MAXqda Introduction
Contents
1. i _ NVwWo WNNnN Foe lx Codes with subcodes Fig 14 Example of a Code Hierarchy in the Code System Window The Screen View of the Code System The CODE SYSTEM is shown as a tree structure on the screen It looks like the File Folder which is familiar to you through Windows Explorer A plus or minus sign before the code name indicates that a code contains sub 18 codes You can expand the subcategories or close them by clicking this button Defining a code is like opening a drawer in which you can put in any num ber of text segments The drawer s label i e the code name can later be changed without affecting the contents of the drawer You can also print the code system or export it There are two different menus for working with in the window one for the highest level of the CODE SYSTEM and a second for the lower level codes and subcodes First we will create a code on the highest level 8 Code System Click here for adding a new level O code z E E Code System 5 Code Example media Activate Click here for Color Attribute gt adding a subcode 2 Code Memo to media x Delete Code Rename Code Overview of Coded Segments Overview of Linked Memos E 34 Sort Codes Fig 15 Adding a New Subcode Click the word CODE SYSTEM on the top of the list in2. fl Document System ts g Text Groups p articles E documents interviews E interviewt fm Sets rl x Oooo Fig 8 Working with the DOCUMENT SYSTEM MAX QDA imports only text files formatted in Rich Text Format RTF All word processing programs offer the option to save files in RTF If you want to import already existing Word doc files you have to convert them into Rich Text Format To do this with Word just open the text select the SAVE AS Option from the FILE menu and choose file type Rich Text Format rtf File name interviewt Save astype Haanen aires ahha Cancel Fig 9 Saving a Text File in Rich Text Format You can import any text into MAXgbDa from wherever the file is located from your local drive a floppy disk or a remote computer of your network r MAX 14 M Opening a Text In order to work or edit a text you have to load the text into the TEXT BROWSER window To open a text you can either Q Double click the text in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM or LL Move the mouse pointer to the text name in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM and click the right mouse button The short cut menu appears Choose OPEN TEXT Document System A t Text Groups 17 EA interviews interviewt Activate EE 55 E x Delete Text 0 Rename Text Overview Codings a Overview Memos 2 Overview variablen Teamwork
3. Overview of Variables a 34 Sort Sets Fig 36 Forming a New Text Set MAXqpa then forms a new set with the name Set 1 You can click on the name with the right mouse button and choose on which is more appro priate Text sets are manipulated like text groups you can activate all the texts in a text set at the same time and use all the options for working with text groups Codes Memos Variables Managing Tables 41 Individual texts can be deleted from a text set or placed in another text set the easiest way is using the drag and drop function When you want to analyze a certain selection of primary texts using a textset is very practical method avoiding a more complicated selection procedure Forming a text set is also an easy way to save the result of a complex activation process 12 Managing Tables Many procedures in MAXqpba work with tables like in a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel The following figure shows the table of VARIABLES that appears if you select the option EDIT from the VARIABLES menu Variables interviews interview4 26 07 01 00 19 2 articles McLuhan and senses 25 07 01 18 15 24 2 interviews interview 26 07 01 00 13 rs he articles global hopes 25 07 01 19 31 We 2 interviews interview3 26 07 01 00 13 81 documents new references 25 07 01 18 11 Ed Export Fig 37 Working with Variables in a Table In the heading line of the table the vari
4. documents Document System gt z x g n imi Sets 9 Activate All Texts p Deactivate All Texts Activation by Variables Overview Codings g Overview Memos Overview Variables i New Text Group 3 Sort Text Groups Fig 6 Creating a New Text Group In the DOCUMENT SYSTEM all text groups are symbolized by a special icon open index card box Later on in the course of your research and data analysis whenever you want to work with a text group click the text group s name with the right mouse button and select an option from the short cut menu The short cut menu offers for instance options for import ing and removing text documents Document System Ix a Ercan amp Text Groups 0 Ball articles 0 a documents 0 Bal interviews 0 i Sets short cut menu 0 Fig 7 Working with Text Groups The Document System 13 Importing your First Text In this section you will learn how to import text documents During the program installation some sample texts have been copied to the MAX QDA folder We will now import the first of these texts named inter view 1 rtf 1 Click the text group interviews right mouse button 2 The short cut menu appears choose IMPORT TEXT S 3 Select the file interview1 rtf located in the MAXqpa folder MAX QDA imports the text and inserts the text name preceded by a green icon just below the text groups name
5. MAXQDA Introduction for Windows 98 ME NT and 2000 MAX QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Support VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Tel Fax 49 0 30 8137201 E Mail support maxqda com Internet http www maxqda com All rights reserved Trademarks MAXqpa is a registered trademark of VERBI Software Consult Sozial forschung GmbH Berlin Germany SPSS is a trademark of SPSS Inc Adobe Acrobat is a trademark of Adobe Inc Microsoft Windows Word for Windows Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corp All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners and may be registered in the United States and or other jurisdictions VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Berlin 2001 For this manual Udo Kuckartz Berlin 2001 translated by John Poppe Table of Contents Installing MAXQDA sssssessessessesseeseeseeseeseceseseesessessessessessesseesee 5 Documentation and Help seeesessesessesessesesessseessesessesesessesesses 6 1 Starting and Exiting the Program eseseeeeeees 8 2 TNODESKUOP sissssscceseiassvocescsstenesosesbocsiscconssonevsceoosscenstsneeas 10 3 The Document System eesesesseseseesesessesseseeseseseseesese 11 Ay The Code System sersceisecssrcssecisessoseseseduscansccsonsderdoncssesseses 17 5 About COMING serene aiaeei 19 6 Memos Managing your Ideas esesesesoseseseseseseseeseses 23 7 Retrieving Coded Segments sessesesessesessesessess
6. V Ordered by Code Tree RE Include Subcodes Difference Less Use Weight Filter If Surrounded by A Edit Weight Filter lf Outside Of M Code Results Palleg oy Near Fig 28 Drop Down Menu of Logical Functions 30 F M The currently selected function is also shown at the bottom of the MAX DA window in the status line Attention If you don t see any text segments in the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS window it could be because an undesired logical function is active A summary of the 10 logical functions enabling complex retrievals is given in the following table Function Description How to select codes and parameters OR combination Lists segments coded with any of the active codes Activate in the CODE SYSTE Intersection Finds text referenced by all of the Activate in the CODE active codes small picture SYSTE Overlapping Finds text referenced by all of the Activate in the CODE active codes big picture SYSTE Only this code Works like an exclusive or Only lists text passages where one of the codes is present but none of the oth ers Activate in the CODE SYSTE At least Only lists those text passages where a minimum of x codes of the active codes are present Activate in the CODE SYSTEM Difference less Similar to Only this code but only for one selected code Only lists text segments where the selected code is present but none of t
7. CODE MODE the modified text will be saved auto matically The same happens when another text is opened in the DOCU MENT SYSTEM The formatting buttons and the list of fonts available on your PC are only visible when you are in EDIT MODE Thus you always know which mode is activated Correcting mistakes or adding and removing text passages should only be done using the EDIT MODE Switch back to CODE MODE when you have com pleted these tasks Attention There is no Undo function for text editing Therefore you should avoid coding text passages or writing memos in EDIT MODE 16 N B Text Browser Interviews interview z rl BBC Interview by Frank Kermode 1964 2 Kermode In a sense you have been a historian as youve gone about your work let s talk first a little if we may about your book The Gutenberg Galaxy where you arque that for a long time without actually understanding it we ve been living in a culture which in which our whole way of looking at the world has been determined by typography by the successiveness of print and so on Would you like to enlarge on that a bit 4 McLuhan Well remember decided to write that book when came across a piece by J C Carruthers the a psychiatrist on the African mind PARAGRAPH MEMO SECTOR CODE SECTOR Fig 13 Text Browser Window To the left side of the text there is a column with the paragraph number ing RTF Texts are d
8. determine the sort sequence and click the variable name with the left mouse button The table will be sorted in as cending order Clicking again changes the sort sequence to descending order A little triangle indicates the sort variable and the selected sequence order Variables __ Textoroup Textname Creation Date Number of Coded Seaments p interviews Flusser Peternak 25 07 01 18 12 lS articles communication theories 25 07 01 18 24 5 documents literature 25 07 01 18 17 6 interviews interview2 26 07 01 00 13 7 documents new references 25 07 01 18 11 8 interviews interview3 26 07 01 00 13 8 articles global hopes 25 07 01 19 31 Export Fig 38 Sorting a Table According the Number of Coded Segments Tables in MAXg amp bpa have editable and non editable columns The internal variables the system fields cannot be edited Thus if you wanted to re name a text document assign it to another text group or remove it from Text Search 43 the list you would not be able to do that in the VARIABLES table Such modi fications can only be done in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM window Columns with headings written in blue can be edited Simply double click on the cell of the table where you want to type in a new value The entire table or part of it can be copied to the Windows clipboard and inserted into other programs such as MS Word Excel or Power Point To copy into the clipboard press CTRL C to insert o
9. in the upper right corner of the MAXgpDa window 10 2 The Desktop This chapter introduces you to MAXwpa basics You need to know some fundamental things about MAXqpa before you start working and analyz ing your study Let us have a look at the MAXqpa desktop The menu bar is located di rectly below the title bar This menu bar contains pulldown menus for commands The tool bar appearing below the menu bar contains buttons for quick access to frequently used commands On the right side of the tool bar appears the code bar offering functions for coding text segments The tool bar Screen Tips feature displays the names for each button on the tool bar Project Edit Codes Memos Variables TextSearch Analysis Windows PRAETEREA Fig 3 Menu Bar and Tool Bar The four main windows of MAXqpa are located beneath the tool bar fl Document System x fs Text Browser x a EE _ Text Groups 0 ag Sets 0 Switch off window 8 Code System X Retrieved Segments aX g joj s g Code System 0 Maximize window Fig 4 The Four Main Windows of MAXgDA The Document System 11 Q DOCUMENT SYSTEM contains a list of all your texts and text groups L CODE SYSTEM contains your codes i e your category system Ll TEXT BROWSER is your working window where you can mark text segments and attach codes edit text or write memos L RETRIEVED SEGMENTS contains a coll
10. 8 yes interviews interview ii no articles McLuhan and senses 24 es articles global hopes 12 Tio x Export Fig 31 A Picklist in the Variables Window Close Variable values may also be used as selection criteria for lexical searches and text retrieval see chapter 10 Take the example of a researcher who is interested in the motives of females over the age of 40 in going back to work Supposing that you have defined the variables gender and age you could then filter the text documents according to these criteria The variable values of each text document can be inspected when you right click on the text name in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM window and choose OVERVIEW OF VARIABLES from the short cut menu Using Variable Values for Selecting Documents 35 10 Using Variable Values for Selecting Documents In chapter 8 you have learned how to activate text documents manually MAX DA also provides automatic activation of text documents In this case the texts are activated through the selection of the value of one par ticular variable or the values of a couple of variables Thus the attributes of a document determine if the document will be selected for retrieval or not Imagine that 3 variables gender age and school have been created You would then be able to select from your data bank only men over the age of 55 with a college degree and activate the documents linked to these persons for a lexical s
11. Export Teamwork Import Fig 10 Opening a Text In the DOCUMENT SYSTEM the opened text comes with a special icon sheet with pencil The texts currently active for text retrieval are displayed in a different color red ey interviews ESD interview E interview2 E interview LE interviews Fig 11 Display of opened text The Document System 15 The figure above shows that the text interview1 is currently opened Two of the three texts are active for text retrieval AS soon as you have opened a text this way the text shows up in the TEXT BROWSER Now you can start to work with your selected text Two operating modes are available for TEXT BROWSER L CODE MODE allows you to attach codes to selected text passages and to write memos and attach them to text lines Q EDIT MODE allows you to edit the text add or delete text correct mistakes and mark text passages for instance with different colors The CODE MODE is active by default when a text is opened in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM Click the EDIT CODE MODE button to switch off the CODE MODE When working in EDIT MODE a lot of features already known from word processing programs are available You may choose the font type font size and font color as well as formatting characteristics like bold italics or underline I WE interviews interview Interview Fig 12 Choosing the Edit Mode When moving back to
12. L C or by choosing the COPY option from the EDIT menu Coding The coding of segments of text is similar to the manually executed cut and paste procedure in which one copied passages of text to a folder that would then be assigned a certain name The smallest resulting unit in this procedure was the folder which contained the topic name the cut out pas sages of text and information about their origin The electronic version of this folder is similarly constructed however the smallest unit is naturally not a physical folder but a set of information copied onto a hard drive Memos Managing your Ideas 23 The set of information resulting from the creation of a code includes the following data 1 the name of the text and of the text group to which the code was assigned 2 the beginning and end point of the segment in the text 3 the name of the code or subcode to which this code was assigned the code s weighting variable which is determined by the rele vance of the text segment Summary The two steps for coding a text segment are 1 Select or highlight the text segment 2 Assign a code to the text segment done most easily with the drag and drop function 6 Memos Managing your Ideas In this chapter you learn how to create modify select and filter memos The MEMO SYSTEM is a tool provided by MAXqpba allowing you to jot down quick notes to form hypotheses and theories and to keep track of your idea
13. Status Line 27 Subcategories 18 Subcodes 18 Switch on off the Windows 11 System Fields 42 T Table of Variables 33 Tables 41 Teamwork 48 Teamwork Import Export 51 Text Browser 11 21 Text Group 11 Text Information Box 28 Text Memos 23 Text set 40 Title bar 10 Tool Bar 10 Tutorial 6 7 Type A Teamwork 48 Type B Teamwork 50 Vv Variables 32 W Windows Clipboard 25 43 Working with Text Groups 12
14. able names are displayed Some variables appear in black color some in blue The black ones are internal variables of MAXqDaA So called system fields These are Q Textgroup contains the name of the text group LQ Textname contains the text name Q Creation Date the creation import date of the text LL Number of Coded Segments the coded segments of the text 42 For later use in statistical programs like SPSS the variables Textname and Textgroup are written as one word The width of each column in the table can be modified by simply dragging the little line between the col umns headings When you double click on a line separating two headings the mouse pointer will change into a special symbol for this function MAXqQbpa will give the column the optimum width allowed for by the longest string found in that particular column The sequence of the columns in the window can be chosen by the user Simply click on the column header of the column you want to move hold down the left mouse button and drag the column to the new location When you click on any heading with the right instead of the left mouse button a pull down menu appears There you find an option to switch off the column The short cut menu also offers an option to list all the columns of the table in order to open and close them separately Tables can be sorted easily by clicking on a column heading Select what ever variable which you want to
15. code a text This way of interchanging data in a research team is particularly recom mended at the beginning of the research process All texts can first be imported into MAXqbpa on the same PC Then the project file is given to the other members of the team Organizing teamwork in this way guaran tees that all team members have in fact the same text groups and the same texts in exactly the same format F M Exchanging Coded Segments and Memos for Single Texts Type B Teamwork With MAXqpa it is also possible that team members work with the same text documents simultaneously Of course the texts must be imported on each PC but it is not necessary either that texts are imported in the same sequence order nor that the DOCUMENT SYSTEM contains the same set of texts on each PC But be careful The texts must have an identical format on each PC the number of paragraphs and the text itself has to be the same but not the font type font size and color Thus it does not matter if a text is formatted in Courier 12 instead of Times Roman 10 It is not necessary that the CODE SYSTEM be identical but in a research team the same codes should be used It would be rather confusing if different people would work with different category systems Imagine that your team wants to analyze Interview2 and code text seg ments in it If you do this on PC1 how will your colleague working on PC2 get the result In this case it does not make sense t
16. d a master version above For example a project named MarienthalStudy would be saved as the file MarienthalStudy m2k Organizing Teamwork 49 This m2k file contains all The file does not contain Q texts Q saved search runs Q codes Q saved logical formulas of the ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES Q memos procedure Q variables L exported files for instance L coded segments variable tables or memo ta bles These m2k project files can be exchanged between the members of the team The files can also be sent as e mail attachments In this case the files must be zipped with a data compression program like Winzip Supposing that all research group members work with the same text base the process of data analysis could proceed as follows 1 Person A B and C start with the same text base Person A codes a text on PC1 Person A writes a MAXqpa project file Person B and C import this project file to PC 2 and PC3 Person B codes a text on PC2 Person B writes a MAXqpa project file Person A and C import this project file to PC 1 and PC3 Whenever such a project file is opened on another PC the whole study will be imported the DOCUMENT SYSTEM and the CODE SYSTEM will be con structed in exactly the same way as they were at the moment when the Project file was written th Oss ON ae Gees In the example above all three persons would be able to perform text re trievals and lexical searches but at phase 2 only person A could
17. earch or text retrieval In MAXqpa selection criteria like these can only be formulated in a for malized way by use of the procedure ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES The syntax of the command language is quite similar to programs like SPSS Since ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES is a function that checks all text documents of a project the function has to be called on at the highest level in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM Here you will find the option ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES in the short cut menu fi Document System x A _t Activate All Texts Deactivate All Texts 0 g Activation by 1S 0 0 0 Overview of Cadings a Overview of Memos Overview of Variables 18 New Text Group 34 Sort Text Groups Fig 32 Starting the Activation by Variables with the Drop Down Menu Another way to start the function is to click on the icon ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES in MAXWQDA s tool bar 36 M Activation by Variables Fig 33 Starting the Activation by Variables with the Tool Bar Button If there are texts which are currently activated you first have to deactivate them by clicking the RESET button in the tool bar next to the ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES button After having started the activation by variables you will see the following dialog box Activation by Variables ct Activate Fig 34 The Activation by Variables Dialog Box All logical operations must be formulated as follows Variable O
18. ection of coded segments the results of a text retrieval procedure The four windows may be switched on and off independently Thus you can find the appropriate arrangement for the different tasks you have to do The four windows may be opened or closed in three different ways 1 Select the WINDOWS option in the menu bar 2 Click the buttons in the tool bar 3 Click the CLOSE x button in the upper right corner of a window Windows can also be maximized to full screen by clicking the Maximize button in the upper right corner of the window Windows les TextSearch MAETI Document System 8 Code System Fe Text Browser _ 08 Retrieved Segments Fig 5 Opening and Closing the Four Windows 3 The Document System The DOCUMENT SYSTEM is like a big container that holds together all the text documents of your project The DOCUMENT SYSTEM in MAXqpa is highly flexible you may add new documents and remove documents whenever you want The DOCUMENT SYSTEM consists of different text groups At least one text group has to be created before you can import a text file 12 B How to create a text group 1 Open the DOCUMENT SYSTEM window 2 Point to the TEXT GROUPS line and click the right mouse button 3 Select NEW TEXT GROUP from the short cut menu 4 Type in a name for the new text group for instance interviews In our example we have created a second text group named field notes and a third one named
19. eda opened in the TEXT BROWSER window cold hot Fig 26 Text Information Box The following information is given in the above example the segment was taken from paragraph 75 of the text interview3 from the text group in terviews It was assigned the code media cold hot You can search for text segments which have been assigned more than one code For example you could search in a group of interviews for the places where the respondends spoke about their Personal Motivation and their Qualifications Analytic Functions Complex Types of Retrievals 29 8 Analytic Functions Complex Types of Retrievals This chapter is about the more complex retrieval options offered by MAXqpa These options are available from the ANALYSIS menu of the main menu bar as well as from the short cut menu obtained by pressing the right mouse button in the gray area on the left side of the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS window tf Retrieved Segments x Click here with right mouse button Fig 27 Short cut Menu for Retrieval Functions The first option of the ANALYSIS menu is the logical combination function The function currently selected is shown the drop down menu available from this option offers you 10 other logical functions tm Retrieved Segments g E Logic OR Cambination p lv OR Combination fx Edit Function Intersection Ordered by Text Tree Mane an v
20. ences McLuhan 1 interviews interview2 McLuhan 1 interviews interview4 McLuhan 1 articles McLuhan and senses McLuhan 2 documents new references McLuhan 2 documents new references McLuhan 2 hd H Espot fa Code Options Close Fig 41 Search Results The table of search results can be handled in the same way as other tables in MAXqpa clicking on any one column heading will sort the table ac cording to this criterion For instance clicking on Text will have the ef fect that the table will be sorted in the alphabetical order of the text names The entire table or parts of it can be copied to the Windows clipboard by pressing CTRL C Beneath the title bar you can see how many texts contain the search string and how many times the search string appears in the texts Clicking on a result opens the corresponding text at the position of the highlighted search string Exporting Search Results The table of search results also offers the possibility of exporting the re sults by clicking on the EXPORT button on the bottom left of the dialog box The file format is as usual RTF The result will look as follows Text Search 47 Interviews interview1 120 Public Interviews interview1 16 Citizen Interviews interview1 40 Citizen Interviews interview1 50 Citizen Fig 42 Exported Search Results Each search result consists of the name of the text group and text and the number of the paragrap
21. er is likely al ready installed on your PC if not you can download a free copy from www macromedia com To start the tutorial put the CD ROM in your drive and select TUTORIAL QUICK TOUR from the CD Browser The tutorial will first check if the Flash 5 Player is installed The Introduction Booklet A pdf version of this introduction is also contained on your CD ROM Thus if you need additional copies simply print out the pdf file You will find the file named mxintro pdf in the maxqda folder on your hard drive You can also click on the option MAX INTRO in MAXqpa s HELP menu The pdf version is colored printing on a color printer will give you better results oO 1 Starting and Exiting the Program When starting MAXqpa for the first time take a look at the screen de picted in Fig 1 MAXQDA ia Create and Open New Project 2 Lay Open Existing Project Other Projects Fig 1 Starting MAXqgDA The figure above shows that MAXqpa offers two options L CREATE AND OPEN A NEW PROJECT or Ll OPEN AN EXISTING PROJECT MAXqpa works with so called projects as Excel does with workbooks or Word does with text files Normally a project in MAXqba contains a set of texts attached to different text groups codes memos variables and other data A project is the unit of analysis and is stored in one file When installing MAXqpa a sample project Media Project m2k i
22. esessse 26 8 Analytic Functions Complex Types of Retrievals 29 9 Managing Variables ssssssssssssssesscescsscssesscssees 32 10 Using Variable Values for Selecting Documents 35 11 Buildings Text S tsnissisrosiiiornisriionissiiiri 40 12 Managing Tables s sssesisrssorscssorscsosesssesossrososrasessossssses 41 13 Text SCAN siives sce densivssdonesseacevascsessesecstioceseasdsnnsentsneeseavaies 43 14 Organizing TeamWork s ssessesessesesessesessessesseseseeseeesese 48 Installing MAXqda 5 Installing MAXQDA Welcome to MAXWDa a powerful tool for Qualitative Data Analysis If a demo version of MAXqpa has been installed on your computer please remove it before installing the full version Installing MAXgDa parallel to the partner product winMAX will not cause any problems How to install MAXgDa 1 Put the MAXqpa CD ROM in your CD ROM drive In Windows the CD will normally start automatically If it does not go to Win dows Explorer select the CD ROM drive and double click on Launch exe 2 The CD Browser will appear Select the option Install Full Ver sion 3 The setup program will now start Wait until the loading is fin ished and the setup program appears on your screen Then follow the instructions of the Installshield program Please register your software after the successful installation The CD browser offers the option REGISTER Now Simply click on it and you will be connected to the onli
23. follow the instructions of Adobe to install the software To read the MAXqpa manual you have two alternatives 1 Ifyou have already started MAXqpa choose the help option from the menu bar and then select MAX MANUAL or 2 Start the Windows Explorer go to the MAXqbpa folder default C Program Files Maxqda and double click mxmanual pdf The user manual will then be displayed There are different ways to navi gate through the handbook L The manual begins with a table of contents Simply click on a chapter s heading to jump to this chapter Q In the left pane of Acrobat Reader the Contents of the manual are displayed Simply click on a chapter s name to bring the chapter into the right window L By pressing CTRL F the search function is started You can type in a word or string and Acrobat will search the entire text and display the text passage where your search term has been found The best way to display the manual on screen is achieved by setting the zoom factor of Acrobat Reader to 134 Documentation and Help 7 The MAXqpa Tutorial The MAXqpa CD ROM also contains an introductory tutorial The tutorial is also available from MAXqpba s website www maxqda com The tutorial gives you a step by step introduction and helps you to quickly understand the basics of MAXQDA To run the tutorial you need an Internet browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer You also need the Flash 5 Player The Flash play
24. gender with the val ues m for male and f for female the variable type String would be appropriate In this way you can create as many variables as you like All variables are held in the VARIABLES table which has as many rows as texts have been imported into the DOCUMENT SYSTEM The columns of the table are built by the variables Thus the number of cells of the data matrix is number of texts number of variables The matrix can easily be exported to SPSS or Excel for statistical computations Example To enter a value for the variable gender in the first row of the table double click on the cell of the Variables table and enter m for a male or w in the case of a female respondent 34 Rather than having you first enter a list of possible values for a variable MAX DA automatically places all values previously entered for a particu lar variable in a picklist You can open the picklist by clicking on the right corner of the cell Thus whenever you later double click on a cell in the column gender the list will show up and you will be able to select the appropriate value without having to type it in again This is particularly useful if variable values consist of longer strings such as names towns professions etc Whenever a new value is entered it will be inserted into the picklist in alphabetical order Variables articles communication theories 5 yes interviews interviews
25. glected or not the icon in the middle symbol ized by the paper weight tells you if the weight option is switched on or off and the icon on the right symbolized by the sheet of paper gives you information concerning the chosen retrieval strategy Active texts Coded segments Fig 24 MAXqpa s Status Line All of the coded segments retrieved through the selection or activation of certain texts and codes are then shown in the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS win dow 28 g here is no continuity It s just all like a surprise aj interviews unexpectedness and total involvement Elinterziew3 t 3 4 il emedia characteristics The advantage of coverage of sports events is interviews they are ritualistic The group gathered there is Elinterview3 participating in a ritual Now the Olympics were t 27 27 even more a group ritual than the ordinary Smeda competitive event in the ball game or a single ball game a single event because they had a l Scala hot corporate meaning It was not just local It was Fig 25 List of Coded Segments in the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS Window To the left of each text segment you can see from which text the segment was taken from and from which paragraph and which code was assigned to it Ainterviews When you click anywhere on this box the origi Elinterview3 nal text from which this segment was taken at t 75 75 the position of the segment in the text will be Sm
26. h in which the search string was found as well as the search string itself The length of the retrieved text can be determined beforehand m Code Export Only Search Stir Paragraph 0 4 Faraaapr Close Fig 43 Search Result Options When exporting the search results you should select the option PARAGRAPH instead of ONLY SEARCH STRING Otherwise only the search string would be written in the export file which doesn t make any sense You can select how many paragraphs will be retrieved Paragraph 0 Only the paragraph which contains the search string will be listed If the string occurs in the paragraph more than one time the para graph will still be listed only once although the string will be highlighted wherever it occurs Paragraph x The paragraph which contains the string will be listed as well as x numbers of paragraphs before and after this paragraph 48 M 14 Organizing Teamwork MAXqpa makes teamwork easy Different people working on different computers can analyze the same body of text Teamwork is possible with MAX DA in two different ways depending on how the members of the research team work together TYPE A TEAMWORK Different people work with the same master version They perform on line searches text retrievals and other kinds of analysis with this master version But they do not perform the coding and memo procedures simultaneously on the master version In
27. h you want to assign the text Select CODE from the drop down menu Example After selecting paragraph 16 from the text Interview1 click with the right mouse button on the subcode Code Example Select CODE to assign the text 3 Coding with the Code and the In Vivo Code Buttons At the top of the TEXT BROWSER in the Coding tool bar is a list of the codes last used Whenever you assign a new code to a text the code is added to the list By clicking on the button to the right of this list screen tip About Coding 21 Code you assign the selected text to the code presently in the tool bar This allows you to assign a text segment to a code which has already been named You can in this way search the text for a certain topic and quickly assign corresponding passages in the text without each time going through the process of selecting a code Another way of coding is with the so called IN VIVO CODING If you for ex ample select the word global village and then click on the IN VIVO CODING button in the tool bar the word global village is added to the list of codes as the code for this one word text segment Coding with Quicklist In vivo Coding l ra Code Example gt a Sal Fig 18 Coding with the Quicklist and the In Vivo Coding When you want to code a segment of text with the IN VIVO CODING function and not only the word itself code the selected word with this function first Next select the en
28. had ex pressed criticism with the formula Criticism Y If we then want to select only the women who had expressed criticism we would have to add a sec ond criterion This we would formulate with the variable Gender and the value f This gives us the second formula Gender f which we can then combine with the previous formula by means of the logical operator AND This is accomplished in exactly the same way as with the first simple formula Q Click the NEw button Q Select Gender from the list of variables The following appears in the formula box Gender Q Type f in the value dialog box Using Variable Values for Selecting Documents 39 MAXgpDa automatically selects the logical operator OR To include AND in your formula instead click on the AND button The logical op erator in the ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES window will then be switched In this manner you can add as many logical combinations and conditions to your search as you wish Once the formula is complete click on ACTI VATE as usual The logical operator AND and OR have the following effect on the activation process A combination of the simple formulas through OR causes the en tire formula to be evaluated as true for any code or segment for which at least one of the simple formulas is true Had you then in the above exam ple chosen the logical operator OR giving the formula Criticism Y or Gender f the for
29. he active codes Activate in the CODE SYSTEM and special selection If surrounded by If a text segment coded with an active code is nested completely inside a segment coded with a selected code the segment will be listed Activate in the CODE SYSTEM and special selection If outside of If text segments coded with active codes are completely outside of seg ments coded with the selected code the segments will be listed Activate in the CODE SYSTEM and special selection Analytic Functions Complex Types of Retrievals 31 Followed by If the active code s are followed by Activate in the CODE the selected code within a distance of SYSTEM and special x paragraphs the segment will be selection listed Near If the active code s and the selected Activate in the CODE code are within a distance of x para SYSTEM and special graphs then the segment will be selection listed When you select a logical function it will only work with the activated codes Before selecting the logical function it is thus necessary to first acti vate the codes that are to be searched In the case of the rather simple features L OR combination Q Intersection Q Overlapping no additional parameters are needed The retrieval procedures will start immediately When working with the more complex functions of the ANALYTIC FUNC TIONS an additional dialog box EDIT FUNCTION appears Here special selec tions concerning t
30. he selection of codes and the kinds of results can be made The codes which can be selected in this EDIT FUNCTION should be present in the quick list the list of most recently used codes These are in temporarily stored in the main MAXwqpa tool bar which you can view by selecting the drop down arrow at the right of the text box If the codes you want to work with are not in the quick list you must first transfer them there You can do this by simply pointing to the code in the CODE SYSTEM and clicking the left mouse button Be aware that all complex retrieval functions refer to the active codes Thus to find intersections of code A and code B both codes must be activated and the retrieval function INTERSECTION must be chosen 32 Bc lf Surrounded by media simultaneous world media cold hot Results Selected Code C Active Codes C All If text coded with an active code is completely nested inside a segment coded with the quick list code the segment will be listed Close Fig 29 Working with the Function If Surrounded by 9 Managing Variables MAXqpa allows you to link a set of attributes variables to each docu ment These attributes are managed as a table a rectangular data matrix in the same way as in statistical programs like SPSS You could save for instance the socio demographic data of your interviewees or data concern ing the interview You could also evaluate in
31. ivided into a determined number of paragraphs A paragraph in MAXwqbpa corresponds to a paragraph in a Word document which is ended by typing Enter A paragraph is thus the text between two paragraph markers which you can see in WORD by choosing the command Show Paragraph Markers from Options in the Extras menu The Text Memos that you create appear in the light gray area directly to the left of the text Markings for the coded segments will appear further to the left The entire gray area can also be placed to the right of the text The Code System 17 4 The Code System One of the main functions of MAXwqpa is the coding of selected text seg ments which can be ordered into a hierarchical structure A code is a string containing up to 64 characters which is attached to selected seg ments of text The CODE SYSTEM is always available in the window CODE SYSTEM At the beginning of a project this window is empty except for the CODE SYSTEM button and a green symbol both of which you can click on MAXWDA S CODE SYSTEM has the following characteristics L Coded segments can be hierarchically structured L The number of codes is unlimited Q The hierarchical structure may contain up to ten levels 8 Code System A joj A media 16 6 learn simultaneous world characteristics cold hot E nature communication 6 ritual E information concept distance 6 global f Incal
32. ks in the same way as EXPORT TEAMWORK On PC2 click on the text name in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM Then choose IMPORT TEAMWORK and choose the appro priate file in Windows Open File dialog box Remember It is absolutely necessary that the text to which the codes and memos are imported contains exactly the same text and has exactly the same structure as the text which the codes were exported from The following occurs when codes are imported by MAXQWQDA L All codes existing before the import procedure remain the same 52 Q Text segments which were assigned to a code with the same name as an already existing code in the importing file are added to this code Q Codes that are not found in the CODE SYSTEM will be created The same happens with subcodes Q Coded segments already existing will be ignored to avoid the dou ble coding of a text passage To make sure that the import procedure was correctly carried out it is recommended to open the file and check the codes You also may obtain a listing of all codes and memos by using the OVERVIEW OF CODES and OVER VIEW OF MEMOS procedures Document System g Text Groups Eal Interviews B BBC3 Interview Seldes McLuhan Activate fh Open Text im x Delete Text Rename Text Overview of Codings a Overview of Memos Overview of Variablen Export Teamwork Import Teamwork Fig 46 Starting the Import Teamwork Functi
33. lt the formula is true when the variable has a value smaller than the value entered gt the formula is true when the variable has a value greater than the value entered In our example we wanted to select only those people who had expressed criticism i e those by whom this variable has the value Y Thus the equal sign remains the operator e 38 N When numerical variables are used MAXqpDA automatically enters 0 as default for the value Results of the Activation by Variables Correctly entered formulas can immediately be activated by clicking the Activate button You will be able to see the texts which meet the condi tions of the formula and are therefore activated in the RETRIEVED SEG MENTS window The activated names of the texts are colored red as usual In the status bar at the bottom of your screen you can see how many texts met the conditions of the formula If codes have been activated by this selection through logical criteria they will appear in the CODE SYSTEM win dow and the corresponding texts in the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS window Complex Logical Functions You can also construct a formula combining several operations The basic unit of such a formula remains the formula in its simple form Variable Operator Value Any number of these simple formulas can be combined with the logical operators AND and OR In our previous example we selected all people in the study who
34. mula would not only be true for the people who had expressed criticism but also for all women Thus the desired results of our search would not be obtained by using OR We would need to use the op erator AND to search for the women who had expressed criticism The cor rectly entered formula would appear in the ACTIVATION BY VARIABLES win dow as follows i Activation by Variables Formulas 3E New x Delete criticism y OR gender f Fig 35 A Complex Formula Removing Simple Formulas Any of the simple formulas you included in your complex formula can be deleted Q Click on the line you want to delete Q Click on the DELETE button 40 11 Buildings Text Sets For certain analytical tasks it is useful to be able to bring texts from differ ent text groups together This is possible in MAXqpa and such a collec tion of primary texts is called a text set A text set does not contain the texts themselves but rather tags or references to the texts A text set is formed in the following manner 1 Activate the texts you want to include in the text set 2 Click with the right mouse button on SETS in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM window 3 Select NEW SET Document System x H n Text Groups 0 By Interviews 0 B interview 0 E interview2 0 E interview 0 E interview 0 Activate All Texts Deactivate All Texts Overview of Codings a Overview of Memos
35. ne registration on MAXqgpDa s website As a regis tered user you may use the support service and you will regularly receive information about improvements and updates In the HELP menu of your software you will also find links to the regis tration and to the support center Click INFO to get to these links There you will also find your product ID which you need in order to get support The setup procedure copies some sample data 4 text documents named interview 1 to 4 and a sample project media project to the MAXgDA folder on your hard drive 6 M Documentation and Help This booklet helps you through the first steps with MAXqpba After read ing this introduction you will be able to begin the analysis of your textual material On the MAXqpa CD you will find a comprehensive tutorial and the 250 page MAXqpba manual which gives you detailed information about how the different functions and procedures of the program work The manual comes in color and contains many screenshots and figures It is formatted in PDF format a format widely used for text files During the installation the manual will be copied automatically to your hard drive You will find it in the selected installation folder default C Program Files Maxqda To view the MAXqpa manual you need Adobe Acrobat Reader If Acrobat is not installed on your PC you should first download the program from the Adobe website at http www adobe com Simply
36. o Dialog Box 3 Give the memo a title and indicate the author if desired The date is set automatically by MAXqpba Type your text into the text window in the lower part of the dialog box Memos Managing your Ideas 25 4 Click on the CLOSE button when your text entry is finished MAXqpa will then return to the TEXT BROWSER At the place where you double clicked to attach a memo now appears a little yellow icon 11 aj 12 McLuhan VYell every technology has its own ground rules as it were It decides all sorts of arrangements in other spheres The effect of Code Example script and the ability to make inventories and a collect data and store data changed many social habits and processes back as early as three thousand BC However that s about as Fig 22 The Memo Icon Whenever you click on one of these memo icons the memo entry form will again open and you will be able to modify the memo or insert new text passages The MAXqpa MEMO MANAGER which can be started by click ing on the menu option MEMOS makes it possible to work with all your memos at the same time It allows you for instance to filter memos accord ing to different criteria Like the text documents the memos are in Rich Text Format which means you can use different fonts font sizes and text colors The Windows clip board may be used to insert and copy text by selecting text and using the EDIT menu or by pressing CTRL C to copy text into the clipboard and
37. o exchange the entire project The codes have to be exported on the level of a single text In MAXqpa this is quite simple Move the mouse to the particular text in this example Interview2 in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM window click with the right mouse button and select EXPORT TEAMWORK MAXwgpa will then copy all coded segments and memos assigned to this text to a file named like the text in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM Export Teamwork EEx Import Teamwork Fig 44 Exporting and Importing Codes and Memos MAXqpDaA automatically adds the file extension mex Max EX change Organizing Teamwork 51 Document System C E Text Groups i Interviews B BBC3 Interview Seldes McLuhan Activate E amp E Open Text fm S x Delete Text Rename Text 4 Overview of Codings a Overview of Memos Overview of Variablen Export Teamwork Import Teamwork Fig 45 Selecting Teamwork Export The EXPORT TEAMWORK procedure always exports all codes and memos assigned to a selected text It does not matter if the codes are active or not Thus it is not possible to export only selected codes or subcodes Exchange files mex files can be sent by e mail to other team members It is recommended to zip the files before sending them as attachments IMPORT TEAMWORK Now the export file can be imported on any PC where the same text with the same text structure is present in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM This wor
38. on Merging MAXqgpa Projects Another feature of MAXqba supporting teamwork is the option to merge two projects The procedure is called MERGE PROJECTS and causes a selected project to be added to an opened project 1 Open the larger of the two projects you want to merge Organizing Teamwork 53 2 Click on the menu option PROJECT and choose MERGE PROJECTS from the pull down menu 3 A Windows Open File dialog box opens Select the project file that you want to add MAX DA then starts the merging procedure which depending on the size of the two projects may take some time Project A and Project B must have different project names The merge function is then carried out in the following manner L All the text groups and their text documents of Project B will be inserted in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM of Project A L All memos of Project B will be inserted in the List oF MEMOS of Pro ject A L All the codes of the two Projects will be merged In the case that a code or subcode does not exist in the LIST OF CODES of Project A this code will be created and inserted in its place in the list L All variables and variable values will be merged 54 Index A Activating Texts 26 Activation by Variables 35 Activation of Codes 27 At least 30 Automatic Activation 35 C Code Definition 17 Code Mode 15 Code System 11 17 Coding Symbol 21 Coding with Drag and Drop 20 Coding with Quick List 20 Coding with Sho
39. perator Value If you had given the strings m male and f female as possible values for the variable gender then you would choose all females with the for mula Gender f Using Variable Values for Selecting Documents 37 Example In the evaluation of the opinion poll of the Shell Youth Study 2001 the individual reports have already been coded The variable Criti cism was used to input whether or not each individual report had ex pressed criticism of the study Y if it had and N if not In order to now examine only the people who had expressed criticism one would enter the following formula in the formula box Criticism Y To do this 1 Click the NEW button 2 Select Criticism from the list of variables You will then see the following appear in the formula box Criticism You can then enter a value in the text box on the right hand of the ACTIVA TION BY VARIABLES dialog box For this example enter Y Attention MAXqQbDa is case sensitive Since the logical operator is most often used MAXqbDa enters it automatically You can however also choose another logical operator from the list which will then replace the equal sign The logical operators mean the following the formula is true when the variable has the value entered lt gt the formula is true when the variable does not have the value en tered
40. pressing CTRL V to insert the clipboard text into the memo You can also use the drag and drop function to copy text to or from the text memo 26 M 7 Retrieving Coded Segments The process of retrieving previously coded segments and collecting them into a list of retrieval results is usually referred as text retrieval MAX QDA s retrieval commands are quite simple For each activated text the text segments of the activated codes will be collected in the RETRIEVED SEGMENTS window All that you need to know to start a retrieval procedure is how text and codes can be activated for retrieval Activating Text Documents As you already know all your texts and text groups are displayed in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM To activate a particular text you may choose between two alternatives 1 Click on the text name using the right mouse button Then select ACTIVATE from the short cut menu or 2 Press the CTRL key and click on the text name s using the left mouse button Maybe you are already familiar with this way of se lecting text files from Windows Explorer and Microsoft Office pro grams Now the text is activated and the text name appears in red It would be inconvenient to activate each single text separately if you wanted to work with all the texts in one TEXT GROUP MAXqpa also enables the activating of all text documents of a text group and even of all texts listed in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM with one single command Press Ct
41. r paste from the clip board into MS Word or another document press CTRL V Table rows are selected as in Excel To select a single row simply click on it and to select multiple rows press the CTRL key and click on the rows with the left mouse button To select an area of the table click on the first row then press the SHIFT key and click on the last row you want to copy Selected rows are highlighted in yellow When you insert them into Excel by use of CTRL V or Edit gt Paste the table shows up with the original column headings In MS Word the imported table will look different the different cells of the table are spaced with tab stops and at the end of each row a Return keystroke is inserted In MAXqpa a search function for tables allows you to search for values or strings in selected columns of a table Click with the right mouse button on the column heading where you want to search choose SEARCH from the pull down menu and type in the value or string MAXqbDa will automati cally go to the first row where the search string has been found 13 Text Search The TEXT SEARCH functions allow you to do lexical searches in your text documents Lexical searches can be done without first coding the material Thus text searches are a way of exploring your texts without spending a great deal of time segmenting and coding text You can search L in your text documents Q in your memos 44 M QDA L in the text passage
42. results If you turn this function off teach would also give you the strings teacher or teaching as results CASE SENSITIVE Search only for strings in which the same letters as in the search string are capitalized ONLY IN ACTIVE TEXTS Search only in activated texts If no texts are acti vated there will of course be no results ONLY IN RETRIEVED SEG Search for the string only in the text in the RETRIEVED MENTS SEGMENTS window OR AND COMBINATION For searches with more than one search string With OR checked Search for texts containing only one of the search strings With AND checked Search for texts containing all of the search terms the amount of text within which they must be found can be de termined WITHIN X PARAGRAPHS For searches for text containing more than one search string AND is checked The search strings must be found within x number of paragraphs Click the SEARCH button to start the search 46 Searches can be saved Click on SAVE enter the name and click on SAVE again This creates a Search file with the file extension sea which you can later open and continue Search Results The results of a search is displayed in figure 41 Search Results olx in 5 Texts 83 Hits atticles McLuhan and senses McLuhan 1 documents new references McLuhan 1 documents new references McLuhan 1 documents new references McLuhan 1 documents new refer
43. rl and fi Document System click here to i petvate all texts gt is Text Groups Press CTRL and click here to activate all texts of the text group interview Press CTRL and gt interview click here to E interview activate this text E interviews Fig 23 Activating Text Documents on Different Levels of the Document System Retrieving Coded Segments 27 You can always see which texts are currently active for retrieval text documents are displayed with a red icon when they are active Otherwise they remain blue gray Activating Codes The activation of codes follows the same principle as the activation of text documents In order to activate a particular code proceed as follows 1 To activate one code click on the code using the right mouse but ton and select ACTIVATE from the short cut menu 2 To activate several codes at once hold down the CTRL key and se lect the codes with the left mouse button Similarly to the activation of texts in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM the changed color of the codes shows when they are activated green signifies an unac tivated red an activated code At the bottom of the MAXgpa window a status line is displayed that contains information about the number of texts and codes that are cur rently active The number of coded segments retrieved is listed here as well as three other icons The left icon symbolized by the child figure tells you if sub codes will be ne
44. rt Cut Menu 20 Codings undo 21 Complex Logical Functions 38 Complex Retrieval Options 29 Create a Code 18 Create a Text Group 12 D Demo Version 5 Desktop 10 Difference less 30 Document System 11 E Edit Function 31 Edit Mode 15 Exchanging Coded Segments 50 Exchanging Memos 50 F Followed by 31 Full Screen 11 Full Version 5 G Grounded Theory 23 H Help Menu 5 I If outside of 30 If surrounded by 30 Import Procedure 52 Import Text Documents 13 Import Word doc files 13 Interchanging Data 49 Internal Variables 42 Intersection 30 In vivo Coding 21 L List of Selected Segments 38 Logical Functions 30 M m2k files 9 Manual 6 Max Exchange File 50 Maximize Button 11 Memo Dialog Box 24 Memo Manager 25 Index Menu bar 10 Merge Function 53 Merging MAXQWDA Projects 52 N Near 31 New Code 18 New Project 9 O Only this code 30 Open Text 14 OR combination 30 Overlapping 30 P Paragraph Numbering 16 PDF format 6 Picklist 34 Project 8 R Register 5 Removing Simple Formulas 39 Retrieved Segments 11 Retrieved Segments window 26 Rich Text Format RTF 13 S Sample Project 5 8 Save Searches 46 Screen Tips 10 Search Dialog Box 44 Search Function for Tables 43 Search Options 45 Search Result Options 47 55 Search Results 46 Search Results Export 46 Sequence of the Columns 42 Set of Attributes 32 Setup 5 Sorting Tables 42 SPSS 32 42 Starting MAXQDA 8
45. s Memos are different from text documents They are not data but rather products of the researcher and will often be modified and inte grated during the process of data analysis In some methodological ap proaches memos play an outstanding role like in Anselm Strauss Grounded Theory where they have an important function in theory devel opment Strauss differentiates between different types of memos like theo retical notes and code notes To support this differentiation between the different kinds of memos MAXqbpa offers more than 10 different memo types with different icons MAXqpa offers two different types of memos text memos and code memos Text memos can be attached to text lines like post it notes If you want to write a memo about the whole text it is recommended to attach your memo to the first paragraph of the text If you wish to create free memos that are not attached either to a particular text nor to a particular code you can create a dummy text free memos in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM and attach memos there 24 M QDA The number of memos is not limited in MAXqpa and a memo may have a considerable length up to 30 pages are allowed To create a text memo do the following 1 Move the mouse pointer into the memo sector immediately to the left of the text and double click where you want to post your memo 2 The memo dialog box appears lel E 24 07 01 Memo interviews interview Fig 21 The Mem
46. s cop ied automatically to your hard disk In the following section we will never theless not refer to that project but rather start from scratch Starting and Exiting the Program 9 First you will learn how to create a new project Choose CREATE AND OPEN A NEW PROJECT from the dialog box and then type a name for the project of your choice into the text box for example MyFirstProject axi Look in J Desktop 2a ex Fe EN My Documents sk My Network Places File name M yFirstProject Files of type MAX Projects m2k x Cancel i Fig 2 Creating a New Project MAXQDA now Creates the new project When starting the Windows Ex plorer you will see that a new file MyFirstProject m2k appears in the file list of the folder you have selected in the NEW PROJECT dialog box This file with the extension m2k is a container for all text files codes memos and variables of your project You should back up this m2k file regularly not only on your hard drive but also to external devices like CD ROM or Zip drives Anytime you want to create a project simply select the NEW PROJECT option from the PROJECT menu You may define as many projects as you like there is no limit to the number of projects you can create To finish your work click PROJECT in the menu bar This opens the PROJECT menu offering you a list of commands Clicking EXIT returns you to the Windows desktop You can also click the CLOSE x button
47. s currently displayed in the RETRIEVED SEG MENTS window or O in the currently active texts By limiting the scope of the text search to the currently active texts you can search in single documents or in a particular text group You may also restrict the search to texts in function of their variable values To start the text search procedure click on the menu option TEXT SEARCH or click on the SEARCH button in the MAXqbpa tool bar Fig 39 The Search Button The Search dialog box shows up Search UF AND ane atal A iia Ss elegrepts Fig 40 Search Dialog Box When the dialog box first comes up the left pane is empty Click NEW to enter the word or string called the search string that you want to find Text Search 45 For this example type media You can specify that you want MAXWDA to match the case or that you want to find only whole words To do the second you would click the FIND ONLY WHOLE WORDS check box Click the DELETE button to remove search strings from the list You can also modify your search strings at any time In the right pane of the dialog box a couple of options for the search pro cedure are available IN TEXTS or IN MEMOS Search in your text documents and or in your memos FIND WHOLE WORDS Search only for strings which are exactly the same as the search string For example if you search for teach the string teacher will not be included in the search
48. terms of computer language they are able to read from the data but not to write to it This is because only one master version of the data set exists More than one team member cannot code a single text at the same time They can analyze the data but they can not create new codes or subcodes new memos or vari ables They have to wait with this type of work until they receive the new master version of the project from their colleague TYPE B TEAMWORK The different members of the group divide their work team member A will code text no 1 through 5 team member B will code text no 6 through 10 and team member C text no 11 through 15 They do their work at the same time and exchange it using diskettes a network or the internet Both types of teamwork are supported by MAXqpa The first type of teamwork is the easier one since a project file can be exchanged between the different PCs The research group always works with the same data base but the handicap is that coding and memo procedures in MAXWDA are not possible on more than one PC at a time Teamwork of type B of is more complicated since different versions of the data exist at the same time This implies that a couple of rules have to be defined and these rules must be followed strictly by all members of the research team Type A Teamwork MAXqbpa makes teamwork of type A easy since MAXqpDa can write the whole PROJECT into one file with the file extension m2k what we calle
49. terviews concerning a particu lar topic and store the results as variables All variables have to be created before you can enter variable values To do this open the VARIABLES dialog box by clicking EDIT from the menu option VARIABLES A table similar to a spreadsheet appears How to manage tables in MAX QDA is further explained in chapter 12 The first row contains the column headers the names of the variables When you open the VARIABLES dialog box for the first time the table is not empty as you would probably expect since MAXqba has already cre ated automatically four internal variables system fields These variables contain for each text the name of the text group the name of the text the creation date and the number of coded text passages Managing Variables 33 ii Variables articles communication theories 25 07 01 18 24 interviews interview3 26 07 01 00 13 interviews interview2 interviews Flusser Peternak articles McLuhan and senses 25 07 01 137 articles global hopes 25 07 01 19 31 Export Fig 30 Table of Variables When right clicking a header in the table a short cut menu appears To create a new variable choose ADD VARIABLE Then enter a name for the new variable in the text box and choose the appropriate variable type Four types of variables are available in MAXgQDaA Q String text Q Number integer Q Floating point number Q Date time For instance if you want to define a variable named
50. the CODE SYSTEM win dow 1 Select NEW CODE from the menu and type in the name for your new code For the purpose of this example name the first code media and the second one Code Example 2 Newly defined codes are always assigned the first place on the list in the highest level as well as in all other levels To define a sub About Coding 19 code you have to click the next higher code with the right mouse button and select NEW CODE from the menu Do this now by click ing on media and adding the new subcodes cold hot and si multaneous world The order of the codes and subcodes in the CODE SYSTEM can easily be changed with the drag and drop mouse function You can also sort them alphabetically by clicking the menu option SORT CODES at the highest as well as every other level 5 About Coding The assignment of codes to text segments in MAXqpa is called coding The smallest segment of text which can be assigned a code is one charac ter Of course one would normally select at least one word to assign a code to Coding is possible in different ways however one must always first select the passage of text with the mouse as in the following diagram B Text Browser Interviews interviewl aK Z 11 jem owever that s about as early as scripts began The effects of rearranging one s experience organizing one s experience by these new extensions of our powers are q
51. tire text segment including the word and click the COD ING button not the IN VIVO CODING button MAXqbpa expands the coded text segment automatically The Coding Symbol The Coding Symbol appears immediately in the gray area to the left or right of the text in the TEXT BROWSER The standard color for this symbol is green but another color may be chosen for any code causing all the cod ing symbols for this code to appear in this color Undoing the Coding of a Segment Clicking on the small square in the middle of a coding symbol with the right mouse button causes a drop down menu to appear with which the coding of the text segment can be removed 22 M Code Example Go to Code a Koan sity were tt decides al sorts of ground rules s a arrangements i in other spheres The effect of Code Example H script and the ability to make inventories and El K collect data and store data changed many Code Example abits and processes However that s about as e ee ee Se ie ey 7 Fig 20 The Screen Tip for the Coding Symbol back as early as Any number of codes can be used for the analysis of a text the number of text segments you code is also unlimited You can also code overlapping segments of text or code one segment within another code Selected segments of text can be copied from one window to another This is easily accomplished as in Windows with the keyboard combination CTR
52. uite unexpected Perhaps one way of putting it is to say that writing represents a high degree of specializing of our powers Fig 16 Selected Text Segment A code can then be assigned to the selected text in the following three ways a M 1 Coding with the Drag and Drop Function Click on the selected text with the left mouse button and keeping the but ton pressed move the mouse pointer to the name of the code in the CODE SYSTEM Releasing the mouse button then assigns the segment to this code which you can see in the gray column next to the text in the TEXT BROWSER window fs Text Browser Interviews interview 1 2x a 11 aj 12 McLuhan ey every technology has its own ground rules as it were It decides all sorts of arrangements in n other spheres The effect of script and the ability to make inventories and collect data and store data c hanged many social habits and processes k as DEERE eae However that s about as early as scripts began The effects of rearranging one s experience organizing one s Fig 17 Coded Text with Coding Symbol Code Example Example Select the shown part of paragraph 12 from the text Interview1 as shown above drag it to the code Code Example in the CODE SYSTEM and release the mouse button 2 Coding with a Code s Drop Down Menu Click with the right mouse button on the code in the CODE SYSTEM window to whic
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