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CCaLC2 for Windows Manual (V1.0)

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1. Figure 35 Modifying user data for other environmental impacts The top text box Figure 35 shows the data sets for which other impact data are missing To specify missing data select a data item and then click on the Define impact data button The bottom text box shows the user defined data sets for which impact data can be modified To modify data select a data set and then click on the Define impact button Both buttons bring up the same user form Figure 36 The form allows the user to 40 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 specify the impact data for a specific data set by filling in the text boxes and clicking the Update data button Impact data Eal Impacts Name Aluminium ingot Virgin 1 Enter LCA data for the impact categories listed below Carbon footprint kg CO2 eq kg 0 00E 00 Acidification potential kg 502 q kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate eq kg Ozone layer depletion potential kg R11 eq kg 0 00E 00 0 00E 00 Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq ka Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kg 0 00 00 0 00E 00 Update database Figure 36 Define impact data user form 19 Calculating value added Value added can be calculated by adding cost data at various points in the analysis e g while defining materials waste transport etc The value added are shown in blue font above each stage as well as in the value added
2. ee B B e e Waste Management Total carbon footprint 2191 kg CO2 eq f u Total value added 1 115 97 fu Figure 40 Carbon footprint of PLA from wheat 46 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 J CCaLC2 PLA from wheat allocation ccale File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint Cc a c 2 Oo c ao cN O Total inc co Raw materials Production Storage Transport Total f u Co products products View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph Figure 41 Contribution of life cycle stages to the total carbon footprint References Mortimer N A Evans A Ashley C Hatto V Shaw C Whittaker and A Hunter 2009 Life cycle assessment workbooks for selection of major renewable chemicals NNFCC and North Energy Mortimer N M Elsayed R Horne 2004 Energy and greenhouse gas emissions for bioethanol production from sugar beet and wheat grain Sheffield Hallam University 20 2 Food and drink Lunch at a sandwich bar 20 2 1 Introduction This report aims to provide a brief description of a food case study in the CCaLC tool The study corresponds to the calculation of life cycle GHG emissions for a typical packed lunch consumed at a sandwich bar in the UK The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 and PAS 2050 methodology as far as possible The following sec
3. 0 75 kg Filling Electricity 14 08 MJ Steam N gas 15 26 MJ Water 29 20 kg 19 37 kg 0 26 kg Filling Storage 20 38 kg Use 20 38 kg Landfill 20 38 kg Waste management Figure 46 System boundary for the HDPE milk bottle 2 272 litre 52 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 PET granulate 34 10 kg Raw materials PP granulate 4 51 kg LDPE granulate 0 75 kg Bottle manufacturing p Electricity 170 00 MJ Production thermal N gas 0 00 MJ Water 3 40 kg Top manufacturing Electricity 27 68 MJ Thermal N gas 0 14 MJ Water 13 5 kg Label manufacturing Electricity 1 25 MJ Thermal N gas 0 00 MJ Water 0 22 kg Filling sai 4 5kg Filling Electricity 21 16 MJ Steam N gas 20 00 MJ Water 55 00 kg 0 74 kg Storage 39 24 kg Use 39 24 kg Waste management Landfill 35 71 kg Incineration 3 53 kg Figure 47 System boundary for the PET water bottle 0 5 litres 53 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Raw materials Aluminium ingot Aluminium ingot Ree i amp bg Aluminium rolling can body 48 recycled can ends 100 virgin 40 18 kg Processing 30 75 kg 9 43 kg l Can manufacturing 5 Electricity 64 72 MJ Production Thermal N gas 10 94 MJ Hydrocarbon emission 3 00E 3 kg
4. 20 max score 10 Overall score for Medium in the range 11 20 64 Overall score for range 1 10 30 max score max score E score Data quality indicator Medium Low in the CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 NB The overall score of 19 has been calculated in the following way Overall score 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 19 Therefore the overall data quality indicator Medium It should be noted that the overall data quality will depend on both the quality of the particular datasets used by the user as well as on the confidence the user places on the quantity amount of materials energy etc they are defining for each sub system For example the quality of the background dataset for UK electricity mix and the related carbon footprint may be High however the user may not be confident in the data related to the amount of electricity used in a particular sub system so that the quality of this datum may be Medium or Low In this case since the data quality for the set is already defined as high the user will only need to specify the quality for the quantity amount and the tool will calculate the overall data quality for that particular sub system The process is repeated for each sub system The approach used for calculating DQI for a sub system is shown in Table A2 3 Note that the quantity amount is considered more important here than the quality of the dataset Table A2 3 Aggregating the Data Quality Indic
5. 39 30 kg Filling Filling Electricity 22 43 MJ Steam N gas 6 02 MJ Water 22 30 kg Storage 39 30 kg Landfill Recycling 20 48 kg 5 29 kg Waste management Figure 48 System boundary for the aluminium can 0 33 litre 54 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 20 3 3 Inventory analysis Description and weight of the packaging The description and weight of the packaging types are shown in Table 6 The different packaging materials have been obtained from retail shops and weighted Table 6 Description and weight of the packaging materials l Mineral Capacity litres 2 212 0 500 0 330 Number of bottles weighted O 3 OO 3 ae 44 17 9 95 can Average weight per bottle g body Material for top HDPE PP AMg8 3 05 can Material for label PP film LDPE film Average weight of label g ali per functional unit kg per 19 37 a 30 15 z weight per functional unit kg per 1000 2 ae ae 2 a weight per functional unit kg per 1000 I l o weight per functional unit kg per 20 38 39 24 Manufacturing inventory The manufacturing inventories for the packaging systems are shown in Table 7 Table 9 The manufacturing data for the HDPE and PET bottles have been estimated from Andrady 2003 The cans manufacturing data have been estimated from confidential sources Table 7 Manufacturing data for HDPE milk bottle 2 272 litres Bottle Tops Label Electricity MJ per F
6. Data quality indicators High Medium Age of data 5 10 years Geographical Specific Partly specific Generic average origin of data Measured and or modelled based on specific data e g the company data or from suppliers Source of data Completeness of data All inputs and outputs considered Reproducibility reliability consistency of data Completely reproducible reliable consistent Modelled using generic data from LCA databases some data derived using expert knowledge Majority of relevant inputs and outputs considered Partly reproducible reliable consistent Mainly sourced from literature and or estimated and or derived using expert knowledge Some relevant inputs and outputs considered or Known Not reproducible not known Table A2 2 Aggregating individual Data Quality Indicators DQI to arrive at an overall DQI High Medium or Low High quality Weighting for each criterion ona scale 1 10 Data quality criteria Age is Source Source Completeness gt E E Reproducibility reliability consistency Maximum score The sum of all weights is 10 High in the Max score for each criterion 3 Overall score for range 21 30 Medium quality Max score for each criterion 1 Max score for each criterion 2 Low quality Example data quality assessment 2 1 Low Geographical 3 Ers origin pL 2 Medium os E 3
7. Figure 43 Carbon footprint of packed lunch File Casestudies Import Data Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint T 2 3 53 z G D o QO O 2 Raw materials Production Storage Transport Total f u Co products Figure 44 Life cycle stage contributions 50 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 References BSI 2008 Publicly Available Specification PAS 2050 2008 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services British Standards Institution London WRAP 2008 The food we waste Waste and Resources Action Programme Banbury Oxon 20 3 Packaging Drinks Packaging 20 3 1 Introduction This section provides a brief description of the packaging case studies in the CCaLC tool A generic study of three different types of beverage packaging HDPE and PET bottles and aluminium cans used in the UK was carried out to analyse and compare their carbon footprint while also identifying the hot spots along the supply chain The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 2006 and PAS 2050 2008 methodologies as far as possible The following sections describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 20 3 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this study is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of three types of packaging used in the UK e HDPE milk bottle 2 272
8. CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 8 Carbon footprint estimation The carbon footprint of a system can be calculated in two main ways e by starting a new study from scratch with all the information and data entered by the user step by step or e by using the built in case studies which can be loaded up via the menu option Case studies and then modified according to the user specification The following procedure illustrates how the carbon footprint can be estimated within the CCaLC2 application starting a study from scratch Instructions on how to modify an existing study can be found in section 12 8 1 Defining system details Clicking on the Enter System Details button at the top of the screen at the top level activates the System Details user form Figure 2 In order to proceed with the analysis the name of the study and a functional unit must be specified The latter relates the function of the system to a common unit e g mass energy etc The amount specified for the functional unit will be the amount to which the carbon footprint will be attributed Any unit may be used in the Unit window but it should be noted that all other data must be directly related to this unit For example if the functional unit is 0 75 litres of red wine as illustrated in Figure 2 then the data entered later on must directly correspond to the amounts of materials energy etc used to produce 0 75 litres of wine CCaLC2 System Details heal Name
9. Database section All materials Z Stage for material use Functional unit Red wine 1 bottle Stage Raw Materials Amount kg f u Data quality for amount Total costs for stage 0 00 J fu Cost ko define inputs in terms of mass per agricultural area define inputs in terms of mass per functional unit CO2 eq Cost Raw material Amount kg kg raw CO2eg E kg raw Cost Database section i kau material kg material EA m Comments on amount used Update Fertiliser N 0 011 6 98 0 079 0 00 0 00 CCaLC Materials Agriculture Fertiliser P 0 028 1 86 0 052 0 00 0 00 CCaLC Materials Agriculture Pesticides 0 010 5 38 0 052 0 00 0 00 CCaLC Materials Agriculture Details a sodium hydroxide 50 in H2 1 21E 3 1 10 1 33E 3 0 00 0 00 Ecoinvent Materials Chemicals eae sulphur dioxide liquid at plant 5 60E 5 0 418 2 34E 5 0 00 0 00 Ecoinvent Materials Chemicals kg CO2 eq kg Total 0 050 Total 0 184 Total 0 00 Year Location Amount CO2 eq CO2 eq Cost Cost i 9 MJA u kkg MJ energy kg u MJ energy fu Database section Source Quality of dataset Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Total 0 00 Comments CO2 eq Cost Packaging An Aa kg a Pera E g Pr p Database section ai packaging i packaging i kraft paper unble
10. c f is the carbon footprint per functional unit For trucks returning empty the carbon footprint per functional unit is augmented by the ratio of the carbon footprint of the vehicle when it is loaded and when it is empty i e C F total C f c f C f empty C Frioaa J where C f tota IS the total carbon footprint per functional unit c f is the carbon footprint associated with transporting the material mass C f empty is the carbon footprint of the vehicle when running unloaded 62 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Appendix 2 Data quality criteria A2 1 General about LCA data quality According to PAS2050 the following data quality requirements should be considered when performing an LCA time related coverage geographical coverage technology coverage precision and accuracy completeness consistency reproducibility and sources of data primary or secondary Thus data quality assessment is a complex task as multiple aspects need to be considered including the context in which the data are used Enough information on the data is therefore fundamental to avoid their misinterpretation or misuse A2 2 Data quality assessment in the CCaLC2 tool The quality of data within the CCaLC2 tool can be defined by a user as High Medium or Low To help the user determine whether their data are of High Medium or Low quality a methodology specific to CCaLC has been developed using the data quality
11. J m water eq f u 0 00 0 00 lt lt E Carhon Footnrint kn CO en A wv Figure 3 Overview of the Production stage When the tool is first loaded with no study uploaded the stage names are displayed as Stage1 Stage2 etc see Figure 3 The names of the stages can be defined or modified at any point during the analysis as follows 1 Click on the stage to be modified Figure 3 this takes the user to that stage with a number of navigation buttons at the top of the screen as shown in Figure 4 Click on the Define Stage button at the top of the screen Enter the name of the stage in the relevant text box Enter any relevant comments in the Comments text box Click Update Ae i Once this is done the tool will update all instances of the stage name in the analysis The same procedure should be carried out for the rest of the production steps until they have all been defined The next step is then to define the raw materials being used the different production stages It should be noted that the transport arrows do not connect different stages Rather they represent the transport of materials from an individual processing stage Material flows may be transported between any of the processing stages due to a large number of transport flows and combinations it is not practical to show all the transport connections graphically but they are captured in the transport data sheets CCaLC2 for Windows
12. Location Source Data Quality Comments Update database Figure 26 Modify details for an existing user data item 10 3 Deleting a user database item To delete a user created data item e Select the item to be modified e Click on the Delete item button this brings up a warning on whether the user wants to delete the item e Click Yes to update the database NB Database items that are in use in the study active at the time of the attempted deletion cannot be deleted The databases that come with the tool cannot be deleted either 10 4 Sharing user database items Individual user database items or the entire user database can be exported from one copy of CCaLC2 and imported into another To export click on the Export Data menu bar and either select an individual item from the user defined records or choose to export the user defined database A dialog window will ask where to save the cudr an individual user database record or cudd user database file Once saved this can be shared emailed just like any windows file 30 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 To import a user database record or entire user database click on the Import Data menu bar and choose to import either a user defined record or user defined database A dialog box will allow the correct file to be chosen and importing will begin NB Where a user database item is used in an analysis the relevant user database items will be automatical
13. MJ Comments on amount used Details Impacts kg CO2 eq MJ Year Location Source Quality of dataset Comments Figure 8 Define Energy user form 8 5 2 Defining land use change If following the PAS2050 guidelines land use change relevant to the functional unit that has occurred during the last 20 years must be accounted for in the analysis Land use change can be defined in any of the production stages as well as in the raw materials stage The procedure is as follows see Figure 9 1 Or Or B Click the Define land use change button in any Production or Raw material stage From the drop down list select the country where the land use change has taken place From the drop down list select the current land use annual cropland perennial cropland From the drop down list select the previous land use forest land grassland Enter the area of land changed per functional unit hectares Enter the time the land is used for per functional unit years or pro rata months expressed in years Select the data quality for steps 5 and 6 above high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figures used Click Update 12 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define land use change leal Define land use Select country in which land use change occurs Curent land use Previous land use kg CO2 eq ha year Hectares of land changed per functional unit 0 Data qual
14. Red wine Functional Unit Value Units Settings Mass Units Energy Units Distance Units Volume Units Monetary Units Pound Exchange Rate per 1 00 Data Collected yr 2010 Data Source Confidential Last Updated date 07 01 2010 Author CCaLC Comments The functional unit is one 0 751 bottle of wine The system boundary is from cradle to grave Impacts from waste management of post consumer glass packaging have been accounted for during production of packaging Figure 2 System Details user form CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 The user can also define different mass g kg tonne energy MJ kWh BTU distance km and miles volume m litres and monetary units The default values are tonne kWh km m and respectively The units can be changed at any point during the analysis If using a currency other than an exchange rate should be supplied in the textbox This enables the user to switch between different currency types during the analysis NB The units are not linked to the unit of the Functional Unit defined by the user The user should ensure that they are working in consistent units at all times There are two ways to convert units This can be specified in the section Units which lists two options see Figure 2 e Change the units displayed and convert default and e Change only the units displayed The default setting on the form is to convert units This
15. 1 2 Goal and scope of the Study ccccccssssssssccesecceecesessssseeeeeeeees 43 20 k3 MAVENLOLY ANAly SIS saisoed cites aie deere tea neat 45 ZOA4 IMPAaClaASSeSSMENL sins a a erence 46 20 2 Food and drink Lunch at a sandwich DaP cece ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 47 202 1 SATOOUCHON aiwaeencina sans Saini a aa ee N 47 20 2 2 Goal and scope of the Study ccccccesssssssceeeecccecesesssseeeeeeeees 48 20 2 3 Jnventorn analys Seesen a N bev eattacaenkeeateasaiees 48 20 2 4 IMpact ASSESSMENE uu cecctcecesesscetseessesssessesssssssssessssssesseeseeseeees 49 20 3 Packaging Drinks Packaging cc cccccccssesssssssssssssseeeceeeeeeecceeeeeeees 51 2031 MMTOCUCU OM aaan a destin ciara O 51 20 3 2 Goal and scope of the Study eee cccccccessssscseeesecccecesesssseeeeeeeees 51 20 3 3 NIVENLOLY ANALY SIS nani cl ta nttiatied estates teas 55 20 3 4 ImpactassessmeNnt eeina iin E E E 57 Appendix 1 Methodology for calculating the carbon footprint of transport 61 Appendix 2 Data Guay CME A sik esheets hawedde A 63 A2 1 General about LCA data quality 200 000 ccccccccsesssssceesecceeeessenstseees 63 A2 2 Data quality assessment in the CCaLC2 tool ec ccccceeesetneees 63 Appendix 3 Water use and water footprint ce eeeeeeeeesseecceceeseeseeceeeeeeees 67 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 1 About CCaLC2 for Windows CCaLC2 for Windows is the second generation of the CCaLC tool that was
16. 4 Select the required material from the next drop down list 5 Select the required production stage from the second drop down list where the raw material will be sent 6 Add the amount of material per functional unit in the textbox Note agricultural materials are defined in mass per hectare of land 7 Select the data quality for the amount used high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used see Appendix 2 for a description of how the data quality is calculated for the system 8 Add any comments that are appropriate to this instance of material use this is optional but is recommended as a reminder for future uses 9 Add the cost of the raw material per unit mass if needed 10 Click the Update button The Raw material table on the screen will be updated to show the material name the amount used the carbon footprint associated with it and its destination The database section from which the data have been selected is also shown in the tables e eames a A a Define raw materials Ea File Casestudies Import Data Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top Define level materials Total carbon footprint for stage 0 184 kg CO2 eq f u Define materials Modify database Search database Define land use CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined change Define Define waste packaging Define energy
17. ES grid Canning and packing Electricity ow voltage ES grid Can production Olive oil GR Raw Materials soap at plant Raw Materials sodium chloride powder at plant Raw Materials sodium hydroxide 50 in H20 production mix at plant Raw Materials Tin plate 61 7 recycled Raw Materials transport lony gt 32t EUROS Canning and packing gt Storage transport lony gt 32t EURO5 Raw Materials gt Can production transport lony gt 32t EUROS Raw Materials gt Mussel processing ansaa low gt 32 EUROS Ham Materials gt Mursel famina Figure 34 Table showing missing water data 17 4 Water usage graphs Water usage and water footprint summary graphs can be viewed by clicking the View graph button Graphs showing contribution of different stages to water usage are further also available 18 Calculating other environmental impacts In addition to the carbon and water footprints the following other environmental impacts can be calculated in CCaLC2 39 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Ozone depletion potential Photochemical ozone creation potential Human toxicity potential The results for these impacts can be seen by clicking on the View other environmental impacts button at the top level of the tool If the data for these impacts are incomplete a message is displayed in red font stating Warning LCA data for some impacts are missing To c
18. UK would be increased by 0 1 kg If multiple materials are linked to a waste stream then the amounts are adjusted in proportion to the ratio of their use For instance If three materials are linked to one waste stream Landfill Municipal 1 kg Material 1 4 kg Material 2 4 kg Material 3 2 kg 17 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Then increasing the amount of waste would have the following effect Landfill Municipal 2 kg Material 1 4 kg 0 4 kg 4 4 kg Material 2 4 kg 0 4 kg 4 4 kg Material 3 2 kg 0 2 kg 2 2 kg 8 5 7 Defining production stage outputs Outputs from the production stages as well as storage can be defined in terms of mass or energy flows To define outputs from a stage 1 2 3 OY eS 9 Click on the Define stage button to bring up the user form Figure 15 Select the Output tab Decide whether to define a product or a co product note that a product must be defined defining co products is optional depending on the system being studied Type the name of the output flow into the drop down box provided the material can be selected later on as well as its mass changed NB Each output flow or co product must have a different name even if they go through stages unchanged this is to allow the system to distinguish between the flows in different stages If appropriate select the destination stage for product mass flow NB The product can be treated as either an intermed
19. and harvest Fertiliser P gt Production Grape cultivation and harvest Fertiliser N gt Production Grape cultivation and harvest sodium hydroxide 50 in H20 production mix at plant gt Production sulphur dioxide liquid at plant gt Production Wine production and be Figure 6 View of the Transport stage and a user form for defining transport Define verspot Define materials Modify database Search database CCaLlC database Ecoinvent database User defined Transport type Distance km 22 truck 120 Packing density kg m 1 00 Empty retum trip Dt quali for ans Cost of transport f u Comments on amount used Details impacts kg CO2 eg kgkm 5 822e 005 2004 Europe ILCD Quality of dataset High Comments Lony transport Euro 0 1 2 3 4 mix 22t total weight 17 3t max payload 85 utilisation ratio Data from European Reference Life Cycle Database ILCD European Commission Joint Research Centre Figure 7 Define Transport user form 10 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 8 5 Defining the production stage The details of the production stages can be defined by specifying each individual production stage in turn see section 7 for how to navigate in this stage Once the raw materials have been defined they will be showing as inputs into the production stages where they are being used This c
20. eee ines 33 12 gt SolantinG anew SwUGY miseuste acitis N aeesia aden aes 33 13 Garpon TOOTONME SUMMAN erei a estes iasbonseestabasnGeithanamscisisaatertaatialeacuasen 33 14 Data COMPANSOM ierra E taal eee aiesronalecs scl C EAE E EAA 35 15 Sharing user created studies and results between USerfS cccccseeee 36 15 1 Loading and saving CCaLC2 analysis 00 0 0 ceeeccccccccccceeessssssseeeeeeeees 36 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 192 401 0 4 618 6 See at Onn Ore RR Ce 36 10 0 BXporing graph TADICS oinin ne e E EA 36 154 EXpornting COMPANMSONS osre nres E A EEA 36 16 lmporing data Sels esses csceuscerscncncestvcdeaatrssbausasGeaeuageeneaadicacheaonactenetda EE 36 16 1 Importing data using the CCaLC template 36 tZ 4 81210 11 09 IEC DAIA asns EA E E EA 36 17 Calculating water usage and water footprint eeseeseeseseerresssserrrrrrrrsrssssren 36 17 1 Switching between water footprint and value added ccccceeee 37 17 2 Populating the water footprint data eccccccccccccceeeessssssseeeeeeeees 37 IZo Missihg water dala srecno aroen NOE NT 39 174 Waterusage GI ADINS ereiten ATO E N 39 18 Calculating other environmental impacts eeeeeeeeeeeseseeererrrrsssserrrrrrrersssseren 39 19 Calculaaung vale added enner a araia 41 20 EXANMIDIS case Studie S eironi 43 20 1 Biofeedstocks PLA from wheat eeesesessssessrrrrrrrrsssssrerererrrsrsseerereeees 43 ZO ME OCUIC UO cantunitadoodess 43 20
21. i 100 i 1 where is each year in which emissions occur and x is the proportion of total emissions occurring in any one year The methodology for this calculation is given in PAS2050 Annex B The product s end of life can be defined as follows Figure 18 1 Choose whether a specific or general case is being modelled 2 Ifa specific case select the time to disposal from the drop down list 3 Ifa general case calculate a weighting factor as described in PAS2050 and enter it in the text box 4 Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User defined 22 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Select the appropriate disposal waste stream from the drop down list Enter the product mass Enter the cost of disposal per unit mass if needed Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level for the amount specified Click Update oe 2 Define carbon release from product disposal Ea Define release a Emissions due to final disposal of a product can be calculated for specific cases single release or general cases prolonged releases See PAS2050 Annex B 1 for details For specific cases the user must specify the number of years between the formation of the product and the release date For general cases the user must calculate a weighting factor using the methodology in the PAS Specific case full storage General case storage or take up Time to emission years Weighting fa
22. means that should the user change units during the analysis all amounts already entered will be converted to the new specified unit s Should the user require that the amounts entered are left unchanged but only the units displayed are changed e g in the event that data were entered in the wrong units then the second options should be selected Other information on this form is related to the age and source of data date of conducting the study and the author however these are not compulsory but may be useful for transparency and record keeping The system details can then be updated by clicking on the OK button after which the whole system is updated 8 2 Defining the production stage names Once the system details have been defined the next step is to define the production stage names This will then enable to send the raw materials to the specified stages during the definition of Raw materials stage This is carried out by clicking on the Production box at the top level of the tool see Figure 1 which takes the user to the individual production stages Figure 3 In total ten production stages can be defined CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top View carbon level footprint graph Functional unit Stage Production Total carbon footprint 0 00 kg CO2 eq f u Total water usage H m water f u Total water footprint stress weighted
23. tables To view a summary of the value added data click on the View value added analysis button at the top of the tool This takes the user to a summary value added table see Figure 37 The table lists the costs in each stage and value of the outputs along with the overall value added for the analysis If some cost data are missing a warning is shown in blue stating that Some value added data are missing or are zero The missing data can be seen by clicking the View missing data button Figure 38 41 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 ej CCaLC2 Acrylic acid from wheat allocation ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level Mion graph Value added analysis Value of stage Value added at outputs stage Figure 37 Value added summary Sj CCaLC2 Red wine ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level View graph Value added analysis Warming some value added data are missing or are zero The following do not have any value added data assocaited with them 7 truck Transport Use gt Waste 7 9 truck Transport Use gt Waste 7 truck Transport Wine production and bottling gt Waste 7 truck Transport Use gt Waste 75 truck Transport Wine production and bottling gt Use m 7 truck Transport Grape cultivation and harvest gt Wine production a Container ship Transport Wine produc
24. time etc Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the level of confidence in the amount specified Enter the carbon footprint per unit energy The default value is for the UK grid Other values can be found in the energy database if needed Enter the cost of the energy if needed Click Update by Define stage Use Appliances GHG emissions All emissions Category Fridges Freezers Appliance type Storage time hr 4 Functional unit volume m 2 Data quality for amount High Carbon footprint per unit energy 0 186 kg CO2 q MJ The default value is for low voltage power from the UK grid 0 186 kg CO2 eg MJ Cost per unit eneray 0 Update Details Energy usage MJ hrA Year Location Data quality Source Comments it is assumed that 33 of storage capacity is utilised MTP data ales weighted average a mption Market s sales annual consumpto la ransformation P mme 2010 BNCO02 Domestic Chest Fridges and Fr anstormation Progra Freezers Upright Freezers ridgefreezer Figure 16 Appliances user form 20 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 8 7 2 Defining biogenic carbon storage uptake in products The impact on the carbon footprint of biogenic carbon storage or carbon uptake in products can be accounted for in CCaLC2 The impact of this reflects the weighted average time of storage during a 100 year assessment period Two carbon storag
25. tops ends and labels from the manufacturing site to the filling stage transport of the filled packaging from the filling site to storage at consumer which includes transport to warehouse and retail centres transport to landfill incineration and recycling sites 56 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 End of life scenarios Different waste management scenarios have been considered for the different packaging materials in this study as shown in Table 13 Note that for the aluminium can closed loop recycling has been assumed for the can body so that allocation through system expansion is only carried out for the can ends Table 13 Waste management considered for the packaging systems Type of waste management ee io amen bottle bottle can Landfill o 52 e o na 9 nma Recycling 20 3 4 Impact assessment The results of the carbon footprint analysis of the packaging as modelled in the CCaLC2 tool are shown in Figure 49 Figure 54 The carbon footprints of the three packaging are respectively 70 186 and 295 kg CO eq per 1000 litres of beverage The raw materials stage is the major hot spot for all three types of packaging contributing 58 71 and 93 of the total carbon footprint for the HDPE PET and Al containers respectively Ea SJ CCaLC2 Packaging milk HDPE ccale eo Eg x File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Enter System a View carbon View carb
26. CCaLC2 tool then subtracts the carbon footprint of this substitute product service from the carbon footprint of the whole system System expansion is carried out in CCaLC2 as follows 1 Click on the Perform system expansion button 2 Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User defined 3 Select a co product from the dialogue box that pops up this bring up the System Expansion user form shown in Figure 19 4 Select a material or energy from one of the available databases 5 Enter the amount of product 6 Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level for the amount specified 7 Click Update The data tables are then updated and the amount to be subtracted from the carbon footprint of the whole system is shown e Allocation Allocation can be carried out using mass energy or economic basis Allocation can be carried out in CCaLC2 as follows 1 Click on the Perform allocation button this brings up the user form shown in Figure 20 2 Select either Mass Energy or Economic radio button NB PAS2050 requires economic allocation 3 Click Update NB allocation can be deleted by setting the value in the Allocation text box to zero The allocation tables are then updated to show the allocation results Note that to perform economic or energy allocation all cost and energy data should be specified for all the products and co products 24 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define syste
27. Manual V1 0 File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help r Define stage Wheat cultivation Details Output GHG emissions Al emissions Back to Define land use Hesu i Define stage Define energy Define waste expansion Stage Name production change All ocation Wheat cultivation Functional unit Acrylic acid from wheat allocation 1 tonne f agricultural stage hectares used perfu 0 420 Stage Wheat cultivation Update Comments Total carbon footprint for stage 1164 kg CO2 eq f u Total costs for stage 378 45 fu Total mass in Material Packaging inputs Amount kg Cost kg Cost f u materials packaging kg Fam yard manure slury 1770 0 00 0 00 Tijuana Fertiliser K 21 9 0 00 0 00 materials waste Fertiliser N 107 0 00 0 00 ko Fertiliser P 17 4 0 00 0 00 Pesticides 0 540 0 00 0 00 Mass balance Wheat seeds 98 4 0 00 0 00 ko Tota 20m5 Total 0 00 Amount CO2 eq CO2 eq Cost Cost i Energy MJAu ka MJenery kau MJ energy Efu Database section Diesel used in fam machinery 4541 0 078 354 0 02 98 99 CCaLC Eneray Total 4541 Total 354 Total 98 99 a Amount CO2 eq CO2 eq Direct emissions kau g kg GHG kg fu Nitrous Oxide 2 72 298 810 Total 2 72 Total 810 Figure 4 Stage details and Define Stage us
28. Summary menu option An inventory of the materials energy and packaging used in the analysis can be viewed by selecting the Summary Data View Inventory menu A partial view of the tables is shown in Figure 30 33 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top Print CF level Summary CF Summary Acrylic acid from sugar beet system expansion 1 tonne a eer i PETE ae aa Raw materials kg CO2 eg f u Production Storage Use Transport Total carbon footprint 5843 kg CO2 eq _u Carbon footprint by stage kg CO2 eq u File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top DA ka Print inventory Inventory analysis Acrylic acid from sugar beet system expansion 1 tonne Figure 30 Partial View of the inventory screen 34 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 14 Data comparison Up to four analyses can be compared for either carbon footprint water footprint other environmental impacts or value added This can be carried out via the Comparison menu and choosing the appropriate option carbon footprint water footprint all impacts or value added To compare the alternative different systems e Click the Comparison Appropriate option from the menu option this takes the user to the appropriate tables see Figure 31 showing an example for the carbon footprint e f any data are shown in the tables that are not part
29. Technology 43 11 4098 4104 67
30. The dys bell d of Manchester MANCH ER CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 February 2015 atc CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 List of contents 1 ADOUCCCILCZ Tor WIMGOWS oenina E E 1 2 System requirements and installation 0 eee cccccccccsessssssseeeeccceeeseseeseees l 2E A LAAN Oaea a l 3 Compatibility with first generation CCaLC V1 V2 and V3 cece eee l 4 Tool developMent Credits osre ARNA l 9 lt PACKMOWICG OSIM CIN S ea a a 2 O 019 0 6 11 6 an Meine NNT ine ADT EE aa STS eee nC ee eee eee ee ear 2 l GCakCZOVONVICW cirera ues ees cvee a tena Sete anit cusdeuene atsbntbe eum 3 GS GaroOncfOOvoninit estimat OW shea ce tri teaciaadariteestadsddcelterteacancieatnaddiheeliwetaeninseseachiades 4 8 1 Defining System detalls ic ecccccccccccccccecesessssseceesecccecesesssssseeeeceeeeeseens 4 8 2 Defining the production stage NAMES ecececccccecccceccesesssssseeeeeceeeceeeens 5 839 Defining FAW MALCIIAIS irie eani A OE EE EEEE 7 9 4 STING transpo essserrrrna ei e ie E e A 9 8 5 Defining the production Stage essseseeeseereresssessrrrrrrrrrsssssrrrerrerresssseerereeees 11 8 5 1 Defining energy USC imines eea n eE aE EANA 11 8 5 2 Defining land USE CHANGE cece eeeccccccccccccsssssssseceecceecesesssscseeeeeceeeeseens 12 8 5 3 Defining direct EMISSIONS swinia n E 13 9 94 Deining PACKAGING USC aesir T a 14 9 9 WETIMING Waste sernir E T O 15 8 5 6 Linking waste to raw material
31. U 11913 463 UK grid Steam MJ per F U Natural gas Water kg per F U 5811 226 SOT 1 The can body consists of 52 virgin and 48 recycled aluminium ingot see Figure 48 The can end consists of 100 virgin aluminium ingot see Figure 48 55 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Table 8 Manufacturing data for PET water bottle 0 5 litres Bottle Tops Label Electricity MJ per F U 27 68 UK grid Steam MJ per F U 0 00 0 14 0 00 Natural gas Water kg per F U 13 50 0 22 Table 9 Manufacturing data for aluminium can 0 33 litres Hydrocarbon emission kg per F U 3 00E 03 Filling stage The energy electricity and steam and water requirement at the filling stage for the three packaging types were estimated from Schonert et al 2002 and are presented in Table 10 Table 12 Table 10 Energy and water data for filling the HDPE milk bottle Inventory Amount Comments Table 11 Energy and water data for filling the PET water bottle Inventory Amount Comments SS Table 12 Energy and water data for filling the aluminium can Inventory Amount Comments Electricity MJ per F U 22 43 UK grid Steam MJ per F U Natural gas Water kg per F U Transport All transport distances in the life cycle stages are assumed to be 100 km using 22 t trucks The transport stages include transport of raw materials to the manufacturing site transport of packaging
32. a Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top Define water ESEE level data qp Functional unit Canned mussels recycled tin packaging 1 three can pack Warning some water usage data are missing Total water usage m water f u Total water footprint stress weighted i m water eq f u Green Total Water Water footprint a karan pery water water pa stress stress weighted oe mf u mu index meg Fu Process water from ground Raw Materials 0 120kg 1 00E 3 0 00m 1 00E 3 1 20E4 0 00 1 20E 4 0 00 0 00 Total 1 20E 4 0 00 1 20E 4 Total 0 00 s i Blue water Data set Stage The following do not have any water usage data defined Data set Data type Stage alkyd paint white 60 in solvent at plant Raw Material Raw Materials chemicals inorganic at plant Raw Material Raw Materials comugated board mixed fibre single wall at plant Europe Packaging Canning and packing disposal municipal solid waste 22 9 water to sanitary landfill Waste Use Electricity ow voltage ES grid Eneray Mussel processing Electricity ow voltage ES grid Eneray Storage Electricity ow voltage ES grid Shells processing Electricity ow voltage ES grid Canning and packing Electricity ow voltage ES grid Eneray Can production Olive oil GR Raw Material Raw Materials Figure 32 Water usage footprint screen Water usage data are defined using the Define water data button This bri
33. ached at pl 7 80E 4 0 849 N A N A N A Ecoinvent Packaging packaging glass green at pl 0 349 0 874 N A N A N A Ecoinvent Materials Glass raw cork at forest road 3 94E 3 0 020 N A N A N A Ecoinvent Packaging Ta nnn Toini nnn Tata nanan Figure 5 Raw materials stage with the Define raw materials user form Other materials can be added in the same way If a new material needs to be added to the database then this can be done through the Modify Database tab This is discussed in more detail in section 10 The total carbon footprint for the Raw materials stage can be seen at the top of the screen in red The costs incurred during the stage are shown in blue and if in the Water usage view the water footprint will be shown in green CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 The amount of material being used can be updated at any time or can be removed completely from the analysis by right clicking on the material name and selecting Edit entry or Remove entry Alternatively by selecting that raw material in the Define materials user form and setting its amount to zero 8 4 Defining transport Transport links can be defined when there is a material to be transported between stages To define transport Figure 6 1 Click on the relevant transport box either at the top level or in the Production stage this takes the user to the transport stage screen 2 Click the Define Transport button 3 A user fo
34. ality assessment button the top level of the tool This brings up the data quality assessment sheet Figure 27 which shows the overall data quality for the analysis as well as the data quality for each individual stage 31 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Sj CCaLC2 Acrylic acid from wheat allocation ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Overall CF data quality HIGH CF data quality by stage CF data quality Raw Materials Co products System expansion Processing stages Wheat cultivation Natural drying Milling amp hydrolysis Fermentation Ultra filtration Extraction Distillation amp back extraction Drying of waste solids 333333 o I E Raw Materials gt Processing Wheat cultivation gt Natural drying gt Milling amp hydrolysis gt Fermentation gt Ultra filtration gt Extraction gt Distillation amp back extraction gt Figure 27 Partial View of data quality assessment screen 12 Loading saving or starting a new carbon footprint study An existing carbon footprinting study can be loaded saved or deleted by using the File menu option at the top of the screen see Figure 28 A new study can also be started by using the same menu option Case studies Import Data Expor Data Summary D New Open Save Save As Password Protect 1 C Acrylic acid from wheat allocation c 2 CA Acrylic acid fro
35. an be viewed by clicking on Production box from the top level of the tool and then clicking on the individual stage of interest This takes the user to the tables which show the raw materials input to that stage see Figure 4 8 5 1 Defining energy use Energy use for the production as well as other life cycle stages can be defined by clicking the Define Energy button The associated user form is shown in Figure 8 The energy is defined as follows 1 Select the required database CCaLC or Ecoinvent 2 Select the required energy type from the drop down menu 3 Enter the amount used in the text box NB make sure the correct units are being used 4 Select the data quality for the amount being specified to indicate how confident you are in the figure used high medium low 5 Enter the cost per unit of energy being used if needed 6 Include any relevant comments in the comments box this is optional but is recommended as a reminder for future uses 7 Click on the Update button The energy table on the screen will be updated with the relevant information and the carbon footprint and associated cost shown The database from where the data were selected is also displayed 11 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define energy use for raw materials Ea Define energy Modify database Search database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined Amount MJ f u Data quality for amount Cost
36. at stage 21 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define carbon storage es Carbon Storage Carbon storage in a product can be calculated for specific or general cases see PAS2050 Annex C 1 For specific cases the user must specify the number of years the carbon is stored for For general cases the user must calculate a weighting factor using the methodology in the PAS Specific case full storage General case storage or take up Time to emission years Weighting factor 1 Data quality High Amount of stored carbon kg f u 1833 Update Ee Figure 17 Carbon storage 8 7 3 Defining carbon release from product disposal In cases where the disposal of a product is not immediate it may be appropriate to apply a weighting factor to the carbon footprint of the waste stream in order to account for carbon stored up to that point Two end of life scenarios can be defined e a specific case for a delayed single release and e a general case for a delayed release For a specific case where the disposal of a product occurs between 2 and 25 years after product formation the weighting factor applied is as follows Weighting factor 100 0 76 x to 100 where to is the number of years between product formation and the single release of emissions For a general case where releases may not occur singularly the methodology used is as follows i 100 Weighting factor gt x 100
37. at that stage The bottom box shows the list of materials that are currently linked e click on the Modify material links button to link a raw material to waste This brings up a separate user form that allows the user to create and remove links using the 16 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 appropriate buttons Figure 14b The top box in this user form shows raw materials used at this stage and the bottom box shows the existing material links for the waste stream selected In this case Wheat UK is the only material available to link Define waste for Production Wheat cultivation f Define waste Link waste Modify database Search database Select waste stream Landfill municipal waste 1 Modify material links a packaging links Flows currently linked to selected waste stream Manage waste linked to materials E Raw materials used at this stage Rene Existing material links for WASTE NAME HERE Wheat UK a Link waste tab b Create delete links form Figure 14 Link waste forms The user will not initially see any effects of material linking However if the amount of waste being used is changed then the raw materials linked to it will be updated to reflect that change For instance if the amount of waste at this stage was 0 1 kg when the material was linked and it was increased to 0 2 kg the amount of raw material in this case Wheat
38. ated studies and results between users 15 1 Loading and saving CCaLC2 analysis User created studies can be shared between users by saving and loading ccalc CCaLC analysis files Details of how to do this are in section 11 15 2 Exporting graphs Graphs from the analysis can be exported using the Export data Export graphs menu This creates a new workbook that contains all the graphs from the analysis This function enables the user to change the graphs and the related data as they wish 15 3 Exporting graph tables Tables containing all the graph data from the analysis can be exported using the Export data Export graph tables menu This creates a new workbook that contains all the graph data from the analysis This function enables the user to create their own graphs from the related data as they wish 15 4 Exporting comparisons Data from any comparisons made using the Compare menus can be exported using the Export Data Export comparisons menu This creates a new workbook that contains all the comparison data as well as the appropriate graphs and can be modified by the user as any other Excel file 16 Importing data sets 16 1 Importing data using the CCaLC template Importing data using the CCaLC template is currently disabled in CCaLCz2 It is expected to be enabled in an upcoming release of CCaLC2 16 2 Importing ILCD data Importing ILCD data is currently disabled in CCaLCz2 It is expected to be enabled in an upcoming relea
39. ation amp crystallisation and packaging and e production of co products Some aspects of the life cycle supply chain are not considered due to limited data availability and they include e water used for agricultural and industrial processes and e wastewater discharged from agricultural and industrial processes and e transport of raw materials and waste 43 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Chemicals Fertilisers Sulphuric acid 93 conc Calcium carbonate Pesticides Diammonium phosphate Calcium chloride Farm yard manure Dried wheat Fermentable sugar in solution Lactic acid in fermentation broth Lactic acid in permeate Crystallised lactic acid Crystallised polylactic acid Figure 39 System boundary for PLA from wheat 44 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 20 1 3 Inventory analysis Raw materials and energy The inventories used for this study include the raw materials fertilisers pesticides and chemicals and energy used for agricultural and industrial processes These inventories are presented Table 1 and Table 2 Table 1 Raw materials inventory Quantity Raw materials tonne functional unit 8 13E 02 1 35E 00 1 33E 02 1 67E 02 4 13E 04 7 49E 02 6 26E 01 4 22E 01 Diammonium phosphate 21 concentrated 3 88E 02 1 25E 03 Table 2 Energy inventory Energy MJ functional unit Agricultural stage 3 457 Diesel Production stage Electri
40. ators DQI to arrive at an overall DQI for each sub system DQI for user defined DQI for the amount quantity Data quality of each sub dataset entered in the CCaLC2 tool system DQS by the user Medium 2 Low 1 Note that the datasets already available in the tool have a predefined DQI so that the user only needs to define the quality of their own datasets Once the data quality indicators have been calculated for each sub system a weighted approach is then applied for assessing the overall data quality of the whole system based on the percentage contribution of each life cycle stage to the total carbon footprint The overall data quality for the whole system is therefore calculated as DO gt 1 09 DOS where DQcr overall data quality of the system percentage contribution of each life cycle stage to the total carbon footprint 65 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 DQS data quality 1 2 or 3 for sub system m For the purposes of the analysis in the CCaLC tool the following ranges have been adopted for the overall data quality of the whole system Low data quality DQcr 100 166 Medium data quality DQcr 167 233 and High overall data quality DQcr 234 300 66 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Appendix 3 Water use and water footprint A3 1 Water use The water use represents the sum of all the water consumed in a supply chain comprising blue and green wate
41. city 7 265 38 208 Transport The transport distances in the life cycle stages are assumed to be as e Transport of wheat from farm to the PLA plant 186 km using 40 t truck e Transport of PLA from farm to the storage 450 km using 40 t truck Co products Co products and their quantities energy content and economic value are listed in Table 3 Carbon storage in the product 1 94 tonne CO eq tonne of PLA 45 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Table 3 Co products Co products Quantity Energy content tonnes MJ tonne tonne Co Agricuituralstage S O Agricultural stage 12 678 Production stage Animal feed 1 926 18 200 80 Gypsum 20 1 4 Impact assessment The results of the carbon footprint analysis of PLA from wheat economic allocation as modelled in the CCaLC2 tool are shown in Figure 40 The carbon footprints are 2 22 tonne CO eq per tonne of PLA The production stage is the major hot spot along the supply chains of PLA Figure 41 This is mainly due to the use of energy in the production of PLA Sj CCaLC2 PLA from wheat allocation ccale File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Enter System Stee h View carbon View carbon moher View value Allocation Details skin Lalor footprint graph data quality environmental added analysis summary Footprint impacts Functional unit f u PLA from wheat allocation 1 tonne 1 269 85 Raw Materials 8
42. criteria mentioned in the previous section The criteria used in the methodology are summarised in Table A2 1 Table A2 2 shows how these can be aggregated to arrive at an overall Data Quality Indicator DQI High Medium or Low For these purposes each data quality criterion is assigned a weight of importance on a scale of 1 10 For example as shown in Table A2 1 Age of data has the weight of 2 being twice as important as the geographical origin of data Each data quality indicator is assigned an arbitrary maximum score for each criterion e g the High indicator has a score of 3 Medium has 2 and Low has a score of 1 see Table A2 2 Applying the weights of importance for each criterion and its maximum score for the respective quality indicators the maximum score for each quality indicator is 30 for High 20 for Medium and 10 for Low For the purposes of the analysis in the CCaLC2 tool the following score ranges have been adopted for the data quality assessment Low data quality score in the range of 1 10 Medium data quality score in the range of 11 20 and High data quality score range of 21 30 63 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 An example shown in Table A2 2 shows an overall score of 19 indicating Medium data quality noting that the overall score for Medium quality is between 11 20 Table A2 1 Matrix of Data Quality Indicators DQI for the CCaLC2 tool Data quality criteria
43. ctor 4 x Select waste stream for disposal method CCaLC database Ecoinvent Database User defined Incineration paper X Data quality Product Mass tonne Cost EAonne Medium 0 00 ol Details Carbon footprint 658e 002 tonne CO2 eq tonne Year 2006 Location EU 27 Source ILCD Quality of dataset High Comments Ee aa lt a Waste incineratio Figure 18 End of life user form 8 7 4 Co product systems system expansion and allocation In co product systems it is often necessary to calculate the carbon footprint of each co product Within CCaLC2 this can be carried out in two ways e by system expansion and e by allocation mass energy and economic basis NB The results of either system expansion or allocation are shown at the top level and not at individual stages To perform system expansion or allocation click the System expansion allocation button at a Production stage where co products are produced It is then possible to choose between system expansion and allocation by clicking on the appropriate buttons at the top of the tool Note that to be able to perform either operation the co products must first be defined by clicking on Define stage and specifying co product details see section 8 5 7 23 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 e System expansion System expansion is performed by selecting a product service that the co product can substitute The
44. e cases may be defined e a specific case of biogenic carbon storage following product formation and e ageneral case of biogenic carbon storage or carbon uptake For a specific case where the carbon storage benefit of a product exists between 2 and 25 years after product formation and no carbon storage benefit exists after that time the weighting factor applied is as follows Weighting factor 0 76 x to 100 where t is the number of years the full carbon storage benefit of the product exists following its formation For a general case the weighting factor to be applied to the CO storage benefit over the 100 year assessment period is calculated as follows i 100 Weighting factor gt x 100 i 1 where is each year in which storage occurs and x is the proportion of total storage remaining in any year For further descriptions of these calculation methods see PAS2050 Annex C Carbon storage can be defined in CCaLC2 as follows Figure 17 Choose either a specific or a general case If a specific case select a storage time from the drop down list If a general case calculate a weighting factor using the methodology in the PAS2050 Enter the amount of carbon stored Select the data quality high medium low to indicate the confidence level in the amount specified 6 Click Update S aS The amount of carbon stored will be shown on the use stage worksheet and the total deducted from the carbon footprint at th
45. e preparation Electricity 4 40 E 05 Meat grilling and kitchen Electricity 1 10 operation Transport Transport of materials between life cycle stages is assumed to cover a distance of 50 km using a small van with a 7 5 tonne capacity Co products and waste In the mayonnaise preparation stage egg whites are produced as a co product 3 8 g At the consumption stage 80 g of food waste are generated corresponding to 30 of the sandwich WRAP 2008 20 2 4 Impact assessment The results of the carbon footprint analysis of the packed lunch as modelled in the CCaLC2 tool are shown in Figure 43 and Figure 44 The total carbon footprint is 2 49 kg CO eq per packed lunch consumed by one person at a sandwich bar The raw materials production and use stages contribute 45 3 31 and 23 1 of the total life cycle GHG emissions respectively 49 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 x CCaLC2 Lunch at sandwich bar ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data SummaryData Comparison Help Enter System ee k sen View carbon View carbon ilea View value Allocation Details Footprint footprint graph data quality impacts added analysis summary Functional unit f u Lunch Sandwich soft drink and crisps 1 Serving 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 16 0 774 0 00 Dk gt J 0 00 x 0 00 0 00 3 94E 5 1 w 0 00 l q Waste Management Total carbon footprint kg CO2 eq fu Carbon Footprint kg CO2 eq fu Total value added EIL Va kied Etu
46. elp Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint kg CO2 eq functional unit Total inc co Raw materials Production Storage Transport Total f u Co products products Use View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph Figure 54 Carbon hotspots for the aluminium can per 1000 I of fizzy drink References Andrady A L 2003 Plastic and the Environment John Wiley amp Sons Inc European Aluminium Association EAA 2008 Environmental Profile Report for the European Aluminium Industry Online Accessed 10 April 2009 Available at http www eaa net upl 4 en doc EAA_Environmental_profile_report_May08 pdf Guin e J B M Gorr e R Heijungs G Huppes R Kleijn L van Oers A Wegener Sleeswijk S Suh H A Udo de Haes H de Bruijn R van Duin M A J Huijbregts 2001 Life Cycle Assessment An Operational Guide to the ISO Standards Parts 1 2a amp 2b Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht The Netherlands ISO 2006 ISO 14044 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines Geneva 2006 Plastics Europe 2006 Eco Profiles Life Cycle Analysis LCA database http www plasticseurope org Content Default asp PagelD 1170 schonert m Motz G Meckel H Detzel A Giegrich J Ostermayer A Schorb A and Schmitz S 2002 Life cycle assessment for beverage packing systems Il in Germany www umweltdaten de publikationen fpdf
47. er form 8 3 Defining raw materials Raw materials are defined by clicking on the Raw Materials box on the top level of the tool Figure 1 The user is than taken to the next level down showing the tables related to raw materials Figure 5 There are four tables which will be populated as the user enters data through the user forms The data in these four tables are related to e raw materials amounts used and their carbon footprints e energy any additional energy used for raw materials that is not already accounted for within the carbon footprints of the raw materials e g storage and refrigeration of raw materials e packaging amounts used for both raw materials and product s together with the carbon footprints of packaging and e waste from raw materials and the carbon footprints related to waste management e g due to spillage or perishable nature of raw materials The amount of each of these can be modified by clicking on the appropriate button at the top of the screen The carbon footprint data are also specified here either via the databases available or by entering user carbon footprint data To add a raw material to the analysis 1 Click on the Define Materials button Figure 5 2 Select the appropriate database to use CCaLC Ecoinvent User defined CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 3 From the first drop down list select type of raw material e g agricultural inputs construction materials etc
48. evant box The subsequent levels allow the user to modify information contained at these levels this is described in more detail later on The application also makes use of a menu bar that allows you to perform a number of tasks from saving a CCaLC analysis to viewing a comparison of multiple analyses simultaneously The functions of all the menu bar items are described later in this manual The carbon footprint for each stage is shown in red the value added in blue and the water usage in green CCaLC2 contains three databases CCaLC Ecoinvent and User database The CCaLC database consists of publicly available data and data generated during the course of tool development The Ecoinvent database is a proprietary database that is included in the CCaLC2 tool with a kind permission of Ecoinvent User database is created and populated by the user as explained in the subsequent sections Gil cuca Sie a rot Fie Cocestadies mpot Dra Depot ets Summey Beis Comeansen Help Eria ahem rSy Sivabe Value Deis Added Waar View carbon Vieca Foolpeini footprint graph data quality Funcional umit fu Oo Raw Materials ar T om oo m k oon w A on oe on Waste Management Tolal carbon loolpriril 0 00 kg COA eg l u r Carbon Ponerini kg COZ equ Water umaga mi eater Al aa Total water footprint 0 00 m water eg fu rei Total waler usager 0 00 m waler Tu Figure 1 Top level view in the CCaLC2 tool
49. fine materials Modify database Search database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined Database section Stage for material use Amount kg f u Data quality for amount Cost kg define inputs in terms of mass per agricultural area define inputs in terms of mass per functional unit Comments on amount used Update Details Impacts kg CO2 eg kg Year Location Source Quality of dataset Comments Figure 25 Materials database user defined data items are placed in the User defined database 10 2 Modifying an existing user database item To modify a user created data item Click on the button Define e g Modify Materials Click on the Modify Database button this will show a list of the existing user created items Select the item to be modified and then click on the Modify Details button this brings up the form with the details for that item see Figure 26 Change the details as desired and then press the Update database button 29 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Create new database record Ea Details Name Aluminium ingot Virgin 3 Carbon footprint kg CO2 eg kg Acidification potential kg 502 q kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate q kg Ozone layer depletion potential kg R11 q kg Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq ka Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kg Year
50. he bottom of the screen on the top level of the tool e The carbon footprint for the Raw materials Production Storage and Use stages is shown above the relevant box on the top level of the tool e The breakdown of the carbon footprint for each stage can be seen in the tables by clicking on the relevant stage e The carbon footprint of a particular material energy packaging waste or transport type can be viewed in the relevant user form by clicking on Define material energy etc 9 2 Graphical display Graphs showing carbon footprint results can be viewed by clicking the button View graph of carbon footprint at the top level of the tool An example is shown in Figure 21 Sj CCaLC2 10 kW ASHP ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint c a c O Oo c o w cN O Total inc co Raw materials Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products products View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph View Graph Figure 21 Graphical view of carbon footprint results at the top level of the tool In addition carbon footprint graphs can be viewed at each life cycle stage by clicking on the View carbon footprint graph button This brings up a graph which allows drilling down to see the breakdown of each material production stage etc see the example for the Production stage in Figure 22 26 CCaLC2 for W
51. he resulting user form see Figure 24 Once created the item will be shown in the relevant database 21 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 NB It is not possible to create a data item with a name that already exists in the database Similarly once created the name of the user data item cannot be changed If a name change is required the user is advised to delete the item and then recreate it The user defined data can be found under the User defined database see Figure 25 Define raw materials Deine materials Modify database Search database Select item to modify Alamine Aluminium ingot Virgin 1 Aluminium ingot Virgin 2 Aluminium new scrap Recycled 1 r Aluminium new scrap Recycled 2 Aluminium old scrap Recycled 1 Aluminium old scrap Recycled 2 Aluminium rolling 1 Aluminium rolling 2 Create new item Figure 23 Modify database tab for the Raw materials stage Create new database record Carbon footprint kg CO2 q kg Acidification potential kg 502 q kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate eq kg Ozone layer depletion potential kg R11 eg kg Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq kg Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kag Year Location Source Data Quality Comments Update database Ext Figure 24 Create new item form 28 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define raw materials bd De
52. iate product and sent on to another production stage or storage or use or a final product if sent to the use stage Co products do not have a destination as they are assumed to leave the system at that point but they may be used for the purposes of allocation see section 0 Energy outputs do not have a destination either and co products defined as energy outputs may be used for the purposes of economic or energy allocation see section 0 Add the amount of output to the text box Add the value of the output in desired If you wish to perform energy allocation at a later point define the Lower Heating Value of any mass outputs similarly if you wish to perform economic allocation the costs values of all products and co products must be defined Click the Update button Once a mass output has been created it will show up in the relevant transport stage as well as in the material inputs table of the appropriate stage production storage or use 18 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Define stage Wheat cultivation Ea Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Modify existing output streams or create new streams Product Co product Output Output Wheat Define product in terms of Define product in terms of mass or energy mass or energy Mass Mass Energy Energy Destination Amount tonne u Natural drying Amount tonne u Value EAonne 449 Value E tonne 87 00 Update Energy allocatio
53. indows Manual V1 0 SJ CCaLC2 Acrylic acid from an allocation ccalc File Casestudies Import Data Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top View higher level level graph Production carbon footprint c c 2 oO c z o D oN O O Distillation amp Extraction back extraction View View View View View View View Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Graph Wheat Natural Miling amp Fermentatio Ultra cultivation drying hydrolysis n filtration Drying of waste solids Stage9 Stage 10 Figure 22 Carbon footprint for production stages 10 Modifying user carbon footprint databases User defined data can be added modified and deleted as explained below The databases that come with the tool cannot be deleted or changed in any way 10 1 Creating a new user database item User data can be added in the CCaLC2 tool This can be done for any of the following materials energy packaging waste and transport New data item can be created by e Selecting the Modify Database tab on the appropriate user form see Figure 23 for a Raw materials example to get there click on the Raw Materials box from the top level view then on the Define Materials button at the top of the screen and then on the Modify Database tab the same applies for all other databases i e energy waste packaging and transport e Clicking the Create new item button e Filling in the appropriate fields in t
54. ined Select the required waste type from the drop down menu Enter the amount of waste in the text box Select the data quality of the amount being used high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used Enter the cost of the waste per unit mass if needed Include any relevant comments in the comments box as a reminder for future uses Click on the Update button YS 1 7 Ol Define waste for raw materials production Eal Define waste Link waste Modify database Search database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined Amount kg u Data quality for amount Cost kg Comments on amount used Details Impacts kg CO2 eq ka Year Location Source Quality of dataset Comments Figure 13 Define waste user form 8 5 6 Linking waste to raw materials Waste can be linked to raw materials to allow the user to update automatically the amount of raw materials used when the amount of waste at a particular stage is changed e g due to efficiency improvements This feature is useful if a large number of raw materials are being used as it saves having to go back and update them manually if the waste amount changes To use this feature e click on the Link waste tab on the Waste user form see Figure 14a Two text boxes are shown on the form The top box shows the list of waste streams used at this stage of the analysis that can be linked to materials used
55. ity How long is the land used for Years f u 1 Data quality Figure 9 Land use change form 8 5 3 Defining direct emissions Direct emissions arising from the production as well as storage and use stages can be defined using the Define stage button in any of the production stages or the Define storage Define use buttons in the storage and use stages respectively The user can define either direct greenhouse gas emissions and or emissions of other substances that are relevant to other impact categories Figure 10 and Figure 11 show the appropriate user forms Direct greenhouse gas emissions can be defined as follows 1 Select the gas emitted from the list of greenhouse gases 2 Enter the amount 3 Click Update Define stage Wheat cultivation Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Define greenhouse gas emissions directly emitted from stage Greenhouse gas CFC 11 Amount kg f u Data quality for amount Details Chemical formula kg CO2 q kg GHG Figure 10 Defining direct GHG emissions 13 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Other emissions can be defined as follows 1 2 3 4 Select the medium in which the emissions occur air fresh water marine water industrial soil agricultural soil Select the substance emitted Enter the amount emitted Select the data quality high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the a
56. l 2 180 pdf 60 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Appendix 1 Methodology for calculating the carbon footprint of transport The carbon footprint of transport is calculated using the following equations NB The following applies to datasets within the CCaLC database and does not apply to Ecoinvent data for which limited amount of information is available For Ecoinvent datasets the transport density is not variable The density of the material transported is used to ascertain whether the transport is mass or volume limited If Ppack lt Mmax Vmax then Volume limited Else if Ppack gt Mmax Vmax then Mass limited For Volume limited cases the total mass transported per load is Mirans Ppack Vmax f For Mass limited cases the total mass transported per load is Mirans Mmax Ppack f The number of functional units is then calculated per load f U toad Mtrans Mmateriai The carbon footprint per functional unit is then calculated c f C f loag f U load where Ppack is the packing density as defined by the user Mmax is the maximum transported mass Vmax IS the maximum transported volume Mirans IS the total mass transported per load f is the load factor i e loaded f U loaq IS the number of functional units per loaded vehicle Material IS the mass of material transported per functional unit C f ioag IS the carbon footprint of the vehicle at the current load 61 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0
57. litre e PET water bottle 0 5 litre and e aluminium can for fizzy drinks 0 33 litre Functional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as the packaging system required to deliver 1000 litres of beverage Scope and system boundary The system boundaries of the study include cradle to grave analysis for the packaging systems considered As shown in Figure 45 Figure 48 the following life cycle stages are considered raw materials extraction and production packaging production and transport to filling site tops and labels production and transport to filling site filling of the packaging distribution of the filled packaging to consumers transport of post consumer waste to waste management and landfill incineration and recycling of the waste packaging The following is excluded from the system boundary energy used for storage at the retail stage energy use at the consumption stage carbon footprint of the beverage and secondary and tertiary packaging 51 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Raw materials HDPE granulate HDPE granulate PP granulate 19 43 kg 0 76 kg 0 26 kg Bottle manufacturing Electricity 119 13 MJ Production thermal N gas 0 58 MJ Water 58 11 kg Top manufacturing Label manufacturing Electricity 4 63 MJ Electricity 1 21 MJ Thermal N gas 0 02 MJ Thermal N gas 1 27 MJ Water 2 26 kg Water 0 76 kg
58. ly saved in the analysis file and be available to users who then open that analysis 11 Carbon footprint data quality assessment Throughout the tool the user is required to specify the data quality for the information they are inputting Data quality is expressed as either high medium or low quality Data quality is specified at two instances for the whole data set and for the amount being specified by the user The data quality for a data set is specified when the data set is created and is not subject to alteration during the analysis Data quality of the data sets supplied within the tool will largely be high as they are from trusted sources For user defined data sets the user can specify the data quality when they create it The data quality for the amount of material energy travel distance etc specified by the user has to be specified each time the user adds a new datum to the analysis The user is required to make a judgment as to how reliable they believe their data are For instance if a transport distance is known then the user might choose high quality of data however if the distance is only guessed at or generic then the data quality for this datum will be low The overall data quality assessment is made by weighting each data point by its contribution to the total carbon footprint A full description of the data quality model is given in Appendix 2 To examine the data quality for the analysis click on the View data qu
59. m expansions System expanision System expansion may be performed by selecting a product material or energy type the function of which the Co product displaces See PAS2050 section 8 1 1 for further details The displaced product may be selected from the current CCalC database Ecoinvent Database User defined Meas o Select displaced product Amount of product displaced ftonne f u_ 1 Data quality for amount Details tonne CO2 eq tonne 2 452e 000 Year 2005 Location Europe Source ILCD Quality of dataset High Comments Aluminium extrusion profile primary production production mix at plant aluminium semi finished extrusion product including primary production transformation and recycling The used average recycling rate is 88 for aluminium Co product allocation Select co product Straw z Allocation method Mass Energy Economic Allocation tonne CO2 eq unit of co product 1 86E 4 Figure 20 Allocation user form 9 Viewing carbon footprint data and results 9 1 Numerical display Numerical carbon footprint results are displayed in red font throughout the tool The units are expressed as mass per functional unit f u where mass is the unit specified by the user e g kg tonne g 25 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Note the following e The total carbon footprint for the whole system is shown at t
60. m sugar beet allocati Figure 28 CF study menu options 32 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 12 1 Loading an analysis An existing analysis can be loaded by selecting Open from the File menu option The user can then select the ccalc CCaLC analysis file to open Password protected files will prompt for the password to be entered before the file opens in CCaLC2 CCaLC analysis files can also be opened by double clicking on a ccalc file or dragging a file into the CCaLC2 application window NB Loading a CF study will overwrite any data currently being used Therefore users are advised to save their analysis before loading another one 12 2 Saving an analysis To save a study select Save or Save As from the File menu option and select a name and location to save the ccalc CCaLC analysis file Alternatively select a previously saved study to overwrite it with new results 12 3 Starting a new study A new study can be started by selecting the New item from the File menu The user will be asked if they are sure they want to start a new study and will then be given the option of saving the existing study first 13 Carbon footprint summary A summary of the results of a carbon footprint study can be obtained via the Summary Data View CF Summary menu option This takes the user to a page with tables and graphs that summarise the analysis Figure 29 The summary can be printed out by selecting Print summary from the CF
61. mental impacts and value added along the supply chains It takes a life cycle approach and it enables estimation of the following environmental impacts Carbon footprint or global warming potential Water footprint Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Ozone layer depletion potential Photochemical smog and Human toxicity potential The tool has been developed with the following objectives in mind e to enable non expert users to calculate the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts quickly and easily while following internationally accepted LCA standards such as ISO 14044 and PAS2050 e to reduce the data collection effort by providing comprehensive databases e to help identify environmental hot spots and improvement opportunities and e to enable trade offs between environmental impacts and economic costs CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 7 CCaLC2 overview CCaLC2 for Windows has been developed in C NET as a Microsoft Windows desktop application Information can be entered into the tool via user forms that are activated by clicking buttons at the top of worksheets The user can navigate around the tool using the links provided Figure 1 shows the top level layout of the tool This represents a map of a typical product life cycle and includes the following stages e Raw materials Production Storage Use Transport and Waste The user can access any of these stages by clicking on the rel
62. mount specified Click Update Define stage Wheat cultivation fy Details Output GHG emissions All emissions Define all emissions directly emitted from stage Emissions to manne water Substance 1 1 14richloroethane Amount kg u Data quality for amount Details Carbon footprint kg CO2 q kg Acidification potential kg 502 q kg Eutrophication potential kg phosphate q kg Ozone layer depletion potential kg R11 q kg Photochemical smog potential kg ethene eq kg Human toxicity potential kg dichlorobenzene eq kg Figure 11 Defining other direct emissions 8 5 4 Defining packaging use Packaging use for the production stage as well as any other stage can be defined by clicking the Define Packaging button in raw material stage The associated user form is shown in Figure 12 Four databases exist for packaging CCaLC food drink CCaLC other Ecoinvent and User defined Packaging can be defined as follows Figure 12 1 Select the required database CCaLC food drink CCaLC other Ecoinvent User defined 2 Select the required packaging type from the drop down menu 14 T 8 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Select the processing stage for packaging from the drop down menu Select whether the packaging is required for raw material or for products Enter the amount used in the text box Select the data quality of the amoun
63. n F it is intended to perform energy allocation then enter the lower heating value of the product or co product here Lower heating value MJ kg 14 514 Figure 15 Output tab on the Define stage user form Note that it may be necessary to create a mass output from a stage for two reasons 1 Transport can only be defined if there is a material flow between stages Each stage is mass balanced Material outputs show up as a mass input at its destination stage However mass balances are shown for information only and will not stop the tool from working 8 6 Defining the storage stage The storage stage is defined in a similar way to the productions stage see section Defining the production stage 8 7 Defining the use stage Several feature of the use stage make it a unique stage within the analysis These are described below 19 8 7 1 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Defining appliance use Often during the use phase of a product it is necessary to use an appliance e g for food preparation or laundry washing To aid these analyses the CCaLC2 tool contains databases for refrigeration washing machines and ovens Appliance use can be defined as follows Figure 16 1 2 3 4 5 Click the Define use button Select the appropriate database Fridges Freezers Washing machines Dryers Electric Ovens Others Select the appropriate appliance Enter the appropriate data regarding storage time volume cooking
64. ngs up the user form as shown in Figure 33a By using the drop down menu at the top of the form the user can select different stages When a stage is selected the two list boxes on the 3 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 form will be populated The top box will show data sets at this stage that currently have no water footprint data associated with them The bottom box shows data sets for which water usage has been defined and may be modified The user can define data by selecting an item from the relevant list box and clicking the Define water usage button The Define water usage for data set form is then shown Figure 33b This form allows the user to associate water usage with a particular data set There are two options e to enter user water usage data or e to select an item from the CCaLC water use database to associate with the data set Water is defined as blue and green water the sum of which represents the total water usage A brief discussion of the meanings of these terms is given in Appendix 3 The user may choose which method to use by clicking on the radio buttons near the top of the form e if the Define data button is selected the first section of textboxes will become active and the user can simply enter water usage data in terms of m per unit e if the Select from CCaLC is selected then the user can select an item from the drop down menu that approximates the original Water usage data and references are sho
65. of the desired comparison analysis click the Clear all data button this will delete any previous data that the user does not wish to consider e Right clicking on any of the tables will bring up options to load data from the current analysis any saved analysis or case studies A graphical comparison of the data in the tables can be viewed by clicking on the View graphs button at the top of the sheet Sj CCaLC2 Acrylic acid from sugar beet system expansion ccalc s File Casestudies Import Data Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top Clear all data View graphs level CF Comparison Carbon footprint by stage Acrylic acid from wheat system expansion ttonne pkg COR ek Raw Materials Raw Materials Raw materials Sugar beet cultivation Wheat cultivation ion Stage 1 Washing shredding amp diffusion Natural drying i ion Stage 2 Drying of animal feed Milling amp hydrolysis ion Stage 3 Purification amp concentration Drying of animal feed ion Stage 4 Fementation Fementation ion Stage 5 Ultra filtration f ion Stage 6 Extraction i ion Stage 7 Distillation amp back extraction Distillation amp back extraction ion Stage 8 Drying of waste solids Drying of waste solids ion Stage 9 Stage 10 i ion Stage 10 Storage Transport Raw materials Figure 31 Partial View of the carbon footprint comparison sheet 35 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 15 Sharing user cre
66. omplete the analysis click the button Define other environmental impacts If the user wishes to define the above environmental impacts it is necessary to supply the relevant data To do this click on the Define other environmental impacts button This brings up the form as shown in Figure 35 Environmental impact data hea The environmental impacts for the following user defined items can be defined or modified if no items are listed then there are no user defined items To make a change select the item of interest and double click or click the Modify impacts button ___Modifyimpacts The environmental impacts for the database items listed below are missing f no items are listed then all the impacts have been defined Note that this is for information only as database items cannot be modified To modify them they would need to be re created as user defined data items Olive oil GR alkyd paint white 60 in solvent at plant Process water from ground water soap at plant Vegetable oil sunflower seeds NL Tin plate Spain sodium chloride powder at plant comugated board mixed fibre single wall at plant Europe 2 chemicals inorganic at plant sodium hydroxide 50 in H20 production mix at plant transport lory gt 32t EURO5 transport municipal waste collection lorry 21t Electricity ow voltage ES grid disposal municipal solid waste 22 9 water to sanitary landfill
67. on Ne zota View value Allocation Details na footprint graph data quality poems added analysis summary Footprint impacts Functional unit f u HDPE 272 tig 1000 litres of milk 27 2 0 00 0 00 Raw Materials 119 Re 119 R 119 0 00 wr 0 00 0 00 wr 0 00 0 00 w 0 00 0 00 w 0 119 Waste Management Key Carbon Footprint kg CO2 eq fu Value added fu Total carbon footprint i kg CO2 eq f u Total value added I I tu Figure 49 Carbon footprint of the HDPE milk bottle per 1000 I of milk packaged 57 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 b CCaLC2 Packaging milk HDPE ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data SummaryData Comparison Help Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint kg CO2 eq functional unit Raw materials Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products a Figure 50 Carbon hotspots for the HDPE milk bottle per 1000 I of milk a ej CCaLC2 Packaging water PET ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data SummaryData Comparison Help j Switch Value z View other View water Betas gt Added Water footpintgraph data quatty eMMitonmental usage water Summary Footprint impacts footprint Functional unit f u_ PET Bottle a 1 1000 litres of water 0 072 425 10 6 gt E 228 E 228 a 84 4 0 00 x 0 00 0 00 x 0 00 0 00 w 0 228 Waste Management Total carbon f
68. ootprint kg CO2 eq fu F Carbon Footprint kg CO2 eq f u Total water usage j m water f u Water usage m water fu Total water footprint m water eq f u Stress weighted Figure 51 Carbon footprint of PET water bottle per 1000 I of water 58 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 x CCaLC2 Packaging water PET File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top level Summary of carbon footprint kg CO2 eq functional unit Raw materials Production Storage Use Transport Total f u Co products yee Figure 52 Carbon hotspots for the PET water bottle per 1000 of water Case studies Import Data Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Enter System Paii Naka View carbon View carbon Miem pha View value Allocation Details sidaiiiaias footprint graph data quality paxicemeniai added analysis summary Footprint impacts Functional unit f u Aluminium can 0 33 I 1000 litres of soft drink 0 00 0 00 0 00 282 18 2 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 234 0 229 bel 0 00 a 0 00 f Waste Management Key Carbon Footprint kg CO2 eq fu Value added fu Total carbon footprint kg CO2 eq f u Total value added 7 TA Figure 53 Carbon footprint of the aluminium can per 1000 I of fizzy drink 59 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 i SJ CCaLC2 Packaging soft drink Al ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison H
69. option mport data Excel CCaLC data file from the dialogue box that pops up select the file to be imported e The imported study will automatically be displayed within CCaLC2 and any changes can be made 4 Tool development credits CCaLC and CCaLC2 were developed by a research group Sustainable Industrial Systems based at the University of Manchester and led by Professor Adisa Azapagic The following researchers were involved in the project CCaLC2 for Windows e Martyn Jones software development e Harish Jeswani methodology CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 CCaLC Excel based David Amienyo case studies Haruna Gujba case studies and databases Harish Jeswani case studies and databases Martyn Jones software development Anthony Morgan software development Yu Rong software development Namy Espinoza Orias case studies and databases and Heinz Stichnothe methodology and case studies For further information visit www ccalc org uk or contact adisa azapagic manchester ac uk 5 Acknowledgements The development of CCaLC2 was funded by EPSRC Grant No EP K011820 1 The development of CCaLC was funded by Carbon Trust EPSRC and NERC grant No EP F003501 1 Numerous industrial partners have contributed to the development of the tool and their help is gratefully acknowledged For more information visit www ccalc org uk 6 introduction The CCaLC2 application allows quick and easy estimations of environ
70. originally developed for Microsoft Excel Departing away from Excel CCaLC2 tool has been developed in C NET as a Microsoft Windows stand alone desktop application making it more robust faster and easier to use 2 System requirements and installation CCaLC2 is designed for use on PCs and is not suitable for use on Mac computers It may not run properly on non English operating systems as well as on older versions of Windows 2 1 Installation The CCaLC2 application will be received as an executable file CCaLC2_setup exe that can be run to install CCaLC2 for Windows on to your desktop computer Run the CCaLC2_setup exe file as normal and follow the onscreen instructions to install CCaLC2 This installation will automatically include all databases and case studies as integral parts of the CCaLC2 application 3 Compatibility with first generation CCaLC V1 V2 and V3 Compatibility with all versions of the first generation CCaLC versions 1 to 3 has been maintained as fully as possible To transfer the studies from V1 V2 and V3 to CCaLC2 for Windows e Save the study in the CCaLC Excel tool by choosing the menu option CF Study Save CF study e Type the name of the study in the pop up window and click OK e Click the menu option Share data Export study to CCaLC Desktop and click in the pop up window on the study to be exported the study will be saved in the directory chosen by the user e Open CCaLC2 for Windows and click on the menu
71. r Blue water use refers to consumption of freshwater from rivers lakes and aquifers Water consumption indicates the freshwater withdrawals which are evaporated discharged into different watersheds or the sea after use and embodied in products and waste Green water is the amount of rainwater stored in the soil as soil moisture used by plants is referred to as green water Its relevance is significant in the case of agricultural systems A3 2 Water footprint stress weighted The water footprint stress weighted is calculated according to the midpoint impact assessment method proposed by Pfister et al 2009 This method assesses the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption by incorporating Water Stress Index WSI as a mid point characterisation factor WSI indicates the water consumption impacts in relation to the water scarcity This method considers only blue water consumption Therefore the water footprint is calculated as below Water footprint m eq f u Blue water use m f u x WSI The CCaLC2 tool contains WSI values for all countries at a national level The WSI values which range from 0 01 to 1 are derived using the following equation WSI 6 4 wra 1 e 0 01 where WTA is a modified WTA to account for monthly and annual variability of precipitation Pfister S Koehler A Hellweg S 2009 Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA Environmental Science amp
72. rm appears asking the user to select materials to be transported 4 Select the required material from the list box 5 Click on Define Transport The Define Transport user form will then be shown see Figure 7 6 Choose the desired database CCaLC or Ecoinvent 7 Select the type of transport from the drop down menu e g 40 t truck 8 Enter the distance travelled into the text box note the units required 9 Enter the estimated packing density of the material into the text box if not known leave as the default value of 1 The packing density is only important for low density products approx 300 kg m or less 10 If a truck has been selected specify whether it returns back empty and if so select the check box Selecting empty return will increase the carbon footprint for a transport option by about 60 11 Enter the cost of the transport per functional unit if desired 12 Select the data quality for the distance specified high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used 13 Click the Update button The transport table will then be updated with information related to the journey that has just been specified Information pertaining to transport type distance mass transported carbon footprint for journey and total carbon footprint for the stage as well as any costs are all shown The database section from where the carbon footprint data were sourced is also displayed A journey can be modified th
73. rough the user form by right clicking the material being transported in the transport table and selecting Edit entry Alternatively by selecting that journey again and changing the details The journey can be removed in a similar way either by right clicking and selecting Remove entry or by setting the distance travelled to zero The methodology for calculating the carbon footprint of transport is given in Appendix 1 NB Note that the transport within the Production stage is not shown on the top level view The top level only shows the transport of raw materials into the production stage and then out of the production stage Therefore the carbon footprint for the transport within the Production stage is not displayed however it CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 is shown in the relevant graphs and can also be viewed via the CF Summary menu option Transport steps within the Production stage can also be only modified from the relevant production stage rather than from the top level view fe CCaLC2 Red wine ccalc one X File Casestudies ImportData Export Data Summary Data Comparison Help Back to top irel Define transport View graph Functional unit Transport stage Raw Materials gt Processing Total carbon footprint for stage 0 00 kg CO2 eq f u Total costs for stage 0 00 j fu Select material to define transport for du Pesticides gt Production Grape cultivation
74. s ccceeeeeecesecceceeceeccecceccceceeeeeseeeeeens 16 8 5 7 Defining production stage outputs eee cccccceseessssseeeeeceeeeesens 18 8 6 Defining the Storage StagEn assinante A a E 19 Of Deining TNE USE Stagers AA 19 8 7 1 Defining appliance USE ninaninata a e eina ii eeii 20 8 7 2 Defining biogenic carbon storage uptake in products 21 8 7 3 Defining carbon release from product disposal 22 8 7 4 Co product systems system expansion and allocation 23 9 Viewing carbon footprint data and results ec cccccccesssssseececceeeeesessseees 25 Sek INUIMENIGCEIKGISDIAY essers e I 25 92 SEADMG Al GISDIAY sisien Ade pscocsinsdentasseCisa a a lee Rieumes 26 10 Modifying user carbon footprint databases cece ccccccceeeesesssseseeeeeeeeeeesens 27 10 1 Creating a new user database item eeesssessrererrrrrrsssssrrrrrrrrssseseren 27 10 2 Modifying an existing user database item eeereeeesesrrrrrrsss 29 10 3 Deleting a user database item i cccccsesssssssssssccsceeeeeeeeeecceeeeeeees 30 10 4 Sharing user database items 2 00 0 ccccccesssssssceececceeeesesssseeeeeeeees 30 11 Carbon footprint data quality ASSESSMENE eee cccccecesessstssceeeeeeeeeeeens 31 12 Loading saving or starting a new carbon footprint study 0 eee 32 12 1 LOGGING All analys Sasana aa a a cache lather ereease 33 122 SAVING NAIA SIS voces ssa acts eet E saa re eda
75. se of CCaLC2 17 Calculating water usage and water footprint In addition to the carbon footprint it is possible to estimate the impacts from water usage Two values are estimated e water usage and e water footprints 36 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 The former represents a simple sum of the total water usage in the life cycle of the product and the latter follows the methodology proposed by Pfister et al 2009 The methodology used for water related estimations is explained in Appendix 3 The database containing the water usage data is different to that containing the main environmental impact data and the water footprint is calculated in a separate area of the tool 17 1 Switching between water footprint and value added The button labelled Switch Value added Water footprint may be used to alternate between a display of value added data in blue and water usage data in green This data is displayed in addition to the carbon footprint data shown in red throughout 17 2 Populating the water footprint data By clicking on the View water usage water footprint the user is taken to the water usage screen This is shown in Figure 32 The total water usage for the stage is shown at the top of the screen along with the water footprint data The difference between these is discussed below If some water data are missing a warning is shown at the top of the screen File Casestudies ImportData Export Dat
76. t being specified high medium low to indicate how confident you are in the figure used Enter the cost per unit of packaging if needed Include any relevant comments in the comments box as a reminder for any future uses Click on the Update button The packaging table for the stage is then populated Packaging types can be modified or removed from the analysis by right clicking on the packaging name and selecting Edit entry or Remove entry Alternatively by selecting the packaging type and changing the details or setting the mass to zero respectively Define packaging Eal Define materials Modify database Search database CCaLC database Ecoinvent database User defined Stage for packaging use X Packaging for raw material Packaging for products Amount kg u Data quality for amount Cost kg Comments on amount used Details Impacts kg CO2 eq kg Year Location Source Quality of dataset Comments Figure 12 Define Packaging user form 8 5 5 Defining waste Waste use for the production as well as the other stages can be defined using the same procedure as for defining materials energy or packaging The user form is similar to those used for other life cycle stages and is shown in Figure 13 The procedure for defining waste is as follows 15 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Select the required database CCaLC Ecoinvent or User def
77. ted with them This may be left blank or a country selected in order to calculate water footprint data from the existing water usage data The water 38 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 footprint is the product of the blue water usage for a specific data set and the water stress index A further discussion of this is given in Appendix 3 When the Update button is clicked the water usage table is populated with data The data is also shown in green at each of the stages in the analysis 17 3 Missing water data Missing water data can be viewed on the water usage footprint screen at the bottom of the screen see Figure 34 Sj CCaLC2 Canned mussels recycled tin ccalc File Casestudies ImportData Export Data SummaryData Comparison Help Back to top Define water eer level data a Functional unit Canned mussels recycled tin packaging 1 three can pack Warning some water usage data are missing Total water usage m water f u_ Total water footprint stress weighted m water eq f u The following do not have any water usage data defined alkyd paint white 60 in solvent at plant Raw Materials chemicals inorganic at plant Raw Materials conugated board mixed fibre single wall at plant Europe Canning and packing disposal municipal solid waste 22 9 water to sanitary landfill Electricity ow voltage ES grid Electricity ow voltage ES grid Electricity ow voltage ES grid Electricity ow voltage
78. tion and bottling gt Use Figure 38 Summary of missing cost value data 42 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 20 Example case studies To aid the user in carrying out their own studies the CCaLC2 tool has built in 54 example case studies in the following sectors e Biofeedstocks and biofuels Chemicals and related Energy Food and drink and Packaging Some of these are detailed below The case studies can be modified to suit the user and saved under a different name 20 1 Biofeedstocks PLA from wheat 20 1 1 Introduction This section provides a brief description of the PLA case study based on Mortimer et al 2009 and Mortimer et al 2004 The LCA study follows the ISO 14044 2006 and PAS 2050 2008 methodologies as far as possible The following sections describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 20 1 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this study is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of PLA from wheat Functional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as 1 tonne of PLA Scope and system boundary The system boundaries are from cradle to gate for PLA As shown in Figure 39 the life cycle stages include e raw materials extraction and production e wheat cultivation e PLA production processes milling amp hydrolysis sterilisation and fermentation filtration purification amp crystallisation polymeris
79. tions describe the goal system boundaries and inventory data used for the case studies 47 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 20 2 2 Goal and scope of the study Goal of the study The main goal of this study is to provide a carbon footprint analysis of a typical packed lunch consisting of a sandwich potato crisps and a beverage Functional unit The functional unit of this study is defined as an individual serving of packed lunch consisting of a packed sandwich a packet of potato crisps and a bottle of soft drink consumed at a sandwich bar Scope and system boundary The system boundaries of the study include cradle to grave analysis for the lunch considered As shown in Figure 42 the life cycle stages include production of ingredients manufacture of packaging preparation of mayonnaise preparation of ingredients assembly of sandwich consumption of lunch and landfilling of waste food and packaging grilling Energy Packaging Figure 42 System boundaries for a packed lunch T Transport 20 2 3 Inventory analysis Raw materials and energy These inventories are presented in Table 4 and Table 5 48 CCaLC2 for Windows Manual V1 0 Table 4 Materials inventory Quantity Life cycle stage g functional unit E ETE AEE A Vegetable oil y Pee Chicken meat Meat grilling a a Potato crisps Soft drink Plastic packaging Table 5 Energy inventory Quantit Mayonnais
80. wn greyed out and cannot be modified Define water usage data heal Define water usage for data set Select data Select analysis stage Name kraft paper unbleached at plant Raw Materials Stage Production Wine production and bottling The following data need defining for water usage at this stage Define country data alkyd paint white 60 in solvent at plant The water stress index for a given country is used to obtain the chemicals inorganic at plant water footprint from the water usage data Olive oil GR Country Water stress index soap at plant Germany x 0 120 sodium chloride powder at plant sodium hydroxide 50 in H20 production mix at plant Tin plate 61 7 recycled Define your own data or select an approximation from the CCaLC Vegetable oil sunflower seeds NL Define data ene Select from CCaLC waster use database Select from CCaLC water use database Paper amp paperboard other Gemany The following data may be re defined for water usage at this stage Process water from ground water Blue water m3 kg 6 00E 3 Green water m3 1g 0 616 Total water m kg 0 622 Location Germany Comments Paper produced from pine from temp Update Exit a b Figure 33 Define water usage form The drop down menu at the top of the form contains a list of countries that have water stress index values associa

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