Home

Microcross i.MX GNU X-Tools

Contents

1. Tool Utility Program Description Id GNU linker less Opposite of more less does not have to read the entire input file before starting libcurses Library containing all drivers and files for terminal server libjpeg Library for reading and writing JPEG files libtiff Library for reading and writing TIFF files M4 Implementation of a traditional Unix macro processor make GNU make supports POSIX 1003 2 and is used to manage large programming projects man Format and display on line manual pages more Display paginator supports backward and forward movement though a file and searches ncurses CRT screen handling and optimization package used as include lt curses h gt library routines giving the user a terminal independent method of updating character screens with reasonable optimization perl Practical Extraction and Report Language designed for scanning files generating reports and manipulating text and other small programming tasks combines many features of C awk sed and shell programming sed A stream editor based on the line editor ed shell utils GNU Shell Utilities designed for use in shell scripts and batch files tar Program used to create and manipulate Tape ARchives tar tcl A basic programming language very useful for graphical interface facilities telnet User interface to the TELNET protocol which is used to communicate with another host computer texinfo Set of utilities that ge
2. Input File Interpretation Action file c C source Preprocessed and compiled by GCC file C C source Preprocessed by GCC and compiled by g file cpp C source Preprocessed by GCC and compiled by g file CPP C source Preprocessed by GCC and compiled by g file cc C source Preprocessed by GCC and compiled by g file cxx C source Preprocessed by GCC and compiled by g file h C or C header file Precompiled header file s Assembly language source Assembly by as file S Assembly language source Preprocessed and assembled by as file o Compiled object module Passed to Id file a Object module library Passed to Id Lower case file extension Upper case file extension All other files together with options that GCC does not recognize are passed to Id the linker either the native linker supplied by your vendor or the GNU linker As a result almost all linker options are available directly through GCC In the commands shown earlier in this Section the 4 and L options were actually passed to the linker In general GCC passes on unrecognized options to the linker so you can specify linker options without having to invoke the linker separately If you re writing C code you can use the g command instead of GCC You re actually getting the same compiler however when it is invoked as g the compiler expects C instead of vanilla C source code In ad
3. lt arg_N gt Defines an assembler macro called lt name gt with N parameters The macro definition must end with endm To escape from the macro at an earlier point use exitm These directives are similar to MACRO MEND and MEXIT in armasm You must precede the dummy macro parameters by For example macro SHIFTLEFT a b if b lt 0 MOV a a ASR b exitm endif MOV a a LSL b endm rept lt number_of_times gt Repeats a block of code the given number of times End with endr lt register_name gt req lt register_name gt This directive names a register It is similar to the RN directive in armasm except that you must supply a name rather than a number on the right e g acc req r0 section lt section_name gt lt flags gt Starts a new code or data section Sections in GNU are called text a code section data an initialized data section and bss an uninitialized data section These sections have default flags and the linker understands the default names similar directive to the armasm directive AREA The following are allowable section flags for ELF format files lt Flag gt Meaning a allowable section w writable section X executable section set lt variable_name gt lt variable_value gt This directive sets the value of a variable It is similar to SETA in armasm space lt number_of_bytes gt lt fill_byte gt Reserves the given number of byt
4. INTERRUPT eg C c terminate current command or send to running process Table 5 4 Getting Help Command Syntax Description help list classes of commands help class one line descriptions for commands in class help command describe command Table 5 5 Executing your Program Command Syntax Description run arglist start your program with arglist run start your program with current argument list run lt inf gt outf start your program with input output redirected kill kill running program tty dev use dev as stdin and stdout for next run set args arglist specify arglist for next run set args specify empty argument list show args display argument list show env show all environment variables show env var show value of environment variable var set env var string set environment variable var unset env var remove var from environment Table 5 6 Shell Commands Command Syntax Description cd dir change working directory to dir pwd print working directory make call make shell cmd execute arbitrary shell command string Table 5 7 Breakpoints and Watchpoints Command Syntax Description break file line set breakpoint at line number in file B file jline e g break main c 37 break file func set breakpoint at func in file
5. Format Binery Octal Signed Decimal w Unsigned Decimal Number of Bytes A Depends on window size w Fixed 128 bytes Miscellaneous Bytes Per Row i6 x I Display ASCII qi Control Char OK Cancel Apply e Use Addresses Preferences to invoke the Memory Preferences dialog to set memory options e Select the size of the individual cells to display with Size options Byte Half Word Word Double Word Float or Double Float are the settings with Word being the default selection e Select the format of the memory that displays with Format options Binary Signed Decimal Octal Unsigned Decimal or Hex Hexadecimal are the settings with Hex being the default selection e Set the number of bytes to display with Number of Bytes Depends on Window Size or Fixed Depends on Window Size selection is default e Display a string representation of memory with Miscellaneous Bytes Per Row or Display ASCII selections Control Char displays non ASCII characters the default control character is the period 6 11 Using the Watch Expressions Window The Watch Expressions window displays the name and current value of user specified expressions Figure 6 24 Figure 6 24 Watch Expressions Window Watch Expressions cdorg char 0x0 ttyarg char 0x0 Add Watch 86 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger The Watch Expressions window has the following f
6. ANSI C Source cc C ANSI C Source Ui r aa E S C Style Assembly Source goes through CPP Source Files _ s Assembly Source no preprocess bypass CPP GCC G Options j Java Source CFLAGS LFLAGS 4f Fortran Source y o gt cpp s gh ETT ee s f So mcpu gt cc1 cc1plus gcj g77 1G C co j f Control Program g Assembly gas Source Files Wa gt s c a x Librarian l O l ar Precompiled 0 PAE Link ibrar Librari T Idscript gt INKer Libraries Ioraries Id lib a lib a LD Scripts Id Bay Alternate ae Binary Output s rec Executable Formats bin 4 4 3 Control Program GCC Exactly how the GCC processes any file depends on the file s name The control program strips the initial part of the name and then determines how to process the file on the basis of the filename s extension In each case the control program passes the file to the appropriate program for preprocessing compilation or assembly and it links 44 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools all resulting object modules together to produce an executable file The following table shows how the control program recognizes different file types Table 4 1 Controlling Compilation Linking
7. The lt bdi2000 TCP Addr gt stands for an IP address assigned to the BDI2000 The host configuration xxxx cfg file must have an appropriate entry 2001 is the default TCP port used to communicate with the BDI Visual GDB Startup 1 Start the Visual GDB debugger with a binary built with debug symbols lt filename gt and click on File Target Setting and following the procedures below to completely setup communications within Visual GDB lt target alias gt gdbtk lt filename gt enter you must be in the directory where the binary lt filename gt is located if using Visual X Tools to start the Visual GDB debugger then simply click on the icon or menu item under Build 2 Click on Target combo box and select Remote TCP 3 Enter the TCP IP address of the Abatron BDI2000 4 Enter port address if setup as instructed it should be 2001 5 Select the desired check boxes 6 Click on More Options enter any desired Run Options and click OK If debugging on the hardware target select the run option continue since a program cannot be run in the traditional sense through the JTAG 7 Set your breakpoints if necessary and click on run and thereafter you can single step or continue Click on View to select view options like registers memory console function browser etc Review Section 5 for more details on how to use Visual GDB 102 mi MX GNU X Tools Us
8. options after I these directories are searched for all include directives Ordinarily all I directories are used this way In addition the I option inhibits the use of the current directory where the current input file came from as the first search directory for include file There is no way to override this effect of I With I you can specify searching the directory that was current when the compiler was invoked That is not exactly the same as what the preprocessor does by default but it is often satisfactory I does not inhibit the use of the standard system directories for header files Thus I and nostdinc are independent Ldir Add directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for I i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 53 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Bprefix This option specifies where to find the executables libraries include files and data files of the compiler itself The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms cpp cc1 as and Id It tries prefix as a prefix for each program it tries to run both with and without machine version For each subprogram to be run the compiler driver first tries the B prefix if any If the name is not found or if B was not specified the driver tries two standard prefixes which are usr lib gcc lib and usr local lib gcc lib
9. Cygwin home vxtools example Open the workspace file test vxw and go onto the next step Step 3 On the Visual X Tools menu click on Build Set Active Configuration and select Debug Step 4 On the Mini Toolbar see Figure 3 6 click on Clean amp Build Project icons Compile Clean Build Clean amp Run GNU X Windows Visual GDB Clear Binaries Project Build Debugger BashShell Command Debugger Process Buff Figure 3 6 Mini Toolbar Description These commands are also located under the Build menu The Build window at the bottom of Visual X Tools shows the verbose output of the build After completion of the build go to the next step Step 5 Click on the i MX GNU X Tools Bash Shell icon red X icon in Figure 3 6 Make connections to the target LiteKit board USB cable null modem serial cable Ethernet cable and power cable turn power on to the board and start OCDRemote in a second i MX GNU X Tools Shell Always prior to running GDB Visual GDB you must first start OcdRemote This stand alone utility listens to a TCP IP port and converts incoming GDB commands to JTAG signals Here is the standard Macraigor command line format lt GDB gt TCP IP port lt OcdRemote gt LPTx lt MacraigorDevice gt JTAG lt ARM920T CPU gt USBx COMx 30 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide OCDRemote takes additional OPTIONAL parameters that allows you to modify it s modes of ope
10. Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpbemon ype Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt D A ERP ETA M G O T L P E R T 108 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 15 Press T and the Enter key to test the OCDREMOTE configuration you will be prompted as indicated in Figure 6 67 for a JTAG speed Press 1 and the Enter key to see if the staus returns a correct response The status should read Stopped Figure 6 67 shows Running therefore the JTAG speed is set too fast Repeat this step except enter a higher number see Figure 6 68 which shows the correct status Stopped Figure 6 67 mpDemon Configuration Test Tera Term COM1 VT Edit Setup Control Window Help POO M G o T L P E R T serial API baud Rate DHCP option TCP IP Address TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP cateway Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Test OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDemon set set set set ype Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt t OCDREMOTE Configuration Test Test at JTAG Speed 1 8 gt 1 Idx CPU Type 1 Hit any key to continue Status ARMO Running Figure 6 68 mpDemon Configuration Test Tera Term COM1 VT Edit Setup Control Window Help Serial API baud Rate DHCP option TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gateway
11. Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Test OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpbemon set Set set ype Command lt sEnter gt will refresh screen gt t OCDREMOTE Configuration Test Test at JTAG Speed 1 8 gt 2 Idx CPU Type 1 Status ARMO Stopped Hit any key to continue i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 109 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Conclusion of the mpDemon Setup The configuration of the mpDemon only has to be entered once for a given target system It is stored in the mpDemon s flash and will remain active until it is changed by the user To use the web based interface to configure the mpDemon you can plug in the Ethernet cable to your network and open a web browser and enter the TCP IP address that you configured into the mpDemon e g http 192 168 0 220 Changes to a configuration can then be made through the browser instead of the serial connection Visual GDB Startup with the mpDemon 1 Start the Visual GDB debugger with a binary with debug symbols lt filename gt and click on File Target Setting and following the procedures below to completely setup communications within Visual GDB lt target alias gt gdbtk lt filename gt enter you must be in the directory where the binary lt filename gt is located if using Visual X Tools to start the Visual GDB debugger then simply click on the icon or menu item under
12. break offset set break at offset lines from current stop break offset set break at offset lines from current stop break addr set breakpoint at address addr break set breakpoint at next instruction break if exor break conditionally on nonzero expr 68 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Command Syntax Description cond n expr new conditional expression on breakpoint n make unconditional if no expr tbreak temporary break disable when reached rbreak regex break on all functions matching regex watch expr set a watchpoint for expression expr catch event break at event which may be catch throw exec fork vfork load or unload info break show defined breakpoints info watch show defined watchpoints Clear delete breakpoints at next instruction clear file fun delete breakpoints at entry to fun clear file line delete breakpoints on source line delete n delete breakpoints or breakpoint n disable n disable breakpoints or breakpoint n enable n enable breakpoints or breakpoint n enable once n enable breakpoints or breakpoint n disable again when reached enable del n enable breakpoints or breakpoint n delete when reached ignore n count ignore breakpoint n count times commands n silent command list execute GDB comm
13. char 0x2 lt Address 0x2 out of bounds Oxbffff994 chor 0x0 char 0x0 0 0 chor 040000210 1073743452 1073744044 chor Oxbffff758 1075659692 1073744036 struct stat struct stot char Ox40000000 177ELF 001 0014001 char Od 1073747220 24 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 89 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Single click the mouse with the cursor on the plus sign to the left of a structure variable to see the elements of that structure compare the variable structure for homebuf in Figure 6 30 with the results in Figure 6 32 To close the structure elements click the minus sign to the left of an open structure compare the variable structure in Figure 6 32 with what the window had displayed in Figure 6 30 Figure 6 32 Displaying the Elements of a Variable Structure Local Variables Yoricble Yolue 1 char Osbffff3ad 1075859892 0 0 char Ox0 execarg char 0x2 lt Address 0x2 out of bounds gt corearg char Oxbffff994 P xa3 cdarg char 0x0 ttyarg char Oxo print_help 0 pint version 0 4 cudarg char 040000210 cndsize 1073743452 1073744044 char xx Osbffff 758 1075859892 1073744036 1363305106 1 1073820520 13452200 137222108 134526560 107493911 461186022 ne 20699 st_size 13722190 st_blksize 3221223844 st_blocks 1 st_atime 1073743526 13453684 13722190 137223636 2 9522137432 1 __unused3 10758647720 __unu
14. global add give the symbol add external linkage add ADD 10 r0 r1 add input arguments MOV _ pe Ir return from subroutine end of program GNU Assembler Directives for ARM The follow is an alphabetical listing of the more command GNU assembler directives GNU Assembler Directive Description ascii lt string gt Inserts the string as data into the assembly like DCB in armasm asciz lt string gt Like ascii but follows the string with a zero byte balign lt power_of_2 gt lt fill_value gt Aligns the address to lt power_of_2 gt bytes The assembler aligns by lt max_padding gt adding bytes of value lt fill_value gt or a suitable default The alignment will not occur if more than lt max_padding gt fill bytes are required similar to ALIGN in armasm byte lt byte1 gt lt byte2 gt Inserts a list of byte values as data into the assembly like DCB in armasm code lt number_of_bits gt Sets the instruction width in bits Use 16 for Thumb and 32 for ARM assembly similar to CODE16 and CODE32 in armasm else Use with if and endif similar to ELSE in armasm end Marks the end of the assembly file usually omitted endif Ends a conditional compilation code block see if ifdef ifndef similar to ENDIF in armasm i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 121 Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite GNU Assembler Directive Description en
15. s background in the source window also changes to the stack color 6 9 Using the Registers Window The Registers window Figure 6 21 dynamically displays registers and their contents Figure 6 21 Registers Window Registers Register Ox82dddod st0 0x 3f fe d d d d d d d 00 0x804deb0 sti Ox 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0O 00 00 0x40202234 st2 Ox 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Ox402051b4 st3 0x 00 00 00 0000 00 00 00 00 Oxbffff95c st4 Ox 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Oxbffff978 st5 Ox 3f fe 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 OxbFfFFIAd ste 0x 3f fe 80 00 00 00 00 oo 00 Ox 40 Ic f4 24 08 00 00 00 00 xffff037f xf fF F0000 xf fFFFFFF 0x23 0x60564c6 xf ff F002b xbfff6c50 _ Ox d 84 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger To change the properties of registers use the following methods e To select a register single left click on it e To edit the contents of a register double click on it Alternatively use Register Edit to change the contents after selecting a register Use the Esc key to abort the editing e Use Register Format to invoke another pop up menu to display the contents of a selected register in Hex Hexadecimal Decimal Natural Binary Octal or Raw formats Hex is the default display format Natural format refers to and Raw refers to the source format The other formats are self explanatory e Use Registe
16. show warranty for details his GDB was configured as host i686 cygwin target arm elf etting up for the Cogent CSB535fs Board he target is assumed to be little endian OxGB608HHc in O leeping for 5 seconds done i M amp gdb gt File Edit View Config Scripts Servers Transfer uMon Help am wAn HO Ole E el TFS Scanning FLASH MICRO MONITOR 1 4 1 Platform Cogent CSB535FS CPU MC9328MNX21 ARH926EJS Built Nov 11 2665 13 67 31 Monitor RAM 6xc66660606 6xc 661F22c Application RAM Base 6xc 6266666 MAC 66 23 31 35 66 2D IP 192 168 6 116 Initializing LCD Skipping testsp NC9328MX21 LCD Initialization COM1 38400 8 N 1 TELNET Disabled MYIP 192 168 0 221 ROW COL 12 81 XFER Idle i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 35 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Step 4 Open a third i MX GNU X Tools Shell window and issue the following commands cd nome umon umon_ports csb536fs enter for MXL port substitute csb535fs for MX21 bashrc enter dot space bashrc sets dependency paths make TARGET_IP xxx xxx xxx xxx newmon enter substitute actual board IP address Wait for approximately 30 seconds and power cycle the board to restart MicroMonitor You will be prompted to input the last four digits of the MAC address Use the last four digits on the label that is affixed to the board and separate every two digits with a colon Confirm the new MAC addres
17. 6 i lt 8x100 i lt vara varb 2 varb vara inc_var void shiftit i loop passes Program stopped at line 15 co190054 Console Window Read long at 6xc6112426 O6x5555d5ab Loading section text size 6x1e8 lma 6xc6166066 Loading section glue_7 size 6xc lma 6xc61661e8 Loading section data size 6x24 lma 6xc6166266 Start address 6xc61660606 load size 536 Transfer rate 4288 bits in lt 1 sec 178 bytes write Warning the current language does not match this frame Breakpoint 1 at Oxc616664c file test c line 14 Breakpoint 1 main at test c 14 i MX gdb s lust i X gdb i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 27 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Construction of the gdbinit File In the gdbinit file are setup calls to the JTAG The following two lines are commented out but are available to users of large files that need debugging set remote memory write packet size 1024 set remote memory write packet size fixed These increase the frame size that GDB uses to communicate with OcdRemote These lines are not necessary but increase the download speed significantly GDB will prompt you to approve this change in the packet size enter yes If GDB is run in GUI mode the gdbinit file leaves the GUI in the unattached state i e the execution control buttons are grayed out This state can be cleared by opening a console window and issuing a step command The execution control button
18. Assemble using thumb mode Assemble using arm mode Force thumb mode even if not supported Mark entry point as thumb coded force bx entry Start a new literal pool Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 123 Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Opcodes For detailed information on the machine instruction set see this manual ARM Architecture Reference Manual Addison Wesley ISBN 0 201 73719 1 Here is a recommended book to get a lot of system developer information on the ARM architecture ARM System Developer s Guide Morgan Kaufmann Publishers ISBN 1 55860 874 5 alk paper authors Andrew N Sloss Dominic Symes Chris Wright 2004 NOTES amp ERRATA 124 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Bibliography Bibliography 1 Comparing amp Merging Files David Mackenzie Paul Eggert amp Richard Stallman Free Software Foundation 1996 2 Cygwin For Windows NT Cygnus Solutions Inc 1999 3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 GNUPro Auxiliary Development Tools Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Development Tools Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Compiler Tools Cygnus Solutions Inc 1998 GNUPro Compiler Tools Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Debugging Tools Cygnus Solutions Inc 1998 GNUPro Debugging Tools Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Libraries Cygnus Solutions Inc 1998 GNUPro Libraries Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Utilities Cygnus Sol
19. If neither of those results in a file name that is found the unmodified program name is searched for using the directories specified in your PATH environment variable B prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply to libraries in the linker because the compiler translates these options into L options for the linker They also apply to includes files in the preprocessor because the compiler translates these options into isystem options for the preprocessor In this case the compiler appends include to the prefix The run time support library file libgcc a can also be searched for using the B prefix if needed specs file Process file after the compiler reads in the standard specs file in order to override the defaults that the gcc driver program uses when determining what switches to pass to cc1 cciplus as Id etc More than one specs file can be specified on the command line and they are processed in order from left to right 4 7 5 Debugging and Profiling Options These options request the compiler to create additional code and an expanded symbol table for the various profilers and debuggers dbx prof gprof and the branch count profiler They are extremely helpful for debugging and tuning code under development but should not be used for production release versions of your program Link the program for profiling with prof When yo
20. and you are welcome to change it and or distribute copies of it under certain conditions Type show copying to see the conditions There is absolutely no warranty for GDB Type show warranty for details This GDB was configured as host i1686 pc cygwin target arm elf gdb target sim Connected to the simulator gdb load Loading section init size Oxlc vma 0x8000 Loading section text size Ox91f8 vma Ox801c Loading section fini size 0x18 vma 0x11214 Loading section rodata size Ox2f8 vma 0x1122c Loading section data size Ox8bc vma 0x11624 Loading section eh_frame size 0x4 vma Ox1leeO Loading section ctors size 0x8 vma Ox1llee4 Loading section dtors size 0x8 vma Ox1leec Loading section jcr size 0x4 vma Oxllef4 Start address 0x8110 ransfer rate 323520 bits in lt 1 sec gdb run Starting program home test div x Performing 3000 random integer Multiply Divide tests Program exited normally Cada 5 1 4 Startup of GDB with DDD To use the Data Display Debugger DDD with the i MX GNU X Tools command line version of GDB follow these easy steps to get started and refer to distribution documentation for details ddd pdf in the docs directory on the distribution CD or in Cygwin docs Start XWin using the desktop icon in Windows which was created by the i MX GNU X Tools installation manager In Linux refer to your distribution s documentation for installing and invoking DDD We are
21. because the symbols may be defined in a later Id pass and prevents Id from creating common storage immediately If you wish to create common storage at this time use the d option also e name Use the symbol name as the entry point to the executable program By default the entry point is the beginning of the first object module The GCC automatically links your object files with a run time initialization module usr lib crtO o that starts your program and provides its initial entry point If you run the linker separately you must either put usr lib crt0 o at the start of your object files or provide your own entry point M Produce a load map that shows where each function is located in the resulting object file where each section begins and ends and what the value of each global symbol is This option is usually used with GCC as follows WI M lt mapfile name gt where lt mapfile name gt can be any name you specify b format Read object modules in the given format To get a list of formats that Id understands give the command objdump l and near the bottom of the options list are the supported targets and architectures This can be helpful in some cross development situations The b option applies to all object files and libraries following it on the command line until another b option appears In theory you can use this feature to link objects from several different formats
22. n from list of automatically displayed expressions disable disp n disable display for expression s number n enable disp n enable display for expression s number n info display numbered list of display expressions Table 5 12 Expressions Command Syntax Description expr an expression in C C or Modula 2 including function calls addr len an array of len elements beginning at addr file nm a variable or function nm defined in file type addr read memory at addr as specified type most recent displayed value n nth displayed value 70 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Command Syntax Description displayed value previous to n nth displayed value back from _ last address examined with x __ value at address _ var convenience variable assign any value show values n show last 10 values or surrounding n show conv display all convenience variables Table 5 13 Symbol Table Command Syntax Description info address s show where symbol s is stored info func regex show names types of defined functions all or matching regex info var regex show names types of global variables all or matching regex whatis expr ptype expr show data type of expr or without evaluating ptype gives more detail ptype type describe type
23. show commands show last 10 commands show commands n show 10 commands around number n show commands show next 10 commands Table 5 18 Working Files Command Syntax Description file file use file for both symbols and executable with no arg discard both core file read file as coredump or discard exec file use file as executable only or discard symbol file use symbol table from file or discard load file dynamically link file and add its symbols add sym file addr read additional symbols from file dynamically loaded at addr info files display working files and targets in use path dirs add dirs to front of path searched for executable and symbol files show path display executable and symbol file path info share list names of shared libraries currently loaded 72 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Table 5 19 Source Files Command Syntax Description dir names add directory names to front of source path dir clear source path show dir show current source path list show next ten lines of source list show previous ten lines list lines display source surrounding lines specified as line number in named file file Jnum beginning of function in named file file function off lines after last printed off off lines previous to last printed off line
24. substitute ARM926EJ S for processor type This shell should echo back the following JTAG SDO lt CPU 1 ARM920T listening on port 8888 lt JTAG SDI Each time a GDB session is open and closed the OCDRemote utility will need to be recycled Issue the following commands in the second i MX GNU X Tools Shell cd home umon recovery enter arm elf gdb ramtst elf enter wait until the program has completely loaded into RAM and MicroMonitor autoboots as evident in the serial terminal session Figure 3 9 shows the two i MX GNU X Tools shells and the uCon serial terminal The first shell shows ocdremote operating the second shows GDB loading ramtsts elf image into RAM and the third window shows uCon booting MicroMonitor from RAM Figure 3 9 Loading uMON into RAM EA iMa First i MX GNU X Tools Shell 0 x ocdremote c ARM 26EJ S d USB a s 1 ocdremote 2 12 USB via LPT at speed 1 JTAG SDO lt i CPUC1 gt ARM 26EJ S listening on port 8888 i lt JTAG SDI CPU 1 Accepted gdb connection on port 8888 ZE Second I MX GNU X Tools Shell of x ocd home umon recovery Sarm elf gdb ramtst elf GNU gdb 6 1 opyright 2004 Free Software Foundation Inc DB is free software covered by the GNU General Public License and you are welcome to change it and or distribute copies of it under certain conditions Type show copying to see the conditions here is absolutely no warranty for GDB Type
25. xterm and login as root or su 2 Type xtools remove arm elf to remove the toolsuite 2 5 Setup Test To perform a quick checkout and health status of the i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite installation follow these steps to run the cross compiler on a test directory under Cygwin home test or home test on Linux assuming you installed the test tgz tar file in this directory For Windows users start the i MX GNU X Tools Shell by double clicking on the desktop icon red X on it and issue the following commands in the shell For Linux users start an xterm or Bash shell and issue these same commands xtools arm elf enter arm elf cd home test enter or to the directory where the test files are located on the Linux host arm elf run all enter dot forward slash run all The cross compiler will compile and run several test programs in the target Instruction Set Simulator ISS which is shown running in the shell If there are errors of any kind then there is a problem with the installation Read the troubleshooting guide in Section 2 6 for additional information concerning possible problems and their solution If the run all test passes then go onto testing the C cross compiler environment using Bench This next procedure could take up to 30 minutes depending on the speed of your computer and the target toolsuite used Bench is an AT amp T C test suite that is shipped with the i MX GNU X Tools as a b
26. 1 7 Compatible JTAG BDM Hardware ccccccecceecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeess 10 SECTION 2 INSTALL AND SETUP PROCEDURE ccccccssseeeeeeeseeeeesceeseeeeseeeneeesseeeneees 11 2 1 Install i MX GNU X Tools On Windows HOSt 0 ccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetnees 11 2 2 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Windows Host 0 00e cece eeeee eee e ee eeteeeteee tenes tees sees tees seeeteeeeeeeeeeeeess 12 2 3 Install iMX GNU X Tools on Linux HOSt c cece cece cece ee eeeeeeee cece cette eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeetereeetneeeeees 12 2 4 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Linux Host 0 cece cece cece cece cece cence eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeneeeetnees 14 2 5 Setup LOSE sess ctasviterseencrevtaaretaadeedawedvaabnans aina E a EN Ee an Eaa a aaa aa EEEN 14 2 6 Troubleshooting Guide for Installation Problems 0 0 eee eeeeeeeeee cette ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaaaeeeeeeeeeeeee 14 2 6 1 Windows Cygwin Related Problem ccccccccccccsseceenneeeeeeaeeeceeaaeeeceeaaeeeseeaaeeeseeeaaeeeseeaaeeessaeeeesenieeesseaaes 14 2 6 2 Make exe Related Problems 2212 ccccccccceeceeneecececeeececenaeeeseececesecsanaeceseeesesecenaeceseesesesecseneeeseseseseesisaneseeens 15 2 6 3 Remove Carriage Returns in Source and Make FilS ccccsscccccsseeceeneeeeeceenneeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeseeaeeeseeneeeenenaes 15 2 6 4 xtools
27. 2 1 Install i MX GNU X Tools on Windows Host The following steps describe how to install the i MX toolsuite The README file on disk describes the contents of the i MX GNU X Tools distribution CD Insure that the system requirements have been met especially RAM and free disk space On Windows NT 2000 XP hosts login as administrator or have full permissions to the root directory of the destination disk volume Step 1 Insert the Microcross i MX GNU X Tools distribution CD into the PC CD ROM drive On most systems the installer will auto start the i MX GNU X Tools installation manager setup exe if setup does not run manually start the setup program by using Microsoft Explorer and double click on setup exe which is in the root CD directory Step 2 After starting the setup program follow the onscreen instructions for installing the program We highly advise installing the Cygwin into a root volume of any local hard drive The default setting is c Cygwin Note Two shortcuts will be installed on the Desktop one for i MX GNU X Tools Shell and one for XWindows XWindows is used for running the DDD debugger only which is described in the section on How to Use GDB Microcross Visual GDB can be started from either the i MX GNU X Tools Shell or XWindows Shell Step 3 Next click on Exit to exit the setup program Go to Section 2 5 to perform the setup tests to verify a proper installation of i MX GNU X Tools If for any reason
28. 82 Hinclude lt sys cygwin h gt for cygwin32_conv_to_posix_path 83 Hendif 84 85 int 86 main arg argv 87 int argc char xargy int count Progran not running Click on run icon to start Jrain c vj nain xj SOURCE xj Setting Breakpoints and Viewing Local Variables A breakpoint can be set at any executable line in a source file Executable lines are marked by a minus sign in the left margin of the Source Window When the cursor is in the left column and it is over an executable line it changes into a circle When the cursor is in this state a breakpoint can be set The following exercise steps you through setting four breakpoints in a function as well as running the program and viewing the changing values in the local variables 1 With the Source Window active and the main c source file open the cursor was placed over the minus sign on line 6 96 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 2 When the minus sign changes into a circle click the left mouse button this sets the breakpoint indicated by a colored square 3 Click on a breakpoint to remove the breakpoint 4 Repeat the process to set breakpoints at specific lines 5 Open the Breakpoints window Figure 6 47 Figure 6 47 Breakpoints Window Breakpoints Breakpoint Global Address File Line Function 0x804deb1 main c 103 main Ox804dec1 main c 104 main Ox804ded2 main c 106 m
29. Build Click on Target combo box and select Remote TCP Enter the TCP IP address of the mpDemon Enter port address if setup as instructed it should be 8888 Select the desired check boxes Click on More Options enter any desired Run Options and click OK If debugging on the hardware target select the run option continue since a program cannot be run in the traditional sense through the JTAG Set your breakpoints if necessary and click on run and thereafter you can single step or continue Click on View to select view options like registers memory console function browser etc Review Section 5 for more details on how to use Visual GDB Figure 6 69 shows a screenshot of a program running and stopping at its first breakpoint it also shows views of registers memory and console along with the main source window 110 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 69 Visual GDB Screenshot Registers M lex app c Source Window File Run View Control Preferences Help ITP DP SAS a A D rina app c bd Jorig_main v 69 76 71 Establish a stack pointer 72 xf 73 asm ldr sp AppStack 1626 4 74 75 Now jump to what was orginally main 76 f 6x26211e88 77 orig_main 78 79 86 81 int orig_main void 6x2 66668 83 INT8U err 84 extern char _ bss start 85 extern char bss end Gx20211 688 86 vo
30. Command Line GDB Command Syntax Description return expr pop selected stack frame without executing setting return value signal num resume execution with signal s none if 0 jump line jump address resume execution at specified line number or address set var expr evaluate expr without displaying it use for altering program variables Table 5 10 Display Command Syntax Description print expr p f expr show value of expr or last value according to format f Xx Hexadecimal signed decimal unsigned decimal octal binary address absolute and relative character o FO cja floating point call f expr like print but does not display void x Nuf expr examine memory at address expr optional format spec follows slash N count of how many units to display u unit size one of b individual bytes h halfwords two bytes w words four bytes g giant words eight bytes printing format Any print format or s null terminated string i machine instructions disassem addr display memory as machine instructions Table 5 11 Automatic Display Command Syntax Description display f expr show value of expr each time program stops according to format f display display all enabled expressions on list undisplay n remove number s
31. D D D E 66 5 2 GDB Comprehensive Quick Reference cceecceeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseessesseeeeeeeesenaea 67 Table 5 1 Essential COMMANGS vi 2 iit ees pees Geta ce eases ec indenter en eens ee ea eden 67 Table 5 2 Starting GDB is ceset teste hereto nasi denen lead gd EAEE AAEE OAE E nase ene 68 Table 9 3 Stopping GDB sivaveccsisias senii vious cyte ees beets evident uae ria aie esta lee ed ini ess 68 Table 5 4 GOtinG GID ais isesccd estes chi pondec cea es ladeee cto dened tna cee vedve apd E A east dy A AEE cid E AAEN 68 Table 5 5 EXGGULING Your Progra cscs ceeteccs cp aiescbeciedetivedte sie eecva ci Ena EN lessteendteeatteseie sae eddnadeeini se naeeeceee 68 Tabie 5 6 Shell COMMANGS wiiceties cteees celles is eee sn Anaa EAA E AEAEE nissan yaad ene 68 Table 5 7 Breakpoints and WatchpoOints 22 cccccccccccececceceeceeececnenaececececesecsaaaeceseseeeeseeeaaeceeeeeeessaaaaeeeseeeteeneanees 68 Table 3 8 Program Slack csser teenth ets AE EEEE EEA EEE thea ade denen 69 Table 5 9 Ex cution CONTO iecis eeectties eat ece iets ceenine EAEE EE REAREA EAEE EAEE eect 69 Table 5 10 DISPIAY sesocics see ceeesice i leaid i ontenite Eea E EEDE E EAEE EE EOE DAE EAEE 70 Tabie 5 11 Automate Display iso c1sci3 cote pocins costeiees inniinn AEE EERE EEEE REEERE ETEA EREEREER 70 Table 5 12 EXPI SSIONS EE ESEE E E E eerste 70 Table a13 lt SYMDOl Table vi eae Aa ERE R EENAA dere tly eee eee e
32. GDB Debugger icon on the Mini Toolbar see Figure 3 6 above This command will run Visual GDB load test x and stop at breakpoint on main If the target settings dialog pops up select Target Remote TCP Hostname localhost and Port 8888 click on OK Each subsequent run will automatically remember these settings until you change them again To single step or perform other GDB commands you may use the visual buttons that reflect equivalent functions as the command line version or you may enter the command line version in the console Window click on View Console if it is not viewed upon start of Visual GDB To exit click on File Exit on the menu Figure 3 4 above shows a Visual GDB on chip debug session with Console Window visible The Console Window needs to be started to get control over the GUI after setting the first Enter s for step in the Console window to enable all of the GUI functions on the Visual GDB From here you can single step all the way through the program view registers view memory etc To get more i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 31 Section 3 Quick Start Guide specific information on how to use Visual X Tools consult the Visual X Tools User Guide Figure 3 7 shows Visual X Tools the i MX GNU X Tools Shell with ocdremote and Visual GDB debugger all operating in the debug mode Figure 3 7 Visual X Tools Debug Example Visual X Tools C Ez C Cyawinshome wxto i tes
33. ISS Options Refer to Table 4 6 for your target s required ISS CFLAGS and LFLAGS The CFLAGS and LFLAGS my be necessary for compiling an application to run in the simulator When using GCC to control the link step use the option WI lt linker flag gt to pass the option to the linker Table 4 6 Required CFLAGS LFLAGS for i MX GNU X Tools Simulator Builds Target Alias Tool Name Compiler Flags Linker Flag shown with WI lt linker flag gt for passing options using GCC arm elf arm elf gcc g None None 64 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB 5 1 Summary of GDB the GNU Debugger The purpose of a debugger such as the GNU debugger GDB is to allow you to see what is going on inside another program while it executes or what another program was doing at the moment it stopped The GDB can do four things to help you catch bugs e Start your program specifying anything that might affect its behavior e Make your program stop on specified conditions e Examine what has happened when your program has stopped e Change things in your program so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another problem affecting your program 5 1 1 GDB as Free Software The GNU debugger GDB is free software protected by the GNU General Public License GPL The GPL gives you the freedom to cop
34. L which specifies the path to a non standard library Important l must be specified at the end of the command after the source object filenames while all other options are specified before the source object filenames The examples shown are with GCC but the user can substitute g in place of gcc along with the appropriate C files and libraries needing linked Here s a typical command the inputs are object files so the command just runs the linker lt target alias gt gcc o example L src local lib main o first o Im enter This command tells GCC to look for libraries first in src local lib path then in the standard location If someone has put a local version of a library in src local lib that version is used in preference to the standard version in lusr lib The lm specifies the library name actual library name is libm a The prefix and suffix to the library name can be dropped on all library names The naming convention for GNU libraries is lib lt name of lib gt a static libs and lib lt name of lib gt so shared libs Unix Linux linkers search libraries in the order in which they occur on the command line and only resolve the references that are outstanding at the time the library is searched Therefore the order of libraries and object modules on the command line can be critical this is why I options come after the filenames Consider the command lt target alias gt
35. Source and Make Files The user may experience compile errors if DOS style files are compiled directly with i MX GNU X Tools This is due to the i MX GNU X Tools being configured for UNIX style file line feed termination instead of the DOS carriage return and line feed Source files that have macro definitions and line continuation characters are always going to cause a compile error If your source files are already in the DOS style format with carriage returns and line feeds follow one of these steps to fix the source files 1 If using Visual X Tools open the source files and execute a Save As from the File menu and select the Line Format from the click down text box at the bottom of the Save As dialog box click on Unix do this for each source file and click Save or 2 Open a BASH GNU X Tools Shell and navigate the command line using Unix Linux style commands to the directory of the file you wish to clean the CRs out Enter the following commands verbatim tr d r lt filename gt tmpfile enter rm f filename enter mv tmpfile filename enter Note the lt and gt are nececssary as part of the syntax The filename is the file you want to remove the contents except for the carriage returns and place the contents in a tmpfile then the next two procedures simply remove the original file and rename the tmpfile to the orignal filename These three commands are necessary to r
36. Stallman Free Software Foundation 1998 Using and Porting GNU CC Version 2 95 Richard M Stallman Free Software Foundation 1999 Using GASP Roland Pesch Free Software Foundation 1996 VIDE User Guide Dr Bruce Wampler 2001 XScale Getting Started Guide Red Hat 2001 Free Software Foundation Web Site http www gnu org 2004 Macraigor mpDemon User Manual 2004 Abatron BDI2000 User Manual 2004 ARM System Developer s Guide Andrew Sloss Dominic Symes and Chris Wright Morgan Kaufmann 2004 126 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Glossary of Embedded System Terminology Glossary of Embedded System Terminology TERM DESCRIPTION ABI Application Binary Interface which defines how programs should interface with the operating system including specifications such as executable format calling conventions and chip specific requirements API Application Programming Interface defining how programmers write source code that makes use of a library s or operating system s facilities by accessing the behavior and state of classes and objects BSP Board Support Package typically referring to the low level code or scripts that build programs running on a particular CPU on a particular circuit board Also refers to the ROM that boots an RTOS onto a specific board Exact meaning varies Build The process of configuring compiling and linking a set of tools Also used as a noun to denote the results of t
37. Step 2 below Example 1 Hello Embedded World Build Load Run Procedure Step 1 Start a i MX GNU X Tools Shell using the red X icon on the desktop assuming the toolsuite is installed i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 19 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Step 2 Issue these commands in the Shell cd nome umon umon_apps user_manual enter make app1 enter builds application make TARGET_IP lt board IP gt appidid enter downloads application to the board Substitute your board IP address above Example make TARGET_IP 192 168 0 110 appidid enter no spaces in app1did Step 3 In the Serial Terminal at the uMON gt command line prompt issue the following command to run the application uMON gt app1 enter run the example application uMON gt Hello embedded world prints out from the example program uMON gt tfs Is enter shows filesystem contents uMON gt tfs rm app1 enter removes deletes app1 from the filesystem Each of the five example applications can be built loaded and run in the manner described above i e app1 app2 app3 app4 and app5 Some example applications take arguments that are passed in at execution e g app2 arg1 arg2 arg3 The MicroMonitor User Manual is a great resource to learn more see Cygwin docs directory Example 2 Minesweeper Build Load Run Procedure The following steps describe the procedure to build a MicroWindows application called Minsweeper
38. The S means that you stop after the assembler and the output filename ends with s If you keep this picture in mind the compiler s machinations will not seem so strange you will stop seeing preprocessing compilation assembly and linking as separate steps and come to see compilation as one big assembly line for which GCC is the production manager The following tools listed in Tables 4 2 4 3 and 4 4 are the main tools for developing projects with a i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite Table 4 2 i MX GNU X Tools Compiler and Development Tools Tool Description as GNU assembler cpp C preprocessor gcc Optimizing ANSI compliant GNU Compiler Collection controller of all compilation gdb GNU debugger for source and assembly debugging with command line gdbtk Debugger using a graphical user interface called Visual GDB a k a Insight gtt Optimizing ISO tracking GNU C compiler gasp GNU assembler preprocessor Id GNU Linker Table 4 3 i MX GNU X Tools Libraries Tool Description libc Non restricted ANSI C runtime library Newlib for cross development lipgloss Support library for embedded targets board support for cross development deprecated will be replaced by a future product libm Non restricted C math subroutine library Newlib for cross development libstdc GPL C class library implementing the ISO 14882 Standard
39. a protocol which is used for communication between the GDB debugger running on the host machine and the GDB debugger running on the target machine In general terms the scheme looks as follows 1 On the host GDB already understands how to use this protocol when everything else is set up you can simply use the target remote command 2 On the target You must link with your program a few special purpose subroutines that implement the GDB remote serial protocol The file containing these subroutines is called a debugging stub GDBserver This is a control program for Unix like systems which allows you to connect your program with a remote GDB via target remote but without linking in the usual debugging stub The GDBserver is not a complete replacement for the debugging stubs as it requires essentially the same operating system facilities that GDB itself does In fact a system that can run GDBserver to connect to a remote GDB could also run GDB locally GCC Acronym for the GNU Compiler Collection directly controls the C compiler Interchangeably used with capitalization as gcc gcj Front end to GCC that is able to read Java class files generating assembly code Glibc A Standard compliant library that has been ported to a number of operating systems and provides ANSI ISO POSIX BSD and System V compatibility GNU Recursive acronym for GNU s Not Unix A project to
40. after that as searches any l directories in the same order as they were specified left to right on the command line gstabs help l dir J Don t warn about signed overflow K Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements L Keep in the symbol table local symbols starting with L keep locals Keep in the symbol table local symbols On traditional a out systems these start with L but different systems have different local label prefixes M or mri This changes the syntax and pseudo op handling of as to make it compatible with the ASM68K or the ASM960 depending upon the configured target assembler from Microtec Research MD as can generate a dependency file for the file it creates This file consists of a single rule suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source file objfile Name the object file output from as objfile By default it has the name a out or b out for Intel 960 targets only You use this option which takes exactly one filename to give the object file a different name R Fold the data section into the text section Statistics Print the maximum space in bytes and total time in seconds used by assembly 58 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools strip local absolute Remove local absolu
41. and defrags the Tiny File System requires network setup uMON gt tfs rm lt file name gt Delete a specific file named lt file name gt uMON gt help Shows all of the available commands uMON gt help lt command name gt Shows specific help on command name uMON gt set Shows all settings in memory uMON gt flash info Shows all flash sectors and which ones are locked and erased uMON gt flash unlock x y Unlocks sectors x lower bound to y upper bound uMON gt flash erase x y Erase sectors x lower bound to y upper bound i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 39 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools 4 1 Introduction This section is intended to provide an abbreviated overview of using the GNU compiler and tools to generate executable programs for a target processor Mastering the toolsuite and using it to develop embedded systems on a practical scale requires greater in depth knowledge than can be covered here If you are considering the GNU cross tools for full scale development it is suggested that you acquire the manuals listed in the bibliography see Bibliography The ones having unrestricted reproduction rights are included in the docs directory on the i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM The O Reilly book Programming with GNU Software by Mike Loukides and Andy Oram is highly recommended being complementary to this User Guide as well as a comprehensive guide to the GNU tools The remaining texts
42. code with the i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite is creating and editing the source code Microcross provides the Visual X Tools IDE as companion product for code editing and project management however a programmer can use any text line editor to create source files and makefiles and use the i MX GNU X Tools as the production build environment Free editors under Cygwin include VIM an improved VI editor clone and Xemacs a powerful editor and project manager Under Linux the user also has a wide variety of choices including the Microcross Visual X Tools IDE and GNU Xemacs edit see docs in the Linux distribution 4 4 1 Simple Example Start a shell xterm on Linux and i MX GNU X Tools Shell on Windows Cygwin and issue the command xtools lt target alias gt where the target alias is arm elf in our example The following simple example shows you quickly how easy it is to get a program compiled linked and executed in an Instruction Set Simulator ISS and debug it using Visual GDB xtools arm elf enter arm elf cd home test enter In the last step we assumed that the Microcross test directory either was installed in Cygwin s home test or Linux s home test arm elf gcc g o pascal x pascal c enter arm elf run pascal x enter The program was compiled and linked in one step and then run in the simulator Now issue the following command arm elf gdbtk pascal x enter The Visual GDB debugger is invoked and loads
43. containing address address list from line f to line info line num show starting ending addresses of compiled code for source line num info source show name of current source file info sources list all source files in use forw regex search following source lines for regex rev regex search preceding source lines for regex Table 5 20 GDB under GNU Emacs Command Syntax Description M x GDB run GDB under Emacs C hm describe GDB mode M s step one line step M n next line next M i step one instruction stepi C c C f finish current stack frame finish M c continue cont M u up arg frames up M d down arg frames down C x amp copy number from point insert at end C x SPC in source file set break at point i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 73 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 1 Using Visual GDB Debugger Microcross builds and packages the popular GDBTK a k a Insight and calls it Visual GDB to differentiate the product from the FSF GDBTK and other vendors products Red Hat Insight Visual GDB has all of the features accustomed to Red Hat Insight and we provide a short introduction on how to use the features of Visual GDB 6 2 Visual GDB An Alternative Interface to Command Line The following documentation serves as a general reference for i MX GNU X Tools g
44. crusade to level the OS playing field e Many thousands of individual contributors whose names can be found buried in the source files that they spent long nights developing debugging and perfecting e Additional acknowledgements are noted in the contributors file of each subdirectory of the source tree 1 3 License Agreement The i MX GNU X Tools is distributed under the license terms of the General Public License GPL You may read this license at www gnu org or on the distribution CD for i MX GNU X Tools The following exceptions apply e The C and Math Libraries Newlib are distributed under an unrestricted license so that linked library binaries may be distributed as part of user developed applications without restrictions from the GPL e Libstdct the C class and template libraries are distributed under the FSF GNU Lesser General Public License LGPL e The i MX GNU X Tools and Cygwin Windows installers are licensed software material from Microcross e The i MX GNU X Tools and Cygwin CDs may not be reproduced without prior written consent from Microcross e The MicroMonitor source code boot ROM for Cogent i MX single board computers is available under non restrictive terms of the Lucent Public License i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 7 Section 1 Introduction 1 4 Toolsuite Components 1 4 1 Naming Conventions Used in GNU X Tools Because the GNU cross tools have a one to one correspondence in function and naming across ta
45. current executable line this has the same action as left clicking on the minus sign Set Temporary Breakpoint sets a temporary breakpoint on a current executable line a temporary breakpoint displays as a differently shaded square than a regular breakpoint and is automatically removed when hit Set Breakpoint on Thread s sets a thread specific breakpoint at the current location Right click on a line with a breakpoint to invoke a pop up menu to delete breakpoints see Figure 6 10 Figure 6 10 Pop Up Menu for Deleting Breakpoints Delete Breakpoint Delete Breakpoint deletes the breakpoint on the current executable line This has the same action as left clicking on the colored square see the description for Continue to Here for Figure 6 9 With the cursor over a line a breakpoint opens a breakpoint information balloon see Figure 6 11 for an example of such a tool tip Figure 6 11 Breakpoint Information Balloon main c Source Window Eeki File Run Vieu Control Preferences IOPU OS SASS A 0 104 static int batch U Pointers to various arguments from command line char symarg NULL 105 chor xrareora NUI treakpoint 9 at main c 105 0x804dec3 ENA breakpoint donttouch threads all cond non 108 x These are static so that we can take their address in an initializer static int print_help static int print_version j k Pointers to all arguments of command option x c
46. gcc l mine first c enter This command searches for the library file libmine a to resolve any function references needed for linking however the linker has not yet processed the object module for file4 o created by the GCC command and normally deleted if compilation and linking are successful Therefore there are no outstanding function references and the library search has no effect If the program needs this library the GCC command produces Undefined symbol messages during the loading phase and the linker does not produce an executable file To perform this compilation correctly enter the command lt target alias gt gcc first c Imine 50 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Now the loader searches the library after processing first c and is able to resolve any references requiring this library When compiling a C program you often don t need to list any libraries explicitly on the command line The GCC automatically searches the system call library I O library and run time initialization routines If you use any math routines you ll need to search for the math library Im if you re compiling C code you need to include the C libraries Istdc 4 7 Compilation Options The following sections discuss other important options that are available with the GCC There are many many other options perhaps several hundred all together that co
47. install Command Fails on Linux HOSt 1 1cccccceceeeeeeceeeeeeetececaeeeceeecescaaeaaeaeeeeeeeseceaaeeeseeeeteesenaneeeeess 16 SECTION 3 QUICK START GUMDE ivisegs tires ee cicee es eeecs esi essed eee eee 17 3 1 GMX Lite Kit SOUP scansa aaa sepsnsapaiacbaen ara eet date bad aodai odata ueheasibadestaasaten 17 3 2 Build Load and Run Example Applications on MicroMonitor ce eeeeeeeeeeeeseeeneeeneeeseeeseeeeen 19 3 3 Build Load and Run GX Linux and Example Applications eeseeeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeees 20 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Gi iii Contents 3 4 Debug with usbDemon Example sicccissscecctetceiencdasse cote s ches pendensiaaaccatencetensthacadousnstesnaeeeeceseconeteecsenadeest 23 3 41 FOMO FTOI A rri ia EAA AR AEAEE EAE ANARA E hse eal gdlse beh AARE EREA 23 3 4 2 OCDRemote Monitor Command S ssisriasriiirrarriainiarriinriasri itaas sii iE AnA REHA AAAA ARA NAAI NA AA EASAN A AA ETATER RASANE TA 28 3 4 3 Some Useful GDB Console CommandS ssisesssriirseriirriarriierarsiiiennarriinnaarriiiinan riinan nA ANAA AALAN RAAN NAAA 28 3 5 Visual X Tools EXaMple srecne i eitan arai i ea i ninenin iiin NEERA 29 36 ECD TESIS r e a A a a a a a a EE a 33 3 7 Rebuild MicroMonitor and Reflash Board ceeccececeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeegeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeenees 33 3 7 1 Normal Reflash Proc dur ns ssseriririsrniarrsriririenerarrisinnrinekka n EnaAnAE KEENE EENE E ER
48. library file itself It extracts the files named in the list of files from the library regenerating them in the current directory with their original names Normally the timestamp of the extracted files is the time at which ar recreated them If you use the option xo instead of x ar sets the timestamp of the extracted files to the time recorded in the archive You can still create an ordered index less library with ar and invoke ranlib as a separate step if you want which is the convention of older Unix Systems However there is no longer any good reason for doing that when using GNU tools 4 12 GNU Libraries If you are familiar with Unix Linux and C programming the libraries you will find in the i MX GNU X Tools development environment should not confuse you The libraries you expect will all be there standard I O the math library the strings library etc The libraries are ANSI C and POSIX compliant Moreover there are many functions that Unix Linux programmers expect but are not specified by either of these standards Some C functions have been standardized and found in the GNU environment but system calls and math libraries are not the same as those found in a typical DOS Windows environment You will have to re learn these functions A good resource for learning the GNU Libraries is on the i MX GNU X Tools CD Docs directory MC Libraries pdf and Math_lib pdf 4 13 Instruction Set Simulator
49. no filename entered however in our example we entered pascal x as our cross executable Figure6 2 Figure 6 2 Source Window pascal c Source Window OF x File Run View Control Preferences Help So C0 Re RAB GOZO ex e f 97 Notes none l 96 99 O int main void 2 pascal_init printf C n t Pascal s Triangle n n pascal_triangle 6 return 1 Program not running Click on run icon to start pascal ac frain v SOURCE v The menu selections in the Source Window are File Run View Control Preferences and Help See Source Window Menus and Display Features on following pages for more descriptions of the Source Window To work with the other windows for debugging purposes specific to your project use the View menu or the buttons in the toolbar Figure 6 7 If we had not initially specified a cross executable file to open we would now select a specific file by clicking on File Open in the Source Window The file s contents will then be passed to the GDB interpreter for execution To start debugging click the Run button Figure 6 3 from the Source Window Figure 6 3 Run button When the debugger runs the button turns into the Stop button Figure 6 4 If not connected to a target debug agent i e serial TCP etc you can specify the Simulator if your toolsuite has one to run the program i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 75 Section 6 How
50. on File Exit on the menu Figure 3 4 shows a Visual GDB on chip debug session with Console Window visible The i MX GNU X Tools shell shows ocdremote startup The second i MX GNU X Tools shell shows the making of the example and startup of the Visual GDB debugger No file was specified on the command line because gdbinit file contains the load command After starting Visual GDB the Console Window and GUI start The first command in the Console is s and is needed to get control over the GUI after setting the first breakpoint From here you can single step all the way through the program view registers view memory etc Figure 3 4 Visual GDB On Chip Debug Session ARM 26EJ S d USB a 12 USB via LPT at 1 TAG SDO lt i CPUC1 gt ARM926EJ S ning on port 8888 i lt JTAG SDI PUL1 Accepted gdb connection on p 8 crt S csbS35fs cfg s test x testsub o crt o ldscript est testsub c test x rm e lf gcc c o crt o crt S rm elf gcc g c mthumb interwork w c o testsub o testsub c 1f mthumb intervork w o crt o crt S mthumb intervor w test c P mthumb interwork w mthumb testsub c rm elf ld g uv Tldscript o test x crt o test o testsub o NU ld version 2 15 arm elf gdbtk IVPP PP BASH 2 rin ada test c M main x SOURCE x 6 extern unsigned long shiftit int sval 7 8 int vard 9 main 16 start 41 12 int i vara varb 13 14 vara 6x12345678 for i
51. say libm a the math library is Im To create a new library use the ar command as follows lt target alias gt ar rs lib lt name gt a list of files enter The option r indicates that the command ar should add the files named in the list of files to the library named name creating a new library if necessary If a file is mentioned twice in the list of files ar includes it in the archive twice The s option tells ar to produce an index for the archive this is the function that ranlib would perform If you include the s option whenever you create or modify a library you will not need to use ranlib To update a library use the command lt target alias gt ar rus lib lt name gt a list of files enter This compares the dates of any listed files with the version of the file in the library If the file in list of files is more recent than the version contained in the library ar substitutes the newer version for the older version The s option updates the library s index To delete one or more files from a library use the command lt target alias gt ar ds lib lt name gt a list of files enter This option deletes all the files found in list of files To extract one or more files from a library use the command i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 63 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools lt target alias gt ar x lib lt name gt a list of files enter This does not modify the
52. source code which is sent to the standard output Input files which don t require preprocessing are ignored 48 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools S Stop after the stage of compilation proper do not assemble The output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non assembler input file specified By default the assembler file name for a source file is made by replacing the suffix c i etc with s Input files that don t require compilation are ignored V Print on standard error output the commands executed to run the stages of compilation Also print the version number of the compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler proper HHH Like v except the commands are not executed and all command arguments are quoted This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver generated command lines pipe Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation This fails to work on some systems where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe but the GNU assembler has no trouble help Print on the standard output a description of the command line options understood by gcc If the v option is also specified then help will also be passed on to the various processes invoked by gcc so that they can display the command line options they accept If the Wextra option is also specified then command line op
53. struct union or enum Table 5 14 GDB Scripts Command Syntax Description source script read execute GDB commands from file script define cmd create new GDB command cmd execute script defined by command list command list end end of command list document cmd create online documentation for new GDB command cmd help text end end of help text Table 5 15 Signals Command Syntax Description handle signal act specify GDB actions for signal print announce signal noprint be silent for signal stop halt execution on signal nostop do not halt execution pass allow your program to handle signal nopass do not allow your program to see signal info signals show table of signals GDB action for each Table 5 16 Debugging Targets Command Syntax Description target type param connect to target machine process or file help target display available targets attach param connect to another process detach release target from GDB control i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 71 Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Table 5 17 Controlling GDB Command Syntax Description set param value set one of GDB s internal parameters show param display current setting of parameter Parameters understood by set and show Command Syntax Description complaint limit number of messages
54. that is very sensitive to cache miss link optimization can speed up runtime by 50 percent Unfortunately not much can be said about link order optimization There are few rules if any and all the rules have many exceptions In general it is a good idea to place modules that call each other near each other on the command line The reasoning behind the heuristic is simple if function A makes many calls to function B and both A and B can fit into the cache simultaneously you will not pay a penalty for cache miss Your best chance of fitting both functions into the cache simultaneously occurs when they are located next to each other in the object file The _M option which produces a load map shows you how the object file is arranged it will help you investigate cache performance Normally rearranging the order of the object modules on the command line is sufficient for experimenting with link order optimization However you can get very fine control over your executable file by writing a linker script If you have a thorough knowledge of your target machine s architecture you may be able to use this to your advantage though you will probably reach the point of diminishing returns fairly quickly 4 9 5 The C Runtime crt0 To link and run C or C programs you need to define a small module usually written in assembly as crt0 s but sometimes written as a C file as crt0 c to initialize hardware using C conventions b
55. the line s breakpoint status changes in the Source Window Figure 6 35 Setting Temporary Breakpoints in the Breakpoints Window 0 i esi x Breakpoint Global Thread Address File Line Functicn ALL Ox804deb1 ALL Ox804dec ALL Ox804ded2 ALL Ox80ddecb ALL O 804dec9 nain c nain c nain c nain c nain c 103 104 106 107 105 main main main main main Using the Breakpoint menu for the Breakpoints window toggle the enabled or disabled state of a selected breakpoint The single check mark between them shows the state of the selected breakpoint Remove removes the selected breakpoint Using the Global menu for the Breakpoints window Disable All disables all breakpoints Enable All enables all breakpoints and Remove All removes all breakpoints Single click an empty check box of a disabled breakpoint to re enable a breakpoint Figure 6 36 A check reappears and the color of the square in the Source Window changes see Figure 6 37 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 91 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 36 Results in Source Window Having Enabled a Breakpoint main c Source Window Den File Run Yieu Control Preferences IPPO DS B SS Mm E OxB04dec3 104 static int batch 0 Pointers to various arguments from command line char symarg NULL ENA breakpoint donttouch threads all carne These are static so that we can take their address in an initializer
56. the target executable pascal x for symbolic debugging Click on File Target Settings and click on Connection Target and select Simulator and click OK Click on the Run icon left most icon near menu and begin single stepping To see the program output click on View Console When finished click on File Exit 42 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools This concludes the simple example showing how easy it is to compile and run a program with i MX GNU X Tools The i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite is very powerful and can build any conceivable program a developer can code Now we need to go into more detail on how the i MX GNU X Tools work 4 4 2 i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite Description The GCC program is actually a control program that executes the compiler components to produce the desired output which is usually a compiled and linked executable program image By manipulating the many GCC options and controlling the input file types the functions of GCC are greatly expanded The GCC however is but a single component It is actually a control program that calls other components that perform separate steps to create an executable binary The components are described as follows and show graphically in Figure 4 1 preprocessor Performed by cpp which is invoked by GCC the preprocessor resolves directives like define include and if Preprocessing establis
57. time your program performs a function call information about the call generates That information includes the location of the call in your program the arguments of the call and the local variables of the function being called The information is saved in a block of data called a stack frame The stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the call stack When your program stops you can examine the stack you to see this information A stack refers to the layers TCP IP and sometimes others through which all data passes at both client and server ends of a data exchange The call stack is the data area or buffer used for storing requests that need to be handled as in a list of tasks or specifically the contiguous parts of the data associated with one call to a specified function in a frame The frame contains the arguments given to the function the function s local variables and the address at which the program is executing The Stack window displays the current state of the call stack Figure 6 20 where each line represents a stack frame the line with the main c executable had been selected for the example Figure 6 20 Stack Window _libe_stort_main Click a frame to select or highlight that frame The source window automatically shows the source code that corresponds to the selected frame If the frame points to an assembly instruction the source window changes to assembly code the corresponding source line
58. tk vim vi wget which Xemacs zip unzip zlib 7 3 2 User Information How to use the tools utilities and programs in Cygwin Start a i MX GNU X Tools shell and type man and the name of the tool utility or program you wish to learn about at the command prompt Type q to quit man pages The Cygwin CD ROM provided with the Cygwin version of iMX GNU X Tools has an option to install Cygwin documentation We highly recommend that you install the documentation and take advantage of some very powerful programs tools and utilities The documentation that you have the option of installing is html based and you can find the documentation in a directory named html in the Cygwin root directory Create a desktop shortcut if desire to reach the help index in the html subdirectory of Cygwin Below is a short description of the tools utilities and programs listed above The best place to get more information on Cygwin is to go to the Cygwin home page on the web www cygwin com Tool Utility Program Description bash GNU Bourne Again Shell sh compatible command language interpreter IEEE POSIX shell bc An arbitrary precision calculator language binutils An assortment of GNU utilities including ar nm objcopy ranlib size strings strip ct filt addr2line nlmconv windres bison GNU Project parser generator yacc replacement byacc An LALR
59. to be made picky since source code lives for a long time usually the programmer doing debugging shouldn t be spending time figuring out to mollify the debugger GDB will be called upon to deal with really large programs Executable sizes of 50 to 100 megabytes occur regularly and there are reports of programs approaching 1 gigabyte in size GDB should be able to run everywhere No other debugger is available for even half as many configurations as GDB supports 5 1 3 Startup GDB To start a GDB debugging session open a i MX GNU X Tools bash shell or xterm on Linux and issue the following commands xtools lt target alias gt enter lt target alias gt gdb lt program name gt enter i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 65 Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Its that simple to start GDB and load a program for any one of the toolsuites supported by Microcross See Figure 5 1 which shows GDB for arm elf opening a binary and running a program called div x through the simulator We recommend getting acquainted with mc debug pdf for details on how to use GDB if you are not familiar with some of the commands presented in the Reference Card below The GDB as well as C Reference Cards can be downloaded from the following web site http www refcards com Figure 5 1 A GDB Example in View arm elf gdb div x n GNU gdb 6 1 Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation Inc GDB is free software covered by the GNU General Public License
60. version arm elf gcc v enter Issuing the following commands can be accomplished using the shortened version of tool name i e gcc as ar etc provided that you perform the xtools lt target alias gt command as shown above e target alias gcc Invokes all the necessary GNU compiler passes for the specific target processor toolsuite using i e arm elf mips elf ppc elf etc e target alias cpp Invokes the preprocessor that processes all of the header files and macros that the target requires e target alias gcc Invokes the C compiler that produces assembly language code from the processed C files i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 41 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools e target alias g Invokes the C compiler that produces assembly language code from the processed C files e target alias gdb Invokes the GNU Debugger with command line input see Debugging with GDB in the PDF files on the i MX GNU X Tools CD e target alias gdbtk Invokes the GNU Debugger with a visual GUI interface called Visual GDB by Microcross a k a Insight e target alias as Invokes the GNU assembler that produces binary code from the assembly language code and puts it into an object file e target alias id Invokes the linker that binds the code to addresses links the startup file and libraries to the object file and produces the executable binary image 4 4 Using the i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite The first step to developing
61. will refresh screen gt b Baud 115200 76800 56700 38400 19200 14400 9600 4800 1200 gt 115200 INOTE This rate used ONLY when mpDemon is in serial API mode Reboot mppeman to run with new parameters hit any key to continue B D A M G o L P E R 7 Ask your network administrator for details about your network configuration so you can assign an IP address gateway network mask or alternatively you can enter DHCP configuration by selecting D in the mpDemon command menu and press Enter and then enter Y see Figures 6 57 and 6 58 Next enter the DHCP host name or IP address Figure 6 57 Use DHCP Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help 115200 NO 192 168 0 211 1 255 255 2555 10 Gateway 192 168 0 250 AC Address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 Disabled mpDemon Command Menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gatewa Set OCDREMOTE Conti en Update License Code Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDbemon Type Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt d Use DHCP CY N gt y lt B D A M G o L P E R 104 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 58 Enter DHCP Hostname Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help Macraigor Systems mpDemon tm version 3 0 0 0 betal API Baud Rate 115200 Yes MPDOOOOOL 192 16
62. x static int print_help static int print_version x Pointers to all arguments of command option char xxcmdarg fe Allocated size of cmdorg JSOURCE x Using the Breakpoint menu toggle between the normal and temporary setting of a selected breakpoint A normal breakpoint remains valid no matter how many times it is hit A temporary breakpoint is removed automatically the first time it is hit A single check mark for either setting shows the state of the selected breakpoint When a breakpoint is set to temporary the line in the Source Window no longer has a colored square as shown by comparing Figure 6 36 with Figure 6 37 Figure 6 37 Results in Source Window Having Set a Breakpoint as Temporary main c Source Window 0x804ded5 106 static int quiet 0 static int batch 0 kx Pointers to various arguments from command line char smarg NULL char execarg NULL char corearg NULL char xttyarg NULL Program stopped at line 106 jnain c x main w source j 6 14 Using the Console Window To send commands directly to the GDB interpreter use the Console window Figure 6 38 Figure 6 38 Console window Console Window gdb help List of classes of commands aliases Aliases of other commands breakpoints Making program stop at certain points data Examining data files Specifying and exanining files internals Maintenance conmards
63. x5555d5ah Loading section text size xle8 lma 6xc6160000 Loading section glue_ size xc lma xc1661e8 Loading section data size 6x24 lma 6xc6166206 tart address xc 166000 load size 536 ransfer rate 4288 bits sec 178 bytes write Warning the current language does not match this frame Breakpoint 1 at xc 1 4c file test c line 14 Breakpoint 1 main gt at test c 14 4 6x12345678 i lt x1 i Visual GDB Example Before getting started reset ocdremote as you did in Step 2 in the previous example You need ocdremote in the listening mode before connecting with Visual GDB In the first Shell enter the following command assuming you are still in the same directory that contains the test image file built by make nome debug example arm elf gdbtk test x 26 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide This command will run Visual GDB load test x and stop at breakpoint on main If the target settings dialog pops up select Target Remote TCP Hostname localhost and Port 8888 click on OK Each subsequent run will automatically remember these settings until you change them again To single step or perform other GDB commands you may use the visual buttons that reflect equivalent functions as the command line version or you may enter the command line version in the console Window click on View Console if it is not viewed upon start of Visual GDB To exit click
64. 000000 char 0x0 1073747220 24 177ELF 001 001 4001 Use Variable Edit to change the value of a selected variable that you want edit Using the Escape key Esc aborts editing Use Variable Format to invoke another pop up menu to display a selected variable s value in Hex Hexadecimal Decimal Binary or Octal formats By default pointers display in hexadecimal and all other 88 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger expressions as decimal Single click the mouse with the cursor over a variable in the Local Variables window to select the variable Figure 6 30 Figure 6 30 Selecting a Variable Local Variables Yoricble cdarg ttyarg print_help peint_versicn homeinit al time_ot_startup 1 char amp Oxbffff9a4 1075859892 0 0 char 0x0 char 0x2 lt Address 0x2 out of bounds char 0x0 seian 0x0 0 chor 0x40000210 1073743452 1073744044 chor Oxbffff 58 107585989 1073744036 struct stat struct stat char 0x40000000 41 77ELF O014001 001 char 0x0 1073747220 24 Double click the mouse with the cursor in the Local Variables window to edit a variable Figure 6 31 Figure 6 31 Editing Local Variables execarg corearg cdarg ttyarg print_help print_version A cmdarg cmdsize nemd homeinit i time_at_star tup char Oxbffff9ad 1075859892 0 0 chor Ox
65. 1 parser generator bzip2 A compression utility cpio Copy files to and from archives like tar cvs Concurrent Versions System a version control system for managing source code Cygwin A Unix Linux portability application layer on Windows OS diffutils Includes file comparison utilities cmp diff diff3 sdiff expect Programmed dialog with interactive programs file Determine file type fileutils GNU file utilities including chmod chown chgrp cp dd df dir dircolors du install ginstall Is In mkdir mkfifo mknod mv rm rmdir sync touch vdir findutils Programs for finding files flex Replacement for the lex scanner generator fortune Print a random hopefully interesting adage ftp ARPANET file transfer program gas GNU assembler gawk A pattern scanning and text processing program gcc The GNU Compiler Collection with C compiler GDB The GNU Debugger gnuchess GNU s Chess game play against a user or it plays against itself gprof Display call graph profile data grep Print lines matching a pattern a very powerful search utility groff Front end for the gruff document formatting system gzip Compress or expand files inetutils All Internet utilities in Cygwin itcl Object oriented extensions to Tcl itk Framework for building mega widgets in Tcl Tk ksh Public domain Korn shell i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 113 Section 7 Introduction to Cygwin
66. 5 0 192 168 0 250 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 Disabled on Command Menu Set serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask TCP IP Gateway OCDREMOTE Conti Update License Code Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpbemon Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt o uration s 1 JTAG speed 1 8 2 gt 4 of Devices in Scan Chain CO 16 gt 1 device for your connection All of the options appear on the screen see Personality Module connection cable must be used with the appropriate 13 Enter the TCP IP port number recommend 8888 see Figure 6 65 14 Now reboot the mpDemon by entering R and pressing the Enter key see Figure 6 66 The banner screen will show all of your new settings You have now configured the mpDemon for use and now can perform a configuration test Go onto the next step i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 107 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 64 Select Device Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help jal JTAG speed 2 Number of Devices in Scan Chain O 16 gt 1 Device List ARM 7 9 Families ARM ARM9 Netsilicon LH7A40x MIPS 32 bit Family MIPS32_4Kc MIPS32_4Ke AU1x00 MIPS 64 bit Family MIPS64 Tx49 PowerPC Family PPC40x PPC5S5X PPC56X PPC603 PPC xO PPC7X5 PPCBXX PPC5554 PPC8240 PPC8245 PPC8247 PPC8248 PPC8270 PPC8271 PPC8272 PPC8275 PPC8280 PPCB25X PPC826X PPC85X0 Intel xscale F
67. 6 ifdef TUL 427 Disable the TUI as well tui_version 0 431 432 ifdef TUL 433 An explicit eral Flog overrides the default UI which is the 434 window system x 435 if tui_version use_windows 0 f 437 Hendi m Sore j i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 79 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 4 Left column functionality for the Source Window When the cursor is in the left column over an executable line it appears as a minus sign When a breakpoint is set at this point the cursor changes into a circle A left click sets a breakpoint at the current line the breakpoint appears as a colored square in place of the minus sign A left click on any existing or temporary breakpoint removes that breakpoint A right click on any existing or temporary breakpoint brings up a pop up menu Figure 6 9 Figure 6 9 Pop Up Menu for Setting Breakpoints Continue to Here Set Breakpoint Set Tempcrary Breakpoint Set Breakpoint on Thread s Continue to Here causes the program to run up to a location ignoring any breakpoints like the temporary breakpoint this menu selection displays as a differently shaded square than a regular breakpoint When a breakpoint has been disabled it turns for instance from red or orange to black color settings vary depending on the preferences you set see also Figure 6 5 and its accompanying descriptions Set Breakpoint sets a breakpoint on the
68. 8 0 210 2 255 255 255 0 192 168 0 250 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 OCDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command menu B Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set DHCP hostName Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log R Reboot mpDemon Type Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt n DHCP hostname gt 192 168 0 250 lt 8 Skip this step if using DHCP If entering your network settings manually instead of using DHCP then select A in the mpDemon command menu followed by Enter see Figure 6 59 Figure 6 59 Enter TCP IP Address Tera Term COM1 VT Ee x File Edit Setup Control Window Help se DHCP gt NO a CP IP Address 192 168 0 210 E mask z 255 2939 255 0 Gateway 192 168 0 250 Ac Address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 CDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP cateway Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log R Reboot mpDemon Type Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt a TCP IP Address Bytes xxx xxx xxx xxx gt 192 168 0 211 Reboot mppemon to run with new parameters hit any key to continue mMuronzs ron C lt 9 Skip this step if using DHCP i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 105 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 60 Enter Mas
69. Arium EPI Tools Macraigor Nohau and Signum Each of these vendors support the GDB stub protocol and test their tools using the Microcross i MX GNU X Tools In this section we present two examples how how to use Visual GDB with an Abatron BDI2000 and a Macraigor mpDemon 100 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 19 1 Abatron BDI2000 Setup and Debug with Visual GDB Introduction Refer to Abatron s User Manual to install the CPU target firmware and configure on a network Microcross will discuss tools specific information necessary to use Visual GDB or for that matter command line GDB and get up and going with the BDI2000 debug agent Debugging with GDB Because the target runs within the BDI no debug support has to be linked to your application There is also no need for any BDI specific changes in the application sources Your application must be fully linked because no dynamic loading is supported Target Setup Target initialization may be done at two places First with the BDI configuration file second within the application The setup in the configuration file must at least enable access to the target memory where the application will be loaded Disabling the watchdog timer and setting the CPU clock rate should also be done in the BDI configuration file Application specific initializations like setting the timer rate are best located in the application startup sequence Steps to a Quick Setu
70. C library Table 4 4 i MX GNU X Tools Binary Utilities Tool Utility Description Target Dependent addr2line Converts addresses into file names and line numbers yes ar Creates modifies and extracts from object code archives yes diff Comparison tools for text files no diff3 Sdiff make Compilation control program no nm Lists symbols from object files yes objcopy Copies and translates object files yes objdump Displays information from object files yes patch Installation tool for source fixes no ranlib Generates index to archive contents yes readelf Displays information about ELF format object files no run Standalone simulator yes size Lists file section sizes and total sizes yes strings Lists printable strings from files yes strip Discards symbols yes The Adobe Acrobat PDF files listed in Table 4 5 are available on the i MX GNU X Tools or Cygwin docs directory CD ROM for reference or hard copy duplication 46 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Table 4 5 PDF Documentation on CD ROM File Name Description Pages Bench pdf By Joe Orost Bench is designed to measure the performance of the code generated by C compilers not hardware performance ddd pdf Debugging with DDD Data Display Debugger v3 3 9 15 January 2004 234 Infoman pdf Reading GNU On Line Documentation 36 Make pdf How to use GNU Make 166 O11 BY oO Man page
71. DB Debugger Every register has a corresponding convenience variable The register convenience variables consist of a dollar sign followed by the register name pc is the program counter s convenience variable for example while fp is the frame pointer s convenience variable Re cast other types to which a pointer was cast by typing it in the text edit field For example typing struct _foo bar in the text edit field the bar pointer is cast as a struct _foo pointer Invalid expressions are ignored Figure 6 28 Results of Using Add Watch Button for the Watch Expressions Window Watch Ex pressions 5 x cdarg ttyarg corearg rl char 0x0 char 0x0 icha OxbffFF994 P xa3 corearg Format Remove Edit gt Add Hatch 6 12 Using the Local Variables Window The Local Variables window Figure 6 29 displays the current value of all local variables Figure 6 29 Local Variables Window Local Variables variable execarg corearg cdarg ttyarg print_help print_version cmda g cmdsize homedir homeinit 1 time_at_stor tup 1 char 4 Oxbffff9a4 1075859892 char 0x0 char 0x2 lt address 0x2 out of bounds gt char Oxbffff994 P xo3 char 0x0 aes 0x0 J 0 char 0x40000210 1073743452 1073744044 char Oxbffff 758 1075859892 1073744036 struct stat struct stat char Ox40
72. E E E A AEE A A 59 4 92 Linker Options arises inchs ong e vache a e a EEE aaa vega Gua Pedal a aa E EEA ee E AEAEE 60 a9 l Hg cho OG 0 Ropers ene a a E A SPR Yr E A ES 61 4 9 4 Link Order Optimization s sirisser eierne e a aaa aaaea Es aae aAa EEEREN ae a Eaa Ae AnP EAEn 62 iv E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Contents 4 9 5 The C Runtime CAO wil iehedniniin ii oii olin dete one ani inti deities an esti sees 62 4 10 Object Translation ELF to Binary SREC eCtc eee eeeeee cree etree eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeeeeneneea 62 4 11 Creating Updating Libraries vacnciciticcarescatch catsncataxtastnetoneieeteadanasseankcectcenaneenasnd wotnenetaniontuaaiimeanteedonsedon 63 412 SIN TAU Siirron a aE cerdiasa pia E E E E EES 64 4 13 Instruction Set Simulator ISS Options tscccctccnatcned ts ecanmerensannsteornsnceimeeadle rials steeutcataaraniaracieercemnsaisened 64 SECTION 5 HOW TO USE COMMAND LINE GDB sssssssnnnnnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnna 65 5 1 Summary of GDB the GNU DEDUQQEF ssscicctsiccssticansicateccessgedaraliennedennnsannascasthcasnaieanatsaw becasbidanabeatincies 65 5 1 1 GDB as Froo SORWANME cceesecssaeeectesseeecnsersneetndesntectenseencnsaenuectepaseecnteasnecettaaneentnadusectsaanecnsaaneeentaaeeeentansneers 65 5 1 2 Regurements 0f GDB isrener a AE e E e AE EEA AEE Ae OEE os ng Ae E EEEE EEEE AE AAEE TERE 65 Od 3 SOlANUD GDB soto E A E E E E tas a E A E E E A 65 5 1 4 Startup of GDB With
73. KE EREA REEERE EEAS 33 3 7 2 Dissaster Recovery PLOCCCUIEC ssrerrsirrrsrrnrrnrarrarrnraarinaninarrnarnna Aan EEE AA AEEA AAN ENAE ANAE EA AREER AEEA EERE ERARE aE Ea 34 3 8 MicroMonitor Familiarization and TipS cccccceeeeecee cece cece cece ceeeceeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeees 37 3 8 1 Manual TFTP Up Load ProceQure 2scccccccceccececeteeneneceteceseteenaaaeceeeececeseesaaaecesesesessenesaeeeeeeesetsenieaeeeeeentees 38 3 8 2 Other Useful MicroMonitor COMMANAS 000 seeccccceeceeeeeeeee ee teeeee eee tnaeeeeteneaeeesaaaeeeseaaaeeeseeeeeeseeaaereteesaeeeteeaaees 39 SECTION 4 HOW TO USE I MX GNU X TOOLS 000 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 40 4 1 IMMOAUCTION ssisccavccuavsaces tee canew cad r a ea Ea a iad a i ae a r Eaei 40 4 2 Using the i MX GNU X Tools Command Line Tool xtoolS sesseeeeeeeeseeeeeseerrirrrrrnssssrrernrnsssssreens 40 4 3 Invoking i MX GNU X oolS sincittorniones deaths Menetbingth sd itsebninsbednnel dusadeasiuted sales tauetheanattancehismlsmotiinaddaeae 41 4 4 Using the i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite 0 eect ee ee eter eettnee eee e eter eee eeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneaaaeeeeeeeeeeeea 42 44 T Simple Example sinere e a e ada a a ins densa ventas sig Eare EE a EEE 42 4 4 2 iMX GNU X Tools Toolsuite D SCIIDLION 2 1 1 ccccccccececeee cece ceeetnceeaeceteeeecetecsaaaeceeecesesecsicaseeeeeeseeeeninaneeeeentees 43 4 4 3 Control Program GOO aa
74. Microcross i MX GNU X Tools Professional Embedded Development Toolsuite User Guide i MX LiteKit from ey se freescale semiconductor Version 3 40d 2005 2006 Microcross Inc Licensed Materials Open Source Ready to Run Contents ISBN N A Microcross Inc 104 Borders Way Suite 100 Warner Robins GA 31088 USA Copyright 2005 2006 Microcross Inc All rights reserved Trademarks GNU X Tools and Microcross are all trademarks of Microcross Inc This documentation contains copyright materials and has been prepared by Microcross Technical Publications contact the Microcross Technical Publications staff for more information support microcross com ARM Thumb and ARM Powered are registered trademarks of ARM Limited All other brand and product names services names trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners Disclaimer Microcross Incorporated makes no representations or warranties with respect to the contents or use of this user guide and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose Microcross Incorporated reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes to its content at any time without obligation to notify any person or entity of such revisions or changes Microcross Incorporated makes no representations or warranties with respect to any Microcross softwa
75. Registry Keys HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Software Cygnus Solutions HKEY_CURRENT_USER Software Cygnus Solutions 3 If they exist manually delete them by selecting the key and pressing the Delete key To verify removal of environment variables 1 Start the Control Panel from the Start menu 2 Click on System and select the Advanced Tab 3 Click on Environment Variables 4 On System Variables window Click on Path and then on the Edit button 5 Make sure all instances of Cygwin bin Cygwin usr bin and Cygwin usr local bin along with the drive letter are removed Delete the Cygwin directory 1 Open Windows Explorer 2 Click on the Cygwin directory and press the delete key 2 3 Install i MX GNU X Tools on Linux Host The following procedures is for installation of the i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite on a Linux host Insure that the system requirements have been met especially RAM and free disk space The Linux installation procedure for i MX GNU X Tools arm elf toolsuite is a command line procedure and is very simple and straightforward We assume that you have a Linux OS running on your workstation or server before getting started with this installation All commands are done from the Bash Shell xterm If you need the arm linux for GX Linux builds toolsuite installed consult the GX Linux User Guide for this toolsuite installation produre Step1 Insert the i MX GNU X Tools dist
76. Step single step a C source code line 28 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide si Step Instruction single step a machine code instruction c Continue run the processor after a step or breakpoint b Breakpoint set a breakpoint at specified location C Control C stop execution from the keyboard For Visual GDB the GUI this will only work under a Linux host to stop the program under Cygwin you need to press the Stop button List show the source code being executed xX Examine show the contents of memory ir Info registers show the contents of all registers set Set change the contents of ram or a register 3 5 Visual X Tools Example The following steps describe the operation of the Visual X Tools with an example application program for the i MX LiteKit The example program was created with the Visual X Tools wizard and is setup to work with Visual GDB and the Macraigor usbDemon that is built into the LiteKit module The following files are included in nome vxtools example directory under Cygwin gdbinit GDB Initialization File for the i MX LiteKit board crt0 S Assembly source for C initialization code Idscript Linker script test c Main C source file for example program test mak Autogenerated maintained GNU style makefile for Visual X Tools test vpwhist Project history file test vtg Tag database file test vxp Visual X Tools Project file test vxw Visual X Tools Workspace file tests
77. This example is a complete keyboard and visual control of the i MX LiteKit board video system Step 1 Start a i MX GNU X Tools Shell using the red X icon on the desktop Connect your target board to a network or a cross over Ethernet cable and power it on Ensure you have a target IP address assigned to the board On your host machine issue these commands in the i MX GNU X Tools Shell cd nome uwindows src demos elsdemo enter make TARGET lt i MX board gt TARGET_IP lt board IP gt mine enter builds application and downloads it into the target board TARGET options are CSB535FS for i MX21 and CSB536FS for i MXL Example make TARGET CSB535FS TARGET_IP 192 168 0 110 mine enter The program builds and downloads to the target board automatically assuming you have the target board connected and powered on Step 2 At the Serial Terminal uMON gt command line prompt issue the following command to run the application uMON gt mine enter Follow the onscreen instructions to play minesweeper Cycle power to quit the game and reboot to MicroMonitor 3 3 Build Load and Run GX Linux and Example Applications Assumptions All necessary steps in Section 3 1 are completed and the board is ready to communicate via TFTP In addition the LiteKit expansion module board is connected to serial Ethernet and powered on This section explains how to build and load applications into the target Freescale development boa
78. Wa mechanism since many compiler command line options are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler You can call the GNU compiler driver with the v option to see precisely what options it passes to each compilation pass including the assembler Next we discuss what the assembler does We will not discuss the assembly language itself The FSF s documentation explains the general syntax of assembly language but refers you to the vendor s architecture manual for CPU dependent details overall architecture instruction set etc 56 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools The assembler takes a program written in an assembly language and produces an object module By convention assembly language programs have the extension s If no errors occur during assembly and if the object module contains no references to external imported symbols the assembler makes the file executable and names it a out If the object module includes references to external symbols a out is not an executable The linker is able to link this object module with other modules to produce an executable program To invoke the assembler enter the command lt target alias gt as options lt list of source files gt enter Where list of options is a series of assembly options and list of source files is one or more assembly language files s S capital S requires GCC to direct the so
79. address uMON gt set f monrc enter uMON gt reset enter DHCP BOOTP network settings Follow this example and enter the commands using your serial terminal UMON command line interface uMON gt set c enter uMON gt set IPADD DHCP enter or DHCPv or DHCPV or BOOTP uMON gt set f monrc enter uMON gt reset enter 18 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide Select only one for IPADD setting DHCP No verbosity enabled DHCPv Limited verbosity enabled DHCPV Extreme verbosity enabled BOOTP Runs BootP IMPORTANT After configuring the network settings and initiating the reset command the target board will reboot MicroMonitor Notice that in the serial terminal interface that the new IP address is displayed if the new IP address does not show up on the display go back to the previous step and make the necessary corrections to monrc When using DHCP BootP the new IP address should be annotated in your notes because you will need this IP address for loading GX Linux files via TFTP If your DHCP BootP server assigns a different IP address every time you reboot MicroMonitor you may want to consider manually setting the network IP address while in the development phase of your project because the IP address is a key parameter to your TFTP communications between the host development platform and the target board 3 2 Build Load and Run Example Applications on MicroMonitor Assumptions All necessar
80. aes 82 6 8 Using the Stack Window sie feueescncsdncessecas pe tadhcrmsttianSemecceus tales sedeteedadl teadbi cto Jenpsdeuntndediy dedeoedduasiene Sabey 84 6 9 Using the Registers WiIMdOW iisiicissdvccscceoincexadexedeussduntnte ters tan enanaceatdavedeucadeyusdeurencemnaneetentudanievesseueaentieers 84 6 10 Using the Memory VV NON ea cisalee sete tarein aciada esas tock eee eaaua dat ek Sesesiceesiasiuse Socheinedoe etuad sdinWegeeedeadouenden tee 85 6 11 Using the Watch Expressions VWiMQOW tecictisscetrrbnincetdeaaklgadichercbeds dlasatlacetieibebhianebiiaaldiecndenateeamouatanes 86 6 12 Using the Local Variables VV OW steeca cactn xesicintaioavesvedeig Seat teen enedrateaseducnesdeba deca teasustestceusbalansaredss 88 6 13 Using the Breakpoints Window srccicascctcpicdansctatatarietosteddaeatas sheds badeanemians ade ncntatansesteiaathalannecedtadambiadars 90 6 14 Using the Console Window sass sates cae gece cee aauaaeaic sete ch cea raga ssc cdice eee care ene ceaad cats oeece nee 92 6 15 Using the Function Browser WIRKQW sxicncsncssecerthoctencravaneannckaavennutachucacasiatai taNuaabibcethtvekaunanaiusibas 93 6 16 Using the Processes Window for Threads cccccccsseceeceeeeeeeeeensseeeeeneneeeeneneeeseseeeeseeenenesneneinees 94 6 17 Using the Help Window asl ene l occ dctee dari cons etdedettnoateeptcenbsagnsdacdicedess bedisasndetendsugetuesesddpald enstaanbedacete 94 6 18 Examples of Debugging with Visual GDB sicccctessacsivcereveariecasceetcd
81. ain Ox804dedb main c 107 main O 804dec9 main c 105 main 6 Click the check box for a line to set a breakpoint in an executable The box s color changes and the square s color of the line in the Source Window changes Figure 6 48 This color change indicates a disabling of the breakpoint Re enable the breakpoint at the line by clicking the check box in the Breakpoints window Figure 6 48 Disabling a Breakpoint in Breakpoints Window Breakpoints Breakpoint Global Thread Address File Line Function ALL Ox804deb1 nain c 103 main ALL Ox804dec1 noin c 104 main ALL Ox804ded2 noin c 106 main ALL Ox804dedb noin c 107 main ALL O 804dec9 nain c 105 main 7 Click the Run button on the tool bar to start the executable The program runs until it hits the first breakpoint The color bar on the line changes color indicating that the program is running see settings in Figure 6 47 changed in Figure 6 48 and the Source Window in Figure 6 49 after debugging stopped i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 97 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 49 Results of Setting Breakpoints at Line 105 5 x Ox804dec3 104 Pointers to various arguments from command line char symarg NULL 105 char frenon da xcoreorn Null t main c 105 Ox804dec3 ENA breakpoint donttouch threads all cond nor These are static so that we can take their address in on initializer static int pri
82. amily 80200 80219 IOP303 IOP321 PxA210 PXA25xX PXA26xX XSCALE 5IR IOP331 IOP332 IXC1100 IxP42x IxP2400 IXP2800 IXP2850 PXA27xX XSCALE 7IR IOP315 XSCALE 5IRSLAVE UNKNOWN lt ir bits gt lt bypass bits gt Devicel gt ARMS lt Figure 6 65 Select Port Number Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help ARM 7 9 Families ARM ARMO Netsilicon LH7A40X MIPS 32 bit Family MIPS32_4Kc MIPS32_4Ke AULxO00 MIPS 64 bit Family MIPS64 TX49 PowerPC Family PPC40X PPC55X PPC56X PPC603 PPC7X0 PPC7X5 PPC8XX PPC5554 PPC8240 PPC8245 PPC8247 PPC8248 PPC8270 PPC8271 PPC8272 PPC8275 PPC8280 PPC825X PPC826xK PPC85X0 Intel xScale Family 80200 80219 IOP303 IOP321 PXA210 PXA25x PXA26x XSCALE 5IR IOP331 IOP332 IXC1100 IxP42x IxP2400 IxP2800 IxP2850 PXA27X XSCALE 7IR IOP315 XSCALE S5SIRSLAVE UNKNOWN lt ir bits gt lt bypass bits gt Devicel gt ARMS CP IP port number 8888 gt 8888 Reboot mppemon to run with new parameters hit any key to continue Figure 6 66 Reboot the mpDemon Tera Term COM1 VT Fie Edit Setup Control Window Help 115200 z NO 192 168 0 211 5 2556 25502590 0 Gateway 192 168 0 250 Mac Address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 JTAG speed 4 JTAG TDO lt 1 ARM9 8888 lt TDI mpDemon Command menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP one Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Test OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s
83. and name bin Microcross has standardized all of its cross executable names to the x extension Iname Link the program to the library named libname a The linker looks in the directories lib and usr lib to find this library Note that the GNU linker truncates the name s prefix and extension i e lib and a are not necessary for libname a as a linked library file If you create your own libraries to link into your program you will need to name them libname a and link in as Iname Ldir To find any libraries look in the directory dir before looking in the standard library directories lib and usr lib S Remove the symbol table from the executable output file This makes the output file significantly smaller but makes debugging nearly impossible Therefore this option should not be used until the program works successfully Note that using the program strip has the same effect X Remove all local symbols from the output file Global symbols subprograms and common block names remain in the output file This reduces the object file s size Ignored unless s is specified 60 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools n Make the text segment read only r Create an object file that can be included in further linking runs i e further passes through Id Among other things this inhibits Undefined symbol messages
84. and list every time breakpoint n is reached silent suppresses default display End end of command list Table 5 8 Program Stack Command Syntax Description backtrace n print trace of all frames in stack or of n bt n frames innermost if n gt 0 outermost if n lt 0 frame n select frame number n or frame at address n if no n display current frame up n select frame n frames up down n select frame n frames down info frame addr describe selected frame or frame at addr info args arguments of selected frame info locals local variables of selected frame info reg rn register values for regs rn in selected info all reg rn frame all reg includes floating point Table 5 9 Execution Control Command Syntax Description continue count continue running if count specified ignore c count this breakpoint next count times step count execute until another line reached repeat s count count times if specified stepi count step by machine instructions rather than si count source lines next count execute next line including any function calls n count nexti count next machine instruction rather than ni count source line until ocation run until next instruction or location finish run until selected stack frame returns i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 69 Section 5 How to Use
85. armv4 armv4t armv5 armv5t armv5te armv6j iwmmxt Based on current independent studies the ARM is the most popular RISC processor for embedded applications Its architectural specification is highly scalable and a number of variants have been defined and produced by several ATRIEUTES manufacturers As a result a wide range of configurations and performance levels exist giving embedded designers many flexible design options The simple instruction set architecture is easy to learn yet powerful and optimized for compilers REFERENCES www arm com i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 115 Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite The ARM Toolsuite consists of the following tools Tool Name Tool Description Version arm elf gcc GNU Compiler Collection GCC 3 40 arm elf g C compiler 3 40 arm elf as GNU assembler as 2 15 arm elf Id GNU linker Id arm elf addr2line Converts addresses to file names amp line arm elf ar Creates object code archives arm elf gcov Test coverage program for analysis arm elf nm Lists symbols from object files arm elf objcopy Copies and translates object files arm elf objdump Displays information from object files arm elf ranlib Generates index to archive contents arm elf readelf Displays information about ELF objects arm elf size Lists file section sizes and total sizes arm elf strings Lists printable strings from files Arm elf stri
86. art uploading to the board see the serial terminal interface for upload response in MicroMonitor The images loaded are as follows 1 zlmage kernel 2 romfs img ROM root filesystem and 3 startlinux startup script Step 3 Boot Linux From the serial terminal window issue the following command uMON2 gt startlinux enter this script calls the Linux kernel and filesystem to execute The Linux kernel should uncompress and mount a ROM filesystem If there are any errors recycle power on the board and repeat this step Occasionally the kernel aborts on a bootup due to a corrupted flash file system or missing romfs img file Follow steps in the MicroMonitor tips section to issue a command uMON gt tfs clean to defrag the flash file system manually The Linux startup script is set with a Tiny Filesystem attribute that makes startlinux an executable like a batch file in DOS To change this attribute so that you can automatically boot into Linux with a query to stop after MicroMonitor boots up issue the following command after boot up of MicroMonitor uMON gt tfs feB cp startlinux startlinux enter WARNING feB is case sensitive and if you use a lower case b in the switch option you will not be able to boot into UMON again without re flashing through the JTAG which is complicated and time consuming To change the i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 21 Section 3 Quick Start Guide attribut
87. assuming a Windows host for the following procedures Issue the following commands in the XWindows Shell substitute your target alias as appropriate Example xtools arm elf enter arm elf cd home test enter arm elf gcc g o div x div c enter arm elf ddd div x debugger arm elf gdb enter 66 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Start DDD In General Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB ddd lt name of elf object gt debugger lt target alias gt gdb enter This concludes our short DDD example There is a complete user guide on DDD in the docs directory on the i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM 5 2 GDB Comprehensive Quick Reference Table 5 1 Essential Commands Command Syntax Description GDB program core debug program using coredump core b file function set breakpoint at function in file run arglist start your program with arglist bt backtrace display program stack p expr display the value of an expression Cc continue running your program n next line stepping over function calls S next line stepping into function calls info stack view the call stack print int 0x10000 display memory location set int 0x1000 0x123 set memory info registers display all CPU registers print lt reg name gt displays register value set lt reg name gt lt value gt sets register value step runs
88. ation it can improve performance but it can also penalize performance significantly the object file becomes larger which can significantly hurt cache performance Compile time also increases i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 55 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools 4 7 7 Passing Options to the Assembler or Linker The GCC allows you to pass options directly to the assembler or linker when they are involved Wa options Pass the options to the assembler Wl options Pass the options to the linker In both cases the option list is just a list of options recognized by the assembler or the linker There must not be any spaces in the list options in the list are separated by commas Here is an example that is both instructive and useful producing a listing of the assembly language generated together with C source listings To do this we need to pass the alh options to the assembler generate listings of assembly code and high level source we also need to pass the L option to the assembler retain local labels And we need GCC s g option generate additional symbols for debugging the additional symbols tell the assembler where to find the source code The resulting command looks like this lt target alias gt gcc c g Wa alh L source c enter Listings that include both assembly and source code are interesting from two standpoints You may want to see how your code has been compil
89. build a free operating system started by Richard Stallman in 1985 with many useful spinoffs such as the Emacs text editor a C compiler a debugger and many other programming tools 128 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Glossary of Embedded System Terminology TERM DESCRIPTION GUI Graphical User Interface which refers to an interface and the techniques involved in using a keyboard or a mouse for instance to provide an easy to use interface to some software HAL Hardware Abstraction Layer which provides a portability layer to the operating system so that higher layers do not need to be aware of the specifics of the architecture and platform This layer is designed to be comparatively small and simple to implement and is also component orientated to allow sharing between related platforms i386 Name for the 32 bit members of the Intel x86 family Members include 386 486 Pentium i586 and Pentium Pro i686 IDE Integrated Development Environment a GUI tool or a set of tools that uses GUI functionality ISA Instruction Set Architecture Java An object oriented write once run anywhere programming language developed by Sun Microsystems JDK A software development environment for writing applets and applications in the Java programming language developed by Sun Microsystems JIT Just in time compiler that converts all of the byte code into native mac
90. can get a discount by already being a Freescale customer 3 4 Debug with usbDemon Example First Time User of usbDemon IMPORTANT The first time user will need to install OCD Commander to get the right USB drivers installed on the host machine Skip to 3 4 1 if OCD Commander and USB drivers were previously installed To install OCD Commander open an Explorer file browser on your host machine and navigate to Cygwin home ocd commander directory i MX GNU X Tools Windows host version must be already installed Make sure that the usoDemon USB cable is disconnected before installing OCD Commander Execute the ocd commander exe installation utility by double clicking on the filename and follow the on screen instructions for installing OCD Commander and USB drivers After installation reboot the host machine so that the new drivers are available to install Connect the LiteKit provided USB cable between the host computer and target module The Windows operating system should detect the USB connection and prompt the user to install the appropriate drivers The host computer should respond with Found New Hardware Wizard dialog box Select Install the Software Automatically and click on Next Click on Continue Anyway on the Hardware Installation dialog Click on Finish to complete the first of two drivers installation procedure The second Found New Hardware Wizard will pop up and you will need to repeat exactl
91. cation information Typically produced by an assembler object file format The layout of object files and executable files Common formats include a out or b out for Intel 960 targets only COFF amp ELF OSF 1 The Open Software Foundation s version of Unix used in Digital s Alpha machines i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 129 Glossary of Embedded System Terminology TERM DESCRIPTION Patch A change in source code to correct or enhance processes PE Portable Executable Microsoft s object file format for Windows 95 and NT operating systems It is basically COFF with additional header information PROM Programmable Read Only Memory ROM that can be programmed using special equipment PROMs can be programmed only once Compare with EPROM RAM Random Access Memory referring to volatile memory that can be read and written by a microprocessor RDI Remote debugging library used by ARM RDP Remote Debugging Protocol a protocol used with ARM s Demon monitor Registers Registers are settings representing values that serve as temporary storage devices in a processor allowing for faster access to data Registers are divided into several classes pseudo registers temporary registers and machine registers RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer machines typically having fixed length instructions limited addressing modes many registers and visible p
92. ceadevetdaucedeieserbecapeecstictaisevelaecsdeaeceers 95 6 18 1 Selecting and Examining a Sourcea File c cccccccccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeteneeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesaeeeeetiaeeeeetiaeeesesiaeeeeetiaeeeeees 95 6 18 2 Setting Breakpoints on Multiple TAr QCS 2 cccececcececeeeceecneeaececeeeeeceeaeaeeeeeeesecsenaeceseseeesecsesaeeeseeeteteenaaes 99 6 19 Visual GDB with JTAG BDM Debug Agents cece eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaeeeeeeeeneeeaaaa 100 6 19 1 Abatron BDI2000 Setup and Debug with Visual GDB ccccccccccceeeee teens ee teeeneeeeteneaeeeseeeaeeeseeaaeeneneaaes 101 5 19 2 Macraigor mpDemon Setup and Debug with Visual GDB cccccccesceceeenne ee ceeneeeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeenaeeeesenaes 103 SECTION 7 INTRODUCTION TO CYGWIN 1 000 ccc cccccteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 112 1 1 Introducing CyYgWIN si ctececicaadtitccerccivirandtsease tbaeaiciekd ated asendncentaaeansueabe th eanticie pila utduanacena tana leeanbaeceatnabaennate 112 1 2 Cygwin Key FASS caste ak stasis is agence wna wa Eeoa iane nee ct attire Anaa a adanida Enn eei Ka 112 7 3 Cygwin Components sited nesint deanetentldacioutieatadiua fad cunchastneceetammbdanudtante Semel andubsedautbbildneadinualaAusiadiatablondieues 112 7 3 1 Cygwin Package List tools utilities and programs that Make UP CYQWINL w cccceeeeteeeeentteeeeeeneeeeeenes 112 7 3 2 User Information How to use the tools utilities and programs in Cy
93. d or until execution completes Step Asm Inst steps through one assembler machine instruction and steps into subroutines Next Asm Inst steps to the next assembler instruction but steps over subroutines e Preferences has the following usage Global opens Global Preferences Figure 6 6 for changing how text appears Source opens the Source Preferences Figure 6 5 to show how colors display e Help has the following usage Help displays the Help window Figure 6 42 About Visual GDB displays the version number copyright notices for Visual GDB i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 81 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 7 Below the Horizontal Scroll Bar of the Source Window There are four display and selection fields below the horizontal scroll bar the status text box Figure 6 13 the file drop down combo box Figure 6 15 the function drop down combo box Figure 6 14 and the code display drop down list box Figure 6 16 At the top of the horizontal scroll bar text details the current status of the debugger the status text box in Figure 6 13 shows program stopped at line 19 as the message The Function Browser window provides even more powerful tools for locating files and functions within your source code for more information Figure 6 13 Status Text Box Program stopped at line 19 main c i v source 7 The function drop down list box Fi
94. dard run time initialization routine To ensure that this is in place lib crt0 o must be the first file in the list of files and libraries This ensures that this initialization routine is linked to your program i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 59 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Alternatively you can link by using the GCC command without any C source files When GCC invokes the linker it automatically adds crt0 o and many other libraries in the proper place For example the command gcc exp o generates the following Id command lt target alias gt Id dc dp e start X o o a out usr lt target alias gt lib crt0 o Ic enter In this command the run time initialization module usr lt target alias gt lib crt0 o appears explicitly in addition to requests to resolve references to the C library the general runtime library You can see what Id command is generating when you compile a program on your system by invoking GCC with the v verbose option 4 9 2 Linker Options The GCC passes any options it does not recognize to the linker The most important options can therefore be placed directly on the GCC command line These options are 0 name x Instead of naming the executable output file a out or a exe native builds under Cygwin it names it name x Other popular naming extensions for embedded applications include name elf name coff name srec
95. design or an object format for some special purpose operating system i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 61 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Microcross recommends starting with the default linker script and modifying it to meet your needs To extract the standard linker script into a file type the command lt target alias gt Id verbose gt linker ld enter This command will create a file named linker Id and you will need to open this file in an editor to delete the header lines before and including and the footer single line Then the script file can be saved or copied into a source directory and be used with the GCC option WI T linker Id to replace the standard linker script Now you can modify the linker script with confidence that you have a working startup script 4 9 4 Link Order Optimization If you have done a lot of development work you have probably noticed that the order in which you link your files can have a significant effect on performance By changing the link order you are changing the way the executable file lies in the instruction cache The cache is a fast area of memory that stores pages of instructions so that the processor does not have to go back to slower parts of memory or even worse the disk for every new instruction Certain link orders minimize instruction cache miss The effect usually is not large but in pathological cases a really bad link order on a machine
96. distributions and versions set this variable differently some using linux and some using linux gnu for example The xtools control script usr bin xtools checks the value of OSTYPE to determine which install procedure to use Procedure to Fix OSTYPE e Follow the normal installation procedure as described in Sec 2 3 up through step 4 e From a shell change directory to usr bin Enter the command echo OSTYPE and record the value of OSTYPE reported e Edit the file xtools in usr bin Go to the line that contains if SOSTYPE linux gnu then and edit it If the reported OSTYPE is not linux gnu then the enter the appropriate reported OSTYPE Save and exit the edit session You should now be able to continue the installation process following the rest of the instructions 16 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide 3 1 i MX LiteKit Setup Windows Host Software Included in Home Installation The Windows host solution package on Cywin contains all of the tools utilities and sources to perform testing validation experimentation and application development for OS less single thread and embedded Linux environments Here is a summary of the directories under Cygwin home that offer a quick start to understanding and working with the i MX LiteKit Directory contents Cygwin home bench C test benchmarks from AT amp T for validating C tools deb
97. dition g uses different default libraries If you want either to preserve the output of GCC at some intermediate stage for debugging purposes or to manipulate the code directly you can do so Here is how each stage works preprocessing A E option in GCC sends the preprocessed code to the standard output instead of compiling the program compilation To save the assembly language output run GCC with the S option This produces files whose names end with S in place of the source file s c assembly As we have seen running with c produces object files whose names end with o We have just finished a long discussion of the many kinds of input that the compiler takes and the different kinds of output that it can provide Pictures are not always worth a thousand words particularly when it comes to summarizing a lot of disparate information But it may help you to remember this information if you view the compiler as a kind of machine with different inputs and outputs as outlined earlier i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 45 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools The input file s name determines where it goes into the machine The c S cc cpp and C files go to the preprocessor i and ii files go straight to the compiler and so on Compilation options determine which stage of the machine produces output i e how many stages of the machine you run
98. dm Ends a macro definition see macro similar to MEND in armasm endr Ends a repeat loop see rept and irp similar to WEND in armasm equ lt symbol name gt lt value gt This directive sets the value of a symbol similar to EQU in armasm err Causes assembly to halt with an error exitm Exit a macro partway through see macro similar to MEXIT in armasm global lt symbol gt This directive gives the symbol external linkage similar to EXPORT in armasm hword lt short1 gt lt short2 gt Inserts a list of 16 bit values as data into the assembly similar to DCW in armasm if lt logical_expression gt Makes a block of code conditional End the block using endif similar to IF in armasm See also else ifdef lt symbol gt Include a block of code if lt symbol gt is defined End the block with endif ifndef lt symbol gt Include a block of code if lt symbol gt is not defined End the block with endif include lt filename gt Includes the indicated source file similar to INCLUDE in armasm or include in C irp lt param gt lt val_1 gt lt val_2 gt Repeats a block of code once for each value in the value list Mark the end of the block using a endr directive In the repeated code block use lt param gt to substitute the associated value in the value list macro lt name gt lt arg_1 lt arg_2 gt
99. e Start menu Click on System and select the Advanced Tab Click on Environment Variables On System Variables window Click on Path and then on the Edit button Make sure all instances of Cygwin bin Cygwin usr local bin and Cygwin usr bin along with the drive letter are removed 2 6 2 Make exe Related Problems If the user has any version of Borland development tools on his her machine the user might experience a problem using the GNU Make The reason there is a conflict is because Borland Make and GNU Make have the same tool name make exe Microsoft s make utility is called nmake therefore the user will not experience any problems with the Windows development tools from Microsoft Another conflict has been noted with MKS application software Both Borland and MKS conflicts can be easily fixed The user can fix the problem in one of two ways 1 Edit the path settings in the Advanced tab of the Windows System Properties in the Control Panel and make sure that the Cygwin paths are before the Borland or MKS paths move Cygwin paths to the left of the other program paths or 2 The user can remove the bothersome programs from the host machine Obviously the easiest and preferred method is to place the Cygwin paths to the left of the conflicting paths Remember to separate each path and terminate with a semicolon 2 6 3 Remove Carriage Returns in
100. e the device number of the usbDemon the USB cable has to be connected and the board while powered on in order to get this device number To Run the example on the LiteKit board you need to make connections to the host computer USB connection with the cable provided by Freescale and then to the board in the order shown in Figure 3 2 Next follow the steps below Figure 3 2 Order of Connections Step 1 Construct an example application On Windows host start a i MX GNU X Tools Shell and then enter these commands cd nome debug example enter make enter Step 2 Make connections to the target LiteKit board USB cable null modem serial cable Ethernet cable and power cable turn power on to the board and start OCDRemote in a second i MX GNU X Tools Shell Always prior to running GDB Visual GDB you must first start OcdRemote This stand alone utility listens to a TCP IP port and converts incoming GDB commands to JTAG signals Here is the standard Macraigor command line format lt GDB gt TCP IP port lt OcdRemote gt LPTx lt MacraigorDevice gt JTAG lt ARM920T CPU gt USBx COMx 24 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide OCDRemote takes additional OPTIONAL parameters that allows you to modify it s modes of operation OCDRemote c lt CPU type gt lt CPU type gt p lt port number gt d lt device gt a lt device address gt s lt speed gt where lt CPU t
101. e Source Window has the following menu items many of which correspond to the toolbar buttons e File has the following menu items Edit Source allows direct editing of the source code Open invokes the Load New Executable dialog Source invokes the Choose GDB Command File dialog Exit closes the Visual GDB program 0000 e Run has the following usage Attach to Process attaches thread processes for debugging see Using the Processes Window for Threads in this Section Download downloads an executable to a target Run runs the executable e View displays the following windows Stack Figure 6 20 Registers Figure 6 21 Memory Figure 6 22 Watch Expressions Figure 6 24 Local Variables Figure 6 29 Breakpoints Figure 6 33 Console Figure 6 38 Function Browser Figure 6 39 and Processes for threads use the Threads List menu item e Control has the following usage Step steps to next executable line of source code and steps into called functions Next steps to next executable line of source code in the current file and steps over called functions Finish finishes execution of a current frame and if clicked while in a function finishes the function and returns to the line that called the function Continue continues execution until a breakpoint watchpoint or exception is encountere
102. e back to manual boot substitute fe in place of feB in the above command above To stop the automatic boot press any key while UMON is booting and before Linux boots The bootup will stop at the UMON command prompt Step 4 Run Example Applications in GX Linux When the GX Linux boots to a Linux command shell prompt you can enter the following commands in the serial terminal to get acquainted with all of the example programs loaded in the usr bin each example file has a x file extension In the serial terminal command line interface window issue the following commands cd usr bin enter Is enter shows all examples to execute examples perform the next step hello x enter executes hello world program There are approximately 20 other programs that can be executed in the same manner Tryout as many of the examples as you wish Read the next section to become more familiarized with MicroMonitor Step 5 How to Add Your Own Applications The fastest way to get your own Linux application on the target board is to copy your application named with a x file extension into the examples directory which is under the build directory and issue the following command in the i MX GNU X Tools make install apps romfs enter make load enter reload your images to the target board After uploading three files to the target board startlinux zimage and romfs img you can manually start GX Li
103. eatures of the C and C languages There are basically three options to worry about traditional ansi and pedantic In most cases it s fairly easy to tell which you want Older C code code that pedants the standard should be compiled with traditional Newer code that has been written to conform to the ANSI standard should be compiled with ansi Either option can accept prototypes where you specify the arguments on the same line as the function name as in func char arg i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 51 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Note that the ANSI C standard and traditional Kernighan and Ritchie C both define the behavior of the preprocessor either explicitly or implicitly Therefore the options listed below affect both cpp C preprocessor and GCC traditional Supports the traditional C language including lots of questionable but common practices The traditional option also supports all of the FSF s extensions to the C language ansi Supports the ANSI C standard though somewhat loosely The FSF s extensions are recognized except for a few that are incompatible with the ANSI standard Thus ANSI programs compile correctly but the compiler doesn t try too hard to reject non conformant programs or programs using non ANSI features pedantic Issues all the warning messages that are required by the ANSI C standard Forbids the use of all the FSF exten
104. ecause certain functions may be placed in line and loops may be unrolled as if each iteration in the for loop were written out independently Os Try to produce code that is small The emphasis is on size not speed This option uses many of the same optimization algorithms as O2 but with a different emphasis ffast math Make floating point arithmetic optimizations that violate the ANSI or IEEE standards Code compiled with this option may yield incorrect results but it will be slightly faster Be sure to test your program thoroughly finline functions Expand all simple functions into their callers The compiler gets to decide whether any function is simple or not Inline expansion is a two edged sword it can make a program faster by eliminating calling overhead or slower by making instruction cache performance worse fno inline Inhibit all inlining even inlining that is requested by the inline keyword in the source code The GCC performs inlining according to statements in the source code with both O1 and O2 the keyword is ignored if optimization is not in effect funroll loops On some CPUs loop unrolling can be a very important optimization It minimizes loop overhead and creates many opportunities for further optimizations With the funroll loops option GCC unrolls all loops that have a fixed iteration count known at the time of compilation Loop unrolling is another risky optimiz
105. ed this is instructive whether or not you are optimizing and even if you are not interested in assembly level debugging What is more important though is that you can generate a C assembly listing for optimized code This can be very helpful for debugging under optimization The big problem with debugging optimized code is that there is no longer a simple mapping from your source code into assembly language therefore the debugger cannot single step and perform symbolic debugging With a listing you can find out exactly what the compiler did to your code and get a much better idea of what the code is doing 4 8 Using the GNU Assembler The GNU assembler is really many assemblers folded into one or many different programs with the same name depending on how you look at it You can usually ignore the assembler the compiler invokes it automatically and is usually able to specify everything the assembler needs to know about your environment In rare cases you may need to ask for an assembly option explicitly in these cases you will need to run the assembler as a separate program or use GCC s Wa option to pass additional options to the assembler The assembler arguments must be separated from each other and the Wa by commas For example lt target alias gt gcc c g O Wa alh L file c enter This above example emits a listing to standard output with high level and assembly source Usually you do not need to use this
106. ed with the Linux script startlinux and two binaries zlmage kernel and romfs img root filesystem and Busybox utilities To manually up load files follow the steps in this section The upload address lt target IP address gt is the IP address of the target board Reload startlinux Startup Script To reload startlinux script on the target board you have three options to control your linux bootup e Load startlinux for manual bootup requires serial connection to use the UMON command line interface to execute startlinux cd lt build dir gt boot enter ttftp lt target IP address gt put startlinux startlinux e enter e Load startlinux for autoboot with abort query cd lt build dir gt boot enter ttftp lt target IP address gt put startlinux startlinux eB enter e Load startlinux for autoboot without abort query warning there is no way to recover an error without disaster recovery efforts using a JTAG emulator to reload MicroMonitor into RAM and then write back to flash cd lt build dir gt boot enter ttftp lt target IP address gt put startlinux startlinux eb enter Change startlinux Attribute Options There is another option to change startlinux script flags without having to reload startlinux again by using the serial UMON command line interface Microcross startlinux is preloaded with the e flag attribute set w
107. efore calling main There are some examples available in the sources of Newlib C library perform a simple search through the source tree for crt0 s code as well as examples of system calls with sub routines To write your own crt0 s or crt0 c module you need specific information about your target see MC Embedded Systems pdf in the i MX GNU X Tools CD docs directory also in Cygwin docs for details on how to create the C runtime environment 4 10 Object Translation ELF to Binary SREC etc Most of the i MX GNU X Tools toolsuites produce an Extended Linker Format ELF object file as the default format and it can be used during debug and testing however the final code needs to be stripped and translated to another format It is beyond the scope of the user guide to explain all of the various formats which include COFF ECOFF binary srec tekhex inex symbolsrec etc 62 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Here is a quick example of how to use objcopy refer to the binutils documentation in the docs directory on the distribution CD or in the Cygwin docs directory for details on how to use From the Shell issue the following commands substitute your target alias and bfdname as necessary To see what bfdnames are available issue the command lt target alias gt objcopy enter All of the objcopy options appear in the Shell and at the bottom of the screen is a list of
108. emove the carriage returns from a DOS style source file so that a user may use Cygwin to compile the source file into object code i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 15 Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures Generally here are a couple of suggestions when using Cygwin and i MX GNU X Tools with source files Besides carriage return issues with DOS files do not put spaces in filenames and folder names the user will experience problems with Unix style files in Cygwin as well as Linux Unix Use EMACS as your text editor on Windows using the xWin desktop icon to launch emacs simply type emacs after xWin starts a shell EMACS is a Unix style editor that will not put carriage returns in your text files 2 6 4 xtools install Command Fails on Linux Host Description In some Linux versions the xtools install command described in the iMX GNU _ X Tools install procedures fails claiming it cannot find unzip Even though this problem has been fixed in the current xtools procedure we offer a remedy in case a future problem erupts A Linux vendor may come out with a new product tomorrow and change the OSTYPE to an unknown name that xtools does not recognize so we offer the following procedure to insure users can resolve the problem themselves Resolution The xtools procedure utilizes the shell variable called OSTYPE to determine whether the current environment is Cygwin or Linux We have discovered that different Linux
109. er Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 5 19 2 Macraigor mpDemon Setup and Debug with Visual GDB Introduction The Macraigor mpDemon version 3 0 0 x can now communicate directly with one or more GDB sessions via Ethernet to it s internal OCDRemote GDB stub interface Initially prior to starting the Visual GDB or command line GDB session s on your host you must first configure the mpDemon s OCDRemote for your target board and local network settings OCDRemote converts GDB commands to JTAG BDM signals that control your target board s CPU s To configure your mpDemon you must connect it to your network make a serial connection to a host computer and follow a few simple steps to get up and running with Visual GDB Follow these steps to quickly configure the mpDemon 1 2 ok amp 6 With power off connect the appropriate JTAG BDM header connector to the board and the other end to the mpDemon Connect the Macraigor supplied serial cable to the host computer s available serial port and the other end into the mpDemon Connect the power cable to the mpDemon and target board The mpDemon will show power indication on the front panel with an LED lit Start a Serial Terminal serial communications program Set the serial connection speed to 19 200 baud no parity 8 data bits 1 stop bit and no flow control Press the Enter key on the keyboard and you should get a boot setup screen showing up in your serial monitor pr
110. erred Serial Terminal software with the following settings 38400 baud 8 data bits No parity 1 stop bit no flow control i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 17 Section 3 Quick Start Guide e Connect power supply to the board and the serial terminal should show the MicroMonitor startup banner and the uMON gt command prompt Figure 3 1 shows a diagram of board connections to the host computer and power Figure 3 1 Diagram of Board Connections to Host Computer m Ethernet crossover cable i i Mouse Monitor AC Power Null modem serial cable ETHO COM1 ttySO Serial0O Ethernet Host Development Eee le 4 12VDC Power Computer 9 P S AC Power Step 2 Setup uMON You have two options to setup the network file monrc in MicroMonitor manual settings or DHCP BootP Consult your system administrator if you need help in determining your network settings Manual network settings The settings shown are notional and are for reference of the procedure only Consult your network administrator if you do not understand how to setup network settings for your network Use the UMON command line interface in your serial terminal session to enter these commands with your substituted settings uMON gt set c enter uMON gt set IPADD 192 168 0 110 enter IP address uMON gt set NETMASK 255 255 255 0 enter network mask uMON gt set GIPADD 192 168 0 250 enter gateway IP
111. ert NOPs into the instruction stream to in order to work around problems with invalid Maverick instruction combinations This option is only valid if the mcpu ep9312 option has been used to enable generation of instructions for the Cirrus Maverick floating point co processor This option is not enabled by default since the problem is only present in older Maverick implementations The default can be re enabled by use of the mno cirrus fix invalid insns switch mpoke function name Write the name of each function into the text section directly preceding the function prologue The generated code is similar to this to ascii arm_poke_function_name 0 align t1 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 119 Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Option Description word OxffO00000 t1 t0 arm_poke_function_name mov ip sp stmfd spl fp ip Ir pc sub fp ip 4 When performing a stack backtrace code can inspect the value of pc stored at fp O If the trace function then looks at location pc 12 and the top 8 bits are set then we know that there is a function name embedded immediately preceding this location and has length pc 3 amp OxffO00000 mthumb Generate code for the 16 bit Thumb instruction set The default is to use the 32 bit ARM instruction set Generally this option is used with the mthumb interwork mtpcs frame Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure Call Standard fo
112. es The bytes are filled with zero or lt fill_byte gt if specified similar to SPACE in armasm word lt word1 gt lt word2 gt Inserts a list of 32 bit word values as data into the assembly similar to DCD in armasm 122 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Assembler Special Characters Syntax Inline comment char Line comment char H Statement separator a Immediate operand prefix or Register Names General registers r0 r15 0 const 0 FP registers fO fT Non saved temp regs r0 r3 r12 Saved registers r4 Yr10 Stack ptr register Sp Frame ptr register fp Link retn register lr Program counter ip Status register psw Status register flags xPSR x C current xPSR_all x S saved xPSR_f xPSR_x xPSR_ctl xPSR_fs xPSR_fx xPSR_fc xPSR_cs xPSR_cf xPSR_cx and so on Arm Procedure Call Standard APCS Conventions Argument registers Returned value regs v1 Addressing Modes rn in the following refers to any of the a0 Kad V6 aliased to r0 r4 aliased to r4 r9 numbered registers but not the control registers Absolute addressing mode Register indirect or indexed Register based with offset addr rn Register direct Yorn Yorn n imm Immediate data Machine Dependent Directives arm thumb code16 code32 force_thumb thumb_ func Itorg Assemble using arm mode Assemble using thumb mode
113. et 71 Table 5 14 GDB SCHipts insener thas agers ekenses ETA a anes nie sais ies des ies eae 71 TADIG S19 SIGMAS a E Uae ed eves paver ete Lees ty ETARE AEE AAE EE EREE EAR ES 71 Table 316 DEDUGOING TAJO nirin ea a EEA AEE EAE AEA dhe i eet peeve eee 71 Table 3 1 7 Controuing GOB iess ni Enans they EEREN EE EAE AER ee eens EATA ee 72 T300 318 WONING FIOS iieii E aR TEERAA RERE EAE AEAEE EAEE AARRE ER EEA 72 Tapo a19 SOUICC FiOS oi aE EEA RAES AEREA eee bed heeded niga epee eed eee 73 SECTION 6 HOW TO USE VISUAL GDB DEBUGGER cccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 74 6 1 Using Visual GDB Deb gger rronin R E E EOE ea Ea a 74 6 2 Visual GDB An Alternative Interface to Command Line eeceseeereerieerreerrnnrreerinnrierrinrrnenrnnnrnens 74 6 3 Using the Mouse in the Source WiNdOW ccccceseeseseceeeeeeeeeeeensceeeeeseseeeeeeesasnenseaeeeesnenesseneeees 79 6 4 Left column functionality for the Source WINdoOW sssssssssssrirsetseeeerrrrirtttteetertnnntnnsnsstnnnnnnnnnnsaeennnn 80 6 5 Right Column Functionality for the Source Window cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaees 81 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E v Contents 6 6 Source Window Menus and Display Features ccceccccceeeeeeeeeesceeeeeneeeesneneessnneseeeesneneeseeeneeeees 81 6 7 Below the Horizontal Scroll Bar of the Source WINdOW ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeneeeaa
114. et Breakpoint on Thread s menu item The Processes window displays 3 By clicking on specific breakpoints select one or more threads A breakpoint sets in the Source Window at the executable line only for the selected threads Having selected threads the results display in the Processes window With the cursor over a breakpoint at line 105 in the sample program in the Source Window a breakpoint information balloon displays to show where the selected thread begins Figure 6 54 Figure 6 54 Breakpoint Balloon with Thread Information in Source Window main c Source Window File Run Yiew Control freferences SOP PO DW BAS amp mw I BW 00idec3 10 stotic int batch 0 Pointers to various a guments from comnond line chor sumarg NULL chor rarenra NI p nt 9 at main c 105 Ox804dec3 ENA breakpoint donttouch threads a11 cond none These are static so that we can take their address in an initializer stotic int print_help stotic int print_yersion Pointers to all arguments of comnond option chor cmdorg Allocated size of cmdarg 4 breakpoint 9 ot main c 105 0x804dec9 main c x an w SOURCE This concludes our Section on how to use Visual GDB More information may be gotten using the on line help in Visual GDB 6 19 Visual GDB with JTAG BDM Debug Agents Microcross is partnered with several JTAG BDM tool vendors including Abatron American
115. f01 23456783 J uee builtin image as icca af Use Netecape to View Help Tracing features disabled Figure 6 6 Global Preferences dialog icons allows you to select the appearance of the toolbar buttons as the Windows style icon Set the default see Figure 6 7 or the Basic Icon Set see Insight s Help menu for more information e Fonts is for selecting font family and size e Fixed Font sets the font for the source code display panes e Default Font sets the default font for list boxes buttons and other controls e Status Bar Font sets the font for the status bar e Tracing features disabled disables setting tracepoints i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 77 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 7 Toolbars Menu 2 2 2 ea BEZ lt 5 27 82 sats mE C2Z Ba 2 SYS Es PLES RES P 2 X N Z a U ZAne ao Line number display frame ee LL Tiy S Program counter display frame p gg FES EE 223 E FE pi gt EA 22 56 2s 3 P EE se gt 8 SS fy N Z The following descriptions discuss the use of the default debugger toolbar buttons 4 The Run button starts the debugging process for an executable file If there is no executable open the Load New Executable dialog displays to open an executable During the debugging process the Run button turns into the Stop button to interrupt the debugging You cannot interrupt some targets you will instead have to disconnect from the tar
116. fic switch options are located in the Appendices of this User Guide Unlike older assemblers as is designed to assemble a source program in one pass of the source file This has a subtle impact on the org directive These options enable listing output from the assembler By itself a requests high level assembly and symbols listing You can use other letters to select specific options for the list ah requests a high level language listing al requests an output program assembly listing and as requests a symbol table listing High level listings require that a compiler debugging option like g be used and that assembly listings al be requested also Use the ac option to omit false conditionals from a listing Any lines which are not assembled because of a false if or ifdef or any other conditional or a true if followed by an else will be omitted from the listing Use the ad option to omit debugging directives from the listing i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 57 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Once you have specified one of these options you can further control listing output and its appearance using the directives list nolist psize eject title and sbttl The an option turns off all forms processing If you do not request listing output with one of the a options the listing control directives have no effect The
117. file for the first instance of a specific character string Figure 6 17 Search Text Box main After having specified main in the search text box the example program in Figure 6 18 shows the jump to a main function Figure 6 18 Searching for a Word in Source Code 82 include lt sys cygwin h gt for cyguin32_conv_to_p 83 endif 84 85 int 86 main argc argv int argc char skargy int count 91 static int quiet 0 Program not running Click on run icon to stort main c x hain v SOURCE x Use the Shift and Enter keys simultaneously to search for the string Use the Enter key or the Shift and Enter keys to repeat the search Type with a number in the search text box and press Enter to jump to a specific line number in the source code The example program in Figure 6 19 shows a jump to the line 86 Figure 6 19 Searching for a Specific Line in Source Code main c Source Window File Run Yiew Control Preferences SUP Po Pl SAE Oa 28 Oxe 95 81 include lt windows h gt for MAX_PATH 82 Hinclude lt sys cyguin h gt for cygwin32_conv_to_posix_path 83 endif 84 85 int 86 main argc argv 87 int argc 88 char kar gy 89 30 int count Program not running Click on run icon to start main c x hain w SOURCE x i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 83 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 8 Using the Stack Window Each
118. first executable line of the selected function while Set sets a breakpoint at the first executable line of the selected function Both of these will work on any and all selected functions in the listing If all functions are selected they all get or lose a breakpoint View Source Hide Source allows you to toggle between displaying or hiding a file in a source browser Figure 6 41 the source browser has the same functionality as when using the Source Window i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 93 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 41 Function Browser Window with Source Browser Filter Show if function hatches regep s hice h files Select All Precpcints Delete Get There are four display and selection fields below the horizontal scroll bar the same functionality as using the Source Window the status text box Figure 6 13 the function drop down combo box Figure 6 14 and the code display drop down list box Figure 6 16 see the figures and their accompanying explanations for specific information 6 16 Using the Processes Window for Threads The Processes window dynamically displays the state of currently running threads WARNING Threads support is not available for all targets The Processes window will display a list of threads and or processes of an executable that you are debugging The exact contents are specific to each operating system The first column is the thread number used internally by the deb
119. get ral The Step button steps to next executable line of source code Also the Step button steps into called functions T The Next button steps to the next executable line of source code in the current file Unlike the Step button the Next button steps over called functions P The Finish button finishes execution of a current frame If clicked while in a function it finishes the function and returns to the line that called the function Ki The Continue button continues execution until a breakpoint watchpoint or exception is encountered or until execution completes aj The Registers button invokes the Registers window for viewing or changing register properties for a program s content Al The Memory button invokes the Memory window for displaying and editing the state of memory and addresses a The Stack button invokes the Stack window for displaying and navigating the current call stack where each line represents a stack frame 78 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 7 Toolbars Menu cont amp The Watch Expressions button invokes the Watch Expressions window for entering expressions which will be updated every time that the executable stops The Local Variable button invokes the Local Variables window for displaying all local variables and their structure zj The Breakpoints button invokes the Breakpoints window for examining breakpoints and changing their settings j T
120. gic ThreadX RTOS and TCP IP Stack Interniche TCP IP Stack Micrium u COS II RTOS and TCP IP Stack MicroMonitor Boot ROM by Ed Sutter Real Time for Embedded Multiprocessor Systems RTEMS RTOS and TCP IP Stack Quadros RTXC RTOS and TCP IP Stack WindRiver vxWorks RTOS and TCP IP Stack 1 7 Compatible JTAG BDM Hardware The i MX GNU X Tools has been used with a variety of JTAG BDM debuggers Although the following list is not comprehensive we have high confidence in their ability to seamlessly integrate with the i MX GNU X Tools Abatron BDI2000 with bdiGDB American Arium SC LC JTAG Debuggers and SourcePoint EPI Tools MAJIC series Macraigor mpDemon Raven Wiggler Nohau EMUL ARM Signum Systems Chameleon JTAG Debugger ARM Multi ICE 10 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures There are two host versions of i MX GNU X Tools Windows and Linux Read the system requirements in Section 1 0 before proceeding further The information in this Section gives the user details of installation environment configuration removal of toolsuite setup testing and troubleshooting Section 2 1 Install i MX GNU X Tools on Windows Host Section 2 2 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Windows host Section 2 3 Install i MX GNU X Tools on Linux Host Section 2 4 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Linux Host Section 2 5 Setup test Section 2 6 Troubleshooting Guide for Installation Problems
121. gure 6 14 displays all the functions of a selected source c or header h file that an executable uses Select a function by clicking in the list or by typing directly into the text field for the function drop down list box Figure 6 14 Function Drop Down Combo Box rair ly SOURCE df puts_unfiltered init_proc main proc_remove_foreign print_gdb_help The file drop down list box Figure 6 15 displays the source c and header h files associated with an executable Select files by clicking the arrow to the right of the drop down list and then selecting one of the files in the list or by typing the file s name directly into the list s text field Figure 6 15 File Drop Down List Box print_gdb_help Select how the code in the source Window displays by using the code display drop down list box Figure 6 16 82 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 16 Code Display Drop Down List Box The selections in the code display drop down list box provide the following different ways to display code in the Source Window SOURCE displays source code ASSEMBLY displays assembly code MIXED displays both source code and assembly code interspersed within the Source Window SRC ASM displays a program s source and assembly code in separate panes Type a character string into the search text box Figure 6 17 Press Enter to perform a forward search on the source
122. gwin 0 cceeceeeeeeeeeeenteeeteeenteeeeeeaes 113 APPENDIX 1 ARM TOOL SUIT B vscccscccaticccciserscencecsssendeeitbecssclesneseclanecseansbeadesiasensssteneasieieseieas 115 BIBLIOGRAPHY o ring edea aeaa a Rada ease acs nec deed cee eect ceased 125 GLOSSARY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY ceceececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 127 INDEX gece esr ste psec we tecnica ae ae cs wn ee ase a ele Denne se a aaa aaae aS 132 vi E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 1 Introduction Section 1 Introduction 1 1 What is i MX GNU X Tools The i MX GNU X Tools product is a cross tools development toolsuite consisting of C C compilers assembler archiver binary utilities C C libraries and debugger The GNU cross tools collection is made up of open source cross compilation and debugging tools designed to support professional embedded systems development for ARM9 ARM11 target processors on the Linux and Windows host platforms Microcross builds debugs patches documents and brands their product for the Freescale Semiconductor i MX processors Background The GNU tools are the evolutionary embodiment of the Free Software Foundation FSF GNU Compiler Collection GCC as envisioned by Richard Stallman of the FSF in the mid to late eighties Through the collective efforts of hundreds of volunteers and organizations see Section 1 2 the GNU Tools has grown to be a mature and robust suite of tools that is readily available in s
123. h c gt enter Or xtools lt target alias gt enter lt target alias gt gcc options o lt program out name gt lt first c gt lt second c gt enter i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 47 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Or xtools lt target alias gt enter lt target alias gt gcc options one_or_more_source_files c o program out name enter Or lt target alias gt gcc options c source _file c enter lt target alias gt gcc options file1 0 fileN o o program enter All alternatives actually look the same to the compiler parts The program executed under the name of GCC is just a front that handles options and temporary files and calls the real compiler parts cpp the C preprocessor It takes care of preprocessor directives such as include files and macro expansions It also removes comments The result is a file with the C code lots of white space and some line numbering directives that the compiler core can use in warning and error messages The o filter argument tells GCC to name the executable file program If you don t specify an o argument GCC chooses the default name a out which is not particularly informative and would cause multiple executables to overwrite each other So most programmers use the o argument to name the program Since the inputs to the last example above are all object files no compilation or assembly is requ
124. har xxcmdarg x Allocated size of cmdorg main SOURCE 80 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 6 5 Right Column Functionality for the Source Window The following documentation discusses the functionality of how the mouse works in the right column of the Source Window With the cursor over a global or local variable the value of that variable displays With the cursor over a pointer to a structure or class view the type of structure or class and the address of the structure or class Double clicking an expression selects it Right clicking an expression invokes a pop up menu see Figure 6 12 Figure 6 12 Pop Up Window for Expressions Add get_run_time to Watch Dunp Memery at get_run_tine Open Another Source Window Open Source in external editor Add lt selected expression gt to Watch opens the Watch Expressions window lt selected expression gt in the example was get_run_time and adds a variable expression to the list of expressions in the window Dump Memory at lt selected expression gt opens the Memory window which displays a memory dump at an expression Open Another Source Window opens another Source Window for displaying a program in an alternate format see Figure 6 16 and its accompanying descriptions Open Source in external editor opens the program in an alternate editor such as Xemacs 6 6 Source Window Menus and Display Features Th
125. he Console button invokes the Console window as a command line interface for debugging gdb is the prompt The left hand read only frame displays the program counter pc 0x401122 16 of the current frame ii i e The right hand read only frame displays the line number which contains the program counter The Step assembler button steps through one assembler machine instruction Also the Step assembler button steps into subroutines a The Next assembler button steps to the next assembler instruction The Next assembler button then executes subroutines and steps to the next instruction The Down Stack Frame button moves down the stack frame one level al The Up Stack Frame button moves up the stack frame one level The Go to Bottom of Stack Frame button moves to the bottom of the stack frame 6 3 Using the Mouse in the Source Window The mouse has many uses within the main display pane of the Source Window Divided into two columns Figure 6 8 the window s left column extends from the left edge of the display pane to the last character of the line number while the right column extends from the last character of the line number to the right edge of the display pane Within each column the mouse has different effects Figure 6 8 Using the Mouse in the Source Window Left column Right column main c Source Window Sexi MPEP DO AA g o mM z B oxenddebo 97 dda w print_help print_version ARS use_windows 0 42
126. he process COFF Common Object File Format This debug format appeared with Unix SVR3 formerly common for Unix and still used by some embedded systems The Microsoft PE format for Windows is based on COFF COFF debugging The debug format that is defined as part of the COFF specification Compiler A tool that translates high level source code in a language such as C or Pascal into machine executable programs The term may also refer specifically to the tool that translates from source to assembly language Debugger A tool that allows programmers to examine and control a program typically for the purpose of finding errors in the program Debug format The layout of debugging information within an object file format Debug formats include stabs COFF DWARF and DWARF 2 Debug protocol The mechanism by which a debugger examines and controls the program being debugged DWARF A debugging format based on attribute records Versions include DWARF 1 1 1 2 amp extensions to 2 ECOFF Extended COFF a format used with MIPS amp Alpha processors both for workstations amp embedded uses ELF Extended Linker Format Appeared with Unix SVR4 and used on many systems including Solaris SunOS Irix and Linux Many embedded systems also use ELF becoming very popular EL IX A set of configurable API s based on a suitable subset of POSIX 1 and ISO C99 together with some extension
127. hes the type of source code to process compiler Performed by GCC the compiler pass which produces assembly language from the input files and passes the assembly source directly to the assembler phase assembler Performed from GCC by as the GNU assembler It takes the assembly language as input and produces object files with o extensions The assembler output is relocatable object code 0 linker Performed by ld the GNU linker Linking completes the compilation process combining all object files newly compiled and those specified as input into an executable file This step completes the final stage where the o modules are placed in their proper places in the executable file Library functions that the program refers to are also placed in the file GCC performs this task by internally invoking the linker GCC also cleans up by deleting any object files that it created from source files however it does not cleanup any pre existing object files that you specified on the command line GCC normally invokes all of these compilation steps when converting a C source program into an executable By using command line options for GCC these steps may be invoked separately or in some combinations This provides some flexibility when building large programs or using assembly language sources or debugging i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 43 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Figure 4 1 i MX GNU X Tools Flow Diagram
128. hich is the manual bootup setting Two other boot options are available and can be set issuing one of the following commands 1 Autoboot with abort query case sensitive uMON gt tfs feB cp startlinux startlinux enter 2 Autoboot without abort query case sensitive WARNING there is no way to recover from an error without disaster recovery efforts using a JTAG emulator to reload MicroMonitor into RAM and then write back to flash uMON gt tfs feb cp startlinux startlinux enter MicroMonitor training material is available by Microcross Here is a link to more information documentation http Awww microcross com html micromonitor html 38 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide Reload zlmage Procedure Similarly to the upload procedures above you can add the zlmage Linux kernel to the TFS on uMON cd lt directory to linux zlmage binary gt enter ttftp lt target IP address gt put zImage zlmage enter Reload romfs img Procedure Similarly to the upload procedures above you can add the romfs img root filesystem and Busybox utilities to the TFS on uMON cd lt build directory gt enter ttftp lt target IP address gt put romfs img romfs img enter 3 8 2 Other Useful MicroMonitor Commands uMON gt tfs Is List files in the Tiny File System uMON gt tfs clean Defrag the Tiny File System without deleting files uMON gt tfs init Deletes all files
129. hine code just as a Java program is run resulting in run time speed improvements over code interpreted by a Java Virtual Machine JVM JTAG Joint Test Advisory Group referring to a type of hardware interface that allows the testing of chips and boards within a complete system programs running on processors with JTAG support may be controlled through the processor s JTAG port JVM Java Virtual Machine part of the Java Runtime Environment responsible for interpreting Java byte codes Id The GNU linker Interchangeably used with capitalization as LD See linker lipgloss The library for GNU Low level OS Support contains the startup code the I O support for GCC and newlib the C library and the target board support packages to which you need to port the GNU tools for an embedded execution target Linker A tool that merges object files and library archives such as compiled classes building an executable a complete program or a single executable file Linux A free Unix operating system for many kinds of computers created by Linus Torvalds and friends starting about 1990 the pronunciation of lee nuhks is preferred accenting the first syllable since the name Linus has an ee sound in Swedish Newlib The Cygnus libraries which include the C library libc and the math library liom object file A binary format file containing machine instructions and possibly symbolic relo
130. i386 129 IDE 129 inetutils 113 Invoking GNU X Tools 41 Index Invoking Id 59 ISA 129 itcl 113 itk 113 J Java 129 JDK 129 JIT 129 JTAG 129 JVM 129 K ksh 113 L Id 46 114 129 Ldir 60 less 114 libcurses 114 lipgloss 46 129 libjpeg 114 libm 46 libstdc 46 Libstdc 7 libtiff 114 License Agreement 7 linker 43 Linker 129 Linker Options 60 Linker Scripts 61 Link Order Optimization 62 Linux 9 11 12 127 129 Iname 60 Local Variables window 98 Local Variables Window 88 M M 52 61 M4 114 m68k coff 40 make 46 114 Make Related Problems 15 man 113 114 Memory Preferences Dialog 86 Memory Window 85 Menus and Display Features 81 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 133 Index Minimum System RAM 9 Modes of gcc 50 more 114 Mount 13 Multiple Threads 99 N n 61 Naming Conventions 8 ncurses 114 newilib 7 46 Newlib 129 nm 46 nostartfiles 52 nostdlib 53 O o name x 60 O0 55 01 55 O2 55 objcopy 46 objdump 46 object file 129 object file format 129 oformat format 61 Optimization 55 Options to specify libraries 52 OSF 11 129 P p 54 Passing Options to the Assembler or Linker 56 patch 46 Patch 130 PE 130 pedantic 52 perl 114 pg 54 POSIX 64 113 127 128 preprocessing 45 prep
131. if the MMU has alignment traps enabled On ARM architectures prior to ARMv4 there were no instructions to access _half word objects stored in memory However when reading from memory a feature of the ARM architecture allows a word load to be used even if the address is unaligned and the processor core will rotate the data as it is being loaded This option tells the compiler that such misaligned accesses will cause a MMU trap and that it should instead synthesize the access as a series of byte accesses The compiler can still use word accesses to load half word data if it knows that the address is aligned to a word boundary This option is ignored when compiling for ARM architecture 4 or later since these processors have instructions to directly access half word objects in memory mno alignment traps Generate code that assumes that the MMU will not trap unaligned accesses This produces better code when the target instruction set does not have half word memory operations implementations prior to ARMv4 Note that you cannot use this option to access unaligned word objects since the processor will only fetch one 32 bit aligned object from memory The default setting for most targets is mno alignment traps since this produces better code when there are no half word memory instructions available mcpu lt name gt This specifies the name of the target ARM processor GCC uses this name to determine what kind of instructions
132. ile built by make home debug example arm elf gdb test x enter i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 25 Section 3 Quick Start Guide This command will run the command line version of GDB load the program using gdbinit and stop at a breakpoint on main To single step or perform other GDB commands review the list of GDB commands below Here are some examples i MX gdb i r enter shows register contents i MX gdb s enter single step i MX gdb c enter continue to next breakpoint or end of program i MX gdb ctrl C enter exit debug i MX gdb quit enter exit GDB Figure 3 3 below shows two i MX GNU X Tools Shells The first i MX GNU X Tools Shell shows the usbDemon setup of ocdremote The second i MX GNU X Tools Shell shows the loading of the example program and breaking at main and then two manual single steps through the program using s to perform the steps Figure 3 3 Command Line Debugging Socdremote c ARM 26EJU S d USB a s 1 ocdremote 2 12 USB via LPT at speed 1 TAG SDO lt i CPUC1 gt ARM926EJ S listening on port 8888 i lt JTAG SDI PUL1 Accepted gdb connection on port 8888 ka i MX GNU X Tools Shell Second i MX GNU X Tools Shell at xc8666666 Gxe59f3Gbc at xc8660660 O xe59f3Gbc at xc8606686 G xe5 9f3Gbe at xc8666660 xe59f3Bbc gt xb212c368 ead long at Axdf HAHGA G xb212c368 Wrote long to xcO119866 Gx x8212c368 6x8212c366 ead long at xc 11242 6
133. into a single executable oformat format Create object modules in the given format Again objdump l gives you a list of formats that Id understands The Id is configured to produce the most reasonable output format for its target machine Its assumptions about what is reasonable are probably true about 99 99 percent of the time But there may be special purpose situations in which you would want another output format Here is an example of a customized Id command lt target alias gt Id r o bigofile o prog1 o prog2 0 Imylib enter This command links the files prog1 o and prog2 0 and the library file usr lib libmylib a The resulting file is named bigofile o it can be linked further and may still contain unresolved references 4 9 3 Linker Scripts One advanced feature of the GNU linker is its ability to work from scripts written in its own command language If you are a true masochist you might be able to avoid running GCC altogether you might be able to implement your own compiler as a linker script There are a few situations in which you would actually need a linker script but you should be aware that they exist for purposes like e Gaining tight control over the format of the output file perhaps so an embedded application will fit into the smallest possible ROM perhaps to optimize link order e Supporting an object format that Id does not provide perhaps an object format of your own
134. ipelines Examples include MIPS ARM SH PowerPC and StrongARM ROM Read Only Memory non volatile memory that can be read but not written by the microprocessor RTOS Real Time Operating System Solaris Sun s current version of Unix superseding SunOS Based on SVR4 Unix Sun officially calls it SunOS 5 x with versions including 2 0 2 6 or as Sun refers to them 5 0 5 6 Sparc Name for the family of RISC processors based on Sun s SPARC architecture Members include SPARClite SPARClet UltraSPARC v7 v8 v9 stabs Based on symbol tables a debug format originally introduced with the Berkeley Unix system which records debugging information in certain symbols in the object file s symbol table stabs information may also be encapsulated in COFF or ELF files stub A small piece of code that executes on the target and communicates with the debugger acting as its agent collecting registers setting memory values etc Also in a native shared library system the part of the shared library that actually gets linked with a program Target The computer for which the compiler generates code Used both to refer to an actual physical device and to the class of devices TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol based on IP This is an internet protocol that provides for the reliable delivery of streams of data across the web telnet Standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP IP p
135. ired GCC always invokes the linker Using GCC to invoke the linker is preferable to using Id separately because GCC ensures that the program is linked with the correct libraries and initialization routines 4 5 1 GCC Options Commonly Used C Compile or assemble the source files but do not link The linking stage simply is not done The ultimate output is in the form of an object file for each source file o file The o and not c tells GCC to create a linked executable with a user defined filename as its output file Not specifying c or o will tell GCC to create a default executable named a out for all cross compilers and a exe for the native Cygwin compiler D One the D option acts like define in the source code it sets the value of a symbol lt target alias gt gcc c D first infoY D second example c enter The first D option sets first to the string info because of the backslashes the quotation marks actually become part of the symbol s definition This can be useful for controlling which file a program opens The second D option defines the second symbol It happens to set it to the value 1 the default but you probably don t care your program just uses an ifdef directive to check whether it s set E Stop after the preprocessing stage do not run the compiler proper The output is in the form of preprocessed
136. is for setting breakpoints Variable Balloons lets you display a balloon of text whenever the cursor is over a variable in the Source Window the balloon displays the value of the variable see Figure 6 11 for an example On is the default selection Selecting Tab Size sets the number of spaces for a tab character in the Source Window The Source Window has the following functionality and display features when using the Source Preferences dialog settings e When the executable is running in a debugging process the location of the current program counter displays as a line with a colored background PC e When the executable has finished running the background color changes Browse When looking at a stack backtrace the background color changes to another different color Stack To set other preferences for a debugging session select Preferences Global from the Source Window The Global Preferences dialog opens Figure 6 6 where you select a specific font and type size for the text in the windows for Visual GDB 76 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure6 6 Global Preferences Dialog Global Preferences Toone Windowr estyle Icon set ind Pined Pont courier ABCDEPabode101 23450783 ia la l gem Pont courier ABCDBPabodef01 23450783 Default Pont courier ia ABCDEPabodef01 23456783 Status Far Pont courier la lE ABCDEPabode
137. it can use when generating assembly code Permissible names are arm2 arm250 arm3 arm6 arm60 arm600 arm610 arm620 arm7 arm7m the default setting arm7d arm7dm arm7di arm7dmi arm70 arm700 arm700i arm710 arm710c arm7100 arm7500 arm7500fe arm7tdmi arm8 strongarm strongarm110 strongarm1100 arm8 arm810 arm9 arm920 arm920t arm9tdmi arm9e arm926ejs arm1020t arm1026ejs arm1136js arm1136jfs iwmmxt and ep9312 mtune lt name gt This option is very similar to the mcpu option except that instead of specifying the actual target processor type and hence restricting which instructions can be used it specifies that GCC should tune the performance of the code as if the target were of the type specified in this option but still choosing the instructions that it will generate based on the CPU specified by a mcpu option For some arm implementations better performance can be obtained by using this option march lt name gt This specifies the name of the target ARM architecture GCC uses this name to determine what kind of instructions it can use when generating assembly code This option can be used in conjunction with or instead of the mcpu option Permissible names are armv2 armv2a armv3 armv3m armv4 the default setting armv4t armv5 armvdte arm6j iwmmxt 118 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Option Description mfpe l
138. k Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help NO 192 168 0 211 255 255 255 O0 Gateway 192 168 0 250 Ac Address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 lOCDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command Menu set serial API baud Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gatewa Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDbemon Type command C lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt m ask Bytes xxx xxx xxx xxx gt 255 255 255 0 Reboot mpeane to run with new parameters hit any key to continue AAPMUVUrOH s roD 10 Skip this step if using DHCP Figure 6 61 Enter Gateway Address Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help gt NO 192 168 0 211 r 255 255 255 QO 192 168 0 250 00 60 bF 01 0a a7 OCDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command Menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gatewa Set OCDREMOTE Conti een Update License Code Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDemon Type Command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt g Gateway Address xxx xxx xxx xxx gt 192 168 0 250 Reboot meena to run with new parameters hit any key to continue B D A M G o L P E R lt 11 Next enter O to configure the OCD Remote settings These settings include the JTAG speed number of scan devices processor device
139. latile register char ramstart asm r6 87 88 Clear BSS space 89 xf 6x26216ea8 98 ramstart amp bss start 91 while ramstart lt amp _bss_end_ 6x20216eac 92 xramstart 6 cn 93 6x20216e9c 94 monConnect int UMON_ENTRY_POINT void NULL void NULL 95 96 Restart the monitor a mon warmstart WARMSTART ALL Console Window ag o LITTLE endian pide E ae SIGTRAP Trace breakpoint trap ASCII Loading section text size 6xaa76 lma 6x20566666 Loading section rodata size 6x2e6 lma 6x2656aa76 Start address 6x26566666 load size 44368 Transfer rate 29578 bits sec 188 bytes write 0x2050004c OxeafFFFF7 0xe59F30bc 0xe5930000 Oxe3a1000 Gis Breakpoint 3 main at app c 73 0x2050005c 6xe3a62666 Oxeb 002299 Gxe3e ANNAA Oxebb6295F g 5 P P Breakpoint 4 orig_main at app c 82 6x2 65 60686c GxebO6G6dF Gxe59F O6a6 Gxeb66257a GxebbG03cc 6x2 65 6667c 6xe3a63 66a Gxe58d3 666 6xe59F3696 Gxe58d3604 6 gdb 6x265 8068c 6xe3aG3b 62 Oxe58d3668 6xe3a03 066 Oxe58d366c sa R T 4 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 111 Section 7 Introduction to Cygwin Section 7 Introduction to Cygwin 7 1 Introducing Cygwin One of the largest problems developers face today is supporting their applications on disparate platforms Many of the new Windows workstations are being added to an environment already populated by Solaris HP UX AIX and Linux systems Using Cygwin develo
140. letters after a may be combined into one option e g aln a cdhImns Turn on listings in any of a variety of ways ac Omit false conditionals ad Omit debugging directives ah Include high level source al Include assembly am Include macro expansions an Omit forms processing as Include symbols file Set the name of the listing file You may combine these options for example use aln for assembly listing without forms processing The file option if used must be the last one By itself a defaults to ahls D Ignored defsym sym value Define the symbol sym to be value before assembling the input file value must be an integer constant As in C a leading 0x indicates a hexadecimal value and a leading 0 indicates an octal value f Fast skip white space and comment preprocessing assume source is compiler output Warning if you use f when the files actually need to be preprocessed if they contain comments for example as does not work correctly Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line This may help debugging assembler code if the debugger can handle it Print a summary of the command line options and exit Add directory dir to the search list for include directives You may use I as many times as necessary to include a variety of paths The current working directory is always searched first
141. linker processes the list of files and libraries in order When it reaches a library it extracts only those modules that it currently needs to resolve external references Consequently the position in which libraries appear in this list is important For example the command lt target alias gt Id prog1 0o Im prog2 0 enter results in an Undefined symbol message if prog2 o refers to any programs in the library usr lib libm a unless you happen to be lucky and prog2 0 only uses routines that the linker extracted for the sake of prog1 o Note that libraries may refer to other libraries thus the command lt target alias gt Id prog1 o lat Ifo enter leads to Undefined symbol messages if the fo library requires any routines from at This situation is more complex for a user generated library Such a library should contain an index so that the linker can find each module regardless of its order within the library Some systems always generate an index when you create or modify the library with the ar command the GNU ar does this On other systems you have to put in the index yourself by using the ranlib command If you want to create an executable file the beginning of the first file in the list of files must be the program s entry point This is not the same as the apparent entry point to your C source program Before your program begins executing the computer must execute a stan
142. lt into more sophisticated JTAG software programmers i e programmers that can erase and re format the flash This procedure assumes that the user has installed OCD Commander as directed in Section 3 4 above Step 1 Open two i MX GNU X Tools Shells One will run the OCDRemote program while the other will be used to load the binary to the board Step 2 Connect the provided USB cable to the usbDemon connector on the module board and the other end to the host computer USB connector Connect the Ethernet and serial cables to the target expansion board and power on the board Start your serial terminal HyperTerminal uCon or equivalent to monitor board activity which should be nothing at this point if disaster recovery is truly needed If the board boots into MicroMonitor then do not proceed from here disconnect the usbDemon go back to the previous section and perform the normal reflash procedure Figure 3 8 shows the order in which connections to the target board should be made Figure 3 8 Order of Connections Step 3 Assuming a i MXL target processor issue the following command in the first i MX GNU X Tools Shell ocdremote c ARM920T d USB a 0 s 1 enter 34 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide assuming 0 is the USB device number use the usbDemon Finder utility that accompanies the OCD Commander icon on the desktop if you are unsure of the device number If targeting i MX21
143. math h _j Hide h files Select All Breakpoints Delete b View Source The Filter group at the top of the Function Browser window contains the Show if function drop down list box and a text edit field Show if function allows you to match the character string in the text edit field to its right by any of the four alternatives Using the Show if function drop down list box Figure 6 40 starts with shows functions that start with the character string in the text edit field entry contains shows functions that contain the character string in the text edit field entry ends with shows functions that end with the character string in the text edit field entry matches regexp makes the search routines use regular expression matching for example searching for ab matches all functions starting with either a or b letters Figure 6 40 Show if Function Drop Down List Box Show if function matches regexp v starts with contains ends with matches regexp The Files group limits the search to highlighted files Click individual file names to select or deselect that file The list of matching files refreshes when any search parameter changes Hide h files if checked disallows h header files to display Select All selects all listed files The Functions group matches all functions in the selected file s Breakpoints has two available buttons Delete or Set Delete removes a breakpoint previously set at the
144. mation for each menu item Content changes in the Help window to represent a selected topic The first menu item index returns to the main Help window Figure 6 42 The second item Attach Dialog is only for a host system s use when attaching to another debugging process and not for use by embedded targets The remaining menus document the Insight windows Stack Figure 6 20 Registers Figure 6 21 Memory Figure 6 22 Watch Expressions Figure 6 24 Local Variables Figure 6 29 Breakpoints Figure 6 33 Console Figure 6 38 Function Browser Figure 6 39 and Threads for the Processes window when working with threads the window contents are dependent on the operating system in use 6 18 Examples of Debugging with Visual GDB The following documentation contains examples of debugging session procedures for using Visual GDB the content assumes familiarity with GDB and its main debugging procedures 6 18 1 Selecting and Examining a Source File To select a source file or to specify what to display when examining a source file when debugging use the following process 1 Select a source file from the file drop down list at the bottom left of the Source Window main c in the example in Figure 6 43 Figure 4 43 Source File Selection Frcgran not running Click on run icon to start n2 lang c m2 Lang h m2 typeprint c m2 valprint c mochmode def mochmode h mocro c moth h mothcalls h mothdef h
145. mothinline h mdebugr ead c men break c i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 95 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 2 Select a function from the function drop down list to the right of the file drop down list or type its name in the text field above the list to locate a function 3 Type a character string into the search text box Figure 4 44 Figure 4 44 Search Text Box nin 4 Press Enter to perform a forward search on the source file for the first instance of a specific character string After having specified main in the search text box the example program in Figure 6 45 shows the jump to a main function Figure 6 45 Searching for a Word in Source Code SOP Gul BABS A Ove 95 82 Hinclude lt sys cyguin h gt For cygwin32_corv_to_posix_path x 83 Hendif 64 85 int main argc argv 8 int argc char xar gv int count static int quiet 0 x Program not running Click on run icon to start rain c w main sorce 5 Use the Shift and Enter keys simultaneously to search for the string Use the Enter key or the Shift and Enter keys to repeat the search Type with a number in the search text box and press Enter to jump to a specific line number in the source code The example program in Figure 4 46 shows a jump to the line 86 Figure 6 46 Searching for a Specific Line in Source Code WO BABS a F a c 95 81 include lt windows h gt x for MAX_PATH
146. n the linker script see the Visual X Tools IDE User Guide or the i MX GNU X Tools Training Guide for examples on how to create linker scripts and startfiles nostdinc Do not search the standard system directories for header files Only the directories you have specified with I options and the current project directory are searched By using both nostdinc and I you can limit the include file search path to only those directories you specify explicitly static Link only to static libraries not shared libraries When used with GCC add the correct option WI1 static In i MX GNU X Tools static link is the default setting shared If shared libraries are available use them wherever possible rather than static libraries When used with GCC add the correct option WI shared Idir Add the directory dir to the head of the list of directories to be searched for header files This can be used to override a system header file substituting your own version since these directories are searched before the system header file directories If you use more than one I option the directories are scanned in left to right order the standard system directories come after Any directories you specify with I options before the I option are searched only for the case of include file they are not searched for include lt file gt If additional directories are specified with l
147. nerates both printed manuals and on line hepertext style documentation textutils GNU Text Utilities to manipulate textual data tix Manipulate Tix internal state options are set using the X resource database tk A toolkit of widgets graphical objects for the Tcl programming system Vim Vi Improved a programmer s text editor renamed to vi which Show full path of commands Xemacs Emacs the Next Generation of text editor a very powerful source code editor zip unzip A compression utility compress and uncompress files 114 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite MODEL target alias ARM Advanced RISC Machines alias arm elf MFR Freescale Semiconductor Inc CPU TYPE RISC Von Neumann 32 Bit Fixed Instructions 16 Bit Thumb mode GP REGS SIZE 16 32 Bit ADDR SPACE 64MB Linear Endian Selectable CYCLE RATE Core Dependent APPROX ON Depends on core variant THROUGHPUT P i PIPELINED INSTRUCTIONS 11 TYPES ADDR MODES 5 Load Store FP INSTRUCTIONS None INTERRUPTS 8 Exceptions 2 External Interrupts normal fast VARIANTS ARM 2 250 3 6 60 600 610 620 ARM 7 7m 7d 7dm 7di 7dmi 70 700 700i 7 10 7 1xxc 75xxfe 7tdmi ARM 8 810 9 9e 920 920t 926ejs 940t 9tdmi ARM 1020t 1026ejs StrongARM 110 1100 ARM 1136js 1136jfs XScale iwmmxt ep9312 Architectures armv2 armv2a armv3 armv3m
148. next line of code step into stepi runs next instruction next runs next instruction but doesn t enter step over info br list breakpoints br Init insert breakpoint on the Init function br 33 insert breakpoint on line 33 list Init show source code listing disassemble shows assembly code of higher level code file lt name of object gt loads file for debugging load loads object sections target lt name gt selects lt name gt remote serial sim gdbserver etc run run a program in the simulator before using this command a sequence must be executed as follows lt target alias gt gdb lt filename gt object file with debug symbols target sim load run x FMT display modifier where FMT is x print in hex d print in decimal s print as string w print in 32 bit words h print in 16 bit words b print in 8 bit words print number of items i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 67 Section 5 How to Use Command Line GDB Table 5 2 Starting GDB Command Syntax Description GDB start GDB with no debugging files GDB program begin debugging program GDB program core debug coredump core produced by program GDB help describe command line options Table 5 3 Stopping GDB Command Syntax Description quit exit GDB also q or EOF e g C d
149. nformation 1 4 2 Targets The array of target processors supported by i MX GNU X Tools is based on the current Freescale Semiconductor i MX targets including MXL MX1 MX21 and MX31 variants The objective of i MX GNU X Tools Release 3 40 is to 8 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 1 Introduction provide a baselined toolsuite for each target platform and each host From this baseline new hosts targets and target enhancements will be added in future releases 1 5 System Requirements and Prerequisites The i MX GNU X Tools provides a GNU Unix Linux like development environment on Windows and Linux hosts Microcross presumes that the user has a working knowledge of Unix Linux command line utilities and software tools If not the user should acquire training materials to get acquainted with Linux Cygwin This user guide is ideally suited for developers who have some prior experience either with GNU as a cross compiler toolsuite or as a native development system If you need additional familiarization with the Unix Linux environment a wide variety of publications are available several of which are listed in the bibliography The text Programming with GNU Software Loukides and Oram is available from O Reilly Publishing and is an excellent resource for the programmer who is just starting out with GNU tools see bibliography references also the Cygwin web site at www cygwin com has user documentation and the latest Cyg
150. nt_help static int print_version k Pointers to all arguments of command option x char x cmdarg k Allocated size of cmdorg x sorce 8 Open the Local Variables window Figure 6 50 by clicking the Local Variables button on the toolbar The window displays the initial values of the variables Figure 6 50 Local Variables Window Local Variables Yarioble Nome Value argc margy chor xx Oxbf tf rood count 1075859892 quiet D batch D syrorg chor 0x0 execarg char 0x2 Address 0x2 out of bounds corearg chor x OxbF fff 994 P xo3 cdarg char 0x0 ttyorg chor 0x0 print_help D print_versicn D Hcnderg char xx Ox40000210 cndsize 1073743452 nerd 1073744044 dirog char xx OxbfffFT758 dirsize 1075859892 ndir 1073744036 lhonebut struct stat BcwdbuF struct stat horedir chor Ox40 000000 I77ELFXO01 001 001 horeinit char 0x0 i 1073747220 tine_at_startup 24 9 Click the Continue button in the tool bar to move to the next breakpoint The variables that have changed value turn color in the Local Variables window see results in Figure 6 51 for line 105 in the main c example 98 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 51 Local Variables Window after Setting Breakpoints Local Variables Yariable Valve 1 chor x Oxbfr Tf ood 1075859892 0 chor x 0x0 chor 0x0 chor x 0
151. ntrol various details of compilation and optimization The chances are that you will never need these but it won t hurt to familiarize yourself with the complete documentation for GCC Complete coverage of GCC options is provided in Using and Porting GNU CC reference 20 4 7 1 Displaying compiler behavior The v verbose option prints the compilers version number and complete details about how each pass is executed This option is particularly useful for finding out exactly which options your program is being linked with 4 7 2 C Language Options We ll start by listing a few options for controlling the warning messages that GCC produces There are many options for controlling warnings its possible to request or inhibit many warning messages on a per message basis We re not sure that s really useful we ll limit ourselves to a few options that control large group of messages W Suppress all warning messages W Produce some additional warning messages about legal but questionable coding practices Wall Produce even more warning messages about questionable coding practices Wtraditional Produce warning messages about code that is legal in both the Kernighan and Ritchie and ANSI definitions of the C language but behaves differently in each case Werror Make all warnings into errors that is don t attempt to produce an object file if a warning has occurred Now we ll discuss how to control various f
152. nux by issuing the following commands in the serial terminal uCon Hyperterminal uMON gt enter get a command prompt after upload uMON gt reset enter get the board in a refresh state uMON2 gt startlinux enter Linux boots to a user prompt On the target board in the usr bin directory are example programs including the one you just created and copied into the examples directory Issue the following commands cd usr bin enter Is enter You can see all examples they have a x file extension on them To run any example issue the by name command double x enter float x enter hello x enter etc Step 6 Useful Linux Commands cat proc cpuinfo Show information such as bogomips architecture and manufacture information reboot 22 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide Reboots system into UMON Microcross has a complete Professional Platform edition of GX Linux that has all of the board drivers documentation and total rebuild environment with master makefile and components of a complete board support package For those serious users of Embedded Linux the GX Linux Professional Platform edition is a necessary and affordable time saver to jump start your project with Linux As required by the General Public License GPL all GNU sources are available on the distribution CD ROM in the src directory Contact Microcross for details on how you
153. obscure Obscure features running Running the program stack Examining the stack status Status inquiries support Support facilities tracepoints Tracing of program execution without stopping the program user defined user defined Commands Type help followed by a class none for a list of commonds in that class Tupe help followed by command none for full documentation Conmand name abbreviations are allowed if unmbiguous gdb 92 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger The Console window opens with a GDB prompt for invoking debugging commands Figure 6 38 shows the help command s available topics when using the Console window For more specific commands see MC Debugging Tools pdf in the docs directory of the i MX GNU X Tools CD or in the docs directory under Cygwin 6 15 Using the Function Browser Window To invoke the Function Browser window select View Function Browser from the Source Window The Function Browser window has several fields that provide search and browsing capability for source code debugging Figure 6 39 Descriptions follow of the Filter Files Functions and View Source fields Figure 6 39 Function Browser Window Function Browser function matches regexp w Functions m valprint c main machire gnon h print_gdb_help machmede def machmede h macro c madvice c main c maint c mokecentext c malloc c malloc h
154. ogram Figure 6 55 shows the first boot screen Figure 6 55 Basic Boot Screen of mpDemon for Setup Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help Macralgor Systems mpDemon tm version 3 0 0 0 betal PI Baud Rate 115200 Use DHCP NO CP IP Address 192 168 0 211 Mask 255 255 255 0 Gateway 192 168 0 250 AC Address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 CDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command Menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option TCP IP Address TCP IP Mask TCP IP er OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License Code s Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDemon e command lt enter gt will refresh screen gt J B D A WOI LLET EREE KA M G e L P E R T y A Enter the letter B to set the serial API baud rate Enter a desired value from the list of options and press Enter See Figure 6 56 for a screen shot of this option i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 103 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 56 Set Serial API Baud Rate Tera Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help s 192 168 0 211 Mask z 255 255 255 0 Gateway 192 168 0 250 AC address 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 OCDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command menu Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gatewa Set OCDREMOTE Conti ao on Update License Code Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpbemon Type Command lt enter gt
155. olsuite from the distribution tarball on the specified archive path All files are unarchived to the proper location see above 40 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools regardless of the current directory state and subsequent invocation of a bash shell using the xtools lt target alias gt command will render the toolsuite ready to use If the archive path is not provided a default path is selected The command xtools install will display the default path which is mnt cdrom unless it has been changed or overridden by the global environment variable XTOOLS_ARC_PATH 5 xtools remove lt target alias gt path prefix This command allows the user to selectively remove a designated toolsuite from the system In the unusual case where the toolsuite has been manually installed to some root prefix other than usr the second option can be used to specify the root prefix such as usr bin from which removal of all toolsuite files is desired This command is most useful if you have performed a build from sources and subsequent install to an alternate root prefix path and now desire to remove the installed tools 6 xtools remove all go path prefix The remove all command allows the user to summarily remove all toolsuites from the system With the exception of the files usr bin xtools usr bin xtools rc and etc profile Cygwin only this command affect
156. omit frame pointer with this option will cause the stack frames not to be generated for leaf functions The default is mno apcs frame mapcs This is a synonym for mapcs frame mapcs 32 Generate code for a processor running with a 32 bit program counter and conforming to the function calling standards for the APCS 32 bit option This option replaces the m6 option of previous releases of the compiler and is now the default mapcs stack check Generate code to check the amount of stack space available upon entry to every function that actually uses some stack space If there is insufficient space available then either the function _rt_stkovf_split_small or __ rt_stkovf_split_big will be called depending upon the amount of stack space required The run time system is required to provide these functions The default is mno apcs stack check since this produces smaller code mthumb interwork Generate code which supports calling between the ARM and Thumb instruction sets Without this option the two instruction sets cannot be reliably used inside one program The default is mno thumb interwork since slightly larger code is generated when mthumb interwork is specified mno sched prolog Prevent the reordering of instructions in the function prolog or the merging of those instruction with the instructions in the function s body This means that all functions will start with a recognizable
157. on unusual symbols confirm on off enable or disable cautionary queries editing on off control readline command line editing height pp number of lines before pause in display language lang Language for GDB expressions auto c or modula 2 listsize n number of lines shown by list prompt sir use stras GDB prompt radix base octal decimal or hex number representation verbose on off control messages when loading symbols width cpl number of characters before line folded write on off Allow or forbid patching binary core files when reopened with exec or core history groups with the following options h h exp off on disable enable readline history expansion file for recording h file filename GDB command history h size size number of commands kept in history list h save off on control use of external file for command history print groups with the following options p address on off p array off on p demang on off p asm dem on off p elements imit p object on off p pretty off on p union on off p vtbl off on print memory addresses in stacks values compact or attractive format for arrays source demangled or internal form for C symbols demangle C symbols in machine instruction output number of array elements to display print C derived types for objects struct display compact or indented display of union members display of C virtual function tables
158. onus test environment for toolsuites supported by Microcross Bench tests most of the standard C language constructs in the latest GCC release and is a good indicator of a healthy i MX GNU X Tools C development environment If you have any comments or suggestions to improve this test suite please send your comments to support microcross com arm elf cd home bench enter or to the directory where the Bench test files are located on Linux host arm elf make clean all enter 2 6 Troubleshooting Guide for Installation Problems 2 6 1 Windows Cygwin Related Problems Many developers have installed one version or another of Cygwin in the past and have experienced problems installing a newer version over the older version The problems are most often due to an unclean uninstall A user should cleanly uninstall other versions of Cygwin before installing the Microcross version To cleanly uninstall Cygwin manually of all registry entries and path settings follow these steps 14 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures e Run regedit from the Start Run command e Look for the following Registry Keys o HKEY_CURRENT_USER Software Cygnus Solutions o HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Software Cygnus Solutions e If they exist manually delete them by selecting the key and pressing the Delete key To Verify and or Clean the Environment Variables perform the following steps Start Control Panel from th
159. ools commands nter help to get Bash Shell help Ctrl d to exit Sxtools arm elf Setting up Shell for arm elf larm elf GNU X Tools Shell Ready larm elf cd home test larm elf gcc g o pascal x pascal c larm elf gdbtk pascal xm Figure 6 1 shows the following commands using an ARM toolsuite substitute your target alias if different Start i MX GNU X Tools Shell Windows or xterm Linux Issue these commands xtools arm elf enter arm elf cd home test or appropriate directory enter arm elf gcc g o pascal x pascal c enter arm elf gdbtk pascal x enter 74 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger The Visual GDB debugger opens the ELF object file that was compiled with the g debug option To run the program using the simulator click on the Run icon and when the Target dialog box opens select Simulator as the Target To familiarize yourself with all of the features of Visual GDB read on Note Examples of using JTAG hardware debuggers with Visual GDB are at the end of this section We have selected two popular JTAG debuggers to show examples Abatron BDI2000 and Macraigor mpDemon WARNING Having an inactive debugging session open when starting another debugging session with i MX GNU X Tools will close all projects All work will be unrecoverable Using the Source Window When Visual GDB first launches it displays an empty Source Window if there is
160. ource form The source code is freely distributable under the license terms of the General Public License GPL from the FSF see www gnu org however building a toolsuite is a complex and time consuming task Microcross contribution to value add is to build test package document distribute and support the GNU toolsuites in ready to run form making them accessible at low cost to both casual and professional users The The i MX GNU X Tools provides all of the components an embedded developer needs in order to evaluate and use the GNU cross toolsuites GDBTK also branded by Microcross as Visual GDB a k a Red Hat Insight debugger is seamlessly integrated as the GUI debugger for the i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite 1 2 Acknowledgements The GNU Tools and utilities represent the essence of the free and open source movement in fact all who participate in using and improving them are benefactors as well as contributors Microcross is certainly no exception and as such we gratefully acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for their contributions to the open source universe e Richard Stallman founder of the GCC and the Free Software Foundation e The Free Software Foundation for their role in focusing and managing open source development e Cygnus Solutions and now Red Hat for their leadership and contributions toward the GNU Tools as a viable cross development platform e Linus Torvalds for creating the Linux kernel and founding the
161. p BDI2000 Simplified Configuration Steps for Board Support 1 Unzip the BDI2000 zip file of programs and configuration scripts that come with the BDI2000 into a directory on your local host hard drive hereafter referred to as the bdi2000 directory Connect the BDI2000 serial port connector to the BDI2000 and your host computer You may connect your Ethernet cable to a hub or have a cross over cable to directly connect to the host computer and BDI2000 Power up the BDI2000 Run a program called B20ARMGD exe that is in your bdi2000 directory Click on the menu Setup BDI2000 Click on the Connect button and establish communications Ensure you have a valid serial connection before proceeding Enter the configuration information a BDI IP Address one you will assign that is not duplicated on your network b Subnet mask c Default Gateway d Config Host IP Address the host machine you have the configuration software running on along with where TFTP server program that resides in the bdi2000 directory 8 You may check the status of your firmware by clicking on the Current button If out of date version click on the Update button 9 Save the configuration data into a file of your choosing using the File Save As in the menu 10 Click on Transmit to send this configuration to the BDI2000 via serial 11 Exit the B20ARMGD exe application 12 Edit the xxxxx cfg file Modifying the follo
162. p Strips debug symbols from binaries arm elf gdb GDB debugger 6 1 arm elf gdbtk Visual GDB arm elf run Instruction Set Simulator libc a and libm a Unrestricted Newlib C and Math Libraries 1 12 libstdc a GNU Standard C and Template Library 3 40 File Count in Distribution Type Path Files Files Win32 Linux binary images usr bin arm elf 22 25 binary images usr arm elf 10 10 library files usr arm elf lib 281 281 include files usr arm elffinclude 306 309 compiler lib usr lib gcc lib arm elf 128 128 man pages usr man man1 arm elf 22 23 Total Files 769 776 TARGET CPU DEPENDENT INFORMATION This toolsuite comprises a complete development environment for the ARM processor family GDB and Visual GDB machine compiler and assembler dependent options and notes Required Compiler Linker Flags The following compiler linker options are required to build for execution with the simulator CFLAGS none required LFLAGS none required Command Line GDB Debugger Targets async Use a remote computer via a serial line cisco Use a remote machine via TCP exec Use an executable file as a target extended async Use a remote computer via a serial line extended remote Use a remote computer via a serial line rdi Connects to target running ARM Angel Monitor To connect to an external target using the rdi Angel monitor use the GDB command target rdi N where N equal
163. pers can manage heterogeneous environments in a consistent efficient way Cygwin brings a standard UNIX Linux shell environment including many of its most useful commands to the Windows platform so software managers can effectively deploy trained staff and leverage existing investments in UNIX Linux source code and shell scripts Cygwin delivers the Free Source standard GNU GCC compiler and GDB debugger on Windows In addition it provides for a standard UNIX Linux development environment on Windows including APIs and command shells The Cygwin dll library included with Cygwin delivers the interesting subset of UNIX SVR4 BSD and POSIX APIs to enable quick ports of UNIX Linux applications to the Windows platform The license for Cygwin dll is covered by the GNU General Public License and only Open Free Source projects can be built and distributed with the Cygwin dll The commercial software with the Cygwin dll may be purchased separately The Microcross i MX GNU X Tools are bound to the GPL license however users of i MX GNU X Tools who use the preconfigured Newlib C and Math libraries are not subject to the GPL license The Newlib is completely unrestricted and may be used with confidence that your proprietary source code is protected In addition to providing an environment for Open Free Source development on the Windows platform Cygwin delivers a large collection of these Open Free Source programs in a contributed director
164. pers will need to replace the standard start file with a custom start file When used with GCC add the correct option WI nostartfiles and add the custom startfile with appropriate entry symbol to the linker script e g ENTRY _start To learn more about how to create linker scripts and startfiles read the i MX GNU X Tools Training Guide or the Microcross Visual X Tools User Guide nodefaultlibs Do not use the standard system libraries when linking Only the libraries you specify will be passed to the linker The standard startup files and used normally unless nostartfiles is used The compiler may generate calls to memcmp memset and memcpy for System V and ANSI C environments or to bcopy and bzero for BSD 52 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools environments These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism when this option is specified nostdlib When linking this option tells the linker do not use the standard libraries or startup files This option is useful when you want to provide your own libraries overriding the default libraries and use your own custom startup files When used with GCC add the correct option WI nostdlib If you plan on augmenting the standard libraries with your own libraries then do not use this option Use a GROUP and SEARCH_DIR statement with appropriate arguments i
165. provide more in depth knowledge for specific toolsuite components as needed In addition Microcross offers a GNU X Tools Training Guide as a complimentary product It is based on an on site three day training course for beginning to intermediate level audiences The course material is tailored to the i MX GNU X Tools for embedded development and the format is geared to a self paced training program 4 2 Using the i MX GNU X Tools Command Line Tool xtools The i MX GNU X Tools command line tool is a shell tool designed to provide several functions that facilitate convenient management of the i MX GNU X Tools cross toolsuites from a command shell environment For many developers this method is more convenient than using a GUI The following functions may be invoked from any Bash Shell prompt 1 xtools enter Execution of the xtools command without arguments will show an abbreviated help screen that summarizes the command options described in this section In addition execution of an incomplete command insufficient or incorrect arguments will produce a help dialog for that command 2 xtools lt target alias gt This command starts a new bash shell having the appropriate environment variables and aliases initialized such that the cross toolsuite components for the designated target are invoked by the familiar command names in lieu of the native tool chain elements For example after starting a shell using the command line x
166. r Remove from Display to remove a selected register from the window all registers will display if you close and reopen the window unless you have already selected this feature e Use Register Display All Registers to display all the registers this menu item is only active when one or more registers have been removed from display 6 10 Using the Memory Window The Memory window Figure 6 22 dynamically displays the state of memory Double click a memory location with the cursor in the window and edit its contents Figure 6 22 Memory Window Memory Addresses Address 0xf0 Ox458c0000 0x486850f0 Oxe8000000 Oxf ffffffc Oxc3Sdec89 0x83e58955 Ox458bi0ec Ox0c558b08 0x89104d8b 0x5589F045 Oxfe4csof4 OxO1fc45c Ox60000000 0x00006803 0x458d0000 0x006850f0 0xe8000000 OxfFFFFFFC Oxc35dec89 0x83e58955 045861 Oec OxfeS58h08 089102086 Ox5589F045 OxfB4de9F4 OxOl fc45c Ox60000000 0x00006803 0x458d0000 0x486850f0 Oxe8000000 Oxf fFFFFFC Use Addresses Auto Update to update the contents of the Memory window automatically whenever the target s state changes this is the default setting Use Addresses Update Now to update the Memory window s view of the target s memory i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 85 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 23 Memory Preferences Dialog for the Memory window z Memory Preferences Size w Byte A Word Float Half Word w Double Word w Double Float
167. r something time consuming that a program doesn t need to complete before resuming When a thread finishes its job the debugger suspends or destroys the thread running in the debugging process The thread debugging facility allows you to observe all threads while your program runs However whenever the debugging process is active one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging This thread is called the current thread The precise semantics of threads and the use of threads differs depending on operating systems In general the threads of a single program are like multiple processes except that they share one address space that is they can all examine and modify the same variables Additionally each thread has its own registers and execution stack and perhaps private memory i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 99 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 1 In the Source Window right click on an executable line without a breakpoint to open the breakpoint pop up menu see Figure 6 53 Figure 6 53 Breakpoint Pop Up Menu in the Source Window nang Source Window File Run iew Control Preferences UP PO MI AASA wm 3 E 0804ded5 106 static int quiet 0 static int batch D x Pointers to various orguments from command lire char sumarg NULL char xexecarg NULL char emmamm NINI Set Breakpoint F Set Temporory Breakpoint Set Breakpcint on Thread s SOURCE 2 Select the S
168. r all non leaf functions A leaf function is one that does not call any other functions The default is mno tpcs frame mtpcs leaf frame Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure Call Standard for all leaf functions A leaf function is one that does not call any other functions The default is mno apcs leaf frame mcallee super Gives all externally visible functions in the file being compiled interworking an ARM instruction set header which switches to Thumb mode before executing the rest of the function This allows these functions to be called from non interworking code mcaller super Allows calls via function pointers including virtual functions interworking to execute correctly regardless of whether the target code has been compiled for interworking or not There is a small overhead in the cost of executing a function pointer if this option is enabled Compiler Defined Symbols and Standard Search Directories From the command line in i MX GNU X Tools Shell type xtools arm elf enter arm elf gcc v E enter You will get all of the compiler defined symbols printed out on the screen Press Ctrl C to exit this mode Assembler Machine Dependent Options The following options are available when as is configured for the ARM processor family Options Description marm2 Arm 2 processor marm250 marm3 Arm 250 and Arm 3 processor marm6 Arm 6 processor ma
169. ra E EEE as EEE E R E A I EEEE EE AEE EET 44 4 5 Controlling the Tools Using the GCC ssisccscssiicinticcancs sastecontiteskbedanatcounndastasaasnsnananoteacestaxaamabcoteesnasstacoue 47 4 5 1 GCC Options Commonly USE cccceccceceeeeceeee tence ee eeeeeeeeceeeeeeceaaaeeeeseaaeseseaaaeeeseeaaeeeseaaeeeeseaaeeeseeaeeeennaaees 48 4 6 Controlling Linker from GOCCs anae E i Ei et EEEa EE Eiaa 50 4 7 Compilation Options eee 51 4 7 1 Displaying compiler b haviot sii cicetieceiiseevescdusive ci cinievecieauevecdeutincel ni E AEREAS EAEE EARE EEEE E Rit 51 4 12 G LANQUAGE OPIONS w cis3 5 eecieeeve cian chest ees eB ive ina AEEA lina chanel ves tata lacy EE DA EAE EAE E AE EAERA 51 4 1 3 PIE PrOCGSSOM OPTIONS seissen enaa nin ie ead end ede ads ie ee een ies eee 52 4 7 4 Options to Specify Libraries Paths and Startup Files ccccccecescececeeeeeenneceeeseeeeteseenecaeeeseersessenisaneeeeentees 52 4 9 Debugging and Proviling OPUONS orssisris asia EEEE AER RERA EREA iit ele eed ee EAA RRT 54 4 7 6 ODUIMIZALION sesrnxsedats vas ceebeavela tenes i E lees ae lastest bas EE agar vax oes eneid ease EE 55 4 7 7 Passing Options to the Assembler r LINKOV 12 cccsccccccisesseccdesctecseneenecsdusntecdeusnnecdeuueneesduuntesdebnenedsdubanesdenenness 56 4 8 Using the GNU Assembler xiciistctcticceractarsidsctcicndeecaaceduse annei EEANN ANETA ESEE Kek 56 4 9 MSU the Linke oeseri arne EES E AE E E a EEEE A 59 ALOT E 10 E A EE E E A AE eases E E N EE
170. raphical user interface its visual debugger Visual GDB for more information see also Visual GDB s Help menu for discussion of general functionality and use of menus buttons or other features and Examples of Debugging with Visual GDB in this Section If using a i MX GNU X Tools Bash Shell compile your program into a cross executable In Figure 5 1 we started the i MX GNU X Tools Bash Shell and show a simple demonstration using the arm elf toolsuite to create a cross executable for loading into Visual GDB Note GDBTK is the Visual GDB executable at the command line Also shown in Figure 6 1 is the filename of the cross executable pascal x A simple GDB ini file can be configured in the source and executable s file directory The GDB ini file can include the cross executable s filename board register initialization settings and any other initialization settings necessary for startup that may be needed to perform on chip debug e g debug agents used with i MX GNU _ X Tools include the Abatron BDI2000 and Macraigor Systems Wiggler Raven mpDemon see documentation listed in the references that describe using GDB Figure 6 1 Program to debug window Z GNU X Tools Shell lt c Microcross Inc lt c Free Software Foundation lt c Cygnus Support lt Hosts of Contributors xtools lt target alias gt to set up for a cross target i e xtools arm el nter xtools help to get help on xt
171. rate appropriate symbols for either gdwarf or gdwarf2 in addition to stabs When compiling with any debug option do not use optimization options You cannot optimize code and debug it correctly using the GNU tools 54 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools 4 7 6 Optimization iMX GNU X Tools GCC incorporates a sophisticated optimizing compiler and for most target systems it usually generates faster code than with the native compiler Any Ox optimization can be used with any fx option e g gcc Os funroll loops ffast math o outfile x infile c Here are the most commonly used compilation options O0 No optimization This is the default With optimization turned off GCC tries to generate code that is easy to debug you can set a breakpoint between any two statements and modify variables and the program will behave exactly as it should The GCC also tries to generate code quickly 01 The compiler tries to moderately to reduce both the size of the compiled code and the execution time Compilation is slower than with O0 and requires more memory 02 Enables more optimizations than O1 Compilation time is even slower the resulting code should be even smaller and faster 03 Enables more optimizations than O2 Try hardest of all to produce fast assembly code Note that the emphasis is on fast the resulting code may take much more room in memory b
172. ration OCDRemote c lt CPU type gt lt CPU type gt p lt port number gt d lt device gt a lt device address gt s lt speed gt where lt CPU type gt ARM920T for i MXL lt CPU type gt ARM926EJ S for i MX21 lt port number gt tcp ip port default 8888 lt device gt WIGGLER RAVEN MPDEMON_SERIAL MPDEMON_PARALLEL MPDEMON_ETHERNET USB default RAVEN lt device address gt WIGGLER RAVEN MPDEMON_PARALLLEL LPT number 1 4 MPDEMON_SERIAL COM number 1 4 MPDEMON_ETHERNET tcp ip address in the format XXX XXX XXX XXX USB macraigor USB device number 0 15 default 1 lt speed gt JTAG clock rate 1 8 default 1 fastest see GNU TOOLS FAQ page for a device speed vs jtag clock rate table Here is an example In the GNU X Tools Shell enter the following command line assuming the usoDemon is assigned device 0 at JTAG speed 1 6 Mhz and we are using the i MXL target processor we could have substituted ARM926EU S for the i MX21 target processor ocdremote c ARM920T d USB a 0 s 1 enter Feedback from the computer assuming the USB cable is connected and the LiteKit board is powered on is the following JTAG SDO lt CPU 1 ARM920T listening on port 8888 lt JTAG SDI Important Each time you connect and disconnect Visual GDB you must repeat this step The Socket automatically shuts down when GDB Visual GDB disconnects Step 6 Click on Visual
173. rd using the Windows Cygwin host provided by Microcross on the Standard GX Linux Platform Since kernel and library 20 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide building are not provided on a Windows Cygwin host Microcross pre built the kernel and libraries on a Linux host and installed them on the Windows Cygwin host for those who want to evaluate GX Linux build applications and run them Step 1 Make All Start a i MX GNU X Tools Shell by clicking on the desktop icon installed If there is no icon you may not have the Application Development Platform on Windows installed correctly go back to Section 2 and follow the installation instructions Make the example programs and create a ROM image for the romfs img filesystem by issuing the following commands cd home gxlinux enter make all enter builds example applications installs them and re generates a ROM filesystem Step 2 Load Binaries and Startup Script At this point we assume that the target board is powered up connected to Ethernet and the uMON prompt is displayed in a serial terminal If not in this configuration go back and get the board ready From the i MX GNU X Tools Shell and assuming you are still in the build directory issue the following command that will load the GX Linux binaries and startup script make TARGET_IP lt board IP gt load enter Example make TARGET_IP 192 168 0 110 load enter Three images should st
174. re and specifically disclaims any express or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Supports Product Part Number 336 75397 January 2006 ii E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Contents CONTENTS SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION orc eect reste scones centitee bcees ape dieedsing di een a eetclne tsetse ceeds ne eee eece neds nadceetcenie 7 1 1 What is i MX GNU X TOOIS ooo cecc cece cece cece eee e cence eee e eee cece cece e a eien aena a aT aani 7 12 Acknowledgements urisi a a a Aaaa E Aaa Aaa EE aAa aa Raa a AAAA ataa edasi anai 7 1 3 Lice se Agreement srisiisicissrersiyi iinan AEN Na EELDE AENEA REENER Kaa 7 1 4 Toolsuite Components eee 8 1 4 1 Naming Conventions Used in GNU X TOOIS ccccccccecceceeeseeeeeenneeeeeeeaeeeceeaaeeeceeaaeeeceeaaeeeeseaaaeeeseeaaeeseeneeeeseaaes 8 D2 TIGO a a E A TT E O A E E OET ed ee a aaa eave dae OOE 8 1 5 System Requirements and Prerequisites cccccceccccecececceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeneeens 9 1 5 1 System Requirements Windows Host Version cccccccceesteeeeeeeneeeeeeeaeeeseeaaeeeeeeaaeeeseeaaeeeeeeasaeeeeesieeeeeeaaes 9 1 5 2 System Requirements Linux Host Version cccccccccceccececeeeeeneeceeseeceaeeesaaeseeneeceaeeesaaeseeaaeseceeesnesesseeneneeees 9 1 6 Compatible RTOS OS Software cccccccccceccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseseeeeeeeseeeneeess 10
175. rgets all of the GNU cross tools are named using a target specific prefix This target specific prefix also called the target alias is pre pended to the name of each program binary name so that ambiguity with the host platform GNU Tools and other target toolsuites is prevented The standard toolsuite components for each processor supported are listed in Table 1 1 Other components of the product are listed in Table 1 2 A feature of the iMX GNU X Tools 3 40 command shell environment is that it provides alias names for each target specific program so that you may refer to it by its generic name when running within to the tool shell For example after opening a GNU X Tools Shell using the command xtools arm elf you can refer to the arm elf gcc compiler simply as GCC The alias remains in effect until you exit the shell at which time the command GCC reverts to the native compiler Table 1 1 i MX GNU X Tools Standard Toolsuite Components Tool Name Description lt target alias gt gcc GNU Compiler Collection GCC with control to the C compiler lt target alias gt g C compiler g lt target alias gt as GNU assembler as lt target alias gt ld GNU linker Id lt target alias gt run Instruction Set Simulator ISS lt target alias gt addr2line Converts addresses into file names and line numbers lt target alias gt ar Creates modifies amp extracts from object code archi
176. ribution CD into the CD ROM drive 12 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures Step 2 Start a Bash Shell xterm and login as root or use su You will need to do this each time you install or uninstall i MX GNU X Tools because you will need write access to the usr bin and usr lib directories where the toolsuite is installed Step 3 Mount the i MX GNU X Tools distribution CD on the CD ROM drive using the mount command Example mount t iso9660 dev cdrom mnt cdrom enter The system will announce that it has mounted the CD ROM as read only Note On some Linux systems the CD ROM mounts by an automounter which means step 3 may not be required Step 4 Install the i MX GNU X Tools command tool from the Bash shell by executing the following commands cd enter tar xvzf mnt cdrom bin rcfiles tgz enter At this point you should be able to execute the i MX GNU X Tools command tool inside of the Bash shell by its name The command xtools enter should invoke the abbreviated tool help screen that shows the basic operating commands see Section 4 for a complete description of the command tool Step 5 To install an individual toolsuite simply execute the command xtools install arm elf enter The command tool will extract the toolsuite tarball installing all files in their appropriate locations The install command assumes the default archive
177. rm Cogent CSB535FS CPU MC9328NX21 ARH926EJS Built Nov 11 2005 13 67 31 Honitor RAM 6xc6666066 6xc 661F22c Application RAM Base 6xc 62666606 MAC 86 23 31 35 06 2D IP 192 168 6 116 Initializing LCD Skipping testspt MC9328MX21 LCD Initialization uHON gt COM1 38400 8 N 1 TELNET Disabled MYIP 192 168 0 221 ROW COL 13 81 XFER Idle 4 COGENT CSB535 ARM Monitor Development Third i ocd home umon umon_ports csh535fs bashrc SB535 make TARGET_IP 192 168 6 116 newmon omen _main host bin newmon u B xC8666086 192 168 4 1186 build_CSB535FS ho core release 1 4 target version 1 puilt Nov 11 2005 13 07 31 gt RC of file build _CSB535FS hoot bin x 6b369 EET 168 080 118 put build CSBS35FS boot bin SAPPRAMBASE octet 3 8 MicroMonitor Familiarization and Tips MicroMonitor is the boot ROM that comes with each Cogent development board It is very useful in initializing hardware starting serial and Ethernet services and creating a tiny filesystem to store applications and the i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 37 Section 3 Quick Start Guide embedded Linux startup binaries Moreover MicroMonitor facilitates loading the GX Linux binaries using TFTP services over Ethernet or XModem through the serial port We will focus on the TFTP across Ethernet transfer solution due to the size of the images and the time it takes to load binaries 3 8 1 Manual TFTP Up Load Procedure Microcross ships each board pre configur
178. rm7 tdmi Arm 7 processors marm8 10 Arm 8 processors marm9 20 tdmi Arm 9 processors mstrongarm1 10 0 StrongARM processors marmv2 marmv2a Arm architectures marmv3 marmv3m marmv4 marmv4t marmv5 marmv5te 120 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Options Description marmv6 marmv6j mthumb Thumb mode mall Assemble All ARM Thumb instructions mfpe old No float load store multiples mno fpu Disable all floating point mfpa10 mfpa11 FPA10 and 11 co processor mapcs 32 mapcs 26 mthumb interwork Select which procedure calling convention is in use 32 bit APCS 16 bit APCS Code supports Arm Thumb Interworking EB EL Select either big endian EB or little endian EL output GNU ARM Assembler Quick Reference A summary of useful commands and expressions for the ARM architecture using the GNU assembler is presented briefly in the concluding portion of this Appendix Each assembly line has the following format lt label gt lt instruction or directive gt comment Unlike the ARM assembler using the GNU assembler does not require you to indent instructions and directives Labels are recognized by the following colon instead of their position at the start of a line An example follows showing a simple assembly program defining a function add that returns the sum of two input arguments section text x
179. rocessor 43 Preprocessor options 52 Profiling Options 54 Program Stack 69 PROM 130 134 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide R r 61 RAM 130 ranlib 46 63 rc file 13 RDI 130 RDP 130 readelf 46 Registers 130 Registers Window 84 registry entries 14 Remove Carriage Returns 15 Required CFLAGS LFLAGS 64 RISC 130 ROM 130 root 11 13 41 RTOS 130 run 46 Run button 75 S S 60 sdiff 46 Search Text Box 83 sed 114 Selecting a Breakpoint 91 Selecting a Variabl 89 Setting Breakpoints 80 96 shared 53 Shell Commands 68 Signals 71 simulator 117 size 46 Solaris 127 130 Source Browser 94 Source File Selection 95 Source Files 73 Source Preferences Dialog 76 Source Window 75 79 Sparc 130 stabs 130 Stack Window 84 Starting gdb 68 static 53 Status Text Box 82 Stop button 76 Stopping gdb 68 strings 46 strip 46 stub 128 130 Sun 129 130 Symbol Table 71 System Requirements 9 T tar 114 tarball 13 40 Target 130 Targets 8 tcl 114 TCP IP 130 telnet 114 130 Temporary Breakpoints 91 texinfo 114 textutils 114 Threads 94 tix 114 tk 114 toolchain 13 40 41 116 Toolchain Flow Diagram 44 toolchains 40 41 Toolsuite 130 Toolsuite Components 8 traditional 52 U Unix 131 UNIX 9 50 57 63 64 125 126 131 unzip 114 U
180. rotocol stack used for remote terminal connection enabling users to log in to remote systems thereby using resources as if connected to a local system Toolsuite Informal term for the collection of programs that make up a complete set of cross compilation tools Typically consists of the following example s sequence compiler gt assembler gt archiver gt linker gt debugger 130 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Glossary of Embedded System Terminology TERM DESCRIPTION Unix Unix operating system The uppercase spelling of Unix is used interchangeably Invented in 1969 by Ken Thompson after Bell Labs left the Multics project Unix subsequently underwent mutations and expansions at the hands of many different people resulting in a uniquely flexible and developer friendly environment By 1991 Unix had become the most widely used multi user general purpose operating system in the world VFS Virtual File System architecture Virtual Machine VM An abstract specification for a computing device that can be implemented in different ways in software or hardware Compiling to the instruction set of a virtual machine is much like compiling to the instruction set of a microprocessor using a byte code instruction set a set of registers a stack a garbage collected heap and an area for storing methods X An allegedly over sized over featured over engineered and incredibly over complicated window
181. s 1 or 2 to select serial port 1 or 2 as the interface port 116 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Included in this section of the Appendix are the required compiler and linker flags a list of debugger targets for both command line Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite rdp Use a remote ARM system that uses the ARM Remote Debugging Protocol remote Allows the GDB to connect to a remote target running the GDB remote debugging protocol via a serial port ora TCP socket connection The GDB debugger can connect to a board via Abatron s BDI2000 or EPI s JEENI JTAG debug agents across Ethernet Any debug agent that communicates using the GDB Stub protocol can be accessed through GDB Visual GDB sim The GDB debugger contains a integrated simulator based target that can load and execute compiled programs Visual GDB Debugger Targets Cisco Serial Cisco TCP ARM Angel Serial ARM Angel Ethernet ARM Remote Serial ARM Remote TCP Remote Serial Remote TCP Simulator GDBserver Serial GDBserver TCP Compiler Machine Dependent Options Section 3 describes all of the common compiler linker and assembler options used in Microcross GNU cross tools in addition these m options are defined for ARM architectures Option Description mapcs frame Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure Call Standard for all functions even if this is not strictly necessary for correct execution of the code Specifying f
182. s a complete removal of i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite binaries from your system 7 xtools install lios lt target alias gt arcpath This option allows an administrator to update or reinstall toolsuite libraries only This feature is useful for selectively reinstalling libraries that have been over written or updating the libraries from a newer toolsuite version without updating the entire toolsuite This option updates the following files usr lt target alias gt lib libc a usr lt target alias gt lib libstdc a This step extracts the library files from a Microcross i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite distribution CD ROM or filesystem image The optional arcpath parameter may be used to locate the update files 8 xtools install hdrs lt target alias gt arcpath This option like option 7 allows incremental updates to an installed toolsuite except that it updates the library headers files It updates the following files usr lt target alias gt include h 4 3 Invoking i MX GNU X Tools To invoke i MX GNU X Tools from the command line in the shell type xtools target alias and from that point on you do not need to type the alias at any point further The target alias will become part of the command line prefix i e target alias To change or exit the target alias mode type exit at the command line From Command Shell type xtools arm elf enter The prompt will now show arm elf To show the GCC
183. s from Linux GNU BSD and SYSV that are applicable to embedded applications Exception handling Event that occurs when a block of code reacts to a specific type of exception If the exception is for an error from which the tool the debugger for instance can recover the debugger resumes its process Executable file A binary format file containing machine instructions in a ready to run form gas Acronym for the GNU assembler Interchangeably used with i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 127 Glossary of Embedded System Terminology TERM DESCRIPTION capitalization as GAS GDB Main debugger used with GNU command line interface The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on inside another program while it executes or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed GDB can do four main kinds of things to help you catch bugs in an embedded system 1 Start your program specifying anything that might affect its behavior 2 Make your program stop on specified conditions 3 Examine what has happened when your program has stopped 4 Change things in your program so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another You can use GDB to debug programs written in C and C GDB standard remote protocol An existing ROM monitor used as a GDB backend GDBstub Process and interfacing software to implement
184. s pdf A Concise Reference Document for all of the Tools in Unix Man Page Format 156 MC Auxiliary Tools pdf Using as Using binutils Using cygwin Using info 340 MC Compiler Tools pdf Using GNU CC Using the C Preprocessor 412 MC Debugging T ools pdf Debugging with GDB Insight the GNUPro Debugger GUI Interface 260 MC Embedded Systems pdf GNU Tools for Embedded Systems Everything you want to know about using GNU tools with embedded target processors 530 10 MC Libraries pdf GNU C Library GNU Math Library GNU C iostream Library 294 11 MC Development Tools pdf Using Id Using make Using diff amp patch 350 12 MC Utilities pdf Using as Using Id Using binutils Using make Using diff amp patch Using info 682 4 5 Controlling the Tools Using the GCC The GCC GNU Compiler Collection control program can be run like the following producing an executable file from a number of C or C source files Both examples assume that the target toolsuite is installed prior to executing the build commands The examples shown are with GCC which controls the compilation of C C and assembly files Also the user must name the C files with the c extension and C files with C cpp or cc extensions target alias gcc options o lt program out name gt lt first c gt lt second c gt lt third c gt lt fourt
185. s when prompted and you are done Click on X to close out each i MX GNU X Tools shell window Figure 3 10 below shows three i MX GNU X Tools shells and a uCon serial terminal window The first i MX GNU X Tools shell shows ocdremote in action the second i MX GNU X Tools shell shows GDB connected to the target the third iMX GNU X Tools shell shows the reflashing event and last the uCon serial terminal shows a reboot with a MAC address prompt 36 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide Figure 3 10 Reflashing uMON with uMON RAM Version First i MX GNU X Tools Shell a si 2 USB via LPT at speed 1 i CPUC1 gt ARM926EJ S listening on port 8888 i lt JTAG SDI PUL1 Accepted gdb connection on port 8888 Inc GDB is free software covered by the GNU General Public License and you are welcome to change it and or distribute copies of it under certain conditions Type show copying to see the conditions here is absolutely no warranty for GDB Type show warranty for details his GDB was configured as host i686 cygwin target arm elf Setting up for the Cogent CSB535fs Board he target is assumed to be little endian OxOGGG8HGc in 7 gt Sleeping for 5 seconds lt i Mk gdb gt uCON Serial Terminal set at 38 4k baud 8N4 2e aaka S Ol 80 23 31 35 00 01 Configuring 66 23 31 35 66 61 as MAC address ok IMAC address burned in at 6xc8666626 MICRO MONITOR 1 4 1 Platfo
186. s will then be made active The RUN command man running icon does NOT work with a remotely connected target Use the CONTINUE gt icon command to invoke the program to run even from the begining 3 4 2 OCDRemote Monitor Commands Monitor commands implement various functions that are not available using GDB directly and vary from CPU type to CPU type You can get the full list of monitor commands by issuing the command monitor help in the console window after GDB has attached to OcdRemote monitor help monitor allrun monitor allstop monitor char short long lt addr gt monitor char short long lt addr gt lt val gt monitor endian lt big little gt monitor halt monitor reg lt regname gt monitor reg lt regname gt lt value gt monitor reset monitor resetrun monitor runfrom lt addr gt monitor set memspace lt virtual physical gt monitor set cou lt cpu number gt monitor set clear hbreak lt address gt monitor set regbufaddr lt address gt monitor sleep lt seconds gt monitor status monitor sync cpus lt on off gt These commands are availble for all CPU types They can be executed either from within a gdbinit file or from from the GDB console window 3 4 3 Some Useful GDB Console Commands Here are some useful text mode commands to to use in the GDB console window If you use Visual GUI then all of these commands are available using the pull downs or buttons Ss
187. sed4 1 unused5 3221223776 a cwdbuf struct stat homedir char Ox40000000 1 77ELF400140014001 6 13 Using the Breakpoints Window The Breakpoints window displays the currently set breakpoints See Figure 6 33 for the main c example program breakpoints running in the Source Window and see Figure 6 36 for the results in the Source Window WARNING Breakpoints and exceptions may not work especially if debugging C code and the Breakpoints window may be inoperative 90 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 33 Breakpoints Window Salki Ereakpoint Global Address File Linef Function 0x804deb1 main c 103 main 0x804dec1 main c 104 main Ox804ded2 main c 106 main 0x804dedb 0x804dec9 main c 107 main c 105 main main Single click the mouse with the cursor over a check box for a breakpoint to select that breakpoint see the breakpoint results in Figure 6 34 Figure 6 34 Selecting a Breakpoint Breakpoints Breakpoint Global E xi ALL Ox804deb1 ALL Ox8 4dec 0x8l4ded2 Ox804dedb Ou804dec9 nain c nain c nain c nain c nain c Thread Address File Line Function 103 104 106 107 105 main main main main main Single click with the mouse with the cursor over a check box of a breakpoint to disable the breakpoint The color of the square in the Breakpoint window changes Line 101 in Figure 6 35 and
188. selection and TCP IP port number recommend 8888 Recommend setting the JTAG speed to 4 initially and experiment with other settings when you make a successful connection lower the setting the faster the connection speed see Figure 6 62 Since the mpDemon can scan more than one processor device through a single JTAG you can have multiple CPUs on one board with a single JTAG interface for a single processor enter 1 see Figure 6 63 106 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Tera File Edit Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 62 Select JTAG Speed Term COM1 VT Setup Control Window Help API Ba ud Rate 115200 use DHCP NO CP IP mac ad 0 JOCDREMOTE Disabled mpDemon Command menu R Type Initia lt Tera Address 192 168 0 211 mask 255 255 255 Q Gateway 192 168 0 250 dress 00 60 bf 01 0a a7 Set Serial API baud Rate Set DHCP option Set TCP IP Address Set TCP IP Mask Set TCP IP Gatewa Set OCDREMOTE Configuration Update License cadets Ping TCP IP address Display Error Log Reboot mpDemon command lt Enter gt will refresh screen gt o 1 JTAG speed 1 8 2 gt 4 Figure 6 63 Select Number of Scan Devices Term COM1 VT File Edit Setup Control Window Help mpDem Type Initia Number KI 12 Next select the processor Figure 6 64 The proper processor device selected gt NO 192 168 0 211 i 255 255 25
189. set of instructions or in fact one of a choice from a small set of different function prologues and this information can be used to locate the start if functions inside an executable piece of code The default is msched prolog mhard float Generate output containing floating point instructions Note The i MX GNU X Tools User Guide 117 Appendix 1 ARM Toolsuite Option Description Instruction Set Simulator ISS will only run code generated with the default software floating point emulation msoft float This is the default and it is not necessary to specify it The Instruction Set Simulator ISS will only run code generated with the default software floating point emulation mlittle endian Generate code for a processor running in little endian mode This is the default for all standard configurations mbig endian Generate code for a processor running in big endian mode the default is to compile code for a little endian processor mwords little endian This option only applies when generating code for big endian processors Generate code for a little endian word order but a big endian byte order That is a byte order of the form 32107654 Note this option should only be used if you require compatibility with code for big endian ARM processors generated by versions of the compiler prior to 2 8 malignment traps Generate code that will not trap
190. sing the GNU Assembler 56 Using the Linker 59 V verbose 51 VES 131 Index vi 114 VIDE 126 Viewing Local Variables 96 vim 114 Virtual Machine 131 Visual gdb 74 Visual gdb with External Debug Agents 100 Ww w 51 W 51 Wa option list 56 Wall 51 Watch Expressions Window 86 Watch Menu 87 Werror 51 which 114 Window for Expressions 81 Windows 2000 9 Windows 95 130 Windows NT 9 125 WI option list 56 Working Files 72 Wtraditional 51 X x 60 x86 131 XCOFF 131 Xemacs 114 Z zip 114 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 135
191. sions to the C language and considers the use of such extensions errors As the GCC manual points out pedantic is not a complete check for ANSI conformance it only issues errors that are required by the ANSI standard 4 7 3 Preprocessor options The following set of options control the cpp preprocessor from the command line M Read the source files figure out which files they include and output lists of dependences for make There is one dependency list for each source file The dependency lists are sent to standard output and compilation doesn t proceed past preprocessing i e M implies E This option can make it much easier to generate correct makefiles C The preprocessor normally deletes all comments from the program With C it doesn t This flag may be useful in conjunction with E when you are trying to make sure that the preprocessor is doing what you intended In such cases leaving you comments in may be handy The C option doesn t automatically imply E but GCC won t let you use C on the command line unless E is also present 4 7 4 Options to Specify Libraries Paths and Startup Files The following options are common for embedded developers but not in native environments nostartfiles Don t use the standard system startup files when linking Normally the crt0 o file gets linked in as the standard start file however most embedded develo
192. source path is mnt cdrom bin using mnt cdrom as the CD ROM mount point If your default mount point is different you can change the default value by editing usr bin xtools file If you would like to override the default path to the distribution medium you may enter the command as xtools install arm elf lt arc path gt The arc path should always end in bin as the tar archives are in the bin directory on the CD ROM e g xtools install arm elf mnt cdrom1 bin Step 6 If you do not have the tcl8 4 tk8 4 library installed in your Linux distribution check your system documentation for details on how to make the check here is the command to execute and install the library from Microcross CD ROM xtools install share gdbtcl enter add the arc path if not using the standard path described above Logout as root or su at this time Step 7 Install the test files by using the following commands assuming the standard arc path i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 13 Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures cd home enter or other desired directory tar xvzf mnt cdrom src test tgz enter tar xvzf mnt cdrom src bench tgz enter If provided with the Target Toolsuite Go to Section 2 5 to perform a setup test of the toolsuite 2 4 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Linux Host Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools Toolsuite 1 Start i MX GNU X Tools Bash Shell
193. system developed at MIT and widely used on Unix systems With its sources freely available it is a vehicle that is widespread since developers can modify and customize it according to their requirements x86 Name for the Intel 8086 architecture family XCOFF eXtended COFF IBM s object file format for RS 6000 and PowerPC systems i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 131 Index Index A Abatron BDI2000 101 ABI 127 Acknowledgements 7 addr2line 46 ahls 58 aln 58 ansi 52 API 127 ar 46 63 ARM Toolsuite 115 as 46 assembler 43 assembly 45 Assembly 45 Automatic Display 70 B b format 61 bash 113 Bash Shell 14 125 bc 113 Bench 8 Bibliography 125 binutils 113 bison 113 Breakpoint Information Balloon 80 Breakpoints and Watchpoints 68 Breakpoints Window 90 97 BSP 127 Build 127 byacc 113 bzip2 113 C C 52 C language options 51 C 7 45 46 51 128 Changing Local Variables Values 99 Code Display Drop Down List Box 83 COFF 127 Command Line gdb 65 compilation 45 Compilation Options 51 compiler 43 Compiler 127 Console Window 92 132 E i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Control Programs 44 Controlling gdb 72 Controlling Linker 50 cpio 113 cpp 46 CPU Clock Rate 9 Creating Updating Libraries 62 63 crtO 62 cvs 113 Cygwin 112 113 125 Cygwin Key Features 112 C
194. t yxp Source Files cts A test c testsub c Header Files Resource Files Bitmaps l Other Files test mak E3 i MX GNU X Tools Shell O x JTAG SDI test c Source Window APPO PP AASAD rif dda test c v main v source int varc 6x23456789 static char test 36 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuywxyz char test_result 36 unsigned long loop_passes 6 extern unsigned long shiftit int sval int vard main start int i vara varb vara 6x12345678 16 for i 6 i lt 606x166 i 17 4 Program stopped at line 15 c 6188054 Console Window Sleeping for 5 seconds done ctrl 6x56678 Loading section text size 0x200 lma 6xc6160660 Loading section data size 6x24 lma 6xc 6166266 Start address 6xc6166666 load size 548 Transfer rate 4384 bits in lt 1 sec 182 bytes write Warning the current language does not match this frame Breakpoint 1 at 6xc610664c file test c line 14 Breakpoint 1 main at test c 14 i MX gdb s i MX gdb 15 USLICKERRORPATH C Cygwin home vxtools example gt make f C Cygwin home vxtools example test mak CFG Debug clean all rm f Debug test x rm f Debug crt o0 Debug test o Debug testsub o arm elf gec c g o Debug crt 0 crt arm elf gcc c 08 g w o Debug test o test c mcpu arm tdmi arm elf gcc c 00 g w o Debug testsub o testsub c mcpu arm
195. t number gt mfp lt number gt This specifies the version of the floating point emulation available on the target Permissible values are 2 and 3 mfp is a synonym for mfpe to support older versions of GCC mstructure size boundary lt n gt The size of all structures and unions will be rounded up to a multiple of the number of bits set by this option Permissible values are 8 and 32 The default value varies for different toolsuites For the COFF targeted toolsuite the default value is 8 Specifying the larger number can produce faster more efficient code but can also increase the size of the program The two values are potentially incompatible Code compiled with one value cannot necessarily expect to work with code or libraries compiled with the other value if they exchange information using structures or unions Programmers are encouraged to use the 32 value as future versions of the toolsuite may default to this value mabort on noreturn Generate a call to the function abort at the end of a noreturn function It will be executed if the function tries to return mlong calls mno long calls Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the address of the function into a register and then performing a subroutine call on this register This switch is needed if the target function will lie outside of the 64 megabyte addressing range of the offset based version of subroutine call instruc
196. tdmi gt lt l arm elf gcc 08 yg w o Debug test x Debug crt o Debug test o Debug tests Line 18 Col36 RW END OF EXAMPLE PROGRAM 32 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 3 Quick Start Guide 3 6 LCD Tests To test the LCD for color and touch screen use there are two simple programs that are preconfigured for this purpose in MicroMonitor Follow the simple procedures below to test the system with these programs Assumptions The LiteKit board is connected to a host serial terminal and powered on Step 1 In a serial terminal shell with MicroMonitor booted issue the following command uMON gt Icd_tst enter Input any key to change the LCD color repeat To exit press x key Step 2 In the same terminal shell with MicroMonitor booted to a prompt issue the following command note this example is only working on the i MXL LiteKit at this time uMON gt ads enter Press on the LCD screen at various points and observe the serial terminal display Computations of pen up and pen down X and Y parameters will display on the screen To exit press x key This concludes the simple LCD tests 3 7 Rebuild MicroMonitor and Reflash Board 3 7 1 Normal Reflash Procedure In the event that you want to modify MicroMonitor and reflash the board with the newly built MicroMonitor here is the procedure to rebuild load and run the new MicroMonitor image This proced
197. te symbols from the outgoing symbol table v version Print the as version version Print the as version and exit W Suppress warning messages W Ignored X Ignored Z Generate an object file even after errors files Standard input or source files files to assemble This option is accepted for script compatibility with calls to other assemblers 4 9 Using the Linker The Id linker combines several object modules and libraries into a single executable file It resolves references to external variables external procedures and libraries creating a complete self sufficient program You never need to invoke Id explicitly In most cases it is simpler to use the GCC command to link files even if you do not have any source files to compile The GCC guarantees that certain libraries will be present in the proper order even if they are not listed on the command line If you use Id as a linker you need to mention these libraries explicitly 4 9 1 Invoking Id The rules for invoking Id if you must do so are the same as for GCC or as The basic ld command is as follows lt target alias gt Id lt list of options gt lt list of files and libraries gt enter Where list of files and libraries is a series of filenames and library specifications To include a library in this list use the notation Iname where the name of the library file is either lib libname a or usr lib libname a The
198. the installation failed go to Section 2 6 for troubleshooting tips Note Once the toolsuite and Cygwin are installed the toolsuite can be uninstalled and reinstalled without reinstalling Cygwin This procedure may become necessary in the event that a toolsuite becomes corrupted or parts are accidentally deleted Simply use the iiMX GNU X Tools Shell and type xtools remove lt target alias gt enter To reinstall just the toolsuite insert the i MX GNU X Tools CD into the CD ROM and from the i MX GNU X Tools Shell type xtools install lt target alias gt enter Example xtools remove arm elf enter xtools install arm elf enter Use the same CD ROM drive that the original installation was made from i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 11 Section 2 Install and Setup Procedures 2 2 Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools on Windows Host Uninstall i MX GNU X Tools and Cygwin 1 Start the Control Panel from the Start menu 2 Click on Add or Remove Programs 3 Scroll down to find i MX GNU X Tools with and click on Remove The above remove procedure should remove the program and environment settings however in the event that anything should happen out of the ordinary follow the next three steps to manually return your computer back to its pristine state To verify i MX GNU X Tools environment is uninstalled completely 1 Run regedit from the Start Run command 2 Look for the following
199. the target bfdnames that can be used to specify the input and output formats The ARM for example has 9 bfdname names elf32 littlearm elf32 bigarm elf32 little elf32 bit srec symbolsrec tekhex binary and ihex Depending on the compiler options used the input bfdname will change e g compile for big endian as opposed to little endian The default output of the ARM is elf32 littlearm or elf32 little xtools arm elf enter arm elf cd home test enter arm elf gcc o div x div c enter arm elf objcopy S l elf32 littlearm O binary div x div bin enter Note The S strips all symbols out to make the object as small as possible The l is specifying the input target format bfdname and the O specifies the output target format bfdname The input file is div x and the output file is div bin 4 11 Creating Updating Libraries The command ar creates libraries or archives of object modules They are similar to the Unix Linux utilities with the same names except that you do not need a separate ranlib This section gives a brief description of how to use these utilities in the i MX GNU X Tools command shell In naming a library for use with i MX GNU X Tools always use the prefix lib and suffix extension a with your static library name this is the GNU convention and is necessary for GCC to automatically scan the library at link time so the syntax for linking a particular library
200. tion Even if this switch is enabled not all function calls will be turned into long calls The heuristic is that static functions functions which have the short call attribute functions that are inside the scope of a pragma no_long_calls directive and functions whose definitions have already been compiled within the current compilation unit will not be turned into long calls The exception to this rule is that weak function definitions functions with the long call attribute or the section attribute and functions that are within the scope of a pragma long_calls directive will always be turned into long calls This feature is not enabled by default Specifying no long calls will restore the default behavior as will placing the function calls within the scope of a pragma long_calls_off directive Note these switches have no effect on how the compiler generates code to handle function calls via function pointers msingle pic base Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read only rather than loading it in the prologue for each function The run time system is responsible for initializing this register with an appropriate value before execution begins mpic register lt reg gt Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing The default is r10 unless stack checking is enabled when r9 is used Must be used with fpic option to be valid mcirrus fix invalid insns Ins
201. tions which have no documentation associated with them will also be displayed target help Print on the standard output a description of target specific command line options for each tool version Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC Uname Some symbols usually those identifying the type of computer system you re compiling on are automatically defined by the compiler If you want to suppress one of these symbols use the Uname option This is equivalent to putting undef name at the beginning of each source file If you have an include file in a non standard directory specify this directory in a I option For example suppose you have two directories for code usr src for source files and usr headers for header files While you re compiling in the usr src directory you can tell GCC where to find the header files through the command lt target alias gt gcc I neaders example c Figure 4 2 below summarizes the three primary modes of GCC with switch actions i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 49 Section 4 How to Use i MX GNU X Tools Figure 4 2 Three Primary Modes of GCC GCC C l c_ x l o Switch Options P Default Executable a out or a exe Cygwin Linked Compilands 0 Executable named 4 6 Controlling Linker from GCC Another common compilation option is which specifies a library and
202. to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 4 Stop button The Stop button interrupts the debugging process for a project provided that the underlying hardware and protocols support such interruptions Generally machines that are connected to boards cannot interrupt programs on those boards so the Stop button has no functionality it will appear unavailable or grayed out For more information on the toolbar buttons see Figure 6 7 WARNING When debugging a target do not click on the Run button during an active debugging process or it will de activate the process The Run button will become the Stop button and Visual GDB will lose connection with the target To specify preferences of how source code appears and to change debugging settings select Preferences Source from the Source Window The Source Preferences dialog opens Figure 6 5 Figure 6 5 Source Preferences Dialog Normal Breakpoint Stack Temporary Breakpoint Browse Thread Breakpoint Mixed Source Ha Tracepoint a Mouse Button 1 Behavior Variable Balloons v A on a v OFF i al Tob Size 4 OK Apply Cancel Left click any of the colored squares to open the Choose color dialog with which you can modify the display colors of the Source Window Mouse Button 1 Behavior sets and clears either breakpoints or tracepoints points in the source code with an associated text string the default
203. tools arm elf the command GCC would actually start the compiler arm elf gcc This facility allows the command line user to execute the cross tools using the same command names as used in the native shell environment This remapping of tool command names remains in effect until the shell is exited via Ctrl D or the exit command 3 xtools status path prefix This command generates a summary screen which displays the installation status of each i MX GNU X Tools cross toolsuite in terms of the types counts and locations of files associated with each toolsuite The command displays the toolsuite status by target alias vs the population of files in the following format Column 0 Target Name target alias for this toolsuite i e arm elf in our case Column 1 usr bin lt target alias files Column 2 usr lt target alias gt bin files Column 3 usr lt target alias gt lib files Column 4 usr lt target alias gt include files Column 5 usr lib gcc lib lt target alias gt files Column 6 usr man man1 lt target alias gt files Column 7 Total file count for this toolsuite a The optional path prefix argument allows the utility to examine the installation state in which the user may have elected to manually install or build install toolsuite s into an alternate location other than usr 4 xtools install lt target alias gt archive path This command will install a complete cross to
204. u execute a program compiled with this option it produces a file named mon out that contains program execution statistics The profiler prof reads this file and produces a table describing your program s execution Link the program for profiling with gprof Executing a program compiled with this option produces a file named gmon out that includes execution statistics The profiler gprof reads this file and produces detailed information about your program s execution For example the following command compiles the file program f generating code for profiling with gprof lt target alias gt gcc pg program f enter g Generate a symbol table for debugging The g option enables debugging with the GNU debugger GDB or Visual GDB The symbols used with standard GDB are called stabs When compiling with Microcross cross compilers set the g option to produce the stabs symbols you may use gstabs as a verbose switch if you like Other symbol options include gcoff gdwarf and gdwarf2 the gcoff symbols are not supported in Microcross GNU cross compilers however gdwarf and gdwarf2 are supported in most target CPU toolsuites IMPORTANT NOTES To perform assembly debugging of straight assembly language files s or S files you must use g or gstabs because the assembler will not generate any other symbol formats The C C compiler however will gene
205. ub c C subroutine source for example program Debug crt o Object file for startup rountine Debug test o Object file for test c source file Debug test x Executable ELF image with debug symbols Debug testsub o Object file for testsub c source file Assumptions Visual X Tools IDE is installed free 30 day evaluation is available on the i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM To install Visual X Tools insert the i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM open Windows Explorer and navigate to the vxtools directory Double click on setup exe and follow the onscreen instructions to install Visual X Tools A user guide is also available in this directory The other assumptions include i MX GNU X Tools are installed on Windows host the i MX LiteKit board is connected including serial Ethernet usoDemon and power Moreover the OCD Commander and its utility usoDemon Finder are installed To find out what USB device number to use execute the usbDemon Finder utility using the desktop usoDemon Finder icon and note the device number of the usbDemon the USB cable has to be connected to the board while powered on in order to get this device number i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 29 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Step 1 Startup Visual X Tools IDE from a desktop icon See the Visual X Tools IDE icon in Figure 3 5 V visual Tools Figure 3 5 Visual X Tools IDE Icon Step 2 Click on Project Open Workspace from the menu Navigate to the following directory
206. ug example Macraigor usbDemon debug test example gxlinux GX Linux standard platform source directory ocd commander Macraigor OCD Commander installation software splash splash binary and autostart script test C example test code directory from Microcross ucon uCon Serial Terminal Software alternative to HyperTerminal umon MicroMonitor source directory umon recovery Recovery files for MicroMonitor uwindows MicroWindows Minesweeper example vxtools example Visual X Tools build and debug example The i MX LiteKit setup procedure follows and offers insight into the complete solution and how to get started using i MX technology Requirements Host computer with Windows and i MX GNU X Tools pre installed see Section 2 Host computer must have either a DB 9 connector or USB to DB 9 adapter HyperTerminal serial communications software or equivalent software uCon is in the Cygwin home ucon directory if you desire to install it from the self extracting exe file we highly encourage using uCon over HyperTerminal it is much easier to use and has special MicroMonitor hook features Ethernet cross over cable or hub connection to a LAN 115 VAC Power Step 1 Setup Serial Terminal Insure that the board is not powered on and your host computer is booted up Connect the provided null modem serial cable to the target board and host computer s DB 9 Serial Port or alternatively Configure your pref
207. ugger to track the thread This number is also used by the command line interface in the Console window when referring to threads The rest of the columns are dependent on information coming from the operating system The Source Window displays the current location and source for a current thread or process To change the current thread click on the desired thread in the Processes window and the debugger will switch contexts updating all windows The current thread will highlight Having set a breakpoint on a line or function stop execution and return control to the debugger for every thread that hits a set location To set a breakpoint on a specific thread or threads use the Source Window See also Setting Breakpoints and Viewing Local Variables and Setting Breakpoints on Multiple Threads in this Section 6 17 Using the Help Window Invoke the Help window Figure 6 42 using the Help menu to get HTML based navigable help by topic 94 m i MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger Figure 6 42 Help Window Showing the Help Topic s Index The Help window has two menus File and Topics The File menu makes the following options functional Back moves back one HTML help page relative to previous forward page movements Forward moves forward one HTML help page relative to previous back page movement Home returns to the main HTML help Table of Contents page Close closes the Help window The Topics menu displays infor
208. unctionality e Single click on an expression to select it e Right click in the display pane having selected an expression to invoke an expression specific Watch menu Figure 6 25 Figure 6 25 Watch Menu in the Watch Expressions Window Watch Expressions cdare corearg ttyr fho 0x0 Fornat PA tex Remove Edit A Decimal Binary Setal A Natural Add Watch Use Watch Edit to edit the value in an expression an example of an expression capable of being edited is shown in Figure 6 26 Use the Esc key to abort editing Figure 6 26 Editing the Value in an Expression Watch Expressions e x Name corearg cdarg ttyarg chor 0x0 Add Hatch Use Watch Format to invoke another pop up menu for displaying a selected expression s value in Hex Hexadecimal Decimal Binary or Octal formats by default pointers display in hexadecimal with all other expressions as decimal Use Watch Remove to remove a selected expression from the watch list Use the text edit field and the Add Watch button at the bottom of the window to add registers to the Watch Expression window or by typing register convenience variables into the text edit field add an expression to the watch list see corearg added in Figure 6 27 with its results in Figure 6 28 Figure 6 27 Using the Add Watch Button for the Watch Expressions Window i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 87 Section 6 How to Use Visual G
209. urce file to the preprocessor and then on to the assembler Unlike most Unix assemblers the GNU assembler can work on several files at a time The assembler has many options most of them are architecture specific and are used to describe the target processor more precisely These options will be important to you if you are cross compiling check the FSF s manual for more details Each appendix in this user guide briefly discusses the target dependent compiler and assembler options The following are a set of options and controls that are generally useful for invoking all GNU assemblers Common assembler switch options to all Targets as a cdhIns file D defsym sym value f gstabs help I dir J K J L keep locals o objfile R statistics v version version W w x Z mbig endian mlittle endian if implemented mfpa10 mfpa11 mfpe old mno fpu if implemented EB EL if implemented O n N b no relax nocpp G num mcpu CPU if implemented trap break emulation name files O These assembler switch options are discussed in depth within the manual MC Utilities pdf docs directory on i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM and in Cygwin docs In addition each assembler has target specific switch options The target speci
210. ure assumes you have a working MicroMonitor in flash If for any reason that MicroMonitor becomes corrupted in flash and will not boot correctly you will need to use the JTAG port on the expansion board or the usbDemon on the module board to load a RAM image and use it to reflash memory with a binary image Follow the procedure in Section 3 5 2 below Otherwise use the following procedure to reflash MicroMonitor Step 1 Open a i MX GNU X Tools Shell Step 2 Issue the following commands cd home umon umon_ports csb536fs enter for MXL port substitute csb535fs for MX21 bashrc enter dot space bashrc sets dependency paths make rebuild enter cleans and rebuilds binary images make TARGET_IP xxx xxx xxx xxx newmon enter substitute actual IP address i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 33 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Wait for approximately 30 seconds and power cycle the board to restart MicroMonitor You will be prompted to input the last four digits of the MAC address Use the last four digits on the label that is on the board and separate the every two digits with a colon Confirm the new MAC address when prompted and you are done 3 7 2 Dissaster Recovery Procedure Perform this procedure ONLY if the module board on flash has become corrupted and MicroMonitor fails to bootup Multiple use beyond 1 2 times of this procedure will corrupt the flash itself and require a flash erase procedure that is bui
211. utions Inc 1998 GNUPro Utilities Cygnus Solutions Inc 1999 GNUPro Toolkit Cygnus Solutions Inc 1998 GNUPro Toolkit Getting Started Guide Red Hat Inc 2001 GNUPro Tools for Embedded Systems Cygnus Solutions Inc 1998 GNUPro Tools for Embedded Systems Cygnus Solutions Inc 1999 GNU Online Documentation Brian J Fox Free Software Foundation 1994 GNUPro Libraries Cygnus Solutions 1998 GNU Make Richard Stallman amp Roland McGrath Free Software Foundation 1995 Learning the Bash Shell Cameron Newham amp Bill Rosenblatt O Reilly and Associates Inc 1998 Learning GNU Emacs Debra Cameron amp Bill Rosenblatt O Reilly and Associates Inc 1991 Man Pages Free Software Foundation Inc 2001 Porting Unix Software Greg Lehey O Reilly and Associates Inc 1995 Programming with GNU Software Mike Loukides amp Andy Oram O Reilly and Associates Inc 1997 ISBN 1 56592 1 12 7 The C Preprocessor Richard Stallman Free Software Foundation 1995 i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 125 Bibliography 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 The GNU C Library Reference Manual Volume One Volume Two Sandra Loosemore Richard M Stallman Roland McGrath Andrew Oram amp Ulrich Drepper Free Software Foundation 1999 Unix in a Nutshell Daniel Gilly and the Staff of O Reilly and Associates Inc O Reilly Associates Inc 1992 Using and Porting GNU CC Version 2 8 Richard M
212. ves lt target alias gt gcov Test coverage program to get basic performance statistics lt target alias gt nm Lists symbols from object files lt target alias gt objcopy Copies and translates object files lt target alias gt objdump Displays information from object files lt target alias gt ranlib Generates index to archive contents lt target alias gt readelf Displays information about ELF format object files lt target alias gt size Lists file section sizes and total sizes lt target alias gt strings Lists printable strings from files lt target alias gt strip Strips debug symbols from binaries lt target alias gt gdb Command Line GDB debugger lt target alias gt gdbtk Visual GDB debugger a k a Insight libc a and libm a Unrestricted Newlib C and Math Libraries libstdc a GNU Standard C and Template Library Table 1 2 Sources for Other Components Tool Name Description bench A comprehensive set of C benchmarks that may be used to verify correct operation of the toolsuites and serve as the basis of user programs Bench is completely described in the user notes for Bench in the docs directory on the i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM Newlib Newlib i MX C source tree This library does not have restrictions based on the General Public License GPL This library is completely unrestricted Contact Microcross for more i
213. win information 1 5 1 System Requirements Windows Host Version 1 Intel architecture 1586 i686 PC running one of the following Microsoft operating systems e Windows XP Professional or Home Edition or newer e Windows 2000 Professional e Windows NT 4 0 and Windows 95 98 are no longer supported or recommended 2 CPU Clock Rate e 500 MHz or higher 3 Minimum System RAM e 256 MB 4 Free Disk Space e 1GB 1 5 2 System Requirements Linux Host Version 1 Intel architecture i586 i686 PC running a Linux 2 x kernel 2 CPU Clock Rate e 500 MHz or higher 3 Minimum System RAM e 256 MB 4 Free Disk Space e 200 MB See the appropriate target appendix for specific requirements by target The i MX GNU X Tools toolsuite has been installed built and tested on the following Linux distributions Red Hat Linux Ver 7 3 Red Hat Linux Ver 9 0 Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS v3 3 or newer Linspire Ver 3 5 Debian Ver 2 4 22 iMX GNU X Tools User Guide E 9 Section 1 Introduction 1 6 Compatible RTOS OS Software The i MX GNU X Tools has been used by customers and internal staff to build many of the most popular operating systems with board support packages boot ROMs network stacks and single multithreaded applications since its first release in September 2000 A partial list follows Accelerated Technology Nucleus RTOS and TCP IP Stack EBSnet RTKernel RTOS File System and TCP IP Stack Embedded Linux BSPs Express Lo
214. wing lines a Line where Host IP is located Enter Host IP address where TFTP runs from a DOS command shell use ipconfig to find out what the Host IP address is b Enter the REGS file path path should be same as step 1 bdi2000 directory 13 Create a shortcut to tftpsrv exe that is located in the bdi2000 directory and execute it to start the TFTP Server before going to the next step very important N On Rw N i MX GNU X Tools User Guide m 101 Section 6 How to Use Visual GDB Debugger 14 Unplug power to the board and BDI2000 and then connect the JTAG connector to the development board 15 Powerup the board and BDI2000 16 Starta DOS command shell and enter the command telnet lt IP address assigned to BDI2000 gt The response should be a command prompt BDI gt or custom prompt if set in the configuration file e g CSB536 gt 17 At this point you should be able to connect via GDB or Visual GDB using the appropriate TCP address and port number Connecting to the Target with the Abatron BDI2000 Command Line GDB After starting your debugger with binary you created with debug symbols in it you must issue commands to remotely connect to the target This can be done by issuing the following commands lt target alias gt gdb lt filename gt enter you must be in the directory where the binary lt filename gt is located GDB target remote lt bdi2000 TCP Addr gt 2001 enter
215. x0 chor x Ox chor x 0x0 print_help 0 pint version Oo chor 0440000210 1073743452 1073744044 chor x Oxbfrff 758 1075859892 N23744034 struct stat struct stat chor 0x40000000 1 77ELF5001 001001 honeinit chor x 0x0 T 1073747220 tine_at_star tup 24 10 Click the Continue button two more times to step through the next two breakpoints and notice that the values of the local variables change compare results from the main c example program in Figure 6 49 and results in Figure 6 52 Repeat with the Continue button to step through breakpoints and notice their values change Figure 6 52 File after Changing Local Variables Values main c Source Window 0x804d2d5 static int quiet 0 static int batch 0 Pointers to various orgunents from command Line 3 char sumarg NULL char execarg NULL 5 char cerearg NULL 10 char ttyarg NULL 108 SCURCE 6 18 2 Setting Breakpoints on Multiple Threads With Visual GDB processing in a multi thread environment select threads and set breakpoints on one or more threads when debugging WARNING Multiple thread functionality does not work similarly on all embedded targets When debugging C code for instance breakpoints and exceptions may not work on multiple threads A process can have multiple threads running concurrently each performing a different task such as waiting for events o
216. y Through this collection of Open Free Source UNIX Linux programs Cygwin provides basic commands and utilities for remote system administration including all the standard remote internal daemons e g ftp telnet tar cpio rlogin 7 2 Cygwin Key Features e Provides a shell environment for the Windows Platform e Comes with the latest Intel Pentium II optimizing GNU native compiler e Includes the largest collection of Open Source Linux projects ported to Windows making it the standard Open Source distribution for the Windows platform e The Cygwin dll portability library provides the capability to port UNIX Linux Open Source projects to Windows e Cygwin dll allows for compiling UNIX applications on Windows 7 3 Cygwin Components UNIX Linux shell environment such as bash Open Source Internet daemons such as telnet GNU Development Tools optimized for the Intel Pentium family of processors Cygwin dll portability library 7 3 1 Cygwin Package List tools utilities and programs that make up Cygwin bash bc binutils bison byacc bzip2 cpio cvs cygwin diffutils expect file fileutils findutils flex fortune ftp gas gawk gcc GDB gnuchess gprof grep 112 mi MX GNU X Tools User Guide Section 7 Introduction to Cygwin groff Gzip inetutils itcl itk ksh Id less libcurses libjpeg libtermcap libtiff login m4 make man more Ncurses perl rx regex sed shell utils tar tcl tesh telnet termcap texinfo textutuils time tix
217. y or adapt a licensed program but every person getting a copy also gets with it the freedom to modify that copy which means that they must get access to the source code and the freedom to distribute further copies Typical software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms the Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms Fundamentally the General Public License is a license that says you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away from anyone else To see the GNU General Public License see license txt on i MX GNU X Tools CD ROM 5 1 2 Requirements of GDB Before using GDB you should understand the formal requirements and other expectations for GDB Although some of these may seem obvious there have been proposals for GDB that have run counter to these requirements First of all GDB is a debugger It s not designed to be a front panel for embedded systems It s not a text editor It s not a shell It s not a programming environment GDB is an interactive tool Although a batch mode is available GDB s primary role is to interact with a human programmer The GDB should be responsive to the user A programmer hot on the trail of a nasty bug and operating under a looming deadline is going to be very impatient of everything including the response time to debugger commands GDB should be relatively permissive such as for expressions While the compiler should be picky or have the option
218. y steps in Section 3 1 are completed and the board is ready to communicate via TFTP In addition the LiteKit expansion module board is connected to serial Ethernet and powered on This section explains how to build load and run a basic single threaded example application and MicroWindows Minesweeper program on MicroMonitor For the first example the application code is located in Cygwin home umon umon_apps user_manual main1 c and provides a target independent example of hooking up a Hello embedded world application to a target running MicroMonitor System dependent information is normally set in the makefile using a text editor to make changes the makefile is located in Cygwin home umon umon_apps user_manual directory however note that we have already configured most settings for the LiteKit module with the exception of an IP address for your specific network settings The following are all of the environment variables that normally need setting in the makefile You can double check your board settings as a drill in this example or go onto the Example 1 below ARCH Set ARCH to one of the accepted CPU architectures i e MIPS PPC ARM COLDFIRE MONCOMPTR Retrieve MONCOMPTR from the output of set APPRAMBASE Set APPRAMBASE to the content of the APPRAMBASE shell variable or a bit higher TARGET_IP You can set TARGET_IP to the IP address of your target in the Makefile or on the command line as shown in
219. y the same inputs as described above for installing the first driver Now that both drivers are installed the usoDemon is now useable from this host machine Double click on the desktop icon for usbDemon Finder which was installed with OCD Commander The usbDemon finder will display the device number assigned to the usbDemon that is connected Write this device number down for future reference when we activate the OCDRemote Close the usbDemon Finder and proceed to the example program 3 4 1 Example Program Under the Cygwin directory nome debug example there is an example LiteKit program that can be debugged in a remote target session using GDB Visual GDB and the built in Macraigor usoDemon JTAG interface Note The Macraigor USB devices are currently not supported under Linux The following files are included in home debug example directory under Cygwin gdbinit GDB Initialization File crt0 S Assembly source for C initialization code Idscript Linker script Makefile Compiles and links source files using i MX GNU X Tools README The readme file test c C source for example program testsub c C subroutine source for example program i MX GNU X Tools User Guide E 23 Section 3 Quick Start Guide Assumptions OCD Commander and its utility usoDemon Finder are installed before starting this Demo Program To find out what USB device number to use execute the usbDemon Finder utility using the desktop icon and not
220. ygwin Related Problems 14 D Debug format 127 Debug protocol 127 Debugger 127 debugging 45 54 56 60 117 127 128 130 Deleting Breakpoints 80 diff 46 diff3 46 diffutils 113 DOS style 15 DWARF 127 E e name 61 ECOFF 127 Editing Local Variables 89 Elements of a Variable Structure 90 ELF 127 Environment Variables 15 Exception handling 127 Executable file 127 Executing your Program 68 Execution Control 69 expect 113 Expressions 70 F ffast math 55 file 113 File Drop Down List Box 82 fileutils 113 findutils 113 finline functions 55 flex 113 fno inline 55 fortune 113 Free Disk Space 9 Free Software Foundation 7 126 FSF 7 52 56 57 ftp 113 Function Browser Window 93 94 Function Drop Down Combo Box 82 funroll loops 55 G g 54 g 46 gas 113 127 gasp 46 gawk 113 gcc 46 113 128 gcj 128 gdb 46 113 128 gdb debugging session 65 gdb Quick Reference 67 gdb Scripts 71 gdb under GNU Emacs 73 gdbserver 128 gdbstub 128 gdbtk 46 General Public License 7 Getting Started 11 Glibc 128 Global Preferences Dialog 77 Glossary of Embedded System Terminology 127 GNU 128 GNU Libraries 64 GNU X Tools Command Line Tool 40 gnuchess 113 GPL 7 gprof 113 grep 113 groff 113 GUI 129 gzip 113 H Horizontal Scroll Bar 82 I
221. ype gt ARM920T for i MXL lt CPU type gt ARM926EJ S for i MX21 enter ocdremote for a complete CPU list if you desire lt port number gt tcp ip port default 8888 lt device gt WIGGLER RAVEN MPDEMON_SERIAL MPDEMON_PARALLEL MPDEMON_ETHERNET USB default RAVEN lt device address gt WIGGLER RAVEN MPDEMON_PARALLLEL LPT number 1 4 MPDEMON_SERIAL COM number 1 4 MPDEMON_ETHERNET tcp ip address in the format XXX XXX XXX XXX USB macraigor USB device number 0 15 default 1 lt speed gt JTAG clock rate 1 8 default 1 fastest see GNU TOOLS FAQ page for a device speed vs jtag clock rate table Here is an example In the second i MX GNU X Tools Shell enter the following command line assuming the usbDemon is assigned device 0 at JTAG speed 1 6 Mhz ocdremote c ARM920T d USB a 0 s 1 enter Feedback from the computer assuming the USB cable is connected and the LiteKit board is powered on is the following JTAG SDO lt CPU 1 ARM920T listening on port 8888 lt JTAG SDI Important Each time you connect and disconnect GDB Visual GDB you must repeat this step The Socket automatically shuts down when GDB Visual GDB disconnects Step 3 Start either GDB or Visual GDB GDB with a GUI interface to start download and debug Command Line GDB Example In the first Shell enter the following assuming you are still in the same directory that contains the test image f

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

Armstrong 00750418 Instructions / Assembly  VIZIO VSB207BT soundbar speaker  EA814RC-1取説MTB作成(ver2 150122)  S2500W User Manual  Sonorous Surefix 211  Manuel du propriétaire - Hearth & Home Technologies  full PDF catalog  Samsung SH07APGD User Manual  User guide screeneye x - o  Yard-Man 1040-9 User's Manual  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file