Home

David Burns - Selenium 1.0 Testing Tools - Begi..

Contents

1. Command Target Find Value Log Reference Wl Elerment Rollup Infor Clear The following text has been loaded trom another A page on this site It has been loaded in an asynchronous fashion so that we can work through the AJAX section of this chapter error Element div id ajaxdiv p not found a ii F Have a look at the page that you are working against Can you see the text that the test is expecting You should see it then why has this test failed The test has failed because when the test reached that point the element containing the text was not loaded into the DOM This is because it was being requested and rendered from the web server into the browser To remedy this issue we will need to add a new command to our test so that our tests pass in the future 1 Right click on the step that failed so that the Selenium IDE context menu appears 2 Click on Insert New Command 3 Inthe Command select box type waitForElementPresent or select it from the drop down list 4 inthe Target box add the target that is used in the verifyText command 5 Run the test again and it should pass this time 24 Chapter 1 gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT m File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co ul j Slow pS Po 0 Table Source Command Target open chapterl iclick loadajax waitForElementPres div id
2. Now that we have learned all that we can with Selenium 1 it s now time to start having a look at what is coming up in the next version of Selenium to be released into beta at the end of 2010 In this chapter we will be looking at the merger of the Selenium and WebDriver code bases to create what is being called Selenium 2 We will then discuss how we can write tests using Selenium 2 to test our web applications everything from accessing elements on the page to executing JavaScript on the page In this chapter we shall cover the following topics Why Selenium and WebDriver are being merged Understanding how browser interaction will change Converting Selenium 1 tests to run on Selenium 2 Starting a Selenium 2 browser instance Accessing elements on the page and interacting with them gt Working with JavaScript in Selenium 2 So let s get on with it Getting Started with Selenium 2 Important preliminary points Before starting to work through this chapter you will have to make sure that you have downloaded the latest binaries from http code google com p selenium downloads list You will need to download the selenium java 2 0 zip file and the selenium server standalone 2 0 jar file The ZIP file contains all the binaries we need for the tests and the JAR file allows us to run our tests using RemoteWebDriver Why Selenium and WebDriver are being merged Selenium and WebDriver are being merged to cr
3. Selenium 1 0 Testing Tools J J _ r a i ra J ai T i a a ky Ss w l i F E P i i i 2 E j E m j en am k r n z z 5 j E j y De j F j F i a A j i al J j a a Te s e f 4 d i 1 li r Selenium 1 0 Testing Tools Beginner s Guide Test your web applications with multiple browsers using the Selenium Framework to ensure the quality of web applications David Burns PACKT open source wre community experience distilled BIRMINGHAM MUMBAI Selenium 1 0 Testing Tools Beginner s Guide Copyright 2010 Packt Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented However the information contained in this book is sold without warranty either express or implied Neither the author nor Packt Publishing and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this
4. In this chapter we shall Locate elements by ID Locate elements by name Locate elements by link Locate elements by XPath Locate elements by CSS So let s get on with it Locators Important preliminary points Before starting this chapter we should begin by making sure that we have all the relevant applications installed While these are not foolproof they will give us some clue of how to construct the locator for our tests to use Firebug https addons mozilla org en US firefox addon 1843 a Firebug has become the de facto tool for web developers as it allows developers to find elements on the page by using the find functionality a It has a JavaScript REPL REPL stands for Read Eval Print Loop which is an interactive shell that allows you to run JavaScript without having to create an entire page Firefinder https addons mozilla org en US firefox addon 11905 a Avery good tool for testing out XPath and CSS on the page It will highlight all the elements on the page that match the selector to your element location IE Developer Tools a This is built into IE7 and IE8 which we can launch by pressing F12 It also has a number of features that Firebug has Google Chrome Developer Tools a This like IE is built into the browser and will also allow you to find the elements on the page and be able to work out its XPath Once you have worked out your locator you will need to put it
5. M mouseOver event firing 80 81 multiple elements finding on page 192 multiple windows working with 20 22 N network traffic capturing 145 147 new browsers Selenium 2 instantiating 187 189 Nose 172 O object returning from executing JavaScript to tests 196 197 onBlur event about 80 firing 81 82 onChange event 80 onFocus event 80 onMouseOut event 80 onMouseOver event 80 onSubmit event 80 open command 14 Opera 111 p page accessing with browserbot 76 77 multiple elements searching on 192 Page Object Pattern tests designing 132 134 parallel testing 177 parameters using in tests 175 176 partial match performing on attribute content 45 performing on attributes 52 53 Plain Old Java Object See POJO pNunit 172 POJO 196 Q quit method 188 189 R Read Eval Print Loop See REPL regular expressions date verifying 65 66 using 65 regular expression wildcards using 67 RemoteWebDriver 182 REPL 34 requisites verifying for Selenium Grid 159 160 S screenshots capturing 147 149 entire page capturing 150 151 SeleneseTestCase setUp Selenium instance creating 123 Selenium about 7 85 add ons 96 cookie handling 140 globs 60 JavaScript 69 70 location strategy adding 144 145 mouseOver event firing 80 81 network traffic capturing 145 147 onBlur event firing 81 82 screenshots capturing 147 149 user extension 86 Selenium 1 tests converting to Selenium 2 test
6. File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk bi Slow pS gt Bi Table Source Command Target lopen chapterl click radiobutton select selecttype label Seleniu verify ext divontheleft ssert that this t verifyElementPresent verifybutton Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear Core A info Executing verifyText divontheleft ssert that this text is on the page error Actual value Assert that this text is on the page did not match ssert that this text is on the page The test would not have carried on if it was using assert as the mechanism for validating that the elements and text were loaded with the page What just happened We have just seen that we can add asserts or verification to the page Selenium IDE does not do this when recording so it will always be a manual step We saw that if we use the assert command and it fails it will cause the test to stop whereas the verify command allows the test to carry on after a failure Each of these has their merits Recreate the test that you have just done but using the assert methods available from the context menu in Firefox Some of the verify and assert methods are verifyElement Present verifyElementNotPresent verifyText 6 verifyAttribute 17 Getting Started with Selenium IDE verifyChecked verifyAlert verifyTitle Sele
7. Match either letters or numbers and add the wildcard such as d Run the test and it should look similar to the next screenshot bg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u j Slow pS gt H e Table Source Command Target Value chapter3 David regexp w Command Target Value Log Reference Wl Element Rollup Infor Clear nto Executing jopen chapters A info Executing verifyText centerdiv regexp w 3 d 2 w 37 d 4 info Executing verifyText name regexp w ki What just happened We have just applied wildcards to our tests This can be useful if we do not know how long the text is going to be or if we don t need to know what appears in the centre of a string There are times that we do care what the complete string could be and then we apply matches for letters We do this by using a z or any other similar regular expression operators 67 Pattern Matching What is the best way to check if a word is three characters long What is the way to add wild cards to a regular expression Now that we have a good understanding of how regular expressions work let us try to create a few more tests with regular expressions Write tests to work against your favorite blog Make sure that there are sentences that match a certain length al Q Use the wand s regex syntax Summary We learned a lot in
8. Source Untitled Command Target Value open chapter3 asd verifyT ext name exactiasdas Command Target Runs Failures Chapter 3 Using the exact prefix means that if the capitalization of an item is not correct the test will fail We can see how this fails in the next screenshot File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk Slow gt S gt T Test Case Table Source Untitled Command Target Value open chapter3 asd verify T ext name exactiasDasD Command verifyText Target name exact asDpsD You can also use this on links as we can see in our next Time for action This means that we can make sure the test always clicks on the correct link 1 Open http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 yourname where yourname is your name 2 Click on the link Index but make sure you add the exact prefix 3 Run your test It should look similar to the next screenshot C Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u m Target chapter3 asd link exactIndex Command click Target link exactIndex Pattern Matching What just happened As we just saw we can use the exact prefix on links to make sure that only the links that match the text exactly are clicked This is a good way to make sure that the link exists and to click on it without the need to have a ver
9. This could be down to the fact that we don t know what order they are going to be in so we cannot utilize a regular expression Let s see how we can do this 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Create a step to verify that the select with the ID selecttype has four options in it 4 Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot Command Target Value Command werifyEwal Target this browserbot getUserWindow document getElementByld selecttype cptions length Value 4 What just happened We have just seen how to verify that something on the page meets certain criteria In this case we wanted to check that the select with the ID selecttype had four options in it This means our tests do not have to rely on Selenium commands We can make small ad hoc calls in javascript to verify elements on the page There are times that you may want to do something similar but the options are loaded with AJAX When that happens we can then use the wait ForCondition This command will wait until it returns true The call sits on the outside of the Selenium object so if you work with it against the page you will have to call into it Instead of using this browserbot you will have to use selenium browserbot in your JavaScript Let s see this in action 78 Chapter 4 Time for action using waitForCondition Let s imagine you have an application that
10. We do this by calling the start method selenium start Your setUp method should look like the following snippet public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start 6 Now we need to create a test method We do this by creating a new method that has test as a prefix For example test ShouldDoSomething 7 Necanadd selenium commands in our test so that it can drive the browser For example public void testShouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton selenium open selenium click lLink Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent but1 8 Right click on the test method and click on Run Test You should see your test driving the browser What just happened We have just created a Selenium test and run it using JUnit 3 We saw how we can extend TestCase with our class and then set up a new selenium instance We also saw how we can then stop the browser by calling the stop method We also saw that if you are creating a test you need to put test as the prefix of the method For example public void testShouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton 122 Chapter 7 Time for action creating a Selenium instance with SeleneseTestCase setUpt In the previous section we saw how we can explicitly set all the properties that are needed to start
11. in the API call whereas in Selenium 2 we can now map elements on the page to immutable objects in our tests using the WebElement object This object then controls how we can access and throw errors if we try to do something that element cannot handle For example toggling a Select box as if it were a checkbox We also had a look at how we can find multiple objects that meet the search criteria that we had created with the By object Finally in this section we had a look at how we can type into elements that can be typed into 198 Chapter 11 Working with JavaScript in Selenium 2 In this section we saw how using JavaScript has become a lot easier to do since we do not need to access browserbot anymore Our scripts just need to be able to do what they normally would if it were running on the page We also had a look at how returning something from the JavaScript that we want to run is converted to the data type that is native to the language we are creating our tests in Selenium 2 is still in development but it is starting to become very stable The only changes that are expected in the near future are enhancements These enhancements will hopefully help it handle more HTML 5 elements 199 Chapter 1 Getting Started with Selenium IDE What is the main language that drives Selenium IDE a Answer JavaScript Selenium IDE works on Internet Explorer a Answer False Selenium verifies items on the page when it is record
12. locator value var dates new Date var day dates getDate if day lt 10 day 0 day month dates getMonth 1 if month lt 10 month O month var year dates getFullYear 94 Chapter 5 var prettyDay day month year this browserbot getUserWindow checkDate prettyDay var lastResult new CommandResult try var realValue this getText locator if realValue value lastResult failed false else lastResult failed true catch e lastResult failed true lastResult message e message this commandComplete lastResult 3 Save the file and restart Selenium IDE 4 Run the test have shown it being run against a page that will fail in order to show you that it can make the test fail Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk Slow gt gt E Command Correct Command fireDateAndVerifyT ext Target Answer Value Correct User Extensions and Add ons What just happened We have just seen how we can create new commands for our tests that can verify or assert that something is on the page In the new command we started to use the CommandResult object to store the result of the test When the step had completed it called the this commandComplete command so that we could record if the step was successful or not The CommandComplete objec
13. prototype doStoreRandom function variableName random Math floor Math random 10000000 storedVars variableName random Save the file Restart Selenium IDE Create a new step with storeRandom and the variable that will hold the value will be called random User Extensions and Add ons 6 Create a step to echo the value in the random variable J Selenium IDE 10 6 i io Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk Slow ps j gt Table Source Command Target Value storeRandaom random echo Srandom Command Target Value Log Reference Wl Element Rollup Infor Clear info echo 7258985 info Executing stereRandom random info Executing echo random info echo 4090492 nfo Executing echo random What just happened In the previous example we saw how we can create an extension function that allows us to use variables that can be used throughout the rest of the test It uses the storedVars dictionary that we saw in the previous chapter As everything that comes from the Selenium IDE is interpreted as a string we just needed to put the variable as the key in storedVars It is then translated and will look like storedVars random so that we can use it later As with normal Selenium commands if you run the command a number of times it will overwrite the value that is stored within that variable as we can see in the previous screensh
14. to work against Unfortunately we are not checking that the other items on the page are there or if they are visible when they should be hidden We are going to work against the same page as before but we shall make sure that different items are on the page There are two mechanisms for validating elements that are available on the application under test The first is assert this allows the test to check if the element is on the page If it is not available then the test will stop on the step that failed The second is verify this also allows the test to check whether the element is on the page but if it isn t then the test will carry on executing To add the assert or verify to the tests we need to use the context menu that Selenium IDE adds to Firefox All that one needs to do is right click on the element if on Windows or Linux If you have a Mac then you will need to do the two finger click to display the Context menu When the Context menu appears it will look like the next screenshot with the normal Firefox functions above it open chapterl verity extPresent Assert that this text i on the page verifyValue storeValue verity ext divonthelett Assert that this text is on the page verityElementPresent divonthelett waitForElementPresent divonthelett Show All Available Commands Time for action updating a test to verify items on the page 1 Open the IDE so that we can start recording 2 Set the Base URL to http b
15. 1 we had to pass in the locator to an element in the API call In Selenium 2 we need to find the element on the page with Selenium 2 and then interact with it What happens when you find a hidden element and work with it a Answer Selenium 2 works very hard at trying to imitate what the user is likely to do Selenium will find the hidden element but it will throw exceptions if you try to type or click on it Are you still required to use Browserbot in your JavaScript a Answer No To run the JavaScript what do you need to do a Answer The code in the test needs to cast the driver to a JavascriptExecutor object and then call the execute method passing in the JavaScript snippet we would like it to execute Can your JavaScript return to your test a Answer Yes What does it return a Answer It returns a Plain Old Java Object POJO so that we can then cast it to the type that we need within our tests 2081 Symbols character using in glob pattern 63 64 character pattern finding 62 Denvironment argument 166 Dhost argument 164 165 DhubURL argument 164 165 firefoxProfileTemplate argument 113 htmlsuite argument about 107 using 108 Parameters annotation 175 port argument 113 lt test gt node 173 userExtensions argument 113 A add ons about 96 creating 97 100 AJAX about 23 69 working on pages 23 24 AJAX applications working with 25 ant Dport 5555 launch remote contro
16. 2 browser instance 187 Time for action instantiating new browsers and closing them 188 Accessing elements on the page and interacting with them 189 Time for action finding a link and clicking it 190 Finding elements with XPath 191 Time for action finding an element with XPath 191 Finding multiple elements 192 Time for action finding multiple elements on the page 192 Typing into input fields 193 Time for action typing into a text box 193 Real life interaction 194 Time for action working with hidden elements throws errors 194 Working with JavaScript in Selenium 2 195 Time for action using JavaScript in Selenium 2 195 Returning something from your JavaScript to your test 196 Time for action returning from executing JavaScript 196 Summary 198 Pop Quiz Answers 201 Chapter 1 Getting Started with Selenium IDE 201 Chapter 2 Locators 202 Chapter 3 Pattern Matching 202 Chapter 4 Using JavaScript 203 Chapter 5 User Extensions and Add ons 203 Chapter 6 First Steps with Selenium RC 204 Chapter 7 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests 205 Chapter 8 Advanced Selenium Techniques 206 Table of Contents Chapter 9 Getting Started with Selenium Grid 207 Chapter 10 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel 207 Chapter 11 Getting started with Selenium 2 208 Index 209 The Selenium 1 0 Testing Tools Beginner s guide shows developers and testers how to create automated tests using a brows
17. IDE has opened a new area on the left hand side of the IDE as seen in the next screenshot LJ Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT I File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS E Test Case Table Source Untitled Untitled 2 Command Command Target Runs Failures Log Reference Ul Elerment Rollup Infor Clear nto Executing click secondajax info Executing waitForTextPresent I have been added with a timeout info Changed test case You can do this as many times as you want and when the Run Entire Test Suite button is clicked it will run all the tests in the test suite It will log all the passes and failures at the bottom of the Test Case box To save this click on the File menu and then click on Save Test Suite and save the Test Suite file to somewhere convenient Changing the name of the test case to something a lot more meaningful this can be done by right clicking on the test and clicking on the Properties item in the context menu Test Case Property File SEs Title Chapterl 29 Getting Started with Selenium IDE You can now add meaningful names to your tests and they will appear in the Selenium IDE instead of falling back to their filenames What just happened We have managed to create our first test suite This can be used to group tests together to be used later If your tests have been saved you can update the test suite p
18. Jetty S 1 x Variverd Started HttpContext rse lenium server driver se lenium server river 22 16 58 079 Started HttpContext se lenium server se lenium server 2 16 58 079 Started HttpContextl 7 2 16 58 237 Started org openga jetty jetty servlet Serv letHandlerP2cabd5 He 22 16 58 238 Started HttpContext ud ud 22 16 58 245 Started SocketListener on 6 0 0 8 4444 22 16 58 245 Started org openga jetty jetty ServerP 2icdeff 1 BS peve lopment ss a ld2 java jar selenium server standalone jar z What just happened We have successfully set up Selenium Remote Control This is the proxy that our tests will communicate with It works by language bindings sending commands through to Selenium Remote Control which it then passes through to the relevant browser It does this by keeping track of browsers by having a unique ID attached to the browser and each command needs to have that ID in the request Now that we have finished setting up Selenium Remote Control we can have a look at running our first set of tests in a number of different browsers Where can you download Selenium Remote Control from Once you have placed Selenium Remote Control somewhere accessible how do you start Selenium Remote Control 106 Chapter 6 In the previous chapters we were using Selenium IDE to create all of our tests This means that we have only been able to test our application
19. Now that we ve learned about user extensions we re ready to have a look at Selenium RC which is the topic of the next chapter We should be extremely proficient with Selenium IDE by now so moving on to Selenium RC allows us to create even more verbose tests 101 In this chapter we are going to have a first look at Selenium Remote Control Selenium Remote Control is one of the most popular flavors of Selenium as it allows developers to write tests using their favorite language to test on different Browsers In this chapter we shall cover topics such as What is Selenium Remote Control Setting up Selenium Remote Control Running Selenium IDE tests with Selenium RC 6 Selenium RC arguments So let s get on with it important preliminary points To complete the examples of this chapter you will need to make sure that you have at least Java JRE installed You can download it from http java sun com Selenium Remote Control has been written in Java to allow it to be cross platform so we can test on Mac Linux and Windows First Steps with Selenium RC In the previous chapters we have been using Selenium IDE and by now you should be very proficient in using it Selenium IDE only works with Firefox so we have only been checking a small subsection of the browsers that our users prefer We as web developers and testers know that unfortunately our users do not just use one browser Some may use Interne
20. Type the command click into the Command selectbox 5 Run your script Chapter 2 Ea Selenium IDE 1 0 6 Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow gt gt e Table Source Command Target Value open chapter click buti Command Target Value Log Reference Wl Elerment Rollup Infor Clear info Executing open chapter info Executing click butt What just happened Your test will have executed the step successfully Because the test is using the ID of the element if that element were to be moved around your script would find the item without any issue This is one of the main plus points of Selenium over a lot of the competing test frameworks out there As just mentioned when using the value of the ID attribute Selenium can find the elements on the page even if they were to be moved Click on the Random button in the chapter2 page of the site you can do this manually and then run the script that we created earlier You will see that your test executes successfully 37 Locators Time for action finding elements by name Elements do not necessarily have name attributes on all of them Elements can have names that we can use to locate them In the Target textbox this would look like name Element Follow the next example to see how it would work 1 Open Selenium 2 Open Firebug 3 Find an element that you
21. a browser We will now use the setup override in SeleneseTestCase to use certain values The steps are as follows 1 2 3 Create a new java class in IDEA Add the Selenium Import to your java class import com thoughtworks selenium For JUnit 3 we need to extend our java class with the TestCase class Selenium has its own version of the TestClass called SeleneseTestCase public class SeleniumBeginnersJUnit3 extends SeleneseTestCase We now need to set up a new Selenium instance We will do this in the setUp method that is run before the tests In this we will initialize the selenium object that we created previously This method takes two parameters These are a Browser string For example chrome a Site under test The following code shows the initialization setUp chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk Now we need to create a test method We do this by creating a new method that has test as a prefix For example test ShouldDoSomething We can add selenium commands in our test so that it can drive the browser For example public void testShouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton selenium open selenium click link Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent but1 Right click on the test method and click on Run Test You should see your test driving the browser 123 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests Wha
22. ajaxdiv verifyText div id ajaxdiv The following text Command Target Value What just happened Selenium does not implicitly wait for the item that it needs to interact with so it is seen as good practice to wait for the item that you need to work with and then interact with it The waitFor commands will timeout after 30 seconds by default but if you need them to wait longer you can specify the tests by using the setTimeout command This will set the timeout value that the tests will use in future commands Time for action working with AJAX applications 1 Click on the button that has load text to the page 2 Wait for the text I have been added with a timeout Your test will look similar to the next screenshot ef Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS gt E G Table Source Command Target click secondajax jwaitForTextPresent have been added 25 Getting Started with Selenium IDE What just happened In the previous examples we waited for an element to appear on the page There are a number of different commands that we can use to wait The following commands make up the wait For set of commands but this is not an exhaustive list waitForAlertNot Present waitForAlertPresent waitForElementPresent waitForElementNotPresent waitForTextPresent waitForTextNotPresent waitForPageToLoad OH OH wa
23. and kill it in the AfterClass In this section of the chapter we are going to have a look at how we can apply some best practices to tests You will learn how to make maintainable test suites that will allow you to update tests in seconds We will have a look at creating your own DSL so that people can see intent We will create tests using the Page Object Pattern Let us start trying to put these best practices to work Time for action setting up the test Imagine that you have a number of tests that work on a site that requires you to log in and move to a certain page Or imagine that you need to have a test that requires you to be on a certain page In these two situations the quickest way is to find out which page you are on and then move to the correct one if need be otherwise start testing This is to make sure that we follow one of the major tenets of test automation in that you always start from a known place Let us see this in an example 1 Create a new java class in IDEA 2 Import the relevant Selenium Packages 128 Chapter 7 3 Create the setUp and tearDown method prefer the JUnit 4 style of tests and so will use code samples with the annotations 4 Neneed to check that the test is on the correct page For this we will use the selenium getTitle to see that page title and then if incorrect move to the chapter2 link We do this because navigating to page is slower than checking the page s title or a
24. another way to do XPath like queries against the DOM and use built in libraries in most browsers We can use CSS selectors which is the next section of this book Ifyou wanted do a partial match on an attribute on an element from the beginning of the value which two of the following would you use a contains a starts with a ends with Go to http financial dictionary thefreedictionary com and use contains starts with and ends with onthe page Use the call getXPathCount to see how many items you can get with your XPath query We saw in the previous section that XPath selectors can offer your tests a lot of flexibility to find elements on the page Time for action finding elements by CSS So finding Elements by XPath can be an extremely costly exercise A way around this is to use CSS selectors to find the objects that you need Selenium is compatible with CSS 1 0 CSS 2 0 and CSS 3 0 selectors There are a number of items that are supported such as namespace in CSS 3 0 and some pseudo classes and pseudo elements The syntax of your locator will look like css cssSelector Let s create our first selector to find an element on our page 48 Chapter 2 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Open Firebug and click on the Firefinder tab 3 Weare going to look at one of the buttons in the div with the ID divontheleft The CSS Selector for the buttons would be div leftdiv input Place that into Firefinder and
25. be used later in the test a Answer Use the storedVars dictionary Can your user extension call other commands such as type and click a Answer Yes they can The commands need to call the do function name like doType or do click so that it can be used Can your user extension access the DOM programmatically a Answer Yes it can The extension can access the DOM and other JavaScript APIs in the format that we saw in the previous chapter This means that we can create new commands just for the API making tests more verbose and easier to read 2031 Pop Quiz Answers e How can a new command created in an extension fail a test if the new command is doing a verify a Answer The command will have to create anew CommandComplete object setting the property failed to either true or false It is good practice to have a message in the object if the step does fail so that it can be outputted to the screen Once the object has been populated it is passed as an argument to the commandComplete method What is a Selenium IDE add on a Answer The Selenium IDE Add on is a Mozilla Firefox add on that allows you to extend Selenium beyond what a User Extension can do This then attaches itself Selenium IDE so that you can use it in conjunction with Selenium Where can you download Selenium Remote Control a Answer All of the Selenium tools are available from http seleniumhq org download When you have placed Selenium Remote Control s
26. between the browser and the web server serving the pages that Selenium requests The results can either be in a plain text mode JSON or XML Selenium will return a string that we can then easily load into the different data types Once we have manipulated the results we can then have a look at what is in what is returned and do assertions on it Now that we have captured the traffic between Selenium and the web server let s have a look at capturing screenshots A lot of the time our Selenium Remote control browsers will be running on machines that differ from the machine that started the tests As a developer or tester you need a mechanism in place to have a screenshot of what the error looks like when a test fails preferably images that are captured in the PNG format Unfortunately capturing screenshots in Selenium is limited to Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer This is due to these browsers having libraries that Selenium can use to take screenshots As more libraries are added to Selenium for different browsers you will be able to take more screenshots They will use the same API call so there will be no need for you to change your tests The first call that we are going to have a look at is the captureScreenshot call This will take a screenshot of the entire screen and not just the browser This is extremely useful to see what is happening on the desktop when the test fails and it could be something outside of the browser We cal
27. book by the appropriate use of capitals However Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information First published November 2010 Production Reference 1171110 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham B27 6PA UK ISBN 978 1 849510 26 4 www packtpub com Cover Image by Duraid Fatouhi duraidfatouhi yahoo com Author David Burns Reviewers Tarun Kumar Bhadauria Sameer Borate Acquisition Editor Usha lyer Development Editors Neha Mallik Rakesh Shejwal Technical Editor Aaron Rosario Copy Editor Lakshmi Menon Indexer Tejal Daruwale Editorial Team Leader Aanchal Kumar Project Team Leader Priya Mukherji Project Coordinator Zainab Bagasrawala Proofreader Mario Cecere Graphics Nilesh Mohite Geetanjali Sawant Production Coordinator Melwyn D sa Cover Work Melwyn D sa David Burns is a Senior Developer in Test having worked with Selenium for quite a few years David is a Selenium Core Committer so he knows and understands what users and developers want from the framework would like to thank my wife for supporting me while was writing my book and making sure did things on time would also like to thank the other Selenium Committers for answering my questions and cheering me on to finish the book Tarun Kumar Bhadauria is an Electronics Engineer and hails from Gwalior He has been involved with software
28. commands for our test steps It gives us the ability to extend Selenium without having to rebuild Selenium from scratch We had a look at how our extensions can use variables like we normally do within Selenium This can be useful if you need to access an API and you only need to create the object once We had a look at how we can call other commands from within our new command This can be useful if we need to create a new a version of Click or Type We briefly looked at how we can use the browserbot object within our extension and how this can benefit us if we need to create new commands to access JavaScript APIs on the page And finally we had a look at how we can add verifications and assertions to our new commands so that if we are accessing an API we can access it and verify in one command This can make tests a lot more compact and easier to read Creating add ons In this we saw how we can create a Mozilla Firefox add on that can couple onto Selenium IDE This will allow us to create tests that can use custom selectors or allow Selenium to work against items that it never has before such as Flex As this uses basic Firefox add on design patterns you can do a lot with it that can then be used to create new add ons that do not need to be attached to Selenium IDE We also discussed that when saving user extensions we need to make sure that we restart the IDE after each save to make sure that it is always using the latest version
29. configuration file that it can look at before the tests begin This means that we can control how our tests are run when we need to run them 1 Create a new XML file in a text editor and call it testng xml 2 Add the following to it lt DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM http testng org testng 1 0 dtd gt lt Suite name Parallel Tests verbose 1 gt lt suite gt What just happened We have just created our first part of TestNG file This creates our test suite and will give us the scaffolding that is required to make our tests run in parallel later Now that we have this in place we need to set parameters in the file that will be used to drive the tests Now that we have created a configuration file we need to give it some parameters that our tests can then use to start up the browser These parameters are nodes within the lt test gt node that we are going to be adding to our testng xml file We can give our tests meaningful names so that when people have a look at the xml document they can understand what it is doing The lt test gt node in the TestNG configuration file also stores which test classes these parameters are going to be used in Let s have a look at creating a test node Time for action creating a test node in the TestNG configuration In the previous Time for action we created our configuration file We now need to populate it with the test node and give it some parameters and tests that it can run against
30. development cycle to understand We create a Java object for each of the pages that we want to work against on the site We then just instantiate the class to work against that page When we are moving between pages you click on a link and the method controlling the page transition will return an object representing a new page The objects will not hold the asserts this should always be done within the tests What is the Page Object design pattern Now that you can confidently create manageable tests why not go through all the tests that you created when exporting them from Selenium IDE and try to make them maintainable You can refactor all the bits of code that look the same The final section of this chapter is on how we can get our tests running on a Continuous Integration server This is the most common way to run tests as it will get done every time that you do a commit to your version control system We will be looking at how we can set up an Ant Task as that is understood by most Continuous Integration applications Let s see how we can set up our Ant Task 134 Chapter 7 Time for action creating an Ant file To get our Continuous Integration server to use Ant we will need to create a file and populate it It will contain different aspects so we will break it down starting with the shell and then adding things as we need them 1 Create a file called tests xm1 and in it put the XML blob given next This wi
31. enter in a comment so that you can use it for future maintenance It will look similar to the next screenshot Target chapterl radiobutten selecttype label Selenium Grid clickAndWait link Dashboard Verify the text verity T ext divontheleft Assert that this tex verifyElementPresent werifybutton Command Verify the text Target Value Log Reference Ul Elernent Rollup verify Text locator pattern Generated from getT ext locator Arguments 19 Getting Started with Selenium IDE What just happened We have just had a look at how to create comments Comments will always appear as purple text in the IDE This like in most IDEs is to help you spot comments quicker when looking through your test cases Now that we know how to keep our tests maintainable with comments let s carry on working with Selenium IDE to record tweak or replay Our scripts Web applications unfortunately do not live in a single window of your browser An example of this could be a site that shows reports Most reports would have their own window so that people can easily move between them Unfortunately in testing terms this can be quite difficult to do but in this section we will have a look at creating a test that can move between windows Time for action working with multiple windows Working with multiple browser windows can be one of the most difficult things to do within a Selenium test This is down to the fact that the br
32. environment for the next test 1251 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests If you want to use TestNG to run your tests it will not take too much effort to change your JUnit tests to TestNG tests In the Time for action section next we will create a TestNG test Time for action creating a Selenium instance with TestNG TestNG is another extremely popular testing framework for Java It can be more extensible than JUnit We will be using TestNG in later chapters for parallelizing the running of our tests on Selenium Grid but for now let us have a look at creating a test 1 Create a new class file for testing against http book theautomatedtester co uk 2 Create anew setUp method Use the annotation BeforeMethod This will need to have the code to start a Selenium instance 3 Create anew tearDown method Use the annotation AfterMethod This will need to have the code to close a Selenium Instance 4 Create a new test This uses the same annotation as JUnit 4 5 When you have completed that your test file should look like this package uk co theautomatedtester book import com thoughtworks selenium DefaultSelenium import com thoughtworks selenium Selenium import org testng annotations public class Chapter10 Selenium sel BeforeMethod alwaysRun true public void setUp sel new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 browser http book theautomatedtester co uk sel start Test public void testS
33. explain the merger of Selenium and WebDriver to create Selenium 2 It explains how the interaction with the browser has changed and how we can convert our Selenium 1 tests to Selenium 2 in order to take advantage of these changes Finally we have a look at how executing JavaScript has changed What you need for this book Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome Internet Explorer Intellij IDEA Firebug Firefinder Selenium IDE Selenium Remote Control Selenium Grid gt gt gt gt OH OH Ubuntu Linux 2 Preface If you are a software quality assurance professional software project manager or software developer interested in developing automated testing in web based applications then this book is definitely for you In this book you will find several headings appearing frequently To give clear instructions of how to complete a procedure or task we use Time for action heading 1 Action 1 2 Action2 3 Action3 Instructions often need some extra explanation so that they make sense so they are followed with What just happened This heading explains the working of tasks or instructions that you have just completed You will also find some other learning aids in the book including These are short multiple choice questions intended to help you test your own understanding These set practical challenges and give you ideas for experimenting with what you have learned You will also find a
34. find the nth element of a type There are a lot of occasions where as a Selenium user you will have to click on an edit button in a table so that you can update something specific Have a look at the button that you wish to click it does not have a unique name or ID When running a query against the DOM an array of elements is returned to Selenium that matches the query For example if you were to run div on the chapter2 page of the website there are three elements returned to Selenium If your test is only relying on the first item in your test then it will try to access only the first item If you wanted to interact with the second element then your query would look like div 2 Note that the second to nth element needs to be sibling nodes of the first element that is returned If they are not and you were to access the element it would fail saying that it could not find them We can see this with the input buttons that are present on the page They all reside in their own containing div element so do not have any sibling elements that are also input elements If you were to enter input 2 into the Selenium IDE it would not be able to find the element and fail You can see an example of this in the next screenshot J Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk Slow gt gt Table Source Command Target click input 2 Command click v Target i
35. getHours 4 Run your script It will look similar to the next screenshot Command Target Value What just happened We have now had our test use multiple statements in the test The javascript you will have created will look something like javascript d new Date d getHours The d getHours call will return the current hour to Selenium and that is what will be typed Now that we have the confidence to start using JavaScript in our tests we can have a look at storing the value from javascript in our tests to be used in multiple places The store command takes values either from JavaScript snippets or from elements on the page so that we can reuse them later Time for action storing the result of JavaScript in a variable Imagine that you are writing a test for a hotel booking you need to calculate a date ina week s time and then on a different page you needed to verify that it was there You would then use the storeEval command to store the result and then use it again as we did in Chapter 1 Getting Started with Selenium IDE Let s try this in the Selenium IDE 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Create a step to storeEval with the JavaScript javascript 10 10 and use the variable hundred 711 Using JavaScript 3 Using the echo command show the result 4 Run the script It should look similar to the next screenshot gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 w o Oo x Base URL hittp book theautomatedte
36. has a select that is populated by AJAX This is quite common for web applications that have select which is populated by values within the database 1 2 3 Open the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 Create a step for waitForCondition to wait till the select is populated There is an options property on the select that you can check the length of to see if it has loaded Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot Command Target Value waitForCondition document getElementByld ajaxLoa Command waitForCondition Target document getElernentByld ajaxLoad options length 4 Value What just happened We just saw a command that had a look at the DOM It then waited until a new item was loaded into the page The wait ForCondition command runs outside of Selenium This is why in the previous example we explicitly called selenium instead of calling the parent with the this object What is the object that allows our tests to access the page Does waitForCondition sit inside or outside the selenium object 791 Using JavaScript Imagine that you are working against a WYSIWYG editor built into a page Selenium cannot always type into contentEditable areas A lot of common editor components have a way of programmatically accessing the contentEditable area This means that you will need to use storeEval and other JavaScript calls to make this work S
37. just need to get the URL This is because the HTTP verb get is slightly more intuitive When we have finished with the browser all that we need to do is call the quit method This will close the browser and remove anything that it may have put on the hard drive for example Firefox profiles and Chrome profiles Let us have a look at what this will look like in our code Time for action instantiating new browsers and closing them In Selenium 1 we had to create a new DefaultSelenium object for our tests and in there pass in the browser that we want to test with With Selenium 2 we just need to create an object for the browser that we would like to work with The three drivers that are currently supported by Selenium are ChromeDriver for Google Chrome FirefoxDriver for Mozilla Firefox and InternetExplorerDriver for Internet Explorer 1 Create a new project in IDEA and reference the Selenium 2 binaries Create a new Selenium test class 2 3 Create the variable WebDriver driver at the top of our class 4 Inthe setUp method put driver new FirefoxDriver This will start up a Mozilla Firefox instance 5 Inthe tearDown method put driver quit This will close the browser and clean up anything that it did when starting the browser 6 Create an empty test and run it You should see a browser open as seen in the following screenshot Mozilla Firefox A Most Visited Getting Started Latest Headl
38. need to call the wait ForPageToLoad method to wait for it to load This method takes one parameter and that is how long Selenium should wait for it to load before throwing an error 5 Finally Assert that the button but1 is on the screen This will need to use JUnit s Assert class You will need to call Selenium s isElement Present call and wrap that with assertTrue When your test is complete it should appear as follows Test public void shouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton selenium open selenium click lLink Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent but1 127 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests What just happened We have just managed to create our first test without any help from Selenium IDE You have been able create a test that can be modified to add new steps with little fuss How many parameters does the Selenium object take when using DefaultSelenium What class do we need to extend when writing JUnit 3 style tests If we are running Selenium Server can we use a different setUp method How do you start the browser How do you stop the browser gt How do I do asserts and verifies when writing tests in a programming language Try taking all of your Selenium IDE tests and manually converting them to a test in Java If you don t want to start a browser at the beginning of each test you can use the BeforeClass
39. next screenshot Chapter 1 Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNA SHO File Edit Options Help Base URL htte book theautomatedtester co u E To be used after the AJAX gn PE P section of the book Table Source Command Target Value type htmlSdiv hello Selenium IDE does not work with Canvas elements on the page either so you will not be able to make your tests move items around on a page Selenium cannot do file uploads This is due to the JavaScript sandbox not allowing JavaScript to interact with lt input type file gt elements on a page The tests will be able to insert text but will not be able to click on the buttons By now you should be feeling rather confident about using Selenium IDE Try creating a test against your favorite web application Try to record a test again making sure to add verifications along the way so that your test does what you expect Run the test and have it pass Now try creating the same test by typing in the commands needed to create the test Have you created a better test by hand or by using the record tweak and playback Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about Selenium IDE learning how to create your first test using the record and replay button and understanding some of the basic concepts such as moving between multiple windows that can appear in a test and to save our tests for future use Specifically we covered the following topics How to install Selenium IDE We starte
40. number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning Code words in text are shown as follows We can include other contexts through the use of the include directive 3 Preface A block of code is set as follows Before public void someMethodName selenium doSomething selenium doSomethingE1lse When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block the relevant lines or items are set in bold Before public void someMethodName selenium doSomething selenium doSomethingElse Any command line input or output is written as follows jar selenium server standalone jar New terms and important words are shown in bold Words that you see on the screen in menus or dialog boxes for example appear in the text like this clicking the Next button moves you to the next screen Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this Q Tips and tricks appear like this Feedback from our readers is always welcome Let us know what you think about this book what you liked or may have disliked Reader feedback is important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of 4 Preface To send us general feedback simply send an e mail to feedback packtpub com and mention the book title via the subject of your message If there is a book that you need and w
41. on a Answer Dport portNumber How do you specify which browser you would like the remote control to be registered with a Answer Denvironment target where target is the target or name from the grid configuration Chapter 10 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel What is the name of the Testing Framework we used a Answer TestNG What is the main node that contains everything in the configuration file for our tests a Answer Suite What is the node inside the lt test gt node that allows us to specify the browser a Answer Parameter What is the annotation we put above our setUp to make sure we pass in the browser a Answer Parameter parameterName 207 Pop Quiz Answers Chapter 11 Getting started with Selenium 2 How do you use the WebDriverBackedSelenium a Answer Create a new instance of the browser you want to use using Selenium 2 Then pass this into the WebDriverBackedSelenium with the URL that you would like to test It will look like this Before public void setupQ driver new FirefoxDriver selenium new webDriverBackedSelenium Cdriver http book theautomatedtester co uk J How do we start a browser for our tests to use a Answer We just need to instantiate it before our tests are expecting to use it for example driver new FirefoxDriver How does Selenium 1 and Selenium 2 differ in the way that it manages elements on the page a Answer In Selenium
42. see this in action Time for action using JavaScript in Selenium 2 Imagine that you want to check that a select has a certain amount of options In Selenium 1 we used the Chapter4 page in our test We used the JavaScript this browserbot getUserWindow document getElementBylId selecttype options length to get the amount of options in the select This is quite a bit of JavaScript that is needed In Selenium 2 all we need to do is write document getElementById selecttype options length This is more readable for anyone who has not used Selenium therefore making the learning curve shallower to the new users of the framework 195 Getting Started with Selenium 2 Let s create a test that checks the value is 4 1 Create anew test 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Verify that selecttype only has four options in it 4 Run your test The test code should appear similar to the following Test public void shouldExecuteJavaScript driver get http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 Assert assertTrue Boolean JavascriptExecutor driver executeScript return document getElementById selecttype options length 4 What just happened We have successfully run some JavaScript against the page using what is considered common JavaScript The script just finds the element on the page and then works with it To execute the script we need to cast the driver object
43. specify which browser you would like the Remote Control to be registered with 168 Chapter 9 Now that we have set up the Grid with different instances we should have a look at how we can write tests against these Remote Controls on the Grid We can pass in the value of the target that we can see in the grid and then run the tests So instead of passing in f irefox you can use firefox on linux and then run the tests as usual Let s see this in action Time for action writing tests against the grid 1 Create a new test file 2 Populate it with a test script that accesses an item on the grid and then works against http book theautomatedtester co uk Your script should look similar to the following import org junit import com thoughtworks selenium public class TestExamples2 Selenium selenium Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium 192 168 157 153 4444 Google Chrome on Linux http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start After public void tearDown selenium stop Test public void ShouldRunTestsAgainstGoogleChromeOnLinux selenium open selenium click link chapter2 169 Getting Started with Selenium Grid What just happened We have just seen how we can write tests that can run against the Grid and then run them When the tests are running the grid will show which Remote Control is currently in use and which grid it
44. test is using one specific element on the page The syntax will be css node attrl valuel attr2 value2 An example on the page that we are working against would be css input id but1 value Button with ID This will find the button with the value Button with ID You can chain as many attributes as you want in this manner In XPath queries we saw that we could use contains to find partial matches of values to attributes This can be extremely useful for locating elements based on a part of their ID if it is dynamically generated The next table explains the different syntax needed and after that we have a look at some working examples 52 Chapter 2 Syntax Description Finds the item starting with the value passed in This is the equivalent to the XPath starts with Finds the item ending with the value passed in This is the equivalent to the XPath ends with Finds the item that matches the attribute which has the value that partially matches This is equivalent to XPath contains In the XPath section of this chapter we had a look at the XPath div contains id time_ which has a dynamic ID The equivalent CSS selector would be div id time_ or div id time_ The next screenshot shows both of the selectors highlighting the element that we want put fin d into the target of Selenium IDE Table eee and click the find button Button with ID Command Target his element has a ID that changes every
45. the fireEvent command to make sure that our tests fire events that are attached to elements This could be a mouseOver on an element that is difficult to access in your tests or if you wanted to test the blur or focus methods These two methods and a couple of others cannot be tested directly with Selenium We also discussed how we can use the dynamic parts in our tests within assert or verify commands so that we can add more to the dynamism of our tests This can help our tests to not be as brittle When tests are not brittle they can become invaluable Now that we ve learned about using JavaScript in Selenium we re ready to have a look at creating extensions and plugins for Selenium IDE which is the topic of the next chapter In this chapter we are going to look at how we can expand Selenium This is for those times when Selenium s API is not verbose enough Selenium has the ability to allow developers to create functions in the same three column format to all tests to reuse snippets of code instead of evaluating them with getEval calls User extensions and add ons are all written in JavaScript This is due to Selenium s core being written in JavaScript Let s now have a look at user extensions In this chapter we shall discuss User extensions Add ons So let s get on with it Important preliminary points If you are creating an extension that can be used by all make sure that it is stored in a central plac
46. the key test automation rules that we learned earlier in the book where tests should have a known starting point With our tests running in parallel if you have an application where certain parts can only be tested by one user at a time this is a good time to create new user accounts for each of the different aspects of your tests 178 Chapter 10 If you need to use a specific Firefox profile for your tests you need to copy these over to the relevant machines You will need to pass in the DseleniumArgs firefoxProfileTemplate path to profile command when launching the Firefox Remote Control Summary In this chapter we have learned how to get our tests running in parallel We used TestNG as a way to drive our tests in a parallel fashion so that we can get our tests running as fast as possible Specifically we covered topics such as Running tests in parallel In this section we learned how to run our tests in parallel We also had a look at how we can cycle through different browsers using the Parameter annotation Selenium tips and tricks In this section we learned all the tips and tricks that people may stumble across when using Selenium Grid in a parallel Now that we ve learned about Selenium Grid and how to run tests in parallel we have covered all that we can do with Selenium 1 We are now ready to have a look at Selenium 2 which is still in development 179 11 Getting Started with Selenium 2
47. the test script we can see that it has clicked on the item to load the new window and then has inserted a waitForPopUp This is so that your test knows that it has to wait for a web server to handle the request and the browser to render the page Any commands that require a page to load from a web server will have a waitFor command The next command is the selectWindow command This command tells Selenium IDE that it will need to switch context to the window called popupwindow and will execute all the commands that follow in that window unless told otherwise by a later command Once the test has finished with the pop up window it will need to return to the parent window from where it started To do this we need to specify null as the window This will force the selectWindow to move the context of the test back to its parent window 21 Getting Started with Selenium IDE Time for action switching between multiple windows In the next example we are going to open up two pop up windows and move between them and the parent window as it completes its steps 1 OM NAH AWN Start the Selenium IDE and go to Chapter1 on the website Click on the first link that will launch a pop up window Assert the text on the page Go back to the parent window and click on the link to launch the second pop up window Verify the text on the page Move to the first pop up window and close it using the close link Move to the second pop up win
48. this chapter about pattern matching We saw how we can make sure that the areas match the text we want exactly by using the prefix exact or by using globbing like we do in command prompts We then moved onto harnessing regular expressions for those moments where globbing doesn t have the power we need Specifically we covered the following topics Using exact pattern matching We saw that by prefixing our search string with exact we could make sure that elements match exactly to what we are expecting Using globbing patterns Sometimes we need to use basic patterns to make sure text on the page matches what we are expecting Globbing is used in command prompts so this section reinforced what you already knew Using regular expressions This section showed us how we can use regular expressions to find what we need on the page It allows us to be more expressive as well as stricter with patterns when verifying or asserting text on the page Now that we ve learned about pattern matching we re ready to start having a look at using JavaScript in our test which is the topic of the next chapter In this chapter we are going to have a look at using JavaScript in our tests JavaScript is the base language of Selenium so it can handle modifications If you need to manipulate a web page during the test there are a number of different calls that one could use This means that if Selenium cannot offer you all the functionality either
49. to a JavascriptExecutor object Returning something from your JavaScript to your test If we are executing some JavaScript that is going to return anything Selenium will return a generic object We can then cast this object to what we expect it to be In the example above we saw how it could be cast to a Boolean so that we can use it This is because Selenium will try to return a POJO to your test A POJO is a Plain Old Java Object which allows casting to different types to happen without much effort Let s see how we can use this in our tests Time for action returning from executing JavaScript In this example we are going to try and return a dictionary that will hold some information that is being stored on the page In our example we are going to return a dictionary that will hold a button ID and the button s value that is visible to the user 1 Create a new test case 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 1961 Chapter 11 3 Find all elements with the tag input using JavaScript The code will be var inputs document getElementsByTag input 4 iterate through the results of the call putting the ID of the button as the key and the value of the button as its target 5 Return the dictionary that has been created 6 Run your tests It should look similar to the following snippet Test public void shouldExecuteJavaScriptAndReturnADictionary driver get http book theautomatedteste
50. view what is on the desktop and then stores the data in a file that can be viewed from a web application Let s start by setting up the environment suggest using an Ubuntu VM for this section of the book Time for action setting up the environment to capture video For setting up VNC use the following steps 1 Goto System Preferences Remote Desktop Preferences 2 Check Allow others to view your desktop 3 Now that we have VNC setup we will need to install a few libraries that our video capture rely on Since we are using Ubuntu it is a simple case on sudo apt get install python dev python pygame python tk python setuptools ffmpeg flvtool2 4 Now we need to install Castro We do this by running sudo easy install castro 1531 Advanced Selenium Techniques What just happened We have successfully installed all the tools that we need to start recording with Castro If you want to record on other platforms you can use the Python setup tools to download and install the items that have listed there Now that we have everything set up let s create our first video Time for action recording a video in a test In this Time for action we are going to be using Python to do this test You can write your tests in Java and call into Castro with Jython if need be We start by creating a new video object for Castro in the setup passing in the name of the file that we want it to be saved as We then start up the v
51. will look like this css input but1 br input You can see this in the Selenium IDE in the next screenshot Command Target css input butl br input Button with ID _ Sibling Button Command css input butl br input Chapter 2 Finding elements by their CSS class is going to be the most common method A lot of the queries that people create start with a containing node distinguishing it by the CSS class and then moving through the DOM to a child or grandchild node to find the element that you wish to work again The syntax for finding the item is to put the node such as a div then put a full stop and then the class For example to find the div with the class centerdiyv it would look like css div centerdiv Command Target css div divinthecenter Verify this button here chocolate As we Saw in XPath queries there are times we need to find the element that is next to an element that s a known ID This means that we can access a lot more of the DOM and because it is a CSS selector there is a good chance that it will be a lot faster than its XPath equivalent To find an element by ID in a CSS selector we need to place a in front of the ID of the element in the CSS selector For example if we wanted to find a div with the ID of divinthecenter the CSS selector would look like this css div divinthecenter If you were to place this in the Target textbox of the Selenium IDE and click on Find it should highlight t
52. with Selenium 2 coming out there are now different things we can do with the browser that were not possible with Selenium 1 Unfortunately we may have spent a considerable amount of time developing Selenium 1 tests so converting them over to the new style of Selenium 2 may not be feasible MB Chapter 11 With this in mind the Selenium Core development team have created the WebDriverBackedSelenium object that we can use This allows us to create our tests with Selenium 1 syntax that we know but have some of the benefits of WebDriver String baseUrl http book theautomatedtester co uk String remoteControl localhost Int port 4444 String browser firefox Selenium selenium new DefaultSelenium remoteControl port browser baseUrl selenium start selenium open selenium click link chapterl rest of the test code We then need to change our tests to the following WebDriver driver new FirefoxDriver j String baseUrl http book theautomatedtester co uk Selenium selenium new WebDriverBackedSelenium driver baseUrl selenium open selenium click link chapterl rest of the test code Let s try converting one of our previous tests Time for action converting tests to Selenium 2 Let s take a test that we created in a previous chapter such as the following import com thoughtworks selenium import org junit public class Selenium2 Selenium seleniu
53. 153 setting up 153 W waitFor commands about 25 waitForAlertNotPresent 26 waitForAlertPresent 26 waitForElementNotPresent 26 waitForElementPresent 26 waitForFrameloLoad 26 waitForPageToLoad 26 waitForTextNotPresent 26 waitForTextPresent 26 waitForCondition using 79 WebDriver about 182 limitations 182 working 182 WebDriver and Selenium merging advantages 182 merging limitations 182 WebDriverBackedSelenium object about 185 187 Selenium 1 tests converting to Selenium 2 tests 185 187 WebElement object about 189 working 190 WYSIWYG editors 182 X XPath about 41 creating 41 elements finding 41 42 191 192 nth element finding 43 using in test 42 XPath axis elements finding 46 48 XPath queries element attributes using 44 XPCOM object 184 214 PACKT open source PUBLISHING Thank you for buying Selenium 1 0 Testing Tools Beginner s Guide About Packt Publishing Packt pronounced packed published its first book Mastering phpMyAdmin for Effective MySQL Management in April 2004 and subsequently continued to specialize in publishing highly focused books on specific technologies and solutions Our books and publications share the experiences of your fellow IT professionals in adapting and customizing today s systems applications and frameworks Our solution based books give you the knowledge and power to customize the software and technologies you re using to get the job done Packt books a
54. Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk East Slow pl Command Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear Starting from the top will explain what each of the items is Base URL This is the URL that the test will start All open commands will be relative to the Base URL unless a full path is inserted in the open command Speed Slider This is the slider under the Fast Slow labels on the screen o 2 Run all the tests in the IDE pz Run a single test in the IDE Pause a test that is currently running Step through the test once it has paused This is the record button It will be engaged when the test is recording 10 Chapter 1 He This allows you to run your tests using the Selenium Core TestRunner and not Selenium IDE When pressed it will open up Firefox to the TestRunner and it looks similar to the next screenshot Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 0 a2 Mozilla Firefox x E A chrome selenium ide testrunner content selenium 5 2 Most Visited Getting Started A Latest Headlines Disabler Cookies L CSS E Forms Images Information Miscellaneous s Outline aa Resizer g Ta _ Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 Test Suite Untitled Selenium TestRunner Untitled open chapter1 avin Tanne click multiplewindow waitForPopUp popupwindow 301 P gt 00 2 selectWindow Fast
55. CSS selector a XPath Time for action finding elements by XPath Unfortunately best practices cannot always be followed when building the markup or if they are they may have a dynamic edge to them An example of this would be working against a page that uses a key from the database as the element ID So when something is edited and stored back in the database it can be found a lot quicker and updated In this section of the chapter we are going to work with XPath XPath allows us to query the DOM as though it were an XML document With XPath we can do some rather complex queries to find elements on the page that may not have been accessible otherwise Let s start by creating a basic XPath We are going to look for an input button 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Enter click into the Command selectbox 4 Locators 3 Enter xpath input into the Target box 4 Run your test It will find a button on the page as seen in the next screenshot j Slow pS gt el Table Source Button with ID Command Target Sibling Button click xpath input What just happened Your test will have looked against the DOM to find an element that was of the type input The xpath at the beginning tells Selenium that the element needed will be located by XPath It removes the guess work that Selenium would have to do and is seen as good practice The tells the query that it needs to stop at the first element that it finds It
56. JavaScript 40 Time for action finding elements by XPath 41 Using direct XPath in your test 42 Using XPath to find the nth element of a type 43 Using element attributes in XPath queries 44 Doing a partial match on attribute content 45 Finding an element by the text it contains 45 Using XPath axis to find elements 46 CSS selectors 48 Time for action finding elements by CSS 48 Using child nodes to find the element 50 Using sibling nodes to find the element 50 Using CSS class attributes in CSS selectors 51 Using element IDs in CSS selectors 51 Finding elements by their attributes 52 Partial matches on attributes 52 Finding the nth element with CSS 53 Finding an element by its inner text 54 Summary 55 Chapter 3 Pattern Matching 57 Verifying exact text 57 Time for action verifying text 58 Time for action using exact on links 59 Using globs in our tests 60 Time for action using globs in tests 60 Time for action using to find a basic pattern 62 Time for action using in a glob pattern 63 Time for action using character classes in globbing 64 Using regular expressions 65 Time for action using basic regular expressions to check the date 65 Time for action using regular expression wildcards 67 Summary 68 Table of Contents Chapter 4 Using JavaScript 69 Using JavaScript as our test language 69 Time for action using JavaScript to enter text into a field 70 Time for action using multiple statemen
57. P Pull Members Up Push Members Down Use Interface Where Possible Replace Inheritance with Delegation Remove Middleman Wrap Return Value Encapsulate Fields Replace Constructor with Factory Method Replace Constructor with Builder 2 Then you will see a dialog asking you to give the method a name Give it something meaningful for the test have called it loadHomePage as you can see in the next screenshot 1301 Chapter 7 J Extract Method Parameters Visibility Private O Package local O Protected O Public Signature Preview Private void loadHomePage 3 Now do the same for the other parts of the test so that it looks a lot more succinct 4 Your test class should look something like this Test public void shouldCheckButtonOnChapter2Page loadHomePage clickAndLoadChapter2 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent but1 Test public void shouldCheckAnotherButtonOnChapter2Page loadHomePage clickAndLoadChapter2 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent verifybutt onja private void loadHomePage selenium open private void clickAndLoadChapter2 selenium click link Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 131 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests What just happened We have just started making our tests a lot more maintainable We saw how we can break this down into more succin
58. Slow verifyElementPresent verifybutton e Highlight elements Elapsed 00 00 Tests Commands Orun 0O passed O failed 0 failed 0 incomplete Show Log T ji T Test Suite Current Test Control Panel Selenium by ThoughtWorks and friends For more information on Selenium visit http seleniumhq org P YSlow 4 788 1 1913 Snow The Selenese Command select box has a list of all the commands that are needed to create a test You can type into it to use the auto complete functionality or use it as a dropdown Target textbox allows you to input the location of the element that you want to work against The Find button once the target box is populated can be clicked on to highlight the element on the page Value textbox is where you place the value that needs to change For example if you want your test to type in an input box on the web page you would put what you want it to type in the value box 11 Getting Started with Selenium IDE The Test table will keep track of all of your commands targets and values It has been structured this way because the original version of Selenium was styled on FIT tests The tests were originally designed to be run from HTML files and the IDE keeps this idea for its tests If you click on the Source tab you will be able to see the HTML that will store the test Each of the rows will look like lt tr gt lt td gt open lt td gt lt td gt chapter
59. Ul Elernent Rollup Infor Clear What just happened We have just seen how to fire an event by using the ireEvent command This can be useful when Selenium cannot access the element or the command that you are using is just not firing the event Let s see how this can work with onBlur Time for action firing an onBlur event in Selenium Imagine that you have a form on a page that has some validation on the inputs If you were to click away it would validate that it matches what you would expect Removing the focus will cause the onBlur to fire 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk 81 Using JavaScript 3 4 What just happened Create a step to type in blurry Create a step to fireEvent against blurry the onBlur event alert for what you typed in the previous step Create a step to verify the alert Run your test It should look similar to the next screenshot Eile Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk e PEPE BO Table Source Command type fireEvent verifyAlert Command Target Value Target Value blurry Selenium IDE blurry blur Selenium IDE Log Reference Wl Elerment Rollup Infor Clear info Executing fireEvent blurry blur info Executing verifyAlert Selenium IDE We just saw how we can fire an onBlur event during a test This could be really useful for when you want to test c
60. We are going to give it the parameters for browser and the operating system as well as the hub and port that it is running on 173 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel The classes that it can run against allow us to pass in the package that the test classes have developed So if your organization stores all its tests classes in the foo bar ui tests package then you will need to pass that in the lt classes gt node 1 Open the TestNc file that you created earlier 2 Create anew lt test gt node and give it a meaningful name 3 Create new lt parameters gt node using the parameter node within the test node that we created We need to give it a name attribute and a value attribute When you have completed adding them they should appear as follows lt test name Firefox on Windows gt lt parameter name browser value firefox on windows gt lt classes gt lt class name uk co theautomatedtester book Chapter10 gt lt classes gt lt test gt What just happened We have created our first node which is needed to have our tests working in parallel This is an important step and our tests will use these parameters These parameters will be passed in where we need it so that we can start making tests in parallel It may be worth adding more test nodes for Internet Explorer Firefox on another Operating System and any other browsers that you can support on your machine Once you have finished your file should look simil
61. about 110 Selenium IDE tests running 111 Google Chrome Developer Tools 34 grids tests writing against 169 170 H hidden elements working with 194 icons Selenium IDE 10 11 ID attribute elements locating 35 37 IDEA Intellij downloading URL 116 IE Developer Tools 34 independent tests 178 installation Selenium IDE 8 9 installation user extension 86 88 instances adding to Selenium Grid Hub 163 Internet Explorer about 109 Selenium IDE tests running 109 110 items asserting on page 15 verifying on page 15 17 J Java JRE URL for downloading 103 JavaScript about 69 evaluation verifying with browserbot 78 multiple statements using 71 result storing in variable 71 72 Selenium variables using 73 text entering into field 70 using 69 70 using in Selenium 2 195 value asserting 74 75 value verifying 74 75 JavaScript events onBlur 80 onChange 80 onFocus 80 onMouseOut 80 onMouseOver 80 onSubmit 80 JavaScriptExecutor object 195 JavaScript Object Notation See JSON JavaScript REPL 34 Java test case Selenium IDE tests converting to 116 119 JSON 23 jUnit downloading URL 116 JUnit 3 Selenium instance creating 121 122 JUnit 4 Selenium instance creating 124 125 K Konquerer 111 L links clicking on 190 exact prefix using 59 60 searching 190 location strategy adding 144 145 211 locators about 33 exact prefix using 60 using in extensions 91 92
62. acter classes as part of our globbing Time for action using character classes in globbing We have seen how we can use an all capturing syntax for globbing with There are times where we would only want it to be in a group of letters for example if we knew that it was going to be in the group of c f p m and we only wanted to accept that we would need to do glob cfmp ool Let s see this in action 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 3 Verify that text is present using the glob cfmp ool 4 Run your test i Selenium IDE 1 0 7 Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS j gt E Table Source Command Target open chapters verify extP resent glob cfmp ool Command verifyTextPresent Target glob cfmp ool Value Log Reference UWl Elernent Rollup 641 Chapter 3 What just happened We have just seen how we can use character classes as part of our globbing pattern matching to verify or assert that text is on the page This can be quite useful if you don t care about the exact text that will appear on the screen but you want to make sure that it conforms to a basic pattern What will the item in a glob pattern do for goog What will the item do in the glob pattern 001 Now that you have confidence in using globbing have a go at creating new tests using this new found knowledge Go to your favorite
63. ain and XML as the type Capturing screenshots We had a look at how we can get Selenium to take a screenshot of the entire desktop to see if there is anything there This uses the captureScreenshot Call but if we needed the screenshot returned to the test as a string we can call captureScreenshotToString to get a Base64 encoded string Capturing video Capturing video of tests while they are running allows us to get a lot more value out of issues when they go wrong We saw how using another library in our tests can be of great value and in this case allowed us to create videos of our tests while they are running Now that we ve learned about all the advanced things we can do with Selenium we re ready to have a look at Selenium Grid which is the topic of the next chapter 156 1 In this chapter we are going to have a look at what Selenium Grid is and how we can set it up in different environments including how to set it up on Amazon EC2 This will abstract the topography of where the tests are located so that your tests only have to worry about one address In this chapter we shall cover the following topics Setting up the Selenium Grid Hub Setting up the Selenium Grid Remote Controls Creating tests for the Grid So let s get on with it Important preliminary points For this section you will need to have Apache Ant on the machine that you are going to have running Grid instances You can ge
64. an Ant file and have it run by a CI server Now that we ve learned about creating Selenium Remote Control tests and made them extremely maintainable we re ready to look at using advanced Selenium calls which is the topic of the next chapter 137 Advanced Selenium Techniques In this chapter we will have a look at how we can do some advanced testing tasks with Selenium These are all very important items that we need to know so that we can use Selenium to its full potential We will look at techniques for handling cookies in our tests working our way to how we do video capture of our tests because a lot of the times our tests will not run on our local development box and we need to see what went wrong In this chapter we shall cover the following topics Cookie handling Creating new location strategies Capturing network traffic with Selenium Screen capture while tests are running Video capture while tests are running So let s get on with it important preliminary points Some of the topics covered in this chapter do not work on 64 Bit Windows This is not due to Selenium but due to the frameworks that we will be using It may be beneficial to have an Ubuntu virtual machine ready as a number of the steps can be simplified for that operating system will mention when this is needed at the beginning of that section Advanced Selenium Techniques Cookies are a common way to store data between
65. ant to check that the page doesn t have any residual pieces of information from a previous test that might be there from reusing the browser instance These two scenarios are by no means the only times that you will want to delete cookies but they are probably the most common uses To delete a cookie we need to call the deleteCookie method passing in two parameters The first parameter is the name of the cookie and the second parameter is where it was created This could be the path or the domain or simply recurse through the cookies until Selenium finds and then deletes it Now that we understand what is needed to delete cookies let s see this in action Time for action deleting a cookie Let s see how we can delete a cookie off the page In this example we will load the page delete the cookie reload the page and then check the value of the cookie Use the following steps in your test 1 Create a new test to work against http book theautomatedtester co uk 142 Chapter 8 2 Open chapters 3 Delete the cookie The cookies that are created on that page will be done against path The delete cookie call will appear as follows selenium deleteCookie visitorCount path 4 Reload chapters 5 Get the cookie visitorCount and validate that the value is 1 6 Run your test and check if it passes Your test should look similar to the following Test public void shouldDeleteACookieOnThePage selenium
66. apter you will need to have a test open in the Selenium IDE Time for action debugging tests These two steps are quite useful when your tests are not running and you want to execute a specific command 1 Highlight a command 2 Press the X key This will make the command execute in the Selenium IDE What just happened When a test is running you can click on the Pause button to pause the test after the step that is currently being run Once the test has been paused the Step button is no longer disabled and you can click on it to step through the test as if you were stepping through an application If you are having issues with elements on the page you can type in their location and then click on the Find button This will surround the element that you are looking for with a green border that flashes for a few seconds The echo command is also a good way to write something from your test to the log This is equivalent to Console log in JavaScript Test suites We have managed to create a number of tests using Selenium IDE and have managed to run them successfully The next thing to have a look at is how to create a test suite We can open the test suite and then have it run a number of tests that we have created 28 Chapter 1 Time for action creating test suites If you have the Selenium IDE open from the previous steps click on the File menu 1 Click on New Test Case 2 You will see that Selenium
67. ar to the following lt DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM http testng org testng 1 0 dtd s lt suite name Chapter 10 verbose 1 gt lt test name Firefox on Windows gt lt parameter name browser value Firefox on Windows gt lt classes gt lt class name uk co theautomatedtester book Chapter10 gt lt classes gt lt test gt lt test name Firefox on Linux gt lt parameter name browser value Firefox on Linux gt lt classes gt lt class name uk co theautomatedtester book Chapter10 gt lt classes gt lt test gt a 1 T A Chapter 10 lt test name IE on Windows gt lt parameter name browser value IE on Windows gt lt classes gt lt class name uk co theautomatedtester book Chapter10 gt lt classes gt lt test gt lt suite gt Now that we have set up our test configuration it s time to update our tests so that we can start using TestNG and passing in the items that we need We start by adding the Parameters annotation to our test This takes arguments which need to be that of the parameters that we created in the TestNG configuration file We will need to update the signature of the test method to accept parameters that we can then use in our test Let s see this in action Time for action adding the parameters to our tests Now we need to make sure that the configuration that we created for our tests actually gets into our tests and changes them accordingly The way t
68. ara Seleniurrc legnnen Geade Google Sheome What just happened We have just seen how we can run our tests within Google Chrome This means that we have within this chapter written one test suite and run it against three different browsers This saves us as developers or testers a lot of effort in not having to create tests for each of the different browsers There are different types of browsers out there such as Opera and Konquerer to name two We can see the browsers that are supported in the following list and if your browser is not on the list you can tell your test to use your custom browser with the path to your browser xfirefox mock firefoxproxy o xpifirefox 111 First Steps with Selenium RC chrome 1exploreproxy 1explore firefox3 safariproxy googlechrome konqueror firefox2 safari piiexplore firefoxchrome opera iehta custom Running your Selenium IDE tests with the User Extensions In the previous chapter we had a look at how we can create User Extensions These are little commands that allow our tests to access different parts of the application Time for action running Selenium IDE tests with User Extensions Imagine that you have created a number of User Extensions and you would now like to use them in Selenium Remote Control tests that you have created by exporting your tests The following steps wil
69. bDriver are being merged Both Selenium and WebDriver have their pros and cons Fortunately their pros cancel out the other s cons so that we can now get a lot more web applications tested We also saw how Selenium 2 is 100 backwards compatible with Selenium 1 so that prior work by testers and developers will not be wasted How will the browser interaction change Selenium 2 allows us to create tests that do not need to go through a proxy We saw how our tests speak to the browser using the best fit language API to that browser without having to understand how it works Converting Selenium 1 tests to Selenium 2 Selenium 1 tests will be around for a very long time hence having a way to migrate tests with the least amount of effort was created This is the webDriverBackedSelenium object that means changing your tests will only be two changes in your Java classes This change is creating a WebDriver object in your test and then injecting it to your WebDriverBackedSelenium Starting a new browser instance Since Selenium 2 does not rely on the proxy in the middle to start up browser instances instantiating new Browser objects will startup the browser up Once done we can then close the browser by calling the quit method Accessing elements on the page and interacting with them We saw how interacting with elements on the page has changed so much between Selenium 1 and Selenium 2 In Selenium 1 we had to pass in the locator for the element
70. blic void shouldLoadTheSiteAndClickChapterl driver get http book theautoamtedtester co uk WebElement inputField driver findElement By linkText Chapterl1 inputField click 190 Chapter 11 What just happened We have successfully created a Selenium 2 test that loads an URL and then clicks on a link that has the text Chapter1 Our test showed how the driver finds the elements and returns a WebElement that is mapped to an element on the page We can then interact with it as we want as long as the element supports that type of interaction Finding elements with XPath In Selenium 1 we saw how we can use XPath in our tests to find elements that are on the page and that do not fit any of the different locator strategies Selenium 2 allows this locator strategy as well We do this by calling By xpath and passing in xpath as a parameter Time for action finding an element with XPath Imagine that you need to interact with an element on the page but do not know the ID or the name of the element In Chapter 2 Locators we saw a number of different XPath strategies so let us try to translate our test cases into Selenium 2 1 Create a new Java class and create the setUp and tearDown methods 2 The test needs to load http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter2 3 Find the element with the text Sibling Button 4 Click on the button 5 Run your test Your code should appear as follows Test pub
71. blog and try to use globbing patterns Q You can use and character classes Globbing patterns are useful but they do not give us a way to check that a field has numbers They also prevents us from ignoring capitalization For all of these cases we can start to use regular expressions Regular expressions are used extensively throughout applications from input validation to text manipulation We tell Selenium to use regular expressions by putting regexp in front of a string we want to check Let s see this in action Time for action using basic regular expressions In this section we are going to check that the date on the page follows the pattern of three letters for the day two numbers for the day of the month three letters for the month and four numbers for the year The regular expression for this would be w 3 d 2 w 3 d 4 The w will look for word characters and d will look for digit characters and the figure in between tells the expression how many times it should expect each type Pattern Matching Now let s do this in Selenium 1 2 3 4 Open up the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 Note verifyText in the div with the ID centerdiv with the Value field populated regexp w 3 d 2 w 3 d 4 Run the test and it should look similar to the next screenshot gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http localhost 808 p Slow ps p
72. by Java C and Python We saw what our test would look like within IDEA 119 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests Copying our tests into IDEA will not allow our tests to run This is just the text that is needed for the tests We had a look at what dependencies are needed to get our tests running We had a look at creating a global library to reference the Selenium JARs that we can reuse in any project that we need After getting all our dependencies filled we had a look at running our tests Having got everything in place we were able to start running our tests In this example we had our tests running in Mozilla Firefox but we could have had our tests running in any browser that we want When our tests are running the browser will look slightly different to what we saw in the previous chapter The Selenium Remote Control browser window will no longer show the test it will show a command history of the commands that it has received You can see this in the next screenshot ww Selenium Remote Control v2 0 a4 Mozilla Firefox 9 _ A chrome src content RemoteRunner html sessionld 07c96f74621c4727a28475f01f2032ef amp multiWindow true amp baseUrl http v 4 Google A Most Visited Getting Started A Latest Headlines Selenium Remote Control v2 0 a4 Selenium Functional Testing for Web Apps Command History Open Source From ThoughtWorks and Friends diekiiini ie Page waitForPageToLoad 30000 Show Log S
73. ce an image similar to the following Your code should appear as follows This is saving it to somewhere on my linux VM public void shouldTakeAScreenShotEntirePage selenium open chapters selenium captureEntirePageScreenshot home automatedtester entirepage png 1501 Chapter 8 What just happened We have just taken a screenshot of what is inside the browser and not the entire desktop This could be due to the fact that we want to take a screenshot of the page when it is longer than the desktop We call captureEntirePageScreenshot with the parameter for where we want the image to be saved and then an empty parameter There are times where we will need to take a screenshot of the page and change the background of the body tag This is to try to help us diagnose any CSS issues especially for browsers on operating systems that you are not developing against To change the background we need to change the empty parameter in the previous example to background hexcolour Let s see this in action now Time for action Capture entire page as a screenshot changing Imagine that you need to change the background to see any potential issues with CSS To do this we are going to call captureEntirePageScreenshot path to fil png background ccffdd i This will change the background to a pale green 1 Create a new test Get the test to open chapters 2 3 Capture the entire page 4 Run your te
74. ce rE Chapter 1 Getting Started with Selenium IDE 7 Important preliminary points 8 What is Selenium IDE 8 Time for action installing Selenium IDE 8 Selenium IDE 9 Selenium IDE icons 10 Important note 12 Time for action recording your first test with Selenium IDE 13 Updating a test to assert items are on the page 15 Time for action updating a test to verify items on the page 15 Comments 18 Time for action adding Selenium IDE comments 18 Multiple windows 20 Time for action working with multiple windows 20 Time for action switching between multiple windows 22 Selenium tests against AJAX applications 23 Time for action working on pages with AJAX 23 Time for action working with AJAX applications 25 Storing information from the page in the test 26 Time for action storing elements from the page 27 Debugging tests 28 Time for action debugging tests 28 Test suites 28 Time for action creating test suites 29 Saving tests 30 What you cannot record 30 Summary 31 Table of Contents Chapter 2 Locators 33 Important preliminary points 34 Locating elements by ID 35 Time for action finding IDs of elements on the page with Firebug 35 Time for action finding elements by ID 36 Moving elements on the page 37 Time for action finding elements by name 38 Adding filters to the name 39 Time for action finding elements by link text 39 Time for action finding elements by accessing the DOM through
75. click on the Filter button 4 Your browser should show something like the next screenshot Button with ID Sibling Button gt console HTML CSS Script DOM Net Firefindery YSlow Auto select Clear Hide H F Firefinder Find slement matching one or several CSS expressions or an XPath filter div leftdiv input Filter Matching elements 2 lt input type button value Button with ID id but1 gt FriendlyFire Inspect lt input type button value Sibling Button gt FriendlyFire Inspect 5 Ifyou were now to put this into the Selenium IDE as css div leftdiv input and click on the Find button it should look like the next screenshot Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk ja Slow gt gt rp Table Source Command Target Value Button with ID E css div leftdivinpt Sibling Button f Command MA gt y Console HTML CSS Script DOM N Target css div leftdiv input Auto select Clear Hide Value F Firefinder Find sements matching one or sever Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear div leftdiv input Matching elements 2 lt input type button value Button with ID id but1 49 Locators What just happened We have seen how Selenium has used the same CSS selector to find a button Unlike in normal CSS Selenium is only interested in the first element that matches the query and that is why in the second picture only the
76. could be down to the fact that the element is being loaded asynchronously through AJAX or because it is using the key of the data as it is stored in the database There are times where only part of the ID is dynamic This is to allow the developer to cram more information onto the page so that the user has everything they need We will need to have a mechanism to work with these elements To do the partial match your query will need to have the word contains with the attribute and the partial match that it needs For example if you wanted to access the element that has the text This element has an ID that changes every time the page is loaded in it you will use div contains id time_ This is due to the first part of the ID always being static The locator could also use starts with instead of contains to make the XPath query stricter in what is returned The queries in the next screenshot will find the same element on the page gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk p Slow HE j Table Source Comma Target f f div starts with id time_ ffdiv contains id time_ Finding an element by the text it contains Finding elements by the text they contain can be quite useful when working with web pages that have been created dynamically The elements could be from using a web based WYSIWYG editor or you might just like to find a paragraph on the pa
77. ct and readable tests that show intent rather than showing a test as a clump of Selenium calls This also makes the tests a lot more manageable because if were to change the link on the root from Chapter2 to Chapter 2 would need to only fix it in one place rather than n places where n is the number of times that sequence is in the test class Now let s have a look at how we can use the Page Object Pattern for creating a DSL over the site Time for action using the Page Object Pattern to design tests Imagine that you have a site that has a number of different pages that you need to test This is quite common for a number of sites We can create an object that represents the page and then pass the Selenium object in the programming language So let us now create our first Page Object against the Home page 1 Create a new Java class in IDEA called HomePage 2 Import the relevant packages for the tests to run 3 We will now need a constructor to handle Selenium You may want to make it go to the home page when it is instantiated too An example of this can be as follows HomePage java import com thoughtworks selenium Selenium public class HomePage Selenium selenium public HomePage Selenium selenium this selenium selenium public Chapter2 clickChapter2 clickChapter 2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 return new Chapter2 selenium private void clickChapter String number selenium c
78. d div id multiplewindow and 0 incomplete onclick window open windowpopup html poy Tools click wait popupwindow2 Show Log p t t t Test Suite Current Test Control Panel What just happened Using the htmlsuite argument we have managed to run our Selenium IDE tests through Selenium Remote Control This time our tests used Firefox to run the Selenium IDE tests in Firefox The command started Firefox and loaded the URL under test It then loaded our test suite and knows where to put the results when the tests are finished When the tests have finished it will write the results to a file in a HTML format showing which tests have passed or failed and the command that it may have failed on We can see what this looks like in the following screenshot 108 Chapter 6 Test suite results result totalTime numTestTotal numTestPasses numTestFailures numCommandPasses numCommandFailures numCommandeErrors Selenium Version Selenium Revision Test Suite chapter1 chapter chapter1 html chapteri open f clickAndWait link Chapter1 click radiobutton click secondajaxbutton verifyTextPresent I have been added with a timeout chapter2 html chapter open clickAndW ait link Chapter2 verifyElementPresent buti verifyElementPresent input value Sibling Button yverfyElementPresent input name verifybutton and value chocolate Running your Selenium IDE te
79. d Keys To press Return your test would have something like textbox sendKeys Keys Return This is a better implementation than in Selenium 1 where we needed to know the ASCII code for the key that we wanted to press Selenium 2 will try to mimic what real users can do as closely as possible One of the main complaints about Selenium was the way that a test could click on a link that was hidden or type into a textbox that was not visible While there may be times when this will be useful for the most part it isn t Let s see how this wouldn t work Time for action working with hidden elements throws errors In this case we are going to make sure that the element that we want to work with is not allowed 1 Create a new test Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapterl 2 3 Find the input box with hiddenTextBox as the ID It is not visible 4 Get Selenium 2 to type into it 5 Run your test Its code should appear as follows Test public void shouldNotBeAbleToInteractWithElement driver get http www theautomatedtester co uk chapter1 WebElement textBox driver findElement By id hiddenTextBox textBox sendKeys I should throw an error 6 When it has completed your test should have failed What just happened We have seen how Selenium tries to interact with the application under test just as an end user would This allows our tests to gain more value in that they truly are do
80. d by downloading Selenium IDE from http seleniumhq org What the Selenium IDE is made up of The breakup of Selenium IDE allowed us to see what makes up the Selenium IDE It allowed us to understand the different parts that make up a command that will be executed in a test as well as its basic format Recording and replaying tests Using the Selenium IDE to record a workflow that a user will do through their tests We also had a look at verifying and asserting that elements are on the page and that the text we are expecting is also on the page 31 Getting Started with Selenium IDE How to add comments to tests In this section of the chapter we saw how to add comments to the tests so that they are more maintainable Working with multiple windows Applications today can have pop up windows that tests need to be able to move between Working with AJAX applications AJAX applications do not have the items needed for the tests when the tests get to commands To get around this we had a look at adding waitFor commands to the tests This is due to the fact that Selenium does not implicitly wait for elements to appear in the page Storing information in variables There is always something that is on the page that needs to be used later but unfortunately you will not know what the value is before the test runs This section showed us how we can record items into a variable and use it later in a test Debugging tests Creating t
81. do this by creating a After method with selenium stop init The method will look similar to the following After public void tearDown selenium stop 1124 6 Chapter 7 Your test file should look like this now import com thoughtworks selenium import org junit public class Selenium2 Selenium selenium Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester cosuk selenium start Test public void shouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton After public void tearDown selenium stop Run the test by right clicking and clicking on Run Test in the context menu What just happened When you have run the last step you will see the browser start up and then disappear The DefaultSelenium object takes four parameters in its constructor Machine name where the Selenium Remote Control live exists The port that Selenium Remote Control is running on The browser that you want to launch This is the same list that we saw in the previous chapter The last parameter is the URL under test We then started the browser by calling the start function This will launch the browser and when we are finished we will need to then call the stop function This will kill off the browser process Killing the process will allow us to then start it up again with the Selenium Remote Control and get a clean browser
82. dow and close it using the close link Move back to the parent window and verify an element on that page Run your test and watch how it moves between the windows When complete it should look similar to the next screenshot g Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u bi Slow pS gt pl Table Source Command Target Value waitForPopUp popupwindow2 30000 selectWindow name popupwin verifyText popuptext Text within the click closepopup selectWindow name popupwin click closepopup selectWindow null veriftyElementPresent verifybutton Command click Target closepopup Value Log Reference Wl Elernent Rollup Infor Clear into Executing selectWindow null F info Executing verifyElementPresent verifybutton ia TT F 22 Chapter 1 What just happened We just had a look at creating a test that can move between multiple windows We saw how we can move between the child windows and its parent window as though we were a user Web applications today are being designed in such a way that they appear the same as desktop applications Web developers are accomplishing this by using AJAX within their web applications AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML due to the fact that it relies on JavaScript for creating asynchronous calls and then returning XML with the data that the user or application requires in order to carry
83. e like a version control system This will prevent any potential issues in the future when others in your team start to use it User Extensions and Add ons Imagine that you wanted to use a snippet of code that is used in a number of different tests As we Saw in the previous chapter you could use type locator javascript However if you had a bug in the JavaScript you would need to go through all the tests that reused this snippet of code This as we know from software development is not good practice and is normally corrected with a refactoring of the code In Selenium we can create our own function that can then be used throughout the tests User extensions are stored in a separate file that we will tell Selenium IDE or Selenium RC to use Inside there the new function will be written in JavaScript Because Selenium s core is developed in JavaScript creating an extension follows the standard rules for prototypal languages To create an extension we create a function in the following design pattern Selenium prototype doFunctionName function The do in front of the function name tells Selenium that this function can be called as a command for a step instead of an internal or private function Now that we understand this let s see this in action Time for action installing a user extension Now that you have a need for a user extension let s have a look at installing an extension into Sel
84. e Hub and whether they are currently in use 1601 Chapter 9 Time for action launching the hub Now that we are ready to start working with Selenium Grid we need to set up the Grid This is a simple command that we run in the console or Command Prompt 1 Open a Command Prompt or console window 2 Runthecommand ant launch hub When that happens you should see something similar to the following screenshot automatedtester ubuntu Downloads selenium grid 1 0 8 e Edit View Terminal Help automatedtester ubuntu DownLloads seLenium grid 1 0 8 ant Launch hub Buildfile home automatedtester Downloads selenium grid 1 0 8 build xml Launch hub java Jul 11 2010 8 07 24 PM com thoughtworks selenium grid hub HubRegist ry gridconfiguration java INFO Loaded grid configuration ou hub environments a J browser refox name Fi on Windows og go refox an i nd On Wo TEET cu J irefox x on Linux og o J jehta E on Windows Ai i a a a browser safari We can see that this is running in the command prompt or console We can also see the hub running from within a browser Ml S YNCN Getting Started with Selenium Grid If we put http nameofmachine 4444 console where nameofmachine is the name of the machine with the hub If it is on your machine then you can place http localhost 4444 console W
85. e a step that looked like Selenium click foo bar we can use a brand new location strategy without having to recompile Selenium We do this by calling addLocationStrategy name javascript The JavaScript that we use can access the window and document of the browser by using inWindow and inDocument Once the element has been found it needs to return back to Selenium For example we could do Function locator Return inDocument getElementById locator Let s see this in action Time for action adding a new location strategy In this example we are going to have a look at how we can return the first button on a page 1 Create a new test 2 Open chapters 3 Add a new location strategy called irstButton with the following JavaScript Use the addLocatorStrategy method with the following JavaScript as its parameter function nthButton Return inDocument getElementsByTag button nthButton 4 Click on that button using selenium click firstButton 1 5 Run your test The code should appear as follows Test Public void shouldCreateANewLocationStrategyAndUselt selenium open chapters selenium addLocationStrategy firstButton function nthButton return inDocument getElementsByTag button nthButton E selenium click firstButton 1 1441 Chapter 8 What just happened We have successfully created a new location strategy for looking up eleme
86. e able to use the standard 4444 port When this happens adding port lt port number gt allows you to use a different port number without conflicts We have already seen this in action If you have created a user extension command in Selenium IDE it can be used with Selenium Remote Control By using userExtensions c path to file js we can access all the extra commands in our tests firefoxProfileTemplate If you require a special profile or if you need to make sure that a specific Firefox Add on is installed use firefoxProfileTemplate path to firefox profile This command will take the profile that you want and then clone it to be used in your test 113 First Steps with Selenium RC Summary In this chapter we had a look at Selenium Remote Control This is the one tool in the Selenium suite of tools that truly allows us to write tests that are cross platform and cross browser This will give us the confidence that our application works in all these different environments Specifically we covered the following topics Selenium Remote Control We had a look at how Selenium Remote Control works It is a proxy web server that sits between our tests which are running and the web application This allows our tests to inject extra JavaScript to make the tests do the same as if we were using Selenium IDE Setting up Selenium Remote Control In this section of the chapter we had a look at how we can set up Selenium Remote Contro
87. e and restart Selenium IDE Create a step in a test to type this in a textbox 91 User Extensions and Add ons 5 Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot gf Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk b Slow gt gt el Table Source Command 16 05 2010 What just happened We have just seen that we can create extension commands that use locators This means that we can create commands to simplify tests as in the previous example where we created our own Type command to always type today s date in the dd mm yyyy format We also saw that we can call other commands from within our new command by calling its original function in Selenium The original function has do in front of it Now that we have seen how we can use basic locators and variables let s have a look at how we can access the page using browserbot from within an extension method Time for action using browserbot from within an extension Imagine that you need to interact with an element on the page and the only way to do that is to access it is through a JavaScript API This is quite common when trying to automate testing against web based editor components that are becoming commonplace One that have seen is the Telerik RADEditor To do this we will need to access the same browserbot object that we saw in the previous chapter accessing it in the same way as we did
88. e can see that in the next screenshot Selenium Grid Hub C ca Dea PSE Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Documentation FAO Active Remote Controls Host Port Environment Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Target Browser reia iea O Sarion OSX safari chrome chrome firebox firefox frefoxproxy firelompraxy pine lox pihrelon Firelox on Windows finelox ehta ehia pilexpiore piiexplore egploreproxy jaxplonepnoncy opera open Firefox on OS X firefox salanproxy calariproxy firefox frelox salan ela explore ax plone Host Port Environment googlechrome googlechronme Firefox on Linux firefox IE on Windows iahta Help improve Selenium Grid Share your ideas and fpedback What just happened We have successfully started Selenium Grid Hub This is the central point of our tests and Selenium Grid instances We saw that when we start Selenium Grid it showed us what items were available according to the configuration file that is with the normal install We then had a look at how we can see what the Grid is doing by having a look at the hub ina browser We did this by putting the URL http nameofmachine 4444 console where nameofmachine is the name of the machine that we would like to access with the hub It shows what configured envir
89. eate the new Selenium 2 code framework Selenium has a very good framework for working against web applications It has a number of positive points such as Works with any browser that supports JavaScript More life like interaction with the browser Not bound by the JavaScript sandbox Does not require a proxy between the test and the browser Negative points are Struggles with Same Origin Policy Notall actions are equal A Click could be a click mouse up or mouse down so catering for this can be quite difficult WebDriver is a web testing framework that was created by Simon Stewart while he was working at ThoughtWorks It is very similar to Selenium in that it controls what the browser is doing except it does not work through JavaScript WebDriver works by accessing the OS and passing commands to the browser from the OS This means that the framework is not constrained by the JavaScript Sandbox as Selenium is We can now access items such as file inputs so that we can test uploads and content editable DIV elements on the page There are many more examples but with those two updates alone we can now test items such as WYSIWYG editors WebDriver also does not require that you have a proxy like Selenium 1 You can use this if you want to speak to browsers on different machines however your test code can speak directly to the browser if they are on the same machine This is something that is quite popular with peo
90. ecurity settings x Test Suite chapter1 Selenium TestRunner chapter1 open Execute Tests chapter2 clickAndWait link Chapter1 P p m 2 click radiobutton Fast Slow click secondajaxbutton Highlight elements verifyTextPresent I have been added with a timeout Elapsed 00 00 Tests Commands Orun 0 passed O failed O failed 0 incomplete Selenium Beginners Guide Windows Internet Explorer GO a le http book theautomatedtester co uk m 4 x lo Bing jy Favorites 35 Ee Suggested Sites gt Web Slice Gallery v O Selenium Beginners Guide fh E v Pager Safety Toolvy v rotected mode ts currently turned off for the Internet zone Click here to open security settings OP d mode i d off for the I Click h ity setting T T T Test Suite Current Test Control Panel Selenium by ThoughtWorks and friends For more information on Selenium visit http seleniumhq org Internet Protected Mode Off What just happened We have just seen how our tests run in Internet Explorer This is the first time that we have run our tests against a browser that is not Mozilla Firefox We have accomplished this without any changes to our tests This one of the most powerful features of Selenium and why it is one of the favorite testing tools available It allows us to extend test coverage to the two most used browsers on the planet Running your Selenium IDE tests in Google Chrome Now t
91. edtester co uk chapter4 3 Create a step to call the function concat Strings with two strings as parameters used Selenium and IDE in my call 761 Chapter 4 4 Verify the alert 5 Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pg gt E Command Target Value getEval this browserbot getUserWV verityAlert Selenium IDE Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear info Executing getEvali this browserbot getUserWindow concatStrings Selenium IDE info Executing verifyAlert Selenium IDE What just happened We have just had a test that calls into the page using JavaScript This is useful when you want to check that a JavaScript API is returning what you expect or if you need to access a JavaScript API to manipulate the page As we can see this can be very useful for calling into a page to make something happen However what if you needed to test storing something on the page and then call the function There are times in a test when you will want to check the length of an internal array or even check that there are a correct number of options within a select tag Let see how we can do this 771 Using JavaScript Time for action verifying a JavaScript evaluation with browserbot Imagine that you need to check whether a select has a certain amount of options in it
92. eenshot Firebug will highlight each of the items that you want to see Button with ID Mma A Console HTML CSS Script DOM Net Firefinder YSlow Edit input butl lt div diwo leftdiv lt diw mainbody Style Computed Layout DOM Beginners Guide lt div gt a Inherited from div divontheleft leftdiv z lt div class mainbody gt 4 lt div id find gt lt div id divonthelett class l1efttdi _leftdiv seleni ers css line 22 font size 15px lt input id butil walue Button z R Inherited from div msinbody with ID gt _mainbody seleni ers css line 16 color white Locators What just happened Once the element has been selected you can see that its different attributes are now visible Now that we are confident of how to find elements and their attributes let s start using them in Selenium What color is an element bordered with when the Find button is clicked in the Selenium IDE a Red a Green a Amber Time for action finding elements by ID Elements often have IDs that are used to locate them In the Target text box this would look like id element Follow the next example to see how it would work 1 Open Selenium 2 Open Firebug 3 Find an element that you want to interact with and in the Target box place its ID attribute value For example use but1 as seen in the previous screenshot against http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter2 4
93. el Now that we are ready to start having our tests running in parallel use the following steps to get started 1 Open your Test NG XML configuration file 2 Add parallel methods to the suite node 3 Add thread count 3 to the suite node This will run your tests with three threads This number can be any value that you want It is best practice to only let this number go to the number of cores that the machine running the tests has minus the number of Selenium Remote Controls running 4 Right click on the configuration file in IDEA and run the tests What just happened We have just managed to get our tests running in parallel As you can see this has been fairly easy We saw that adding the parallel and the thread count attributes allows us to run these tests in parallel and when coupled with Selenium Grid we can start to get our tests running near 1 n which is where we want our tests to be What is the name of the Testing Framework we used Which is the main node that contains everything in the configuration file for our tests What is the node inside the lt test gt node that allows us to specify the browser What is the annotation we put above our setUp to make sure we pass in the browser 177 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel We only tried the previous examples on two operating systems Try expanding the examples to work on as many browser and operating system combinations as you can Ideally this is
94. emote Control arguments about 113 firefoxProfileTtemplate 113 port 113 userExtensions 113 Selenium Remote Control server about 183 making optional in Selenium 2 184 Selenium variables using with JavaScript 73 sendKeys method 194 sibling nodes elements finding 50 storedVars dictionary 73 storeText command 73 T tearDown method 186 Telerik RADEditor 92 test automation 7 TestNG about 126 172 Selenium instance creating 126 setting up 173 URL 172 TestNG configuration test node creating 173 174 testng xml file about 173 parameters adding 173 test node creating in TestNG configuration 173 174 213 tests cleaning up 178 comments adding to 18 20 creating with globs 60 61 debugging 28 parameters using 175 176 recording 13 14 running in parallel 178 saving 30 updating 15 17 writing against grids 169 170 test suites creating 29 30 text entering into field 70 verifying exact prefix used 58 59 text box typing into 193 thread count attribute 177 U user extension about 86 creating 86 installing 86 88 Selenium IDE tests running with 112 V variable JavaScript result storing 71 72 using in extensions 89 90 verifyAlert method 18 verifyAttribute method 17 verifyChecked method 18 verifyElementNotPresent method 17 verifyElementPresent method 17 verifyText method 17 verifyTextNotPresent command 61 verifyTitle method 18 video capturing 153 recording in test 154 VNC about
95. ems are currently free We can see this in the following screenshot Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Documentation FAQ Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Active Remote Controls Target Browser Host Port Environment Host Port Environment firefox3 firefox3 S localhost 5555 Google Chrome on Linux Safari on OS X safari chrome chrome firefox2 firefox2 Google Chrome on Windows qooglechrome trefoxproxy hrefoxproxy pifirefox pifiretox Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about how to set up Selenium Grid and all the different arguments needed as well as running our tests against the Grid Specifically we covered Starting Selenium Grid Hub In this section of the book we had a look at how we can start up Selenium Grid Hub that is the central point for Selenium Grid Setting up Selenium Grid Remote Controls We had a look at all the arguments that are needed to add a Remote Control to the Grid so that we can use it This gives us a more manageable view of our grid so that we can work with it We also discussed how we can create tests that use the grid Now that we ve learned about setting up Selenium Grid we re ready to look into getting our test time down by running things in parallel using Selenium Grid which is the topic of the next chapter 170 10 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel In this chapter we will have a look at how to crea
96. enium IDE This will make sure that we can use these functions in future Time for action sections throughout this chapter 1 Open your favorite text editor 2 Create an empty method with the following text Selenium prototype doNothing function Chapter 5 3 Start Selenium IDE 4 Click on the Options menu and then click on Options 5 Place the path of the user extension 4s file in the textbox labeled Selenium IDE extensions Encoding of test files UTF Default timeout value of recorded command Selenium Core extensions user extensions s Selenium IDE extensions C Book user extension s Tips for extensions Close and reopen Selenium IDE window to make changes effect You can specify multiple files separated by commas Remember base URL C Record assertTitle automatically Record absolute URL E Activate developer tools Start recording immediately on open Reset Options 5 Click on OK 6 Restart Selenium IDE 87 User Extensions and Add ons 7 Start typing in the Command textbox and your new command will be available as seen in the next screenshot Qg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 a E Ea File Edit Options Help Base URL http www google co za 4 ast Slow j gt j Table Source Command Command no nothing nothingAndWait Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear What just happened We have just seen how to create our first basic extension command and how to ge
97. er You ll be able to create tests using Selenium IDE Selenium Remote Control and Selenium 2 as well A chapter is completely dedicated to Selenium 2 We will then see how our tests use element locators such as CSS XPath and DOM to find elements on the page Once all the tests have been created we will have a look at how we can speed up the execution of our tests using Selenium Grid Chapter 1 Getting started with Selenium IDE In this chapter we will have a look at installing Selenium IDE and recording our first tests We will see what is needed to work against AJAX applications Chapter 2 Locators In this chapter we will see how we can find elements on the page to be used in our tests We will use XPath CSS Link Text and ID to find elements on the page so that we can interact with them Chapter 3 Pattern Matching In this chapter we will have a look at using regular expressions globbing and then using the exact text to find elements or test text on the page Chapter 4 Using JavaScript Sometimes it is good to inject JavaScript into the page to improve its testability There are frameworks that people are using within web applications that don t allow Selenium direct access so this chapter will explain what we need to do in such cases Chapter 5 User Extensions and Add ons This chapter will show us how we can create our own Selenium commands that can be used within Selenium IDE We will also have a look at creating Add ons f
98. eract with the proxy Specifically we covered the following topics Converting Selenium IDE tests to a programming language In this section we had a look at setting up our IDE we used IDEA for running tests We then looked at copying our Selenium IDE tests over to a programming language Java in this case so we could use Selenium Remote Control in the way it is commonly used Setting up the dependencies We set up all the dependencies that our tests may need to run and then we started running our tests Writing Selenium tests from scratch In this section we created the same test as in the previous section as well a few other tests We did this without using Selenium IDE as a starting point We saw how we set up our test so that it speaks to a specific Selenium Remote Control and to use a specific browser Selenium Remote Control best practices In this section we learnt how we can follow some of the major tenets of test automation We first had a look at how we can always make sure that we start from a known place We then started refactoring the tests so that all duplicate code was moved into private methods so that we make our tests more maintainable Finally we had a look at creating tests with the Page Object design pattern This is a good way to abstract the site under test away from your tests Adding Selenium Remote Control tests to Continuous Integration In the final section of this chapter we had a look at how we can create
99. ester ubuntu Downloads selenium grid 1 6 8 ant Dport 5555 Launch r emote control Buildfile home automatedtester Downloads selenium grid 1 0 8 build xml Launch remote control java Jul 11 2010 10 24 14 PM com thoughtworks selenium grid remotecontro L RegistrationRequest execute java INFO Registering to http localhost 4444 registration manager regi Jul 11 2010 10 24 15 PM eringRemoteControl logStart INFO Starting selenium server with options Ls trationiInfo seleni nttp Localhost 4444 oe firefox host Lo hozi port 5555 sh 11 2010 10 24 15 PM com thoughtworks seLlenium grid remotecontro ngRemoteControl Logstar Beata aaa TED hubPollerInterval Jul 11 2610 18 24 15 PM com npe e elenium grid remotecontro eringRemoteControl LogStartingMessages INFO port Jul 11 2010 10 24 15 PM com thoughtworks selenium grid remotecontroa eringRemoteControl LogStartingMessages INFO 5555 22 Sie ey ci Java Sun Microsystems Inc 14 8 b i OS Linux 2 6 32 23 generic 13 co shade een era m grid remotecontro r ng les SS5ages D D ra ja URL Lee FRe J 0 D iaia ial Oo gu Lo J Getting Started with Selenium Grid And this in the Selenium Grid Hub site Sun jul 11 10 49 PM FGE ty di iutomatedester 1 Salenium Grid Hub C p localhost Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Documentation FAQ Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Active Remote Controls Targe
100. ests does not always go according to plan so in this section we saw some of the different ways to debug your tests Saving test suites Finally we saw how we can save tests for future use and how we can save them into different groups by saving them into test suites We also discussed what cannot be tested using Selenium IDE We saw that Silverlight and Flex Flash applications could not be tested and that when working with a number of HTML5 elements the tests say that they have completed the tasks even though the UI has not changed In later chapters we will discuss different mechanisms that we can use within our tests that might be useful against HTML5 elements on the page Remember that if you do get stuck you can always have a look at http seleniumhg org docs which holds the official documentation Now that we ve learned about Selenium IDE we re ready to look at all the different techniques to find elements on the page which is the topic of the next chapter 321 Locators Locators allow us to find elements on a page that can be used in our tests In the previous chapter we managed to work against a page that had decent locators In HTML it is seen as good practice to make sure that every element you need to interact with has anid and a name attribute Unfortunately following best practices can be extremely difficult especially when building the HTML dynamically on the server before sending it back to the browser
101. first button was highlighted and not its sibling In the previous example we saw that we were able to find the input button that was a child of the div node in the DOM div leftdiv input will look for the div and then look for an input node in the DOM which is below that It looks for any descendent that will match This is the equivalent to using descendent in your XPath query If we needed to look for the child of the element we would have to place gt between the div selector and the input selector Your locator would look like css div leftdiv gt input In the case of the chapter2 page of the website both will work as they are direct children of div leftdiv Finding elements by using a sibling node in the DOM is probably the most common way to access an element In the XPath section of this chapter we saw that we could use the following sibling operator in the XPath query The equivalent CSS selector syntax is a between DOM nodes in the query It will check its direct next node to see if it matches until it finds the element So working against the HTML given next we will create a CSS selector to find the second input button lt div id divontheleft class leftdiv gt lt input id but1 value Button with ID type button gt lt br gt lt input value Sibling Button type button gt lt div gt css input but1 will find the first button and then its sibling is the br and its sibling is input The final selector
102. for action doing a sanity check on Selenium Grid 1 Open a Command Prompt or console window 2 Runthecommand ant sanity check When it is complete you should see something similar to the next screenshot Es Visual Studio 2008 Command Prompt cise lenium grid 1 8 8 hin selenium grid 1 6 6 gt ant sanity check Buildfile c selenium grid 1 46 8 hin se lenium grid 1 6 6 build xml sanity check Lecho Apache Ant version 1 8 1 compiled on April 346 2616 Lecho Java 1 6 Lecho Lecho Lecho Congratulations your setup looks good Have fun with Selenium Grid Lecho Lecho Lecho You can launch a hub by running ant launch hub Lecho You can launch a a remote control with ant Dport 4444 launch remot e control BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time 1 second c 2 se lenium grid i 6 8 bin se lenium grid 1 4 8 gt What just happened We have just checked whether we have all the necessary items to run Selenium Grid If there was something that Selenium relied on the sanity check script would output what was needed so that you could easily correct this Now that everything is ready let us start setting up the Grid Selenium Grid works by having a central point that tests can connect to and commands are then pushed to the Selenium Remote Control instances connected to that hub The hub has a web interface that tells you about the Selenium Remote Control instances that are connected to th
103. ge with specific text to then do further queries on 45 Locators To do this your query will need to have the text method call in the query It will match the entire contents of the node if it has the format element text inner text As seen in the previous section your query can use the contains keyword to allow it to have a bit more leniency towards what it finds The next screenshot displays a collection of queries that will find the same element as the previous section J Selenium IDE JAPS File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS ps H EER Table Source Comma Target ffdirelcontains text elernent has a ID As we have seen XPath is normally only used if the element we need to interact with is not accessible by normal means In this section of the chapter we are going to have a look at leveraging XPath axis in our queries to find the element that we wish to interact with An example that have used in the real world was to find a table cell that had specific text and then traverse the tree backwards to find the edit button so that could click on it This may seem like an extreme example just to click on an edit button but it is extremely common according to the Selenium Users forum on Google Groups In the first example we are going to find a button and then find its sibling In this example the query that we will generate is equivalent to
104. hat we do this is by adding the Parameters annotation We then pass in the names of the parameters that we want to use 1 Create a new class file for testing against http book theautomatedtester co uk 2 Create a new test 3 Add the Parameters annotation to the setUp method 4 Add the argument String browser to the signature of the setUp method We are doing it against setUp so that we can have our tests cycling through the different browsers that are in the configuration 5 When you have completed that your test file should appear as follows package uk co theautomatedtester book import com thoughtworks selenium DefaultSelenium import com thoughtworks selenium Selenium import org testng annotations 175 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel public class Chapter10 Selenium sel BeforeMethod alwaysRun true Parameters browser public void setUp Optional String browser sel new DefaultSelenium 192 168 157 155 4444 browser http book theautomatedtester co uk E sel start Test public void testShouldRunATestInParallel sel open AfterMethod public void tearDown sel stop 6 Run the test You do this the same way that you do in JUnit and IDEA by right clicking on the test and then clicking on Run item in the context menu that loads What just happened We have successfully got a test running with TestNG This is the first step to gett
105. hat we have run our tests in both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox it is good to use a WebKit based browser The most popular browser of this type is Google Chrome In this section we will have a look at running our Selenium IDE tests within Google Chrome This will help us make sure that we have sufficient coverage of our application 110 Chapter 6 Time for action running Selenium IDE tests within Now that we have seen our tests work with two of the most popular browsers available let s have a look at how it works with Google Chrome 1 Open up a Command Prompt or console window 2 Run the following command java jar selenium server jar htmlsuite xgooglechrome http book theautomatedtester co uk c path to testsuite html c path to result html and press Return When the browser has loaded it should look similar to the following screenshot Cc DOOR Tao Matted poten egu r F E T Google Chrome iwi your default browser BI Set on derai Der l gk agen Test Suite chaptert chapter Oper chapter CickAnd Wait link Chaptert click radiobutton click secondajaxbutton weriryTextPresent 1 have bean added with a timeout Selenium TestRunner Puecute fests m Highhght elements Blapeed 0 00 E riir 0 paided O failed O failed U Witenes Teale show Log Test Suite Current Test Control Panel Selenium by Thoughtworks and frends Far more information on Selenium visit SEEPS ma Seng
106. he item as seen in the next screenshot Command Target css divedivinthecenter Verify this button here chocolate 51 Locators Finding elements by their attributes In the XPath queries section we saw how useful it could be to find an element by looking at its attributes It could be that an element may have the same name but a different value so finding them according to their attributes can be extremely powerful In this example we are going to look for the button that has the value chocolate On web page buttons it s the value that is displayed on the screen The syntax for looking at the attribute is node attribute value So in the case of the button with the value chocolate it will be input value chocolate If you were to put that into the Selenium IDE it will have the format css input value chocolate and when you click on the Find button you will see the following Table Source Command Target Verify this button here chocolate css input value chocolate Another example of this is if you were trying to find an element according to its href The syntax for that would be a href path You can try this on the index page and try to find the link to this chapter When you have done it it should look something like css a href chapter2 If you click on the Find button it will highlight the chapter 2 link Chaining of attributes is also supported in Selenium to make sure that your
107. his happens we can apply filters to the locator so that it can find the element that we are looking for An example of this on the page would be name verifybutton value chocolate This will find the second button with the name verifybutton See an example of this in the next screenshot Command Target name verifybutton value chocolate Verity this button here chocolate Time for action finding elements by link text Probably the most common element on a page is a link Links allow pages to be joined together so that end users can navigate your site with ease You can see a screenshot of the element being found in Selenium IDE next 1 To specify that you want to follow a link you would use the target link link 2 Verify a link by using verifyElement Present Locators 3 Onthe chapter2 page there is a link to the index page of the site Command Target This item div has the id of find link Index put find into the target of Seleni and click the find button Button with ID Command This element has alD that chan Target link Index Value What just happened We have seen how we can find links that are on that page so that they can be used in your test All that is needed is the inner text of the nodes in the DOM Time for action finding elements by accessing the DOM There are times where the DOM will be updated through AJAX and this means that our locator needed for the test will need so
108. houldOpenTheRootOfSite sel open AfterMethod public void tearDown sel stop 126 Chapter 7 6 Run the test You do this the same way that you do in JUnit and IDEA by right clicking on the test and then clicking on Run Test in the context menu that loads What just happened We have successfully created a test using the TestNG annotation within our Java code There is very little difference in the way that JUnit and TestNG work except that it can give a little more extensibility especially when we want to run our tests in parallel in Selenium Grid Now that we know how to get a Selenium instance going let s have a look at creating a test Time for action creating a test from scratch We have created all the scaffolding needed for our tests so now we need to create the tests In our class that we created in the previous Time for action we will need to create a new method and place the Test as the attribute of the method Let us create an example that loads the site root and then moves to the chapter2 page and verifies a button on the page Most of the Selenium IDE commands port across without any changes The Asserts and Verifies use the testing frameworks assert methods 1 Create anew method I have called mine shouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton Add the Test attribute to that method 2 Usethe open function and open the root of the site 3 Click on the link for Chapter2 4 You will
109. id 5 55 Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear info Executing storeText bid bid info Executing type nextBid javascript storedVars bid 5 What just happened In this test we have seen how we can get something off the page and store that ina variable We then used this variable to add something to it This was an example of a test for an auction site The storedVars dictionary was called to get the value of the bid variable storedVars bid is equivalent to bid that we would use if we were using a type command As a side note the in front of the storedVars is syntactic sugar to change it from a string to an integer This is the same as doing storedVars bid 1 Let s see how we can use this within a verify or assert Time for action JavaScript within a verify or assert Let s say that you have stored a value from a different part of the test and now you need to verify or assert that the value is correct 1 Open the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Create a step to store the text in bid 4 Create a step to verify that it is equal to 5 10 using the verifyEval command 5 Run your test It should look similar to the next screenshot 74 Chapter 4 gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 E s File Edit ptions Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow ps gt E i Ss a Table Source Command Target Value
110. ideo recording in the same manner as Selenium by calling start Once the test has finished running we then call stop on that object to stop recording Once that call has finished we call process to apply the correct encoding to the video We can see an example of that next 1 Create a new test file and put the following in there from selenium import selenium import unittest time re castro class VideoRecord unittest TestCase def setUp self self verificationErrors self video castro Castro filename filename flv self video start self selenium selenium localhost 4444 firefox http www theautomatedtester co uk self selenium start self selenium window maximize def test my self sel self selenium sel open sel click link blog sel wait for page to load 30000 def tearDown self self selenium stop 154 Chapter 8 self video stop self video process self assertEqual self verificationErrors if name main unittest main What just happened We have created a new Castro object passing in the name of the file that we want to have it saved to By passing in a file name we can tell it to use the FLV which can then be uploaded to sites such as YouTube and Vimeo In the teardown we saw how we stop the video and then we call process The process call will take the image and then apply all the correct encodings to the page What is
111. ify command before the click Does exact allows capitalization differences a True a False Does exact only work on text in links Go to your favorite site and do a number of verifies and asserts on the page as well as clicking on different links Make sure that you try your test with different capitalization Don t worry if you can t get it to work on everything at first because we will try different techniques throughout this chapter In the previous section of this chapter we learned how we can harness exact matches in our tests However this can be a little frustrating when you want to test something in a div but the surrounding text might change suddenly There is a technique called globbing It is similar to regular expressions but is quite limited in its syntax Globs are used extensively throughout Selenium as the default pattern matching technique Most users are normally looking for part of a sentence when verifying or asserting in their tests We can now have a go at creating our first test with a glob Time for action using globs in tests Let s say that we have a web application that shows us what a user s star sign is and what the current date is For a test the only thing that people would be concerned with is if it returns the correct star sign A good example of this is the verifyTextPresent call which will apply the glob to the entire page 1 Open up the Selenium IDE Chapter 3 2 Naviga
112. ight click on the text Assert that this text is on the page go to the storeText command in the context menu and click on it If it does not display there go to Show all Available Commands and click on it there 3 A dialog will appear similar to the next screenshot Enter the name of a variable that you want to use have used text OnThePage as the name of my variable JavaScript Applica I Q Enter the name of the variable 4 Click on the row below the storeText command in Selenium IDE 5 Type the command type into the Command textbox 6 Type storeinput into the target box 7 Type javascript storedvars textOnThePage into the value box 8 Run the test It should look similar to the next screenshot Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk 5 ast Slow pS gt Bl Table Source _ Command Target Value open chapterl store ext divontheleft textOnThePage type storeinput javascript storedV What just happened Once your test has completed running you will see that it has placed Assert that this text is on the page into the textbox 27 Getting Started with Selenium IDE We have successfully created a number of tests and have seen how we can work against AJAX applications but unfortunately creating tests that run perfectly first time can be difficult Sometimes as a test automater you will need to debug your tests to see what is wrong To work through this part of the ch
113. in the previous chapter This is because the getEval command runs the snippet within the Selenium object Let s see this in action now 1 Open up your favorite text editor and open up the user extensions file that you created earlier 92 2 Chapter 5 Create a new function and call it doCheckDate as seen in the following snippet Selenium prototype doCheckDate function var dates new Date var day dates getDate if day lt 10 day 0 day month dates getMonth 1 if month lt 10 month 0 month var year dates getFullYear var prettyDay day month year this browserbot getUserWindow checkDate prettyDay Save the file and restart Selenium IDE Create a new step using the new command Create a new step with verifyText that checks whether the location with Answer has the word Correct Run the script It should look similar to the next screenshot gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 T File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk SS Slow AE j gt el Command Value checkDate verifyText a onect OoOo Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Elerment Rollup Infor Clear info Executing checkDate info Executing verifyText Answer Correct User Extensions and Add ons What just happened We have just seen how we can create a user extension to access the page using browserbot This can then all
114. ines Untitled WebDriver 1881 Chapter 11 What just happened We have successfully created a new browser instance and launched the browser so that we can start running our tests against it When we have finished with the browser we can then call the quit method which will close the browser then clean up anything that may have been created when Selenium 2 was trying the launch the browser How do we start a browser for our tests to use Now that you have successfully launched a Mozilla Firefox instance try and do the same with Google Chrome and Internet Explorer The way that our tests interact with elements on the page has changed quite dramatically from Selenium 1 In Selenium 1 you would make an API call passing in a locator and any extra information that is needed For example to type you would use selenium typeKeys 1d inputField Selenium is cool This meant that the readability of the tests was quite poor since you needed to check all the parameters of the API call Selenium 2 has changed this In your tests you now have an object that maps directly to the element on the page from where you can use it We are able to map elements by telling our browser object to find the element we want and to give us a new Selenium 2 WebElement object The indElement method takes one parameter which tells the driver how to find the object This is stored in the static class By By has a number of different
115. ing Time for action using to find a basic pattern Let s say that we have a website that is used as a dictionary and we wanted to validate that on the CA pages of the dictionary where there was cap and any other letters that follow Or similarly you wanted to check that there are strings that start with b and end with k In the next example we are going to see how we can verify these patterns 1 2 3 4 Open up the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 Note verifyText under the Ul Element divinthecenter has Cap Run your test and it should look similar to the next screenshot g Selenium IDE 1 0 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u b Slow pS gt H e Table Source Command Target Value open chapters verity Text divinthecenter glob Cap F Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear info Executing open chapter3 info Executing verifyText divinthecenter glob Cap What just happened We have just run a test that uses the glob wildcard pattern matching This is useful if you just want to check that text strings on the page match a very basic pattern The will match anything that follows So in the previous example when we wanted to find if there was text with Cap on the page we put a at the start and end of the pattern 62 Chapter 3 There are times whe
116. ing language and getting them running Writing Selenium Remote Control tests from scratch Applying best practices such as Page Object design pattern to create lasting tests Running tests against a continuous integration server So let s get on with it Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests Important preliminary points In this chapter we will be writing our tests in Java This is down to the popularity of the language by people using Selenium as well as its support on multiple platforms To do this we will need to have an IDE to write the tests in recommend using IDEA Intellij as that is my favorite You can download it from http www jetbrains com idea download and recommend it since it will give you all the tools that you need to build your tests successfully If you already have Eclipse installed then this is just as good but note the directions in this book are for IDEA Intellij so they may not be exactly the same steps in Eclipse You will also need to download jUnit from http github com KentBeck junit downloads This will allow us to drive the tests and allow us to do asserts during the tests In the previous chapters we learnt how to create tests using Selenium IDE This has been quite useful but we have not been able to take advantage of the best parts of testing frameworks such as setUp and tearDown Time for action converting Selenium IDE tests to a language We are going to be taking a Selenium IDE te
117. ing our tests running in parallel We can see that our tests are cycling through the browser that we have placed within the configuration file You will have noticed that we are starting the Selenium instance with the BeforeMethod and killing it with the AfterMethod This is to make sure that we have a clean Selenium instance when we are running a new test This ensures there is no chance that a locked browser can affect a test However we are still using Selenium grid as an infrastructural tool and have not managed to get our tests running in the infamous 1 n that was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter So how do we go about doing this 176 Chapter 10 So far we have managed to get our tests cycling through different browsers by having the lt test gt node in the TestNG configuration We have also got it working against the Selenium Grid Hub so we can see all of our tests being split out to the machines that we test against with the varied browser and operating system combinations In this section we will look at how we can add a thread count attribute to the lt suite gt node in our test configuration file We also will need to add the parallel attribute to the test suite The values that it takes will either be methods or classes This will mean that either the methods and test cases are run in parallel or the classes that contain the test cases are run in parallel Time for action getting our tests running in parall
118. ing steps a Answer False What is the difference between verify and assert a Answer A verify command validates and verifies that an element is on the page but does not interrupt the execution of the test Assert is similar to a verify command except that it will cause the test to fail and interrupt its execution If you wanted to validate that a button has appeared is on a page which two commands would be the best to use a Answer verifyElementPresent assertElementPresent Ifan element got added after the page has loaded what command would you use to make sure the test passed in the future a Answer waitForElementPresent How do we run all the tests in a Test Suite a Answer Click on the button with the Arrow and three solid green lines Pop Quiz Answers Chapter 2 Locators What color is an element bordered with when the Find button is clicked in Selenium IDE a Answer Green Ifyou wanted to use JavaScript to find the element on the page which strategy would you use to find it a Answer DOM locator strategy Pick two from below if you wanted do a partial match on an attribute on an element from the beginning of the value a Answer contains and starts with What is the most common way to find an element on a page a Answer ID Ifyou wanted to find the sibling input that is after an input in the DOM what would the XPath look like a Answer input following sibling input What would
119. ing that the exact text is in an element This can be used to check that the relevant items are being populated in a table or to check that a div used to store the username is actually storing it This is done by using a special prefix exact in front of the item Let s see how to use this with our first Time for action Pattern Matching Time for action verifying text Let s say that you have a web application that generates pages dynamically according to the path In this example we are going to use the exact prefix to check that the exact text is in the element on the page 1 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 yourname where yourname in the URL has been replaced 2 Verify that the div with the ID name contains your name exactly 3 Run your test ig Selenium IDE 10 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http localhost 8082 Slow gt S gt Test Case Table Source Command Target Value open chapter3 asd verifyText name exactiasdasd Command Target Runs Failures What just happened We have seen that we can check for the exact text on the page If we were to make a change say removing a character from the value we were expecting it would fail the test as you can see in the next screenshot Ld Selenium IDE 1 0 6 IDE 1 0 6 ma File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk jes Slow gt z pz P Test Case Table
120. ing the same as a user 194 Chapter 11 Since things are a lot more life like you will also be able to try it on content editable elements in the page This is something that Selenium 1 could not do because it was synthesizing interaction on the page with JavaScript Speaking of JavaScript let us have a look at how running JavaScript from our tests has changed after we have completed the next Pop quiz How do Selenium 1 and Selenium 2 differ in the way that they manage elements on the page What happens when you find a hidden element and work with it Try working with different types of elements on the page and see how well you fare Try working with Selects and Content editable areas It will also be very good to try and create tests that wait for elements to appear on that page Working with JavaScript in Selenium 2 In previous chapters we saw how to use JavaScript to do what we want in our tests We saw how we can use it to create unique items or to access items on the page In Selenium 1 we had to access the page through the Selenium browserbot object that is injected to the page This is the object that controls the page for our tests Since Selenium 2 is working with the browser in a more native fashion we can just pass in the JavaScript that we want to use on the page We do this by casting the driver to a JavaScriptExecutor object and then calling the executeScript method with the script that we want it to run Let s
121. into the Selenium IDE to test it At the beginning of Chapter 1 Getting Started with Selenium IDE there was a section that explained the layout of Selenium IDE One of the buttons on the page is named Find Click on this button when you have something in the Value textbox it will highlight the item in green as seen in the next screenshot This item div has the id of find put find into the target of Selenium IDE and click the find button Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Elernent Rollup Infor Clear 34 Chapter 2 Now that we have these tools and understand how to use them we can start adding decent locators to our test scripts Locating elements by ID On web applications today elements will have an ID attribute for all their buttons This allows Selenium to find the unique item as IDs should be unique and then complete the action that it needs to do against that element Time for action finding IDs of elements on the page In this section we are going to find a number of elements that are on the page You will need to have Firebug installed for this We are going to look at how to find the ID of an element using Firefox 1 Click on the Firebug icon This is the bug icon on the bottom of Firefox Lid 2 Click on the icon to the left hand side of Console 3 Move your mouse over the element that you wish to have a look at 4 Move your mouse over different elements As you see in the next scr
122. is a greedy query so if you have a rather large web page it can take some time to return since it will try to parse the page Writing the XPath like this allows us to make changes to the UI within reason and not have it impact the test Using direct XPath in your test As mentioned in the first part of this section having as the start of your XPath is seen as a greedy query because it will parse the entire DOM until it finds the element that you want to find If you want to work against an element that will always be in a certain place you can use a more direct XPath Instead of using the you can use a single but you will need to make sure that the first node in your query is HTML Let s see an example of this 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Enter xpath html body div 2 div 3 input 3 Click on the Find button The given locator will have found the same element as before This type of XPath query will find the element fractionally quicker but if your Ul is going to change it may fail if the element is moved into a different area of the page 421 Chapter 2 You will have noticed that parent and child nodes are in the same query Because HTML has a tree structure it just notifies the query that it needs to start at the html node and then move to its child node body and then to the body s child and so on until it reaches the end of the query Once it has done that it will stop executing the query Using XPath to
123. itForFrameToLoad A number of these commands are run implicitly when other commands are being run An example of this is the clickAndWait command This will fire off a click command and then fire off a waitForPageToLoad Another example is the open command which only completes when the page has fully loaded If you are feeling confident then it would be a good time to try different waitFor techniques Ifan element got added after the page has loaded what command would you use to make sure the test passed in the future a waitForElementPresent pause Q assertElementPresent Storing information from the page in the test Sometimes there is a need to store elements that are on the page to be used later in a test This could be that your test needs to pick a date that is on the page and use it later so that you do not need to hardcode values into your test Once the element has been stored you will be able to use it again by requesting it from a JavaScript dictionary that Selenium keeps track of To use the variable it will take one of the following two formats it can look like variableName or storedVars variableName prefer the storedVars format as it follows the same format because it is within Selenium internals 261 Chapter 1 Time for action storing elements from the page To see how this works let s work through the following example 1 Open the Selenium IDE and switch off the Record button 2 R
124. ith these rules in mind let us create our first Selenium IDE test nl Chapter 1 Time for action recording your first test with Selenium IDE We are going to record our first test using Selenium IDE To start recording the tests we will need to start Mozilla Firefox Once it has been loaded you will need to start the Selenium IDE You will find it under the Tools menu in Mozilla Firefox Note that the record button is engaged when you first load the IDE To start recording your tests 1 Change the Base URL to the Base URL of the application under test In this exercise we will do it against http book theautomatedtester co uk 2 Click on the radio button 3 Change the value of the Select 4 Click on the link g Selenium IDE 1 0 5 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u gt Slow PS j Table Source Command Target open chapterl click radiobutton select selecttype label Selenium RC clickAnd Wait link Home Page Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Elernent Rollup 5 Your test has now been recorded and should look the like the previous screenshot Click on the play button that looks like this gt 13 Getting Started with Selenium IDE 6 Once your test has completed it will look similar to the next screenshot gf Selenium IDE 1 0 5 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co ul C
125. ium 2 In Selenium 2 we are now making the Selenium Remote Control Server optional This is because with Selenium 2 the Selenium Core developers are interacting with the best fit language for that browser An example of this is with Firefox we interact with the browser using JavaScript in a XPCOM object This means that we can work on each of the different browsers without the fear of breaking its core elements It also means that developers do not need to understand a number of different languages when developing bindings Driver best fit language Other language bindings Once the bindings have been created there is a thin wrapper library created in the popular development languages In our case we are going to see how our Java tests can interact with Firefox using the Firefox Driver that comes with Selenium 2 If we want to test browsers that are not available on the machine that we are working on we can use the Remote WebDriver which will launch the browser that we want to test with and work with it as though it were on your machine This has the obvious benefit of testing web applications on as many browser and operating system combinations as possible Now that we have a basic understanding of how our tests interact with the browser we are now ready to see how to convert our Selenium 1 tests to work with Selenium 2 Converting Selenium 1 tests to Selenium 2 In this book we have covered all the different aspects of Selenium 1 but
126. king of code and its generated output with the help of debugging tools Software Testing with Visual Studio Team System 2008 ISBN 978 1 847195 58 6 Paperback 356 pages A comprehensive and concise guide to testing your software applications with Visual Studio Team System 2008 1 Test your software applications with Visual Software Testing with Studio Team System 2008 and rest assured of Visual Studio Team System 2008 its quality 2 Create a structured testing environment for your applications to produce reliable products Subashni 5 PMP N Satheesh Kumar 3 Comprehensive yet concise guide with a lot of examples and clear explanations 4 No knowledge of software testing is required only basic knowledge of Visual Studio 2008 operation is expected Please check www PacktPub com for information on our titles
127. l Selenium Grid also allows us to with the help of the configuration file assign friendly names to the Selenium RC instances so that when the tests want to run against Firefox on Linux the hub will find a free instance and then route all the Selenium Commands from your test through to the instance that is registered with that environment We can see an example of this in the next diagram 158 Chapter 9 e Keep track of which environment is provided each remote control R A e Ensure selenese are load balance to a equest to run on i Selenium Test Eon 3 remote control providing an environment matching g seis z the one requested by the Selenium test y Request to run on Selenium Test Firefox on Windows Selenium Selenium Saas Remote Control Remote Control Re eave ee ERN as Reena ell O e Hue a oo deve z 4 R e idi providing Firefox on Linux providing providing IE on Windows E On WINE Selenium Grid We will see how to create tests for this later in the chapter but for now let s have a look at making sure we have all the necessary items ready for the grid Checking that we have the necessary items for Selenium Grid Now that you have downloaded Selenium Grid and Ant it is always good to run a sanity check on Selenium Grid to make sure that we are ready to go To do this we run a simple command in a console or Command Prompt Let s see this in action 159 Getting Started with Selenium Grid Time
128. l command 163 Ant file creating 135 ant launch hub command 161 ant sanity check command 160 Apache Ant URL for downloading 157 Index Asynchronous JavaScript and XML See AJAX B browser accessing with JavaScript 76 Selenium Remote Control adding for 166 167 browserbot about 76 195 JavaScript evaluation verifying 78 page accessing 76 77 using 92 94 browser interaction Selenium 2 183 184 browser support Selenium 2 188 C captureEntirePageScreenshot call 150 captureNetworkTraffic call 145 captureScreenshot call 147 148 captureScreenshotToString function 149 Castro 153 character classes using 64 65 child nodes elements finding 50 commands creating 94 95 comments adding to test 18 20 configuration Selenium Grid updating 167 Continuous Integration server Ant file creating 135 tests setting up 134 135 cookies about 140 deleting 142 143 getting on page 141 142 handling 140 cookies handling 140 CSS class attributes using in CSS selectors 51 CSS selectors CSS class attributes using 51 element IDs using 51 elements finding 48 49 nth element finding 53 54 D date verifying with regular expressions 65 66 DeepTest 172 DefaultSelenium object 125 deleteCookie method 142 143 downloading Apache Ant 157 E echo command 28 72 element attributes using in XPath queries 44 element IDs using in CSS selectors 51 elements accessing on page 189 finding by a
129. l We saw how Selenium Server and Selenium are just Java jar files that can run from a Command Prompt Running Selenium IDE tests within Selenium Remote Control In this section of the chapter we had a look at how we can use all the test cases we created in previous chapters to test our web applications within Selenium Remote Control Selenium Remote Control arguments In this section we had a look at the rest of the Selenium Remote Control arguments that we may need in our tests Now that we ve learned about the basics of Selenium Remote Control we re ready to look at how we can use a programming language to make our tests a lot more robust We can also harness items that are only available within programming languages which is the topic of the next chapter mM A Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests In the previous chapter we had a look at setting up Selenium Remote Control on your computer In this chapter we are going to have a look at converting your Selenium IDE tests into a programming language This will allow us to create decent automated tests that are robust and extremely powerful This is because we can use all the best parts of Selenium and the best parts of the programming language Selenium Remote Control is the most popular variation of Selenium that is in use because of these facts In this chapter we shall discuss the following topics Converting Selenium IDE tests to run in a programm
130. l allow you to do this 1 Open a Command Prompt or console window 2 Run the following command java jar selenium server standalone jar userExtensions path to extensions js htmlsuite firefox http book theautomatedtester co uk c path to testsuite html c path to results html 112 Chapter 6 What just happened We have just seen how we can use User Extensions with Selenium Remote Control This means that our applications can not only be used on different browsers and platforms but also use the new commands that we create in order to help us with our testing This is one of the most popular arguments that people use Are you allowed to use relative paths to the Test Suite and results file What is the argument needed to make your tests run within Firefox What is the argument needed to make your tests run within Internet Explorer o What is the argument that allows our tests to use User Extensions Now that you have seen your tests running in Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer and Google Chrome try running your tests in another browser This can be from the list of supported browsers or using the custom attribute The following is a list of the most common Selenium Remote Control arguments and how we can use them Since Selenium Remote Control acts as a proxy between your tests and the application being tested it has to use a port to listen for commands There will be instances where you will not b
131. l captureScreenshot file where file is path and file name of the file that you want to save If you give it just the filename it will save the file in the same folder as Selenium Remote Control server or if you pass in the absolute path of the file it will save it to where you want it to go Let s see this in action 147 Advanced Selenium Techniques Time for action capturing screenshots Let s say that you have a situation where you need to capture a screenshot on failure or just capture screenshots for a user manual Let s write a test to take such a screenshot 1 Create a new test 2 Load chapters 3 Take a screenshot and save it somewhere where you can access it 4 Run the test Your code should appear as follows Test public void shouldTakeAScreenShot selenium open chapters selenium captureScreenshot 003 png 5 This should take a screenshot similar to the following f E Serum Remote Control v2 0 al Monilla Frelon creame we P Mog Vaited Getting Staned m Latect Headliner Selenium Remote Control v2 0 al Selenium Functional Testing for Web Apps Open Source From Tho oniworks arid F reerxdy prer prer Show Log Stow Mode PS ory verre TTT ecloniue Btepili 2 Selerwunt Begrmers Gude Moodle Firefox file da Yerw Higtery Bookmarks Toots ticle Moc Vaited Getting Started m Latest Headines Selenium Beginners Guide 148 Chapter 8 What just hap
132. l lt td gt lt td gt lt td gt lt tr gt The area below the Value textbox will show the Selenium log while the tests are running If an item fails then it will have an error entry This area will also show help on Selenium commands when you are working in the Command select box This can be extremely useful when typing commands into the Selenium IDE instead of using the record feature Now that we have installed Selenium IDE and understood what it is we can think about working through our first tests There are a few things that you need to consider when creating your first test These rules apply to any form of test automation but need to be adhered to especially when creating tests against a User Interface Tests should always have a known starting point In the context of Selenium this could mean opening a certain page to start a workflow Tests should not have to rely on any other tests to run If a test is going to add something do not have a separate test to delete it This is to ensure that if something goes wrong in one test it will not mean you have a lot of unnecessary failures to check Tests should only test one thing at a time Tests should clean up after themselves These rules like most rules can be broken However breaking them can mean that you may run into issues later on and when you have hundreds or even thousands of tests these small issues can mean that large parts of a test suite are red W
133. ldGetACookie selenium open chapters String cookie selenium getCookieByName visitorCount Assert assertEquals Should be 1 1 cookie selenium open chapters cookie selenium getCookieByName VisitorCount 140 Chapter 8 Assert assertEquals Should be 2 2 cookie After public void tearDown selenium stop What just happened We have just seen how we can get a cookie by specifying the cookie name We then get a string returned that holds all the information of the cookie This will be the same as if we needed to interact with the cookie in JavaScript We can then split the string into its different parts and use it as a key value store This makes it extremely useful to test the individual parts and ignore items that contain dates for example But there will be times when we need to get more than one cookie out of the page Websites store different bits of information in different cookies This allows web applications to cache different bits of information and then access them as they need This means that while we are testing these pages we will need to get these items too We do this by calling getCookie This will return a string with all cookies and have them separated by a semicolon This string can then be split on the semicolons to separate the cookies to then do some assertions on the array created from the split Time for action getting all cookies on the page Le
134. lement has a ID to finda div with text in it To update this XPath to a CSS selector we would need to use the contains pseudo class The updated locator for CSS would be css div contains element has a ID One important note on CSS selector is that it is not as granular as the XPath version because it may look at the descendants for the text It is important to know that CSS selectors only have a read forward process This means that you cannot find an element and then traverse backwards up _ the DOM This is what makes CSS selectors a lot faster than XPath queries to find the same elements Pop quiz using locators What is the most common way to find an element on a page a ID a XPath a CSS selector a Name 541 Chapter 2 If you wanted to find the sibling input that is after an input in the DOM what would the XPath look like What would the CSS look like for the previous question Now that you have managed to create tests with different locators try working against Google Maps It is an extremely good site to work with XPath and CSS as it never has IDs or names Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about locators We have been able to use a large number of different methods to find the elements that are on a page We have seen how to find elements using the easy methods such as id and name and doing queries against the DOM to find them using CSS selectors or XPath queries Specifically we c
135. lic void shouldLoadChapter2AndClickOnSiblingButton driver get http book theautomatedtester co uk WebElement sibling driver FindElement By xpath input value Button with ID following sibling input value Sibling Button eG Sibling clack 191 Getting Started with Selenium 2 What just happened We have just seen how our tests can use xpath to find elements on the page so that our tests can use them There is no difference between Selenium 1 and Selenium 2 when it comes to finding elements by XPath One thing to note is that XPath in Selenium 2 is still slow This is due to the nature of the DOM It is still recommended that you follow the same locator best practises that have been discussed in this book There are times where we will want to find all elements that match some criteria For example if we need to find all the divs on the page with the xpath div but we use findElement it will return the first element that matches the xpath and then our tests will continue There are times where there are a number of elements that match that criteria and will want to interact with each of them or even one of them that is not the first element To do this we need to use the findElements method This similar to the findElement method takes one parameter which is the By object to tell the driver how to find the object The driver will then return a list of all the WebElements that match our search The li
136. lick Link Chapter number 132 Chapter 7 Chapter2 java import com thoughtworks selenium Selenium import junit framework Assert public class Chapter2 Selenium selenium public Chapter2 Selenium selenium this selenium selenium if Chapter 2 egqualsIgnoreCase this selenium getTitle selenium open chapter2 public void assertButton String button Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent button BestPractises3 java import com thoughtworks selenium import org junit public class BestPractises3 Selenium selenium Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start After public void tearDown selenium stop Test public void ShouldLoadTheHomePageAndThenCheckButtonOnChapter2 HomePage hp new HomePage selenium Chapter2 ch2 hp clickChapter2 133 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests ch2 assertButton butl1 If you create these three files you will see the test pass The test is a lot more succinct and easier to maintain What just happened In this section we had a look at creating tests using the Page Object design pattern This allows us to create objects in a programming language and then pass the selenium object to it to drive the browser This creates a really nice DSL that allows all parties in the
137. lient side validation on a page Form validation is one of the key parts to modern web applications either at the signup stage or on pages that need to be audited 82 Chapter 4 Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about JavaScript and how we can use it within our tests This can be really useful for those times where we can not use a standard Selenium command Specifically we covered the following topics Using JavaScript In this section we learned how to start using JavaScript in our tests This was to make sure that we are always using the correct date when our tests run This allows our Selenium tests to have a dynamic edge to them so that our tests do not have any hardcoded values which make our tests brittle Using Selenium variables with our JavaScript In this section we saw how to use variables that we created in Selenium IDE and then use them in our tests We saw how we can read a number off a page using the storeText and then add a number An example of this could be an auction site where you need to always pick a value that is larger than what is already selected Using browserbot There are times were we will need to access the page in our tests This could be because we need to change something in the DOM or we need to test some JavaScript API as part of a Selenium test This is quite common and as we saw is not too difficult to achieve Using fireEvent in your tests In this section we saw how to use
138. ll give us a project to work in Set the values for properties for items that you are working with lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt pro ece nane Rum Test default r n test basedixr 3 s lt property name test dir value sre test gt lt This is where our tests live gt lt property name testLibDir value lib gt lt This is where Selenium RC lives gt lt project gt We now need to add a Snippet to start and stop the Selenium Remote Control server To do that we need to add the following snippet below the property nodes lt target name SsStart server gt s lt java jar lib selenium server jar fork true spawn true gt lt java gt lt target gt lt target name stop server gt s lt get taskname selenium shutdown src http localhost 4444 selenium server driver cmd shutDow nSeleniumServer dest result txt agnoreerrors true js lt echo taskname selenium shutdown message DGF Errors during shutdown are expected gt lt target gt Now that we have that we can now add it to tests so that they are run This blob calls each of the target items that we created in target These are in the antcall nodes The waitForCall1 helps us check the Selenium Remote Control server is running before starting the tests lt target name run test description Start Proxy Run Test stop Proxy gt lt parallel gt 135 Creating Selenium Remote Co
139. ll the following ttem selenium ide 1 0 5 xpi Author not verified http release seleniumba org selenium ide 1 0 5 selenium ide 1 0 5 xp1 Install 4 Chapter 1 4 Once the countdown has finished the Install button will become active and you can click on it This will now install the Selenium IDE as a Firefox add on 5 Once the installation process is complete it will ask you to restart Firefox Click on the Restart button Firefox will close and then reopen If you have anything open in another browser it might be worth saving your work as Firefox will try to go back to its original state but this cannot be guaranteed 6 Once the installation is complete the Add ons window will show the Selenium IDE and its current version GetAdd ons Extensions Themes Plugins Selenium IDE 1 0 5 Record edit and play Selenium tests Options Disable Uninstall What just happened You have successfully installed Selenium IDE and we can now start thinking about writing our first test Selenium IDE has been installed so let s take some time to familiarize ourselves with it This will give us the foundation that we can use in later chapters Open up Selenium IDE by going through the Tools menu in Mozilla Firefox The steps are Tools Selenium IDE The window that will appear should be similar to the next screenshot Getting Started with Selenium IDE Q Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNA File Edit Options Help
140. low Mode click link Chapter2 waitForPageToLoad 30000 07c96f74621c4727a28475f01f2032ef isElementPresent div id divontheleft2 input Do you need to create a folder for your tests How does one export Selenium IDE tests into a programming language Do you need to have Selenium JAR files as a dependency of your tests How do you run your tests once the dependencies are correct Once we had got our tests converted into Java we ran them in Mozilla Firefox Update the tests to use Google Chrome or Internet Explorer in your tests 1201 Chapter 7 We have seen how we can create tests in Selenium IDE and then convert them to a programming language so that we can add things such as conditionals to our tests Conditionals logging and disk access are all things that we can gain by using a programming language over Selenese In this section we are going to have a look at how we can create tests from scratch so that we do not need to rely on Selenium IDE If we as developers or testers need to update our tests within Selenium IDE and then export them to a programming language we are going to be adding an unnecessary maintenance cost There is the other negative aspect Selenium IDE exports each test into separate files This can be quite annoying when you are testing a behavior but with code paths By the end of this section you will understand how to create a selenium object and have it start a browser Fo
141. m Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSeleniunm localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start 185 Getting Started with Selenium 2 Test public void shouldOpenChapter2LinkAndVerifyAButton After public void tearDown selenium stop e Open IDEA and load your example Create a new external library for the Selenium 2 binaries Add the variable WebDriver driver at the top of your class BR WN Change your setUp to match the following snippet Before public void setUp driver new FirefoxDriver j selenium new WebDriverBackedSelenium driver http book theautomatedtester co uk 5 Change the tearDown method to After public void tearDown driver quit 6 Run your tests Your code should appear as follows Before public void setUp driver new FirefoxDriver selenium new WebDriverBackedSelenium driver http book theautomatedtester co uk 1861 Chapter 11 After public void tearDown driver quit Test Public void ShouldLoadTheSite selenium open selenium clickAndWait Chapterl1 What just happened We have seen how with very little change to our tests we have got our old Selenium 1 tests working using the new Selenium 2 drivers The WebDriverBackedSelenium object has a mapping of the Selenium 1 API to the Selenium 2 API When the bro
142. me form of JavaScript to see if it is there In JavaScript calling the DOM to find the first link on the page would look like document links 0 On the chapter2 page of the website it will show the link that we used in the previous section of this chapter This technique is commonly used with the waitForCondition command so it may use fairly simple JavaScript or fairly tricky JavaScript to find the element So if you needed an ID to be made up of a number of different things create a function to create that data and then return it For example if you find an element by a regular expression it would look something like the code given next function searchLinks var links document links h new RegExp http for link in links if link toString match h return link searchLinks 40 Chapter 2 But normally it will just be calls to the DOM to see if an element has been added such as in the next screenshot Table Source Command Target BulonwihiE dom document getElementByld butl Sibling Button Command dom document getElementByld butL What just happened We have just seen that we can use JavaScript to find elements on the page This can be extremely useful if you have a web application that does a lot of interaction with the DOM If you wanted to use JavaScript to find the element on the page which strategy would you use to find it o ID a Name o DOM a
143. methods as we can see in the following list By id idOfObject By linkText TextUsedInTheLink By partialLinkText partOfThelink By tagName theHTMLNodeType gt By className cssClassOnTheElement 189 Getting Started with Selenium 2 By cssSelector cssSelectorToTheElement By xpath Xpath to the element By name nameOfElement An example of the code is given next Test public void shouldLoadTheSiteAndClickChapterl driver get http book theautoamtedtester co uk WebElement link driver findElement By linkText Somelink link click The WebElement that is returned is immutable This means that the element cannot be changed once it has been created This has been done so that Selenium 2 can be as life like as possible and end users will not be able to change things as they want Let s now see this in action Time for action finding a link and clicking it Imagine that you want to test clicking on the links on the page To do this we will need to make a WebElement for the link that we want to click and then click on it Our example is going to click on the Chapter1 link and then close the browser 1 Create a new Java class Create a test that will open http book theautomatedtester co uk w Click the link Chapter1 A Close the browser wn Run your tests The code for your tests should appear similar to the following Test pu
144. n added otherwise it just requires the page object to be updated Chapter 8 Advanced Selenium Techniques How would you get a cookie by name a Answer getCookieByName string will return a string that has the value of the cookie How would you get all the cookies that are on the page a Answer getCookie will return all the items on the page What is returned from getCookie a Answer A string that contains all the cookies It is delimited by a semicolon so the string can be split on that into an array which can be iterated over for the assertions What is the default file type for capturing screenshots a Answer PNG How does one capture a screenshot of the entire desktop a Answer Call captureScreenshot path to file png When capturing shots to string how is the string encoded a Answer The strings that are returned are in Base64 What is the name of the library we used to record video a Answer Castro 2061 Appendix What is the desktop viewing application Castro relies on a Answer VNC What is the command required to start the Hub a Answer ant launch hub What is the URL where one can see what is happening on the grid a Answer http nameofmachine 4444 console where nameofmachine is the name of the machine that is running the hub If it is on the same machine as you are currently on use localhost or 127 040 sae How do you specify the port the Remote Control is running
145. n we just want to make sure that it checks for one character difference We do this by using in our pattern matching For example to check that a pattern is four characters long and the last three characters are ool for pool or cool we would use the at the beginning so that the pattern that we match is 0o01 Let s see this in action Time for action using in a glob pattern As mentioned before it might be good to check that there is one character difference in your test In this Time for action we are going to check that we have a word ending in oo1 in the div leftdiv 1 2 3 4 Open up the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 Note that verifyText in leftdiv matches 001 Run your test and it should look similar to the next screenshot Eg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 m File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u GS pE p B Table Source Command Target Value Open chapters iverifyText leftdiv Bee Command Target Value Log Reference Wl Elernent Rollup Infor Clear info Executing lopen chapter3 info Executing verifyText leftdiv glab o0l Pattern Matching What just happened We have just checked that sometext on the page ended with ool The page will randomly pick a word and then render it on the page so hardcoding the value in the test will make the test fail when it should not We can also use char
146. n you have created everything you want zip up the root folder Mine is called book Once this has been done rename the file so that its file type is xpi The file type is normally the last three letters in the name that follows the last full stop Creating an add on relies on understanding basic programming You will need to understand how to develop using JavaScript because it is more than just creating the odd function we did in the previous section of the book What just happened We have just seen what it takes to create a new add on that will attach to the Selenium IDE This is a new bit of functionality that allows us to build onto IDE in a similar way to user extensions but can be a lot more powerful This is because add ons are not limited by the JavaScript sandbox Creating a new add on requires programming knowledge that is slightly more intensive than creating extension methods that we saw previously 1001 Chapter 5 What is a Selenium IDE add on Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about how we can extend Selenium when it does not have all the commands that we would want This can be from needing a simple random number generator to a way to interact with a JavaScript API that is available on the page under test Specifically we covered the following topics User extensions In this section of the chapter we had a look at what is required to create a user extension This gives us the ability to create new
147. ng the hub we need to tell it where the hub is We do this by passing in the DhubURL argument when calling the Ant script We also need to pass in the Dhost argument with the name of the machine so that we can see where it is being hosted Let s see this in action 164 Chapter 9 Time for action adding Selenium Remote Controls for different machines For this Time for action you will need to have another machine available for you to use This could be the Ubuntu machine that you needed for the previous chapter suggest giving the Dhost argument the name of the machine that it is running on If you have a small Grid then you can name them according to the operating system that it is run on 1 Open a Command Prompt or console 2 Runthecommand ant Dport 9999 DhubURL http nameofmachine port Dhost nameofcurrentmachine launch remote control 3 When you have run this your Grid site should appear as follows Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Documentation FAQ Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Active Remote Controls Host Port Environment Host Port Environment localhost 5555 firefox Browser firefox3 Target firefox3 Satan on OS X satar Win 6666 trefox chrome chrome tirefox2 trefox2 lrefoxproxy pifirefox Firefox on Windows era plilexplore Tirefoxproxy pifirefox irefox ehta pilexplore explorepraxy Sexploreproxy
148. ning your Grid should appear as follows Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Decumentation EAQ Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Active Remote Controls Targat Browser Host Port Environment Host Port Environment hirefons firefox localhost 5555 Google Chrome on Linux salan on OS A zalari Win GOGG Google Chrome on Windows chrome Chrome Tiref r firefox Googe Chrome on Windows qoogechrone firefoxprony firefoxproxy piiretin piiretax Fineto an Vv inchs Te Po ehta iena puexplore piexplore jemploneprony jexploreprany Opera era Googe Chrome on Linux googlechrome Firefox on OS X firefox salanpraxy SalAripreney satan satar Tiref r firefox explore erpiar googlechronme googkechrome Firefox on Lint hretox 1E on Windows ema What just happened We have just added our first item to the Grid Configuration This could be renaming an item so that it makes a lot more sense or if there is something missing that is needed We can give each of the items meaningful names that then point to a specific browser We can also use this to set up custom browsers if need be What is the command required to start the Hub What is the URL where one can see what is happening on the Grid How do you specify the port that the Remote Control is running on How do you
149. nium verifies items on the page when it is recording steps a True a False What is the difference between verify and assert Ifyou wanted to validate that a button which has appeared is on a page what two commands would be the best to use m verifyTextPresent assertTextPresent Qo verifyElementPresent assertElementPresent ag verifyAlertPresent assertAlertPresent a verifyAlert assertAlert Before we carry on further with Selenium it would be a good time to mention how to create comments in your tests As all good software developers know having readable code with descriptive comments can make maintenance in the future much easier Unlike in software development it is extremely hard almost impossible to write self documenting code To combat this it is good practice to make sure that your tests have comments that future software testers can use Time for action adding Selenium IDE comments To add comments to your tests use the following steps 1 Inatest that was created earlier right click on a step for example the verify step 2 The Selenium IDE context menu will be visible as seen in the next screenshot 18 Chapter 1 Ctrl X Ctrl C Ctrl V Delete Insert New Command Insert New Comment Clear All Toggle Breakpoint B Set Clear Start Point Execute this command x Click on the Insert New Comment A space will appear between the Selenium commands Click on the Command textbox and
150. nput 2 Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear error locator not found input 2 error Error Element input 2 not found 43 Locators There are times that you will need to find elements that are the same except for the difference in one or two attributes To handle this we can add the attributes to the query so that we can try to make the element more unique for use in the test The format can be used for any attribute on any element It will always follow the xpath element attribute attribute value For example if you have two div elements on the page but they only differ by the class attribute your XPath query would look like xpath div class classname Try doing this with Selenium yourself by trying to identify something unique about the div elements on the page When you have completed the task your query should look like one in the next screenshot Selenium IDE Or SNAPSI File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk ps fe Table Source Comma Target fdiv class mainbody ffdiv class leftdiv div i class centerdiv ff div id find Command Target fdiv id find Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear 44 Chapter 2 As mentioned earlier there are times where there is no way for a developer to create a static ID for elements on the page This
151. nt languages gt lt label control name value A Checkbox gt checkbox preference checkbox perf id checkbox gt lt hbox gt lt Spacer height 100 gt lt vbox gt lt tabpanel gt lt tabpanels gt lt tabbox gt lt prefpane gt lt prefwindow gt User Extensions and Add ons 9 Inthe options xul file you can add JavaScript so that when something is clicked it can run a Snippet of code This means that you do not need to make something run automatically To reference JavaScript you would add lt reference some javascript gt lt script type application x javascript src chrome selenium ide content api js gt lt html script type application javascript gt var ide api new API ide api addPluginProvidedFormatter CheckBox Friendlier Checkbox name chrome book content code file holding info js lt html script gt This registers JavaScript to the item and then when it is clicked it will run that snippet of code 10 Create a folder called code in content 11 Create a file in code to hold your code snippet To reference other JavaScript files you will need to use the following syntax load chrome book content code other javascript js The snippet will need to have a name of what it will be recognized as In the previous snippet we called it CheckBox Adding this name Checkbox will do it You can now add other functions that you may find useful 12 Whe
152. ntrol Tests lt antcall target start server gt lt antcall gt lt sequential gt lt echo taskname waitfor message Wait for proxy server launch gt lt waitfor maxwait 2 maxwaitunit minute checkevery 100 s lt http url http localhost 4444 selenium server driver cmd testComplete gt lt waitfor gt lt antcall target run_ test gt lt antcall gt lt antcall target stop server gt lt antcall gt lt sequential gt lt parallel gt lt target gt 4 Now we need to tell our Cl server to pick this up and run it On CruiseControl we need to add the following XML blob to the CruiseControl project file lt schedule gt lt ant antscript path to ant batchfile antworkingdir path to project p urrdfile puild xm uselogger true usedebug false gt lt schedule gt s What just happened We have just created an Ant file that we can use in a continuous integration server to test our tests regularly Our Ant file started the Selenium Remote Control server and then ran the tests and once it had completed it shut the Selenium Remote Control server down The Ant file will look at where the test files have been built and then run them from there 136 Chapter 7 Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about using programming languages to drive our Selenium Remote Control tests Selenium Remote Control can be driven by Java NET Python Ruby PHP and many more languages as they only int
153. nts on the page We saw how we can create the strategy using the addLocationStategy API call into Selenium This takes two parameters name of the locator strategy and a JavaScript function that can then do what you want to find the element on the page and then use it We then can do foo bar where foo is the locator strategy and bar is the variable passed into the locator strategy function The location strategy will only last as long as the life of the Selenium instance As web applications start to use more and more AJAX to give the look and feel of desktop applications we start to see that there is a lot of chatter between the web server and the browser There are times when we need to see what headers are being sent between the web server and the browser so that we can see what is happening if there are errors To do this we simply need to change our tests First we need to pass in a parameter captureNetworkTraffic true when we start the browser and then when we need the data we just call captureNetworkTraf fic with a parameter of how we would like the results returned This can be a plain JSON or XML Let s now see this in action Time for action capturing network traffic Let s say that you want to capture the network traffic and assert that something is being cached properly To do this we will add the new parameter to start and then capture it after the page has loaded 1 Create a new test 2 Change the browser start code if
154. ny other calls to the page already loaded 5 We need to then validate that it is correct and then work accordingly The following code snippet is an example of how we can do this if Page 2 equals selenium getTitle selenium open chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 6 Create the rest of the test to check that items are on the page What just happened We have just seen how we can check that something is what the test is expecting If it is the test will carry on as we expect If it isn t what we expect we can move our test to the correct page and then carry on the test We will see that if you login in the Before you may not start your tests Now let s have a look at how we can make more tests maintainable by splitting areas out into other methods Time for action moving Selenium steps into Private methods to make tests maintainable Imagine that you just need to test one page on your site and you have quite a few tests for this page A lot of the tests will be using the same code over and over This can be quite annoying to maintain if something changes on the page and you have to go through all the tests to fix this one issue The way that we will fix this is to refactor the tests so they are simpler and by proxy easier to read Let us create a number of tests as follows Test public void shouldCheckButtonOnChapter2Page selenium open selenium click link Chapter2 seleni
155. ometimes there are situations where you may not be able to click on an element in the page However you need to make your test fire the click event Selenium has an API call that allows us to fire the event that is attached to elements on a page lt div id fireEventDiv onClick alert Alert Thrown gt The fireEvent call specifying onClick on the above div would cause the alert to be thrown The fireEvent works against the following JavaScript events onFocus onBlur onChange onSubmit onMouseOut gt onMouseOver There are times where you might need to cause a mouseOver to fire off the JavaScript that is attached to that event Time for action firing a mouseOver event Imagine that you want to test a mouseOver but the Selenium command mouseOver does not make your mouseOver fire To get around this your test will need to fire the event using the fireEvent command Let s see this in action 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Create a step with fireEvent against the element with the ID hoverOver for the event mouseOver Chapter 4 4 Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS gt E Table Source Command Target Value fireEvent hoverQver Mouseover _on MouseOver worked _ Target Value Log Reference
156. omewhere accessible how do you start Selenium Remote Control a Answer Open up a Command Prompt or a terminal window and navigate to where you have placed Selenium Remote Control Type the command java jar selenium server standalone jar Are you allowed to use relative paths to the Test Suite and results file a Answer False What is the argument needed to make your tests run within Firefox oO Answer firefox What is the argument needed to make your tests run within Internet Explorer a Answer iexplore What is the argument that allows our tests to use User Extensions with our tests a Answer userExtension c path to UserExtension js 204 Appendix Chapter 7 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests Do you need to create a folder for your tests a Answer Yes This will tell your IDE that you will keep test code in here It will also make sure that we have separated concerns This will allow us to create our web applications and keep our tests close by How does one export their Selenium IDE tests into a programming language a Answer From within Selenium IDE you go File Export Tests As and then chose from one of the different languages that is supported there Do you need to have Selenium JAR files as a dependency of your tests a Answer Yes Selenium Remote Control works by having a client server interface with Selenium Server accepting commands from your tests How do you run your tests
157. on AJAX does not rely on XML anymore as more and more people move over to JavaScript Object Notation JSON which is more lightweight in the way that it transfers the data It does not rely on the extra overhead of opening and closing tags that is needed to create valid XML Time for action working on pages with AJAX In our first example given next we are going to click on a link and then assert that some text is visible on the screen 1 Start up the Selenium IDE and make sure that the Record button is pressed 2 Click on the text that says Click this link to load a page with AJAX 3 Assert the text that appears on your screen Your test should appear similar to the next screenshot Selenium IDE will generate all the locators that are needed in this test gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT File Edit Options Help _ Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u qe PE pE Table Source Command Target open chapterl click loadajax werify Text ffdiv id ajaxdiv The following text 231 Getting Started with Selenium IDE 4 Run the test that you have created When it has finished running it should look similar to the next screenshot gg Selenium IDE 1 0 6 SNAPSHOT ll File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk a Slow pz p Bl Table Source Command Target Value open chapterl click loadajax werty Text div id ajaxdiv The following t _
158. once the dependencies are correct a Answer It is a simple case of right clicking and then clicking on Run Test You could use the shortcut of Ctrl Shift F10 How many parameters does the Selenium object take when using DefaultSelenium Oo Answer 4 What class do we need to extend when writing JUnit 3 style tests a Answer SeleneseTestCase If we are running Selenium Server can we use a different setUp method a Answer If we call setUp and pass in two parameters the browser string and site URL or if we pass in the siteURL it will make assumptions like the Selenium Server is on the same machine How do you start the browser a Answer Call the start function How do you stop the browser a Answer Call the stop function 2051 Pop Quiz Answers How do ldo asserts and verifies in when writing tests in a programming language a Answer Verifies and asserts are done using the testing framework s asserts If you want to do a Selenium Assert on a Element on the page it would be assert True selenium isElementPresent elementLocator If you wanted do a Selenium Verify you would wrap the assertinatry catch block so that it can carry on even if the assert fails What is the Page Object design pattern a Answer The Page Object pattern gives us a way to abstract our tests away so that we can make these tests more maintainable We can make tests that only require updating if new steps have bee
159. onments the hub can handle what grid instances are available and which instances are currently active Now that we have the hub ready we can have a look at starting up instances 162 Chapter 9 Now that we have successfully started the Selenium Grid Hub we will need to have a look at how we can start adding Selenium Remote Controls to the hub so that it starts forming the grid of computers that we are expecting As with everything in Selenium Grid we need Ant to start the instances that connect In the next few Time for action sections we will see the different arguments needed to start instances to join the grid Time for action adding a remote control with the defaults In this section we are going to launch Selenium Remote Control and get it to register with the hub We are going to assume that the browser you would like it to register for is Firefox and the hub is on the same machine as the Remote Control We will pass in only one required argument which is the port that we wish it to run on However when starting instances we will always need to pass in the port since Selenium cannot work out if there are any free ports on the host machine 1 Open a Command Prompt or console window 2 Enter the command ant Dport 5555 launch remote control and press Return You should see the following in your Command Prompt or console automatedtester ubuntu Downloads selenium grid 1 0 8 e Edit View Termina automatedt
160. ook theautomatedtester co uk 3 Click on Chaptert 4 Click on the radio button 151 Getting Started with Selenium IDE 5 Change the select to Selenium Grid 6 Verify that the text on the right hand side of the page has Assert that this text is on the page You can see the command in the previous screenshot 7 Verify that the button is on the page You will need to use the context menu for this 8 Now that you have completed the previous steps your Selenium IDE should look similar to the next screenshot Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk ji Slow pZ gt pl Table Source Target chapterl radiobutton selecttype label Selenium Grid divontheleft Assert that this tex Command Target Value Log Reference Ul Elernent Rollup Infor Clear If you now run the test you will see it has verified that what you are expecting to see on the page has appeared Notice that the verify commands have a darker green This is to show that they are more important to the test than moving through the steps The test has now checked that the text we required is on the page and that the button was there too What would happen if the verify command did not find what it was expecting The IDE would have thrown an error stating what was expected was not there but it carried on with the rest of the test We can see an example of this in the next screenshot 16 Chapter 1 J Selenium IDE 1 0 5
161. open chapters selenium deleteCookie visitorCount path selenium open chapters String cookie selenium getCookieByName visitorCount Assert assertEquals Should be 1 1 cookie What just happened In this section we learned how to delete cookies on the page using Selenium Selenium has a method deleteCookie in which we can pass the name of the cookie that we need to delete as well as where it has been placed This call can allow us to control what is stored within the cookies and manipulate them as we need We have seen that if we delete the cookie and reload the page the old cookie should not be there so we can Start a different test case How would you get a cookie by name How would you get all the cookies that are on the page What is returned from getCookie Try using the cookie calls against your application if your application works with them Try getting the cookies and then deleting them and see how your application carries on working after you have done that In this section you will need to make sure that you use the deleteCookie and getCookie methods to complete this section 143 Advanced Selenium Techniques Adding a new location strategy There are times when we need to find objects on the page that don t involve using the normal techniques for locating elements We can tell selenium to use a different technique and give it a useful name For example if you wanted to hav
162. opera opera Firefox on OS X hrefox safaniprony safarniproxy hrefox relox safari safari explore explore googiechrome Firefox on Linux IE on Windows googlechrome firefox ehta What just happened We have added a new remote control to the grid from a machine other than where the Selenium Grid Hub is running This is the first time that we have been able to set up our remote control instances in a grid We learnt about the DhubURL argument and the Dhost argument that is needed when launching the remote control We then saw that it has updated the Grid site that is running on the hub Now that we have this working as we expect let us have a look at setting up browsers other than Firefox 165 Getting Started with Selenium Grid Selenium Grid is extremely powerful when we start using different browsers on the grid since we can t run all the different browsers on a single machine due to operating systems and browser combinations There are currently up to nine different combinations that are used by most people so getting Selenium Grid to help with this can give you the test coverage that you need To do this we pass in the Denvironment argument in our Ant call The value that we assign to this has to be Selenium Grid configuration The Selenium Grid configuration comes with a number of preset items This is visible from the Selenium Grid Hub page that we have seen already Let us now
163. or Selenium IDE to expand the functionality of the Selenium IDE Preface Chapter 6 First Steps with Selenium RC In this chapter we will see how we can set up Selenium Remote Control We can start running our Selenium IDE tests against browsers that we haven t used yet Chapter 7 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests In the previous chapter we had a look at getting our tests running against different browsers This chapter goes one step further so we can convert our IDE tests to use a programming language We also have a look at some good practices and how to integrate with a Cl Server Chapter 8 Advanced Selenium Techniques In this chapter we will have a look at how we can do cookie handling within our tests We will also have a look at how we can create our own locator strategies for find elements on the page We then move to capturing network traffic between the browser and the web server We finish off capturing screenshots and video Chapter 9 Getting started with Selenium Grid This chapter shows us how we can set up our Selenium Grid Selenium Grid is a very good infrastructural tool for managing Selenium Remote Control instances so we run tests against it Chapter 10 Running Selenium Tests in parallel Selenium tests generally run sequentially This chapter demonstrates how we can use TestNG to run our tests in parallel to take full advantage of Selenium Grid Chapter 11 Getting started with Selenium 2 This chapter will help
164. ot Now that we know how to create an extension command that computes something and then stores the results in a variable let s have a look at using that information with a locator Chapter 5 Time for action using locators in extensions Imagine that you need to calculate today s date and then type that into a textbox To do that you can use the type locator javascript format but sometimes it s just neater to have a command that looks like typeTodaysDate locator We do this by creating an extension and then calling the relevant Selenium command in the same way that we are creating our functions To tell it to type in a locator use this doType locator text The this in front of the command text is to make sure that it used the doType function inside of the Selenium object and not one that may be in scope from the user extensions Let s see this in action 1 2 3 4 Use your favorite text editor to edit the user extensions that you were using in the previous examples Create a new function called doTypeTodaysDate with the following snippet Selenium prototype doTypeTodaysDate function locator var dates new Date var day dates getDate if day lt 10 day 0 day month dates getMonth 1 if month lt 10 month 0 month var year dates getFullYear var prettyDay day month year this doType locator prettyDay Save the fil
165. ould like to see us publish please send us a note in the SUGGEST A TITLE form on www packt pub com or e mail suggest packtpub com If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book see our author guide on www packtpub com authors Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content mistakes do happen If you find a mistake in one of our books maybe a mistake in the text or the code we would be grateful if you would report this to us By doing so you can save other readers from frustration and help us improve subsequent versions of this book If you find any errata please report them by visiting http www packtpub com support selecting your book clicking on the errata submission form link and entering the details of your errata Once your errata are verified your submission will be accepted and the errata will be uploaded on our website or added to any list of existing errata under the Errata section of that title Any existing errata can be viewed by selecting your title from http www packtpub com support Piracy Piracy of copyright material on the Internet is an ongoing problem across all media At Packt we take the protection of our copyright and licenses very seriously If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the Internet please provide us with the location address or website name immediately so that we can pu
166. overed Using Firebug to find the element attributes In this section we were able to start using Firebug This will become an invaluable tool for anyone that works with web applications It has a very good mechanism for finding elements so you can work against them Finding an element by ID Elements can easily be found by the value of the ID attribute This is the most common way to find elements and is the fastest way to find the elements on the page Finding an element by name When elements do not have the IDs but do have a name attribute your tests can use those Finding an element by DOM query In this section we were able to use the power of JavaScript DOM API calls to find the element that we wish to work with This can be from the most basic call to the document to a JavaScript function that you can pass variables to Finding an element using XPath queries In this section we were able to find the element on the page by using XPath queries Your test can use relative paths or even XPath functions to find the element on the page The queries can be as complex as you want but remember that they can impact the speed of the test Finding an element using CSS selectors When your XPath queries are making your tests run slow especially in browsers that do not have good support for XPath CSS selectors are starting to become the default way to find elements on web pages with popular JavaScript libraries and it is not a large lea
167. ow our tests to manipulate the DOM or access JavaScript APIs that may be available Creating an extension command allows you to re use the code in a number of different tests instead of using the getEval command This code re use can be very beneficial especially if the tests require you to add or remove things from the DOM at the beginning of the test or at the end of the test There will be times where we may need to create a new command that either verifies or asserts something for the test For this we can use the same technique Selenium s Core commands use to fail a test To do this we need to use the Selenium CommandComplete object in our extension method to keep track of the step when Selenium is updating the asserts passed or failed This object is populated and then passed to the commandComplete function within the Selenium Object Let s now see this in action Time for action creating new commands to verify or assert Imagine that in the previous example you wanted to have the extension method verify the text on the screen instead of having a separate step to do the verification or assertion This can make tests a lot more compact and possibly easier to read We can see this in the next example 1 Open your favorite text editor and the user extensions file that you created earlier 2 Create a new function called doFireDateAndVerifyText with the following snippet Selenium prototype doFireDateAndVerifyText function
168. owser needs to allow Selenium to programmatically know how many child browser processes have been spawned In the examples given next we will click on an element on the page which will cause a new window to appear If you have a pop up blocker running it may be a good idea to disable it for this site while you work through these examples 1 Open up the Selenium IDE and go to the Chapter1 page on the site 2 Click on one of the elements on the page that has the text Click this link to launch another window This will cause a small window to appear 3 Once the window has loaded click on the Close the window text inside it 4 Adda verify command for an element on the page Your test should now look similar to the next screenshot 5 Click on the Close the window link 6 Verify the element on the original window 201 Chapter 1 gg Selenium IDE 1 0 5 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u bi Slow pz gt pl Table Source Command Target Value open chapterl click multiplewindow popupwindow 30000 name popupwin popuptext Text within the closepopup selectWindow null verifyElementPresent veritybutton Command selectWindow Target null Value Log Reference Ul Elernent Rollup Infor Clear linto Executing click closepopup A info Executing selectWindow null info Executing verfyElementPresent verifybutton What just happened In
169. pages so that as a developer we do not need to know what is happening on the server other than loading the page This means that as the person writing the test we need to know how cookies are handled For example doing a negative test by deleting a cookie half way through the test to validate whether the user loses any information that was stored on the cookie but that doesn t lock up the browser Another example is to test that an e commerce web page is storing the items ina cookie and we need to validate that the items are stored when a new page has loaded With this in mind let us create a test that gets a single cookie off the page Time for action getting a cookie off the page Imagine that you are storing the number of times that a page has been visited by a user in a cookie We then create a test that will load the page and get the cookie by using the getCookie name call 1 Create a new project in IDEA 2 Create anew selenium instance and then navigate to chapters 3 Create a test that then calls get CookieByName visitorCount where visitorCount is the name of the cookie that we need to get 4 Call open on the page again 5 Call get CookieByName visitorCount 6 Your test code should appear as follows Selenium selenium Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 echrome https book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start Test public void Shou
170. pened We have just seen how we can use Selenium to capture a screenshot of what is happening on the page We saw how captureScreenshot captures an image of the entire desktop This can be extremely useful to see what is currently running on the desktop when it does fail if that is useful We can also store the result of capture screen shot into a base6 4 encoded string using Selenium This could be due to the need to make changes to what is returned and then write it to disk A example of this is Michael Tamm s CSS layout bug framework Let s see this in action Time for action capturing a screenshot to string Let s say that we wanted to manipulate the screenshots before they are written to the disk or you didn t want to save the images on the same machine that the Selenium RC is running on we would need a mechanism to do so For that we would use captureScreenshotToString 1 Create a new test Open chapters 2 3 Call captureScreenshotToString 4 Print the result of the previous step to the console 5 Run your tests Your code should look similar to the following Test public void shouldTakeAScreenshotAndReturnAScreenshot selenium open chapters String screenshot selenium captureScreenshotToString System out println screenshot What just happened We have just seen how we can take a screenshot and the result is passed back as the string This can be then used to do a number of
171. pg po E Test Case Table Source Command Target Untitled open chapt click radiob select selectt clickAnd Wait link H Command Target Runs Failures Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear Dey CASLOUITQ POR Tauro ouLeor F info Executing select selecttype label Selenium RC info Executing clickAndWait link Home Page What just happened We have successfully been able to record our first test and played it back As we can see the Selenium IDE has tried to apply the first rule of test automation by specifying the open command It has set the starting point of the test in this case chapter1 and then it began stepping through the workflow that we want to record Once all the actions have been completed you will see that all of the actions have a green background This shows that they have completed successfully On the left hand side you will see that it has completed 1 successful test or run that is in Selenium IDE If you were to write a test that failed the Failures label would have a 1 next to it What is the main language that drives Selenium IDE a Ruby a Python a JavaScript 14 Chapter 1 Selenium IDE works on Internet Explorer a True a False In the previous steps we were able to record a workflow that we would expect the user to perform It will test that the relevant bit of functionality is present such as buttons and links
172. ple since it speeds up their tests a little due to there not being a man in the middle message relay system The downside to WebDriver is that it requires new implementations for each of the browsers that it works against This is due to each browser having its own access points with the Operating System 182 Chapter 11 Since the Selenium community needs to release new binding code when new browsers are released there will be some time before you can use it This is obviously assuming that the Selenium community feel the need for this binding While the code is being developed you will still be able to write your Selenium tests and if there isn t a binding then Selenium will try to degrade gracefully from Selenium 2 down to Selenium 1 and use all good things Selenium This and the large amount of tests already written in Selenium 1 are the main driving force behind making sure Selenium 2 is 100 backwards compatible With Selenium Remote Control we saw the next diagram describe how we will interact with the browser If the browser that you want to use is on the machine that you are currently on or not your tests will have to go through the Selenium Remote Control server Windows Linux or Mac as appropriate Internet Explorer Firefox Safari Selenium Core Selenium Core Selenium Core Remote Control Server Machine boundary optional Java Ruby Python Perl PHP or Net 1831 Getting Started with Selen
173. r co uk chapter4 Dictionary lt String Object gt myDict Dictionary lt String Object gt JavascriptExecutor driver executeScript var inputs document getElementsByTag input myDict for i O i lt inputs length i myDict inputs i id inputs i value a return myDict What just happened In this section we have returned a dictionary that we can use in our tests This is quite useful if you want to get a number of different items off the page and you only want to make one JavaScript call We can do this with all different base types In the previous example we saw how it returned a Boolean so all that we needed to do was cast the object and then do an Assert Are you still required to use browserbot in your JavaScript To run the JavaScript what do you need to do Can your JavaScript return to your test What does it return 1971 Getting Started with Selenium 2 Try creating more tests with Selenium 2 so that they return different data types that your tests will need to cast to This will give you a better appreciation of what Selenium 2 JavaScript can and can t do Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about the upcoming release of Selenium 2 There has been a lot of work to merge the WebDriver and Selenium code bases to try to make the best web testing framework Specifically we covered the following topics Why Selenium and We
174. r the rest of the book when I mention a Selenium instance it will be a Selenium Object and then starting the browser Let s have a look at how we can create a Selenium Instance Time for action creating a Selenium instance with JUnit 3 When you need to create a new Selenium instance you will need to do a few things depending on what version of JUnit you are using In this Time for action we are going to be creating our tests using JUnit 3 Let us have a look at how we can create our tests 1 Create a new java class in IDEA 2 Add the Selenium Import to your java class import com thoughtworks selenium 3 ForJUnit 3 we need to extend our java class with the Test Case Class public class SeleniumBeginnersJUnit3 extends TestCase Selenium selenium 4 Nenow need to set up a new Selenium instance We will do this in the setUp method that is run before the tests In this we will initialize the selenium object that we previously created This object takes four parameters in the constructor They are a Machine name hosting the Selenium Remote Control server a Port that Selenium Remote Control server is running a Browser string For example chrome a Site under test Mm SNYN Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests The following code shows the initialization selenium DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk 5 Let s start the browser up programmatically
175. re more specific and less general than the IT books you have seen in the past Our unique business model allows us to bring you more focused information giving you more of what you need to know and less of what you don t Packt is a modern yet unique publishing company which focuses on producing quality cutting edge books for communities of developers administrators and newbies alike For more information please visit our website www packtpub com About Packt Open Source In 2010 Packt launched two new brands Packt Open Source and Packt Enterprise in order to continue its focus on specialization This book is part of the Packt Open Source brand home to books published on software built around Open Source licences and offering information to anybody from advanced developers to budding web designers The Open Source brand also runs Packt s Open Source Royalty Scheme by which Packt gives a royalty to each Open Source project about whose software a book is sold Writing for Packt We welcome all inquiries from people who are interested in authoring Book proposals should be sent to author packtpub com If your book idea is still at an early stage and you would like to discuss it first before writing a formal book proposal contact us one of our commissioning editors will get in touch with you We re not just looking for published authors if you have strong technical skills but no writing experience our experienced editors can help yo
176. reenShotEnt irePageAndReturnABase6 4String selenium open chapters String screenshot selenium captureEntirePageScreenshotToString System out printin screenshot What just happened We have just seen how we can take screenshots of the entire HTML and then return it as a string We can pass a keyworded argument that can pass in early if we wanted to change the background for the body Capturing screenshots is useful but if you can capture video that would be exciting 1521 Chapter 8 What is the default file type for capturing screenshots How does one capture a screenshot of the entire desktop When capturing shots to string how is the string encoded Capturing screenshots is extremely useful when something goes wrong and this can sometimes be used to find major CSS issues on a page Try and create a test that finds out when text has overflowed in a textbox For this you will need to create a test to change the text color to white and the borders of boxes to a strong color and then take a screenshot Then do the same except changing the text to black and take a screenshot Now take the two screenshots and compare them They say a picture is worth a thousand words so a video must be priceless especially a video of a test One of the main Selenium based companies uses a framework called Castro as a mechanism for creating videos while the tests are running Castro is a video framework that uses VNC to
177. rning curve to get working with it Locators We also discussed how XPath queries can make tests run slower on browsers that do not have native XPath support Internet Explorer 6 is the main browser where you would see this issue When tests start running extremely slowly with XPath we can move our tests over to CSS to see large speed gains in our tests If locator does not have the locator type identifier in front of it Selenium will default to the following strategies DOM For locators starting with document XPath For locators starting with Identifier For any other locator Now that we ve learned how to locate the elements on the page we re ready to see how we can use regular expressions in our tests which is the topic of the next chapter In this chapter we are going to discuss how to harness the powers of regular expressions and globs to verify that text on the page matches our pattern This is going to be used extensively in the way we verify or assert that items are on the page This can either be checking that the exact text is on the page checking that it is a partial match or checking that it matches a regular expression These make our tests very powerful In this chapter we shall Make sure text is exact in elements Use globs to verify text e Use regular expressions So let s get on with it Verifying exact text In this section of the chapter we are going to have a look at verify
178. roperties to give the tests a name that is easier to read How do we run all the tests in a Test Suite Saving tests is done in the same manner as saving a test suite Click on the File menu and then click on Save Test Case This will give you a save dialog save this somewhere that you can access later When you save your tests and your test suite Selenium IDE will try to keep the relationships between the folders in step when saving the tests and the test suites What you cannot record We have seen our tests work really well by recording them and then playing them back Unfortunately there are a number of things that Selenium cannot do Since Selenium was developed in JavaScript it tries to synthesize what the user does with JavaScript events However this does mean that it is bound by the same rules that JavaScript has in any browsers by operating within the sandbox Silverlight and Flex Flash applications at the time of writing this cannot be recorded with Selenium IDE Both these technologies operate in their own sandbox and do not operate with the DOM to do their work HTMLS at the time of writing this is not fully supported with Selenium IDE A good example of this is elements that have the contentEditable true attribute If you want to see this you can use the type command to type something into the html5div element The test will tell you that it has completed the command but the UI will not have changed as shown in the
179. rsue a remedy Please contact us at copyright packtpub com with a link to the suspected pirated material We appreciate your help in protecting our authors and our ability to bring you valuable content You can contact us at quest ions packtpub com if you are having a problem with any aspect of the book and we will do our best to address it 5 Test automation has grown in popularity over the years because teams do not have the time or money to invest in large test teams to make sure that applications work as they are expected to Developers also want to make sure that the code they have created works as they expect it to Developers use a multitude of different testing frameworks to test different aspects of the system Selenium is one of the most well known testing frameworks in the world that is in use It is an open source project that allows testers and developers alike to develop functional tests to drive the browser It can be used to record workflows so that developers can prevent future regressions of code Selenium can work on any browser that supports JavaScript since Selenium has been built using JavaScript In this chapter we will cover the following topics gt gt What is Selenium IDE Recording our first test Updating tests to work with AJAX sites Using variables in our tests Debugging tests Saving tests to be used later Creating and saving test suites So let s get on
180. s Table Source Command Target chapter3 centerdiv regexp w 3 d 2 Command verifyText Target centerdiv Value regexp w 3 d 2 w 3 d 4 Log Reference Ul Elerment Rollup Infor Clear info Executing open chapter3 info Executing verifyText centerdiv regexp w 3 d 2 wiay d 4 What just happened We just had a look at creating a test with a regular expression This is quite useful for checking that there is a date on the page and that it conforms to a certain pattern This is useful for checking dates that are not the day of the test We had a look at how we can check for letters and digits on the page Sometimes we do not know how many characters are going to be in the area but we do know it has letters or numbers This means that we cannot use globbing to check but we can use a greedy query nearly the same as globbing in our regular expression Chapter 3 Time for action using regular expression wildcards To use wildcards we can use the dot operator followed by either a or a The tells the regular expression that there will be instances between 0 and n while the tells the regular expression that there will be instances between 1 and n Let s see this in a test 1 2 Open the Selenium IDE Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 yourname where yourname is replaced by your name Note verifyText in the div with the ID name
181. s 184 187 212 Selenium 2 about 181 browser interaction 183 184 browser support 188 JavaScript using 195 new browsers instantiating 187 189 Selenium and WebDriver merging advantages 182 merging limitations 182 Selenium community 183 Selenium Grid about 158 configuration updating 167 example 159 features 158 hub 160 162 requisites verifying for 159 160 URL for downloading 157 working 160 162 Selenium Grid Hub about 160 162 instances adding 163 launching 161 Selenium IDE about 8 9 first test recording 13 14 icons 10 11 installing 8 9 need for 8 Selenium IDE icons 10 11 Selenium IDE installing 8 9 Selenium IDE tests converting to Java test case 116 119 designing Page Object Pattern used 132 134 running in Google Chrome 111 running in Internet Explorer 109 110 running with Selenium Remote Control 107 108 running with user extensions 112 setting up 128 129 setting up in Continuous Integration server 134 135 writing from scratch 121 127 Selenium instance creating with JUnit 3 121 122 creating with JUnit 4 124 125 creating with SeleneseTestCase setUp 123 creating with TestNG 126 Selenium Remote Control about 104 105 115 158 adding for different browsers 166 167 adding for different machines 164 165 arguments 113 best practises 128 134 launching 163 164 origin 104 Selenium IDE tests running 107 108 setting up 105 106 URL for downloading 105 working 104 105 Selenium R
182. s in Firefox This means the testing coverage that you are offering is very limited Users will use a number of different browsers to interact with your application Browser and operating system combinations can mean that a developer or tester will have to run your tests more than nine times This is to make sure that you cover all the popular browser and operating system combinations Now let s have a look at running the IDE tests that we created earlier with Selenium Remote Control Time for action running Selenium IDE tests with Selenium Imagine that you have to run your Selenium IDE tests on a computer that doesn t have Selenium IDE installed or you do not want to use Firefox with any add ons installed To do this you will need to use Selenium Remote Control To run our tests in Selenium Remote Control we will have to use the htmlsuite argument This tells Selenium to open the Test Suite that we created We then need to tell it where to find the Test Suite and then where to write the results to Our command in Command Prompt or a console window will be similar to the following snippet Java jar selenium server standalone jar htmlsuite firefox http book theautomatedtester co uk c path to testsuite html c path to result html Let s try this with our test suite now 1 Open a Command Prompt or console window 2 Use the following command Java jar selenium server standalone jar htmlsuite firefox http book theautomated
183. s similar to the way that YSlow a plugin from Yahoo can access Firebug and give you all the information that is needed We saw another add on for Firebug called Firefinder Chapter 5 Time for action creating a basic add on In this section of the chapter we are going to have a look at how we can make a basic add on The following steps can also be used to create a normal Firefox add on Firstly you will need to create a folder on your hard drive have called mine Book Everything that follows will be done within that folder 1 Open your favorite text editor 2 Createa file called install rdf and add the following snippet This file tells Mozilla Firefox what is needed to install this add on lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt lt RDF xmlns http www w3 org 1999 02 22 rdf syntax ns xmlns em http www mozilla org 2004 em rdf gt lt Description about urn mozilla install manifest gt lt needs to be in the format of an email address but should be an actual email address gt lt em id gt your email address lt em id gt lt has to be lowercase gt lt em name gt name of addon lt em name gt lt em version gt s1 0 lt em version gt lt em creator gt Your Name lt em creator gt lt em description gt A quick plugin for Selenium IDE lt em description gt lt em type gt 2 lt em type gt lt Preferences gt lt em optionsURL gt chrome book content view options xul lt em option
184. s you as a developer or tester to make your tests more robust and take advantage of all setups and tear down those that are common in most testing frameworks Now that we understand how Selenium Remote Control works let us have a look at setting it up Selenium Remote Control is required on all machines that will be used to run tests It is good practice to limit the number of Selenium Remote Control instances to one per CPU core This is due to the fact that web applications are becoming more chatty since we use more AJAX in them Limiting the Selenium instances to one per core makes sure that the browsers load cleanly and Selenium will run as quickly as possible Time for action setting up Selenium Remote Control 1 Download Selenium Remote Control from http seleniumhg org download 2 Extract the ZIP file 3 Start a Command Prompt or a console window and navigate to where the ZIP file was extracted 105 First Steps with Selenium RC 4 Runthecommand java jar selenium server standalone jar andthe output should appear similar to the following screenshot EA Visual Studio 2008 Command Prompt java jar selenium server standalone jar 2 2 16 57 893 INFO Java Sun Microsystems Inc 14 2 h i 24 16 57 895 INFO 0S Windows Y 6 1 amd64 22 16 57 907 INFO v2 8 a4 with Core v2 60 at 22 16 58 0974 INFO RemoteWebDriver instances should connect to http 127 6 86 Ve ee huh 22 16 58 076 IH Version
185. sURL gt lt its a firefox plugin gt lt em targetApplication gt lt Description gt lt em id gt ec8030 7 c20a 464f 9b0e 13a3a9e97384 lt em id gt lt em minVersion gt 1 5 lt em minVersion gt lt em maxVersion gt 4 0 lt em maxVersion gt lt Description gt lt em targetApplication gt lt this is an Se IDE plugin so we need to specify it as a requirement gt lt em requires gt 1 9I_ V Y Yi User Extensions and Add ons lt Description gt lt em id gt a6fd85ed e919 4a43 a5af 8dal8bda539f lt em id gt lt em minVersion gt 1 4 lt em minVersion gt lt em maxVersion gt 1 lt em maxVersion gt lt Description gt lt em requires gt lt Description gt lt RDF gt 3 Create a new file called chrome manifest in the root folder Mine is book This file lets the Mozilla Firefox add on know where all the different bits of information are content book chrome content locale book en US chrome locale en US overlay chrome selenium ide content selenium ide common xul chrome book content view optionsOverlay xul 4 Now that we have created the call 5 Create a folder called content 6 Inside content create a folder called view 7 Inside the view folder we will need to create a file called optionsOverlay xul as we Saw in the previous step This will tell Selenium IDE that it needs to add the following items to the drop down menu The next snippet will add Book Addon options to
186. see how we can set the items Time for action setting the Environment when starting Selenium Remote Control Now that we need to get Internet Explorer Selenium Remote controls added to our grid We have to add the Denvironment argument to our call with the target on the configured environments Since we want an Internet Explorer remote control we can use the IE on Windows targets 1 Open a console or Command Prompt window 2 Runthecommand ant Dport 9998 DhubURL addressofhub Dhost nameofremotehost Denvironment IE on Windows launch remote control 3 When itis running your hub page should appear as follows Selenium Grid Hub 1 0 8 SNAPSHOT Documentation FAQ Configured Environments Available Remote Controls Active Remote Controls Target Browser Host Port Environment Host Port Environment firefox3 firefox3 localhost 5555 firefox Safan on OS X safari Win 6666 firefox chrome chrome Win 9998 IE on Windows firefox firefox2 firefoxproxy irefoxproxy pifirefox pifrefox Firefox on Windows firefox ehta eha puexplore piexplore pexploreproxy exploreproxy opera opera Firefox on OS X firefox saftanproxy satanproxy firefox firefox safar safari explore explore googlechrome googlechrome Firefox on Linux firefox IE on Windows ehta 66 Chapter 9 What just happened We have just seen ho
187. sing a specific Selenium command you will need to access it through this special object This object is called browserbot and it has access to the browser window Your test will need to then call the window and you will have the Window object with which you can then do what you want The syntax that you will need is var window this browserbot getUserWindow BrowserBot BrowserBot is the JavaScript object that allows Selenium to control the f browser It overrides access to the window document and other key browser JavaScript objects that we can normally access The call getUserWindow returns the Window object The call removes the XPCNativeWrapper that Firefox uses to wrap the Window object The XPCNativeWrapper is a way to wrap up the Window object within Selenium that Firefox adds and only allows access to very basic DOM calls Now that we have a basic understanding of browserbot let s see this in action Time for action accessing the page with browserhot Imagine that you need to call a JavaScript function on the page This could be because you are working against elements that Selenium can t interact with and your test needs to call into the API to put something on the page Or you might have to write some tests to exercise the JavaScript functions on the page Let s try and call the add JavaScript function and then work with the alert that appears 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomat
188. st It should take a screenshot similar to the following And the test should appear as follows Test public void shouldTakeAScreenShotEntirePageChangingBackground selenium open chapters selenium captureEntirePageScreenshot home automatedtester entirepagediffbackground png background CCFFDD 151 Advanced Selenium Techniques What just happened We have just seen how we can take a screenshot of the page and then change the background so that we can capture any potential CSS issues that are on the screen As with captureScreenshot we can call a different method to have it return a Base64 string that we can use This means that we can do manipulations or just write it to a folder where the tests are being run rather than on the server with Selenium Remote Control Time for action capturing the entire page screenshot to a string As in captureScreenshot there are a number of different reasons why we may want to have the screenshot returned to us as a string In this example we will be calling capture EntirePageScreenshotToString parameter parameter takes the same as the second parameter we saw in captureEntirePageScreenshot 1 Create a new test 2 Get selenium to open chapters 3 Call captureEntirePageScreenshotToString and store the result in a string 4 Print the string to the console 5 Run your test Your test should appear as follows Test public void shouldTakeASc
189. st and converting it into a Java test case We will be using jUnit as the testing framework to drive our tests 1 Open IDEA and create a new project Create a folder at the root of the project called test 2 3 Click on File Project structure 4 Click on Modules on the left hand side of the dialog that has loaded 5 Click onthe test folder that you created in the folder tree on the right hand side of the dialog 6 Click on the Test Sources button and the test folder should turn green It will look like the following screenshot 116 Chapter 7 a Sources p Paths Dependencies Language level effective on project reload lt Use project language level gt ay Add Content Root C Excluded Test Sources L Sources C Book Chapter 7 TestCode ES E ES Ci BookChapter 7 TestCode Source Folders GS idea Src ie E out Test Source Folders test 7 Open the Selenium IDE 8 Open a Selenium IDE test you saved as HTML or quickly create a new one 9 Click on File then move the mouse pointer down to Export Test Case As and then click on Java In IDEA it should look like this public testcasel extends SeleneseTestCase ie public void setUp throws Exception chrome public void testIestcasel throws Exception e gelenium open selenium click Link Chapter1 selenium waitForPagelToLoad 30000 selenium selenium selenium click link Home Page seleni
190. st that is returned is immutable so you will not be able to add or remove items in the list We can then access the list to get the element that we want to work with We can see an example in the following snippet List lt WebElement gt myList driver findElements By xpath some Xpath myList get 1 click Let s see this in action now Time for action finding multiple elements on the page Imagine that your test requires you to type something into each of the input boxes on the page or if you needed to check how many buttons were on the page In this scenario the indElements method call will be extremely useful and we can tell the driver to search by tagName to find all of the items on the page 1 Create a new test to access http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter2 2 Find all elements that are an input 3 Assert whether the list size is five 192 Chapter 11 4 Run your test It should appear as follows Test public void shouldLoadChapter2AndFindAllInputElements driver get http book theautoamtedtester co uk List lt WebElement gt inputs driver findElements By tagName input Assert assertEquals Should be 5 5 inputs size What just happened We have just looked at the findElements method This can be used when there are multiple elements on the page that match the search criteria This could be because there are a number of items that match our XPath b
191. ster co uk j Slow pS j gt H Table Source Command Target Value storeEval javascript 10 10 hundred echo S hundred Command echo Target S hundred Value Log Reference Ul Element Rollup info Executing echo hundred info echo 100 What just happened We just saw how we can use Selenium to evaluate some JavaScript and store the result This can be used in a number of different scenarios from needing to store a date calculated in a booking system to generating a unique ID for a registration process It allows the test to create test data and store it for later use either by typing it or by using it in an assert or verify Your tests will be able to take full advantage of JavaScript so the tests do not have to use hardcoded values What is the syntax to use javascript ina test a 1 1 a JS 1 1 a javascript 1 1 Ina multiline JavaScript statement how do you return to Selenium 72 Chapter 4 Create a script against your favourite calendar web application Write some JavaScript to pick a date two weeks from the day the test is run Your test will need to make sure that it handles dates where day is two digits and month is two digits Now that we have a good understanding of how we can pass and evaluate JavaScript in our tests let s start combining it with variables that we generated in our tests These variables would have been created using one of the store commands s
192. store T ext bid bid javascripti 3 10 S bid F Command Target Value Log Reference Wl Element Rollup Infor Clear info Executing storeText bid bid info Executing verifyEval javascript 5710 bid What just happened We have just created a test that uses a variable that we created and then used it to verify that the JavaScript evaluated is the same This can be useful in a number of different scenarios that the standard Selenium API can t help you with What is the variable that stores all the Selenium variables Imagine that you are testing an online dictionary You need to test how the phonetics are displayed so that people can work out how to pronounce the word This means that you will need to store the word that it finds and then apply a basic algorithm to split the word into different parts 751 Using JavaScript There are times when it will be necessary to access the browser from within your tests For instance there may be a need to fire off a call to a JavaScript function on the page to check that it is doing what is expected It could also be that you need to check that a certain condition has been met on the page so that your test can carry on Selenium is built from JavaScript so that it can interact with the page in the synthesized way that a user does When doing this Selenium wraps the DOM in a new object This means that if you want to access the DOM in your test without u
193. sts in Internet Explorer Internet Explorer is one of the most popular browsers among users Internet Explorer comes bundled with Microsoft operating systems which is found on almost 90 of computers in the world We as developers and testers should always be making sure that our code works on at least the latest variation of Internet Explorer but there are still people that use Internet Explorer 6 so be wary Time for action running our tests in Internet Explorer Now that we are aware that we need to make sure that our web applications work in Google Chrome let us have a look at how we can make our Selenium IDE tests work on the same 1 Open up a Command Prompt or console window 109 First Steps with Selenium RC 2 Use the command java jar selenium server jar htmlsuite jiexplore http book theautomatedtester co uk c path to testsuite html c path to result html and press Return When the browser has loaded it should look similar to the following screenshot E Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 0 a6 Windows Internet Explorer Wwe le http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium server core TestRunner html auto true amp multiWindow true amp defaultLogLeve hea X lo Bing yy Favorites 3 Ce Suggested Sites g Web Slice Gallery v Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 0 a6 fp D a v Pagey Safetyy Toolky Protected mode is currently turned off for the Internet zone Click here to open s
194. t Explorer others may use Mozilla Firefox This is not to mention the growth of browsers such as Google Chrome and Opera Selenium Remote Control was initially developed by Patrick Lightbody as a way to test all of these different web browsers without having to install Selenium Core on the web server It was developed to act as a proxy between the application under test and the test scripts Selenium Core is bundled with Selenium Remote Control instead of being installed on the server This change to the way that Selenium tests are run allowed developers to interact with the proxy directly giving developers and testers a chance to use one of the most prominent programming languages to send commands to the browser Windows Linux or Mac as appropriate Internet Explorer Firefox Safari Selenium Core Selenium Core Selenium Core Remote Control Server Machine boundary optional Java Ruby Python Perl PHP or Net 104 Chapter 6 Java and C have been the main languages used by developers to create Selenium Tests This is due to most web applications being created in one of those languages We have seen language bindings for dynamic languages being created and supported as more developers move their web applications to those languages Ruby and Python are the most popular languages that people are moving to Using programming languages to write your tests instead of using the HTML style tests with Selenium IDE allow
195. t value Sibling Button preceding sibling input value Button sibling Button Command Target f input value Sibling Button preceding sibling input value Button with ID Value The next table contains a list of axes that you can use in your XPath queries to find the elements on the page Axis name Result ancestor Selects all the ancestors parent grandparent and so on of the element descendant Selects all the descendants children grandchildren and so on of the element following Selects all elements that follow the closing tab of the current element following sibling Selects all the siblings after the current element parent Selects the parent of the current element preceding Selects all elements that are before the current element preceding sibling Selects all of the siblings before the current element 47 Locators As we have seen there are a number of different ways to find the same element on the web page However having XPath queries in your test can be really useful for finding elements on the page but can slow down your test Browsers such as Internet Explorer 6 do not have built in XPath libraries and rely gt on doing the XPath query through JavaScript which can mean that a test using XPath can run two or more times slower than a test with IDs The more complex the XPath the slower the test because it needs to do more DOM traversals which is an expensive operation There is also
196. t Browser Host Port Environment Host Port Environment nos into localhost 5555 inetox SafaionOSx safari 7 7 chrome chrome firefox firefox finedooqnrancy fineloxpray pifirefox pifirefox Firefox on Windows firefox jahia ehta pilexplore piiexpbore jaxploreproxy jexploraproxy npera opera Firefox on OS X irete salariproxy salanproxy firetox firefox safari salari explore explore googlechrane googlechrome Firefoxon Linux firefox IE on Windows Mehta Help improve Selenium Grid Share your ideas and feedback What just happened We have added the first machine to our own Selenium Grid It has used all the defaults that are in the Ant build script and it has created a Selenium Remote Control that will take any Firefox requests located on the same machine as the host of Selenium Remote Control Grid This is a useful way to set up the grid if you just want a large number of Firefox controlling Selenium Remote Controls Selenium Grid is most powerful when you can add it to multiple operating systems This allows us to check for instance whether Firefox on Windows and Firefox on Linux is doing the same thing during a test To register new remote controls to the grid from a machine other than the one hosti
197. t just happened We have just allowed Selenium to use a number of defaults The main default was that it expects Selenium Remote Control to be running on the same machine as the tests You can also use the other override which assumes that you are using Mozilla Firefox as the browser This override only takes the site under test Now that we have created tests in JUnit 3 let s have a look at how we can create tests in the new JUnit 4 style Time for action creating a Selenium instance with JUnit 4 Starting a browser is the most important part of Selenium for obvious reasons so let us have a look at doing that In this Time for action we will be creating a new instance using JUnit 4 1 Create a new java class in IDEA 2 Import the Selenium and JUnit You can the use the following code import com thoughtworks selenium import org junit 3 We now need to start a browser You will need to declare a Selenium variable Do this outside of any method 4 Create anew method that will be run before any of the tests Inside that we will start our selenium instance Your code will look similar to the following Before public void setUp selenium new DefaultSelenium localhost 4444 chrome http book theautomatedtester co uk selenium start The start call will make Selenium start the browser up 5 Now that we can start up the browser we will also need to kill it when our test has finished We
198. t keeps track of whether the step was successful or not as well as any message that we may want to output to the screen to say why the step failed This is the same procedure that Selenium Core code uses to show if a test has passed or failed If you wanted your new command to act as an assert and fail the test when it does not meet the criteria add the following to the catch part of the extension this testComplete How do you store variables to be used later in the test a Use the storedVars dictionary a Create a new variable that has global scope a You cannot store variables using user extensions Can your user extension call other commands such as type or click Can your user extension access the DOM programmatically Howcananew command fail a test if it was doing a verify Try to create a new command that will take a string from a variable that is saved in a step before and then reverse it You will need to use the storeText command to get the string Then create a function called doReverse that stores the result in a different variable to the one you used before This second variable can then be echoed out or can be typed into a textbox or textarea Adam Goucher one of the Selenium IDE maintainers created a new API that allowed anyone to create new add ons for Selenium IDE These add ons differ from the user extensions that we see all the time in that they are Mozilla Firefox add ons that Selenium can access This i
199. t machines 164 Time for action adding Selenium Remote Controls for different machines 165 Adding Selenium Remote Control for different browsers 166 Time for action setting the Environment when starting 166 Selenium Remote Control 166 Updating the Selenium Grid Configuration 167 Time for action adding new items to the Grid Configuration 167 Running tests against the Grid 169 Time for action writing tests against the grid 169 Summary 170 Chapter 10 Running Selenium Tests in Parallel 171 Important preliminary points 172 Setting up TestNG 172 Time for action starting to create the test suite 173 Parameters in the configuration file 173 Time for action creating a test node in the TestNG configuration 173 Getting our tests to use parameters 175 Time for action adding the parameters to our tests 175 Parallel testing 177 Time for action getting our tests running in parallel 177 Tips and tricks for running tests in parallel 178 Independent tests 178 Table of Contents Cleaning up tests 178 Username and password 178 Firefox profiles 179 Summary 179 Chapter 11 Getting Started with Selenium 2 181 Important preliminary points 182 Why Selenium and WebDriver are being merged 182 So what if a new browser is released 183 How will the browser interaction change 183 Converting Selenium 1 tests to Selenium 2 184 Time for action converting tests to Selenium 2 using WebDriverBackedSelenium 185 Starting a Selenium
200. t s say that you wanted to add a new cookie for all the items that could be on a list Since this a way of storing data for different bits of information getting all the cookies is quite beneficial Create a new test and then write Selenium steps to do the following 1 Inthe test you will need to load chapters Click on the button with the ID secondCookie 3 Getall the cookies on the page with the getCookie call 4 Validate that there are two cookies returned 5 Validate that secondCookie cookie has the value anyvalue 1141 Advanced Selenium Techniques 6 Run the tests Your code should look like the following and should have passed Test public void shouldGetAl1lCookiesOnThePage selenium open chapters selenium click secondCookie String cookies selenium getCookie split Assert assertEquals Should be 2 cookies 2 cookies length Assert assertEquals Should be anyvalue anyvalue selenium getCookieByName Secondcookie What just happened We have just seen how we can make one call with Selenium to get all of the cookies on a page This is useful as we need to add a number of different things to a page to be checked later We saw how since the item returned is a string we can split the string so we can then do a number of different assertions Part of writing high quality code is being able to test how a page performs when the cookie you expect is not there You may also w
201. t this going in Selenium IDE You will notice that you had to restart Selenium IDE for the changes to take effect Selenium has a process that finds all the command functions available to it when it starts up and does a few things to it to make sure that Selenium can use them without any issues Now that we understand how to create and install an extension command let s see what else we can do with it In the next Time for action we are going to have a look at creating a randomizer command that will store the result in a variable that we can use later in the test Chapter 5 Time for action using Selenium variables in extensions Imagine that you are testing something that requires some form of random number entered into a textbox You have a number of tests that require you to create a random number for the test so you can decide that you are going to create a user extension and then store the result in a variable To do this we will need to pass in arguments to our function that we saw earlier The value in the target box will be passed in as the first argument and the value textbox will be the second argument We will use this in a number of different examples throughout this chapter Let s now create this extension 1 2 Open your favorite text editor and open the user extension js file you created earlier We are going to create a function called storeRandom The function will look like the following Selenium
202. t this from http ant apache org bindownload cgi for Windows and Mac If you have Ubuntu you can simply do sudo apt get install ant1 8 which will install all the relevant items that are needed onto your Linux machine You will also have to download the latest Selenium Grid from http selenium grid seleniumhg org download html Getting Started with Selenium Grid Selenium Grid is a version of Selenium that allows teams to set up a number of Selenium instances and then have one central point to send your Selenium commands to This differs from what we saw in Selenium Remote Control RC where we always had to explicitly say where the Selenium RC is as well as know what browsers that Remote Control can handle With Selenium Grid we just ask for a specific browser and then the hub that is part of Selenium Grid will route all the Selenium commands through to the Remote Control you want Selenium Grid Setup Nadie equine Application Specific Selenium Grid Application Agnostic e Write them exactly as you would in the traditional setup e Make them run in parallel e Unique entry point for Selenium tests to take advantage of the grid e Load balance selenese requests to real remote contorls e Scale transparently by adding more remote controls selenese e Run multiple remote controls per machine typically Selenium Tests selenese Web Application Selenium Selenium Selenium under test Remote Control Remote Control Remote Contro
203. te tests that run in parallel using Selenium Grid Using Selenium Grid in this fashion we can develop tests that run a lot faster Traditionally Selenium tests run sequentially in the order that our test framework decides Running Selenium Tests in Parallel We can now run our test in parallel meaning we start running tests in 1 nth the time where n is the number of browsers that we want to test with as we can see in the following graph In this chapter we shall cover the following activities Setting up TestNG Running atest Running multiple tests So let s get on with it Important preliminary points In this chapter we need to use a testing framework that supports parallel running of our tests recommend using TestNG from http testng org to run our tests TestNG uses an XML configuration client that fires up multiple threads and runs the tests as we need them It does however use the same annotations that our JUnit tests used in previous chapters If you are using Python you can use Nose pNunit if you are using NET or DeepTest if you are using Ruby Setting up TesiNG TestNG is a popular testing framework that allows us to create tests that then can be run in parallel We can set up test suites and have parameters that we need placed in there Let s start by creating a test suite 172 Chapter 10 Time for action starting to create the test suite TestNG requires that we have an XML
204. te to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter3 3 Using verifyText Present check that the star sign Virgo is on the page 4 Run your test IG Selenium IDE 10 6 File Edit Options Help Base URL http book theautomatedtester co u j Slow pS ps Table Source Command Target open chapters verifyTextPresent Virgo Command Target Log Reference Ul Element Rollup Infor Clear info Executing verifyTextPresent Virgo What just happened We have created a test that verifies that a specific string can be found in the HTML page This is useful for making sure that an element is in the page no matter where it is located on the page This could be something like the terms or privacy statements As with most commands in Selenium there is an inverse version called verifyTextNotPresent for when you want to check that a certain string is not found on the page As mentioned earlier globs have a regular expression like syntax If you wanted to check that a string text on the page had the letters cap on it and did not care about the rest of the characters that may follow the syntax for that would be cap This is telling Selenium to find anything with the name cap and any letters that follow it This is similar to the way a command prompt handles it It is an extremely greedy way to find a match as it will look at anything that looks vaguely correct Let s see this in action 61 Pattern Match
205. ternet Explorer 109 Time for action running our tests in Internet Explorer 109 Running your Selenium IDE tests in Google Chrome 110 Time for action running Selenium IDE tests within Google Chrome 111 Running your Selenium IDE tests with the User Extensions 112 Table of Contents Time for action running Selenium IDE tests with User Extensions 112 Selenium Remote Control arguments 113 port 113 userExtensions 113 firefoxProfileTemplate 113 Summary 114 Chapter 7 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests 115 Important preliminary points 116 Converting Selenium IDE tests to a programming language 116 Time for action converting Selenium IDE tests to a language 116 Writing Selenium tests from scratch 121 Time for action creating a Selenium instance with JUnit 3 121 Time for action creating a Selenium instance with 123 SeleneseTestCase setUp 123 Time for action creating a Selenium instance with JUnit 4 124 Time for action creating a Selenium instance with TestNG 126 Time for action creating a test from scratch 127 Selenium Remote Control best practises 128 Time for action setting up the test 128 Time for action moving Selenium steps into Private methods to make tests maintainable 129 Time for action using the Page Object Pattern to design tests 132 Setting our tests up in a Continuous Integration server 134 Time for action creating an Ant file 135 Summary 137 Chapter 8 Advanced Selenium Techniq
206. tester co uk c book chapter 6 testsuite html c book chapter 6 result html1 1071 First Steps with Selenium RC have placed my testsuite inc book chapter 6 Run this command and the output should look similar to the following screenshot EM Visual Studio 2008 Command Prompt c Book Chapter 63 gt jayva jar selenium server standalone jar htmlsuite firefox h ttp book theautomatedtester co uk ci hook chapter 6 testsuite html results h tml When the test starts running it will launch two browser windows The first window will hold the Selenium Core Framework with the Test Suite on the left hand side the test steps in the center and the results on the right hand side We can see what this looks like in the following screenshot Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 0 a4 Mozilla Firefox v Cc AY chrome src content TestRunner html auto true amp multiWindow true amp defaultLogLevel info amp baseUrl http 3A 2F 2Fbook Most Visited Getting Started Latest Headlines Selenium Functional Test Runner v2 Test Suite chapter1 Selenium TestRunner chapter1 open Execute Tests chapter2 clickAndWait link Chapter1 P P m gt click radiobutton _ Fagt Slow click multiplewindow i nE Highlight el waitForPopUp popupwindow sis detent selectWindow name popupwindow Elapsed 00 02 lickAndWait closepopu Tests Commands c popup Orun 0 passed selectWindow null 0 failed 0 faile
207. testing for over five years He spent most of his career with QA practices for the Indian division of CIBER He is currently associated with Tavant Technologies Bangalore He has worked on a gamut of testing fields that encompasses Manual Testing Performance Testing and Functional Test Automation using both commercial and open source tools His primary inclination has been towards functional test automation using Selenium Tarun has been key contributor to Official Selenium Documentation and was recognized as co author for Selenium documentation release 1 0 by Selenium Head Quarters His spare moments are spent in exercise and blogging Sameer Borate is an independent web developer based in Pune India He has been developing web applications using PHP and MySQL since 2000 when PHP was just a blip on the web radar and now spends most of his time working with XHTML PHP XML MySQL and JavaScript For the last few years he has been helping small companies design web application architectures for their clients In his free time he likes to peruse non fiction books He regularly blogs about web development at www codediesel com would like to thank my wife for her support in all of my different endeavors even at times when they were impractical Also thanks to Packt Publishing for providing me with this great learning opportunity And finally thanks to the Open Source community for making all of this possible Table of Contents Prefa
208. the CSS look like for the above question a Answer css input input Does exact allows capitalization differences a Answer False Does exact only work on text in links a Answer No it can be used on any elements that have test What will the itemina glob pattern do for goog a Answer It will do a wildcard match to find anything that has goog as its first four letters What will the item do in the glob patter 001 a Answer It will match any words that are four characters long and the last three letters are ool 2021 Appendix What is the best way to check if a word is three characters long a Answer w 3 What is the way to add wild cards to a regular expression a Answer Use the in the regular expression Chapter 4 Using JavaScript What is the syntax to use JavaScript in a test a Answer javascript 1 1 Ina multiline JavaScript Statement how do you return to Selenium a Answer The last line in a multiline statement will return if it is not a statement that moves the result into a variable For example b 1 1 will not return but 1 1 will What is the variable that stores all the Selenium variables a Answer storedVars What is the object that allows our tests to access the page a Answer browserbot Does waitForCondition sit inside or outside the selenium object a Answer Its inside the selenium object How do you store variables to
209. the Selenium lt xml version 1 0 gt lt xml stylesheet href chrome global skin type text css gt lt overlay id selenium overlay xmilns http www mozilla org keymaster gatekeeper there is only xul s gt s lt menupopup id options popup gt lt menuitem label Book Addon options accesskey P oncommand window open chrome book content view options xul Book Options chrome yes centerscreen yes gt lt menupopup gt lt overlay gt Chapter 5 8 Create a file called options xul and place the following snippet in it lt xml version 1 0 gt lt xml stylesheet href chrome global skin type text css gt lt prefwindow id book prefs title Book Options Width 520 height 200 xmilns http www mozilla org keymaster gatekeeper there is only xul s gt lt Pref Pane gt lt prefpane id book panel label Book Options gt lt preferences gt preference id pret perform name extensions selenium ide book book options Eype bool 7s lt preferences gt lt Window layout so we can see how it all works together gt lt tabbox gt lt tabs gt lt tab label General gt lt tabs gt lt tabpanels flex 1 gt lt tabpanel gt lt vbox flex 1 gt lt hbox align center gt lt if you use amp at the beginning and at the end it will allow you to localize if you create a folder called locale in the root and place in it differe
210. the name of the library we used to record video What is the desktop viewing application Castro relies on Try getting this set up on a Windows machine To do this you will need to install a Windows VNC client like TightVNC or RealVNC The rest of the steps for setting up Castro should be the same Summary We learned a lot in this chapter about the advanced things that we can do with Selenium Specifically we covered the following topics Cookie Handling In this section we had a look at how we can use Selenium to get cookies on the page so that we can validate the data that they store We then saw how we can get all the cookies that are on the page The get Cookie call returns all the cookies on the page as a string that is delimited by a semicolon Finally in this section we had a look at how we can delete cookies while the tests are running Adding location strategies In this section we had a look at how we can create our own location strategies by telling Selenium to use a JavaScript function we pass it with the addLocationStrategy strategyName search method 155 Advanced Selenium Techniques Capturing network traffic In this section we had a look at how we can capture the network traffic that is happening between the browser and the web server Selenium Remote Control server captures all the information and then when we call captureNetworkTraffic JSON we get the information back in JSON We can also use pl
211. things within your test such as comparing two screenshots to see if anything has changed 149 Advanced Selenium Techniques In the previous section we saw how you can take a screenshot of the desktop by using the captureScreenshot method call However there is one downside to using that call The image that is written to the disk does not have the screenshot of the entire page that we are testing Seeing a screenshot of the entire page is extremely useful when having to debug issues on a page that have been flagged up by Selenium Selenium does this using a method called captureEntirePageScreenshot and passes in two parameters The first parameter is where the file is to be saved The second parameter is for when you need to change the background of the HTML This could be because there may be an issue with the color of the text on the background Changing the background makes it clearer in the screenshot We will next see examples of both next Time for action capturing the entire page as a screenshot Imagine that you are working against a web page that is longer than your physical desktop As a user you would scroll down to that item to see it but unfortunately Selenium doesn t do this To do this we will call captureEntirePageScreenshot path to save file png Create a new test Get the test to open chapters Create a screenshot of that page and save it locally BR WN Run the test The code should produ
212. through calls or needing to call other JavaScript functions you can use JavaScript within your Selenium script This is so that we can test some of the hard to test scenarios that we will one day come across In this chapter we shall cover topics such as Using JavaScript Using variables in your tests with JavaScript Accessing the browser with JavaScript 4 Firing events on elements So let s get on with it JavaScript is a very flexible language and has had the title of language for the Web for a while We can see it being used every day to make web applications look and feel like desktop applications thanks to AJAX Using the same language in our tests is quite useful because as previously mentioned JavaScript is the main underlying language of Selenium In this section of the chapter we are going to have a look at how we can use JavaScript in our tests This can be for creating unique items that are needed for the test or if you wanted to enter today s date in your test Using JavaScript To specify that something is going to contain JavaScript you will need to put javascript into the target or value box within the Selenium IDE You will need to place your JavaScript statement within the injavascript When passing JavaScript into Selenium it is evaluated and the last statement in the JavaScript will return into your test An example of this would be var a b a 2 b 5 a b This sample
213. time the page is loaded iw id time_ css div id time_ css div id time_ Command Target cssodiv id time_ There are times where we need to find the nth element after a parent element on the page In the XPath examples we looked at the second input after the div with the class leftdiv The xpath looked like xpath div class leftdiv input 2 To find the second to nth element we will need to use pseudo classes Pseudo classes are used to add special effects to selectors In this case we are going to use nth child for the first example 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Enter css div divinthecenter nth child 2 This will find the same as xpath div class leftdiv input 2 Locators 3 Click on the Find button Table Source Verify this button here chocolate Command css drveAdrinthecenter nth child Unfortunately Selenium does not support the nth of type pseudo class so you will not be able to access the specific type This is why the selector is using the wildcard and then finding the nth child from our starting div The downside to using a selector in this manner is if any other node was placed in the way it would make the tests fail Finding an element by its inner text Finding elements by their inner text can also be quite useful In the XPath section of this chapter we used the text function to see the text it had Earlier we had xpath div contains text e
214. ts in your JavaScript 71 Time for action storing the result of JavaScript in a variable 71 Using Selenium variables with JavaScript 73 Time for action using Selenium variables with JavaScript 73 Time for action JavaScript within a verify or assert 74 Accessing the browser with JavaScript 76 Time for action accessing the page with browserbot 76 Time for action verifying a JavaScript evaluation with browserbot 78 Time for action using waitForCondition 79 Firing events 80 Time for action firing a mouseOver event 80 Time for action firing an onBlur event in Selenium 81 Summary 83 Chapter 5 User Extensions and Add ons 85 Important preliminary points 85 User extensions 86 Time for action installing a user extension 86 Time for action using Selenium variables in extensions 89 Time for action using locators in extensions 91 Time for action using browserbot from within an extension 92 Time for action creating new commands to verify or assert 94 Add ons 96 Time for action creating a basic add on 97 Summary 101 Chapter 6 First Steps with Selenium RC 103 Important preliminary points 103 What is Selenium Remote Control 104 Setting up Selenium Remote Control 105 Time for action setting up Selenium Remote Control 105 Running Selenium IDE tests with Selenium Remote Control 107 Time for action running Selenium IDE tests with Selenium 107 Remote Control 107 Running your Selenium IDE tests in In
215. ttributes 52 finding by CSS 48 49 finding by inner text 54 finding by link text 39 finding by name 38 finding by text 45 46 finding by XPath 41 42 191 192 finding child nodes used 50 finding sibling nodes used 50 finding XPath axis used 46 48 hidden elements working with 194 ID finding with Firebug 35 interacting with 189 locating by ID attribute 35 37 moving on page 37 nth element finding with CSS 53 54 storing from page 26 27 elements finding by attributes 52 by CSS 48 49 by inner text 54 by link text 39 by name 38 by text 45 46 by XPath 41 42 191 192 child nodes used 50 DOM calling via JavaScript 40 sibling nodes used 50 XPath axis used 46 48 entire page screenshot capturing to string 152 events firing 80 exact prefix about 57 text verifying 58 59 using in locators 60 using on links 59 60 exact text verifying 57 59 executeScript method 195 extensions creating 89 locators using 91 92 Selenium variables using 89 90 F features Selenium Grid 158 filling in forms 193 filters adding to element name 39 findElement method 189 findElements method 192 Firebug about 34 elements IDs finding 35 URL 34 Firefinder about 34 URL 34 210 G getCookie function using 141 getEval command 92 globbing about 60 character classes used 64 65 glob pattern character using 63 64 globs about 60 using in tests 60 61 Google Chrome
216. u develop a writing career or simply get some additional reward for your expertise PACKT open source PUBLISHING JavaScript Testing Beginner s Guide ISBN 978 1 849510 00 4 Paperback 272 pages Test and debug JavaScript the easy way 1 Learn different techniques to test JavaScript no matter how long or short your code might be 2 Discover the most important and free tools to help make your debugging task less painful 3 Discover how to test user interfaces that are controlled by JavaScript Python Testing Beginner s Guide ISBN 978 1 847198 84 6 Paperback 256 pages An easy and convenient approach to testing your powerful Python projects 1 Covers everything you need to test your code in Python 2 Easiest and enjoyable approach to learn Python Python Testing testing 3 Write execute and understand the result of tests in the unit test framework Please check www PacktPub com for information on our titles PACKT open source PUBLISHING Django 1 1 Testing and Debugging ISBN 978 1 847197 56 6 Paperback 436 pages Building rigorously tested and bug free Django applications 1 Develop Django applications quickly with fewer bugs through effective use of automated Django 1 1 Testi ng testing and debugging tools and De bugg in g 2 Ensure your code is accurate and stable throughout development and production by using Django s test framework pi ioa C 3 Understand the wor
217. uch as storeText There are a number of different scenarios that require a test to have this Your application may be an auction site that requires you to store the text of the current highest bid and then add something to that value to try moving the bidding to a higher value To do this we will need to make sure that our tests call the Selenium variable by accessing the storedvVars dictionary This is the object that is used in all store commands to store the result of that command The variable that we use in the store command is the key for the dictionary The results are stored in the value object of the key value pair Now that we have the basic knowledge of how it works let s see this in action Time for action using Selenium variables with JavaScript Let s imagine you are working against an auction site The script will need to get the value of the last highest bid off the page and then add 2 to it Let s try this in the Selenium IDE 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Create a step to store the text from the span with the ID bid 4 Create a step to add 5 to the variable we used to store the result of the previous step 731 Using JavaScript 5 Run your test It should look similar to the next screenshot Command Value store Text li bid type javascript stored Command type Target nextBid he highest bid is 50 Value javascript storedVars b
218. ues 139 Important preliminary points 139 Cookie handling 140 Time for action getting a cookie off the page 140 Getting all cookies 141 Time for action getting all cookies on the page 141 Deleting cookies 142 Time for action deleting a cookie 142 Adding a new location strategy 144 Time for action adding a new location strategy 144 Capturing network traffic 145 Time for action capturing network traffic 145 Capturing screenshots 147 captureScreenshot call 147 Time for action capturing screenshots 148 Time for action capturing a screenshot to string 149 Table of Contents Capturing the entire page 150 Time for action capturing the entire page as a screenshot 150 Time for action capture entire page as a screenshot changing background colour 151 Time for action capturing the entire page screenshot to a string 152 Capturing video 153 Time for action setting up the environment to capture video 153 Time for action recording a video in a test 154 Summary 155 Chapter 9 Getting Started with Selenium Grid 157 Important preliminary points 157 Understanding Selenium Grid 158 Checking that we have the necessary items for Selenium Grid 159 Time for action doing a sanity check on Selenium Grid 160 Selenium Grid Hub 160 Time for action launching the hub 161 Adding instances to the hub 163 Time for action adding a remote control with the defaults 163 Adding Selenium Remote Controls for differen
219. um waitForPageToLoad 30000 selenium click link Chapter2 selenium waitForPagelToLoad 30000 verifyIrue selenium isElementPresent div id divontheleft2 input 10 Change the text that says change this to the site you are testing to book theautomatedtester co uk Our test is nearly ready We are missing a few dependencies so let us now add these 117 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Click on File Project structure Click on Global libraries Click on the to add a New Global library Click on Attach Classes and add selenium jar and common jar This should be in the same place as your Selenium Server jar When added it should look like this in the dialog Global Library Selenium Name Selenium J C Development selenium2 build common common jar a C Development selenium2 build selenium selenium jar Do the same for jUnit now You can create a new Global library for it or add it to the Selenium Global Library Click on the Modules link on the left hand side again Click on the Dependencies tab Click on Add and click on Global Libraries Add the Selenium and jUnit libraries Click on Apply When this is done the text selenium should turn purple We are now ready to run Selenium Server We do this by running java jar selenium server jar Right click on the Java file created by Seleni
220. um IDE and click on Run testcase1 as in the screenshot 118 Chapter 7 E ES test aT E public void sd setUp ht public void ta selenium Ji TestCode i Mh External Librari we Cut Ctrl x Gl lt 1 6 gt CA IE Copy Ctrl C selenium C junit Copy Path Ctrl Shift C selenium 1 Cm Selenium Copy Reference Ctrl Alt Shift C selenium 4 B Paste Ctrl V selenium selenium selenium Jump to Source F4 selenium selenium wv verifyIrug Alt F7 Find in Path Ctrl Shift F Replace in Path Ctrl Shift R Analyze Refactor j Add To Favorites Move to Changelist Browse Type Hierarchy Ctrl H Reformat Code Ctrl Alt L Optimize Imports Ctrl Alt 0 Delete Delete Make Module TestCode Compile testcasel java Ctrl Shitt Fo HF Save testcasel gt Run testcasel Ctrl Shift F10 amp Debug testcasel Local History Git R Synchronize testcasel java TODO E 9 Update Copyright Your tests should start running now What just happened We have done a lot in this section We had a look at how to set up IDEA for testing This is a useful bit of information to know because it is useful to create tests for any form of Java project The layout of the tests away from the source code allows us to separate concerns We then had a look at how we can export our Selenium IDE test to a programming language of choice For this book I chose Java but you could export your tests to Ru
221. um waitForPageToLoad 30000 Assert assertTrue selenium isEHElementPresent but1 129 Creating Selenium Remote Control Tests Test public void shouldCheckAnotherButtonOnChapter2Page selenium open selenium click lLink Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad 30000 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent verifybutton Using the given examples let s break these down 1 Both examples always open the root of the site Let s move that into its own private method To do this in IDEA you highlight the lines you want to refactor and then right click Use the context menu and then Extract Method Test public void shouldCheckButton0OnChapter Page selenium open selenium click Link Chapter2 selenium waitForPageToLoad Ss0000 Assert assertTrue selenium isElementPresent butl Test public void shouldCheckAnotherButtonOnChapter Page selenium click ae Cut Ctrl X selenium waitFol E Copy Ctri C Assert asserttri 3 Paste Cil V Wesq ee Ctrl Shitt V After Paste Simple Ctrl Alt Shitt V public void tearDow Column Mode Alt Shift Insert selenium stop Alt F7 LE Analyze Extract Method Ctrl Alt M Extract Method Object Extract Class Replace Method Code Duplicates Introduce Parameter Object Introduce Variable Ctrl Alt Introduce Constant Ctrl Alt C Introduce Field Ctrl Alt F Introduce Parameter Ctrl Alt
222. ut we do not want to work with the first element that matches on the page or if we just want to get all the input elements on a form to be able to type into them Typing into input fields Filling in forms is one of the most common uses for Selenium To do this we need to get a WebElement object and then call the sendKeys method The parameter it takes is a string of what we want to type Selenium will then send a message to the operating system to put it into the text box This is one of the method calls that demonstrates major differences between Selenium 1 and Selenium 2 Time for action typing into a text box Imagine that you need to type something into a text box To do this we need to get an element and then use the sendKeys method 1 Create a new test case 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapterl 3 Type into the textbox storeinput 4 Run your test Its code should appear as follows Test public void shouldTypeIntoATextBox driver get http www theautomatedtester co uk chapter1 WebElement textBox driver findElement By id storeinput textBox sendKeys I can type 193 Getting Started with Selenium 2 What just happened We have successfully typed into a text box The sendKeys method sends the string we want to appear in the element We can also send through keys that users are likely to use such as Return To send through these keys there is the static object calle
223. w we can create more verbose environment names such as IE on Windows We also saw how we can start a remote control for different browsers This is quite useful when we need to test a large amount of browser and operating system combinations Undating the Selenium Grid Configuration The Configured Environments come with a standard installation but there are times where it would be useful to set up your own targets This could be when browsers that used to work on a specific operating system now work on multiple operating systems We have already seen this happen with Google Chrome To update the configuration we need to have a look at the grid_configuration yml This is a YAML file that contains all the configurations that Selenium grid has We need to add a new name and browser for new items For example name Google Chrome on Windows Browser googlechrome Let s see this in action Time for action adding new items to the Grid Configuration As we saw from the default configuration that is distributed it doesn t have the different flavors of Google Chrome We can add this to the file this time so we can extend the coverage that we need 1 Opengrid configuration yml ina text editor Add the following to the file name Google Chrome on Windows Browser googlechrome 2 Start the hub 167 Getting Started with Selenium Grid 3 In another console or Command Prompt run the newly created item While run
224. want to interact with and in the Target textbox place the value of its name attribute For example use verifybutton as in the next screenshot against http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter2 and click the find button Button with name This element has a ID that changes every time the page is load File View Help Eiis m i Console HTML CSS Soipt DOM Net Firefinder YSlow gt Edit input lt div divontheleft lt div mainbody lt body lt html html waminas http waw w3 org 1999 xhtml gt it lt head gt lt body gt lt div class mainheading gt Selenium Beginners Cuide lt div gt lt div class mainbody gt lt div gt 4 lt div id find gt div id divonthelett clasgs lettdiv gt a lt div id divontheleft2 gt lt input type button value Button with name name butz gt lt div gt lt div id divinthecenter class centerdiv gt lt div id time 2010 08 30 20 39 41 960000 gt This element haa a ID t lt div gt lt body gt lt html gt 4 Type the command click into the Command selectbox 5 Run your script Chapter 2 What just happened Your test will have executed the step successfully As the test is using the name of the element if that element were to be moved around it would find the item without any issue There are times that there may be elements on the page that have the same name but a different attribute When t
225. what your test environment will be like so it s better to do this exercise now Tips and tricks for running tests in parallel Now that we have our tests running in parallel there are a number of things that you will notice if you have not followed the usual test automation rules The usual items that catch people by surprise are when tests rely on each other When running tests in parallel and on Selenium Grid keep in mind that if your tests are not independent then you will start seeing them fail for no apparent reason You will also need to make sure that your tests have a new browser for each test This means that your tests always have a browser to work in and you will not have any weird failures in your tests because of elements not being found due to a lack of a browser A common scenario that confuses people when it comes to parallelizing tests is what to do about registration and then logging in The best way to handle this is to have a test that does the registration Then have that test repeat the registration process and then log in or have a mechanism of creating an account to use at the beginning of the test This helps make sure that your tests keep their independence so that they easily run in parallel and follows the rule that tests should have a known starting point When writing tests for Selenium Grid that are to be run in parallel you need to make sure that your tests clean up after themselves a lot more This is one of
226. with it Getting Started with Selenium IDE Important preliminary points Before we start working through this chapter you need to make sure that Mozilla Firefox is installed on your machine If you do not have Mozilla Firefox installed you will need to download it from http www getfirefox com Selenium IDE is a Firefox add on developed originally by Shinya Kasatani as a way to use the original Selenium Core without having to copy Selenium Core onto the server It has been developed using JavaScript so that it can interact with DOM Document Object Model using native JavaScript calls Selenium IDE was developed to allow testers and developers to record their actions as they follow the workflow that they need to test Time for action installing Selenium IDE Now that we understand what Selenium IDE is it is a good time to install the Selenium IDE By the end of these steps you will have successfully installed the Selenium IDE on your computer lt ko to http seleniumhq org download 2 Click on the download link for Selenium IDE You may get a message saying Firefox prevented this site seleniumhq org from asking you to install software on your computer If you do click on the Allow button 3 A pop up will appear as seen in the next screenshot Software Installation I Install add ons only from authors you trust Malicious software can damage your computer or violate your privacy You have asked to insta
227. would return 7 to Selenium so that it can be used later Let s see this in action now Time for action using JavaScript to enter text into a field Imagine that you are testing a web application that requires you to type today s date into a textbox Let s see how one would do that 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Usethe type command on the locator dateInput to put in the result of the following JavaScript javascript Date 4 Run your script It should look similar to the next screenshot Command Target Value Thu Apr 29 2010 21 42 08 type dateInput javascript DateQ What just happened As you can see from the screenshot the command we used has typed something into the textbox In this case we just had one javascript statement which was javascript Date and that was placed into the input box Let s now have a look at using multiple statements to calculate the current hour of the day 70 Chapter 4 Time for action using multiple statements in your JavaScript Imagine that you need to type the current hour into your tests Your test will need to get the current date and time and then use the JavaScript Date object to return the current hour 1 Open the Selenium IDE 2 Navigate to http book theautomatedtester co uk chapter4 3 Inthe same box as we used earlier type the current hour The JavaScript is javascript d new Date d
228. wser starts you will see the WebDriver extension in the bottom right hand side of the browser When it is processing commands it will turn red and when it isn t it will be black It should look similar to the following screenshot WebDriver There are few items that are not fully supported by WebDriverBackedSelenium but hopefully as more and more work is done with the framework these will be less noticeable Howdo you use the WebDriverBackedSelenium Starting a Selenium 2 browser instance We have seen that Selenium 2 does not have to use the proxy to run its tests It only uses the proxy to run tests that are stored on different machines that could be using different operating systems Starting the browser normally happens when our tests instantiate a new browser object For example when it executes WebDriver driver new FirefoxDriver anew browser will be executed 187 Getting Started with Selenium 2 There are three main browsers that are supported directly by Selenium 2 They are Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer There are multiple versions of these browsers that are supported All that your tests need to do is instantiate the browser that you want to work against and Selenium 2 will work out the rest You do not have to use a real browser to do your testing either The Selenium Core team have added support for HtmlUnit as a way to run your tests To navigate to a page instead of using open url we now
229. xpath div class leftdiv input 2 We will start by finding the first element for our query which is input value Button with ID Place that into the Selenium IDE Target box and see which element it highlights There is another button below the one that is highlighted and that is the element that we need to work with in this section The button is the next input item in the HTML so it is elements ollowing sibling that we need Our locator will look like input value Button with ID following sibling input value Sibling Button and if it was placed into the Selenium IDE it would be able to find the element that we are after as seen in the next screenshot 46 Chapter 2 Com Target Value input value Button with ID following sibling input value Sibling Button with ID Sibling Button Command Target input value Button with ID following sibling input value Sibling Button Find As mentioned earlier you can use XPath to find an element and then walk backwards up the tree If we were to take the example that we have just done and reverse it you will need to start at the button with the value Sibling Button and then go back to the button with the value Button with ID We can see it finding the element in the next screenshot Base URL http book theautomatedtester co uk j Slow pS gt Table Source A Com Target Value Buitonwiihin inpu
230. you have it in the Before to appear as follows Selenium start captureNetworkTraffic true 3 Open chapters 4 Call captureNetworkTraffic with either plain JSON or XML have called it with JSON as it s easy to serialize into a dictionary for testing You can call it with XML or plain as the parameters 5 Print the result to the console 1145 Advanced Selenium Techniques 6 Run your test The code should appear as follows Test public void shouldCaptureNetworkTraffic selenium open chapters String json selenium captureNetworkTraffic JSON System out printlin json The output should look something like this SstatusCode 403 method GET url http localhost 4444 favicon ico bytes 1244 start 2010 06 27T10 30 28 609 0700 end 2010 06 27T10 30 28 868 0700 timeInMillis 259 requestHeaders name Host value localhost 4444 ee name User Agent value Mozilla 5 0 X11 U Linux i686 en US rv 1 9 2 3 Gecko 20100423 Ubuntu 10 04 lucid Firefox 3 6 3 bed name Accept value image png image q 0 8 q 0 5 ia name Accept Language value en us en q 0 5 oan name Accept Encoding value gzip deflate bed name Accept Charset Values ISO 8859 1 uUti 87g 0 77 7 q 0 7 a name keep alive value 115 146 Chapter 8 What just happened We have just seen how we can store the network traffic that is happening

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

Tripp Lite B130-101-WP-1    Dicota CamPocket Flash  Télechargez le bon de commande au format pdf  RADEON™ Série 9200  [PDF:3.6MB]  Pentax K-50  Dicota SoftSkin 13  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file