER osse kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxk ecw ccc cw F k kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk os eee Se kkk kk kk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk o ekk kkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 44k k kkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 4k kkkkkkkkkkkk e kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk4 444 4k kkkkkkkkkkkkk e kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk 44k kkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk eA kkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk cA kkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk e kkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ec k xkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk esh kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk a eck kkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk a Ax kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk A xkxk xkxk k kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk E PARK k xkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk y ddddd k k xk xkxkxkxk k xkkkkkkkkkkkkk k kkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk o s s s soseo oo FZ kk kxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk a RR RK KR RK KK KKK KR RK KR KK RK KR KR EK RRR RRR KK SERLILILILILILL LER RR RK RR KK k kkk kkk kkk kkk el x xkxkkkkkk
49. User Manual for SIBERIA Version 8 30 Prof Garry Willgoose Telluric Research 100 Barton Street Scone NSW 2337 AUSTRALIA Email g r willgoose leeds ac uk July 2005 Garry Willgoose Telluric Research 1 ntrod ction ie n i R hada a eee 1 2 Background serhan a ra Coe Pre ne Prt teeeten Ener OTE 2 Zl SIBERIA Aen ao a aa en tenia E E ones 2 22 Mect onme Up TIC 2 cacacevets nce na a A O RN 6 2 3 Erosi n pro sSSE Sinerien ri e eee 7 2 4 VIRUNOREIMOUEIS lt esuon ccs o ee aa ee ee Ae eel 9 2 5 Channel models scc 5c eta uinntiad acilianwien eames 10 2 0 Internal numenies 3 sci sevgteessncus E RAA ieS 12 3 Running SIBERIA keronenses ee a E R R 14 Sol RUNING the progra iacadacs tert noes de cvlenieeitcrenauibes ER 14 3 2 SIBERIA Marameten Sirmen rerne aenep iesist 21 ope E GE OEE AE REE A EE 34 3 4 Controlling the Operation of SIBERIA eeeeseeeeeerereseeeree 42 4 SIBERIA Extended Models n noneneneeeeeneeeeeseeereserssesssereeseersesrereseses 53 4 1 General comments about SIBERIA Extended Models 53 4 2 The Built in Erosion Models esscseseeceeseeceeseeeeeneeeeeeeees 54 4 3 The Built in Runoff Models ssesseseeeeeseensseesseessesserrsssrssse 59 4 4 The Built in Tectonics Models 0 0 ceessecesseeceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 62 4 5 The Built in Drainage Directions and Contour Banks Models 63 4 6 The Built in Channel Models 0 ceeceeeecceeseeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeee
50. a bilinear spline the lst 4 values are the coordinates of the four corners of the rectangular region in node coordinates and the 2nd four values are the elevations at the four corners in the order SW SE NW NE corners NB the spline extends over the whole domain and the corner coordinates are ONLY used to determine the elevations of the interpolated extrapolated surface not the spatial extent of the surface LAYER BILINEAR 1 20 1 30 10 0 20 0 22 0 35 0 a layer that has as its base the elevations as read from the rst2 file with the elevations offset by the specified value i e a negative offset is a lower elevation NB the areal extent of the RST2 file must match the RST2 file of the landform DEM LAYER DEM 2 1 TEST RST2 LAYER MASKING COMMANDS SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 75 these commands specify over what part of the domain the layer will be created If a mask is input and active then the layer will be created for the region specified by the mask and will not be created outside the mask For all other cases the layer will cover the entire region the mask is that part of the domain specified by the region file The mask is automatically activated after input of the region file LAYER REGION_MASK TEST RGN Any mask that has been input can be inactivated i e turned off In the event that the is needed again then it c
51. a uniform tectonic uplift will very quickly yield a catchment in dynamic equilibrium SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 18 Sample Program Output for no initial RST2 file user responses are bolded Scalar Double Precision SIBERIA V 7 04 Copyright 1994 G R Willgoose All rights reserved CPU seconds 9 9999998E 03 Initial RST file filename lt return gt No input RST file BOUNDARIES file filename lt return gt No input boundary file No of times for RESTART output 10 Input of each time from run start 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 END of times input Enter Generic filename no extension for RST2 output files User Defined Filenames or a filename with raw extension for Mindraft output test Absolute Start Time 0 INPUT the random number 1 INPUT no of outlet nodes 1 INPUT the position of the outlet node 2 2 New PARAMETER 0 INTEGER Parameters 10000 RunTime 1000 StatTime 10 kx 0 ModelI 100 TimeUp 5 ModeSolv 0 ModeUp 0 ModeRn 0 ModeErod 0 ModeCh 0 ModeDP 0 0 0 0 REAL Parameters 0 00000 dzZ 1 00000 dZn 0 00000 dZHold 0 1 00000 FactMx 1 00000 FRanMn 0 00030 1 at 1 0 00000 FRanCV 0 00000 b3sds 0 00000 b3sdl 0 0 00000 Tperid 0 00000 Tphase 0 00500 FRanzZ 1 1 00000 m3 0 20000 b3 0 01000 b1 1 2 10000 n1 1 00000 BlkDen 0 02500 TimeStep 2 0 30000 n5 0 00000 Zinit 0 40000 m5 0 1000 00000 notch 0 00000 0 00000 1 0 10000 otime 1 00000 GridxyY 0 00000 East 0 0 00000 b6 0 00000 m6
52. an activated by setting REGION ACTIVE ON NB This command does not delete the mask it only turns it off it can always be turned back on again later unless the mask is overwritten with another RGN file in the meantime by a LAYER REGION FILE command LAYER REGION ACTIVE OFF If a mask has been input from a region file then this activates it i e turns it on If no region file has been input then the command is ignored LAYER REGION ACTIVE ON 4 9 5 Model File Input Options Control Options 4 9 6 Model File Input Options Landform Input Options how the values of 63 and m3 are to be modified If it is ABSOLUTE then for every point on the grid covered by the region file then previous values of 63 and m3 are replaced by the new values If it is RELATIVE then for every point on the grid covered by the region file the previous values of 63 and m3 are multiplied by the new values The lt region filename gt is the file name of the region file that has the region to be modified The filename should not include spaces 4 9 7 _ Model File Input Options Landform Creation and Masking The layer creation commands create a layer over 1 the entire domain or 2 part of the domain if a mask file has been input and is active First we will deal with the concept of the masking file By default when a layer is created it is created over the whole domain for all those n
53. an be converted to mm loss by using the bulk density of the surface soil then for a unit slope i e S 1 hillslope and assuming f m to be both unity remember we are only interested in the erosion rate not the discharges 6 can be adjusted up and down until SIBERIA yields 0 5mm of erosion over the same catchment over one timestep one timestep being equivalent to one year in this case The discharge on the hillslope is then doubled and tripled to determine the parameters m Q and the slope doubled and tripled to obtain the parameter n A few extra slopes discharges and areas are typically generated to check that the calibration over the range of values to be simulated is satisfactory SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 88 7 REFERENCES Bell L C Loch R J Haneman D and Willgoose G R 1993 A post mining landform research program for open cut mines Australian Minerals Industry Council Environmental Workshop Melbourne Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1985 Random Functions and Hydrology Addison Wesley New York Davis W M 1954 Geographical Essays Dover New York Dunne T 1989 Hydrology mechanics and geomorphic implications of erosion by subsurface flow Groundwater Geomorphology Higgins Ed Geological Society of America Evans K G 1998 Runoff and erosion characteristics of a post mining rehabilitated landform at Ranger Uranium Mine Northern Territory Australia and the im
54. are also used to evaluate the channel initiation function which may be for example overland flow velocity which is then used in the channelisation function to determine regions of active channel network extension The governing differential equations for elevation and channel indicator functions are 1 2 2 t p x ox ay oY 2 i 4 Y 2 1 2 t a where in Equation 2 1 1 z is the elevation positive upwards x and y the horizontal directions t time U the tectonic uplift per unit time p the bulk density of the soil where the sediment flux is in units of mass time g and q the sediment transport in x and y directions and D is the diffusivity Equation 2 1 1 is simply a continuity equation for sediment transport In Equation 2 1 2 Y is the variable describing whether that point in the catchment is a channel Y 1 or a hillslope Y 0 d is the rate of channel growth at a point and a and a are the channel initiation function and its threshold respectively Equation 2 1 2 describes the transition of a point in the catchment from hillslope to channel on the basis of a threshold in the channel initiation function a The constitutive equations that are used for channel initiation function a and sediment transport g are those that apply in the region being modelled Here we use the details of these equations may be slightly different from the implementation depending on the input parameters for the comput
55. as the uplift relative to the elevation of the outlet To illustrate this consider a small catchment with an outlet on the floodplain of a very large river The outlet elevation of the small catchment is dominated by elevation changes in the floodplain in the large river i e from the viewpoint of the small catchment the elevation at the outlet is externally imposed and variable in time In this case Cy for the small catchment is the tectonic uplift relative the floodplain of the large river i e the catchment outlet elevation not relative to sea level In addition to these standard models of tectonic uplift SIBERIA implements a capability that allows the user to create any type of uplift through a user defined uplift module where the user can specify the uplift in their own FORTRAN subroutine This capability is discussed in Section 4 2 3 Erosion processes Two physically based transport processes are modelled in Equation 2 1 1 It is convenient to differentiate between fluvial and diffusive transport processes The fluvial transport processes the 2nd term are dependent on discharge and slope while the diffusive transport processes the 3rd term are dependent on slope alone 2 3 1 Fluvial Sediment Transport Processes The first process fluvial sediment transport is dependent on discharge and the slope in the steepest downhill direction Moreover from Equation 2 1 6 the rate of the fluvial transport is also assumed to be a f
56. at timestep spacing That is if 5 is input then files will be output at times 5 10 15 20 25 30 etc without having to input each of the times separately This is useful in conjunction with EAMS so that you don t have to manually input each of the times input each time you set up a run This is the name that will form the basis for the name that the files to be output will be called The way the filename is constructed is if junk is input here and files are required at 100 and 200 timesteps then the output restart files will be called junk 100 rst2 and junk 200 rst2 i e lt generic filename gt lt time gt rst2 The file name cannot have spaces in it SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 16 6 Absolute Start Time This time is used in the construction of the RST2 filenames above and is the absolute time that the run starts at For instance the run may be continuing a previous run that output a result at 1000 timesteps and we intend to output for this run at 1000 timesteps from the start The output file then corresponds to 2000 timesteps in absolute time and in this case you input 1000 here In this way we can build up a set of output files from a consistent series o separate computer runs If a restart file was specified above then skip to question 10 7 INPUT the random number 8 INPUT no of outlet nodes 9 INPUT the position of the initial node 10 New parameter This is a random number for any i
57. ata file The RST2 file is the main data file format used by SIBERIA It includes all data require to rerun or restart a new run Thus it has in it all the states of the model and the parameters The filename always ends with the file extension rst2 lower case The actual format of the RST2 file has changed over time as SIBERIA has developed The version of the file described below is that output by version 8 of the code There are substantial differences in format of the parameters for version 6 and 7 of the code however SIBERIA V8 can input V6 and V7 files though it only outputs V8 file formats While this file SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 35 can be modified manually great care should be taken In particular the first line and the values of kx and ky should not be modified The Ist line of the RST2 file is an identifying line that states what version of what code created this file In the case of SIBERIA the first thing on the line is the string SIBERIA starting in either the 1st or 2nd column and all upper case depending on the computer that the file was generated on The second item on the first line is a real number identifying the version of the program that created this file The 2nd to 14th line of the RST2 file are the parameters of the run that generated this file See Section 3 2 for an explanation of the parameters The 2nd to 5th line are the first 20 parameters which are all the integer parameters The 6th to 14th line are t
58. ated produce surface runoff Thus for any particular storm only part of the catchment will be saturated and only that part will have surface runoff and thus fluvial erosion That part of the catchment that is not saturated will not suffer fluvial erosion during that storm The larger the storm the greater the proportion of the catchment that will undergo fluvial erosion Thus the average erosion at any point in the catchment will be determined by how frequently that point is saturated The more frequently it is saturated then the more erosion will occur The G factor reflects this behaviour G 1 indicates that point is always saturated G 0 that the point is never saturated and so on The G factor varies within the catchment and is a function of the subsurface hydrology of the catchment This runoff mode is not fully implemented in V8 of SIBERIA and should not used 2 5 Channel models SIBERIA implements two types of channel models The first is the so called deterministic model channels once created are fixed forever The second is called the stochastic channels model channels are modelled as the average of a stochastic process where channels head advance and retreat in response to climatic fluctuations and are not fixed in position once created SIBERIA can model the CIF as spatially uniform i e s fixed or a spatially random field uncorrelated in space SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 11 The deterministic channel model The channelisation
59. blank lines 2 4 3 lines of information about the file You may input anything you like line 5 The x and y dimensions of the runoff grid this will be interpolated to the size of the computational grid so these numbers can be different from kx and ky line 6 and beyond The runoff data starting at point 1 1 reading the x dimension fastest i e columnwise for a matrix The first time the subroutine is called the runoff data is read and interpolated onto the computational grid The input data is scaled and interpolated as necessary so that the data will fit onto the computational grid In subsequent calls the runoff of individual nodes is summed to yield the average runoff over the area draining to that node Note that a significant computational penalty is paid on supercomputers for ModeRO 1 because some unvectorisable unparallelisable algorithms need to be calculated at each timestep On a workstation a penalty though somewhat lesser will still be paid with the average runoff calculations that need to done at each timestep being approximately doubled ModeRunoff 2 This mode allows you to specify known runoffs from offsite into a node Thus if you have a large flow coming from offsite and you are not unduly concerned about modelling the evolution of that part of the catchment then you may simulate it as an offsite inflow node For instance we have simulated a site of about 2 sq km that had a large river flowing across the bottom
60. catchment Rather a general model framework is presented which is both physically realistic and incorporates the dominant physical processes and which provides a useful tool for the study of the important interactions within the catchment It is however believed to model the dominant processes occurring in fluvial landforms A crucial component of this model is that it explicitly incorporates the interaction between the hillslopes and the growing channel network based on physically observable mechanisms An important and explicit differentiation between the processes that act on the hillslopes and in the channels is made A point is defined to be a channel when selected flow and transport processes exceed a threshold value If a function called the channel initiation function is greater than some predetermined threshold at a point then the channel head advances to that point The channel initiation function is primarily dependent on the discharge and the slope at that point and the channel initiation threshold is dependent on the resistance of the catchment to channelisation Channel growth is thus governed by the hillslope form and processes that occur upstream of the channel head The channel initiation function is independent of Smith and Bretherton s 1972 definition of channels as points of instability in the flow equations Nevertheless these concepts are not necessarily contradictory This is particularly true given the recent realisation
61. cates that direction is not allowed The order of the directions from 1 to 8 is given by the array DIR in the FORTRAN include file DIRDEFN INC i e The Ist direction is direction 3 in Figure 3 1 then proceeding anticlockwise The x dimension is read first in the increasing direction down the file SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 64 ModeDir 3 In this mode the drainage directions in the simulation are as specified in the input rst2 file They do not change with time ModeDir 4 This is a highly optimised version of ModeDir 0 This is about 50 faster than ModeDir 0 with about a 15 speedup of the overall code performance on a typical RISC based machine ModeDir 5 This is crude implementation of the random 8 direction algorithm i e R8 The weighting scheme is simply in proportion to the downstream slope i e a direction twice as steep will be weighted twice as highly ModeDir 6 This is crude method to allow for non local slopes perhaps I should call it D24 Instead of looking at simply the 8 adjacent nodes for the steepest downslope direction it looks at the next 16 nodes that are the boundaries of the box two nodes out An average slope of the 24 points surrounding the node are examined in the 8 directions and the flow allocated to the directly adjacent node that has the steepest downslope direction as accounted for by the 24 surrounding nodes This has only been used once in Hancock 1997 as a crude way of allowing for momentum eff
62. ce between elevation changes of predictor and corrector OUTPUT PREDCORRECT SED RATIO The weights generated by the Dinfinity algorithm OUTPUT DINFWEIGHTS A domain mask 0 outside computational domain 1l inside computational domain OUTPUT DOMAIN SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 53 4 SIBERIA Extended Models 4 1 General comments about SIBERIA Extended Models A degree of flexibility has been provided in SIBERIA to allow the user to extend the various capabilities of the model in a simple fashion The means by which this can be done is that the coefficients for the processes or in some cases the processes themselves can be calculated in external FORTRAN routines that can be modified independently of the main program These routines may have a number of different alternative models for determining the required data The upside of these extended models is that they allow a significant degree of flexibility in the operation of SIBERIA beyond the standard simple models The downside is that they generally require a file of input data that is separate from the RST2 files so it is possible to get very confused about what input data is used for any particular run For instance RST2 file only knows that another file has the data required to run the model and its entirely possible that that file has been modified from the time at which that run was
63. clude file with the simulation run parameters GRIDSIZE1 INC an include file required by INOUT F EXPLANATION OF THE PARAMETERS USED IN THE INPUT ROUTINES slopes for DTM vz random field for DTM channels channelisation of the DTM Elevations elevations of the DTM area area draining through the DTM directions flow directions for the DTM grid storage size of the arrays above x y the same RSTfile name of restart file to be read init no of fixed elevation points ixxx iyyy x y coordinates of the init fixed points FilenameUser MaxUser user defined filenames SUBROUTINE INPUTBOUNDARIES BoundFile name of file to be read domain logical array with the data of what nodes are in the domain gridsize the declared size of domain same in x and y directions kx ky x and y sizes of the domain init no of fixed elevation points SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 108 qgqQaagaaaaaaa Cc 1 Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc C Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc ixxx iyyy the x and y coordinates of the fixed elevation points NB init and ixxx iyyy input in InputBoundaries overwrite the same data input by readin This is normal practice EXPLANATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE SIMULATION total no of time steps TO solve for 1 2 are automated convergence criteria StatsTime line printer output of contours at this time increment kx X DIMENSIO
64. comments and explanations are the lines in lower case If a line starts in column 1 with either of or character then that line is treated as a comment and is ignored by SIBERIA To make a command active all you have to do is to uncomment the appropriate line i e remove the or from the first column To inactivate it you simply add the or to the first column again Explanations for the commands are provided immediately above the commands There are a number of commands that turn some mode in the model on or off There are always three options for these modes ON turn that mode on OFF turn that mode off DEFAULT do whatever the code decides is best in the circumstances If you do not enable one these three options then the code chooses DEFAULT automatically NOTE the default action may not always be the same as it may vary with size of the problem being solved whether SIBERIA detects that it is being run on a multiprocessor machine etc so if you absolutely must have some form of behaviour then specify it otherwise SIBERIA may run differently on different machines FILE REVISION HISTORY updated for v8 28 5 4 2005 GRW To echo whatever is output to the screen to a file called in the SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 49 example command below it is junk output uncomment the l
65. d for all commands that start with LAYERS ALL lines starting with other commands e g RUNOFF UPLIFT are ignored other than what is specified above LAYER commands can be divided into four kinds LAYER CONTROL These commands allow the user to control the internal computational behaviour of the LAYER model e g maximum thickness of layers LAYER PARAMETERS These commands provide information about the erosion runoff model parameters that are to be used for subsequent LAYER commands or until they are superseded by a new LAYER parameter command LAYER CREATION These commands input the elevation properties of the layer being created The properties of the LAYER being created are those input by the most recent LAYER PARAMETER commands LAYER MASKING These commands input information on the spatial extent of the LAYER currently being created These commands allow you to create a LAYER that is restricted in spatial extent so that it doesn t have to cover the entire computational domain LAYER CONTROL COMMANDS the maximum thickness of a layer created by SIBERIA during deposition This does not preclude the user from inputting a thicker layer but all layers generated by the computations will have a maximum thickness as below SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 73 LAYER THICKNESS 0 1 Relative Detachment Rate Turn detachment limitation ON Once
66. d to allow simulation of different kinds of diameter dependency of sediment transport NB It is anticipated that at some later date SIBERIA will be extended to allow modelling of a grading distribution for the sediment When deposition occurs the characteristics of the material being deposited are those of the material in the flow at that point and time Deposition is assumed to be instantaneous Since the characteristics of the material being deposited typically change over time and space and with cumulative upstream erosion exposing new layers or eroding previously deposited material the changing characteristics of the deposited material are tracked and a profile of layers of deposited material is created at that point If an area of previous deposition is eroded at some later stage of the evolution then the characteristics of the entrained sediment are those of the layer currently being eroded As the layers are eroded the characteristics of the entrained sediment change to reflect the current layer being eroded The layers are applied deposited eroded etc at each point independently of any other point The model does not impose any spatial layering structure i e linking of a layer at one point with some layer at another point as deposition simply reflects deposition characteristics at each individual point However since sediment characteristics change slowly as your proceed down a drainage path there is likely to be some spatial pattern
67. date is provided in the file siberia revision history txt provided in the EAMS install Version 6 pre 1992 The first version of SIBERIA V6 28 was mostly used for the results of the Ph D results of Willgoose et al 1989 Later version of V6 notably V6 34 were extended under an Australian Water Research Advisory Council AWRAC research grant to implement the code for mine site applications These improvements included e Rewrite of the numerical solver to improve the range of parameters for which it would work e Change the underlying basis of the solver so that it was flux based to allow the easy implementation of irregular catchment boundary geometries e The first version of the code to be used for the long term erosion assessment of a mine site Willgoose and Riley 1993 1998a b Version 7 1992 1997 Version 7 was the first version extensively used for mine site rehabilitation applications While being loosely based on the V6 code it was extensively rewritten to e Further improve the speed accuracy and generality of the numerical solver e First version of adaptive time stepping algorithm e Key physical processes in the model were modularised the models in Section 4 to allow the code to be easily extended for new applications e While on sabbatical at University of Lancaster in 1995 I coded a version V7 05 for use by Parallel Virtual Machine software PVM to allow us to easily using Monte Carlo risk assessment tech
68. e area in discharge used in the sediment transport Q B A See also parameters 12 37 and 38 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual _ _ _ _ ____ SSS OO 8 30 User Manual Hz 29 Coefficient between discharge and area in the sediment transport formula Q B A See also parameters 12 37 and 38 Coefficient p in the fluvial sediment transport formula Q oe 2 BQ S gt Q l 0 B Q S lt Q See also parameters 11 24 39 40 and 41 Exponent on the discharge m in the sediment transport formula 0 a 0 BQ S gt 9 S 0 B Q S lt Q See also parameters 11 24 39 40 and 41 Exponent on this slope n in the sediment transport formula 0 a 0 BO S gt Q i 0 po lt a See also parameters 11 24 39 40 and 41 Effective porosity of soil which relates the volume rate of transport with the actual amount of elevation decrease This is only used in the conversion of elevation changes to tonnes Hectare erosion loss in RSU output If this parameter is positive then this is the size of the time step size to be used for the run You must ensure that 1 InitTimeStep is an integer If this parameter is set to negative value then the adaptive timestepping algorithm is used to determine the step size SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 30 Coefficient f on the channel initiation function See also parameters 27 36 44 45 and 47 Exponent m on slope used in the channel initiation function equa
69. e domain The mode parameter for this model is ModeDir Unless otherwise noted they are based on the D8 algorithm i e flow is deemed to flow to the node point for which the downslope slope is steepest ModeDir 0 1 These are the standard modes described in Section 3 2 1 Drainage directions are generally unconstrained and drainage proceeds in the steepest downslope direction For ModeDir 1 a channel is not allowed to change directions if that means that it will change from flowing into a channel to flowing onto a hillslope ModeDir 0 allows this behaviour ModeDir 2 This mode allows the input of contour banks In this case the filename 4 FileCtrBank in Section 3 2 3 contains the information of the allowable drainage directions for each node The file format consists of Line 1 A header that says SIBERIA DIRECTIONS If this line is not included then the file is rejected as not being a valid input file of allowable drainage directions Lines 2 4 3 lines of titles and comments for the file Line 5 The x and y dimensions of the grid of data in the file These must exactly match the values of kx and ky otherwise the file is rejected Line 6 onwards The allowable drainage directions Each line consists of 8 numbers each representing one of the 8 flow directions from that point see Figure 3 1 either 0 or 1 in the format like 00011011 with no spaces between the numbers A 1 indicates that direction is allowed while a O indi
70. e model for chemicals runoff and erosion from Agricultural Management Systems Conservation Research Report No 26 US Department of Agriculture Washington USA Loewenherz Lawrence D S Hydrodynamic description for advective sediment transport processes and rill initiation Water Resources Research 1994 30 11 3203 3212 Meinhardt H A 1982 Models of biological pattern formation Academic Press Berlin SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 89 Moore I D and Burch G J 1986 Sediment transport capacity of sheet and rill flow Application of unit stream power theory Water Resources Research 22 8 pp 1350 1360 Shreve R L 1966 Statistical law of stream numbers Journal of Geology 74 pp 17 37 Smith T R and Bretherton F P 1972 Stability and the conservation of mass in drainage basin evolution Water Resources Research 8 6 pp 1506 1529 Strahler A N 1964 Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks Handbook of applied hydrology Chow V T Ed New York McGraw Hill pp 4 39 4 76 Tarboton D G 1997 A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models Water Resources Research 33 2 pp 309 19 Tucker G and Bras R L 1999 Valdes J B Fiallo Y and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1979 A rainfall runoff analysis of the geomorphologic IUH Water Resources Research 15 6 pp 1421 1434 Willgoose G R 1993 Hydrology and erosion Pr
71. e values they feel fit Only if a negative value is chosen will SIBERIA call the user defined subroutine if 0 or positive numbers are input then the internal subroutines are called e The second parameter is a character string the filename parameter in Section 3 2 3 This string can be used in any way the user sees fit However it is anticipated that this string will contain a filename that is used by the user defined module to input data e g spatial data This file could in turn contain further filenames if more than 1 file of data is required by the module This filename is typically used for a filename called a model file by the SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 54 standard models when a positive value for the controlling mode parameter is input see description of standard models below For some ideas about how these filenames can be used see the built in models in the section below The user defined function is called every time around the computation loop within the code and the internal states of SIBERIA are passed out e g elevation slopes drainage area time etc for use by the user defined subroutine These internal states MUST NOT BE MODIFIED but can be used in the calculation of the module outputs Note that because of the internal numerics the subroutine may be called a number of times at the same simulation time though the states will be different This is not an error but a feature of the numerical solver in SIBERIA
72. ects where the direction of flow is not simply dependent on the local slope conditions but on more wide scale conditions ModeDir 7 8 These modes are currently under active development and cannot at this time be guaranteed bug free These modes select the Tarboton 1997 D multiple flow drainage direction algorithm 4 6 The Built in Channel Models This model determines how the depth of the channel is determined The main use of this is the slope in the channel is determined by examining the nominal elevation the surface elevation at that node determined by SIBERIA minus the channel depth On the hillslope the nominal elevation simply the surface elevation determined by the model For a node flowing from the hillslope into a channel the upstream elevation is the surface elevation while the downstream elevation is the surface elevation minus the channel depth The mode parameter for this model is ModeChannel SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 65 ModeChannel 0 In this mode channels are mapped in space but their dimensions are not calculated The slope in a channel is the slope based on the difference in the elevations between adjacent nodes Thus slopes in channels are calculated in exactly the same way as for hillslopes ModeChannel 1 The depth of the channel is calculated with regime equation depth b A 4 6 1 The slope in a channel is the slope is then the difference between the elevations channel depth between
73. ed by the new values If it is RELATIVE then for every point on the grid covered by the region file the previous values of 61 m and n are multiplied by the new values Note that it is not possible to change the second fluvial process parameters The lt region filename gt is the file name of the region file that has the region to be modified The filename should not include spaces The order of the commands in the model file is important SIBERIA modifies the erosion parameters in the order in which the commands are presented in the file If you have region files that overlap and you use ABSOLUTE then the order of modification will affect the final values for the erosion parameters SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 57 SIBERIA heading 1 the heading on the first line is required do not change heading 2 the 3 lines of heading are required and may contain heading 3 anything e g file identification This model file contains the information for SIBERIA on regional variations in runoff erosion and tectonics The format of this file is as a series of example commands giving the general format of the commands The commands can be in order and there are no limits on the number of commands in the file We suggest that you copy the appropriate command line examples and edit copie
74. ed here is that at each time step the change in mass of the landform is compared and an uplift is applied that just balances that change When the change in the uplift from time step to time step and hypsometric integral are small then the model declares convergence and the simulation stops e Declining Equilibrium This criteria will run the model until the catchment is at declining equilibrium Willgoose et al 1994 The process adopted here is that at each time step the change in hypsometric integral of the landform is compared When the change in the hypsometric integral is small then the model declares convergence and the simulation stops SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 14 3 Running SIBERIA 3 1 Running the program 3 1 1 Starting the program The program is designed to run interactively For batch usage on UNIX computers the best way is to use input output redirection When the user has started the program by typing SIBERIA he she is asked a number of questions In order of appearance they are I START from a file filename Input the name of a restart file If none is specified i e lt return gt without inputting any text then it is assumed that a new run is to be started The file name cannot have spaces in it If you input you will be given a list of the versions of the all the key computational components within SIBERIA and the implementation limits of the code The first must be in the first column If you input
75. ees 64 4 7 The Built in Soil Models 30 cccccs cs ccssccccsatersscesserceensteevsaaeaaceeses 65 4 8 The Generic Dependent Mode la waicsviccscecieiaetvre Geass 65 4 9 The Built in Layers Models eeescceeseeceeseeeeeseeeeeneeeeeeeees 66 5 Monte Carlo Modeling mionrca nirea inada 77 6 Calibration of SIBERIA amp sescieccssnssussccuapesccacsntostcneavsdccnvase oaasteninavasenccaee 78 6 1 Calibration to erosion plot data eceeseeeeseeceeteeeeeneeeeeeeees 78 6 2 Calibration to other erosion models ccescceeeseeceeneeeeeeeees 85 7 REFERENCES a ata n a aA a aeea ie eee ames 88 APPENDICES penine oria i ea REE E ein EARN E ae 91 Appendix A Revision History sessesesesessesssesessersseresseessresseresseressees 91 Appendix B Code to read in restart files eee eeeeseeeeseeeseeeeeeeeees 93 Appendix C Code to read in boundary files 104 Appendix D Shell program to analyse RST and BND file formats 107 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 1 1 Introduction This manual describes how to use the catchment evolution model SIBERIA developed by the author beginning in 1986 SIBERIA is a computer model for simulating the evolution of landscapes under the action of runoff and erosion over long times scales typically more than a few years SIBERIA is both a very simple model and a very sophisticated one The hydrology and erosion models are based on ones that are simple and widely accepted in the hydrology and agricultural communities since the
76. er simulations see later sections for these details a B q S 2 1 3 K m ga ae 2 1 4 K G f 2 1 5 P Y 1 channel 2 1 B O Y 0 hillslope 2 1 6 roy SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 5 where q is the discharge per unit width 6 and f are rate constants that may be variable on space and m4 n Ms Ns are typically constants with respect to space and time though that restriction can be loosened in various ways within the model K is the erodibility The coefficient O represents a reduction factor in a reduction exists in sediment transport rate in the hillslopes compared to that in channels The factor G is related to the runoff processes to be modelled and assumes particular importance when the subsurface saturation runoff mechanism is simulated For Hortonian runoff G 1 For the subsurface saturation mechanism it needs to be determined as described in Section 2 5 Methods for determining the other coefficients from the governing physics will discussed later in this chapter The discharge in a channel Q and the discharge per unit width g again may be parameterised in any way suitable We choose to represent them here as Q B A 2 1 7 jaa 2 1 8 w w B 0 2 1 9 where A is the catchment area draining to that point in the channel w is the width of the channel at that point 63 and p4 are constants that may be variable on space and m and m4 are constants with respect to time and
77. fferent location Typically this is modified once to configure SIBERIA and then only modified infrequently thereafter The format of the file is as follows Note that the directory format is the default text line format for the appropriate operation system Note also that the line MUST be terminated by the operating system directory seperator in Windows and in UNIX Windows DEFAULT D siberia runs UNIX all versions including LINUX and Mac OSX DEFAULT siberia runs Table Default Startup Locations for SIBERIA Operation Method of Startup Location System Windows From Start bar as part of The default directory for the installation of EAMS install programs Normally something like C PROGRAM FILES TELLURICRESEARCH EAMS Double clicking on the p HERE1 executable in a directory called D HERE1 Double clicking on an c HERE2 alias in a directory D HERE1 where the original executable is in C HERE2 Mac OSX Click o n Your home directory That is the result of typing SIBERIA COMMAND cd at the UNIX prompt in the TERMINAL application or the location when Go gt Home is selected in FINDER Start at UNIX command The directory given by the pwd command line in the TERMINAL irrespective of the executable location application SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 43 Other UNIX Start at UNIX command The directory given by the pwd command line irrespective of the executable location The second fi
78. for ModeSolver 3 except that two fluvial processes switch 1 process occurs only on hillslope 2 process occurs only in channel The default solver for versions later than V8 02 5 gt solution by explicit analytic solution nonlinear predictor corrector The default solver until V8 02 6 gt Shear stress driven source limitation model 7 gt equivalent to ModeSolver 5 except that there is no erosion at on hillslopes ModeDir Mode of solution of the directions in the diranal routine e 0 gt directions as steepest slope e 1 default gt directions for the channels are writ in stone provided that channels drain into channels 2 gt directions as steepest slope with constraints on slope provided by contour banks e See also parameters 8 4 3 gt directions as specified in the input RST2 file and do not change during the simulation 4 gt directions as steepest slope with constraints on slope provided by contour banks 5 gt highly optimised version of ModeDir 0 for RISC processors 6 gt average flow direction for the region rather just the adjacent 8 nodes e See also parameters 8 16 7 gt directions as per Do SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual _ _ _ O M SOO 8 30 User Manual 24 ModeUplift Mode of Uplift Model p T al aa acet period 0 default gt No perturbation 1 gt Sinusoidal uplift rate with amplitude Trig Period Tia a and initial phase T phase 2 gt Square wave uplift rate with paramete
79. gative values of ModeppP are valid SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 66 4 9 The Built in Layers Models The layering model is a major project that was first implemented in SIBERIA V8 28 In the future it will eventually replace ModeErode 3 and ModeRunof f 3 as it allows more realistic modelling of erosion and runoff physics particularly for cases where deposition of eroded sediment is a key characteristic of the simulations 4 9 1 The Science underpinning the Layering Model The geology is represented by a series of layers of material with specified characteristics e g erosion runoff etc A series of capabilities are provided for initial specification of layers and their properties In V8 28 only fluvial erosion properties change from layer to layer but in future version non fluvial erosion and also runoff properties will be included The soils model cannot be used at the same time as the layering model As the landform erodes the model tracks in the flow the characteristics of the material being transported This has the consequence that the material being transported by the flow determines the transport capabilities of the flow The characteristics of the flow reflect the mixing of material being transported from upstream and the material being eroded at that point Since at the current time SIBERIA determines erosion characteristics based on a characteristic diameter of the eroded sediment e g d50 then a variety of mixing models are provide
80. gion is input using a RGN file and then the parameters of the erosion process are input These parameters are then applied over the whole of the region specified All of this information is input in a file specified by the file parameter 1 FileErode This file is called a model file A sample model file is given below this is the file test model sample file Note that the model file may include regional information for other processes e g runoff variations in space in addition to erosion You might want to do that to keep everything organised i e FileErode is then the same aS FileRunoff or you may wish to have erosion information in a separate file from runoff information i e FileErode is then different from FileRunoff The format of the model file is as follows note all lines starting with a in the 1 column are comment lines you may put comment lines anywhere Line 1 The string SIBERIA This line must be exactly as shown Line 2 4 These are 3 lines of title information Anything may be entered here Subsequent lines Commands that identify the erosion data to be input The general format of the erosion command is EROSION lt modification keyword gt f m n lt region filename gt The lt modification keyword gt specifies how the values of 61 m and n are to be modified If it is ABSOLUTE then for every point on the grid covered by the region file then previous values of 61 m 1 and ny are replac
81. h resolution that it captures all of the critical duration runoff and erosion events in the record For instance in a small catchment of a few hectares it would be unusual for a catchment to take more a few hours to respond ala time of concentration to a rainfall event In this case the rainfall record should be of sufficient resolution that it captures all of the important rises and falls to be found in these critical storm hydrograph This would suggest that the rainfall record to be used should be sub hour in resolution for a small catchment By way of comparison CREAMS generally simulates rainfall on a daily basis which will fail to capture the detail of the critical erosion events The rationale for this is that historically the vast majority of available rainfall records are aggregated daily rainfall WEPP uses either pluviograph or dissaggregated daily rainfall e g see Bras and Rodriguez Iturbe 1985 for a basic discussion of rainfall dissaggregation methods to simulate these critical duration events It is possible for this temporal resolution error in the simulated erosion record to be as much as an order of magnitude in size SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 85 e Stage 3b The calibrated hydrology model As for the rainfall record the rainfall runoff model must be able to simulate runoff at the resolution of the critical duration events for long term records This model can be calibrated to observed rainfall runoff data for an existing catch
82. h fluvial transport does not occur Mx The maximum value for FACTOR in SedAnal used in the calculation of Ot Mn Mean factor for random fluctuations see also FRanCV factor on activator in differentiation equation 0 025 cl activator threshold a t The CIF allocated TO fixed Elevation points 0 gt all fixed Elevation points are hillslope 1 gt all fixed Elevation points are channels CV coeff of var for random fluctuations see also FRanMn s Standard Dev for short term variations in the runoff rate used in variation of saturation from below Regions l Standard Dev for long term variations in the runoff rate used in variation of Channel head position Amplitude of the cyclic uplift iod Period of the cyclic uplift timesteps se Phase of the cyclic uplift at t 0 Z standard dev factor for random fluctuations in the Elevation initial conditions factor relating the discharge used in Q anda s discharge Area formula power on the Area in discharge coefficient between discharge and Area in the sediment transport formula sediment transport formula coefficient on the front of the sediment transport formula power of the discharge in the sediment transport formula power on the Slope in the sediment transport formula Bulk density of soil Relates the mass rate of transport with the actual amount of Elevation change TimeStep ve gt time step size TO be used ve gt error criteria to used in adaptive
83. hannels model Tamp Amplitude of the cyclic uplift 2n T timeste U To sin 2a T se timestep ee p Traa See also parameters 9 32 33 34 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of ZInit and Notch parameters 6 46 and 49 Note that Notch is only used to stop the uniform uplift so that the cyclic uplift applies for the complete duration of the simulation SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 28 33 TPeriod Period of the cyclic uplift timesteps 2n T U T aa a T period me See also parameters 9 32 33 34 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of ZInit and Notch parameters 6 46 and 49 Note that Notch is only used to stop the uniform uplift so that the cyclic uplift applies for the complete duration of the simulation 34 TPhase Phase of the cyclic uplift at t 0 2a T U T e Ta amp ses T erioa See also parameters 9 32 33 34 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of ZInit and Notch parameters 6 46 and 49 Note that Notch is only used to stop the uniform uplift so that the cyclic uplift applies for the complete duration of the simulation Standard deviation for random fluctuations in the elevation initial conditions when no RsT2 file is specified as input Factor a relating the discharge used in sediment transport and the channel initiation function Default 1 See also parameters 27 36 44 45 and 47 Exponent on th
84. he OUTPUT_BIN option is primarily provided because it is a convenient way to stream data into visualisation packages under UNIX and LINUX e Acomplete explanation of the OUTPUT capabilities is provided in the table below Some of the output options are not operational unless the particular model option is turned on For instance to output soil depths you must have the soils model operational Ditto for LAYER information For the layer model the output options below are abbreviated The user should look at the layer model for a complete list of layer output capabilities Table Output Option Explanation e Jom ruux porwr O o E a a SED FLUX ACTUAL YIELD The amount of material eroded deposited at that node during the preceding timestep Sign convention is positive for deposition i e an increase in elevation Units are the units of elevation catchment draining through that node during the preceding SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 45 timestep Sign convention is positive for deposition i e an increase in elevation Units are the units of elevation ZCHANGE The cumulative change in elevation at that node over the duration of the simulation Sign convention is positive for deposition i e an increase in elevation Units are the units of elevation AVEZCHANGE The spatially averaged amount of material eroded deposited in the catchment draining through that node over the duration of the simulation Sign convention is positive for deposit
85. he next 50 parameters which are all the real parameters Note that the values of kx and ky will be overridden by the values in the boundary file if irregular boundaries are input see below Lines 15 to 24 are lines with text on them Each line is a filename for one of the model modes and the use of the text on each line is outlined in Sections 4 In Version 8 five lines are active see the table above for the filename parameters the other 5 should be left blank Even if filenames are not required to be input the lines must be input and left blank i e there must always be 10 lines in this section The 25th line specifies how many nodes in the grid have fixed elevations i e catchment outlets This number init will always be O or greater with a maximum number of 1500 The 26th to 25 init th line specify the x y of each node with fixed elevation If you are also inputting irregular boundary conditions using a boundary file carefully read how this portion of the file may be affected and how these values may be overridden by those in the BND file Section 3 3 4 Note that some visualisation programs e g IRIS Explorer cannot cope with init 0 so that at least one fixed elevation node will be required The remaining lines input the states of the grid solved by SIBERIA The data are listed in 8 columns with each line being the listing of the grid along the x direction first The 8 columns in the file are left to right slope random field
86. he two different file formats basically perform the same purpose one is in plain text format while the other is a substantially compressed binary format The common name is that these file are restart files Many other ancillary programs use these as input e g FEOUT and VIEWER for their analysis of the data The text restart file with a standard file extension RST2 is the standard input output file for runs with SIBERIA This file format is normally used when files need to be routinely transferred from one computer to another The binary restart file with a standard file extension RST3 is not output by SIBERIA but can be input by SIBERIA This file format is normally used when disk space is a premium and files will not be transferred from one computer to another because the binary representation of numbers can vary from one computer to another The third file format used by SIBERIA is the boundary information for an irregularly shaped region has a standard extension of BND and is called a boundary file This file is a plain text file and can be routinely transferred from one computer to another Caution should be used when transferring this file type with KERMIT because the file can have lines longer than 80 characters i e kx gt 80 and KERMIT normally truncates all lines longer than 80 characters Appendix C has a listing of a shell program that may be used as the basis of a program to analyse the RST and BND files 3 3 2 The RST2 d
87. hecking is done that the inflow nodes are on the edge of the domain so it is possible to input sediment and runoff into the centre of the domain That may be useful if sediment is being transported into the centre of the domain as is done in a tailings dam ModeRunoff 3 This mode allows the input of regions that have different runoff properties A region is input using a RGN file and then the parameters of the runoff process are input These parameters are then applied over the whole of the region specified All of this information is input in a file specified by the file parameter 2 FileRunoff This file is called a model file A sample model file is given in the erosion model section for FileErode 3 this is the file test model sample file Note that the model file may include regional information for other processes e g erosion variations in space in addition to runoff You might want to do that to keep everything organised i e FileRunoff is then the same as FileErode or you may wish to have erosion information in a separate file from runoff information i e FileRunoff is then different from FileErode The format of the model file is as follows note all lines starting with a in the 1 column are comment lines you may put comment lines anywhere Line 1 The string SIBERIA This line must be exactly as shown Line 2 4 These are 3 lines of title information Anything may be entered here Subsequent lines
88. i i 26 30 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 31 33 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 init DO 1101 i 1 init READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 ixxx I iyyy i CONTINUE DO 1120 j 1 Intvar 4 DO 1130 i 1 Intvar 3 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 slope i j vz i j y i j 1Z2 1 j 11 12 area i j il direct i j i2 CONTINUE CONTINUE RETURN SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 101 9999 9998 1021 WRITE Error reading RST3 file STOP WRITE Premature END TO RST3 file SUBROUTINE rst3v7 version unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid FilenameUser MaxuUser IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER grid area grid grid ixxx iyyy intvar direct grid grid noreals noints unitno nopar init MaxUser REAL 8 version slope grid grid vz grid grid y grid grid zZ grid grid crealvar CHARACTER 80 FilenameUser MaxUser INTEGER i j INTEGER 2 IParameter 20 il i2 NoInts 20 noreals 50 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 TParameter i i 1 6 IParameter i i 7 12 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 IParameter i i 13 18 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 DO 1150 i 1 NoInts IntVar i IParameter i CONTINUE TParameter i i 19 20 unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 1 5 unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 6 10 unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i 11 15 READ unitno err 9999 END 9998 Realvar i i
89. ical conditions without many of the difficulties of identification and generalisation associated with the heterogeneity encountered in field studies The ultimate goal is to develop a quantitative understanding of how channel networks and hillslopes evolve with time using a computer model of landscape evolution Catchment form and hydrologic response will then be seen in the context of the complete history of erosion development of the catchment SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 3 A large scale model of catchment evolution SIBERIA involving channel network growth and elevation evolution is documented below This model integrates a model of erosion processes theoretically and experimentally verified at small scales with a physically based conceptualisation of the channel growth process Neither the properties of the channel network nor the properties of the hillslopes can be viewed in isolation They must be viewed as components of a complicated large scale non linear system the drainage basin The basic tenet of this work is that it is necessary to understand the physics of the catchment processes to be able to fully understand the catchment form and that it is necessary to identify linked process equations and so define geomorphic systems in such a way that an analytical predictive approach can be used p 48 Huggett 1988 It is not claimed nor is it intended that the model presented below account for all the processes occurring in the
90. ich normally apply a constant rainfall for 30 minutes or so then the range of discharge within a rainfall event is normally sufficient to allow estimation of m The value of m should be accurate provided that they are reasonably large events and thus indicative of the larger dominant erosion events It is worth noting here that our experience is that two or three good events where the whole hydrograph the full range of observed discharges for both the rising and falling limbs so you capture any hysteresis is measured are much more valuable than a large number of poorly sampled events Thus a short intensive field campaign is more effective than a longer term but less intensive monitoring arrangement Stage 3 At a station long term sediment yield This is the empirical determination of the relationship between parameters 6 and p in Equation 6 1 7 In this process a pluviograph record is used with a calibrated rainfall runoff model to simulate a long term runoff record at high temporal resolution for the site The sediment transport equation from Stage 2 is then used to determine the sediment yield arising from this runoff record and the value of p determined In principle this is very similar to the process used in the USDA models CREAMS and WEPP to determine a long term mean annual erosion rate There are a number of nontrivial intermediate steps in this process e Stage 3a The pluviograph record The pluviograph record should be of high enoug
91. idth the wetted perimeter perhaps while for a channel element width which might be derived from regime equations Using this model calibration can be simplified into a three stage process Figure 6 1 81 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual P uuojpue enu usuy opI pow p oun fe SYY J eum y DIPIA UUS jwnuue UBIN SNIPS pue Hep euy dyuoygos vale Aurdwo Bui Wep uoo ejure Jen eN ppid Yowipes Osu wsu Wuo pue sso Lep uoisoue Joenus k Ren Schematic of the calibration procedure for SIBERIA when using field data from Figure 6 1 Willgoose and Riley 1998b SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 82 e Stage 1 Mean peak discharge area relationship The mean peak discharge area relationship equation 6 1 8 is determined by simulating 1 in two year storm peak discharge for a DEM of the site and doing a regression between the peak discharge and area Note that the discharge used in this regression is the critical duration peak discharge so that the complete range of duration design rainfall events must be used and at each point in the DEM the peak of the discharges given by the different duration events is selected The exponent m is determined by plotting the peak discharge against the catchment area for every point in the DEM on a log log plot and the slope of the relationship determined The coefficient p is determined from the intercept of this plot for A 1 See Figure
92. in the order in which the commands are presented in the file Thus one layer command may change the behaviour of the subsequent commands In fact it is this very order dependence that provides the power of the layer commands that are described below Note that some commands in the file example are noted as being not operational in the layering model of V8 30 These notes indicate commands that will be implemented shortly which will be read correctly by V8 30 but which do not do anything in V8 30 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 70 SIBERIA EXTERNAL This is a siberia model input file The first line of the file above is fixed and should not be edited These three lines are for file description data and can be modified by the user th Sk This file contains the extended models information for SIBERIA including regional variations in runoff erosion tectonics aggradation and layering The format of this file is as a series of example commands giving the general format of the commands The commands can be in any order and there are no limits on the number of commands in the file Each command is a Single line of information We suggest that you copy the appropriate command line examples and edit copies so that you always have copies of the original correct form of the command NB 1 All commands are independent of each other so that runoff and erosion commands can be entered independently However the runoff commands are dependent on each o
93. ine starting ECHO To NOT echo to a file uncomment the line starting NOECHO ECHO INCR appends a unique number to the filename to ensure that it doesn t overwrite the output file from previous runs of siberia ECHO junk output NOECHO ECHO INCR siberia output ECHO _INCR siberia output To have the program halt at the end of the run without the window automatically closing then uncomment the line PAUSE_AT END ON To have the window automatically close at the end of the run then uncomment the line PAUSE AT END OFF To have the program do whatever its default behaviour is with the window at the end of the run then uncomment line then uncomment PAUSE AT END DEFAULT PAUSE_AT END ON PAUSE_AT END OFF PAUSE_AT END DEFAULT PAUSE_AT END ON To allow existing RST and corresponding RSU amd LAYER output files to be overwritten uncomment the line RST_OVERWRITE ON To stop RST output files from being overwritten uncomment the line RST _OVERWRITE OFF To have the program do its default behaviour typically this is to NOT overwrite the RST files uncomment RST_OVERWRITE DEFAULT Sb SR SR SR SR SR SR ROE RST_OVERWRITE ON RST_OVERWRITE OFF RST_OVERWRITE DEFAULT RST_OVERWRITE DEFAULT This option is to set the maximum no of threads that the parallel implementation of SIBERIA can use The code will use this number of threads and attempt to get that many number of processors from the computer This option
94. ion i e an increase in elevation Units are the units of elevation The catchment is defined based on the drainage analysis at the time of output GuLLvPor LOGGULLYPOT The log base 10 channel initiation function TONNESHECTARE This is essentially YIELD converted to Tonnes Hectare This conversion assumes that sediment flux is expressed in cubic metres of sediment metre width timestep the bulk density is expressed in tones cubic metre and the gridXY i e grid spacing is in metres AVETONNESHECTARE As for TONNESHECTARE but using AVEYIELD rather than YIELD This outputs a 0 if that node is outside the domain and 1 if the node is inside the domain Useful if you want to filter other data in the RSU file typically some form of automated statistical analysis for whether that point is inside the domain or not DISCHARGE MEANANNUAL SURFACE_B1 The erodibility of the landform surface See also LAYER_1_B1 in the layer model SOILS MODEL OUTPUT SOILS MODEL MUST BE OPERATIONAL SOILMOISTURE The soil moisture calculated using the topographic index and soil depth The elevations of the base of the soil layer i e the bedrock surface The slopes of the bedrock surface BEDROCK_AREA The area draining through that node using the bedrock surface The same algorithm used for area analysis of the landform surface is used for this calculation The number of soil layers at that node SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 46 LAYER _1 Bl The
95. ipliers the region file for applying those parameters it must inside The command below modifies the erosion model over the region defined by test3 rgn with an erosion model with bl new b1 old 0 1 ERODIBILITY ABSOLUTE 0 001 control test rgn not operational in the layering model in V8 30 ERODIBILITY RELATIVE 0 1 d junk rgn rgn not operational in the layering model in V8 30 In SIBERIA V8 30 runoff commands in the layer model are are ignored i e commands starting with RUNOFF However it is anticipated that in future versions of SIBERIA they will be interpreted in a currently unanticipatable way but capturing the intent of the commands Any channel commands i e commands starting with CHANNEL in the layer model file are ignored It is not anticipated they be read by any future version of the layering model in SIBERIA b Sk Sk SR SR SR SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 72 Any uplift commands i e commands starting with UPLIFT in the layer model file are ignored It is not anticipated they be read by any future version of the layering model in SIBERIA Any aggradation degradation commands i e commands beginning with AGGRADATION in the layer model file are ignored It is not anticipated they be read by any future version of the layering model in SIBERIA Whenever a LAYERS file is specified the file is rea
96. is ignored if the standard serial version of code is being used If this option is not used then the code grabs a default typically small but gt 1 number of processors On shared parallel supercomputers choosing a large number of threads may slow the starting of the code until the requested number of processors Sb Sk Sk SR SR SR SR ROHR OH HR SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 50 become available NO THREADS 1 Output the elevation data in an xyz format identical to the format read by EAMS in addition to the output in the rst2 files This option is also useful in EAMS for output back to mine management and CAD e g AutoCad packages SS SR SR SR SR HR ROHR XYZ_FILE The following OUTPUT commands provide supplementary information to what is in the RST file The data below are output in a RSU file A maximum of 10 datsets may be output There are two forms of the OUTPUT command OUTPUT This outputs the specified data set into an RSU file which is a text column format used by all of the software in the EAMS suite and which is easily readable into data analysis programs e g EXCEL Kaleidograph SigmaPlot OUTPUT_BIN In addition to the RSU file this form also outputs the dataset into a binary file the filename is name abbrev bin where name is the same as the RST and RSU files abbrev is a self evident abbreviation for the dataset requested that can be streamed into visualisation packages like IDL EXPLORER etc The for
97. ithout layers the transport limited models adds about 20 30 to run times while requesting detachment limitation as well adds a further 20 30 4 9 4 The Layering Model File The general format of the model file follows that of the model files for ModeErode 3 and ModeRunof f 3 discussed in the sections above The layering model is used for erosion when ModeErode 4 For completeness some of this introduction for ModeErode 3 is repeated below The layer model is read whenever a filename is given for FileLayer The trigger the use of layering data for the erosion model you should input ModeErode 4 in V8 30 there is no way to trigger its use on the runoff model though this will be implemented in future versions There are no further modes for control of how the layering model works Instead the SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 69 layering model is controlled by commands within the layer model file A sample model file is given below this is the file Layer mode1 sample file Note that the model file may include information for other models e g erosion runoff variations in space in addition to layering information and where requested will read this data as well as the specific layer commands You might want to do that to keep everything organised i e FileLayer is then the same as FileErode or you may wish to have erosion information in a separate file from runoff erosion information i e FileRunoff is then different from FileErode Event
98. kkkkkkkkkkkk PE Ka EEE R E E ele QJ x k xkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk CWS 6S Se ew ee we ew FXXK kkkkkkKEK o e oe oo ooo e o ooo o we ee ew al ER ER RAREREREE ooe KKK KKEKKKK KK o SRK K KK KR KEK RKKK E E ae a er E E 3 3 6 The RGN region file The RGN file is a modified version of the BND file used for storing information about the spatial extent of some characteristic The filename always ends with the file extension rgn lower case In appearance it is identical to the boundary file except that the catchment outlets i e the letter do not need to be identified It s main use is a way of inputting information about different regions of runoff and erosion properties A region is identified by any symbol 3 other than a and using the runoff and erosion models see Section 4 to apply a different value of runoff and erosion over that region RGN files are normally generated by selecting a region in VIEWER as its rather tedious to generate them by hand SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 42 3 4 Controlling the Operation of SIBERIA The overall operation of SIBERIA is controlled by two files that are read immediately after SIBERIA starts The first file is one called default directory txt which changes the directory from which all files are read and written This file must be placed in the directory in which SIBERIA starts up see table below and allows all files to read from and written to a di
99. l sediment transport process IF b12 lt gt 0 SDRate the rate PARAMETER for the soil development model SDExp1 the First exponent on the soil development model SDModel 1 gt exponent of soil moisture SDExp2 the second exponent on the soil development model SDModel 1 gt exponent on the soil depth 64 SMThreshold the threshold for saturation excess runoff 65 70 rdummy45 rdummy50 N A FileName PARAMETERS Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc These filenames are generically named FilenameUser index 1 10 and are used in the user defined modules in the model The internal ModeSolver they are used for determination of follow 1 Factor Used in SedAnal TO determine the bl in the fluvial erosion module Accessed in User Factor SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 112 Runoff Used in SedAnal CtrOut and Finite TO determine the relationship for discharge at any point Accessed in User Runoff Uplift Used in SedAnal TO determine the tectonic uplift at any time Used in User Uplift Directions Used in DirAnal for determine constraints on drainage directions TO determine slopes and areas Used in User DirAnal N A Others Used in SIBERIA main loop TO determine user defined dependent variables that depend on SIBERIA output but DO not impact the operation of SIBERA except potentially thro
100. le compatible with e Lines 2 4 Three lines of title information These three lines can be used for any purpose and might for instance give a short description of what this file is e Line 5 Three numbers which from left to right are 1 the x size of the grid 2 the y size of the grid and 3 the number of data that follow e Line 6 The headings for the columns that follow The headings are in free format so an enclosed in apostrophes e Line 7 and beyond The data in column wise format where the x coordinate is read first and both x and y coordinates are in ascending order starting from x 1 and y 1 The first few lines of a sample file follow SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 39 Sample RSU File SIBERIA 8 08000000000000 RSU output from SIBERIA 76 92 2 Area Slope No Fluvial Diffusion_No 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 000E 00 0 136E 01 0 700E 04 0 131E 02 0 411E 02 0 363E 01 0 408E 03 0 272E 01 0 243E 03 0 427E 00 0 865E 05 3 3 5 The BND boundary file The boundary file is the means of inputting irregular boundary conditions If a rectangular domain is all that is required then it is generally unnecessary to use this file just specify the kx and ky as the size of the domain The filename always ends with the file extension bnd lower case e The Ist line is a heading describing the contents of the file e The 2nd line has two numbers with the x and y dimensions of the grid exactly the same as
101. le that is read in at the start of the run by SIBERIA called siberia setup all lower case As a general rule anything that changes what SIBERIA does without actually impacting on the values output for the simulated landforms is input in this file The reasoning behind this nowhere in any of the output files are the parameters in siberia setup actually output so only parameters that change what SIBERIA outputs are allowed here Operating specific issues are dealt with here as is the output of su files A sample file is provided with every implementation and the user needs only uncomment i e remove the leading on the line those lines that they need from the file For instance you may wish to keep a copy of everything you see on the screen during a SIBERIA run To do this simply uncomment out the line starting ECHO The file name is not allowed to have spaces in it On a UNIX computer this is effectively equivalent to using output redirection i e specifying a file name after gt when you run the program To provide extra information on the variation of simulation properties in space and time a range of extra data output are allowed These are output in a rsu file at the same time that a rst2 file is generated Thus for every rst2 file there is an rsu file with the same name The data in this rsu file can be examined with EAMS Viewer or most data visualization packages e g IDL The data that can be output are listed in the file and incl
102. lename 1 3 1 2 _ Interpreting the program output Once you have started the program you will get a large table of summary statistics see below and line printer contours of various properties of the states elevations CIF slopes etc and a plot of drainage directions The contours are interpreted as i e a space lowest through a b to t giving 20 equally spaced contours For the erosion deposition picture upper and lower case letters are used to distinguish erosion from deposition For the graph of the channels indicates hillslope and t channels with letters in between indicating either developing channels deterministic channels or the probability of a channel being at that point for stochastic channels For the drainage directions a character 0 indicates a self draining node a node draining either in a NE or SW direction a node draining in a NW or SE direction a node draining E or W and I a node draining north or south Most of the numbers in the table of statistics are self explanatory One statistic of particular use is the potential change in elevation at the outlet unit time This says how much the outlet elevation would change if all the sediment transport out of the catchment were to be piled onto that node Thus dividing this value by the number of nodes draining through that point gives the average decline of the catchment per timestep Applying that value as
103. lver STABILITY This an estimate of the numerical stability of the fluvial erosion solver SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 48 Sample siberia setup File The extract from a siberia setup illustrates only the key aspects of the file The file itself is fully documented in the file installed as part of the EAMS install Note that not all the options are listed in this example The user should refer to the version of siberia setup in their EAMS install There is one aspect of this file that EAMS Viewer users should remember If they are going to use the Difference file option in Viewer then the OUTPUT options for the two files must be exactly the same They must have exactly the same output options and these options should appear in the siberia setup file in exactly the same order Viewer does not check that these conditions are met and if not the results of the differencing will be incorrect HOW TO USE THIS FILE This file controls the operation of SIBERIA Its name should always be siberia setup all in lower case on Unix or Mac OSX machines and it should be situated in the directory in which SIBERIA is being run If the file exists in that directory then SIBERIA reads it automatically If the file does not exist then SIBERIA simply continues on without it choosing default values where necessary To make this file easier to use all of the allowable commands are listed below The commands are the lines all in UPPER CASE while the
104. m Mines Initial analysis 107p Supervising Scientist Report 132 Canberra Australian Government Publishing Service Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1989 A physically based channel network and catchment evolution model TR 322 Ralph M Parsons Laboratory Dept of Civil Engineering MIT Boston MA SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 90 Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1991a A physically based coupled network growth and hillslope evolution model 1 Theory Water Resources Research 27 7 pp 1671 1684 Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1991b A physically based coupled network growth and hillslope evolution model 2 Applications Water Resources Research 27 7 pp 1685 1696 Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1991c A physical explanation of an observed link area slope relationship Water Resources Research 27 7 pp 1697 1702 Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1991d Results from a new model of river basin evolution Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16 pp 237 254 Willgoose G R Bras R L and Rodriguez Iturbe I 1994 Hydrogeomorphology modelling with a physically based river basin evolution model Process Models and Theoretical Geomorphology Kirkby M J Ed Chichester Wiley pp 271 294 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 91 APPENDICES Appendix A Revision History A full revision history with details of the modifications at each up
105. made If you are interested in using spatially variable erosion and or runoff properties you should read the sections on the runoff erosion and layering models carefully Much work is going into enhancement of this capability and it is anticipated that the current erosion and runoff models will be replaced by the more general layering model If possible use the layering model in preference to the runoff and erosion models as it is likely in the future when the layering model is fully operational that the runoff and erosion models will be removed These extended capabilities are controlled by two parameters e The first parameter is an integer controlling parameter Mode in Section 3 2 1 that is passed to the routine by the program This controlling parameter tells the routine which model in the routine to choose to determine the data to be sent back to the program Some general rules need to be complied with A value of O for the controlling parameter selects the default model for determining the parameters In general this is a spatially uniform and temporally constant process Positive values of the controlling parameter are used for selecting standard capabilities that are or will be provided by the author in SIBERIA these values are reserved and will be used in future version of SIBERIA Negative values for the controlling parameter are used for selecting capabilities that may be coded by the individual user Users are free to use any negativ
106. mat is 2 4byte integers the x and y dimensions of the grid followed by the data in 4byte floating point by the x dimension first Note if you request more than one dataset to be OUTPUT _BIN then each dataset requested goes into a separate file with the appropriate name the amount of sediment being transported cubic metres timestep m width analytically derived from the transport equation OUTPUT SED FLUX the amount of sediment removed timestep in units of height at any pt in the grid at the requested time OUTPUT YIELD SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 51 output options SOILS MODEL OUTPUTS The outputs that follow can only be output when the soils model is turned ON OUTPUT SOILMOISTURE Bedrock properties can only be output for ModeSoils 2 SSSR HR SR SR RR RRR RHR HS OUTPUT BEDROCK Z OUTPUT BEDROCK SLOPE OUTPUT BEDROCK AREA OUTPUT BEDROCK DIRECTIONS th Sk LAYERS MODEL OUTPUTS The outputs that follow can only be output when the layering model is turned ON The Bl of the surface Layer equivalent to OUTPUT LAYER_1 Bl except SURFACE Bl will give the surface Bl even if the layers model is not used OUTPUT SURFACE Bl The Bl of the flow OUTPUT FLOW Bl Number of layers at that node OUTPUT LAYER _NO Layer properties for the top 5 layers note if the layer doesn t exist then zeros are output
107. ment as per standard hydrologic practice A more difficult situation arises in the mine rehabilitation area where the model is be used for simulation of erosion on sites that have not yet even been built so that appropriate hydrology data does not exist for this calibration In this case it may be possible to use rainfall simulator data to calibrate the model and to scale this model up the catchment scale Willgoose and Riley 1998a b While infiltration properties are easily calibrated by this method calibration of runoff routing parameters e g kinematic wave parameters is particularly error prone Willgoose and Kuczera 1995 Evidence to date suggests that the effects of errors in routing parameters are most apparent in the scaling equation Stage 1 and that the effects of differences in the surface condition between the plot and full scale field catchment overwhelm scale effects in Stage 3 For instance field scale catchments on mine sites are often quite rough primarily to reduce runoff and encourage seed germination while experimental plots are generally smooth to allow impermeable plot boundaries to be constructed and the routing and infiltration properties of the two surface are dramatically different e g Evans 1998 A simplified variant of this approach was used to develop the Queensland Coal Association Version 1 0 erosion database qca v1 sdb Gyasi Agyei and Willgoose 1997 In this case erodibilities for a range of different mine
108. nage Wirecthons Figure 3 1 Drainage direction definitions on the finite difference grid SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 37 Example RST2 File SIBERIA 20000 0 5 0 0 0 0 000000 000000 000000 000000 1 000000 1 000000 000000 000000 100000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 005000 1 000000 000000 200000 010000 800000 2 100000 300000 250000 500000 300000 10 000000 400000 100000 000000 000000 000000 000000 100000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 Filename for user erosion module Filename for the user runoff module Filename for the user tectonics module Filename for the drainage directions module These lines not currently used Filename for dependent variables No of fixed elevations x y of fixed elevation pt Ko N An example of a node outside the domain oCoOoOCoCoOCOCOCOUrF oooooo oo w oooooco o 0000 0 4572E 00 0548 1484124E 02 p Node inside the domain 5340E 00 1 0869 g 1472861E 02 4953E 00 1 0198 1440068E 02 5920E 00 1 0988 1429211E 02 6363E 00 1 0032 gt 1432361E 02 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 The RST3 data file The format of the RST3 file is a direct binary conversion of the RST2 file The filename always ends with the file extension rst3 lower case This file format is typically an order if magnitude smaller in size than the rst2
109. niques to look at stochastic aspects of the landform evolution resulting from spatial variability of runoff and erosion properties waste rock settlement poorly specified initial conditions and chaotic aspects of the landform evolution processes This version has not been kept up to date with the non PVM version and is effectively frozen at V7 05 e Various extensions to the code for Hancock 1997 to allow comparison of SIBERIA with experimental data from a small scale landform erosion simulator e Implementation of channels with real dimensions Slopes in the channels can now be calculated from the elevation of the bottom of the channel rather than the overall elevations SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 92 of the simulated DEM i e hillslope elevations This resulted in there being an extra state 7 columns now in the RST2 files the depth of the channel e V7 05 was the first version of SIBERIA to be properly documented Version 8 1998 date The major improvement in V8 is the implementation of a soil model This work is ongoing and the soils model is still in the process of testing and validation The major implication of this is the addition of an extra state 8 columns now in the RST2 files the depth of the soil V8 is also the first version to be made widely available to other researchers Independently of the soils model a number of other improvements have been made e V8 05 Simple armouring model implemented Erosion rate decreases wi
110. nitial random perturbation on the elevations By inputting the same random number two runs will be identical and so runs are reproducible this will also be true across different computers since SIBERIA uses its own random number generator not the machine s This is the number of points within the catchment that will have fixed elevations For a normal catchment this will 1 i e the outlet though for various reasons it can be useful to specify more than 1 here The X Y nodal coordinates in pairs for each of the specified fixed elevation nodes If you want to modify the default parameters then this is the first place to do it Specify the parameter here see Sections 3 2 1 3 2 3 for more details and it will tell you what the old parameter value was and prompt you for a new value If you are happy with the parameters input 0 here to proceed to the next question SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 17 Parameter Values At this stage you will get a large table of all the current parameter values plus some information of the modes set in the model You then have a prompt to start the program 11 0 New Parameters 1 Start Here you may either start the program calculating enter 1 or further modify the parameters enter 0 and you go into the modification mode described for the previous question 10 The filenames are modified by inputting the negative of the filename to be modified i e 1 will modify fi
111. no Line 5 20 READ Line 7 20 6010 iversion READ unitno NoPar ELSE iVersion 6 33 END IF IF iversion 1t 7 00 THEN CALL rst3v6 iversion unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid ELSE CALL rst3v7 iversion unitno noints noreals nopar intvar realvar SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 96 init ixxx iyyy Slope vz y z area direct grid FilenameUser MaxUser END IF CLOSE unit unitno END IF WRITE 6020 SIBERIA InputFile Version iversion FORMAT a31 f 10 2 any change in interpretation in parameters from old versions SIBERIA and BRANCH CALL updatev6 iversion IntVar Realvar FilenameUser CALL updatev7 iversion IntVar Realvar RETURN WRITE Unable TO OPEN the RESTART input file Modify any change in PARAMETER interpretation from old versions of SIBERIA V6 SUBROUTINE updatev6 version IntVar Realvar FilenameUser IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER Intvar REAL 8 realvar version CHARACTER 80 FilenameUser 10 INTEGER i k The interpretation of PARAMETER REALVAR 24 or B5 has changed from version 6 33 TO correct an inconsistency see SUBROUTINE CONST IF version le 6 33 THEN RealVar 24 RealVar 24 RealVar 18 RealVar 27 RealVar 5 0 0 END IF IF version le 6 38 THEN RealvVar 3 0 0 RealVar 4 0 0 RealVar 8 0 0 Realvar 10 0 RealVar 11 RealVar 12 RealVar 13 RealVar 14 Realvar 16 RealVar 17 END IF IF version le 6 41 THEN
112. noff rate 63 specified per unit width rather than per grid point e ve gt user defined model See also parameters 12 37 and 38 Mode for the user defined Mode for the user defined Dependent Model sid Model Mode for Monte Carlo simulation of landforms a oe aaa version of SIBERIA Pee caer oe aaa DirReg e Size of the region used to determine the slope and drainage directions Default value is 1 i e only adjacent nodes are examined ModeSoil Mode for the Decco cao Model ModeChannel Mode for the Channel Model e The depth of the channel is given by depth b X where 0 default gt zero depth channel i e depth 0 gt X area gt X discharge gt turns off ALL channel calculations including CIF determination See also Cia ee EEE 13 57 and 58 0 default gt under Decco cao uso fe SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 26 3 2 2 Real parameters Description e Coefficient of diffusion D in sediment transport Don Dz DS S vested D DS Sireshold t t Sinreshold a S S hreshold a S Dz DS Sthreshold lt D S hreshoid p S gt D a See also parameters 21 22 23 and 51 dzn Exponent of nonlinearity D in the diffusion of sediment transport default 1 D D DSS DS S z threshold _ Z threshold lt PG D naa gt D threshold threshold DS S threshold lt D Sinreshold S Q r See also parameters 21 22 23 and 51 dZHold Threshold D below which diffusive
113. oceedings of the Symposium on the Management and Rehabilitation of Waste Rock Dumps Darwin 7 8 October 1993 Willgoose G R 1994a A physical explanation for an observed area slope elevation relationship for declining catchments Water Resources Research 30 2 pp 151 159 Willgoose G R 1994b A statistic for testing the elevation characteristics of landscape simulation models Journal of Geophysical Research 99 B7 pp 13987 13996 Willgoose G R and Kuczera G A 1995 Estimation of sub grid scale kinematic wave parameters for hillslopes Hydrological Processes 9 3 4 469 82 Willgoose G R and Riley S J 1993 The assessment of the long term erosional stability of engineered structures of a proposed mine rehabilitation Chowdhury R N and Sivakumar M Ed Environmental Management Geowater and Engineering Aspects Wollongong University 8 11 February 1993 Willgoose G R and Riley S J 1994 Long term erosional stability of mine spoils Australian mining looks north The challenges and choices Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy National Conference Darwin 5 9 August 1994 Willgoose G R and Riley S J 1998a An assessment of the long term erosional stability of a proposed mine rehabilitation Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23 237 59 Willgoose G R and Riley S J 1998b Application of a catchment evolution model to the prediction of long term erosion on the spoil heap at Ranger Uraniu
114. ocess when the threshold is exceeded The rate at which a point is channelised once the channel initiation threshold is exceeded is governed by the parameter d a large value of d results in the channel forming quickly Equation 2 5 1 is a convenient but not exclusive way of parameterising the abrupt switch from hillslopes to channels in terms of the channel initiation function Any formulation leading to two stable binary solutions Y 0 Y 1 and which incorporates the threshold behaviour should work similarly This formulation is believed to adequately simulate the mean position of the channel head averaging out any stochastic advance and retreat of the channel head that may occur over short time scales The stochastic channel model The stochastic channel model is based on the tenet that at any point in time the channel head will be in balance with some effective climate forcing The channel is still assumed to an abrupt change from channel to hillslope at the channel head at any point in time This climatic forcing may be the runoff for the last 10 years 100 years or maybe last years runoff As this climate forcing varies so does the position of the channel head advancing during wet periods retreating during dry periods In this mode the exact position can in principle be predicted exactly if the forcing is known but only the average oscillations backwards and forwards and the mean position can be predicted if we only know the statis
115. odes where a layer is possible clearly is not possible to add a layer if the elevation input for the layer is above the soil surface but there are also other exceptions we will discuss later It is possible to restrict the spatial extent of the layer The masking file is a region file i e created by EAMS Viewer that indicates the SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 76 spatial extent for which you wish to create a layer The process of creating this mask is as follows The region is input with the command LAYER REGION_MASK This inputs the default region over which ALL subsequent layers will be created and they will not created outside this region NB By default this mask is active as soon as it is input see next dot point A simple rectangular masking region can be input with the command LAYER REGION_CLIP This rectangular mask overwrites any region input with LAYER REGION_MASK The mask is automatically activated If you have input a mask but do not to want to use it you can deactivate by the command LAYER REGION_ACTIVE OFF All subsequent layers will then created for the entire region To turn the same mask back on again i e activate it for subsequent layer creation use the command LAYER REGION_ACTIVE ON This activation and deactivation can be done as often as required Note that activation deactivation does not change the stored mask region only whether that mask region is used in defining the spatial extent of any layer subsequently crea
116. on Equation 2 1 1 is solved using an explicit numerical scheme The sediment mass balance is determined at the current time from analysis of the drainage paths and areas draining through a point and the rate of change of elevation predicted from this mass balance The solver in time is a two point predictor corrector algorithm The algorithm varies from the traditional predictor corrector with the prediction and correction steps being carried out using an approximate analytical solution to the mass balance at that point rather than the normal linear extrapolation in time in the traditional solver This nonlinear extrapolation is required by severe problems of stiffness in the mass balance equation with time scale ranges of 10 and more being normal This nonlinear extrapolation results in much improved stability and mass balance compliance than the traditional linear solver Under normal circumstances the user will not need to worry about the details of the solution strategy The prime consequence of this solution strategy is for the user who will be using the user defined extensions to the model The programmer should note that the user defined subroutine will be called more than once at every With a two step predictor corrector the subroutine will be called twice at each timestep i e at the same simulation time In particular the states passed to the user defined subroutines e g slopes areas elevations will change for each call even though
117. oration of GULLY Channel dimensions 0 default gt zero dimensions 1 gt width and depth power fns of Area 2 width and depth power fns of discharge 3 gt simply ignore any variations in erodibility between channel and hillslope i e assume Ot 1 no matter what you sent Ot to be ModeDP mode for incorporation of DEPENDENT variables no modes implemented to date mode of MonteCarlo run generation 0 gt default deterministic run 1 gt multiple input RST2 files for MC assessment of conditions ModeMC only impelmented in the PVM version latest version 7 05 DirReg how large is the Region used TO calculate the drainage directions relative TO using the adjacent points in ModeDir 6 default 1 ModeSoil the soil development model TO be used work in progress 0 gt no modelling 1 gt SM and depth model 18 20 idummy18 idummy20 N A REAL PARAMETERS Diffusivity in sediment transport power of nonlinearity in the diffusion of sediment transport SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 110 Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc dZHo QsHo Fact FRan l at YFix FRan b3SD b3SD TAmMp TPer TPha FRan al bl ml nl Bulk Init ld Threshold below which diffusion transport does not occur ld Threshold below whic
118. oric processes that created the landscape Strahler 1964 Shreve 1966 though there have been some notable exceptions to this generalisation Gilbert 1909 Horton 1945 The difficulty of the problem is such that the number of researchers that have attempted to unify the geomorphology and the hydrology is small Kirkby 1971 Dunne 1989 Huggett 1988 even though the importance of both specialisations has long been recognised by geomorphologists to look upon the landscape without any recognition of the labor expended in producing it or of the extraordinary adjustments of streams to structures and of waste to weather is like visiting Rome in the ignorant belief that the Romans of today have no ancestors page 268 Davis 1954 The main stumbling blocks to the fulfillment of the promise of this scientific paradigm have been the range of temporal scales geologic versus flood event timescales and spatial scales catchment and channel length scales that are important in the problem the heterogeneity in both space and time of the dominant processes and the problem of the unification and observation of the processes acting at these disparate scales Physically based computer models of catchment development e g Ahnert 1976 Kirkby 1987 are important tools in the understanding of the interactions between hydrologic process and response primarily because of their ability to explore the sensitivity of the system to changes in the phys
119. plications for topographic evolution Ph D thesis The University of Newcastle Gilbert G 1909 The convexity of hillslopes Journal of Geology 17 pp 344 350 Gyasi Agyei Y and Willgoose G R 1997 Calibration of SIBERIA parameters for 15 mine sites using runoff and erosion data obtained from the QDPI rainfall simulator Derivation of the Version I Database Research Report 146 05 1997 Department of Civil Surveying and Environmental Engineering The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Hancock G R 1997 Experimental testing of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model Ph D thesis The University of Newcastle Horton R E 1945 Erosional development of steams and their drainage basins hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 56 pp 275 370 Huggett R J 1988 Dissipative systems Implications for geomorphology Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 13 pp 45 49 Kirkby M J 1971 Hillslope process response models based on the continuity equation in Slopes form and process Institute of British Geographers Special Publications 3 London Institute of British Geographers pp 15 30 Kirkby M J 1987 Modelling some influences of soil erosion landslides and valley gradient on drainage density and hollow development Ahnert F Geomorphological Models Theoretical and Empirical Aspects Aachen Germany 1986 Knisel W 1980 CREAMS A field scal
120. priate It should be noted however that there is a consensus that the concavity of most SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 87 mm 1 1 0 6 If m is about 0 8 and m is about 1 5 then this suggests a value of n in the range 0 5 0 8 is fluvial erosion dominated surfaces parameterised in SIBERIA by is in the range 0 4 appropriate which is consistent with the findings of Willgoose and Riley 1993 1998a b and Evans 1998 However until further studies are published on the interaction between slope and armouring this conclusion should be treated with some caution One simple way we commonly use to calibrate the model is to generate a series of linear hillslopes 1 node wide and X some number nodes long simulating a slope X m long and 1 m wide Simulations are then done on this hillslope with the model simulating the erosion data and using a DEM for this same hillslope the parameters of SIBERIA can be determined The parameters so derived are then per unit width One particularly simple method is possible if only the erosion rate and not the runoff is of interest In the output to SIBERIA is a diagnostic called TOTAL MASS This is simply all of the elevations of the DEM node points added up and allows you to track the average elevation of the catchment over time just the total mass divided by the total area If the erosion model predicts that the catchment average loss is 0 5mm year typically these models will give tonnes Ha which c
121. rameters bl ml nl For relative these are interpreted as multipliers the region file for applying those parameters The command below replaces the erosion model over the region defined by the region file testl rgn with an erosion model with b1l new 0 01 ml new 0 6 nl new 0 7 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 58 EROSION ABSOLUTE 0 01 0 6 0 7 testl rgn The command below replaces the erosion model over the region defined by test2 rgn with an erosion model with b1l new 0 05 ml new 0 2 nl new 0 3 NB Because this command after the testl rgn command where testl rgn and test2 rgn overlap test2 rgn overwrites testl rgn EROSION ABSOLUTE 0 05 0 2 0 3 test2 rgn The command below modifies the erosion model over the region defined by test3 rgn with an erosion model with bl new bl old 0 1 ml1 new m1 old 0 7 nl new n1 old 1 2 NB Because this command after the testl rgn and test2 rgn commands where testl rgn test2 rgn and test3 rgn overlap test3 rgn overwrites the other files EROSION RELATIVE 0 1 0 7 1 2 test3 rgn RUNOFF commands These commands are read in SIBERIA when the parameter UserRO 3 and the file parameter 2 ie the filename for the RUNOFF parameter is set to this file general form of the erosion commands from left to right is runoff indicating this i
122. rameters in SIBERIA from the calibrated values of f m n A To date this approach has not been widely used because of the computation demands of determining the scaling parameter on area m 6 1 2 Scaling Approach Willgoose et al 1989 and Willgoose and Riley 1993 1998a b showed the runoff and sediment that can be measured instantaneously e g during a storm event and can be related to the mean annual sediment transport in a conceptually simple fashion A similar result has been recently proposed by Tucker and Bras 1999 where they related the statistical characteristics of rainfall and infiltration to derive at a model for mean annual sediment load in terms of rainfall and infiltration characteristics Willgoose et al 1989 related the equation for the sediment flux note that his equation assumes there is no sediment transport threshold so that A 0 at any instant in time q q Baq S 6 1 5 to the long term erosion rate g 7 bq S 6 1 6 where SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 80 FT rfa N gyr O Oot f b lTa fla t dr 1 m m Ne m 7 m m 6 1 7 n M The term in the parentheses in the erodibility in Equation 6 1 7 is a function of from left to right in the equation 1 the intrinsic erodibility of the material p 2 the rate of arrival of significant erosive events A 3 the unit hydrograph of the catchment reflected in the integral of the characteristic hydrograph of the
123. return Add a region to the array keeping track of what regions have been specified subroutine addregion num regions noregions Maxregions implicit none integer Maxregions num regions Maxregions noregions integer i do 1000 i 1 noregions if regions i eq 0 go to 1100 if regions i eq num return continue if noregions eq Maxregions then write Too many regions in InputBoundaries gt Maxregions stop else noregions noregions t1l regions noregions num end if 1100 write Internal error in AddRegion stop end SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 107 Appendix D Shell program to analyse RST and BND file formats This is a sample code that can read in RST and BND files for analysis It uses the routines in INOUT Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc C Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc Cc C AAAAAAAAAAAAAqAA aaaaaa PROGRAM SiberiaShell IMPLICIT NONE Created by G Willgoose 16 4 93 This code segment provides a shell that reads in a SIBERIA boundary and data file names and reads in the files It uses the routines INOUT F from SIBERIA to read version 7 03 type RST2 and BND files The model parameters are stored in a COMMON pulled in from SIBERIA version 7 03 REQUIREMENTS To link and compile this code segment you must have the files INOUT F the input output routines STRSUPPORT F a string manipulation package required by INOUT F PARAMETERS INC an in
124. rs as for sinusoidal 3 gt Impulse uplift with height note not a rate but the amount of uplift per impulse Ess Period Toeri a and initial phase Tase e vye gt user defined model See also parameters 9 32 33 34 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of ZInit and Notch parameters 6 46 and 49 Note that Notch is only used to stop the uniform uplift so that the cyclic uplift applies for the complete duration of the simulation ModeRandom Mode of Random perturbation using FRancv and FRanMn e 0 default gt No Perturbation ol gt i e random erosion e 2 gt 5 i e random channel threshold See also parameters 10 26 29 ModeErode Mode for the Erosion Model e 0 default gt spatially constant erodibility dependent only on the channelisation ie 6 for the channel and 10r for the hillslope 1 gt depth dependent armouring model 3 gt spatially variable erodibility regions specified by RGN file 20 gt erodibility 6 specified per unit width rather than per grid point ve gt user defined model e See also parameters 11 24 39 40 and 41 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual _ _ _ _ _ 2B SSO 8 30 User Manual 25 ModeRunoff Mode for the Runoff Model 0 default gt spatially constant RUNOFF 1 gt spatially variable runoff rate input from file see Section 4 3 2 gt known inflows from offsite 3 gt spatially variable runoff regions specified by RGN file 20 gt ru
125. s an runoff command starts in column 1 one of either absolute or relative indicating absolute the runoff parameters are as given relative the runoff parameters given are multipLied with the runoff parameters at that point previously given ie this changes the parameters by a relative amount the parameters b3 m3 For relative these are interpreted as multipliers the region file for applying those parameters The command below replaces the runoff model over the region defined by test0O rgn with a runoff model with b3 new 1 0 m3 new 0 8 RUNOFF ABSOLUTE 1 0 0 8 test0 rgn The command below updates the runoff model over the region defined by testl_ 2 rgn with a runoff model with b3 new b3 old 2 0 m3 new m3 old 0 9 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 59 RUNOFF RELATIVE 2 0 0 9 testl_2 rgn The command below updates the runoff model over the region defined by test0O rgn with a runoff model with b3 new b3 old 0 5 m3 new m3 o0ld 1 0 RUNOFF RELATIVE 0 5 1 0 test0 rgn ModeErode 20 and greater In this case the 6 parameter is interpreted as being the rate parameter unit width of hillslope The parameter is then internally converted within SIBERIA to the rate parameter for the grid resolution adopted using the value of Gridxy input All the ModeErode models for less than 20 are still available simply subtract 20 from ModeErode to determine the models from above Note that once one of
126. s for the model e The third group are the 10 model filenames referred to by negative of the file number i e 1 to 10 These are typically the filename associated with each of the major model components within SIBERIA erosion runoff tectonics soils etc A brief description of each parameter is given in the table below A more detailed description follows in Section 4 In the table below some parameters are blank because they are currently not used in the code they exist to provide compatibility with future versions of SIBERIA that may need further parameters to control new modes of behaviour In this way the format of the restart files is guaranteed not to change for some time This is done because many visualisation packages require the header have a fixed format or that it has a fixed number of values so that it can skip the header before reading the data e g Silicon Graphics Explorer and by having a set number of parameters that we will fill in over time it means that the input routine for the visualisation package does not need to be changed for each minor update of SIBERIA Future versions will simply fill in the blanks in the table below SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 22 3 2 1 Integer parameters No Parameter Description 1 RunTime No of time steps to solve for in this run Negative values are for the automated completion criteria If RunTime 1 then this this termination criteria is achievement of declining equilibrium if R
127. s so that you always have copies of the original correct form of the command NB 1 All types commands are independent of each other so that runoff and erosion commands can be entered independently However the runoff commands are not independent of each other with subsequent runoff commands working on the result of previous runoff commands if the regions over which they apply are overlapping The same is true of the erosion commands In particular if you have regions of different material you may change the runoff for that region and not the erosion model if that is appropriate and vice versa or you may change both if appropriate or you may change one absolute and one relative if desired 2 These commands assume that the erosion model and the runoff model are initially everywhere uniform and determined by the bl ml nl b3 n3 parameters specified in the RST2 file EROSION commands These commands are read in SIBERIA when the parameter UserFt 3 and the file parameter 1 ie the filename for the ERODE parameter is set to this file general form of the erosion commands from left to right is erosion indicating this is an erosion command starts in column 1 one of either absolute or relative indicating absolute the erosion parameters are as given relative the erosion parameters given are multiplied with the erosion parameters at that point previously given ie this changes the parameters by a relative amount the pa
128. sive Transport Processes The second process in the elevation evolution equation is the diffusive transport term The long term average of a number of hillslope transport processes can be modelled by use of a spatially constant Fickian diffusion term the processes include hillslope soil creep rainsplash and rock slide It is also incorporates a slope stability threshold As for the fluvial sediment transport term it is implemented in a flux based within the model D is S inreshold _ D D T Sihreshold gt D zt zt q Sino a a 5 2 3 2 0 Z threshold lt D Sinreshold z l Other mass transport mechanisms could also be modelled but are not implemented in SIBERIA In particular mechanisms that require knowledge of the regolith depth are not modelled e g plastic transport Any transport mechanism that is dependent on regolith or soil depth is much more difficult to model than those considered here This is because the soil depth is variable in space and time and is a function of the geomorphology i e deeper in valleys shallower on hilltops which in turn is part of the solution of the model The modelling of soil production and depth dependent on the complex geochemistry and biology of the catchment and climatic variation is considered beyond the scope of reliable modelling at this stage and consequently has not been considered SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 9 2 3 3 Extensions to these Processes A capability to have two flu
129. space The equations are solved on a spatial domain with boundary conditions 2220 2 1 10 Op where p is the direction perpendicular to the catchment boundary The governing equations are non linear partial differential equations of two states these two states are elevation z and an indicator variable for channelisation Y The most important qualitative characteristic of a catchment the branched network of channels that form the backbone of the drainage system of a basin is thus explicitly modelled There are five important variables distributed in space that are derived from these two states They are the steepest downhill slope the contributing area the discharge and the distribution of channel initiation function and sediment transport in space The channel initiation function and sediment transport feed back into as inputs the two state equations for elevation and channelisation Thus there is a non linear interaction between the elevation and channelisation and the channel initiation function and sediment transport in space This interaction is the central feature of the model that drives the drainage network growth SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 6 2 2 Tectonic uplift As previously noted Equation 2 1 1 is a continuity equation in space for sediment transport The first term in the elevation equation 2 1 1 is the rate of tectonic uplift positive upwards This term may be quite general with variability both in space and
130. t within the domain easier They can 1 represent retention ponds that capture sediment or 2 accounting regions for SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 40 which runoff and sediment transport information is required This capability is no longer fully implemented in SIBERIA and may not work correctly e For the retention ponds SIBERIA tracks the amount of runoff and sediment flowing into each region and will return erosion statistics for them Elevations within the retention ponds are fixed and do change with time e For the accounting regions runoff and transport through the region is calculated For accounting regions the elevation changes in the accounting regions are not affected by the specification of accounting They respond to erosion and deposition in the normal fashion Each region is represented in the boundary file by a number or lower case letter for the nodes for which they will represent retention ponds are defined by the numbers 0 9 the accounting regions by the lower case letters a z For instance the regions can be applied around the edge of the boundary and they will then report the sediment transport into and out of the domain In the sample file 4 represents a retention pond a represents part of the boundary with changing elevations for which runoff and sediment will be reported while 1 represents another part of the boundary for which elevations are fixed and for which transport will be reported SIBERIA 8 30
131. ted The mask that is activated deactivated is the mask input by the last LAYER REGION_MASK command Each time an LAYER REGION_MASK command is executed the previous mask is overwritten We now discuss the commands controlling the creation of layers The general principle with layer creation is that the layer is created by specifying what the elevation is of the bottom of the layer and everything above that elevation to the soil surface is part of that layer The characteristics of the material in that layer are either 1 the default values specified by the run parameters or 2 the values for these defaults modified by previous layer parameter commands e g LAYER ERODIBILITY The simplest layer command is LAYER Z This command inputs a horizontal layer The base of the layer is the elevation input If at some point in the landscape the input elevation is above the surface e g you are creating a geologic strata that is present on the tops of a hills but which is above the bottom of a valley then a layer at that low point is not created The following command creates a layer with base elevation 11 2m LAYER Z 11 2 LAYER CAPPING puts a capping layer on the surface The thickness input is the thickness of the capping layer The elevation of the base of the layer is calculated as the elevation of the landscape surface minus the capping thickness Thus if the capping is input as 2 then a layer 2m thick is placed across the surface within
132. ted as multipliers on the last value for the parameters Erosion model parameters bl ml nl1 not operational in V8 30 LAYER EROSION RELATIVE 0 1 0 2 0 3 LAYER EROSION ABSOLUTE 1 0 2 0 3 0 LAYER EROSION DEFAULT Erodibility parameter bl LAYER ERODIBILITY RELATIVE 0 1 LAYER ERODIBILITY ABSOLUTE 0 3 LAYER ERODIBILITY DEFAULT SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 74 Runoff model parameters b3 m3 not operational in V8 30 LAYER RUNOFF RELATIVE 0 5 0 95 LAYER RUNOFF ABSOLUTE 0 1 0 5 LAYER RUNOFF DEFAULT Maximum slope parameter sOmax not operational in V8 30 LAYER ANGLE OF _REPOSE RELATIVE 0 5 LAYER ANGLE OF _REPOSE ABSOLUTE 0 2 LAYER ANGLE OF _REPOSE DEFAULT Creep parameter dZ not operational in V8 30 LAYER CREEP RELATIVE 0 6 LAYER CREEP ABSOLUTE 0 01 LAYER CREEP DEFAULT th LAYER ELEVATION COMMANDS the commands for input of the elevations for the layers NB the input elevations are for the base of the layer unless otherwise noted i e the layer extends upwards from the elevations input a layer covering the surface of thickness given The top of the capping layer is the landform surface and the bottom of the capping is thickness below that surface LAYER CAPPING 2 1 a layer with base horizontal and with the layer s base at the elevation given LAYER Z 25 2 a layer that is
133. th increased erosion depth e V8 08 Rate parameters for runoff and erosion can now be defined independently of the grid resolution Input parameters are defined as being per unit width and the code internally uses the grid resolution information to convert to the nondimensional grid used by the model e V8 09 Improved dynamic timestepping and comprehensive testing of its accuracy A major improvement over the previous technique e V8 10 First version to be advertised as available on the web for researchers Last version of SIBERIA in F77 e V8 11 Incorporation of Tarboton s D drainage direction algorithm First version of SIBERIA in F90 e V8 25 First release version of full dynamic memory This allows better use of memory particularly for calculation of large domains greater than a million nodes It also provides the required memory management foundations for the layering model e V8 27 Pre release version of detachment limitation for Los Alamos National Labs e V8 28 29 Layering model engine implemented e V8 30 First release version of layering model SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 93 Appendix B Code to read in restart files The sample code that follows is the code segment of SIBERIA that reads in the restart files This code is available in module INOUT It is somewhat more general than is technically required In particular it reads in files from version 6 of SIBERIA which has a different header than V7 In addition it has
134. that Smith and Bretherton s analysis would lead to a system of rills spaced at an infinitesimal distance apart unless a basic scale is built into the equations Loewenherz Lawrence 1990 Introducing this scale of separation is conceptually consistent with the threshold analogy The elevations on the hillslopes and the growing channels interact through the different transport processes in each regime and the preferred drainage to the channels that results The interaction of these processes produces the long term form of catchments The preferential erosion in the channels results in the familiar pattern of hills and valleys with hillslope flow being towards the channel network in the bottoms of the valleys The model below simulates the growth and evolution of the channel networks and the contributing hillslopes Two variables are solved for in the plane the catchment elevation and an indicator variable that identifies where channels exist in space In the computer implementation computer code SIBERIA a drainage direction is assigned to each node in the SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 4 discretized space on the basis of the direction of steepest slope from node to node These drainage directions are used to determine the area contributing to i e flowing through each node From these areas and thus discharge and the steepest slopes at the nodes continuity equations for flow and sediment transport are written These areas and steepest slopes
135. the timestep will not SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 13 2 6 2 Adaptive Time stepping The other component of the solution technique that may be of importance to the user is the adaptive time stepping mode If the timesteps specified for parameter time are positive then the code will divide the timestep within the code into 1 time sub timesteps In this way the user is able to explicitly control the numerical stability of the mass balance algorithm within the code If however the value specified for parameter time is negative the code will determine the optimal sub timestep based on a number of criteria that have been found to be predictors of good performance in SIBERIA This sub timestep will adaptively change throughout the run adjusting to current conditions Generally speaking there is a small computational overhead in starting the adaptive timestepping at the beginning of the run but during the run it is considerably faster and more accurate than can be achieved by setting time manually At the current time the adaptive time stepping will only work correctly when the parameter f is constant in space and time ModeErode 0 as it ignores spatial and temporal variation in f 2 6 3 Automated Completion Criteria For convenience a range of automated completion criteria are provided e Dynamic Equilibrium Steady State This criteria will run the model until the catchment is at dynamic equilibrium Willgoose et al 1991d The process adopt
136. ther with subsequent runoff commands working on the result of previous runoff commands if the regions over which they apply are overlapping The same is true of the erosion commands tectonics layers etc In particular if you have regions of different material you may change the runoff for that region and not the erosion model if that is appropriate and vice versa or you may change both if appropriate or you may change one absolute and one relative if desired 2 These commands assume that the erosion model and the runoff model are initially everywhere uniform and determined by the bl ml nl b3 n3 parameters specified in the RST2 file Compatible with SIBERIA V8 30 Sh Sk Sh Sk Sk SR SR ROR Any commands for the general erosion model i e commands starting SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 71 with EROSION are currently ignored in SIBERIA V8 30 In some future version of SIBERIA they will be interpreted ERODIBILITY ONLY EROSION MODEL A more specific form of the erosion command only modifies the erodibility and is of the form ERODIBILITY indicating this is an erosion command starts in column 1 one of either ABSOLUTE or RELATIVE indicating ABSOLUTE the erosion parameters are as given RELATIVE the erosion parameters given are multipied with the erosion parameters at that point previously given ie this changes the parameters by a relative amount the parameter bl For RELATIVE these are interpretted as mult
137. tical properties of the climate Since SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 12 SIBERIA predicts the average elevation with time then the appropriate model to use is the latter statistical model where we only use the average climate properties The sediment transport properties at a point then reflects what proportion of the time that point is a channel and what proportion it is a hillslope this in turn being driven by the effective climatic fluctuations SIBERIA models the stochastic properties by applying a long term random forcing on the runoff parameter 63 The second order effect of this perturbation on fluvial sediment transport are ignored the conjunction of high runoff rate and channel advance are ignored by assuming that the timescale of climate perturbation that influence the channel advance years decades are much longer than the timescales of runoff events minutes hours 2 6 Internal numerics 2 6 1 Numerical Solver The details of the numerical solver for the change in elevation at any point used in SIBERIA can be found in Willgoose et al 1989 1991b The equations 2 1 1 and 2 1 2 are discretised on the square digital terrain map representing the land surface and the equations evaluated at each point in space over the temporal evolution of the landform The equations are reevaluated at each time step so that the mass balance and channel network respond to the time evolving landform Briefly the differential equation for elevati
138. tion See also parameters 27 36 44 45 and 47 For a new run i e no RST2 used for starting this is the initial elevation of the whole region Uplift then continues as per the continuing run case e See also parameters 5 46 e NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of the cyclic uplift function parameters 32 33 and 34 For a continuing run i e a RST2 is being used to start the run this is the uniform uplift being applied over the time notch e For the continuing uplift the rate of uplift Zoi time lt TimeU U Notch K 0 time TimeUp See also parameters 6 46 and 49 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of the cyclic uplift function parameters 32 33 and 34 47 m5 e Exponent n on area in the channel initiation function equation e See also parameters 27 36 44 45 and 47 48 Yhold e Threshold used to determine when a hillslope goes to being a channel SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual O Z O 3A OO 8 30 User Manual 31 Notch e Time over which zInit elevation change is applied to the notch for a uniform uplift with time The rate of uplift is Finis time lt TimeU U J Notch 0 time TimeUp e See also parameters 6 46 and 49 e NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of the cyclic uplift function parameters 32 33 and 34 i502 Weems lis The cover factor for erosion ala USLE Default 1 51 SOMax e The maximum stable
139. to deposited sediment This reflects the physics not any structure imposed by the layering model SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 67 The user may be confused that an apparent exception to this lack of explicit spatial coupling is in the input of new layers in the layer model file at the start of the run In many cases it is convenient to create a layer in the initial landform that reflects some sort of spatial pattern e g putting a layer of capping material on the surface of a landform to protect it The commands are designed to make this type of data input easy BUT once these layers are input the model ignores this implicit spatial coupling and treats each point in the domain independently Layers are modeled to a specified resolution the maximum layer depth In general deposited sediment is mixed into the surface sediment layer until the layer resolution is reached at which time a new layer is created on the surface which sediment then deposits into Thus in general the stratigraphy generated by SIBERIA will be a series of layers of depth equal to the maximum layer depth and each layers properties reflect the average of all the sediments that were deposited into that layer The only exception to this rule is when a large amount of homogeneous sediment is deposited in one single timestep In this case because the sediment is homogeneous the deposited layer is allowed to exceed the maximum layer depth Two transport models are provided e Transport
140. ually in the future version of SIBERIA the layer model file will supercede the use of erosion and runoff model files but this will only occur when the required capabilities are fully built into the layering model in SIBERIA NOTE For compatibility with EAMS if ModeErode 4 then IF FileLayer is left blank i e no layer model file specified THEN SIBERIA will try to find layer commands in the erosion model file FileErode If FileErode is also blank i e no erosion model file specified then SIBERIA will report an error If FileErode is not blank then NO error will be reported even if there are no layer commands in the erosion model file The format of the model file is as follows note all lines starting with a in the 1 column are comment lines you may put comment lines anywhere e Line 1 The string SIBERIA This line must be exactly as shown starting in column 1 e Line 2 4 These are 3 lines of title information Anything may be entered here e Subsequent lines Commands that identify the runoff data to be input The general format of a layer command is LAYER lt keyword gt lt data gt The lt keyword gt specifies what the layer command is The lt data gt is data used by that layer command with the specifics varying from command to command as listed below The specifics will be explained below in the discussion of the commands The order of the commands in the model file is important SIBERIA interprets the layer commands
141. ude An example of the standard siberia setup file follows There are some options in siberia setup that are not immediately obvious what they do A general explanation is provided below e ECHO this command opens a file with the specified name and then prints everything from the screen to this file This is effectively a log of the SIBERIA run Of most importance is that this file logs the time of the run and any WARNING messages output by the code Typically WARNINGs do not terminate the operation of the code but may indicate an unexpected input that may change the results If a superseded mode parameter is specified SIBERIA will generally output a warning but will continue with a replacement mode which may or may not give exactly the same answer ECHO_INCR appends a number to the specified filename and increments this number for each run ensuring that output files from previous runs are not overwritten e PAUSE_AT_END When running from a double click on some windowing systems Windows and MacOSX spring to mind the window opened by the code when running is deleted immediately upon completion of the code This open allows the window to remain open after a successful run Unfortunately it will not keep a window open if the code crashes if this is a problem you will need to open a command window and run SIBERIA from the command line SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 44 e RST_OVERWRITE By default SIBERIA does not typically overwrite an existing RST
142. ugh other user defined modules Accessed in User Others MaxUser should not be changed Both grid and NoFix can be increased They should not decreased below 200 and 1000 respectively otherwise you may not be able to read some RST2 iles amaadaaagaagaaagaagaaagaagaaaagaaaa INTEGER grid NoFix MaxUser MaxRegions REAL 4 version PARAMETER grid 200 NoFix 1000 MaxUser 10 MaxRegions 26 version 8 00 INCLUDE parameters inc REAL 8 slope grid grid vz grid grid channels grid grid amp Elevations grid grid cDepth grid grid SoilDepth grid grid INTEGER Area grid grid directions grid grid RegionMap MaxRegions amp init ixxx Nofix iyyy NoFix LowX HighxX LowY HighY LOGICAL IrregularBoundaries Domain grid grid CHARACTER 80 RSTfile BoundFile FilenameUser MaxUser CHARACTER 5 ofext LOGICAL detcif FlipLR FlipTB IrregularBoundaries false write Input RST filename read 6000 RSTfile Boundfile 1 5 write InputBND filename read 6000 Boundfile 6000 format a80 c read in RST files FlipLR false FlipTB false CALL ReadIn slope vz channels elevations Area grid grid amp RSTfile iInit iXXX iYYY Directions cDepth SoilDepth amp FlipLR FlipTB read in boundary files IF Boundfile 1 5 ne THEN CALL InputBoundaries BoundFile Domain Grid Grid kx ky iInit iXXX iYYY Regions NoRegions MaxRegions Region RegionMap LowX HighX LowY HighY IrregularBoundaries true ELSE
143. umber of cubic metres of sediment that would consumed by deposited sediment equivalent to bulk density NOT the volume consumed by the sediment particles alone equivalent particle density e Timestep units Normally they are considered as years in EAMS but all flux parameters are defined per timestep e Bulk Density units metric tonnes cubic metre e Grid Spacing metres There are no options in SIBERIA to work in imperial units so that all problems need to be converted to metric units SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 2 2 Background 2 1 SIBERIA What follows is a description of the philosophy and methodology used by SIBERIA Greater detail can be found in Willgoose et al 1989 1991a d 1994 Willgoose 1993 1994a b and Willgoose and Riley 1993 1998a b The flood response of a catchment to rainfall is dependent on the geomorphic form of the catchment But the catchment runoff not only responds to catchment form it also shapes it through the erosion processes that act during runoff events Over geologic time the catchment form shaped by the range of erosion events reflects the runoff processes that occur within it The channel network form and extent reflect the characteristics of both the hillslope and channel processes Hydrologists have long parameterised the influence of the geomorphology on flood response e g Rodriguez Iturbe and Valdes 1979 Geomorphologists have largely fitted statistics to the landscape ignoring the hist
144. unTime 1 then it is dynamic equilibrium See also parameter 2 StatsTime Line printer and statistics output of contours every StatsTime timesteps RunTime StatsTime must be integer If the input value of StatsTime lt RunTime then the program sets StatsTime RunTime See also parameter 1 X dimension of the rectangular grid See also parameter 3 Y dimension of the rectangular grid See also parameter 4 Type of initial condition to be applied to initial elevations when no initial RST file is specified for the run e 0O flat level surface with initial value zInit e 1 surface sloping upwards in the ve X direction with max height zInit If a RST2 file is input this parameter is ignored See also parameters 6 46 End time for application of the tectonic uplift The rate of uplift is u imee Tae U Notch i 0 time TimeUp See also parameters 5 6 46 and 49 NB this uplift is superimposed on top of the uniform uplift of the cyclic uplift function parameters 32 33 and 34 SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 23 ModeSolver Mode of solution of the sediment transport relation 0 disabled gt solution for elevations by Taylor Series 1 default gt solution of the physical transport equation 3 gt Corrected version of ModeSolver 5 with correct BC for Area 1 As for ModeSolver 4 except that two fluvial processes occur everywhere 4 gt Corrected version of ModeSolver 5 with correct BC for Area 1 As
145. unction of whether that point in space is channelised or not In the model sediment transport on the hillslopes can be less than that in the channel This effect is SIBERIA 8 30 User Manual 8 parameterised by the constant O in Equation 2 1 6 where O is less than 1 The 6 can potentially also parameterise the effect of ground cover landuse factors etc on the erosion rate using tabulated values for a range of erosion models e g Knisel 1980 In addition to this standard models for Bj SIBERIA implements a capability that allows the user to create any type of p1 through a user defined uplift module where the user can specify the f in their own FORTRAN subroutine This capability is discussed in Section 4 SIBERIA calculates all processes by a flux based approach That is the flux into a node and fluxes out and calculated and the imbalance used to determine the rate of elevation change at the node Thus the actual process used in the calculations is K o qa Piq S gt Gy m on 2 3 1 0 Bq D S dor where q is a threshold on the transport process See below for more explanation SIBERIA is capable of modelling a spatially uniform sediment transport i e p constant or as a random field In both erosion processes a threshold can be applied on the erosion process In addition SIBERIA allows this 6 definition to be extended through a user defined erodibility module This extension is discussed in Section 4 2 3 2 Diffu
146. vial erosion processes occurring in the same catchment at the same time is provided This capability comes in two forms the additive model and the switching model The additive erosion model is as follows q Bq Bug S 2 3 3 where the main limitation of the additive model is that the exponent on the slope must be the same for both processes This equation acts everywhere in the catchment The other model the switching model allows the two fluvial processes but one acts in the channels and the second acts in the channels so that pq S hillslope 2 3 4 Bod S channel i where now only one processes operates at any one place in the catchment The exponent on the slope term is still limited to being the same in both cases The limitation of the slope exponent is because the fast solver within SIBERIA requires the slope exponent be the same In another type of erosion model allowed where different erosion models are allowed for regions within the catchment this limitation is lifted and the slope exponent may vary in a limited fashion between the different node points In all cases a threshold is allowed on the erosion and diffusive transport processes These are implemented as follows q piq S a Q piq S gt Q 0 biq S s Q Dyn D zn DS S inreshold D S Sadho S s S s P q d threshold Pe 2 3 5 0 Zz threshold lt D Sthreshold x S l Bez B q Pog s 0 B q

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