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1. 6 0 WATER USE ASSESSMENT This Month Domestic consumption nonse connections standpipes m Average per capita consumption S ee c Revenue Producing Water a 5 3c x 100 d Accounted for water 5 3f x 100 5 2 Totals WATER QUALITY BACTERIOLOGICAL a Required no of samples b Total Samples taken c No of Negative Results d Percentage Negative 8 0 MISCELLANEOUS DATA 8 1 Employees a Total b Total Employee 000 Connections 9 0 CUSTOMER SERVICE a Connection Requests this month b Feasible connection request c Connection Request backlog d Connections made this month e connections made 9d 9b c x 100 f No of Customer Request Complaints g Complaint amp Request Backlog h Requests Complaints Resolved g _ Oh i Resolved zys Annexes Page A 11 Annex H Business Plan Contents H I UTILITY PROFILE 1 General information This is used to give some information on the utility to the reader 2 Asset Register This is a list of assets currently owned by the utility H II BUSINESS PLAN DETAILS 1 Target Service Levels This is to present the existing service levels of the utility and the performance targets or planned service level targets within the 5 year period Service levels pertain to area coverage water quality continuity of supply pressure and sewerage services if any 2 Demand Supply Projections This contains an estimate of the projected dema
2. Chlorine reacts with water or moisture in the air to form highly corrosive acids Every precaution must be taken to keep chlorine and chlorine equipment moisture free Page 7 2 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety B WORKING SAFELY AROUND CHLORINE GAS 1 General Any water utility that uses chlorine should have written procedures for its chlorine system operation Even the use of powdered chlorine should have written procedures Before starting any chlorination process take the following precautions 1 If a faucet with good flowing water is not available close by make ready a 5 gallon container of fresh water but make sure it is away from the chlorine cylinder or storage area This is to ensure that if the chlorine accidentally comes in contact with your eyes or skin you can flush the affected areas with copious amounts of fresh water for at least 10 15 minutes 2 Flush the chlorine out Do not just soak the affected surface If you get some of the chlorine solution in your eyes flush it out and immediately see your doctor 3 Wear the prescribed safety clothing and equipment specifically e Goggles to protect your eyes from contact with the chlorine in any form e Rubber gloves and rubber boots certified for use around the chemical to protect your hands and feet e Waterproof suit coveralls or a full length apron 2 Housekeeping Chlorine Storage 1 Use signs to clearly identify all areas where chlorine is used or stored O
3. Page A 2 Annexes A IV PROCEDURE 1 Prior to starting the pump measure and record the static water level 2 After starting the pump measure the corresponding water levels Discharge should be greater than the required yield and should be maintained at a constant rate during the entire duration of the test for 24 hours Measurement intervals should be as follows Time from start of pumping Time intervals between min measurements min 10 15 1 3 Simultaneous with the water level measurements take measurements of discharge 4 Monitor nearby wells to determine effects during pumping 5 Right after the end of the pumping test measure the water level recovery 6 Plot data obtained from the test on a semi logarithmic paper showing the time in the abscissa x axis and the drawdown in the ordinate axis y axis Annexes Page A 3 Annex B Measuring Flow from a Horizontal Pipe The following describes the procedure for measuring pipe flow from a horizontal pipe There are 2 conditions for this procedure to be used successfully e The pipe must be flowing full e The pipe must be horizontal Procedure 1 Measure the pipe distance to the ground drop or y in meters The pipe must be parallel to the ground 2 With water flowing from the pipe measure the horizontal distance from pipe nozzle to the point where the water falls to the ground carry distance or x in meters 3 Apply the formula 0 001739
4. population served 1 0j x 100 0 lati d population serve total population 2 0 WATER AVAILABILITY DATA Oo a OO ooo Coson a o ooo o spi ss o o Col 3 Total B Col 2 Total a Water Availability 3 0 FINANCIAL DATA PHP a Current metered S b Non metered S Penalty charges S 9 Biling adjustments SS S pe Others o o TOTALS n 3 2 Collections Oooo Current accounts b Arrears current year SS Arrears prior years as TOTALS re Collection ef ficiency 100 x 3 2a 3 2b YTD 3 1 YTD Total Colelction ratio 100 x 3 2 YTD Totals 3 1 YTD Totals Annexes Page A 9 4 0 FINANCIAL DATA This Month YTD ee eee a ee ee ee S ee ee Salariesand wages S Pumping costs Chemical costs S o Maintenance oo d S o e Other ORM S d po TOTALS o S S f Depreciation Interest d 43 Operating Ratio ee E 5 0 WATER PRODUCTION DATA m n 4 amp 2 Expenses vI 1 Water Sources Total Capacity m3 Wells Springs Surface Water Production This Month Year to Date Pumped Gravity TOTALS vi N 5 3 Accounted Water Used Metered Billed Unmetered Billed Total Billed 5 3a 5 3b Estimated Emergency Uses Water Maintenance Total Accounted 5 3c 5 3d 5 3e 4 2 Total 5 2 Total Operating Revenue Billed Volume 4 1 5 3 5 4 Total Production Cost UW Ui 4 2 Total 4 1 Total Page A 10 Annexes
5. Disclaimer The findings interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank The information in this work is not intended to serve as legal advice The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of the use of such data These manuals may be reproduced in full or in part for non profit purposes without prior permission provided proper credit is given to the publisher The World Bank Office Manila The World Bank Office Manila 23 Floor The Taipan Place F Ortigas Jr Road Ortigas Center 1605 Pasig City Metro Manila Philippines Manila Philippines February 2012 Cover Design The images on the cover were derived from two photographs courtesy of the DILG The inset photo with a girl is from The Innocent by Mr Jason Cardente The boy filling water bottles is from Water for Drinking by Mr Dan Ong Some elements in the originals may have been altered for purposes of the design Rural Water Supply Volume Ill Operation and TEUN U EUNE Cn ed JOCZ E T e ee ew E OOA SS E SAO gt ee PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM MALACANAN PALACE MANILA MESSAGE I congratulate the institutions agencies and individuals of the water sector for your collaborative publication of the Rural Water Supply Manual This Manual is the latest of many
6. amp ADB National Water Resources Board Asian Development Bank amp IDP Consult Inc 2005 Tariff Model for Private Water Utilities Regulated by the National Water Resources Board User s Manual NWRB amp ADB National Water Resources Council 1979 March Rural Water Supply Design Manual Volume 1 NWRC National Water Resources Council 1980 Rural Water Supply Construction and Installation Manual Vol I1 NWRC National Water Resources Council 1981 Rural Water Supply Operation and Maintenance Manual Vol Ill NWRC US Army Corps of Engineers Afghanistan Engineer District 2009 AED Design Requirements Chlorinators US Army Corps of Engineers Afghanistan Engineer District Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia 2002 2006 Chlorine Safe Work Practices WorkSafeBC References Page A 23 15 World Health Organization 1994 Operation and Maintenance of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Systems A Guide for Managers WHO Page A 24 References THE WORLD BANK OFFICE MANILA 23rd Floor The Taipan Place F Ortigas Jr Road Ortigas Center 1605 Pasig City Metro Manila Philippines
7. of the family income of the low income group within the community served The commodity charge is the amount to be charged per cubic meter beyond the minimum charge 1 Compute for Equivalent Volume EV Consumption in the quantity block X connections for the meter size x meter size factor To be able to compute for the EV Quantity Blocks and meter size factor are required These are shown in Table AK 7 and Table AK 8 Table AK 7 Quantity Blocks Quantity Blocks Range in m Factor Residential Service Block min charge Base factor 1 2 4 Block 3 4 Block 4 Block Commercial Industrial Service Block 2 Block 3 Block Base factor 2 ae N Ul 26 1000 Over 1000 3 0 The incremental factor may be determined by the utility depending on the interval it wants between the quantity blocks Examples of incremental factors 3rd column are shown in Table AK 7 The meter size factor Table AK 8 is a multiplier applied to the consumption of a quantity block to determine its equivalent volume These factors assume that with a higher meter size come higher initial and maintenance cost and more convenience to the consumer so that the consumers must pay a higher rate commensurate to their meter size Table AK 8 Meter Size Factor Meter sze Residential Commerdial industrial 1 6 ae Annexes Page A 21 2 Determine Cost per Equivalent Volume Annual Revenue
8. 2 Provide easy access by the personnel concerned with O amp M 3 Protect the records from being lost not returned or misfiled or damaged 4 Update those that need to be updated like maps and 5 Dispose of records that are outdated and not needed Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance Page 4 5 Page 4 6 Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities This Chapter covers the basic concepts and procedures for proper O amp M of water sources and the equipment used at these sources to prepare the water for distribution It covers O amp M of wells infiltration galleries springs and their pumps motors and chlorinators A section on the O amp M aspects of slow sand filters is also included A WELLS A properly designed and constructed well can give many years of trouble free service Good O amp M seeks to avert well failures which are usually indicated by reduced if not complete loss of pump discharge or deterioration in the quality of the water Good O amp M actually begins even before a well is put into operation Before actually operating a well the SSWP must determine obtain the following information which will guide its well operating and O amp M procedures e Safe pumping level e Pump curves e Well design e Location of discharge line shut off valve and pressure gauge 1 Pumping Tests Pumping tests are carried out to determine the safe pumping yield which
9. CTRI DRIVEN PUMP 4 Wi PISTON ROD PUMP CYLINUER PN p L_4 fi PLUNGER W LEATHERS AND CHECK VALVE DROP PIPE CHECK VALVE LL CASING DETAIL OF TUBULAR WELL CYLINDER 3 Main Pump Problems Changes within the pump can also affect system pressure Good pump maintenance is an essential element in maintaining consistent flow and system pressure Regular servicing of the V Packings seals and valves will assure good sealing and seating surfaces within the pump and optimum performance Pump maintenance should be established specifically for each system as liquid temperature operating cycles and system accessories all affect the wear on a system With a pressure gauge at the pump Page 5 16 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities it is easy to see when the system pressure drops or fluctuates This is the time to do maintenance Do not wait until the pump leaks externally or quits running completely to do maintenance Excessive and expensive damage may occur 4 Discharge Line Problems This is a primary place to investigate when the system begins to lose pressure Most often worn nozzles are at the source of a system pressure loss and too often adjustments are made in the regulating and relief valves to compensate for this nozzle wear This can put unnecessary stress on the pump If there is no pressure gauge in the system you may exceed the pressure limit of the pump when making adjus
10. Full face respirators either with cartridges or canisters may be used only if the chlorine concentration is determined to be below 10mg e With Cartridges A worker must wear a full face respirator fitted with acid gas cartridges during any hazardous work where there is a chance of a chlorine leak Full face respirators are also appropriate for leak control where tests show the chlorine concentration to be less than 10 mg l Workers required to use a respirator must be clean shaven where the respirator seals with the face to ensure a proper fit e With Canisters Although cartridges are preferable a worker may use a full face respirator fitted with an air purifying canister for leak control and repair or maintenance procedures in chlorine concentrations less than 10 mg l Canisters with an indicator window must be replaced when the material in the window has changed color Canisters without an indicator window must be replaced after each use In either case canisters must never be used beyond the expiration date stamped on the label d Self contained Breathing Apparatus SCBA A worker must use an SCBA when a chlorine leak is suspected and the airborne chlorine concentration is unknown or is measured at more than 10 mg l This means that an IDLH situation prevails in the area A worker wearing an SCBA must not enter a contaminated atmosphere until a second qualified person is present also equipped with an SCBA and ready to perfo
11. Interest Charges Taxes Net Income Loss 6 Budget Monitoring and Control Management must monitor the level of expenditures against the budget on a monthly basis in order to control overruns that could lead to unexpected fund shortfalls Monitoring the budgeted expenditures enables management to take cost reduction measures make decisions on budget realignments and consider the need for a supplemental budget if it is forecast that the approved budget for essential expenditures will be exceeded B TARIFFS Tariffs are the life blood of a small water utility business Tariffs set by the regulators are basically its only source of the revenues it needs to support its capital investments operations and maintenance They define the contributions that the SSWP may demand from the users of the water distribution system as their share in the cost of its construction and upkeep Page 10 6 Chapter 10 Financial Aspects 1 Tariff Setting Requirements Tariff setting should NOT be done in a poorly considered arbitrary manner A deficient tariff level once set will be very difficult to remedy and an excessive level would be unsustainable for the users be subject to complaints and tend to result in delays of payment and bad debts For this reason the practice is for the water tariff to be fixed by the Utility in consultation with the users considering basically the capacity of the users to pay and costs of the O amp M as well
12. It is also efficient in the removal and or inactivation of organisms because of Biological Filtration 1 Elements of a Slow Sand Filter The various elements that make up a slow sand filter are shown in Figure 5 8 and described below These details should provide sufficient background for their construction proper operation and maintenance 1 Filter Box is a concrete open topped structure which houses the supernatant water reservoir filter bed and the underdrainage system It is usually rectangular in shape with a depth from 2 5 to 4 0 meters and built wholly or partly below ground 2 Supernatant Water Reservoir is an upward extension of the walls of the filter box from the sand bed surface the principal function of which is to maintain a constant head of water above the filter medium In practice a head of between 1 0 M and 1 5 M is usually selected 3 Filter Bed is a bed of sand usually graded It should be composed of hard and desirable grains preferably rounded and free from silt clay loam and organic matter Ideally the effective diameter of the sand lies within 0 3 0 5mm 4 Under drainage System consists of a false floor of porous concrete or perforated pipes surrounded and covered with graded gravel to support the sand bed and prevent fine grains from being carried into the drainage pipes 5 Filter Controls A system of control valves used to regulate the flow of water through the bed F
13. They are automatically started by the low level pressure and shut down by the high level pressure switches installed in the water storage or receiving tank These pumps may set for manual operation by turning the control switch mounted on the pump base from the Auto to Manual setting and using the start stop buttons for the pump motor However care must be observed in stopping pump operation Table 5 2 Steps for Manually Stopping Pump Operation 5 Pump Trouble Checklist The manufacturer or supplier of the pump always provides the pump design curve which is the basic reference for evaluating actual performance In addition to the comparison of actual performance against the design curve the operator should be alert to the following indications of pump problems 1 Excessive heating of the motor Change in the bearing noise level Change in the pattern of oil consumption of the motor Excessive vibration Change in amperage or voltage load Cavitation noise or other unusual noise and Presence of cracks or uneven settlement of the pad or ground around the pump a ae ae E CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS A typical centrifugal pump and its component parts are shown in Figure 5 3 on the following page 1 Operation To operate a centrifugal pump certain procedures need to be followed which are found in the manual supplied by the manufacturer They generally involve the steps outlined in Table 5 3 Chapter 5 Supply Sour
14. e To ensure that the water delivered is potable The distribution system consists of four components whose O amp M requirements are based on their unique characteristics as well as their function and contribution to the total system They are 1 Distribution pipelines 2 Storage tanks or reservoirs 3 Service connections or standpipes 4 Valves and other appurtenances B DISTRIBUTION PIPELINES Distribution pipelines must be able to convey quality water reliably and efficiently to the consumers and keep it from being contaminated along the way 1 Sound Operation Practices Properly constructed pipelines can provide years of trouble free operations However sound operation practices need to be observed both to ensure water quality and to prevent the deterioration of pipeline efficiency Sound operation practice can be summarized as follows 1 Always maintain positive line pressure Negative pressure could result in backflow from private storage and the intrusion of foreign water matter that may pollute or contaminate the system 2 Always open and shut off valves gradually Abruptly opening or shutting off a valve can cause sudden surges changes in water velocity and reversals of flow that might produce water hammer effects that could stir up sediments making the water dirty and damage valves and weaken the pipe joints Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 1 3 Implement an appropriate flushing program to clear sed
15. the cylinder hookup procedure may be repeated Open and close the main cylinder valve and repeat the ammonia test 4 Ifa leak is still indicated make a third and final attempt to get a good seal using a new lead washer 5 If the leak cannot be corrected after three attempts remove the cylinder from service and contact the supplier Ensure that there is no leak from this cylinder with the main valve closed A different cylinder must be connected to the chlorination system 6 Leave the chlorine room and remain nearby to restrict access to the room or provide other assistance as directed D REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE Employers in this case the water utility are responsible for training and providing written operational preventive maintenance and emergency procedures to any person who works on a chlorine system Employers in consultation with equipment manufacturers or suppliers must ensure that all equipment are inspected regularly and replaced when necessary The utility s management must make these written procedures readily available to all workers required to work on the chlorine system Workers should not only understand Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Page 7 5 but be thoroughly familiar with these procedures before carrying out repairs or maintenance on the chlorine system Only qualified workers must supervise the cleaning and repair of chlorine systems All assigned workers must be familiar with all the hazards and adh
16. 1 Calculates payrolls customer bills 2 Maintains uniform system of utility expenditures and income accounts prepares periodic summaries maintains balance sheet accounts Receives cash utility accounts and receipts same Reconciles daily transactions to cash received Transfers fund receipts to bank or to System head and secures receipts thereof 6 Other duties that may be assigned from time to time Ability to Maintain double entry system of bookkeeping perform financial computation and deal amiably with the public Minimum Qualifications Bachelor s degree in Commerce or related field plus at least 1 year experience in similar functions Page A 6 Annexes Annexes Annex E Sample Job Description Manager Job Title Manager Job Summary Directs the operating staff in accomplishing their functions makes policy proposal to Board participates in public hearings assemblies liaisons with LGU and other government officials Typical Duties 1 Establishes office goals and objectives 2 Ensures utility records are well maintained 3 Prepares studies for Board consideration 4 Makes presentations in public consultations and in other assemblies public offices financing institutions Ensures that the daily collections are secured and maintains daily log thereof Prepares reports to assemblies and Board Trains subordinates Ability to Effectively supervise and evaluate personnel and perfor
17. 4 O amp M expenses to be incurred The projected consumptions are then converted into equivalent volume units similar to the ROI method Cash flow projections for 5 years are made with the cash flow needs as the revenue requirements The annual average tariff is then calculated by getting the revenue requirements divided by the volume sold For more details readers are advised to log on to LWUA s website at www wua gov ph and access their primer on Water Rates and Related Practices D FINANCIAL SYSTEMS amp CONTROLS 1 Cash Security There are several instances wherein the utility can receive cash These are from collections donations or sales of assets It is very important for the utility to have a Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Page 10 9 procedure for each instance to ensure that the cash obtained is documented and secured As an example for office collections based on the copies of the Official Receipts the cashier prepares the Cash Collection Summary and compares collections with the Summary at the end of each day Collections are then kept in a steel vault The collections are then deposited the next day with a copy of the deposit slip The deposited amount is recorded in the Daily Cash Position Report 2 Disbursement Procedures All utilities must maintain disbursement procedures to keep track of the expenses and accountability purposes There are different purposes for the disbursements and the utility must e
18. Key Performance Indicators seessssssessesrrserrserrreerresrerseee 8 10 H Management Information System cccccccssseccccssseccecenecceeeeseceeeuecesseeeecessenseeeeaeeeeeas 8 10 e AUI a E E E E 8 11 J BUSINESS PIanNINE sorridi ER E EEEE Ee neni 8 11 Ce DOCUMEN oa A E N E 8 13 E PUDIERON eraa a E E E E E EE E E E 8 13 ME SUING COMMS ON O a a E E E E E E T E AE 8 15 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations ccsccsccccsccccsccscecceccccsccecsccsccccsccsceccesesceccecesens 9 1 Pe UNC a E E A E A E EN E E cantante 9 1 Ba Service Connection ADDIICATIONS 5 cessccacerncecannedianine dxansussexebevnrcsenendoasdadessvabedaeseannasexelarestaress 9 1 C Classification of Water Customers ccsccccccccccccseeesseeccccecesaaesseeecceeeesauaussssecceeeessaaaeaesss 9 3 D Bilime and C OMCC Ul OM atienacceenatinsianiscadecieceestnauaises ea aE a i Nea O EEA 9 5 E CEOE r CONA e ee Penne eee eee ee 9 10 F Dealing with Delinquent Accounts s ssssesesenesseessressrrrosrersrrrsseresrerseersseressereseerseereseee 9 11 G Management ReportS ssessssessessssresessesssrrsresesrrseosrsresssssosrsseseosrereseesresosesresrrssesesresee 9 12 Fle Low Collection EL ClO NGY sich ncntesutmedetuscedeviarntecdshnatacedasteodinunioasssaadsineedactedudyoudiaetaasinedastes 9 13 E BOIC EI U acacia ete wees A E E 9 13 J Use of Booster Pumps by Customers esssssssesessserssrreresrrrrssreresererssreresrrersssrereserereseerese 9 14 Chapter 1
19. Mix the compound in accordance with the manufacturer s directions which usually results in a paste of sticky consistency The compound is hydraulic cement that begins to bind once it comes into contact with water Once the water is mixed in the paste must be used within minutes 4 Apply the paste and force it into the crack Start from any edge 5 When sealing leaks beneath the water level in an undrained reservoir use a trowel or your hand with a glove Hold the mixture in place for 3 to 5 minutes or until no water passes through the leak 6 Keep the repaired leak damp for 15 or more minutes see directions c Repairs Using Epoxy Epoxy is an adhesive sealant available commercially in plastic packs of 15 grams or more It consists of two components A Resin and B Hardener Epoxy is generally used in repairing small leaks Repairing a reservoir using this compound requires the following steps 1 Drain the reservoir 2 Dry and clean the surface to be repaired In the case of steel tanks roughen the surface to ensure good adhesion In the case of concrete surfaces clean out all loose particles 3 Squeeze equal amounts of component A Resin and B Hardener on a suitable palette and mix thoroughly 4 Apply the mixture immediately to the leak 5 Allow 2 to 4 hours for the epoxy to set Check instructions on the package if more or less setting time is needed 6 Put the reservoir back to operation d Repairs
20. Requirements Cost per EV Total Equivalent Volume 3 Determine Tariff Rate Compute the tariff rate for the quantity block of each consumer category by multiplying cost per EV x incremental factor Page A 22 Annexes 10 11 12 13 14 References Asian Development Bank n d Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ADB Cortez M Orda E Elvas L Mendoza A M amp Salas S M 2010 Guide to Ring Fencing of Local Government Run Water Utilities World Bank Water and Sanitation Program WSP and Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PPIAF Department of Public Works and Highways 1991 Water Supply Manual Bureau of Research and Standards DPWH Department of the Interior and Local Government NJS Consultants CEST Inc amp TEST Consultants Inc 2007 Upgrading Guidelines Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Phase V DILG Hart W 2003 Protective Structures For Springs Spring Box Design Construction and Maintenance School of Forest Resources amp Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Local Water Utilities Administration 1994 Manual on Water Rates amp Related Practices LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration n d Commercial Practices Manual for Water Districts Vol II LWUA National Water Resources Board Asian Development Bank amp IDP Consult Inc 2005 Primer on Water Tariff Setting and Regulation NWRB
21. abrasion or cavitation K GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE TEST 1 The test should be carried out at the pump s normal operating conditions and at 2 points above and below this condition 2 Shut off and fully open discharge valve positions should also be checked do not exceed 3 seconds for shut off 3 Test data are recorded and compared with the previously obtained ratings or original pump curve points The pump station normally has 2 devices for measuring flow measurement one uses the orifice equipped by pass and table values and the other uses the flow meter which is read directly If there is no flow meter or orifice device in the by pass pipe flow measurements can still be made using volumetric measurements or horizontal flow measurements Refer to Annex B for an explanation of the horizontal flow method 1 Test Procedure Using an Electric Motor as Prime Mover 1 Close the distribution discharge valve and half open the by pass valve 2 Start operating the pumpset and let it run for about 5 minutes for water level to stabilize Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 21 3 Manipulate the discharge valve to the following settings while taking pressure and flow measurements e Operating pressure e Operating pressure less 10 psi e Operating pressure plus 10 psi e Operating pressure plus 20 psi 4 Shut off pressure do not exceed 3 seconds for this setting 2 Analysis of Pumpset Testing Results
22. and distribution of drinking water On the other hand Maintenance refers to the activities aimed at keeping existing facilities physical assets in serviceable condition for instance painting of steel reservoirs and repair of leaking pipes and worn out pumps O amp M aims to provide continuous and sustainable water supply services with the perspective that 1 The useful life of the water supply facilities needs to be extended and their service quality enhanced 2 The health of the population must be maintained 3 The quality of the environment must be preserved and protected and 4 The marginalized should be benefitted There are undesirable consequences of poor O amp M 1 Intermittent water supply due to wastage and depletion 2 Poor water quality due to inadequate treatment and contamination 3 Deterioration of pipes equipment and service 4 Increased cost of maintenance and 5 Failure to secure consumers acceptance when tariff increases are needed to sustain viability B WHY MAINTENANCE Maintenance of the facilities is essential in preventing component failure extending the useful life of the facilities and minimizing disruptions in services Good maintenance involves the following 1 Quick repair replacement of any failed component 2 Up to date training of maintenance personnel Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance Page 4 1 3 Adequate inventory of parts and tools needed for repairs 4 Effic
23. approaches may be used at different stages of the overall dialogue until the informed public can come to a final decision usually a consensus on the matter proposed Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 17 Page 8 18 Chapter 8 Administration Chapter 9 Commercial Operations This Chapter presents key guidelines and practices that SSWPs need to adopt in order to ensure sound commercial operations A GENERAL Commercial Operations pertain to the systems and procedures in dealing with customers and their bills These systems and procedures touch on the following aspects of the water Utility s business 1 Service Connection Applications Customer Classification Billing and Collection Customer Complaints Dealing with Delinquent Accounts Management Reports Improving Collection Efficiency Block Census et Se a a Use of Booster Pumps by Customers B SERVICE CONNECTION APPLICATIONS 1 Service Contracts a Level Il Systems For level Il systems every customer goes to the public tap to get their water The following practices are recommended 1 The SSWP should ensure that all public taps are metered and that a Caretaker is assigned for each tap 2 The Caretakers are responsible for controlling the water dispensed from the tap under their care and for collecting the fees based on number of containers drawn by each consumer The Utility then bills each Caretaker and collects the payments from him her based on
24. arises To be able to do this the Utility must have both the credibility and capacity to service the loan The Utility is then termed creditworthy A Utility is considered creditworthy when its financial performance and management meet the tests that reasonable lenders adopt in assessing loan applications The Utility must be able to show a history of sound financial and operational management usually evidenced by several years of acceptable audited financial statements Other factors that affect creditworthiness are management capacity and governance or accountability of the institutions and customer demographics Utilities applying for credit must present financial projections to confirm that sufficient revenue will be generated to cover relevant costs including routine operation and maintenance costs renewal and replacement of assets and system expansion and debt service In developed markets utilities can receive a credit rating indicating their level of creditworthiness and the level of risk involved in lending to it The rating affects the cost of borrowing utilities with strong credit ratings can borrow at lower interest rates while those with less borrowing experience or poorer financial performance will have to pay higher rates They may further be required to obtain a guarantee from the municipality or owners or they may not be able to borrow on the market Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Page 10 11 Page 10 12 Chapter 10 Financ
25. b Meter Reading Service activities are best grouped to achieve a system in which meters within an area can be read within a day The number of meters that can be read in a day should be determined A group of areas lumped together which could be read in 5 to 10 days could be grouped into a billing zone The water meters are read on a monthly schedule The area assignments of meter readers are rotated monthly if possible so that no meter reader will be making two consecutive readings of any meter Aside from reading the meters the meter reader should take note of and report service defects complaints from customers and any infraction of utility rules Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 5 c Billing Form 9 1 Daily Billing Report Consumption m Metered 1 Water bills are prepared not later than the day before the next meter reading Water bills prepared for the concessionaires belonging to a zone should be checked for completeness against the total number of connections shown in the master list of service connections Any discrepancy should be investigated and rectified 2 Completed water bills are forwarded to the manager then to the bill deliverers or meter readers at the end of the day for distribution Form 9 2 Customer Ledger Card Date Bill Others Particulars PEN sage Billings oeei Balance reading m3 amp Others 3 A Daily Billing Report is prepared for all bills prepared for the day T
26. be used in each situation 1 Hypochlorinator The hypochlorinator is a pump used to add hyphochlorite solutions to water at a manually adjustable feeding rate As in the setup shown in Figure 3 2 the pump draws the hypochlorite solution from a container and transfers it into the water being treated Due to the corrosiveness of the hyphochlorite solutions the critical parts of the pump are made of chemically resistant plastic and synthetic rubber Figure 3 2 A Hypochlorinator in Action Photo courtesy of Water Solution Partners Inc Hypochlorinators should not be placed or kept in the same room as other equipment like the switchboard other types of pumps meters tools and the like because of the Page 3 10 Chapter 3 Disinfection corrosiveness of the solutions In any case wherever the hypochlorinator is placed adequate floor drains should be provided to carry away wastewater spillage sludge and wash down water Figure 3 3 Drip Type Chlorinator TO CLEAN WATER TANK USEER STOPPER PLASTIC CAP PLASTIC JERRYCAN TO CLEAN WATER TANK NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual 2 Drip Type Chlorinator A drip type chlorinator can be used for disinfecting small reservoirs wells and cisterns To make a simple drip type chlorinator refer to Figure 3 3 and follow these steps Chapter 3 Disinfection Page 3 11 1 Use a plastic water container of about 6 18 liters volume capacity with a spout T
27. establishes how much groundwater can be taken from a well and what effects pumping will have on the aquifer and neighboring well supplies It is one of the design parameters for selecting the pump to be used The pumping tests are usually done by well drilling contractors who are knowledgeable and who possess the required tools and equipment for the tests It is rare for an SSWP to conduct this test itself However should this become necessary the general procedure for conducting such a test is illustrated in Annex A IV Once the safe pumping level is established it should be compared with the design pump curves of the equipment to be used This will guide the operational parameters for pumping water from the well I The importance and vital nature of the work of professional well drillers is underscored by the NWRB which imposes standards for their activities regulating and requiring them to register with it Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 1 2 Major Causes of Deteriorating Well Performance At the outset in designing and constructing a well care should be taken to prevent the major causes of eventual well deterioration Following are five of the main causes of deterioration in well performance Consider that the first four of these major causes of well deterioration are greatly influenced by the care taken in constructing the well 1 2 3 4 5 Well yield reduction due to incrustation and grow
28. filter into strips 3 With a flat square nosed shovel scrape 0 3 0 5 meter of the upper layer of the first strip and stack it to one side 4 Fill the excavated trench with the new clean sand and scrape 0 3 0 5 meter of the adjacent or second strip and place it on top of the first strip 5 Fill the second strip with new sand and scrape 0 3 0 5 meter of the adjacent or third strip and place it on top of the second strip 6 When the whole bed has been re sanded use the material scraped from the first strip to cover the new sand in the last strip 7 Operate the filter as described in sub section 2 7 Washing Filter Sand In areas where sand is expensive or difficult to obtain surface scrapings or used sand should be recycled Scrapings should be washed immediately to remove organic matter Filter sand may be washed manually or mechanically a Manual Washing 1 Transfer the scrapings to a box 2 Fill the box with clean water 3 Stir the sand in the box with a spade or shovel vigorously enough to separate the sand particles from the impurities 4 Transfer the sand into the second box and add clear water Stir the contents of the box to separate the organic matter from sand particles 5 Repeat the above procedure until the wastewater is fairly clear 6 Store the sand b Mechanical Washing A machine called the ejector type mechanical sand washing machine is used for this purpose The machine consists
29. financial statements L PUBLIC RELATIONS Public acceptance and support are a major concern of the Board and management The SSWP primarily serves the public or its members and is funded through water revenues To prosper and grow it must have the support and build the goodwill of the stakeholders in the community namely its members and the LGU officials In all their dealings and exposures to the public all persons identified with the Utility including its Board members management and staff must project and maintain an image of professionalism and public responsibility In the Philippine social setting the image of helpfulness fairness friendliness respect as well as competence are appreciated and rewarded with acceptance trust and overall public support The Board Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 13 and management should define policies and take the necessary steps to secure this support Some of the measures that could help the Utility build a good public image are 1 By Board Members 1 Taking the lead by setting personal examples such as listening to suggestions and complaints directly brought to their attention and referring these to management for action 2 Defining policies to guide the Utility s management and staff in properly dealing with its customers 3 Being publicly visible and identified with the Utility for instance by attending public forums and participating in public affairs events a
30. from them before use Trichloroethylene or other recommended chlorinated solvents may be used however take special precautions because these solvents can produce serious health effects Never use hydrocarbon or alcohol solvents for cleaning because they can react violently with chlorine 3 Heat Because iron and steel will ignite in chlorine at about 230 C 450 500 F all welding or burning must only be done after the chlorine equipment are completely emptied and purged with dry air Page 7 6 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety 3 Personal Protective Equipment Controlling exposure requires strict attention to the chlorine exposure limits see Table 7 2 Appropriate eye skin and respiratory protection are essential Workers must be familiar with their use and understand the equipment limitations or capacities a Basic Protection When chlorine gas is in the air safety glasses and face shields will not protect the eyes and respiratory passages Workers in an area where the concentration of chlorine may cause mild to moderate irritation must wear eye protection with a tight seal around the eyes as well as a respirator that prevents inhaling the gas If a full face respirator is not available a half face respirator and vapor tight chemical goggles should be worn b Skin Protection Emergency response workers who are engaged in controlling a serious chlorine leak must have access to full body protective suits c Full face Respirators
31. generally set to cover normal operation and maintenance costs as well as to provide surplus funds to cover emergency requirements However regardless of how well designed the tariff structure may be if bills are not collected or are not collected on time the Utility will experience cash shortages that could compromise service levels Unfortunately the resulting poor service often leads customers to delay or even stop payments which leads to further deterioration of services This cycle if not arrested on time will eventually lead to the system becoming non operational or even being abandoned 3 Preserving the Health of the Community The sole product of the Utility is water and it is imperative for this product to meet the specified standards of the PNDSW As a minimum the Utility should have a sample tested in an accredited DOH laboratory for bacteriological presence at least once a month Should a sample test positive for coli forms a re sampling should be done immediately while the Utility without waiting for the results should simultaneously search for the possible source of contamination A second positive test should cause the SSWP to consider suspension of operations or advise all customers to boil their drinking water until the problem is solved It is therefore essential to follow the procedures for chlorine water treatment to eradicate harmful organisms Chlorine residuals should be taken at different distribution points w
32. it into a Maintenance Order This order will be used as a basis for responding to the defect Page 9 10 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations 3 If the service complaint is made at the office the complaint is recorded in the Complaint Logbook and used as a basis for further action All service requests carried by the Meter Readers should also be noted in this Logbook F DEALING WITH DELINQUENT ACCOUNTS 1 If the SSWP is consistently firm in implementing its disconnection policies fewer problems will arise in dealing with delinquent accounts For all intents and purposes and depending on Board policies delinquent accounts are those with arrears greater than 2 months Two months is a benchmark because the consumer gets to use water for a month without any bills 15 days due date upon billing and another 7 15 days due date for a disconnection notice 2 When the customer subsequently applies for reconnection the reconnection fee plus the arrears should be collected before reconnection 3 If for some reasons the number of delinquent accounts grows the SSWP should take the following steps e Ensure that the accounts have all been disconnected Review delinquent accounts that have not been disconnected if they have been issued the appropriate collection notices e 6 If yes disconnect immediately If not issue the appropriate notices e ifthe customer has another connection different account number add the debt to the second
33. liquid temperature is too high for the suction conditions J PUMPSET PERFORMANCE TESTING Pumps are always supplied with pump curves data when newly purchased The pump curve shows the pump efficiency at its operating conditions In the example in Figure 5 7 note that the head curve for a radial flow pump is relatively flat and that the head decreases gradually as the flow increases Note also that the brake horsepower increases gradually over the flow range with the maximum normally at the point of maximum flow The three pump characteristics shown in the graph are e Head Capacity e Power Capacity e Efficiency Capacity Page 5 20 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities As the pump ages or is affected by operating problems its efficiency will drop causing reduced pump capacity and higher operating cost This loss of pump capacity can be determined by a pumpset performance testing Figure 5 7 Sample Curves for a Centrifugal Pump Z 8 z PER CENT OF BEST EFFICIENCY E p j Oo E a i ui o a E TE 7 E Lil E PER CENT OF BHP AT ma an Sze ATT 40 eo an ic PER CENT OF DESIGN FLOW Periodic checking of the pumpset pump and motor will disclose deterioration of operation before any serious problems develop A performance check should be carried out every year or as often as required especially when the pump is subjected to severe conditions such as corrosion sand pumping
34. meter per day maximum allowable net income maximum day demand milligrams per liter millimeter million liters per day millimeters per hour Memorandum of Agreement Newtons per square meter Non Government Organization net positive suction head net positive suction head available net positive suction head requirement non revenue water Nephelometric turbidity unit operation and maintenance outside diameter Opex Pa PE pipe PEER PNS PNSDW psi PVC pipe PWL ROI RR RWSA SCBA operational expenses Pascal polyethylene pipe property and equipment entitled to return Philippine National Standards Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water pounds per square inch polyvinyl chloride pipe pumping water level return on investment revenue requirements Rural Water amp Sanitation Association self contained breathing apparatus shielded metal arc welding Small Scale Water Provider Static water level total dynamic head total dissolved solids volume container variation in mass container container material water horsepower water level Table of Contents Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements ccsccscsccsccsceccscescssescecees 1 1 A UASTIC UFO MOOGI ee E ds dunsanedususancstesdecsaensaoutnastecstentecmseuetncnntentonees 1 1 Bs Institutional REGUICOTING INES sssri nE EE TE ETE 1 2 Ce USS Ie UET E E EE 1 4 D Regulatory RequirementsS sssesseessrerss
35. multi sectoral efforts to extend the availability of safe water to our countrymen Water security is a critical issue that we must address for it is essential to maintaining the well being and dignity of human life Thus I am heartened by our steady progress in this regard significantly decreasing the number of families without access to water from over 27 million in the 1990s to less than 16 million at present These accomplishments are in no small part due to the cooperation among agencies and institutions and the support given by their leadership who have established the necessary programs and administrative mechanisms to enable a dynamic exchange of skills and expertise To sustain the gains that we have achieved in securing the safety and accessibility of our water resources our government is set on formulating and implementing a unifying framework that will harmonize the work of all engaged stakeholders in the water sector in order to enhance support and ensure that the provision of safe water becomes a universal self sustaining aspect of our total development as a nation With your continued enthusiasm I am confident that we can meet and perhaps even surpass our Millenium Development Goal for safe water Equitable growth can only be accomplished by integrating social justice as the central component of our development agenda applying a fair and equal treatment of every individual under the law and by our institutions Let us work to
36. of tariff adjustments e The Cash Flow Statement is based on the cash method of accounting rather than on the accrual method See Footnote 24 for a brief explanation Form 10 1 shows a format of a quarterly Cash Flow Statement Page 10 4 Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Form 10 1 Sample Cash Flow Statement 5 Income Statement While the Cash Flow Statement may indicate cash sufficiency during the budget period it does not show that the Utility is earning a profit The statement designed to determine profitability is the Income Statement which uses the accrual method of accounting i Requires a support table showing the types of connections and average revenue type of connections In the accrual method earned revenue is recognized as income for the time period in which it was earned even if it will only be collected encashed at some future time period In the cash method even if the income has been earned as long as it is not received as cash it is not reflected in the cash flow statement Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Page 10 5 Form 10 2 shows a format of a Comparative Income Statement Form 10 2 Format of a Comparative Income Statement This year tastyear Variance Operating Revenues Less Operating Expenses Operation Expense Maintenance expenses Depreciation Total Operating Expense Operating Income Other Income Total Income Less Misc Income Deductions Net Income before Interest and Taxes Less
37. one cna cules EEE EEEE E EEE Es RINSE Era ERRi 6 6 PEPE PIPER DA oa E E R SE 6 8 Xi xii Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements This Chapter describes the institutional requirements that a small scale water provider SSWP must meet and the steps it must take to legalize its existence and operations It must be clearly understood that the business of selling water is by nature a public utility and under Philippine law the SSWP is considered a public utility enfranchised and regulated as such A INSTITUTIONAL MODELS In general there are three types of institutional models that SSWPs can adopt in setting up a Level II or Level III water utility system e Community Based Organization CBO CBOs include the Rural Water amp Sanitation Associations RWSAs and Water Cooperatives including Homeowners Associations which are organized to provide water service to their members and are responsible for the operation and management O amp M of the water system e Local Enterprise This model includes water supply businesses operated generally by small private entrepreneurs examples of which are water truckers carriers or vendors and other private individuals who provide water services at times and in places that main water utilities are unable serve Some examples of larger private water service enterprises that may still be classified as SSWPs are those operated by private developers These are businesses ru
38. repaired section Observe carefully if the repaired section is not leaking 10 If there is no more leak backfill the excavation and restore the surface to its former condition 11 Disinfect the repaired section b For Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Pipes 1 Isolate the defective section by closing the appropriate control valves 2 Excavate the water main 3 Pinpoint the leak 4 Measure and cut the defective portion of the pipeline The length of the pipe cut should have an equivalent commercially available threaded nipple Install the PVC socket and adaptor union A 6 Join the two cut portions of the water main with the nipple in between In case PVC threaded nipple is not available use the equivalent G I threaded nipple 7 Open the control valve to allow water to flow into the repaired section and observe if it is not leaking 8 If there is no more leak backfill the excavation and restore the surface to its former condition 9 Disinfect the repaired section c For Polybutylene PB and Polyethylene PE Pipes 1 Isolate the defective section by closing the appropriate valves and excavate main 2 Cut the defective portion of the water main 3 Check if the two separate ends of the cut can be pulled together to be joined This is usually possible because PB and PE pipes are laid in serpentine fashion as shown in Figure 6 2 Otherwise a small connecting section must be inserted 4 Join the 2 separated
39. repairs and inform supervisory personnel Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance Page 4 3 3 Whenever practical well output and discharge pressures ideally should be recorded daily If a flow meter is not available the method given in Chapter 2 can be used to measure flows from the well 2 Emergency Provisions To minimize the failure of operations during emergencies the following should observed 1 Reservoirs should never go below half full before the pumps are restarted If the operator knows the schedule of a power outage he must ensure that the reservoir is full by the time the power is out For power outages or calamity repairs that could last for more than a day the operator should limit or ration the supply of water by valve throttling Fuel if used by the system should always be on stock for at least 2 days of operational needs The Utility should have an Emergency Plan clearly designating the emergency team members their specific functions and a backup office or meeting place The Utility should have the contact numbers of those who can assist during emergencies nearby utilities private deep well owners well drillers pump suppliers water tankers treatment equipment suppliers power suppliers government agencies etc The personnel designated to respond to emergencies should have these numbers After a calamity the operator must conduct a field survey to determine damaged facilities and the ext
40. the expression p 0 424h SG 1 Bar 0 9869 atm Page 2 6 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Where p pressure psi h head ft SG specific gravity In the English system the SG of water is 1 e Converting head in meters to pressure in bar Meters of head can be converted to pressure bars by the expression p 0 0981h SG Where p pressure bar h head m 2 Converting Pressure to Head e Converting pressure in psi to head in feet h 2 31p SG Where p pressure psi h head ft e Converting pressure in bar to head in meters h 10 197p SG Where p pressure bar h head m Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Page 2 7 e Converting pressure in kg cm to head in meters h 10p SG Where p pressure kg cm h head m Example Determining Pressure Gauge Accuracy The pressure gauge beside the elevated reservoir reads 40 psi But the operator doubts the accuracy of the pressure gauge How can he determine the accuracy of the gauge To convert psi to head in feet the formula is h 2 31p therefore the height of the water level should be h 2 31 x 40 92 4 ft The operator has to measure the height of the water level in the reservoir from the gauge level If the measured height is not 92 4 ft or 28 2 meters then the gauge accuracy Is in question E FLOW MEASUREMENTS For liquids various units are used depending upon the application and industry but mig
41. to compensate for the choking of the filter and to maintain a constant filtration rate In case the valve is already fully opened and yet the design flow rate is still unattainable the filter operation should be stopped and the filter cleaned Inflow is likewise adjusted by means of a simple manually operated valve so that the level of water in the supernatant reservoir remains constant The valve will need Page 5 26 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities periodic checking in order not to waste raw water through excessive delivery or to avoid diminishing output through a dropping water level over the filter bed 5 Filter Cleaning Filter cleaning will be necessary when the top 1 2 cm of the filter bed becomes choked If a gate valve is used for effluent control the indicator of a choked filter bed is the continued reduction of the effluent flow rate even when the valve is fully open If the floating orifice is used for effluent control a choked bed will be apparent when the orifice drops significantly near the level of the mount of the guide due to the reduction of water level in the outlet chamber Choking usually takes place after one or two months of continuous filter operation depending on the turbidity of raw water treated The filter bed is cleaned as follows 1 Close the raw water inlet valve and allow the water level in the supernatant water reservoir to drop to the filter bed surface 2 Close the outlet valve
42. unreasonable and wasteful usage of water 6 Enforceability The rates must be fair reasonable and transparent They should be justifiable and acceptable to the consumers C TARRIF SETTING METHODOLOGIES Two nationally accepted tariff methodologies are presented here the Return on Investment ROI Method adopted by the NWRB and the Cash Flow Needs Method utilized by the LWUA Water Districts There are many similarities between the two methods such as the use of quantity blocks of consumption and meeting the financial requirements of the utility Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Page 10 7 1 NWRB S Return on Investment ROI Methodology The NWRB uses this tariff methodology While designed for Level Ill systems it can be adopted for use even by Level II systems Water systems registered with NWRB should use this method in formulating water tariffs a Guidelines The following are guidelines for the NWRB ROI method 1 Time Span The methodology results in a 5 year tariff level 2 A Business Plan with detailed projected OPEX and CAPEX must be able to justify tariff levels for a 5 year period Service Levels Tariff is computed based on agreed service levels Key Performance Indicators KPIs should provide a basis for projections An Excel based tariff model is used E Calculation of an average ROI to reduce price shocks within the 5 year period and to reduce administrative workloads 7 Need for public hearings a
43. year s actual expenditures as compared with the approved budget and the presentation of objectives and goals for the coming calendar year The deviations between the actual estimated disbursements and budgeted amounts for the current year have to be explained and related to the Utility s performance in terms of the current year s objectives 1 These analyses need to be presented to the Board which needs to appreciate and evaluate whether the objectives set for the following year are the right ones are worth the budgetary outlays proposed and are realistic in the sense that they can be supported by the revenues to be realized by the business In other words management should state the reasons objectives for having a budget 2 Depending on management s presentation and the Board s appreciation of the budgetary proposal the Board may request management to make the modifications it deems necessary or approve the budgetary plan outright 3 It generally takes a minimum of 2 to 3 Board meetings before the Board approves the budget 3 Operation and Maintenance Budget The O amp M cost is the total estimated cost required to manage operate and maintain the water supply system The projection of the O amp M Budget usually is fairly straightforward unless major deteriorations of the facilities have created expectations of unpredictable Called actual estimated because the presentation could be made in Oct or Nov while the f
44. 0 Financial Aspects csscsccsccsceccsccccsccsceccsccccsccsceccsccscescecesceccsceccsceecess 10 1 A 00 42 a 01 gcd 6 eer E E 10 1 Be TA E ants peg nes ou vee E vv nnn E E EE E A E O 10 6 C Tarrif Setting MethodologieS sssesesseensssrrssrrrresrrerssrrressrrrrssreresrrerssreresereessrereesereesene 10 7 D Financial Systems Gc CON ONS ccrreriarirreriini Ei E EEE i 10 9 E ObDtaining Loan FINANCING esccssmicescasninaneiii aia anid 10 11 AS E E E E A 1 TDC OLANI OK ea R E A A 1 FREON CUNO S orrae E E A 23 List of Tables Table 2 1 Metric Units Of Leng UU erucctatavesnancevactcacesoetaceedncins esnducecanenodseantaerscarctemessenncedetesccacannaanne 2 2 Table 2 2 English Units of Length e ssssssssssesessenssssrrrssrerseserressrereserressrrrssrrresssrersseeresererssrereseerere 2 2 Table 2 3 Converting Between Metric and English Units of Length cccccesccceesseeeeeeeseeeeees 2 2 Table 2 4 Metric Units of VOIUMG essssssssnessssssssseerrrsssssssrerrsssssssrrrerresssssserrreessssseeereesssssssseeeeeees 2 5 Table 3 1 Percentage of Available Chlorine ssssssesrsserssesrnssressrsnssrrssrrrssrrnsrrresrersrrreerresrrreeereens 3 5 Table 3 2 Chlorination Guidelines sssssssnsssssssresssserrsssssererssssreresssseressssreresssseereessseereessene 3 13 Table 4 1 Practical Solutions to Common O amp M Problems ccccssssecccesssssseecceeaeeeeeeeessaeeeees 4 5 Table 5 1 Common Spring Box
45. 1 Reduced Head Curve Pump Efficiency and bhp Reduction on all 3 curves is brought about by worn impellers Ample clearance should be provided to prevent impeller abrasion by sand Impeller abrasions will result in reduced water yield In such a case the pump should be pulled out and repaired 2 Reduced Head Curve and Pump Efficiency at Constant bhp Accumulated mineral deposits in bowl wall eyes and at impeller shrouds cause restrictions and inflow turbulence resulting in a reduced Q versus TDH curve and reduced pump efficiency In this case the pump should be pulled out for cleaning L MAINTENANCE OF PUMP STATION AND SURROUNDINGS The operator should at all times maintain the cleanliness of the pump station and its surroundings not only for aesthetic reasons but also for sanitary reasons Water users usually associate the quality of the water with the condition and cleanliness of the facilities If these are in poor condition the water quality will be subject to doubt The pump station and the surroundings should be periodically cleaned Rubbish should be disposed off the dust swept out The pump house should be kept in good repair and when needed painted Ideally trees and plants should be planted in the premises M ELECTRIC MOTOR ROUTINE MAINTENANCE The most important items for good maintenance of an electric motor aside from checking for bearing wear are regular use and keeping it warm from operation clean and d
46. 235 CH COVER O 46M CEMENT MORTAR JOINT 305 M APPROX B0 CM BRC PPE ITaG GROUT 10 CM THICK FINE GRAVEL STRAINER 50mm PVC PERFORATED Bar oe ee ae at SS eS See ee eee ee ee i5 CM THICK CONCRETE SLAB SECTION OF INFILTRATION GALLERY FILTER BED iO mm 6 DETAIL OF PIPE COLLECTOR Se 6 35mm 4 4 HOLES AT 76mm 3 ON DETAIL OF PIPE COLLECTOR CENTER 4 ROWS PER LENGTH OF PIPE NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 3 1 Operation Water enters the perforated pipe collectors and then flows by gravity to the main collection sump or well From this sump or well water is pumped out to the distribution system 2 Common Causes amp Corrective Measures for Infiltration Gallery Failure 1 Clogging of the Filter Bed The clogging of the filter blanket surrounding the collector pipes is indicated by the lowering of the water level in the main sump well while pumping at the normal rate This clogging is due to the deposition of fine silt on the filter blanket The clogging material usually can be dislodged by surging using compressed air or a force pump If these methods will not work the only remedy is to dig up and clean the sand gravel blanket 2 Poor Quality of Water Yield The most probable cause of the deterioration in water quality is a defective filter bed which allows contamina
47. 6 mm which is nominally refered to as a 100 mm pipe A 6 in pipe would be 6 in x 25 4 d ae 152 4 mm nominally 150 mm Example 2 The 10 pipes delivered were 20 ft each in length What is the total length in meters Since there are 3 281 ft in one meter 10 pipes x 20 ft each 200 ft 3 2811 t m 60 96 m C MEASURES OF VOLUME Volume can be defined as the amount of space occupied by an object or conversely the amount of space available to accommodate materials For SSWPs volume measurements of containers and water are important In the case of solids and the internal space capacity of containers the common basic unit is the cubic meter m In the case of liquids like water it is the liter I One liter is equal to 1 000 cubic centimeters cm and 1 000 liters is equivalent to one kiloliter kl or 1 cubic meter m In conventional and water industry use large volumes of water are expressed in terms of cubic meters in other words in terms of the capacity volume of the containers they would fill It is easier to measure the 3 dimensions of a container than it is to measure uncontained water Since 1 kl of water in standard testing conditions is equal to one cubic meter m it is common to use cubic meters to refer to larger volumes of water although in many instances thousands and millions of liters are the more impressive expressions used 1 Volume of Containers The measurement of volume for
48. Check if the head shaft is concentric with the motor hollow shaft bore If needed adjust by using shims 3 Other Common Problems Other common problems and their remedies are summarized in Table 5 4 on the following page Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 11 Table 5 4 Common Troubles in Operating Centrifugal Pumps and their Remedies Trouble Likely Cause of Trouble Pump Motor Blown fuse or open circuit breaker fails to start Motor or starting switch out of order Break in wiring Stuffing box may be binding or tightly packed Scale or sand in the impeller Pump lost first priming Pump repeatedly loses priming due to leaky drop pipe or suction pipe No water at source due to overpumping Collapse of well casing or screens Pump runs but delivers no VEL Clogging of well screens Well not yielding enough water Air leaks in suction pipe Incrustation or partial clogging of well screens Impeller is worn out or lugged with scale or trash Foot valve may be obstructed Bearing or other working parts of pumps are loose or need to be replaced Pump motor is loosely mounted Low water level in well Presence of air in suction line Pump runs but delivers only a small amount of water Noisy Pump NWRC RWS O amp M Manual Vol III Remedy Replace fuse or reset circuit breaker Inspect repair Refer to equipment supplier or experienced mechanic or electrician R
49. Failures and their REMe IES ccccceeccceeeceeeeceeeceeeeseeeeeeneens 5 6 Table 5 2 Steps for Manually Stopping PUMP Operation ccecccccsssececeseceeeeececeeeesecesseeeees 5 9 Table 5 3 Steps in Operating Centrifugal PUMPS ccccccccssseccecessecesseseceeeeeeeeseeecetseneeeeeeees 5 11 Table 5 4 Common Troubles in Operating Centrifugal Pumps and their Remedies 5 12 Table 5 5 Common Troubles in Operating Submersible Pumps and their Remedies 5 15 Table 5 6 Troubleshooting Jet PUMP ProbleMS ccccccsseccessececesececeseceeeneeeaencessuecessueeeeenees 5 19 Table 6 1 Optimum Meter Replacement Cycle years cccccccsssecccessecceceeeeceeseesecetseeeceseeeees 6 22 Table 7 1 Toxic Effects Of CHIOrine cccccccccccsssessseceeeccccessueessecececesssueesssseeececeesseuesseeeceseesaaeees 7 1 Table 7 2 Chlorine Expos re LIMITS xscccsiscesossacetindeensncosaesiosatancesacoedeoneediehanieeosaceieesoiaagernmenniceeertien 7 2 Table 8 1 Minimum Key Performance INGiICAtOMS cccccessccceeececeeececeneceeeseeseeeceseueceeeuseeeeeness 8 10 Table 10 1 Items Included in the Cash FIOW ccccccccssssssecccseesseeeccesseusececsseasseseesseesseeseesaas 10 9 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 Figure 5 4 Figure 5 5 Figure 5 6 Figure 5 7 Figure 5 8 Figure 5 9 Figure 6 1
50. Figure 6 2 List of Figures PROC Ue Ub PA ileeeas cracteneseade E E E naedtvassavesantdadecdscntadvereiatecannsedeonaiesenvicee 2 4 Volume OT a CYIWAGER scorsa nr EAE 2 5 BOSS UN Sistecar paces E A E E A E E AE E EE 2 6 Chorne Comparato eicsenisnesnn ae e e ia 3 8 A Hypochlorinator INACTION wesccesticincs ccadossrneveancdeveceaitncesdesat qussteguey said eaalicnadeesiante 3 10 Drip Type CHIOrinator cccccccccssecccesecccesecccesccceseceeeueceeeneeesecesseeceseeeeeeneeseeeceteess 3 11 Details of an Infiltration Gallery ee eecccccssececcesecceeeesececeeeeceeeeeeeeessesecessegeceeees 5 3 Spring Box Site Plan and Design cccccecccsecccsecceeeceeneceeeeseneceeuceeeuceeeeceegeceeeeseeeeseees 5 5 CeNtriiUzal Pump Delais lt idsccsccesesincedstevesdsedencteasesantdsccvnce sveniacsisnenvesccenctbaseiactaseceees 5 10 Details of a Submersible PUMP ccscccccssecceceesececeeeececeeesecessesecesseneeeesauaeeesseneeess 5 13 Positive Displacement PUMP sssessssssssssssessrressrrrsserssrrssrrrssrresrersrrrssrresereseeesseresrerse 5 16 Details of an Installed Jet PUMP ccccccsssscsssssevecccnsvscnenssscsecssestousesscuenesseneoussenes 5 18 Sample Curves for a Centrifugal PUMP ccccccseecccssecscesececeececeeeeeeeseseueceseneseeeees 5 21 Elements Of a Slow Sand Filter ssisepeariieinennepsind erar EE EEPE a 5 25 Details Of Sand Filters rrr E R O EE 5 28 GI Pipe Repairs seca cant ss ctctecrs erie acter te
51. LGUs have to provide these services directly LGUs can create water districts or CBOs or contract out or partner with the private sector for these services The LGU Model should only be adopted as a last recourse when all the other options are not possible or viable B INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS At the outset the organizers LGUs and community members will need to choose whether to set up a RWSA Cooperative or another type of organization to operate their water system This choice will be based on their own perception of needs their relationships and capabilities their desired level of participation and preferences The following sections describe some of the options and considerations in making their choice 1 Rural Water and Sanitation Associations The Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association RWSA is a non stock non profit association organized and registered with the Local Water Utilities Administration LWUA in accordance with the provisions of EO 577 As an entity designed for the single purpose of establishing and or operating a small scale water system the RWSA is relatively simple and easy to organize It enjoys the advantages of technical organizational and financial support from LWUA In applying for LWUA registration the RWSA needs to submit to the LWUA the following documents in two 2 copies each e Articles of Incorporation e By laws e Minutes of Organizational meeting e Minutes of First Board Meeting e Fe
52. MOTOR STAINLESS STEEL OUTER STATOR CASE STAINLESS STEEL INNER STATOR CASE THRUST BEARING DETAIL OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 13 2 Maintenance amp Repair To begin a maintenance job analysis the assigned person needs the following information e Pump motor unit size and type e Static and pumping water level of the well e Size of drop pipe e Pump setting e Discharge pressure required e Capacity pumped e Line voltage and e Operating Manual 3 Common Troubles of Submersible Pumps and Their Remedies Table 5 5 summarizes the common problems of submersible pumps and their remedies G POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP Positive displacement pumps are either reciprocating or rotary types Figure 5 5 A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it then forcing displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe The flow is directly related to RPM and pressure by the restriction of the flow in the discharge line Once the system pressure is set any change in flow will result in a change in pressure These changes in flow can occur from certain conditions in the pump inlet line the pump itself the pump drive or in the pump discharge line 1 Pump Inlet Problems The inlet conditions are often among the first items to investigate when a system loses pressure Many thin
53. Management Information System MIS of the SSWP the following commercial operational information should be summarized and reported on a monthly basis 1 Report on Billing and Collection Refer to Form 9 1 and Form 9 4 for sample source documents 2 Production and Per Capita Consumption The per capita consumption can be obtained from the total domestic consumption divided by the number of domestic persons served no of domestic connections x average family size Production is from the production records 3 New Connections Applications Number filed and number of active connections per category 4 Complaints Number and nature of complaints and average resolution time 2 Billing and Collections The billing and collection system should be able to summarize every month the following information Total Billings amp Collections by Type of Connections Total Number of Connections Collections on Current Billings and Arrears Cubic meters Billed Average Consumption per Domestic Connection Connections with Arrears of More than 1 Month The report format contained in Annex G can be utilized for this purpose 2 months of average bill is highly recommended Page 9 12 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations H LOW COLLECTION EFFICIENCY Under normal conditions low collection efficiency in Level Ill services can be remedied by strict enforcement of the policies on billing collection penalty disconnection illegal connections pilfe
54. SSWP management to be responsive to the views of its members When existing policies are not responsive to the members needs efforts should be taken to craft more responsive more effective ones Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Page 1 9 5 No Full Time or Operational Staff If the system really needs full time staff then they should be compensated for their time through allowances or salaries Their compensation can be included in the tariff calculations 6 No Organizational Records and Minutes of Meetings The concerned staff or officers should be fully trained to carry out their essential tasks and functions The utility should buy or acquire a filing cabinet in which it can keep all its records If it has no office it should arrange to keep the filing cabinet in the house of one of the officers Upon election of new officers the filing cabinet and its contents should be transferred to the new officer responsible for custody of the files 7 No Management Information System in Place Professional support in the development and installation of a simple and effective management information system should be sought from national agencies NGOs or nearby utilities Page 1 10 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics This Chapter provides a reference and guide to the basic mathematics needed for operational purposes of the Utility A INTRODUCTION The two m
55. The cooperative by laws which state the rules and regulations governing the operation of the cooperative must be drafted Third The Articles of Cooperation must be drafted Mandatory contents of the articles of cooperation are the following a the name of the cooperative which must include the word cooperative b the purpose or purposes and scope of business of the cooperative c the term of existence of cooperative d the area of operation and the postal addresses of the registrant cooperators e the common bond of membership f the names of the directors who shall manage the cooperative g the amount of share capital h the names and residences of its contributors and i the type of cooperative whether it is primary secondary or tertiary Fourth Bonds must be secured for the accountable officers usually the Treasurer and the Manager The amounts are to be decided upon by the Board of Directors based on the initial net worth of the cooperative which includes the paid up capital membership fees and other assets of the cooperative at the time of registration The following documents are needed for registration purposes e Four 4 copies each of the Economic Survey Articles of Cooperation and By Laws duly notarized e Bonds of accountable officers any directors officers and employees handling funds securities of properties in behalf of the cooperative e Sworn statement of the treasurer duly notarized s
56. Without documented proof of ownership of the system land assets and facilities an adverse turn in political power could result in an adverse LGU administration making claims on or taking over the RWSA s assets Moreover the utility may find it difficult to borrow without documents showing ownership of the assets It is however possible for SSWPs to operators of water utilities that they do not own Usually these are owned by LGUs An SSWP engaged by an LGU for this purpose must have a Memorandum of Agreement MOA or a formal contract with the LGU specifying the period of the contract the duties and obligations of each party and what would constitute default in operations D REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS SSWPs are legal entities that must be formally incorporated and registered in order to exist legally They operate within particular areas and thus are subject to the local laws and ordinances that apply in those areas They use an important national resource whose use must be managed by the State and thus they must obtain the right to use such resource and comply with the purpose and manner of its use The Level II III systems they operate are water utilities hence their costs of services as well as the quality of their product water are subject to regulation In view of these considerations the State has established a Regulatory Framework for the operation of water utilities like SSWPs 1 Regulatory Framework The regulatory frame
57. a Manager Project Planning Division Mr Angelito C Bernardo Manager Project Monitoring amp Evaluation Division Department of Public Works and Highways Hon Rogelio L Singson Secretary Mr Ernesto S Gregorio Jr Project Director PMO RWS CARP Mr Virgilio G Gacusana Assistant Director PMO RWS CARP Mr Dindo S Taberna Technical Coordinator PMO RWS CARP Department of Health Hon Enrique T Ona Secretary of Health Mr Joselito M Riego de Dios Chief Health Program Officer Engr Ma Sonabel S Anarna Supervising Health Program Officer National Anti Poverty Commission Hon Jose Eliseo M Rocamora Secretary Hon Patrocinio Jude H Esguerra Undersecretary Ms Cynthia A Ambe Senior Technical Officer III The project team also acknowledges Engr Ramon L dela Torre Engr Yolanda Mingoa Mr Victoriano Y Liu Jr Mr Simplicio C Belisario Jr Mr Nasser Sinarimbo and Ms Mariles R Navarro for their collaboration and unfailing support For the professional advice and their comments and inputs in enhancing the Manuals the team also extends its gratitude to the following Ms Elizabeth L Kleemeier Senior Water amp Sanitation Specialist TWIWA World Bank WB Ms Ly Thi Dieu Vu Consultant EASVS WB Mr Shyam KC Disaster Risk Management Specialist EASIN WB Mr Alexander V Danilenko Senior Water Supply and Sanitation Engineer WSP WB and Mr Virendra Kumar Agarwal Consultant WB The team would also like to e
58. a CPC from NWRB Nonetheless the SSWP must apply for a Water Right with the NWRB and comply with its annual reporting requirements To process an application for a CPC and issue approval of a tariff proposal the NWRB will require the following documents to be submitted 1 Registration with SEC LWUA or CDA Articles of Incorporation and By laws Water Permit if the utility has its own source Plan of the water distribution system Plan elevation and cross sectional views of reservoir and pump house Certificate of potability eS eS p Business Plan for 5 years and gt Sometimes referred to as Mayor s Permit or Business License Certificate of Public Conveyance is a permit allowing the utility permittee to operate a water system for a certain period in a given area For RWSAs only Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Page 1 7 8 Service levels agreed with consumers commensurate with proposed rates The NWRB has the authority to set rules on maximum return on investments for all SSWPs It should be noted that the current policy of the national government is to set tariffs on the basis of cost recovery SSWPs are allowed to have a maximum of 12 return on assets Once it has obtained its CPC the SSWP is required to submit an Annual Report to the NWRB The Annual Report is a compilation of data pertaining to a water utility operator It depicts the financial condition and other i
59. ability and experience to do the job 2 Determine willingness to do the job 3 Determine attitude to work in the group and attain utility objectives c Other Considerations In many cases no applicants with the necessary experience and education are available An assessment of the general aptitude of the applicant which indicates how easily they can learn on the job as well as attitude and willingness to learn may have to be the deciding factors In such a case emphasis should be on the multi tasking requirements of the job In an SSWP the operator will have to double as the plumber and meter reader while the bookkeeper will need to do the billing and collection too Job exposure and training will have to make up for deficiencies d Probation Period Any appointment should initially be provisional or probationary This provides an observation and evaluation period during which the applicant s fitness for the job can be more fully appreciated All staff should be made to undergo a probationary period usually 6 months to one year to be set at the discretion of the Board 5 Applications for Connection For Level Ill systems providing a service connection and service implies a contract between two parties Hence a prospective consumer must first sign an APPLICATION SERVICE CONTRACT with the SSWP before the SSWP provides the house connection This is to ensure that both the SSWP and the consumer are protected and have recourse to le
60. account after disconnecting the delinquent account 4 Prepare an Ageing of the Accounts Receivables This means classifying the accounts as to age of receivables say 2 6 months A greater than 6 months to one year B and accounts greater than one year C e Starting with the A accounts the SSWP should assign a representative to discuss the account with the customer and attempt to find ways and means to settle the debt Those accounts greater than 6 months B and C accounts should be given to a collection agent if available If efforts are unsuccessful then these should be written off as bad debts and no longer be included as part of Accounts Receivables A Board resolution should be made to classify these accounts as bad debts with management justifying why each is no longer collectible However the records should be kept and efforts still exerted to collect as if the accounts were not written off Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 11 e Before the account is written off the advance deposit made by the customer upon application for service is credited to his account and the arrears settled plus or minus If the customer applies for reconnection he shall be made to pay for the reconnection fee the balance if any of his earlier debt less his earlier advance deposit and 2 months average consumption again G MANAGEMENT REPORTS 1 Commercial Operational Information As part of the
61. acking However if the valve is still Corrosion inoperable after this procedure it should be replaced Page 6 16 Chapter 6 Distribution System Closing the valve too tightly may damage the valve washer the valve seat or the threads of the valve stem causing the water to leak To solve this problem it is suggested to put markers showing the direction of opening and closing and to close the valve just tight enough to stop the flow of water b Closing the Valve Too Tightly c Worn Out Washer or Loose Packing Worn out washers or loose packing should be replaced to prevent the loss of water d Cavitation Cavitation results when a valve is left partially closed or open for a long period Leaving a valve partially closed or open will cause a partial vacuum or void in the downstream side that may eventually be filled with low pressure vapors from water When these vapor pockets collapse a mechanical shock cavitation is created this may produce cavities After some time the valve will be destroyed and even the pipelines may be affected Cavitation can be avoided by keeping the valves fully closed or fully opened at all times e Water Hammer Water hammer is caused by sudden closing of valves When the flow of water is suddenly stopped enormous pressure is created which may damage the pipe or valves This problem can be prevented by closing the valve slowly 3 Repair of Globe Valves Public Faucets and Other Related Valve
62. ain systems of measurement are the metric and the English systems The metric system is also called the International Standard SI system It has been accepted officially by practically all countries a notable exception is the United States and is used by all international scientific institutions and the United Nations However not all countries who have accepted it have been able to take the steps needed to fully convert from their previous system to the metric This Manual will use the metric system primarily It must be considered however that much of the calibration of equipment in use in the water industry as well as references information and standards of which the US is a leading source use measurements based on the English system Thus it is important to know both systems and to be able to convert the measurements of one system to the other The metric system is a decimal system based on 10 in which the higher or lower value units of measure are scaled by raising or reducing by a factor of 10 The basic measures of time expressed in seconds minutes hours days months and years are common to both systems However decades 10 years centuries 100 years and millennia 1000 are graduated values that use the decimal or metric scale This Chapter introduces the important units of measure that are frequently used in the establishment and operation of SSWP facilities It also presents conversion tables and gives samples of ho
63. alogue a two way flow of information and ideas between two parties or groups in this case the project proponent and the stakeholders The public consultation dialogue gives the stakeholders and the concerned members of the community the opportunity to express their views and concerns In turn it enables the proponents to manage expectations present information try to resolve issues and detect potential conflicts The purpose of public consultation is to create an informed public that understands the tradeoffs between project benefits on the one hand and the costs and disadvantages on the other An informed public is better able to participate in the project as beneficiaries stakeholders contributors partners and advocates Before holding a public consultation it is important to determine 1 Who the stakeholders are 2 The other concerned persons who should be invited to participate in the dialogue and 3 The approach to be used in conducting the public consultation Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 15 2 The Stakeholders and Other Participants The choice of participants for direct consultation must be made on a fair and equitable basis Meaningful public consultation requires the participation of people who represent a range of legitimate interests including 1 Those who will be directly or indirectly affected whether positively or negatively Members of the most vulnerable groups Persons who might have an interes
64. ances that are in it This is known as the chlorine demand of the water There must be sufficient chlorine left to kill bacteria and viruses not just at the reservoir but even in the distribution system Dosage Demand Residual Even if the chlorine demand of a particular source does not change much over the years it is still good to be vigilant to prevent any serious outbreaks of diseases An increase in organic matter in the water source will increase chlorine demand And this means measuring the chlorine demand and residual almost every day to determine the accurate chlorine dosage to be used 2 Determining Chlorine Demand There are two ways of determining the chlorine dosage H Breakpoint chlorination uses the continual addition of chlorine to the water to the point where chlorine demand is met and all ammonia is oxidized so that only free chlorine remains Chapter 3 Disinfection Page 3 3 Method 1 1 Dose the water supply with an arbitrary amount say 1mg l 2 Wait for 30 minutes and measure the chlorine residual 3 If residual is zero or less than 0 2 mg l increase the dosage until the right residual is obtained 4 If residual is more than 0 5 mg l then the dosage can be reduced Method 2 Use a 1 chlorine solution to conduct the following procedures 1 Prepare a 1 chlorine solution the quantity depending upon type of chlorine used see Table 3 1 below 2 Take 3 or 4 non metallic containers of known
65. and open the drain valve Allow the water level to drop further to at least 10 cm below the filter bed surface 3 As soon as the biological layer is dry enough to handle immediately scrape off the upper 25 to 50 mm layer of the filter bed using flat square bladed shovels If cleaning is delayed scavenging birds will pollute the filter surface and disturb the sand 4 After removing the scrapings smooth the bed to a level surface Also inspect for the presence of mud ball cracks in the sand which may result in channeling which would cause the deterioration of effluent quality 6 Re sanding Re sanding becomes necessary when the depth of the sand bed drops to its minimum designed level usually about 0 6 0 8 m above the supporting gravel depending on the grain size of the filter sand This depth is usually indicated by a marker set in the structure during the original construction Re sanding may be done completely or by a throwing over procedure described below Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 27 a Complete Re sanding In this method the upper 0 3 0 5 meter layer of the sand bed is scraped before new clean sand is added It should be emphasized that it is necessary to scrape the said layer to avoid fouling and to reduce the greater resistance in the filter due to the raw water impurities and some products of biochemical degradation which may have penetrated the sand bed to this depth After sc
66. arge in them An appreciable discharge indicates leaks in the tank 6 Maintenance of Reservoir Appurtenances a Monthly Maintenance Tasks 1 Lubricate float control pulleys 2 Inspect float for leaks 3 Check level indicator for free operation 4 Sweep roof catwalks and ladder landings b Manholes Manholes should always be covered and locked to keep out foreign materials that could contaminate the water supply and also to prevent accidents c Overflow Pipe and Air Vents 1 Covered reservoirs or tanks should be vented to allow the passage of air to and from the reservoir as the water level changes Use fine screens on the vents to prevent the entrance of animals and insects and keep the screens in good repair Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 11 2 Keep access manhole covers in place to prevent accidents and contamination 3 Slope the ground away from the reservoir in all directions to prevent surface water from flowing towards it 4 Leaks in the cover or walls that allow surface water or shallow groundwater to seep in are dangerous Repair leaks at once 7 Repairing Leaks in Reservoirs a Repairs Using Cement Mortar 1 Drain the reservoir 2 Using a cold chisel make a cut on the reservoir leak with the following dimensions Width 19 25 mm and depth 19 25 mm 3 Prepare a stiff cement mortar paste by mixing 1 part of Portland cement 2 parts of fine sand and sufficient water 4 Clean and we
67. as other relevant factors In the public consultations the users and the Utility itself should see tariffs as instruments for recovering the cost of providing adequate water service to customers and must reflect not only the fixed costs of the supply system but also its operating expense and long term sustainability Tariff rates must satisfy the following requirements 1 Adequacy The revenues generated from a water rate schedule must be sufficient to meet the revenue requirements of the Utility The rates should be able to promote the Utility s financial viability and growth 2 Public Service The tariffs must be set at a reasonable level that reflects the Utility s role as a public utility providing a public service 3 Equitable and Socialized Pricing The tariffs must equitably distribute the cost of the service to all classifications and sizes of connections Their structure should define a relatively low fixed rate for some minimum level of consumption to benefit the low income users and higher rates for those who use greater quantities of water 4 Affordability Level The rates must be kept affordable to the low income group LIG For this reason the minimum charge for a residential connection should as a rule of thumb not exceed 5 of the average income of the LIG within the service area 5 Water Conservation The rates must encourage the wide water usage needed to attain economies of scale but must also discourage
68. asibility Study if available e Certificate of Availability of loan funds if funding is to be provided by other agencies More complete information about these and other requirements can be obtained from the LWUA website at LWUA gov ph Note that the Barangay Water and Sanitation Association BAWASA which is also a CBO is similar to the RWSA in many respects and could be used in lieu of a RWSA particularly if the SSWP is confined within a single barangay 2 Cooperatives Cooperatives may be chosen by organizers and member beneficiaries who want greater flexibility in their organization s scope and who are willing to participate closely in its Page 1 2 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements affairs While a cooperative may be set up initially just to set up a water system for their needs it may also be expanded into a vehicle to address other needs that they may have Among the advantages that they may expect from the cooperative model as provided in the Cooperative Code of the Philippines RA 6938 are the following e Coops are tax free up to a certain limit e Coop members have shares and can literally sell their shares or even the entire system to a willing private operator e Coops can declare dividends based on members shares The cooperative law prescribes very clear cut steps for the cooperative organizers and members First At least 15 members are needed to organize a cooperative Second
69. be a good primary reference point 2 Where there is no exposed pipe section select any point on the north or east side of the road and make an excavation In the Philippines water mains are usually installed at the north or east side of the road 3 If a water main is not found at the first point excavated try again at another point on the north or east side of the road within the same vicinity Continue the trial and error process until a water main is located 4 Using the water main just located as reference point select a second point 50 to 100 meters from it and make another excavation 5 Once a second excavation point reveals the water main draw an imaginary line connecting the successful excavation points 1 and 2 The connection of the two points is the exact position of the buried pipe 6 Repeat the above process using the identified points as reference until all pipelines are pinpointed 4 Cleaning Pipelines Water going through the pipelines may sometimes carry sand sediments and organic and other objectionable matter When water velocity is low these tend to get deposited and build up inside the pipes The built up deposits decrease the carrying capacity of Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 3 the pipes and increase internal friction making the pipelines less efficient Less water can be delivered per given time pumping costs increase and the added and uneven pressure within the pipelines increases the likeliho
70. been established operating expenses to support them will now have to be calculated Items that can be classified under Opex are the following Ds Personnel cost of salaries allowances and other benefits Management Fees These are costs incurred when some services are outsourced like consultancies accounting collections etc and are covered by a contract Power Electric bills or fuel costs Chemicals For chlorine and other chemical costs Bulk Water Purchases Costs to procure bulk water Repairs and Maintenance Costs incurred to keep the assets in good condition Bad debts These represent accounts which can no longer be collected Normally this should not be more than 2 of water revenues Annual Water Charge This is NWRB s fees based on the water permit Regulatory Costs These are costs paid to regulatory agencies for the necessary licenses permits and other regulatory charges Meeting Costs These are costs incurred during Board meetings and for Board per diems Gen Admin Costs All other expenses related to the operation of the utility not included in the other categories Depreciation This is the depreciation expense for all assets whether entitled to return or not Taxes Includes franchise value added and any other tax except income tax Calculating Depreciation Expense To get the depreciation expense it is necessary to have an Asset Register Table AK 4 and a list of Projects detailed under sectio
71. bsidies from the LGU should not be sought The SSWP should have clear contracts deeds of sale and or donations and the ownership documents of the assets of the Utility 2 Lack of Management Skills The SSWP s management and policy making capabilities should be enhanced through management skills training being offered by the Department of Interior amp Local Government DILG or LWUA Study tours to main utilities or any nearby successful SSWP which has expanded and been operating for some time would also be very useful The success of any organization depends on the capabilities and commitment of the people running It 3 Lack of Cooperation among the Management Team Members Usually the cause is a lack of understanding of the various roles and responsibilities If possible these roles responsibilities should be set in writing during the organizational or early phases of the SSWP If these are not properly understood a reorientation coupled with events designed to build team effort should be conducted 4 Lack of Support and Cooperation of the Member Users The members beneficiaries should be oriented on their roles and responsibilities in relation to the services of the SSWP At the same time the SSWP management should engage them and listen to their views on issues affecting them These can be done through general assembly s or consultation meetings that the SSWP or those assisting it could initiate It is important for the
72. ccscsccsccccsccsceccsccscescsccscecsceccucs A 9 Annex H Business Plan Contents essosseseosssssessseseoscsessseossoseossossossossossossossosseseos A 12 PR OS PTO E a A E A A A 12 Heil Business Plan Detalo acia a E EEE E E A 12 FAT CASTE NOW scasecactcenesyanuareeveteatersanavaciasionecedcuacecssmsae E EES A 12 Annex Sample Application Service Contract csscccssscsssccsssccssccssssecssscsssesessenes A 13 Annex J Conceptual Framework for an Accounting System scsccsscscecscssesceccsceees A 15 VN Basic FeaturesS ssossssssssessesroesesseossnsacosssosreossrsassssroescsrecssosnsroescsrecssesasesrroasesrscseseensenee A 15 Annex K Tariff Design ROI Method cccsccccsscsceccsccsceccscccceccececcsccsceccscescncesceees A 16 K I Determining Revenue Requirements ccceccsecsccssccscceecceeceseceeceseceeceseceeceeceeeeeeeeaeeees A 16 K II Rate Structuring Process s sssssessessssessessrssssesersessesrrsessresrsesresrssesrrsreseeseesrseeseeresessreees A 21 REECE O INC OS eo E E A E R A 23 Annexes Page A 1 Annex A 24 Hr Constant Rate Pumping Test Procedure A pump test consists of pumping a well at a certain rate and recording the drawdown decline of water level in the pumping well and in nearby observation wells over a certain time period The responses of the water levels at and near the pumping well reflect the aquifer s ability to transmit water to the well The response allows hyd
73. ce and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 9 Figure 5 3 Centrifugal Pump Details OTOR A _ T IS TFORM e S 0 RKT r TR n 4 r FOOT VALVE AND STRAINER ee O DETAIL OF FOOT VALVE AND STRAINER INSTALLED CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IN NWRC RWS Volume I Design Manual Page 5 10 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Table 5 3 Steps in Operating Centrifugal Pumps 2 Maintenance amp Repair Bearings gears and other pump moving parts should be lubricated on the regular schedules using the lubricants recommended by the supplier The following are specific actions to remedy centrifugal pump problems a Low Pump Efficiency If the pump performance tests reveal that the pump is operating at significantly lowered efficiencies the pump should be pulled out inspected and repaired or reconditioned This work is best referred for servicing to the manufacturer or a pump repair specialist b Packing Adjustment The water flowing through the stuffing box should be maintained at a level just enough to prevent overheating The gland nuts should be loosened or tightened one quarter turn only to allow the packing to equalize against the pressure c Checking and Adjusting Misaligned Head Shaft Pump vibrations could indicate a misalignment of the head shaft This can be checked by the following procedure 1 Remove the motor dust cover motor head nut and key and take out the motor drive flange
74. ces within the Utility s office The posting of test results is intended to protect both the consumers and the system itself and to inform the consumers and the regulatory agency that the water conforms to health and water quality standards The regularity and frequency of monitoring and information updates help to head off possible outbreaks of diseases that may be attributed to the system s water quality They are meant to trigger timely interventions by the health authorities and corrective measures on the part of the SSWP and to give customers the information they need to protect themselves and their families against water related health problems Page 1 8 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements E INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS 1 Political Interference The management and human resource capabilities of the SSWP should be strengthened for it to be operationally autonomous The LGU and other institutions concerned with the water sector can assist in the formation of the community based organization CBO provide or finance the initial assets extend technical assistance and create linkages between the SSWP and financial institutions Quite often it is expedient desirable and even necessary for the LGU to help organize the water service organization and support the acquisition of its assets However the operations of the SSWP should be independent of the LGU To the extent possible operating su
75. ctions have to be made on the number of connections It will be necessary to project the new connections that can be attained during the next 5 years broken down by customer category Once the demand for water has been determined the next step is to check whether the utility has enough water to serve them Table AK 2 shows the items to be filled up Table AK 2 ensures that the utility matches the demand with the supply requirements Steps are the following Page A 16 Annexes Table AK 2 Demand Supply Projections New Connections Pop Served fo SUPPLY Installed Production Capacit Percent NRW Production Requirements m yr Bulk Water Purchase m year WD Production m year Water Surplus Shortage Y ear If there is a water supply shortage the utility can do any of the following options e Limit growth of connections e Ration water e Reduce non revenue water e Increase its production capacity i e new source bulk supply 3 Capital Expenditures If the utility has to soend money to improve its source capacity the disbursements are called capital expenditures The utility has to determine the projects to be done and determine the cost estimates for each one A list of projects and the total costs Table AK 3 is an output of this step Table AK 3 Major Capital Projects Project Name Funding Source Major Components Annexes Page A 17 4 Determine OPEX Once the demand and supply have
76. culty breathing for example gasping or coughing place the victim in the most comfortable position usually semi sitting 2 As soon as the victim resumes breathing flush the victim s contaminated skin and clothing with large amounts of water for 30 minutes Remove all contaminated clothing while flushing Continue flushing until all traces of chlorine have been removed 3 Dress obvious burns with sterile gauze and bandage them loosely Apply insulated cold packs to help reduce pain 4 Get the victim to hospital 3 Eye Contact Eye contact with chlorine liquid or gas for even a short period can cause permanent disability Flushing must begin within 10 seconds Follow these steps 1 Flush the eyes immediately with large amounts of running water preferably lukewarm for 30 minutes Hold the eyelids forcibly apart to ensure full flushing of the chlorine from the eyes and eyelids Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Page 7 9 2 After flushing has removed all traces of chlorine cover both eyes with moistened sterile gauze pads and bandage enough to keep light out 3 Apply insulated cold packs to help reduce pain 4 Get the victim to hospital 4 Unconscious Patients 1 As soon as an unconscious victim of chlorine inhalation resumes breathing place the person in the drainage position lying on one side so fluids can drain from the mouth and airways Never give an unconscious patient anything by mouth 2 Keeping the
77. d installation or modified operation of a booster Page 9 14 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Chapter 10 Financial Aspects This Chapter presents the unique financial aspects of an SSWP especially those elements that play an important role in the effective management of a utility and to a large extent determine its viability and sustainability These key financial elements include the tariff setting considerations and methodologies and the financial management and control system including the reporting requirements This Chapter is organized into three main topics 1 Budget Preparation 2 Tariff Setting Methodologies 3 Financial Systems and Controls A BUDGET PREPARATION 1 Nature of the Budget NOTE ON THE SSWP ACCOUNTING SYSTEM As in all businesses the Accounting System is an important component of the SSWP s overall Financial System Its preparation however is better left to a qualified accountant who can design the system according to the specific requirements of the SSWP Nonetheless the SSWP management and its consultant should consider three important guidelines in working out its accounting design 1 Asa strict policy all collected funds should first be deposited in the SSWP s bank account All disbursements should then be sourced from this account This ensures clear proper accounting and security for the funds The Accounting System should mesh with the overall requirements of the Financial Systems and C
78. derate reasonably uniform and not imbedded in suspended solids for example within the bodies of worms 2 The turbidity and color of the water do not exceed 5 10 units The content of iron or manganese or both do not exceed 0 3 mg L and 4 Taste or odor producing substances are absent or do not require chlorine doses that inevitably produce a chlorine taste in the treated water There is a contact period of at least 20 minutes between the point of chlorination and the first service connection supplied with the water In cases where water is pumped directly from the source e g well into the distribution system chlorine may be applied Page 3 12 Chapter 3 Disinfection directly into the pressure main provided this minimum contact time of 20 minutes is met Table 3 2 Chlorination Guidelines Chapter 3 Disinfection Page 3 13 Page 3 14 Chapter 3 Disinfection Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance This Chapter presents the general concepts and practices that must be adopted for effective Operation and Maintenance O amp M The O amp M specifics for the supply sources transmission and treatment facilities will be covered in Chapter 5 while the distribution facilities storage pipelines connections valves will be covered in detail in Chapter 6 A BASIC O amp M CONCEPTS Operation refers to the procedures and activities involved in the actual delivery of services for instance pumping treatment transmission
79. dx yt 2 Where d pipe diameter in mm x carry distance in meters y drop in meters Q Ips Page A 4 Annexes Annexes Annex C Sample Job Description System Operator Job Title System Operator Job Summary Under general supervision Operates and maintains operational facilities Maintains chlorine levels and water quality test results Performs scheduled maintenance tasks and emergency repairs Typical Duties 1 Maintains reservoir levels and system pressures 2 Identifies and corrects or cause to be corrected malfunctioning pumps controls motors as well as pipe leakages Connects customers Does preventive maintenance on all facilities 3 4 Reads meters 5 6 Maintains operating records 7 Performs other duties as may be assigned from time to time Ability To Trouble shoot simple mechanical and electrical malfunctions Calculate chlorine dosages and flows do plumbing work lead and train subordinates Minimum Qualifications At least college level or vocational school graduate and 5 years experience as a plumber or mechanic or machinist Page A 5 Annex D Sample Job Description Bookkeeper Job Title Bookkeeper Job Summary Under general supervision Maintains complete financial books relative to receipts and disbursements for all utility functions calculate water bills Receives cash from customers and maintains billing and collection records Typical Duties
80. e Manager whose title may be General Manager President Systems Head Superintendent etc constitutes the Utility s executive arm 1 Board Functions While all powers and authority of the SSWP are vested in its Board its specific and proper functions are the following 1 To enact policies and rules for the SSWP 2 To set the overall goals and objectives of the organization 3 To approve budgets plans major contracts and undertakings and 4 To evaluate the performance of the SSWP and its management The Board should limit itself to fulfilling these functions using Board meetings as their venue These Board meetings are recommended not to exceed two in a month Holding meetings too frequently would force management to spend an excessive amount of time on preparing for and attending them thereby undermining management performance Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 1 2 Management Functions The Manager on the other hand is responsible for the following functions 1 Implementing the policies and rules set by the Board 2 Fulfilling the goals and objectives of the SSWP 3 Preparing effective plans and recommendations for Board approval 4 Making accurate and timely reports to keep the Board updated on the SSWP s performance in relation to fulfilling its goals and objectives Most of these functions he fulfills not directly but through the management team and the operating staff As such leadership decision makin
81. e following 1 Push the sounding rod into the ground until its end touches the buried pipe Be careful not to push it too hard in order not to destroy a PVC water main when its point strikes the pipe 2 Put your ear to the exposed end of the rod and listen for the sound If the sound is too faint a hearing aid such as a stethoscope would be helpful 3 Push the rod into the ground against the same pipe at a different location If the sound is louder they you are getting closer to the leak If the sound is fainter it means you are moving away from the location of the leak Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 21 8 Illegal Connections Illegal connections can be detected by any of the following methods a Block Census The block census is described in Chapter 6 which deals with the management aspects of the Utility Key in the information to be obtained in a block census is where those who are not connected to the system are getting their water If their source cannot be determined the dwelling unit is considered suspect b Reward system Offering rewards to those who can pinpoint illegal connections has been known to be effective The reward can be a portion of the collectibles c Monitoring Consumption A high NRW within a sub zone without any leaks indicates the presence of illegal connections Any customer whose consumption drops to a small percentage of his average consumption without any adequate cause should be sus
82. e protection 2 Financial audit a review of a utility s financial condition 3 Management audit a review of utility management s practices labor practices customer service billing metering regulatory compliance 4 Operations audit a comprehensive audit involving all operational aspects J BUSINESS PLANNING A 3 to 5 year Business Plan is essential if the SSWP plans to expand its services The Business Plan serves to provide direction and makes it possible to track the progress of the undertaking It is a requirement for a loan or application for funding if the Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 11 expansion program requires outside funding The Business Plan must be presented and approved in the general assembly for approval Approval of the business plan will necessarily include approval of the tariff required within the planning period 1 Purposes of Business Plans Business Plans are prepared for different purposes Typical uses and their specific requirements are as follows 1 Borrowing A summary page will have to be included detailing the specific request as well as the collaterals that can be offered These can be in the form of real assets locked in deposits and the likes A feasibility study will likewise be required by the lender to determine project viability For non project specific loans such as a program loan lenders will have to scrutinize the Utility s financial statements 2 Bud
83. e time increase the risk of contaminants in the ground entering the piping system These leaks may be due to ruptures or disintegration of pipes and pipe joints usually caused by corrosion vibrations from vehicular traffic stresses generated by expansion and contraction or ground movements a Locating Leaks by Direct Observation This method is the simplest and most applicable leak detection technique for use in small water supply systems This requires being alert to the following signs of leaks 1 Appearance of wet spots at early dawn during dry season 2 Greening of patches of ground in areas where plants generally could hardly grow 3 A soft wet spot in the ground during dry season 4 Abnormal drops in pressure The consumers can help detect leaks if they are made aware of these indicators If they look at the Utility s water service in a positive light and consider it to be to their benefit there is no reason why they would not go out of their way to inform the operator if they notice any of these signs b Finding the Exact Location of Leaks in Pipelines After finding the approximate location of leaks in the water distribution system their exact location can be determined by using a sounding rod Leaks in water pipes usually make sound small leaks make more noise than large ones The sounding rod is a pointed metal rod used to relay to the observer the sound caused by leaks in buried pipes The procedure involves th
84. e to commercial policies or deficiencies a Physical Losses e Leaks breaks e Illegal connections e Water usage by utility flushing etc Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 19 b Commercial Losses e Non metered connections e Under registration of meters e Poor collection performance 5 NRW Reduction Approaches A number of approaches have been used successfully by some of the major water utility companies These can be adopted by the SSWPs to control their NRW ratios 1 Isolation of zones and the continuous measurement and analysis of inflows to determine areas with high NRW Programs to improve the reliability of customer metering and reading Hydraulic analysis of the distribution system to determine calculated versus actual pressures This requires updated system maps Analysis of maintenance records to determine what repairs have been done where and their frequency This may lead to decisions to replace rather than repair some pipelines For this reason it is important to inculcate among field personnel the value of clear reliable reports and to have a good user friendly repository of records Leak detection programs While there should be a continuing program of leak detection periodic high visibility campaigns involving the public have also been found to be effective Modulation of pressure in the pipelines Higher pressures will naturally increase the rate of leakages Strengthening the
85. ed 3 After sealing backfill the excavation and restore the surface to its former condition 4 Apply the disinfection procedures 6 Replacing Damaged Sections of Pipelines When the damage in a certain section of a water main is extensive repair may involve cutting off and replacing the damaged section The procedures for repairs are as follows a For Galvanized Iron G I Pipes 1 Isolate the defective section by closing appropriate control valves Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 5 Figure 6 1 GI Pipe Repairs 1 THREADED NIPPLE SAME LENGTH AS CUT PORTION 2 REPLACEMENT OF THE CUT SECTION WITH G L NIPPLE 3 INSTALLING OF G I COUPLING AND UNION A REPLACEMENT OF DAMAGED Gi PIPE SECTION PVC NIPPLE ONE END THREADED B REPLACEMENT OF DAMAGED PVC SECTION USING PVC NIPPLE C REPLACEMENT OF DAMAGED PVC SECTION USING GI NIPPLE NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual 2 Excavate the water main 3 Determine the exact location of the leak 4 Cut the defective portion of the water main Page 6 6 Chapter 6 Distribution System 5 If a nipple of appropriate length is not available prepare a substitute nipple using a short pipe of the same kind diameter and length as the cut off defective pipe Thread the ends of pipe to be joined Install G I coupling and union parts Assemble them as shown in Figure 6 1 A o SS p Open the control valve to allow water to flow into the
86. een two categories For example given a residential house with a small sari sari store or carinderia how should the connection be classified It is usual to consider the principal purpose of the water Somehow the SSWP would have to devise some objective means of weighing the obvious mixed use in order to decide the classification Questions also arise about whether a small sari sari store should be billed the same commercial rate as a grocery or if a small carinderia should be treated the same as a large one or a restaurant The determination of the appropriate billing rate could be subjective if the decision were in the hands of a single person alone Obviously some more general guidelines must be adopted b Sub Classifications Some SSWPs have tried to solve these quandaries by setting sub classifications For instance defining Commercial A and B users with Commercial A users being billed only 150 of the domestic rate while applying to Commercial B users the full 200 of residential rates The Board has to define these sub categories and give guidelines for their application through an appropriate resolution Page 9 4 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations c Caution on Special Treatment 1 It is never good practice to give free water to the Board members and staff of the SSWP Such benefits are easily subject to abuse and are bound to be used against the SSWP during tariff adjustment requests 2 Except for emergencies the SSWP shou
87. ends For PB use the flaring method For PE pipes use the butt welding method 5 Open the control valve to allow water to flow and observe for leaks Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 7 6 Backfill and restore surface to its former condition 7 Disinfect the repaired section Figure 6 2 PE PB Pipe Repairs LEAKING PORTION A PB OR PE PIPES LAID IN SERPENTINE FASHION mee MALE ADAPTER B JOINTING OF PB PIPE ELECTRIC BUTT WELDER fda C JOINTING OF FE PIPE NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual 7 Disinfecting Pipelines after Repairs After a repair job it is essential to disinfect the repaired sections of the water distribution system with chlorine or chlorine containing compounds Refer to Chapter 3 for complete disinfection procedures Page 6 8 Chapter 6 Distribution System C RESERVOIRS 1 Operation Water for distribution is pumped from the water source to the system s water tank or reservoir from which it is delivered to the consumers through the pipelines The reservoir is designed based on the requirements of the system to distribute the water by gravity or by pumping 2 Cleaning The quality of water coming from the reservoir must be maintained within the standards for potable water To ensure the quality of the water supply the reservoir must be cleaned and disinfected periodically Failure to apply this routine will result in the accumulation of solids and proliferat
88. ent and Voltage are shown in the following three expressions P Power Current x Voltage or P I x V or I y or V T Where P power in watts W V voltage in volts V I current in amperes A sometimes referred to as amps in the English system 3 Energy and Power The amount of energy used or supplied depends on the power and the amount of time it is used Energy Power x Time gt Or 454 kg 10 m in one minute or 45 kg 10 m in 6 minutes Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Page 2 9 The standard unit for energy is the joule J but aJ is a very small amount of energy for mains electricity For utility use electrical energy in kilowatt hours kWh is used 1 kWh is the energy used by a 1 kW power equipment when it is switched on for 1 hour 1 kWh 1 kW x 1 hour Page 2 10 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Chapter 3 Disinfection This Chapter details the procedures for using chlorine safely as a disinfectant and the methods of calculating the chlorine dosages required in the water system A GENERAL Disinfection is necessary to ensure that drinking water is free from disease causing microorganisms Water disinfection means the removal deactivation or killing of pathogenic microorganisms Disinfection is often universally employed by water distribution systems even when water at the source is deemed already potable as a precautionary measure to control the spread of waterborne diseases In L
89. ent in the operation of the system 2 Appealed policy This type of policy arises when problems of operation at the lower level cannot be properly or consistently handled Management therefore appeals to the Board for guidelines Page 8 2 Chapter 8 Administration 3 Imposed policy This type of policy is set to comply with existing laws government regulations court rulings and the like Social practices and public influence may result in imposed policies Some of the important areas that should be covered by written SSWP policies are outlined in the box with the caption IMPORTANT SSWP POLICY AREAS on the following page 2 Policy Review In any progressive undertaking policies need to evolve in response to changing conditions and needs Thus aside from periodic reviews to evaluate how effectively established policies contribute to the achievement of goals there may be changes in national policies laws and ordinances as well as in economic conditions that may dictate the adjustment amendment or formulation of new policies In reviewing a policy the first step is to consider the spirit intent wisdom and fairness of a policy and then its relevance The way the policy is being implemented should also be reviewed The intention of even the best conceived policy may be negated due to the manner in which it is implemented The Board should not hesitate to review restate amend or even reverse existing policies i
90. ent of leakage and to conduct emergency repairs 3 Common Problems and General Solutions Table 4 1 presents some useful and practical solutions to address O amp M problems F RECORDS AND REPORTS be An effective maintenance program starts with the collection proper filing and safekeeping of the Utility s records For the O amp M function the following records are particularly important and as a minimum should be kept and available 1 2 3 4 5 Page 4 4 All pamphlets manuals of pumping equipment including pump curves As built plans of the system or plans and engineering drawings Capital expenditure disbursements Water meter data such as type when installed and serial number and Well design logs and results of pumping tests Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance Table 4 1 Practical Solutions to Common O amp M Problems Common O amp M Problems Practical Solution No available tools and spare Set aside funds for tools and spare parts parts otherwise rent s ee e a No available expert in the community Anticipate problems amp network for emergency repairs or source With other utilities or government problems agencies who can provide these services when needed Lack of funds for repair and Set aside budget exclusively for maintenance repair and maintenance A simple records management system should be set up for the following purposes 1 Clear systematic filing of records
91. epair circuit wires Check packing by manually rotating shaft Loosen packing nut just enough to allow a slow seepage of water and free the shaft Open pump and remove scale by acid treatment and or sand Repeat priming Follow manufacturer s priming instructions Pull out drop pipe and seal the leaks Reduce pumping rate or deepen the well Replace with new one If diameter of old casing is large insert new casing inside the damaged casing Consult driller Surging or acid treatment Consult driller Do pumping test or deepen the well Pull the drop pipe from the well amp seal leak s Surging or acid treatment Consult driller Open the pump and clean replace impellers Clean foot valve Tighten or replace defective parts Tighten mounting Reduce pumping rate Repair air leaks Facilities ion fecti isin Supply Source and D Chapter 5 Page 5 12 F SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS 1 Operation Submersible pumps may be operated manually with a switch located above ground level or automatically with a pressure switch electrodes or float control devices Refer to Figure 5 4 Submersible pumps should always be operated below the water level The pump should be installed higher than the well screen to prevent pump break suction which will lead to a burned pump motor Figure 5 4 Details of a Submersible Pump CHECK VALVE IMPELLERS DIFFUSERS INTERMEDIATE BE ARING PUMP SHAFT LOW BEARING STRAINER
92. ere to the safeguards necessary to perform the work safely 1 Cylinder Repair Kit Ideally a chlorine container repair kit should be available on site If a container repair kit is not available the utility s response team must be aware of the nearest readily available kit There are three types of repair kits A B and C each with materials specific to the type and size of the chlorine container The A kit is for the 68 kg 150 Ib cylinder commonly used by the smaller utilities The following may be used as a lubricating pipe dope for threaded joints e Linseed oil with graphite or white lead e Freshly mixed glycerin e Teflon tape 2 Hazard Recognition Written procedures for the repair or maintenance of chlorine systems must consider the following hazards and include procedures that will help workers avoid these hazards 1 Moisture Chlorine reacts with moisture to form corrosive acids Every precaution must be taken to keep chlorine and chlorine equipment free of moisture including the following steps e Close pipes lines valves and containers tightly when not in use to keep moisture out of the system e Before starting repair take the measures needed to prevent chlorine coming into contact with any residual material that may drip from the equipment when pipes or lines are being dismantled 2 Foreign Material Pipes lines and fittings must have all cutting oils grease and other foreign material removed
93. ers on Pipeline and Pumping Facilities Installation Concrete and Reservoir Construction Water Sources Metal Works and Painting Volume lll OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL This volume focuses on the small water system as a public utility and answers the question What are the requirements to effectively manage and sustainably operate a small utility It covers the institutional and legal requirements of setting up a water supply business the demands of ensuring water safety through proper treatment the nature and requirements of operating and maintaining the water distribution system and its administration commercial financial and social aspects Acknowledgements Deep appreciation is extended to the following for the cooperation and support given during the pilot activities and preparation of the Manuals Department of Interior and Local Government Hon Jesse M Robredo Secretary Hon Austere A Panadero Undersecretary Ms Fe Crisilla M Banluta Project Manager Mr John M Castaneda Director OPDS Ms Rolyn Q Zambales Assistant Director OPDS Senior Staff of the WSSU National Water Resources Board Mr Vicente S Paragas Executive Director Atty Nathaniel C Santos Deputy Executive Director Mr Jorge M Estioko Division Chief Senior staff of NWRB Local Water Utilities Administration Mr Salvador C Ner Acting Administrator Mr Edgardo C Demayo Acting Manager WD Development Department Mr Ernesto de Ver
94. erssrerssrresrersrrresrrresreeseersseroseerseresseresrerseeesseereseeo 1 5 E Institutional Problems and Practical SOIUtIONS cccccccssseseeceeeeesseeeceeeaeeeeceeseaeeeeeeeeeas 1 9 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics ccccsccsceccsccccsccececcsccccsccsceccsccscescececcescececees 2 1 A INCPOCUCTION ccccccssssseccccceeeseeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeaesseeeeeeeseeeeeeeesaesseeeeesaesssseeeeesaueseeeesseuaeeeeeeaaeegaees 2 1 B Measures Or LENE erino S 2 1 C Measures of VolUMe cccccsssssssccccccecceeesseeecccccsseeessseeeeceeessseeuseeececseeessauenseseseessssagagggasss 2 3 BRS od 20558 La 2 4g r meee ne mn nO aT esee 2 6 E Flow M aSUreMENMS ccssesescccccseseecccceseesecccessesseeeceesseesececesseuseeeeesseaeseseeessaueeeeesuanaeess 2 8 F Electrical CAlCUlatlOnS sccnssacascscwatansn otacossanetacenseneiicencaceaaneentanpeniacescsaanedienemeasmentanesaenentonerencst 2 9 Chapter 3 DISIF GO CEION senenccsscawen se ciens casa soceutioecensausenranssanms aes cuapecciseaceesaaseseuueateceateseebers 3 1 A GONE all scscsescstoiencncavsan cadeceasaanabnausepnnatananwwnncadenaisddaneceavsieaaiaccanabeanencbescacanentubatansecnoeteanteiauseens 3 1 B Chlorine Disinfection Chlorination ccc cesccccseesceesccceecscesecseeneeeeeeceseueceeeueseeeueeeeens 3 1 C Determinants of Chlorine Effectiveness ccccccccssssssecccccccsceesseeecccccssaeeeseceeeceeessaaeessses 3 1 D Terminology AiG D CHIE OUNS sess
95. es may be damaged if turned beyond this point Immediately return containers with damaged or inoperable but not leaking valves to the supplier 8 If the valve is very difficult to open loosen the packing nut slightly Tighten the packing nut after the valve is opened or closed Page 7 4 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety C LEAK DETECTION AND CONTROL It is important to follow the right procedures in replacing an empty cylinder with a new one Nonetheless after the new cylinder has been installed it is essential to ensure that there is no leak in the new hook up 1 Detecting Leaks Chlorine leaks can be determined by soaking a rag on the end of a stick in aqua ammonia ammonium hydroxide not pure ammonia and holding it next to the pipes cylinder or dosing equipment A plastic squeeze bottle containing the aqua ammonia can also be used A white cloud will show the location of the leak This test is safe because ammonium hydroxide ammonia dissolved in water or moist air is used rather than pure ammonia Chlorine reacts readily with ammonium hydroxide to form ammonium chloride a relatively harmless compound This reaction forms a visible white cloud indicating a chlorine leak The ammonia test is useful for pinpointing the exact location of a leak 2 What to Do If a Leak Is Indicated After Installing a New Cylinder 1 Wear a respirator and immediately close the main cylinder valve 2 As long as the monitor reads less than 10 mg l
96. eseeceeseeeeseeeesseusseeceessuusseeeessauaeeeeesageseaees 6 1 Be DVS UOC PUM gerrier iint E A A E 6 1 G BE NVO aa enn te eee eee 6 9 D Service CONMECTIONS seeni enana A AEE AEE a AENEA RAE 6 14 E Valves and Public Faucets sssesseenssssseresesseressssseresssseresssseseresessrersssseeresseerressseeree 6 15 Ee HOr E iteeeeaereeeamenaenes aioe 6 18 C 518 0 6110 30 NR W een a ee eee ere er hee 6 18 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety ceccsccccctacicicenicesacaeiccatans saennes es icascaouinsesnasscausiterebiceiesviaatecetanes 7 1 As THAZards OF CHIONE sinsir ini EE R 7 1 B Working Safely around Chlorine GaS sssessseesssseeseserresrreressreresererssreressrrreserreserereseeresse 7 3 C Leak Detection and Contro cre ciois sanction camsnss ce pone aE EEE EEE EE 7 5 D Repair and Maintenance cccccsesecccescccessceceuececenecceesceceeececeueceeeeceseeessuenceseuecenseeenens 7 5 E PN E cat esceaseadteante sss teaaeaesanueecesdecaseaactaesoncaseosaneeuetacenice 7 8 Chapter 8 ACAMiInNistration ccccscccosscsccccsceccsccccecceccccecsececcscesceccscescesescescesescusscesees 8 1 Ae RUNS Mell e ca gu E an cass anitstr once sesaeeu vassal E 8 1 viii B Delineation of Board and Management FUNCTIONS ccccccsseccceesecceeeeseceeeeeeceeseeeeeeas 8 1 Ce PORY re dna 8 21110 e E ETE 8 2 D PCNN FI e E 8 3 Ee Sa NE saree rts E T ea recaeeaverseaemenenee eee 8 8 Fe OPen EOC a E ee ee ee 8 8 G Performance Parameters
97. essure in the English system is pounds per square inch psi while in the metric system it is the Pascal Pa which is a Newton per square meter N m Pressure gauges in the Philippines are usually scaled in psi or N cm or bars Just remember that one bar or 14 7 psi 10 1 N cm So if a pressure gauge reads 22 N cm it is equivalent to 14 7 x 22 10 1 32 psi For an object sitting on a surface the force pressing on the surface is the weight of the object but in different orientations it might have a different area in contact with the surface and therefore exerts a different pressure Figure 2 3 Pressure 100N A 0 01 m Pre wire Force a a P 10 000 Pascals Aea A 01m2 Same force P 1000 Pascais erent area different pressure Note that bar refers to atmospheric pressure which is equivalent to 14 7 psi This means that under standard measurement conditions a column of air with one square inch area sitting on the Earth s surface and extending to space weighs 14 7 pounds One bar is 100 000 Pa and for most practical purposes can be considered equivalent to one atmosphere 1 Converting Head to Pressure Head and pressure are used almost interchangeably with respect to water systems Since pressure gauges often are calibrated in psi or bar it may be necessary to convert to head in meters or in feet e Converting head in feet to pressure in psi Feet of head can be converted to pressure psi by
98. evel Ill Systems this precaution is particularly important because of the risk of contamination due to breaks and other types of seepages anywhere throughout the extensive pipe network and the magnified impact of this risk due to the number of users B CHLORINE DISINFECTION CHLORINATION Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water to make it safe for human consumption as drinking water Chlorine and its compounds is the most widely used disinfectant for water systems because of its effectiveness cheap cost and availability Chlorination has the advantage of oxidizing bacteria and virus even after the point of application due to its residual action Hence any bacteria introduced to the system after the point of chlorination can still be eliminated by the residual chlorine in the water C DETERMINANTS OF CHLORINE EFFECTIVENESS 1 Contact Time CT amp Dosage Contact time refers to the period of time allowed for the disinfectant to react with the microorganisms that may be in the water Dosage refers to the amount of chlorine infused in relation to the volume of the water being treated 2 The Type of Microorganism Chlorine is quite effective in destroying the most significant pathogenic organisms that are dangerous to humans and are commonly borne in water Different pathogens and parasites however have different levels of resistance to it Thus the dosages the CT and other conditions of the water t
99. f it believes that by doing so the best interest of both the Utility and the public will be served D FIRST THINGS FIRST Upon the incorporation of the Utility the Board or governing body should have their organization meeting to decide on key policy matters and actions to get the business on track They have to immediately address at least 7 policy and action areas 1 Getting an Adviser Organizational Structure Operating Budget 2 3 4 Tariff level 5 Staff Recruitment 6 Applications for House Connection 7 Utility Rules amp Regulations In a major review of policies these same policy and action areas should be considered as well Note that some of the items outlined above apply particularly to Level Ill Systems For Level II Systems the non applicable items can be disregarded Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 3 IMPORTANT SSWP POLICY AREAS 1 By Laws Establish internal guidelines for the Board itself e g how often and where to meet establishment of a quorum board elections etc 2 Utility Rules and Regulations Establish policies and procedures for dealing with the public 3 Personnel Rules Regulations These policies seek to ensure proper code of conduct among the staff 4 Staffing Patterns Remunerations Establish guidelines on the number and qualifications and remuneration of staff to be hired 5 Hiring These policies set guidelines and checks on the hiring of new staff As a rule all requireme
100. for testing as the results could be misleading Figure 3 1 Chlorine Comparator AppChem LR Color Comparator Page 3 8 Chapter 3 Disinfection 2 Using a Chlorine Comparator Measuring chlorine residual on site is done with a device known as a chlorine comparator using a chemical known as DPD Figure 3 1 shows a simple Chlorine Comparator The comparator uses a reagent which reacts with the chlorine to give the water a reddish color A color chart is then used to compare the color of the mixture to different colors with given pH values The general procedures in measuring the free chlorine residual using a comparator is as follows 1 Fill a viewing tube with 5 ml sample water and place this tube in the top left opening of the comparator 2 Filla second viewing tube with 5 ml sample water 3 Add the contents of one DPD Free Chlorine Reagent sachet to the second tube and swirl to mix 4 Place the second tube in the top right opening of the comparator 5 Hold comparator up to a light source sky window or lamp and look through the opening in front 6 Rotate the color disc until the colors in the 2 openings match 7 Read the mg l free chlorine in the scale window This reading must be done within one minute after adding the powder reagent 8 If the free chlorine residual is lower than 0 1 mg l proceed with the total chlorine residual test using the same procedures as above but with the Total Chlorine Reagent
101. g semi annual quarterly for the SSWP Goals can be set based on the number of people to be served or number of connections and on the target performance parameters outlined in Section G of this chapter Performance Standards The Board should define performance standards for the SSWP that management should attain and monitor results against these standards at least on a quarterly basis Funding Sources Board policies should be established on where to get funds for meter replacement or expansion projects or emergency repairs if the SSWP does not have those funds Use of Booster Pumps by Customers The use of booster pumps by individual customers on their connections worsens the pressure conditions in part or through the entire system It could likewise cause negative pressures in the lines that would induce infiltration of non potable water as well as other problems for the system The Board should institute a policy banning the use of booster pumps without a specific permit from the SSWP Boosters strictly may only be permitted when the customer constructs a cistern to collect the normal flow of water from the SSWP system The inlet tube of the booster then sucks water only from the cistern The policy should emphasize that a the official permit document must be obtained from the Board b the SSWP may conduct unscheduled inspections of the booster setup and c a heavy fine and or disconnection will be imposed for the unauthorized i
102. g communication staff development and problem solving are the focus of his day to day activities Being in charge of the day to day operations of the SSWP it is the manager s responsibility to ensure the success and sustainability of the public utility While the Board may not interfere in the way the manager runs day to day operations the manager must answer to the Board for results C POLICY FORMULATION 1 What Are Policies A policy is a committed guideline It is a principle that guides the performance of certain activities leading to the attainment the Utility s goals It may be a broad statement of general guidelines or a specific set of procedures detailing how certain tasks e g handling of the Utility s funds must be done Whether they are broad or specific statements policies are best communicated and implemented in written directives or resolutions Written rules provide a ready reference for the management and staff and make it possible to ascertain whether they are being followed or not and to hold the persons concerned accountable Verbal policies are not effective as they have a way of being misinterpreted As time passes even the initiators themselves sometimes get lost as to their original intent or interpretation In general policies may be classified into three types as to their origin 1 Originated policy This type of policy comes from the Board It is designed to provide guidelines to managem
103. g are policy formulation problem solving preparation of resolutions how to conduct meetings business planning and tariff setting On more specialized topics the bookkeeper is trained on records keeping and the preparation of financial reports and the System Operator on repairs and maintenance of the water system One of the important functions of the recommended Adviser is to provide hands on training on the job coaching for the different tasks required in O amp M Observation visits to other nearby utilities are extremely helpful These will give insights on the what why and how to of the various tasks Annex F provides an outline of Staff Development Training subjects to guide the SSWP in prioritizing and selecting the types of trainings that could be given to the different levels of personnel F OPERATIONAL FOCUS 1 Delivering Water Service 24 7 To ensure reliable service the thrust in the maintenance of facilities should be as much as possible preventive However the SSWP should plan ahead and have ready responses for emergencies The aim is to enable it ideally to provide continuous service even during emergencies Where this is not possible such preparation should seek to limit the duration of interrupted service Page 8 8 Chapter 8 Administration 2 Importance of Collection Efficiency Cash inflows are essential to enable the water utility to operate in a reliable and predictable manner Thus tariff levels are
104. gal action in case of a breach of contract Refer to Chapter 9 for a detailed explanation and a sample Application Service Contract form 6 Utility Rules and Regulations Even a Level Il system needs to have basic operational rules such as how much to charge how to determine volume usage how to manage the service and how to collect fees from consumers Level Ill SSWPs must have Utility Rules and Regulations or a Customers handbook which should have the following basic contents 1 Requirements in Applying for Service Connection 2 Responsibilities of the Consumer 3 Tariff levels Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 7 4 Payment of Bills 5 Fees for Other Services reconnection meter testing etc 6 Rule Infractions and Penalties After the rules have been decided it would be best to have them in printed in a manual for easy dissemination to customers This can help prevent future misunderstanding or conflicts Some of the contents such as tariff levels and penalties will need Board resolutions or policies before management can implement them All customers must be issued a copy of this Rules and Regulations manual E STAFF TRAINING Government agencies like the LWUA CDA DILG NWRB and even some water districts and NGOs provide training and institutional development programs to assist water utilities Even Level II utilities should seek to avail of these programs Among the most useful general areas of trainin
105. get Approval After the Board has approved the 5 year plan management must provide a detailed cash flow for the year in review Attached to this will be the details or schedules for each budget account If there are changes in the organizational structure or manning requirements the new organizational chart and related information must be provided for Board approval 3 Tariff Adjustment Approval For the required tariff approval from NWRB some specific documents may be necessary to indicate compliance with legal requirements Among these are the Proof of Posting and minutes of the Public Hearings conducted for the purpose of any tariff adjustment 2 Contents of Business Plans Basically the business plan for a water utility will address the following major issues 1 How many more stand posts or private connections will the utility add over the planning period Where will it get its water supply What are the additional facilities required How much investments will be needed to support the expansion process How the undertaking will be funded What would be the projected operational cost and oS eS S eS What would be the water tariff that would enable the utility to operate and at the same time recover the investments and or pay off any borrowings While this manual will not tackle the detailed mechanics of preparing such a plan there are a number of support agencies that can assist the SSWP in preparing it The NWRB has a l
106. gether to realize our shared aspiration of a sustainable Philippines isi BENIGN S AQUINO III MANILA February 2012 Foreword Purpose of this Manual This RURAL WATER SUPPLY OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL is the third of three related volumes prepared for the use of prospective and actual owners operators managements technical staff consultants government planners and contractors of small Level III and Level II water supply systems in the Philippines Its purpose is to introduce the institutional models available and the legal requirements that apply to small scale water supply utilities the operational and maintenance principles and issues relating to water supply and the management principles and good practices that must be adopted in order to attain viability and sustainability in the small water supply utility business Hopefully this Manual will facilitate the work of the professional managers and staff engaged in running the water enterprise by putting in their hands a ready resource reference for their everyday use For those who are new or less exposed to the demands of the small water supply utility business including those who sit as board members of community based organizations and cooperatives as well as those in local governments and NGOs who have joined the efforts to ensure safe water for the communities they serve hopefully it will be an aid in understanding the institutional operational financia
107. gs can cause cavitation or starvation and result in a gradual loss or fluctuation of system pressure Problems in other inlet accessories can also contribute to losing system pressure Clogged filters are a prime target These should be inspected and cleaned regularly All fittings and hoses should be periodically inspected for air leaks as this will also contribute to a loss in system pressure 2 Pump Drive Problems Changes in the RPM of the pump s drive may contribute to a loss of system pressure A proper and secure drive for the pump is needed to maintain a consistent flow and the required system pressure Replace belts on a regular schedule to maintain maximum HP Worn or slipping belts the wrong pulley sizes for the pump and or motor and an undersized drive can alter the desired pump output and directly affect the system s pressure Page 5 14 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Table 5 5 Common Troubles in Operating Submersible Pumps and their Remedies Pump motor fails to start Pump runs but delivers little or no water Pressure valve fails to shut Motor Overload Low voltage Blown fuse broken or loose connections Motor control box not in proper position Damaged cable installation Cable splice or motor windings may be grounded or wet Pump stuck by corrosion or abrasive Pump not submerged Discharge pipe may be leaking Check valve may be clogged or corroded P
108. h do not enhance the physical distribution system but are necessary in improving the office environment work efficiency or security examples of which are fax equipment light fixtures housekeeping equipment vault and filing cabinets and computers 7 Miscellaneous costs refer to other maintenance and operating expenses like representation expenses excluding depreciation interest and other bank charges Capital Expenditure Capex Budget The annual capex budget summarizes the cost of the projects that the SSWP will implement during the budget year These are cost items that involve large amounts like pipelines reservoir connections source development major repairs or expansion of the network The amount is determined based on the project plans and the estimates of their cost 4 Cash Flow Statement The Cash Flow Statement is a plan showing the sources and levels of cash revenues that will be realized and the cash disbursements planned during the budget year This document is essential in matching and timing the expenditures with the cash that will be available It prevents fund shortfalls at the time critical items are scheduled to be purchased When a cash shortfall is foreseen the budget planners management can adjust spending priorities delaying the purchase of non critical items and when needed obtain additional funds from external sources Serious prolonged cash deficiencies that are foreseen should trigger the consideration
109. hat intensify or inhibit the oxidizing action of chlorine such as temperature and pH acidity or alkalinity need to be 10 n P r g 3 Disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and viruses Chapter 3 Disinfection Page 3 1 considered in order to be sure that the harmful organisms and undesirable substances are eliminated 3 Characteristics of the Source Water The nature of the water that requires treatment influences the disinfection Materials in the water for example iron manganese hydrogen sulfide and nitrates often react with disinfectants effectively increasing the chlorine demand Turbidity of the water also reduces the effectiveness of disinfection 4 Usually the tests on the water from a new source are the basis for prescribing the dosage and CT needed to eliminate the harmful and undesirable substances Additional tests on the water at source need to be conducted when there are indications that the source water characteristics have changed The possibility of contaminants whether pathogens or minerals that change its acidity or turbidity in the path of the water or in the proximity of the spring box or reservoir need to be checked 5 Temperature of Water Higher temperatures usually increase the speed of reactions and of disinfection D TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 1 Available Chlorine Content is amount of chlorine in a chlorine compound which determines its potential disinfecting powe
110. he spout of the container will act as the outlet for the chlorine solution 2 Cut open the bottom of the container to provide a solution inlet and to be able to access the inside of the container 3 Guided by Figure 3 3 prepare the needed supplies like the tubing hose rubber stopper and sieve and prepare the chlorine feed equipment that will fit inside the container as follows e Choose or cut out a piece of polystyrene e g Styrofoam or wood to act as the float e Inthe center of the float place a rubber stopper or cork and pass a piece of hard tubing through it The tubing should be long enough to extend beyond the rubber stopper and below the float e Make a small hole in the tubing below the float to act as the inlet for the chlorine solution which will fill the container 4 Fill the container with the chlorine compound and fill with water until the float reaches the top Then cover the top of the container 5 To control the flow use a small clamp Place the clamp around the hose and tighten it to clamp off all flow during installation Loosen the clamp to get the flow rate desired 6 Install the container over the facility to be disinfected The rubber outlet hose should reach into the water J EFFECTIVENESS OF CHLORINATION Generally chlorination without filtration or other pre treatment is effective and adequate only under the following conditions 1 The degree of bacteriological pollution of the water is mo
111. he top until the maximum water level in the supernatant water reservoir is reached 5 Open the outlet valve and let the effluent run to waste until the filter gives clear water 6 Start operating the filter 3 Ripening the Filter When first constructed or just after cleaning the slimy layer on the sand bed does not yet exist Building up this slimy layer is a slow process called ripening and entails running the filter continuously and without interruption discharging filtered water to waste for at least one or two weeks As ripening proceeds there will be a slight increase in the bed resistance The organisms build up and the forming slimy layer will gradually become visible These are signs that ripening is proceeding well but only after comparative chemical and bacteriological analyses of raw and treated water may the waste valve be closed and the effluent be directed to the distribution system In case water supply distribution is interrupted for a long period filtration should be continued with the effluent discharging to waste Any shutdown for an extended period must be followed by further ripening if the quality of the effluent is to be maintained 4 General Operating Procedure The operation of the filter is determined by the filtration rate which is controlled at the effluent outlet by a regulating valve Initially this valve is partially closed As the run continues this valve must be checked and opened fractionally
112. his is to ensure a reporting mode which will be very useful for analyzing collection efficiency sales breakdown and billing efficiency Form 9 1 shows a sample of a Daily Billing Report This will serve as reference in the recording in the Customer Ledger Cards Refer to Form 9 2 for a template of a customer ledger card 4 A billing statement or Statement of Account should include the Due Date for the payment and a Notice to the customer that a penalty will apply for late payments An example of such a billing statement is shown in Form 9 3 Page 9 6 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Form 9 3 Sample Format of a Billing Statement CUSTOMER S COPY STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT NO XXXXXX Account Name Account No Address Meter No Billing Period Present Reading Reading Date Previous Reading Due Date Consumption m DETAILS OF CHARGES Current Charges Expanded VAT EVAT Other Charges Previous Unpaid Amount TOTAL AMOUNT DUE IMPORTANT REMINDERS 10 Penalty Charge will be imposed on payment made after due date Please bring your billing statement to avoid any delay during payment No field collector assigned Please pay your water bills at SSWP Office Please report immediately the next time you have not received your bill 3 days after meter reading 3 Payments from Customers 1 As a rule customers should pay only at the SSWP office where official receipts shall be issued There should be no collectors fr
113. his work as the design engineering operational and maintenance requirements of Level systems as well as the organizational and training support are adequately provided by the relevant government agencies and supported by non government agencies have had actual experience in the construction management operation maintenance and servicing of water supply systems and utilities including those other professionals who can help them in the financial legal and other aspects of their small water supply business Manual Organization The three volumes in this series of RURAL WATER SUPPLY MANUALS are as follows Volume l DESIGN MANUAL Its purpose is to introduce and give the reader the key design concepts in the design of waterworks facilities For non technical readers who are involved in the management and operation of small water supply systems rather than in their actual design and construction the text of Volume will be useful in understanding and in making decisions that would enable them to avail more usefully of the services of the technical consultants and contractors they must deal with Volume Il CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION MANUAL This volume presents the considerations requirements and procedures involved in supervising a waterworks project How these are implemented should be clear to one who supervises inspects or manages such a project For this reason the details of implementation are covered in the chapt
114. hooting information for jet pump problems is presented in Table 5 6 Table 5 6 Troubleshooting Jet Pump Problems Pump runs but delivers only a small amount of water Pressure regulator for jet may be set Set regulator for higher too low for existing water level pressure Pump fails to pump up to full pressure and Jet nozzle is plugged with scale or Remove and clean jet shut off trash NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual I OTHER CAUSES OF PUMP FAILURES 1 Overpumping Overpumping means more water is pumped than the capacity of the well Overpumping will lower the water level in the well consequently reducing the discharge and in the case of submersible pumps damage the pump motors It will also result in sand clogging the well screen Overpumping problems can be avoided by reducing the pump discharge or increasing the well capacity rehabilitating or deepening the well The safe pumping level should first be determined from the well driller or from the well drilling records 2 Corroded Well Casing A well casing is used to prevent the collapse of the hole and entrance of undesirable water into the well Corrosion is caused by the direct reaction between the water and casing material Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 19 The problem of corroded well casing can only be solved by drilling a new well or inserting a smaller diameter casing inside the corroded one In
115. howing that at least 25 of the authorized share capital has been subscribed and at least 25 of the total subscription has been paid The paid up capital must not be less than Ph 2 000 00 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Page 1 3 Additional information is available at the CDA website at http www cda gov ph 3 LGU Model Should the LGU decide to operate its own system the following options can be adopted 1 Form an LGU Corporation The LGU can form an LGU corporation which will own the facility have its own governing boards and operate like any government owned corporation 2 Form a water supply unit under the Economic Enterprise Office This structure assumes that this Office had already been created by an appropriate ordinance to house all revenue generating units of the LGU like markets slaughter house fish landing transport terminals etc 3 Place the WSS unit under either the Municipal Engineer or Planning Office The models so enumerated above are ranked according to their viability and sustainability potentials A water supply system must be in control of its water revenues so it can do its programming budgeting and monitoring functions effectively Unless the water supply operations and accounts are ring fenced the system will not be self liquidating or even viable Ring fencing often denotes that funds set aside for an activity will not be spent on anything else and that revenues ge
116. ht include gallons per minute gpm liters per second lps or when describing river flows cumecs cubic meters per second or even million liters per day mld Perhaps the simplest way to measure volumetric flow is to measure how long it takes to fill a known volume container A simple example is using a container of known volume filled by a fluid The stopwatch is started when the flow starts and stopped when the container starts to overflow The volume divided by the time gives the flow This method can be employed for measuring the flow of well sources To convert gpm to Ips divide gpm by 15 852 Example A pump is rated at 200 gom Convert to Ips gpm 200 15852 15852 17 6 PS lps Page 2 8 F ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS 1 kWandhp Horsepower hp is a unit of work originally established to measure the amount of energy required to raise coal out of a coal mine One horsepower is equivalent to 33 000 foot pounds of work performed in one minute This is equivalent to lifting 454 kg 101 meters in ten minutes It was estimated then that one hp was equivalent to the amount of work a strong horse could perform Pumps are rated according to their hp capacity Pump hp is a function of its head and flow capacity Refer to Volume Design Manual Chapter 14 One hp is equal to 746 watts or 0 746 kW Given the pump hp multiply hp by 746 to get watts 2 Power Voltage and Current The relationships among Power Curr
117. ial Aspects Annexes TABLE OF ANNEXES Annex A 24 Hr Constant Rate Pumping Test Procedure sscsccsssccsccsceccssescesesceces A 2 A I Required Tools and Equipment cccccscccssscccesececesececesececeneecescceseeeeseeessesceseeecessneeenens A 2 AH TOPIC 12 CS ee EER A 2 A III Discharge M aSUureMe ntS ccccsecccssecccsseccescccesceeeececsesecesenceseueceseueceeeeeeaeneetseecessggeeees A 2 AN PrO COOU C oa ic de rte ee E ting Se eaten ccnantone seboue A sees A 3 Annex B Measuring Flow from a Horizontal Pipe csscsccssssceccsceccscccceccsceccsscsceees A 4 Annex C Sample Job Description System Operator ccsccsceccsccccsccsccccscescescsceees A 5 Annex D Sample Job Description BOOKKeepel ccscsscsccsceccscccceccececceccsceccececcecs A 6 Annex E Sample Job Description Manager ccsccscsccscsccsccsceccsccsceccececceccccescsceccecs A 7 Annex F Staff Development amp Training sccscsccscsccsccsccccsccsceccscccceccececcsccscnscsceces A 8 Fal Basic Knowledge for all staff cicsacsesescavccacsasennvesibuw se baonnsgndeanevansevedsensanaedaweeeauewoaaantondens A 8 Fl Reguirements for SUDEFVISOUS siseccscercatecncdciedessranreoestsionsd ee ENEA ENEE EEA AREE A 8 F II Basic Operator Requirements ccccsecssccscceeccseceeccseceeccsecesceesesseceeceseeeecsseceeceseceeceeeeaes A 8 FIV Tranne ODUONS ssnipe EaR N A 8 Annex G Monthly Operational Report sccccscssceccs
118. ient mobilization practices in emergencies and 5 Valve exercising single most important form of preventive maintenance for reliability of service There are two general types of maintenance Preventive and Reactive or Repair maintenance 1 Preventive Maintenance Preventive or routine maintenance involves tasks and activities carried out according to pre established schedules to ensure the quality and reliability of operating facilities It is based on rational considerations such as the manufacturer s recommendations for servicing equipment industry standards and practices which are based on collective experience and the SSWP s own experience on the performance durability and reliability of the different equipment and their parts and components Once established these schedules need to be kept and the results recorded Z Unscheduled Maintenance Unscheduled maintenance also called Emergency or Repair maintenance is a reactive intervention forced on the Utility when equipment components or parts either break down or malfunction The activities and tasks are unplanned and generally unexpected thus taking the nature of emergencies They tend to be disruptive inefficient and often costly not only to undertake but also in terms of lost revenues and goodwill These occur most frequently when preventive maintenance has been poor or inadequate after accidents and natural force majeure events and when aging facilities are ke
119. igure 5 8 presents two methods of controlling water flow rate Page 5 24 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Figure 5 8 Elements of a Slow Sand Filter FREEBOARD OUTLET CHAMBER SUPERNATANT WATER RESERVOIR FLOATING ORIFICE GUIDE SAND INLET CHAMBER WEIR GATE VAL GRAVEL TAWA TO STORAGE TANK PERFORATED PVC AW Kala Lt INLET VALVE BOX IPE TYPE SLOW SAND FILTER INLET CONTROL SATE VALVE OUTLET CONTROL FLOAT EQUIPPED WITH ORIFICES FREE BOARD SUPERNATANT WATER RESERVOIR J TYPE II SLOW SAND FILTER INLET CONTROL FLOAT VALVE OUTLET CONTROL GATE VALVE NWRC RWS Volume I Design Manual Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 25 2 Starting Up a Newly Constructed Cleaned Slow Sand Filter 1 Introduce water at the bottom of the filter through the outlet chamber The purpose of adding water from the bottom is to get rid of all entrained air in the sand pores and the underdrainage system which may cause air binding Continue until the water begins to show on the filter surface 2 Level the top of the sand by raking 3 Resume adding water through the outlet chamber until the water level is at least 10 cm above the sand bed The purpose of raising water up to this level is to protect the sand surface from being scoured out of level when water is introduced from above 4 Open inlet valve and start feeding water slowly from t
120. igures will cover up to December Page 10 2 Chapter 10 Financial Aspects cost levels or serious local or global events are expected to cause large spikes in the prices of some essential supplies Otherwise it is projected from the results of past operations and adjusted to fit the current or projected prices and costs a Nature of O amp M Costs It is important to realize that in a well managed water utility there are only two major groups of expenditures 1 Capital Outlay Investment the costs of which are determined at the initial stages of the business or when it expands upgrades or replaces the physical facilities for water supply and distribution The annual costs are then composed of the depreciation of the major facilities the financial costs incurred in their acquisition and installation and actual Capex disbursements during the year 1 Operation and Maintenance which involves practically all the activities of the business whose focus is basically to employ its physical facilities to distribute the water 24 7 reliably and efficiently and to ensure that these physical facilities remain capable of continuing to distribute the water 24 7 reliably and efficiently From this it will be clear that the O amp M cost is one of the two major components considered in determining the initial water tariff of the system and the necessary adjustments in tariff that may be dictated by external factors and as the system expands in
121. iments from the system Such a program should institute the regular periodic flushing of the pipes as well as prescribe the maintenance measures for those sections of the system that are more prone to sediment build up such as dead end pipes and low sections These sediment prone sections should be pre identified and if needed provided with additional blow offs and hydrants to facilitate flushing and disinfection 2 Preparation for Repairs Regardless of their construction and the best operational and maintenance practices pipes are subject to the aging process to accidents and to other adverse factors including force majeure Thus the SSWP should accept the fact that pipeline leaks and breakages can and will happen and be prepared to handle them Since water main breaks need to be repaired with as little delay as possible it is important to have contingency plans in place and for the SSWP personnel are trained to work with minimal delay based on the plans The following tasks should be done in advance in order to eliminate delays in getting the needed repair work started 1 Post the phone numbers of key maintenance personnel conspicuously in the pumping station or office 2 Keep the following items available and ready for use at all times valve keys hand tools digging tools pavement breakers trench shoring material a portable centrifugal pump floodlights an emergency chlorinator and calcium hypochlorite 3 Keep a st
122. in the best interest of all negative consensus and should be disapproved Even when some members of the group are opposed to the consensus positive or negative they may decide to support it because it serves the best interests of the entire body In the case of majority rule a vote is taken and the majority decision prevails regardless of whether it will redound to the good of the entire body or not A majority vote on a contentious issue usually cannot be peaceably enforced unless a large part of the losing minority losing faction accepts that it is in the best interest of the group to accept the majority vote s results In which case acceptance converts the decision into a consensus that can proceed with less contradiction Page 8 16 Chapter 8 Administration compromise solutions to enable the proposal to push through Other consensus building techniques may also be employed 4 Arbitration This employs a party or group that is acceptable to the contending parties and is trusted to render a wise and fair decision Itisina sense a consensus but not about the contentious issues themselves but rather a consensus that the best way to resolve the issue is to entrust the decision to a mutually chosen arbiter While the parties agree beforehand to abide by the arbiter s decision it remains part of the arbiter s job is to convince the parties to accept the proposed solution In some public consultations a combination of these
123. ince chlorine gas tends to sink provision should be made for low placed ventilation near the floor that allows it to dissipate outward as well as high placed ventilation that allows the chlorine mist the gas mixed with air which tends to go upward also to dissipate 3 Handling Chlorine Cylinders 1 Handle containers with care while moving or storing them Do not drop or allow containers to strike objects 2 Use new gaskets as recommended by the chlorine supplier each time a cylinder or container is connected 3 Follow the chlorine supplier s recommended disposal procedures for leaking containers Do not modify alter or repair containers and valves Only the supplier should carry out these tasks 4 Ensure that cylinders have valve protection hoods in place when not connected to a system 5 Do not lift a cylinder by its valve protection hood The hood is not designed to carry the weight of a cylinder 6 If possible open valves by applying a steady force to a 200 mm 8 in wrench without applying an impact force and without using an extension on the wrench If this does not work apply a light impact force by smacking the wrench with the heel of your hand 7 Do not use a wrench longer than 200 mm 8 in to open or close valves To prevent valve damage that could cause leaks do not use tools such as pipe wrenches or hammers Valves on cylinders are designed to deliver full volume after one complete counterclockwise turn Valv
124. ing in the open position Valves should be opened and closed slowly at an even rate to reduce the risk of water hammer Unless otherwise indicated valves are opened by turning the hand wheel or key counterclockwise and Always consult the manufacturer s instructions for operating a specific type of valve It is good practice to operate exercise valves periodically or at least 2 times a year To check whether a valve is operational or not 1 First close the valve completely and then open it completely 2 Back off on the valve about one turn to avoid locking it in an open position and 3 If the valve does not operate properly repair or replace at once Things to check 1 Ensure that the valve boxes are not full of mud or debris or become buried Inspect the valves for leaks around the valve stem Ensure that the valve handles are intact Ensure that each valve can be fully opened and fully closed A SS Record the inspection date whether the valve is right or left handed and whether it is normally open or normally closed 6 Record any needed repairs or replacements 2 Common Causes of Failure and Their Remedies a If valves are not operated or lubricated for a long time they may become inoperable due to corrosion If the corrosion damage is not extensive the valve may be made operable again by pouring kerosene or dilute lubricating oil down the valve key to lubricate the joint between the stem and p
125. inside the residence or for any reason takes possession of the meter The Utility however could charge a token amount for monthly maintenance of the meter Where practicable the meters are placed in clusters for easy repair The Contract should specify the connection fees to be paid It is recommended that an advance deposit of 2 months be included in the connection fee to guarantee payments of delinquent bills If a customer cannot pay outright for the connections it would be a wise move if the SSWP will allow installment payments provided a down payment is made It would be up to management to recommend the policy for this given the fund availability of the SSWP the volume of pending applications and other factors 2 Customer Briefing It is good practice to educate the customers on the mutual obligations between themselves and their water system and the importance of complying with these obligations in order to ensure a reliable sustainable predictable supply of potable For Level Il systems meetings with the community as well as appropriate water 19 If necessary a customer can pay a meter guaranty deposit Page 9 2 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations billboards in the tap area could be used For Level Ill systems every time a new house connection is made and prior to activation the customer should be given a briefing even for a few minutes on the roles and responsibilities of both the SSWP and the customer The r
126. ion of bacteria in the tank making the water unsafe for drinking Cleaning is usually done once a year but it always must be done whenever the water in the reservoir contains an appreciable amount of dirt a Checking Sediment Levels 1 Reduce the water level down to 15 20 cm above the bottom of the tank 2 Stir up the water 3 If the bottom appears to be clean and sediments are either minimal or not present cleaning is not needed b Cleaning 1 When the check confirms that an appreciable amount of sediments has accumulated in the reservoir cleaning should proceed 2 Brush the walls column ladders and other parts of the reservoir to remove adhering dirt particles and algae if any 3 Open the drain valve to drain the remaining water to waste While draining agitate the water to keep the dirt particles from settling and sweep the sediments in the water towards the outlet 4 Disinfect the tank by any of the following methods e Fill the tank with 50 mg I chlorine solutions and allow the solution to stand for 24 hours before draining it to waste e Alternatively mix bleaching powder and water in a pail or bucket to form a thin paste Using a brush apply the thin paste forcefully Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 9 on the interior surfaces of the reservoir Allow one hour to pass before rinsing the tank with clean water 5 Put the tank back into operation after rinsing it with clean water 3 Gene
127. is used as a compound whether in liquid or powdered form A HAZARDS OF CHLORINE Above all keep in mind that chlorine gas was used in World War as a poison gas weapon and that it killed maimed or caused permanent injuries to many soldiers 1 Human Safety and Health In both its liquid and gaseous form chlorine is classified as a poisonous or toxic substance When it gets into contact with moist body surfaces such as the eyes nose throat lungs and wet skin it reacts with the moisture forming harmful acids that can cause severe damage to these organs and even be fatal Repeated exposure to chlorine does not produce an immunity or tolerance Long term exposure even to low concentrations of chlorine may cause a gradual decrease in lung efficiency A single exposure to a high concentration can cause permanent lung damage Table 7 1 presents the toxic effects of chlorine at different levels of concentration Table 7 1 Toxic Effects of Chlorine May cause mild irritation of the eyes nose and throat Burning in eyes nose and throat may cause headache watering eyes sneezing coughing breathing difficulty bloody nose and blood tinged sputum Severe irritation of the eyes nose and respiratory tract 30 60 mg l Immediate breathing difficulty resulting in pulmonary edema fluid 8 buildup in lungs possibly causing suffocation and death 430 mg l Lethal after 30 minutes Workers Compensation Board of British Colu
128. ischarge pressure is lost and fails to build up again after a short time the system still contains air Stop the pump motor and repeat operating procedures starting from item 3 It may be necessary to repeat the procedure several times until the system is completely filled with water b Operating the Self Priming Pump 1 Routinely inspect the assembly Make sure power supply to motor is off Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 17 2 Check lubrication Make sure that the pump rotates fully by manually turning the shaft 3 Start the pump motor Figure 5 6 Details of an Installed Jet Pump AIR VOLUME CONTROL PRESSURE TANK PRESSURE REGULATOR AUTOMATIC PRESSURE SWITCH SEE DETAIL BELOW FOOT VALVE STRAINER A PRESSURE SYSTEM WITH A DEEP WELL JET PUMP WATER BEING RETURNED FROM PUMP ABOVE 2 WATER FROM WELL BEING SUCKED UP INTO THROAT 4 BY HIGH VELOCITY DISCHARGE FROM NOZZLE 3 RISING WATER B DETAIL OF JET NOZZLE NWRC RWS Volume I Design Manual Page 5 18 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities 2 Maintenance of Jet Pumps The manufacturer or equipment supplier always provides the client with the Operation and Maintenance manual upon purchase of their product Refer to this manual for the proper operation and maintenance of your pump Table 5 4 for centrifugal pumps may be also used as a guide for troubleshooting operational problems of jet pumps Additional troubles
129. ississsrer n E N NiS 3 2 E JCMIGHING Dosage and DEMANA esiri einne na 3 3 F Chlorine Chlorine Compounds Used in Disinfection ccceeeeesseseeeeeceececssseeeeeeeeeaeens 3 4 C CMON DO SO aeaa E E S AE E A AEE E 3 5 A Meas ring Chlorine Residual ssicrccsaiernssvesosbacadimuncivctoendeheinsneedacsesevmnceheshs inancueanmdsaabessascears 3 8 I Equipment Used in Chlorination sssssssnsssesessenssressressrrrosrrsserrssrrosrerseerssrerssrresrersrereseee 3 10 J Effectiveness of Chlorination s ssssssssssssrresssssssrrrrreresssssrrrrresssssrrereesssssrrereesssssseene 3 12 Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance sesesesesesececececesessssesssscsssessessosceoe 4 1 A Bae lt 9 19 ONCEDE aE en ee eee eee 4 1 Bic Why Maintenance siincststscscasdessscacesvarseddacesoddeasccadadvecessannes eateabesasandecsebseeisdenedbecestdbscaaccvarees 4 1 C Waer OUa y rrei ee ee eee ene nee eee 4 2 De ROK WOON States cheese ye atrceeeccpsieea ns Grote vase sone seas A A ss 4 3 E Other Op rational Considerations sssecinciertecsavndeinanscecaneceandseeancndaeansectaatoudeisoateuessedeabeseioese 4 3 F Records and Reports wecscssssictsvsveccasses csteansvantienen dea anedasaanmesabarbencabesasbebesestesusbesedsbouseraeeeeiads 4 4 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities scsccssssceccsccsceccececceccececces 5 1 A a E E E A E E E E E A N A A ee 5 1 B Infiltration Gallerie s ccccccccccccsss
130. ist of experts who can provide business planning assistance The Return on Page 8 12 Chapter 8 Administration Investment ROI methodology for tariff design discussed in Chapter 8 already incorporates the elements of a business plan Annex H Lists the basic contents of a Business Plan K DOCUMENTS There are number of records pertaining to different aspects of the Utility s business that have to be kept and made secure 1 Technical Aspects Prior to system operation the management should have the following documents properly filed 1 Inventory of assets by type and cost 2 As built plans or drawings detailing the system including well design well logs and well test data 3 Log book of defects and repairs made and 4 Performance Graphs of pumps and pump manuals Management should determine who should secure validate and update these documents These documents are critical for assessing system efficiency for tariff adjustments and for securing loans 2 Commercial Financial Aspects Any business will need to keep track of who their customers are and whether the business is earning or losing While it may not be the main purpose of some SSWPs to earn profits profits are necessary to be able to expand or rehabilitate the system at some future time and for securing external loans The basic financial records that should be kept and secured are the customer ledger cards bankbooks billing and collection data and the
131. ith the use of a chlorine comparator on a daily basis Refer to Chapter 3 for more details 4 Reducing Non Revenue Water NRW Non revenue water NRW represents water that is produced but does not bring revenues for the SSWP It is the sum of the water lost to physical leaks illegal connections unauthorized withdrawals unmetered connections and metering errors The NRW should be kept as low as is practical technically and economically in order to reduce operation cost keep tariff levels low and conserve water How low should NRW be For a new system the NRW should be kept to less than 10 For older systems with NRW greater than 25 the SSWP should bring the NRW down to 20 or below However the cost of the efforts to reduce NRW should be guided by the principle of not spending 2 in order to earn P1 For further details refer to Chapter 6 Chapter 8 Administration Page 8 9 G PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Any SSWP should have at least a quarterly report of certain key performance indicators KPIs to enable the management Board to determine the system s performance efficiency and to track the progress of the utility Table 8 1 lists the minimum KPIs Table 8 1 Minimum Key Performance Indicators Service 7 iene IELTS Duration of water supply in hours per Levels day 4 NRW Water Produced Billed Volume Operational Water Produced Efficiency l l Operating Expense 6 Ope
132. l and management issues involved and thus enable them to participate more effectively in advancing the objectives of the water sector Overall the local and international partners who cooperated in making these Manuals possible hope that they will help the participants in the rural water supply sector to understand better the nature of the water supply business its responsibilities to the stakeholders and the role of the government agencies and regulatory bodies that seek to help them operate sustainably while protecting the consumers On the Use of the Manual This RURAL WATER SUPPLY OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL and the companion volumes in the series can at best serve as a general reference and guide As they refer to the information recommendations and guidelines contained in them readers are urged to consider them always in relation to their own specific requirements adapting and applying them within the context of their actual situation Even as they refer to this Manual for information its users are advised to consult with qualified professionals whether in the private sector in the local governments or in the regulatory and developmental agencies concerned with the water sector who A few of the topics covered may also be relevant to Level systems which consist of a single well or pump serving a limited number of beneficiaries at source However it was felt unnecessary to focus on Level systems requirements in t
133. l no more leak is detected 5 Set the feed rate at the computed or desired chlorine dose level 6 Chlorinator Shutdown i When pressure in cylinder reaches zero or flow drops as indicated by flow tube close cylinder valve ii If valve does not close tightly open and reclose lightly several times until it closes properly iii Do not use over size wrench to force valve closed iv Leave chlorinator operating with ejector water on for a few minutes after closing the cylinder valve to exhaust Cl2 from chlorinator before disconnecting it v Replace outlet cap and protective bonnet immediately after disconnecting the chlorinator vi Do not leave chlorinator or chlorine lines open to the atmosphere for any extended period If they are reconnected to a new cylinder cap the open ends to prevent moisture from the air from entering and Causing corrosion Page 5 30 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Chlorine Leaks i A chlorine gas leak usually is first detected by smell If you smell chlorine move to safety and keep others away from the area get help and put on a gas mask before trying to pinpoint the leak ii Large leaks show as escaping green gas or liquid with frost from the atmosphere forming around the leak iii Small leaks can be located by spraying ammonium hydroxide aqua ammonia vapor from a plastic squeeze bottle or by passing a cloth soaked in the ammonia solution Ammonia vapor reacts with chlo
134. ld be obtained 3 Determining the person or organizational unit responsible for the obtaining the data and preparing the report and 4 Determining where the records will be kept and those responsible for updating the files In large systems the MIS is typically computer based The collection processing data storage generation of reports and even their dissemination is programmed and generally done electronically Thus the MIS can be set up to provide the most up to date information on SSWP s performance Refer to Annex G for a suggested monthly Form for the O amp M information required by the SSWP Board and management This form is intended to help the SSWP determine the priority data to be gathered It will facilitate reporting to various stakeholders make the monitoring of operations easier and generate a recorded history of the SSWP I AUDITS All organizations including utilities conduct routine audits and as needed special audits to identify opportunities for improvement Audits can be performed on an in house basis by the Audit or Finance Committee or by outside experts Audits can address various aspects of a utility s operations The results can serve as a guide for improvement strategies The scope and purpose of audits may vary The common ones for a water utility are 1 Technical audit a review of a utility s technical operations treatment plants water sources pumping storage distribution fir
135. ld be very strict about the granting the use of free water If it gives in to one request it can expect to soon be flooded with similar requests D BILLING AND COLLECTION 1 Level II Practices To the extent practicable the billing and collection of Level Il faucets should be done on a daily basis Each metered public faucet should be assigned to a Caretaker who will sell water to the users on a volumetric method e g containers or drums with known standard volume capacities At the end of the day the meters are read by the Utility s Collector and the Caretaker is billed on the basis of the cubic meters of water dispensed The daily reading billing and collection will help avert delinquency in payment by the Caretakers If a Caretaker is unable to pay the specific public faucet assigned to him her is disconnected until a dialogue with the concerned users leads to an agreement regarding the arrears and a new caretaker is appointed 2 Level III Practices a Master List of Customers In order to keep track of existing account numbers and control the number of customers in each Meter Reading Book a Master List of service connections should be prepared and grouped according to areas or zones Concessionaires in each meter reading book will be numbered consecutively from number 001 taking into consideration potential concessionaires within the area including vacant lots which will be reserved with a corresponding account number
136. ltage at power source adjustments and repairs If during inspection a defect is found it should be repaired immediately The operator should pay attention even to small defects and not wait for them to worsen as these could cause other parts or units to fail resulting in larger damage and more costly repairs 2 Pump Station Data Every pump station must have complete data as shown in Form 5 1 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 7 Form 5 1 Pump Station Data Location Date Well Casing Diameter Well Depth Well SWL Specific Capacity Water Quality Year Drilled Discharge Head Size Driller Supplier S Type Brand Model Rated HP rpm Volts Amperes Hollow Shaft Diameter Year Installed Remarks Remarks 3 Pump Log A pump log should be maintained to record the daily pressure and flow readings of the pump The time of the day when these readings are made should also be reflected Form 5 2 shows a format of a Daily Operation Log The schedule for operating and stopping the well pumps should relate the pump capacity to the data on daily water demand and the water levels of the reservoirs Form 5 2 Daily Operation Log 16 Fuel consumption columns may be added if generators and diesel engines are used Page 5 8 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities 4 Pump Operations It is simple to operate the intake pumps used for water wells or surface water
137. made and ensure continuity of their operations Within the current Regulatory Framework described above there are four types of registrations licenses and permits that an SSWP must obtain to legalize its operations These include 1 Business registration 2 The local licenses and permits to operate 3 License or franchise to engage in the business of selling water which is a public utility The right to engage in the business of selling water is conditioned on its adherence to the health and quality standards for potable water and thus may be suspended or revoked if these standards are not met 4 Water Right Permit in case of raw water abstraction The small water service utility needs to acquire legal status by registering formally as well as obtain the business licenses and permits necessary to operate Failure to do so opens it to the risk of being slapped a huge fine or being issued a Cease and Desist Order or expropriation 2 Business Registration Without formal registration the water service provider will not be able to deal legally with government and financing institutions Government will not provide its services issue permits or transact with non registered entities and banks and other financing Page 1 6 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements institutions do not lend to illegal or unregistered operators Neither will it be able to obtain from the Bureau of Internal Revenue BIR the official
138. mance prepare reports for various stakeholders operate system facilities Minimum Qualifications Bachelor s degree in a utility related course with at least 2 years in a supervisory position Page A 7 F I F IV 2 R R Annex F Staff Development amp Training BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL STAFF Utility Mission Structure Function Utility Rules regulations Personnel Rules Basic Public Relations REQUIREMENTS FOR SUPERVISORS Roles and Functions of Supervisors Interpersonal Relationship Problem Solving Budgeting process Systems and procedures of the Utility BASIC OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS Utility Mathematics Pressure and Head Loss Chlorination Basic Plumbing Maintenance Practices Types of Valves Pipes Meters Pump Characteristics Troubleshooting Basic Electricity TRAINING OPTIONS Formal Training Programs LWUA DILG Water Districts Professional organizations etc One on one with an advisor or expert On the Job Training OJT in own or other utilities Structured Observation Tours Vocational Schools or Short Term Courses Page A 8 Annexes Annex G Monthly Operational Report For the month ending 1 0 WATER COVERAGE DATA Connections Type of Population Connection Served No a Total metered functioning __ d Domestic J o o b Total metered defective e Commercial o Total unmetered f Standposts o Z o o i Bok TOTAIS o h S D D
139. mbia Chlorine Safe Work Practices 2006 1 Adapted from Chorine Safe Work Practices published by the Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia Canada Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Page 7 1 Table 7 2 presents the human exposure limits to chlorine Table 7 2 Chlorine Exposure Limits Exposure level Exposure Limit 1 0 mg l Maximum allowable short term exposure 15 minutes Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia Chlorine Safe Work Practices 2006 Note The IDHL Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health exposure level is the point at which a person without appropriate respiratory and skin protection could be fatally injured or could suffer irreversible or incapacitating health effects 2 Fire and Chemical Reactions 1 Chlorine will not burn by itself but will support combustion when it comes into contact with many combustible materials including acetylene kerosene most hydrocarbons like solvents greases and oils finely divided metals and organic matter and materials containing potassium and phosphorous It can explode when it reacts with high concentrations of ammonia or hydrogen peroxide agua oxigenada 2 In both gas and liquid forms chlorine reacts with almost all chemicals usually releasing heat At high temperatures chlorine reacts vigorously with most metals For instance a chlorine reaction can cause stainless steel to catch fire or melt 3 Reaction to Water
140. mers to pay their dues At the end of the deadline the service should be disconnected unless the debt is paid immediately To prevent abuse and avoid setting precedents no exceptions should be allowed Charge a reasonable amount for re connection Be firm but fair 2 Acustomer should be given sufficient notice before actual disconnection 3 If payment after the due date has not yet been made a second notice the first notice is the original Bill itself clearly marked Disconnection Notice is sent Such notice shall inform the customer of the deadline for payment the penalties or interests to be paid manner of payment and the fee for reconnection Refer to Form 9 5 for a sample Disconnection Notice 4 If payment is still not yet received after the Disconnection Notice deadline a Disconnection Job Order is issued by the Bookkeeper to the one in charge of disconnections This person goes to the consumer abode and presents the Disconnection Order If payment is not immediately paid the disconnection proceeds Page 9 8 Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Form 9 5 Sample Disconnection Notice DISCONNECTION NOTICE Account Name Account No Address Meter No Dear Customer Our records show that your water bill in the amount of due on is two 2 months overdue We are giving you seven 7 days up to to settle your account with us Failure to settle payment will force us to disconnect our services without further notice Yo
141. methods applied in arriving at the disinfection dosages and rates of dosage using chlorine gas and some of the typical chlorine compounds used by water systems in the Philippines Example Calculation of Dosage Given Water Consumption 10 000 liters per day Ipd Required Residual 0 3 mg l Chlorine Demand 0 5 mg l Required Dosage in mg l Dosage rate in gm day Using Chlorine gas Using Bleaching powder Analysis Dosage Chlorine Demand Chlorine Residual Dosage 0 5 0 3 0 8 mg l Using Chlorine Gas Available chlorine 100 dosage Dosage rate 0 8 mg l 100 X volume of water to be treated available x 10 000 lpd 8 000 mg day 8 g day Using Bleaching Powder Available chlorine 35 dosage Dosage rate X volume of water to be treated available 0 8 mg l a x 10 000 lpd 22 857 mg day 22 9 g day Page 3 6 Example Dosage for Disinfection of Well Given Well Diameter 0 3 m Static Water level 6 m Total Well Depth 50 m Required Amount of HTH required Disinfection Specifications Dosage 50 mg l Contact time 24 hrs Analysis 1 Calculate water volume in well Volume m x 0 157 x 50 6 3 11 m 3 110 liters 2 Determine amount of chlorine compound using HTH 70 chlorine dosage X volume Amount available Chlorine 7 50mg l x 3 1101 222142 mq 222 0 70 E g Example Reservoir Disinfection Given Diameter 4m Height 3 m Req
142. mpletely Follow these steps when treating a victim of chlorine inhalation 1 Assess the victim s breathing If breathing has stopped begin artificial respiration and continue until the victim resumes breathing Pocket masks are recommended for artificial respiration although the mouth to mouth method may also be used 2 If the victim is having difficulty breathing for example gasping or coughing place the victim in the most comfortable position usually semi sitting Page 7 8 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety 3 If an oxygen therapy unit and trained personnel are available administer oxygen at a 10 litre flow 4 Ensure that the victim is transported to hospital in case the victim suffers a delayed reaction in the form of pulmonary edema Any physical exertion excitement or apprehension increases the chance and severity of a delayed reaction Keep the victim warm and completely at rest Reassure the victim while waiting for assistance and transportation to hospital 2 Skin Contact Skin contact with chlorine can result in severe burns Before attempting to flush a victim s contaminated skin make sure the victim is breathing properly Follow these steps 1 Assess the victim s breathing If breathing has stopped begin artificial respiration and continue until the victim resumes breathing Pocket masks are recommended for artificial respiration although the mouth to mouth method may also be used If the victim is having diffi
143. n C above The Asset Register can give us the depreciation expense and net book value for the current assets listed in it while the table of Proposed Projects can give us the depreciation expense for the proposed projects Page A 18 Annexes 01 U0D jUawdinb gt po dC S Ss OCU OE SEE PRE SE Ss See ae juejg jueUeeL pt em Buypunoduy po CC El Ee SS SS EEE EEE SECS NOMOSOY 0 819U00 Coo S C S y S S S Coo S C S y S S ES Coo T S S S S S e Coo S C S y S S O uo e1S 19 S00g Coo S C e y S S Coo S C S G S S a l Coo T S e S S S 8e EON Coo S C e y S S wE a njen 400g JON pauinboy Jeo J91SIS9Y YSSY y JY ZIGeL Annexes 6 Property and Equipment Entitled to Return PEER Depreciation however pertains only to the Property and Equipment Entitled to Return PEER The PEER are those assets in service that are directly used in the operations of the water system and were funded by the owner s own funds a loan or internal cash generation Assets funded by a loan are entitled to return but interests thereon are not entitled to return A return on assets is provided to compensate the utility for the risks involved and the cost of money invested As such assets that have donated or turned over or are recovered via other ways other than water sales are not entitled to return 7 Calculating Maximum Allowable net Income MaxNI The MaxNl is defined below and is illustrated i
144. n Table AK 5 The MaxNl is defined as 12 ROI and is calculated as follows MaxNI 0 12 x 2 months Working Capital Net book value of PEER Table AK 5 Maximum Net Income es Gs es Year SC 1 0 00 000 200 000 400 000 Less Accumulated Depreciation 200 000 250 000 300 000 Net Book Value 2 00 2 950 000 3 300 000 Add working capital 2 months average cash opex 240 000 Total Capital Entitled to Return Max Rate of Return 250 000 260 000 POA ka 2 CANO O00 3 9U0UV 0 12 8 Revenue Requirements RR and Average tariff The RR are the costs of service to be derived from the water rates and is obtained by adding the annual Opex Depreciation expense for that year and a maximum net income allowed RR OPEX Dep MaxNI Table AK 6 illustrates the computation for revenue requirements Table AK 6 Computation for Revenue Requirements ET Se ET 3 1 440 000 1 500 000 1 560 000 Depreciation Expense 480 000 Revenue Requirements 2 284 800 Volume Sold m Paras 2 484 000 2 587 200 LIHI INI NI Required Average Tariff m 12 69 12 42 11 76 Page A 20 Annexes K II RATE STRUCTURING PROCESS The water rate structure comprises two parts the minimum charge and the commodity charge The minimum or service charge covers a volume assumed to be enough for the basic needs of a low income user The charge should not exceed 5
145. n case of a second positive testing the SSWP should consider suspension of operations until the problem is solved and if this is not possible it should reinforce its advisory to all customers to boil their drinking water until they receive notice that the problem is solved The SSWP s responsibility for safe water makes it imperative to eliminate harmful organisms by some means of which the standard is treatment with chlorine as thoroughly discussed in Chapter 3 As part of its routine water quality maintenance procedures the SSWP should routinely on a daily basis take readings of chlorine residuals at different distribution points using a chlorine comparator D FIELD TOOLS The Utility should have all the necessary and proper field tools for operational and maintenance work The cost of these tools should be considered an investment that will improve maintenance work and minimize downtime Every SSWP must have the following maintenance tools e Adjustable wrenches e Crowbar e Pipe threader e Pliers e Shovels e Saws and hammers E OTHER OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 Monitoring 1 Operators must monitor readings on gauges and respond to alarms and warning signals Failure to heed these could result in otherwise minor problems escalating into major problems 2 Operators must be trained to respond instantly to emergencies and should be given the means to communicate without delay so they can call out
146. n the first place the facilities were not constructed properly there is probably very little that can be done to reduce NRW Therefore for pipeline installation all materials should pass quality control testing and should undergo pressure tests prior to backfilling Many leaks emanate from service connections joints When installing service connections do not skimp on Teflon tape on threaded joints and inspect for leakage before backfilling 3 Benefits of NRW Reduction e Financial gains from increased water sales or reduced water production including possibly the delay of costly capacity expansion e Reduced operational cost which will result in a lower tariff e Increased firefighting capability due to increased pressure e More consumers can be served or longer operational hours e Easier to sell increased tariffs and e Reduced risk of contamination Leakage reduction may also be an opportunity to improve relations with the public and employees A leak detection program can be made highly visible so that water conservation can be at the forefront in people s awareness The reduction of commercial losses while politically and socially challenging can also improve relations with the public since some consumers may be reluctant to pay their water bills knowing that many others use services without being billed or being underbilled 4 Sources of NRW NRW can be analyzed on whether they are physical or actual losses or losses du
147. n with profit as the main consideration They obtain water from nearby water utilities or from their own source e LGU Model Some LGUs establish own and or operate their own water utilities These utilities are a part of the LGU organizational hierarchy The sector benchmarking experience is that among the various water utility management models the LGU Model has generally fallen short of expectations Among the many reasons for this failure the most prevalent is that a water system will find it difficult to operate within a political environment and fiscal restrictions that apply to government entities The LGUs had been tasked to provide the basic water and TA utility with less than 5 000 connections Can be a community based model privately owned a water district or an LGU run system Enfranchised regulated The law encourages public utilities giving a franchise right privileges and protection so that they can operate sustainably and deliver essential services However the law also ensures that the utility businesses do not overcharge consumers and that the services they provide meet the applicable standards of quality and public safety in the case of water potability and health Water Districts are basically formed for Level III systems in semi urban or urban areas Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Page 1 1 Sanitation services by the Local Government Code but nowhere is it written that the
148. nd as well as how the utility will be able to meet such demand Any project needed to meet the demand and distribution requirements should either be presented in the list of projects or in the capex account in the cash flow 3 Capital Projects This lists the major projects of the utility and the funding source for each project In case of presenting such project s to a proposed funder the feasibility study for the project may be attached for reference H II CASH FLOW 1 Proposed Tariff Structure There should be the calculations showing how the proposed tariff structure was derived 2 Projected Key Performance Indicators This gives the utility targets as well as providing a monitoring tool or a benchmark for the utility to determine its progress or performance 3 Projected Financial Statements This pertains to the projected Income Statement and Balance Sheets Page A 12 Annexes Annex I Sample Application Service Contract2 The undersigned hereinafter referred to as APPLICANT hereby applies for a water service connection size XX located at from SSWP herein referred to as the UTILITY and agrees to the following 1 The applicant will pay the Utility the sum of PHP as service application fee and the sum of PHP representing two months non interest bearing guarantee deposit or the aggregate sum of PHP 2 The applicant will when water becomes available purchase from the Utility all its water needs in the premises as desc
149. nd disseminating information about the Utility 2 By Management 1 Ensuring that the staff adheres to the Utility s public relations policies in carrying out their jobs especially when they deal directly with the public But this includes training the staff on how to deal with problematic situations involving customers in which the Utility s legitimate interests need to be protected or its actions enforced 2 Thoroughly training the staff about policies procedures and the rationale for these and updating the staff whenever changes take place or new information must be given to the public 3 Establishing rapport with LGUs including barangay officials and ensuring they are properly oriented on the requirements of a reliable water service 4 Acting immediately on complaints and suggestions resolving these and giving feedback to the concerned customers about the actions taken 5 Regularly developing materials for dissemination to the public particularly those that could be distributed by the board and by management itself at public meetings and gatherings 6 Managing water service problems particularly risks to public health to ensure that the public is properly informed on measures they should take to protect their family s health and early warning of anticipated service interruptions to enable customers to prepare for them When unforeseen problems occur clear frequent updates on what is being done and the progres
150. nd publication It would be best to get the NWRB Tariff Methodology Manual with their Excel model CD This can be obtained from the NWRB at a minimal cost Contact information for the NWRB is available on their website http www nwrb gov ph contact htm b Tariff Design Process The NWRB s tariff design process is illustrated in more detail in Annex K c Legal Requisites The proposed rates are subject to public hearing or consultation prior to approval After approval by the NWRB the approved rates must be posted within 7 days in a conspicuous place within the SSWP office and other public areas within the community Page 10 8 Chapter 10 Financial Aspects 2 The Cash Flow Needs Methodology This method is being used by water districts whose tariffs have to follow the guidelines of the Local Water Utilities Administration LWUA This method may not be applicable for those registered with the NWRB The difference between the ROI method and this method is the enumeration of the items which can be included in the cash flow Table 10 1 which incidentally is equivalent to the revenue requirement per year Table 10 1 Items Included in the Cash Flow Cash Flow Expense Items ROI Method This method also requires projections of the following 1 Number and type of connections estimated volume sold and population to be served 2 Production capacity NRW water supply shortage surplus 3 Required investments and
151. nd replacement of consumption meters is an important aspect of routine maintenance Records should be kept on the condition of meters to guide future procurement and enable the Utility to take measures against water loss Representative pothole checking of service connections within 5 years of service avoid leaks due to deterioration should also be done 1 Inspection of Water Meters 1 2 3 4 A Clean all water meter parts thoroughly Make sure the gear train runs freely Check the action of the disc in the chamber Remember that friction is just as detrimental to correct registration reading as slippage Store meters away from heat Use a calibrated meter as a standard of comparison for tolerances and clearances After every repair retest the meter for accuracy If necessary call the manufacturer for advice Page 6 14 Chapter 6 Distribution System 2 Types of Water Meter Testing 1 Meter Shop Test pull out meter and send it to testing laboratories shops for testing recalibration equipment and service available usually at large utilities 2 Volumetric Method no dismantling using a container with known volume a variance of 4 should be pulled out for recalibration 3 Using a Calibrated Test Meter the meter should be put in series with a calibrated meter In principle readings should be the same Record the difference 4 off should be re calibrated 3 Water Meter Testing If a te
152. ndicate his approval 2 Upon receipt of the approved Billing Adjustment memo the Bookkeeper notes the corresponding adjustment in the Customer Ledger Card The adjustment is then reflected either in a new or the next billing statement Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 9 Form 9 6 Billing Adjustment Memo BILLING ADJUSTMENT MEMO Memo No Concessionaire Date Account No Bill No Reason Journal Entries Increase Account Amount As Billed Should be shouldbe e a e a crea Prepared by Approved E CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS As a rule every customer s complaint should be attended to as quickly as possible 1 There are several ways by which the SSWP can receive complaints from its customers These can be made directly to the Meter Reader or the customer can call or report directly to the office These complaints must be recorded classified as to their nature and date received and resolved or acted upon The report for each complaint should also indicate the dates for subsequent monitoring 2 Ifa service complaint is made to the Meter Reader the Meter Reader should conduct a preliminary investigation and whenever possible correct the defect immediately If the defect needs further corrections or repairs this should be noted in a Service Request form which should be carried when reading meters The Meter Reader should log the Service Request in the Customer Complaint Logbook upon return to the office and convert
153. nerated by those activities are invested back Ring Fencing is a legal or financial arrangement of separating the activities assets and liabilities revenues and costs and so on generated by the water supply business from the other businesses of the LGU Ring fencing includes the separation of financial accounts through the use of a subsidiary accounting system For more details on the ring fencing process please refer to the manual A Guide to Ring Fencing of Local Government Run Utilities prepared by the IBRD WSP and PPIAF or the Toolbox Kit of the DILG or the NWRB s list of Accredited Technical Service Providers C OWNERSHIP ISSUES A major issue that an SSWP must tackle from the start is who owns the system particularly the physical assets and land Ownership is very crucial to minimizing Page 1 4 Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements political interference and ensuring independence in operating and management decisions particularly in the timely collection of water service fees The officers of the SSWP must ensure that they obtain proper documentary proof s of ownership This is especially critical if majority of the funds used to build the system come from grants or contributions from the local government unit LGU or from some other funding channeled through the LGU Ownership can be manifested in various ways such as e Deed of Donation or Transfer e Memorandum of Agreement e Proof of Purchase
154. nformation that will be used in the regular monitoring of the utility s performance The Annual Report is a formal and legal document that must be audited by an external auditor and whose accuracy and completeness the operator must swear to before a notary public 5 Water Right Permit Any system extracting water directly from its source groundwater or surface water needs to secure a water right from the NWRB This water right is important to establish the legal right of the abstractor and prevent any legal or water rights conflicts that may arise in the future In entertaining an application for water right the NWRB usually requires the submission of data regarding the place of abstraction method and volume of abstraction and purpose The NWRB website at www nwrb gov ph provides full information on how to secure this right 6 Water Quality Regulation Any system needs to be able to prove that the quality of water it supplies meets certain minimum health requirements or standards set by the country s health authorities The Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water PNSDW requires chemical and physical tests to be conducted once a year and micro biological tests to be conducted monthly or quarterly with the number of test samples dependent on the served population The monitoring protocol usually calls for test results to be submitted to the regulatory office as required and for the test results to be posted in conspicuous pla
155. nly qualified personnel should be permitted to enter these areas 2 Do not store materials that may react violently with chlorine in the same room as chlorine Put up visible warning signs prohibiting persons from taking these materials where the chlorine is stored 3 Do not store chlorine near busy roadways or where vehicles operate Chlorine reacts with carbon monoxide to produce phosgene an extremely poisonous gas 4 Store chlorine cylinders and containers in a cool dry and relatively isolated area protected from weather and extreme temperatures e When storing cylinders and containers outside shield them from direct sunlight e When storing chlorine containers inside store the containers in a well ventilated building away from any heat sources 5 Use cylinders and containers on a FIRST IN FIRST OUT basis 6 Clearly tag or mark empty cylinders and separate them from full cylinders Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Page 7 3 7 Determine the most appropriate location for emergency equipment Emergency equipment and a faucet should be available in a readily accessible location but not inside the chlorine room because a worker and emergency response staff trying to use the emergency equipment or faucet during a chlorine leak risks further exposure 8 Store cylinders upright and secure them against tipping over and rough handling Cylinders will discharge vapor when upright and discharge liquid when upside down S
156. nstallation or modified operation of a booster Page 8 5 1 Getting an Adviser Very often community based boards of SSWPs lack formal business experience and are not familiar with the multifarious requirements of running a small water utility For this reason it is usually essential to engage expert advice to guide the Board and management during the organizational stages of the Utility Advisers can be drawn from the LGU or national agencies like the DILG LWUA CDA and DPWH or from NGOs Very useful operational manuals can also be obtained from the DILG 2 Organizational Structure The starting structure need not be complicated For an SSWP with about 10 public faucets or 200 connections the only personnel initially required are the manager one system operator and one bookkeeper These 3 key people once appointed by the Board should be given the responsibility of conducting the operations The manager in consultation with his initial staff should select and appoint any additional operational staff when they become necessary Board approval however must be obtained for the number and qualifications of staff to be hired It is important to note that at the level of a 3 staff utility the manager should carry out a weekly sampling audit of the customer ledger cards and check the daily cash position report as the minimum level of check and balance 3 Operating Budget Tariff levels Tariff design should have a sound basis and it
157. nsure that their disbursement procedures cover the following purposes 1 Payrolls Operational expenses like chemicals fuel rentals Capital Expenditures 2 3 4 Debt service 5 New connections 6 Maintenance expenditures 7 Emergency procurement 3 Asset Register This is a list of assets currently owned by the Utility The Register has 3 uses 1 It documents the list of the assets owned by the utility 2 It guides the utility in the computation of its depreciation expense and 3 It gives the regulatory office or a lender an idea of the Utility s size and assets owned A format of an asset register is shown in Annex K The SSWP should develop a procedure for updating the asset register 4 Donated Assets The manager should receive all donated assets He must ensure that the donation includes the documents of the donation or title aside from the asset Unless the accompanying documents indicate the value of the asset a value must be assigned to it for inclusion in the Asset Register and for depreciation purposes The bookkeeper prepares the corresponding journal voucher and lists the asset in the Asset Register The asset if transportable is then consigned to a designated or accountable person or to stockyard for safekeeping Page 10 10 Chapter 10 Financial Aspects E OBTAINING LOAN FINANCING Sources of commercial funds are available and it is to the Utility s advantage to be able to access these when the need
158. ntaminate the water and ground surrounding the spring and cause the compacting of soil which in turn could lead to decreased flow rates The cover should be checked frequently to ensure that a it is in place and watertight b water is not seeping out from the sides or from underneath the spring box and c the screening is in place on the overflow pipe REPAIRING A SPRING BOX When the concrete sides of the spring box show damage take the following steps 1 Drain the spring box If it was originally constructed with a drain pipe and valve you will have no difficulty draining the water and repairing it If the box does not have a drain pipe or if the leaks are below the water level of the drain pipe you must siphon the water out If the volume of water is too great for a water hose to siphon the water out you will have to use a water pump Mix an appropriate amount of water and concrete Trowel the concrete onto the spring box s cracks and damaged areas on both the inside and outside of the box Page 5 6 6 Once a year the system should be disinfected and the sediment removed from the spring box D PUMPS IN GENERAL 1 Manufacturer s Recommendations Pump manufacturers always provide a manual for the operation and maintenance of their pumps The instructions in these manuals including the recommended maintenance schedule should be followed The instructions include greasing oil inspection checking of vo
159. ntenance Manual 2 Common Spring Box Failures and Remedies Table 5 1 lists the common causes of failure in the spring box and its surroundings with suggestions for their remedies Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 5 Table 5 1 Common Spring Box Failures and their Remedies Crack or leak 1 Plug crack or leak with Portland cement mortar Damaged overflow and screen 2 Replace damaged screen with a vents new one Clogging of drainage canal 3 Clean drainage canal from all obstruction and check its slope Dilapidated fence 4 Replace all worn out posts and repair fence Reduction of spring discharge due 5 Clean the eye of the spring to clogging NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual 3 Maintenance of Spring Boxes 1 While properly installed spring boxes require little maintenance it is recommended that the water quality be checked before one is put into use Water quality should also be checked at least once a year and more often if needed The uphill diversion ditch should be inspected to ensure that it is not eroding and that it is adequately diverting surface runoff away from the spring box For hillside collection boxes the uphill wall should be periodically inspected to ensure that it is not eroding and its structural integrity is maintained The animal fence should always be kept in good repair If animals are allowed to get close to the spring they could co
160. nts for additional staff must be cleared with the Board usually through the proposed plantilla which once approved can then be already implemented without further clearance However specific Board approval must be obtained before the actual appointment of higher level Staff 6 Tariff Formulation Establish guidelines on tariff formulation Tariff strategy must enable the Utility to operate sustainably and effectively in relation to its purpose of supplying water It must consider the requirements to obtain approval from NWRB and often the measures needed to gain acceptance by the public 7 Budgets Establish guidelines on budget formulation timetable and content 8 Delegation of Authority Establish guidelines on what decisions are to be delegated and to whom 9 Example Delegated Transactional Amount Any capital disbursements which are not in the capital budget or which are greater than XXXXX need specific Board approval Those in the budget and do not exceed the stated ceiling can be decided by management 10 Matters Requiring Board Action Establish guidelines on what need to be submitted for Board clearance before management can act on it 11 Example Matters needing Board Approval Clearance Any undertaking which will bind the SSWP for over a 3 month period must be cleared with the Board This means major construction contracts loans and MOAs with government or NGOs which will bind the SSWP for an undertaking grea
161. nts to pass through The water yield may be rendered safe again either by repairing the filter bed or by continuous chlorination C SPRINGS If a natural spring is the source of the SSWP s water the area should be enclosed with a fence to prevent animals from contaminating the water and polluting the surrounding area 1 The Spring Box To enhance the spring s utility as a source as well as to protect it from erosion it should be provided with a spring box which is a concrete structure that serves three purposes 1 Protect the water source from contamination 2 Collect the water and 3 Allow sediments to settle to the bottom of the box instead of being carried with the water Figure 5 2 on the following page shows a spring box In its construction care must be taken to avoid or uproot surrounding trees whose roots could eventually damage the concrete spring box The design should include a drain pipe and valve that will allow it to be drained easily for maintenance O amp M of a well designed and constructed spring box is relatively simple and can be done fast A poorly designed or constructed box makes O amp M a costly time consuming effort Page 5 4 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Figure 5 2 Spring Box Site Plan and Design LOCATION PLAN NOT TO SCALE BD oe De er ae ene ee VERT fore ire pulisi E ENLARGED SECTION OF SPRING BOX NOT TO SCALE NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Mai
162. o day needs are classified under this category They are charged the lowest rate Normally their water usage includes cooking washing bathing drinking and any other domestic use to sustain everyday life Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 3 Government offices and buildings are likewise classified under this category because they perform public services and the consumption is only in connection with the performance of their duties 2 Commercial Industrial Persons and establishments drawing water from the system for use directly or indirectly either to promote their trade or business or to produce a saleable product are classified under the Commercial Industrial category and should be charged accordingly Included in this classification are sari sari stores groceries malls contractors bakeries gasoline Stations water filling stations barbershops beauty shops restaurants and other businesses 3 Bulk Wholesale Persons and establishments drawing water from the system for resale without transforming it into a new product are classified under the Bulk Wholesale category Included under this category are those providing water to carriers and to houses that are not connected directly to the system 4 Implementation a Issues in Classification When a water consumer falls distinctly under any of the above categories classification for billing purposes becomes easy However in some instances a consumer may fall in betw
163. ocate On this regard the applicant is accountable for the water meter 7 The applicant will not be allowed to take water before the meter and will assume responsibility for all water that passes through the meter Adapted from the consumer contracts of SIG in Sta Cruz Davao Annexes Page A 13 8 The applicants bind to follow the provisions found in paragraphs C and D Section 32 of PD 678 quoted as follows C Prohibits any persons firm or corporation from vending selling or otherwise and disposing of water for public purposes within the service area of the utility without permission from the utility where the facilities of the utility are available to provide such service or fixed terms and conditions by permit for such sale or disposition of water D Safeguard and protect the use of water For this purpose any person who Installs any water connection without the previous authority from the utility established under this case tampers water meter or uses jumpers or other devices whereby water is stolen steals or pilfers water or water meter or knowingly possesses stolen or pilfered water or water meters shall upon conviction be punished by prison correctional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from Two Thousand Pesos P2 000 00 to Six Thousand Pesos P6 000 00 or both 9 Violation by the applicant of any of these mentioned in paragraph 8 hereof will justify disconnection of the water service by the u
164. ock of split sleeve and mechanical joint repair fittings in sizes that fit critical mains 4 Make advance arrangements with the municipal engineer s office DPWH or an outside contractor for the use of equipment that may be needed but are not normally owned by the SSWP Keep an inventory of the type of equipment that is available at these sources whether for borrowing or renting The contact details of the persons in charge of the equipment at these sources should also be posted conspicuously at the pumping station 3 Locating Water Mains The exact location of pipes can be determined by referring to records or as built plans of the water supply system In cases where records are inadequate or lost underground pipes might be pinpointed e By asking old residents who witnessed their installation e By using pipe locators e By trial excavation Page 6 2 Chapter 6 Distribution System a Locating Pipes with Pipe Locators The position of water mains can easily be pinpointed with the use of a pipe locator A small water utility however is unlikely to own this very expensive piece of equipment It may have to rent one unless it can be borrowed from a government agency that has one b Locating Pipelines by Trial Excavation 1 In the vicinity of the reported problem select a primary reference point that you can use to establish the position of the problem pipeline An exposed pipe section a gate valve or gate valve box would
165. od of breaks and leaks These effects are complicated when magnesium and calcium salts are present in the water hard water as their precipitation results in scaling inside the pipes Likewise when organic matter is present in the deposits bacteria proliferate causing undesirable odors and an off taste and color in the delivered water The method for removing solids which are not cemented to the inside surface of pipes is to flush with water at high velocity Annual flushing is generally sufficient to maintain the pipelines clean But note that different water and pipe materials may need a different schedule Dead end pipes should be flushed and disinfected at least once a year Furthermore whenever mains are opened for repair they should also be flushed and disinfected The flushing procedure is as follows 1 Isolate the water mains to be cleaned by closing the appropriate control valves 2 Empty the water mains by opening the blow off valve or other temporary outlet at the lower end of the pipeline In some cases to expedite the emptying of water mains without pumping compressed air may be introduced at the highest point of the isolated system 3 Inject water at high induced velocity 1 0 meter per second or higher until the objectionable materials are expelled 4 As needed disinfect the pipelines After disinfection flush the pipeline with clean water until the chlorine odor is hardly detectable 5 Put pipelines back
166. of a cylindrical drum with conical bottom and stirrers The used sand is fed at the top and at the same time clean water is injected under pressure at the bottom of the drum The impurities are removed in the overflow while the clean sand is discharged at the bottom of the drum The stirrers inside the drum aid in dislodging undesirable substances from the sand particles Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 29 P CHLORINATOR OPERATION AND ROUTINE MAINTENANCE 1 Hypochlorinator 1 Read the Instructions provided in the manufacturer s Manual 2 For maintenance purposes it is essential to clean the strainers and tubings as often as necessary or at least twice monthly If the tubings are not cleaned the chlorine granules can re solidify and cause blockages 2 Gas Chlorinator For operating and maintenance carefully read the Instructions provided in the manufacturer s Manual Generally start up is as follows 1 Turn on water supply to the ejector 2 Open the chlorine cylinder valve not more than turn then close immediately Check for leaks A smell of chlorine gas indicates a leak in the set up To confirm dip a cotton or piece of cloth in ammonia solution and expose it near the leakage Ammonia vapor reacts with chlorine gas to form white fumes 3 If leak is confirmed allow the chlorine gas to dissipate from the air before undertaking any repair 4 After the repair repeat steps 2 and 3 unti
167. ollowing financial statements shall be generated e Balance Sheet e Income statement e Cash flow statement Annexes Page A 15 Annex K Tariff Design ROI Method In this method there are 2 general steps required The first is to determine the average tariff and the next step is to design the rate structure The average tariff is determined by the Revenue Requirements RR divided by the volume sold on an annual basis RR OPEX DEP MaxNI Where OPEX operational expenses 2 months working capital Dep depreciation expense MaxNI Maximum Net Income which is 12 K I DETERMINING REVENUE REQUIREMENTS The following are the specific steps to arrive at the Revenue Requirements While some of the box illustrations cover only 3 years for clearer illustrations the reader is advised to cover a 5 year period 1 Service Levels Tariffs are based on levels of service established in consultation with the customers or the community The first page of the tariff proposal will set these goals as shown below Table AK 1 Service Levels C a SERVICES EXISTING 1 2 3 4 5 No of Connections O To Area of Coverage Supply Continuity no of hs 0 o J S S e T Water Quality do o o S o S S S S O Note 1 Average supply hours pressure pertains to at least 80 of connections 2 Pertains to physical chemical parameters that consistently are above the PNDWS 2 Demand Supply Projections Proje
168. om the SSWP going to individual customers 2 Customer ledger cards should be maintained either manually or electronically and regularly updated Customers cannot be expected to keep records of their payments for long and there is no reason for the Utility to have incomplete or un updated records As soon as payments are received they must be recorded in the customer s ledger cards Whenever a whole booklet of receipts is used up a routine check comparing the stub entries to the ledger entries should be conducted 3 Collection of water bills in the office is scheduled on specific dates during the month The Due Date is indicated on the copies of the water bills for the customer s information and as reference for the imposition of the penalty charge Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 7 4 The bill should indicate the Penalty Charge for bills not paid on time This will be added to and collected together with the amount of the outstanding bill 5 An Official Receipt is issued when payment is made 6 All daily collections are tallied with the official receipts issued and are kept in a steel safe during the night A Daily Collection Summary is then made as shown in Form 9 4 The collections are then deposited in the bank on the morning of the next banking day Form 9 4 Daily Collection Summary Account Credited Amount dCs a 4 Disconnections 1 The SSWP should set a reasonable but clear deadline for all custo
169. on Steel Tanks Using Electric or Acetylene Welding 1 Drain the reservoir 2 Dry the surface to be repaired 3 Weld the hole or break directly if small If the leak is large cut a metal plate with size lightly greater than the hole and then weld it in place Clean and smoothen the welded surface Paint the repaired area Disinfect the reservoir Ior SS Put the reservoir back into operation Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 13 8 Painting of Reservoirs Painting is necessary to prevent corrosion and to prolong the life of steel tanks used as water reservoirs Painting is recommended at least once every five years after the annual cleaning and inspection of the reservoir The procedure is as follows 1 Dry clean and smooth all surfaces to be painted Remove all dirt scale and rust by scraping or fine brushing Remove oil grease by using an appropriate solvent Paint the surfaces of the reservoir with a lead free food grade coating material Usually this is a polyurethane elastomeric paint or a high gloss epoxy coating Make sure that the paint to be used is free from any substance deleterious to human health and that it will not impart taste or odor to the water After the paint has cured disinfect the reservoir Put the reservoir back to operation D SERVICE CONNECTIONS In general domestic meters should be taken out of service every 5 to 7 years and completely overhauled The systematic inspection a
170. ontrols discussed in this Chapter as well as with the commercial operations described in Chapter 9 The Accounting System should similarly mesh with and be able to generate the data needed to support the SSWP s Management Information System MIS See Annex J for a Conceptual Framework for a Level III system A Budget is merely a plan expressed in quantitative monetary terms Its preparation involves setting targets for the revenues and expenditures of the Utility Being a simulation of how the financial inflows outflows and other accounts will behave as it Page 10 1 implements its plan within the budget period it also involves the analysis of trends and anticipated changes within business categories such as operations and capital expenditures The adoption of a relatively detailed annual budget is a key element in improving the Utility s effectiveness The budget is prepared by management usually during the last quarter of the year and should be approved by the Board before being endorsed to the stakeholders or general assembly and to the regulatory bodies like NWRB CDA or LWUA The basic components of a Budget are 1 Statement of Objectives 2 Operation and Maintenance Budget 3 Capital Expenditure Budget and 4 Financial Statements including the Cash Flow and Income Statement 2 Statement of Objectives For an on going business the first step in any budgeting process is generally an analysis of the current
171. or within 1 2 weeks 4 Assign enumerators to their respective zones 5 Use a questionnaire to secure data per dwelling unit Such as the number of persons estimate of daily consumption payments made for electricity current source of water and payments made 6 During the census taking the enumerator should make a survey of the non connected residents and their present source of supply 7 After the field survey is completed the information gathered must be consolidated Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 13 J USE OF BOOSTER PUMPS BY CUSTOMERS The use of booster pumps by individual customers on their connections worsens the pressure conditions in parts or throughout the entire system It could likewise cause negative pressures in the lines that would induce infiltration of non potable water as well as other problems for the system 1 The Board should institute a policy banning the use of booster pumps without a specific permit from the SSWP 2 Boosters strictly may only be permitted when the customer constructs a cistern to collect the normal flow of water from the SSWP system The inlet tube of the booster then sucks water only from the cistern 3 The policy should emphasize e That the official permit document must be obtained from the Board e That the SSWP may conduct unscheduled inspections of the booster setup at any time and e That a heavy fine and or disconnection will be imposed for the unauthorize
172. pect The Board should come up with a policy on penalties for those caught with illegal connections which would be the basis of management action d Optimum Meter Replacement Cycle Every utility must have a meter replacement program Depending on the tariff and type of meters used Table 6 1 illustrates the viability of replacing meters or calibrating same Table 6 1 Optimum Meter Replacement Cycle years Meter Losses 800 1000 1200 Table 6 1 was derived based on present value analysis at 12 cost of money and at an average consumption of 30 m per month The table shows that at 10 per m if the meters are registering a 5 loss a replacement cycle of 3 years would enable the Utility to pay for the cost of the replacement meters Page 6 22 Chapter 6 Distribution System Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety This Chapter introduces the reader to the hazards of using chlorine gas which is essential for the treatment of raw water and provides guidelines and practices that must be adopted to prevent chlorine related accidents and injuries The use of chlorine as a gas is not recommended for the smaller utilities because of the safety issues and the fairly complicated facilities required Instead the smaller utilities should use chlorine compounds In this Chapter the discussion is based on the use of chlorine as a gas The considerations and precautions regarding its use in gaseous form apply even when the chemical
173. procurement and stock management of critical and often used repair and maintenance materials so that these will always be available when needed While many repairs can be done with readily available substitute materials temporary stop gap solutions cannot be relied upon to fix long term and recurring problems Continuous management attention The reduction of NRW should be considered by management and the board as a continuing oversight concern 6 NRW Survey When NRW is analyzed to have increased due likely to pipeline leaks an NRW survey should be carried out to pinpoint the problem The steps are as follows 1 2 Page 6 20 Divide the entire distribution system into zones Isolate the different zones by closing or installing appropriate control valves Observe the water consumption rate in each zone and compare with billed consumption Determine the zones with abnormally high NRW Divide the pinpointed zones which consume a large quantity of water into sub zones The water inflow can be measured using zone and sub zone meters Chapter 6 Distribution System Select the sub zones s with unusually high water consumption rates Sub divide further and measure their water consumption rate 4 Isolate these different sub zones and study their respective NRW 6 Repeat the above process until the locations of leak s are pinpointed 7 Location of Leaks Leaks in water mains cause the loss of good water and at the sam
174. pt in service without replacement beyond their useful life All unscheduled maintenance situations need to be analyzed and the causes of the malfunction or breakage recorded These records are important as they help in deciding whether part or all of a network or plant should be upgraded or replaced and serve as a guide in future procurement decisions for instance sourcing of new equipment and of parts and supplies as well as in related management decisions e g inventory lists and levels C WATER QUALITY The sole product of the Utility is water and it is mandatory for this product to meet at least the minimum standards specified by the PNSDW The SSWP utility is required to have a sample of its water tested by an accredited DOH laboratory for bacteriological presence at least once a month Should a sample test positive for coli forms the Utility must immediately have a re sampling done and without waiting for the results take the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water Page 4 2 Chapter 4 General Operation and Maintenance actions needed to determine the possible source of contamination in order to eliminate the cause Where the sampling method indicates that customers are at risk of using unsafe water the SSWP itself must take measures to warn its customers to take the necessary precautionary measures such as boiling their drinking water before using until there is assurance that the risk has been eliminated I
175. r 2 Chlorine Demand is the total amount of chlorine needed to oxidize all the materials in the water that react with chlorine within a given period After all the reactions within that period are completed the pathogens and undesirable organic substances as well as the soluble iron manganese and hydrogen sulfides are deemed to have been destroyed neutralized or eliminated Chlorine demand is the difference between the amount of chlorine added to water and the amount of residual remaining chlorine at the end of a specific contact period If no residual chlorine is detected it means that the chlorine demand was so great it exhausted the chlorine thus the chlorine infused into the water dosage was insufficient 3 Chlorine Residual is the total amount of chlorine combined and free available chlorine remaining in water at the end of a specific contact period following the infusion of chlorine The chlorine residual is an important indicator of safe water because as long as the residual chlorine is present in the water disinfection is a continuing process 4 Dosage of Chlorine is the quantity of chlorine applied to a specific quantity of water Dosage is expressed in milligrams per liter mg l of chlorine 5 Dosage Rate is the amount of chlorine applied per unit time It is usually in grams day or kg day Page 3 2 Chapter 3 Disinfection 6 Superchlorination this means applying chlorine at very much higher
176. rages etc If the member users find it difficult to pay water bills due to their low income the SSWP through their CBO should encourage member users to undertake viable economic activities to supplement their income If majority of the users are consuming below the minimum volume then the SSWP could study reducing the minimum volume Another way is to provide incentive for on time payment If the SSWP is part of a CBO the CBO might agree to have a lending program where members could apply for a loan to settle their bills If the community has difficulty making payments on time due to seasonal or unusual income streams then the SSWP could study the possibility of billing earlier than a month I BLOCK CENSUS A block census is important for Level IIl systems The census is merely a survey of the current and potential customers within the SSWP s service area To do this it is necessary to have a map of the service area showing the location of the houses Enumerators used for this purpose are trained on the survey objectives and the questioning procedures Where advantageous barangay or school assistance may be secured Steps for doing the block survey are the following 1 Indicate on the map the existing system showing the pipelines reservoirs and source s 2 Divide the entire area into blocks and number each block so it can easily be located in the field 3 Divide each block so that each block can be covered by an enumerat
177. ral Precautions 1 Storage facilities tend to attract children who like to play around the facilities climb the ladders and play on top of concrete roof oblivious of the serious hazards involved All gates access hatches and manholes of reservoirs should be locked Never leave a storage facility for even a few minutes without locking all access openings 2 Vandals are known to intentionally damage storage facilities Utilities should keep watch against vandalism to protect the stored water and the public from health hazards If a covered storage facility is found to have been forced open it must be assumed that the water has been contaminated Therefore the reservoir should be drained to waste and disinfected before being refilled with new water All fences should be maintained in good condition Do not allow any materials to be staked out on fences as these could aid trespassers to climb over 3 Keep reservoir roof ladders and walkways free of dirt debris and grease to prevent slipping and contamination 4 Never enter a closed reservoir alone without someone standing by to help if you get in trouble Keep alert for cracks leaks in the reservoir and repair these at once Never store unchlorinated water in a reservoir for more than 72 hours The foundations of concrete reservoirs and elevated steel tanks are subject to differential settlement when the soil beneath one part of the foundation compresses more than the soil at another pa
178. raping add new clean sand up to a level shown in Figure 5 9 and place back the old sand that was scraped off the top The old sand will reduce the number of days needed for ripening the filter Figure 5 9 Details of Sand Filters FREE BOARD PERNATANT WATER R EEY AP INIMUM HEIGHT F SAND LAYER GRAVEL LAYER UNDERDRAIN A HEIGHT OF SAND BED B HEIGHT OF SAND BED AFTER CONSTRUCTION BEFORE IT NEEDS RESANDING FREE BOARD SUPERNATANT WATER RESERVOIR pano LEVEL AFTER NDING MINIMUM HEIGHT EEN SENG ERE NS SAND TEMPO OF SAND BED fing a2 2 acy gee ARILY REMOVED NEW CLEAN SAND REMAINING SAND Sistas e rs eho mtd NOT vabenokae et Aitik GRAVEL LAYER ied UNDER DRAIN C SCRAPING OF UPPER D FEATURE OF FILTER 0 3 0 5 M OF SAND BED AFTER RESANDING NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual b Throwing Over Re sanding This is carried out in strips The old filter sand is moved to one side then the new clean sand is added and finally the old filter sand is replaced on top of the clean sand This is Page 5 28 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities to retain the active material found in the old filter sand so that the re sanded filter will become operational with a minimum re ripening time The procedure is as follows 1 With a flat square nosed shovel scrape 50 100 mm of the upper layer of sand bed Place the scrapings in a box for cleaning 2 Divide the whole length or width of
179. rating Ratio PO E Operating Revenue Financial Performance 8 Percentage of Customer l Complaints Requests l Service C amp R Resolved Total C amp R Received Customer Customer C amp R Resolved These KPIs should be part of the information the Board should get from its management at least every quarter These KPIs are also required in the annual report that the Utility must submit to the NWRB to comply with regulatory reporting requirements H MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM The Utility s management needs regular reports to give it basis for evaluating performance formulating policies planning making decisions and informing member users of the financial status of the SSWP A Management Information System MIS is an integrated information system which prescribes the reports that should be provided and when and to whom they should go When installed an MIS simplifies the process of generating needed reports and establishes a regular flow of information that enables management to provide timely Page 8 10 Chapter 8 Administration and informed responses to the requirements of the business It is recommended that an adviser be tapped to assist the SSWP in the formulation of an MIS to address its needs The development of an MIS requires the following 1 Determining what information is needed at the Board and management levels and the format and frequency of the reports 2 Determining how the data information shou
180. receipts and Tax Information Number TIN which are essential in doing business Thus in deciding which institutional setup to adopt the SSWP should consider the registering authority for that model A cooperative must be registered with the CDA A RWSA must be registered with the LWUA or with the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC as a non profit organization 3 Local Business Permits Licenses and Clearances A utility will operate within the locality of its franchise area Thus it must comply with the local laws or ordinances that apply within that locality These invariably include business permits location and other municipal clearances and barangay clearance Since requirements may vary from one LGU to another the organizers or management of the SSWP must look into these requirements and be sure it is able to comply with them 4 Certificate of Public Conveyance CPC After registering and securing its business permit an SSWP can operate within the territory of an LGU The next step would be to secure clearance on its franchise area and the water tariff from the NWRB or LWUA Being engaged in the business of selling water the operator must secure a franchise to operate as a public utility Such franchise is issued in the form of a Certificate of Public Conveyance CPC from the NWRB or a Certificate of Registration from the LWUA LWUA registration is effectively also a CPC and does not require further application for
181. ribed in paragraph 3 as hereinafter provided and will pay therefore the monthly rates to be determined from time to time in accordance with the Rules and Regulations of the Utility and in accordance with provision of all laws however applicant agrees that the connection will not be made until all charges are paid and the application is accepted or approved 3 The applicant will cause his premises to be installed with pipe in accordance with the specifications approved by the Utility 4 The applicant binds to pay the monthly bills promptly and failure to pay the bills within 15 days after the due date without the need of demand the utility will be entitled to disconnect the service in which case the latter will not be held liable for damages 5 The utility shall not be liable for failure to supply water to said premises under any cause or condition 6 The applicant will grant the utility the necessary rights and easement to construct operate replace and repair and perpetually maintain the facilities within the property owned by the applicant its line of pipes for the distribution of water and will execute and deliver instrument s which the utility shall consider necessary for the purpose All pipes meters or equipment of the utility installed on the property of the applicant shall at all times be the sole property of the utility giving the latter the right of access to the property of the applicant to operate maintain repair or rel
182. rine gas to form white fumes 3 Routine Maintenance Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Strainer Clean the strainer in the ejector water supply line every six months O Rings O rings showing the first sign of damage or brittleness should be replaced Faulty O rings result in vacuum leakage O rings should be routinely inspected whenever an opportunity presents itself in the course of repairs or maintenance of other parts Vacuum Regulator Valve and Ejector Clean the vacuum regulator and ejector throat and nozzle at least once a year The need for cleaning may be indicated by insufficient ejector vacuum resulting in lowered maximum capacity of the feeder Hose Lines Inspect all hose lines at least weekly for cracks or weak spots that develop with aging Faulty lines should be replaced Use only hoses supplied by the manufacturers of chlorine equipment Never use ordinary rubber hoses except for a very short period in an emergency situation Rubber used for chlorine service is a special type Page 5 31 Page 5 32 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Chapter 6 Distribution System This Chapter discusses the proper operation and maintenance of the various components of a water distribution system A INTRODUCTION The O amp M of a water distribution system is directed at the following general objectives e To ensure adequate pressure in the system 24 7 e To minimize non revenue water NRW
183. rm a rescue SCBA air cylinders should be refilled every six months or after each use whichever comes first Cylinders must have a hydrostatic test at least every five years Since Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Page 7 7 workers rely on this equipment in IDLH conditions it is essential that maintenance and inspections be carried out according to the manufacturer s instructions e Person check Radio or Telephone Employers must establish a check system to ensure the continued well being of workers who are working alone or at an isolated worksite Where visual checks are not possible the check system may require a radio or telephone Workers who will need to use such a system must be trained in emergency procedures f Emergency equipment Emergency equipment includes eyewash and shower facilities first aid kits and container repair kits Workers must have immediate access to each of these items and must know how to use them in case of SCBA Workers Compensation emergency Board of British Columbia Chlorine Safe Work Practices 2006 E FIRST AID When someone is injured in a chlorine related incident first aid can help reduce the impact of their injuries and prevent further injuries from occurring The following steps apply to any situation in which someone is injured 1 Chlorine Inhalation A person who has inhaled chlorine may be unconscious and may have difficulty breathing or may have stopped breathing co
184. ro geologists to determine the aquifer s characteristics Water levels will drop less in more permeable aquifers than in aquifers of lower permeability Ideally water levels should be measured at predetermined time intervals at the pumping well and nearby observation wells A I REQUIRED TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT e Pumping unit submersible pump with a capacity greater than the yield requirement by at least 20 e Water level indicator e Stopwatch e Containers for volumetric measurement of discharge A II TERMINOLOGIES Static Water level The vertical distance from ground level or known measuring point to the water surface in the well when there is no pumping Pumping Water Level The vertical distance from ground level or known measuring point to the water surface in the well during pumping Drawdown The difference between the pumping water level and the static water level Well Yield The volume of water per unit time that could be pumped from the well as determined by the pumping test A III DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Discharge measurements are usually measured by a flow meter If there is no device to measure the flow then volumetric measurements will be resorted to The volumetric method consists of noting down the time required to fill a container bucket or a drum Better results are obtained with a larger container For more accurate results several trial measurements should be done and the average of these trials taken
185. rt A differential of only 1 2 cm can cause large stresses in the reservoir wall or legs When differential settlement is discovered corrective measures are urgent These require the services of a soil engineer and special equipment Page 6 10 Chapter 6 Distribution System 4 Detecting and Repairing Leaks in Steel Tanks Reservoirs made of steel are usually installed above ground making it possible to visually detect any leaks Leaks in steel tanks can be repaired as follows 1 Small leaks may be sealed with epoxy or by welding 2 Larger leaks may require covering the damaged section with a steel plate larger than the hole and welding it to the tank to seal the leak 5 Detecting and Repairing Leaks in Concrete Reservoirs Leaks in concrete reservoirs can be repaired with cement mortar Concrete reservoirs may be elevated or installed at ground level If the concrete reservoir is elevated leaks can be detected visually If it is at ground level leaks can be detected by either of these methods e Marking the Water Level in the Reservoir Close the discharge pipe control valve Fill the tank with water up to a certain level and mark the water level After one or two days check the water level If there is an appreciable decrease in water level the tank has leaks During the entire process the outlet control valve should be closed e Checking the Discharge in the Underdrains If the tank has underdrains observe the disch
186. rtment of Interior amp Local Government Department of Health alternating current average daily demand allowable leakage Biological Oxygen Demand capital expenditure Community Based Organization cubic centimeter cast iron pipe centimeter chemical oxygen demand Certificate of Public Conveyance Contact Time cubic meters per second dekameter depreciation expenses DPWH LWUA NIOSH NSO NWRB NWRC SEC WHO Department of Public Works amp Highways Local Water Utilities Administration National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health United States National Statistics Office National Water Resources Board formerly NWRC National Water Resources Council Securities amp Exchange Commission World Health Organization Technical amp Operational Terms Units of Measure D or diam diameter dm Elev EV F A G I pipe GPM HGL hm HP HTH IDHL kg kgf decimeter elevation equivalent volume Force Area grams Galvanized iron pipe gallons per minute hydraulic grade line hectometer horsepower High Test Hypochlorite Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health kilograms kilogram force MaxNl MDD mg l mid mm hr MOA N m NGO NPSH NPSHa NPSHr NRW NTU O amp M OD vi kilometer kilopascals key performance indicators Local Government Units linear meter liters per capita per day liters per second meter square meter cubic meter cubics
187. ry Moisture is an enemy of insulation along with oil and dust Every motor should be operated for 5 6 hours at least every week The longest useful life of a motor is obtained from a unit which is never shut down and cooled off especially in a humid climate Listed below are some maintenance tips e Every Day 1 Check temperature of motor housing with hand 2 Check lubrication reservoir level 3 Check air vents for blockage 4 Check external wiring for frayed insulation or loose connections Page 5 22 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities 5 Check voltage and current at each leg of the three phases Every Month 1 Check motor housing temperature 2 Check shaft alignment 3 Check input horsepower under load Every Year 1 Vacuum all dust out of windings and motor case 2 Drain lubricant flush out oil reservoir with kerosene and replace with factory approved lubricant Every Three Years 1 Examine winding insulation for damage 2 Clean oil connectors and contact points with fine emery cloth 3 Inspect shaft and bearings for scour wear or damage 4 Check input horsepower under load N DIESEL ENGINE MAINTENANCE In almost all cases diesel engine prime movers are designed as standby units these must be given proper care to prolong their life and for their efficient operation In the absence of the equipment operating manual listed below are suggested preventive maintenance practices Eve
188. ry Third Day Operate the diesel engine at about 1 000 rpm for at least 5 minutes or until warm This would allow the lubricant and coolant to circulate around the engine Every 8 hours Operation Check coolant level sump oil level oil reservoirs for oil water or fuel leaks and clean oil bath cleaner Every 200 hours of Operation Drain and renew engine lubricating oil Renew lubricating oil canisters Check tension of drive belt Clean fuel water trap Lubricate dynamo rear brush a S Clean air filter element Every 400 hours of Operation 1 Renew fuel and air filter elements 2 Check hoses and clips 3 Clean lift pumps sediment chamber Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 23 e Every 2 400 Hours of Operation 1 Check and adjust valve clearances 2 Service injector units O O amp M OF SLOW SAND FILTER Slow sand filtration is a system of water purification which since the beginning of the nineteenth century has been proven to be effective under widely different circumstances It is simple inexpensive and reliable and is still used for purifying the water supplies in many cities and municipalities in both developed and developing countries Slow sand filtration combines within itself most of the purification functions that occur in nature such as settlement straining filtration chemical change and to some extent storage resulting in an effluent with a high degree of quality
189. s a Tools Needed 1 Flat jawed or monkey wrench large enough to fit the packing nut of the valve faucet 2 Rubber sheet or soft cloth to protect the finish of the faucet or packing nut 3 Screw driver 4 Faucet seat dresser b Materials Needed 1 New faucet washer or valve seat and disc 2 Lubricated candle wick for stem packing 3 Waterproof grease 4 Washer screws Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 17 c Procedure 1 Familiarize yourself with the different parts of the faucet or valve 2 Examine and find out the location of the leak If water is coming out from the mouth or outlets the trouble is due to a damaged washer or damaged seat or both If water is coming out from around the stem when the valve is open the stem packing is defective 3 Close the control valve to cut off water supply to the defective valve faucet 4 Open the packing nut with a wrench Place a piece of rubber sheet or cloth over the wrench jaws to avoid marring the valve faucet finish 5 Repair the defective valve faucet 6 Replace the handle and tighten the handle screw 7 Turn on water supply and observe for leaks F HYDRANTS Fire hydrants are mainly used for fire protection Other uses include flushing water mains and sewers and filling tank trucks for street washing and tree spraying Hydrants may also be used as a temporary water source for construction jobs Hydrants should be inspected and tested by water
190. s effects on the viability of the utility business should be carefully considered It should never be set in an arbitrary manner A wrong tariff design at the outset will be very difficult to remedy especially if the initial tariffs were set at an arbitrary low level It is for this reason that community meetings and consultations are very important at the proposal stage of the utility Refer to Chapter 8 for a comprehensive discussion on tariff design 4 Staff Recruitment There are two basic questions that need to be asked in selecting operational staff 1 Does the person know what and how to do the tasks required in the job 2 Is he she willing to do the job under the current situation and remuneration a Job Description A Job Description for each of the jobs being filled is an essential tool for the recruiter and the Utility itself A job description details the education training and experience required and describes the tasks involved in the job Annex C through Annex E show examples of the job descriptions of the three operational staff needed to start up the system As the system grows more staff can be recruited and the job descriptions streamlined or specialized Page 8 6 Chapter 8 Administration Once the basic information submitted in an application form indicates that the person may be considered for the job an interview should be conducted with the following objectives b Job Interview 1 Validate the person s
191. s of the repair or mitigation work are needed to reassure the public and secure their appreciation of the Utility s efforts Page 8 14 Chapter 8 Administration 3 By the Entire Utility s Personnel 1 Take responsibility for knowing the Utility s basic policies operational procedures history and organization the value of its function of supplying safe potable water to the community and the community s responsibilities in ensuring that the Utility is both viable and sustainable 2 Conducting themselves properly at all times by acquiring the good habits of being respectful accommodating of complaints and suggestions being on time for appointments and keeping schedules and observing respectable grooming practices and decent attire 3 Maintaining clean orderly office premises and when doing field work observing respect for public and private property and seeing to it that work areas are left clean after a job is done M PUBLIC CONSULTATION Public consultation as in public hearings or in general assembly meetings is necessary to secure public support for any important undertaking that affects or might affect their interests For the SSWP they are essential for the following 1 Formation of a community based organization CBO 2 Expansion projects particularly those requiring a tariff adjustment 3 Tariff adjustments in general 1 Nature of Public Consultation Public consultation involves engaging people in di
192. s preferably used in soft to medium hard water Bleaching powder loses strength rapidly whenever it is exposed to moist air so that it should be kept in closed containers High Test Hypochlorite HTH It is a more stable and stronger compound than bleaching powder Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl This is a highly corrosive slightly yellow liquid It is used extensively in many industries as a disinfectant deodorizer bleach and to neutralize certain undesirable chemicals and compounds used or formed in productions processes For households it is supplied as the common households bleach Table 3 1 shows the percent available chlorine of various chlorine compounds Table 3 1 Percentage of Available Chlorine Available Chlorine Quantity to Make a aU of 1 Chlorine Solution Chlorine gas Calcium Hypochlorite 70 74 14 grams Bleaching powder Sodium Hypochlorite HTH 12 15 80 grams G CHLORINE DOSAGES The commonly used dosages for various disinfection requirements are as follows 1 Chapter 3 Disinfection For disinfection of water supplies e Dosage 0 5 2 0 mg l e Contact Time 20 30 minutes For disinfection of newly constructed repaired wells storage tanks pipelines spring box etc e Dosage 50 mg l e Contact Time 24 hours or e Dosage 300 mg l e Contact Time 1 hour Page 3 5 3 Sample Calculations The examples on the following pages illustrate the mathematical
193. sachet 9 If the total chlorine level is higher than free chlorine it is obvious that combined chlorine is present In that case you need to add more chlorine or increase dosage Chlorine residuals in water of greater than 0 7 mg l can already be tasted Unless otherwise indicated for health reasons it is best to keep residuals below this level to avoid taste issues and to reduce chemical costs 3 Measuring Acidity Level pH of the Water It is useful to take the pH acidity value while measuring chlorine levels since chlorine works effectively at neutral pH between 6 5 and 8 5 At a pH value of 6 5 and below water is considered acidic and beyond 8 5 is considered alkaline Some chlorine comparators allow the measurement of pH using a tablet reagent known as phenol red Keep in mind that different models of comparators may require particular procedures Refer to the manual of the unit that you will use The unit s supplier too should be able to give you the most applicable information Chapter 3 Disinfection Page 3 9 I EQUIPMENT USED IN CHLORINATION For continuous chlorination in smaller systems hypochlorinators are generally used however chlorinators are considered more economical when the supply source is greater than 8 lps but sometimes may be used in smaller systems as well Anticipated pumping periods and chlorine demand based on the chlorine residual test determine whether a hypochlorinator or chlorinator should
194. simple box like containers rectangular prisms involves the measurement of three dimensions namely length width and height Page 2 3 Figure 2 1 Rectangular Prism Length Rectangular Prism V lxwxh Where V volume of rectangular prism l length w width h height In the case of cylindrical containers which are common in the water business the calculation of internal volume involves measuring the radius and applying the formula V nr7h Where V volume of cylinder mt 3 1416 r radius lf diameter h height Page 2 4 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Figure 2 2 Volume of a Cylinder Height h Note that the illustrations seem to indicate external dimensions In the case of containers the measurements should be of the internal dimensions Where precision of internal capacity is an issue but the container does not allow direct internal measurement simply measure the outside dimensions but deduct the thickness of the container walls to obtain the exact internal dimensions 2 Metric Units of Volume for Water Table 2 4 Metric Units of Volume Prefix kilo hecto deka y deci conti omini Multiplier 1 000 1 0 1 0 01 0 001 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Page 2 5 D PRESSURE HEAD Pressure is defined as force per unit area It is usually more convenient to use pressure rather than force to describe the influences of fluids The standard unit for pr
195. ssseecccccccesseeeseseececeessaeuseeseeeceeesssuaeuseeeeeeeeeessaaaseeeagaes 5 2 Ge ES E E E E E E E E E 5 4 D Pumi OENE a a E E er ere res 5 7 Ee CORUM aN PUMO aean E 5 9 F Submersible PUMPS ccscccssscccesececesececessecceesceceeceeeeceeeseeesensceseeeceseneceeeaeeseesceseuseeees 5 13 G Positive Disblacement PUND errereen ann a E REE 5 14 e VO S a EE 5 17 l Other Causesof Pump Failures ererarenressratnias aA 5 19 J Pumpset Performance Testing cccccccssseccccseccccessccecaesececeuenecceeeuseceesenecessueeceeeeneeetas 5 20 K Guidelines for Performance TeSt ccccccccssssssseecccccesaeeeseecccceeeessuaeseeeceeeessaeaaseeeeeeeesaaas 5 21 L Maintenance of Pump Station and Surroundings essesssessseesesrsressrrresrrrresreresrrererreress 5 22 M Electric Motor Routine Maintenance esssseseessssseresssseeressssrresssserressssereesesserressseereeese 5 22 N DieselEngene WV aur nie NCC ea sctecee cence case cacesushececenatacanesatuceceumsenavaraieeso sc saveduccadsnoteeucnctancin 5 23 O O amp M of Slow Sand Filter cccccccccssssssssseecccceceaeeessecccceeeeueeueeseeecceeessuuauseeeeesessaueugegsess 5 24 P Chlorinator Operation and Routine Maintenance cccccceeecceecceesececeeseceeneeeenseeeuss 5 30 Chapter 6 Distribution System ccccsccccscsscsccsccccscccceccsceccsccsceccesescescececceccecescscecees 6 1 A INCPOCUCTION ccccsseesceccccceeeseccceaeeececesseeseeeceeese
196. st bench is available Install fix water meter on test bench Open supply valve close end valve and inspect for leaks Record the initial reading Open end valve run the test and close end valve at desired volume Record the final reading Compute meter accuracy Identify Over Under registering meters Calibrate by adjusting regulator or rheostat eS eS eT Se SS a Re test the water meter 10 Seal the water meter cover and regulator plug E VALVES AND PUBLIC FAUCETS Valves and public faucets are flow control devices in the water distribution system Their useful life depends to a large extent on the manner they are operated and maintained Valves installed in a small water supply system may be manual or automatic The valves commonly used are the manual type Globe gate angle and blow off valves are manually operated while check air vacuum foot and float valves regulate the flow of water automatically Prior to system operation all manually operated valves should be located and data recorded on the direction of opening and number of turns to either close or open each one The operability of air release valves special valves and other appurtenances with mechanical components must be checked twice a year Chapter 6 Distribution System Page 6 15 1 Valve Operation 1 Valves operated manually should be opened all the way then closed one quarter turn of the hand wheel to prevent the valve from stick
197. such a case it is necessary to consult with an experienced driller 3 Incrustation or Clogging of Well Screens Incrustation or clogging of the well screen may be caused by direct deposition of suspended fine sand formation and deposition of calcium carbonate and deposition of slimy matter resulting from the biological activity of bacteria Incrustations caused by the deposition of suspended matter and or scale can be corrected by surging or by muriatic acid treatment Clogging due to bacteria can be corrected by chlorination This procedure must be referred to an experienced driller 4 Cavitation Cavitation is one of the most serious operational problems with centrifugal pumps When it happens cavities or bubbles of vapor form in the liquid The bubbles collapse against the impeller making a sound as though there were rocks in the pump If left uncorrected cavitation will seriously damage the pump Cavitation develops when normal pump operating conditions are exceeded The results are noise vibration impeller erosion and reduction in total head and efficiency TYPICAL CAUSES OF CAVITATION 1 The pump is operating with too great a suction lift A suction inlet is not sufficiently submerged The impeller vane is traveling at higher revolutions per minutes rom than the liquid Suction is restricted Note Do not throttle the suction of a centrifugal pump The specific pump speed is too high for the operating conditions The
198. t or feel that they are affected Those who support or oppose the changes that the project will create a Persons whose opposition could be detrimental to the success of the project and 6 Persons whose cooperation expertise or influence would help the project succeed 3 Approaches to Public Consultation Aside from the direct discussions that take place during general assemblies and public meetings there are a number of approaches to support or carry out public consultation The main ones can be characterized as 1 Disseminating Information This may be done by distributing printed materials volunteers going house to house or to small groups to distribute printed material and explain the proposed undertaking displays or open house In this approach it is essential to provide a mechanism by which the stakeholders and other interested parties can express their responses to the information given 2 Soliciting Inputs This can be done by surveys interviews focus group discussions FGD or public hearings 3 Getting Consensus This can be done through an advisory panel which interviews all the parties tries to synthesize their positions and proposes 18 Bee 2 z Consensus is different from majority rule Consensus literally means that the sense held in common by the stakeholders is that the proposal is in the best interest of all positive consensus and should be approved or not
199. t the holes cut in the reservoir and apply the cement mortar paste Allow the mortar to set for 24 28 hours 5 Disinfect the tank 6 Rinse the tank with clean water 7 Put the repaired tank back into operation b Repairs Using Proprietary Fast Setting Cements There are a number of proprietary fast setting hydraulic cements specially formulated to quickly stop leaks and the seepage of moisture through holes or cracks in concrete or masonry walls The most widely available in the Philippines is the Waterplug brand Some other brands are Quickrete Parson Quick Plug and Dry Lok Fast Plug These are generally based on Portland cement but have ingredients that make the compound expand as it sets Most of these proprietary blends are supplied as a dry powder to be mixed with clean water and set within 3 to 15 minutes depending on the brand These formulations are durable and can be expected to last for the life of the concrete structure being repaired They do not contain toxic elements are highly impervious to water and thus are suitable for use with potable water systems Application Procedure 1 Open up the crack or hole by making a cut along the damaged area using a cold chisel This will make it possible for the compound to form a plug As the compound sets it expands to complete the seal 2 Before applying the compound brush away all loose particles Page 6 12 Chapter 6 Distribution System 3
200. ter than 3 months will need Board clearance 12 Public Faucets Policies should define the accountability for collections and establish the manner by which the utility shall collect fees and exact responsibility from the persons concerned 13 Example Caretaker for Public Faucets Each public faucet shall be registered to a caretaker who will be billed on a weekly or daily basis If the caretaker is not a staff of the SSWP a contract shall be drawn specifying the Page 3 4 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 obligations of both parties New Connections and Disconnections Establish guidelines on the requirements for new connections how much to be charged as well as when to disconnect Example Connection policy All connection costs are to be borne by the customer This is translated in the connection rules regulations and amount of connection fees Delinquent Accounts Set guidelines for handling delinquent accounts including when a delinquent account is to written off as bad debts It is futile to maintain long standing debts as active as they will only distort the financial figures However records should still be kept and diligent attempts made to collect these accounts as if they were not written off Dealing with Illegal Connections The penalty should include penal and financial impositions based on provisions of prevailing laws Goal Setting Normally these establish annual and intermediate goals e
201. th of iron bacteria Plugging of well screen due to build up of fine particles Sand pumping Structural collapse of the well casing and screen and Condition of the pump 3 Prevention and Remedial Measures d b Prevention and Treatment of Iron Bacteria 1 Care should be taken to avoid introducing iron bacteria into the well during drilling and repair work For this purpose equipment and materials drill rods filter pack should be chlorinated prior to drilling or repair 2 Chemical treatment application of strong oxidizing agent such as chlorine and chlorine compounds to clear contaminating bacteria and 3 Physical treatment jetting air or surge block surging air lift pumping to clear blockages Prevention and Treatment of Physical Plugging 1 Thorough development of a well by e Treatment using polyphosphate compounds and e Proper well design filter pack screen placement slot selection and sampling of well cutting 2 Treatment of Incrustation e Treatment with acid hydrochloric sulfamic hydro acetic e Wire brushing B INFILTRATION GALLERIES An infiltration gallery is a horizontal well which is used to collect naturally filtered water It consists of a main collection sump and perforated pipe water collectors which are surrounded by a blanket of sand and gravel Figure 5 1 Page 5 2 Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Figure 5 1 Details of an Infiltration Gallery
202. than the usual dosages If a system design or requirements do not allow adequate contact time for the normal dosages of chlorine to eliminate the pathogens and undesirable substances in the water superchlorination could be resorted to Superchlorination provides a chlorine residual of 3 0 5 0 mg l which is 10 times the recommended minimum breakpoint chlorine concentration Retention time for superchlorination is approximately 5 minutes 7 Dechlorination removes excessive levels of chlorine from the water Dechlorination is considered a necessary phase after superchlorination in order to remove the odor taste and the other objectionable traces of excess chlorine in the water Dechlorination commonly involves the use of an activated carbon filter 8 Shock Chlorination dosage of 200 mg l for 3 4 hrs is recommended whenever a well reservoir or pipeline is new repaired or found to be contaminated This treatment introduces high levels of chlorine to the water Unlike superchlorination shock chlorination is a one time only occurrence and chlorine is depleted as water flows or is flushed through the system If bacteriological problems persists following shock chlorination the source of the contamination of the system should be determined and eliminated E CHLORINE DOSAGE AND DEMAND 1 Relationship of Chlorine Dosage Demand and Residual When chlorine is added to water some of it is used up immediately by the water and the subst
203. the consumption registered on their assigned tap s meter 3 The billing collection from the Caretakers should be done on a daily basis Chapter 9 Commercial Operations Page 9 1 4 For Caretakers who are not employees of the Utility a service contract between them and the Utility might be necessary The Level Ill service contract could be used with some modifications for this purpose b Level Ill Systems 1 For Level Ill systems the Utility provides the water directly to each customer through a metered connection and bills them on a periodic basis usually monthly The provision of a service connection and water supply service implies a contract between two parties Hence all prospective consumers must sign an Application Service Contract with the SSWP before the SSWP provides them with the house connection The Application Service Contract establishes enforceable contractual obligations between the SSWP and the customer so either can take legal action in case of any breach of contract Refer to Annex for a basic Application Contract of Service form It is highly recommended that the customer should not be made to pay for the water meter The logic is that the SSWP should own the water meter and thus can install it outside the consumer s property line If the meter is owned by the consumer the SSWP may have difficulty reading it making repairs or pulling it out if it is defective if the owner places it
204. the succeeding years of operation b Revenues Needed to Support O amp M Costs From the foregoing discussion it becomes very clear also that SSWPs need to collect water revenues continually and promptly in order to reliably operate and maintain the water distribution facilities In too many instances insufficiency of funds is at the root of poor SSWP maintenance c Need to Educate Users Each member user should be made to realize the importance of a well supported O amp M on the reliability of their water system They should be educated on what the O amp M budget comprises and why a collection is made for the Utility s O amp M d O amp M Cost Items Following is a list and description of what are generally included as O amp M cost items 1 Salary wages refers to the gross personal services expenses 2 Power costs and related expenses refer to the total electricity and fuel oil and lubricants incurred in the operation a Capital expenditures Chapter 10 Financial Aspects Page 10 3 3 Maintenance expenses refer to the repairs and maintenance costs of facilities exclusive of salaries and wages of SSWP staff who undertook the repairs and maintenance 4 Permits Regulatory fees are expenses incurred in obtaining or updating business permits licenses and payments for regulatory fees 5 Board costs are expenses incurred during Board meetings as well as board per Diems if any 6 Operation capex are disbursements made whic
205. tility in the same manner as provided in paragraph 4 hereof stated above 10 That in case of reconnection arising from disconnection due to any of the causes stated in paragraphs 4 and 8 the latter paragraph being in relation to paragraph 9 hereof applicant binds himself to pay reconnection fee and guarantee consumption deposit that may be fixed from time to time by the Utility 11 The acceptance of this application by the Company will constitute an agreement between the Utility and the applicant Done in this day of Conforme Building Owner APPLICANT Accepted by SSWP Page A 14 Annexes Annex J Conceptual Framework for an Accounting System J I BASIC FEATURES 1 Accrual Accounting Under this method all expenses shall be recognized when incurred All expenses shall be recognized when incurred and not necessarily as disbursed 2 One Fund Concept Regardless of where the funds come from the system should adopt a one fund system 3 Chart of Accounts and Account Codes A coding structure and a new chart of accounts with a three digit account numbering system shall be adopted 4 Books of Accounts The Books of Accounts are as follows a Journals e Cash Receipts Journal e Cash Disbursement Journal e Check disbursement Journal e General Journal b Ledgers e General Ledger e Subsidiary ledgers where applicable c Cashbooks e Cash in Bank e Cash advances 5 Financial Statements The f
206. tments Always replace nozzles as a first step to correct a pressure loss If the nozzle does not restore the system pressure to the original setting then proceed to other inlet pump or discharge conditions Internal seats pistons and o rings can wear and reduce the ability of the device to hold the set system pressure Worn check valves can cause a device to cycle and give erratic pressure readings System accessories should be checked when pump maintenance is performed It is best to establish a complete maintenance routine for the entire system that includes the pump filters hoses connections valves and nozzles Regular maintenance is far less expensive and time consuming than major overhauls or replacement H JET PUMPS 1 Operation Jet pumps can be operated manually or automatically with a pressure switch electrodes or a float control switch a Operating the Non Self Priming Jet Pump 1 Initially inspect the assembly Make sure that the power supply to the motor is off 2 Check lubrication Make sure that the pump rotates fully by manually turning the shaft For more details refer to the pump manual 3 Remove pressure gauge bushing and prime pump with clean water Never start the motor until the pump has been filled with water 4 Replace pressure gauge bushing and close the discharge gate valve 5 Start the pump motor Note build up of pressure in the pressure gauge Open the discharge valve slowly 6 If d
207. to operation 5 Repairing Pipe Leaks Leaks in water mains should be fixed as soon as they are detected Once the leak is pinpointed the water in the isolated main must be removed see items 1 and 2 of Page 6 4 Chapter 6 Distribution System flushing procedure above The repair job then consists of sealing the leaks and or replacing the defective pipe section The different methods of fixing leaks are as follows a Using Epoxy for Small Leaks 1 Dry the surface of the area to be repaired 2 File the surface to make it rough and slightly enlarge the crack or hole 3 Apply the epoxy forcing some of it into the crack or hole to produce a seal 4 Normally the epoxy will set in 2 to 4 hours before the pipe can be disinfected and put back into service However be sure to check the directions for use of the epoxy as some types may require more or less time b Using Sleeve Type Coupling Repair Clamps Put a split sleeve repair clamp around the leak opening c Using Strips from the Inner Tube Interior of a Rubber Tire In emergency work when no other repair materials are available cut a discarded inner tube of a rubber tire into strips and wind the strong flexible rubber strips tightly around the pipe to cover the leak and its surrounding surfaces d After the Leak Is Repaired 1 Open the control valve to allow water to flow into the repaired section 2 Observe carefully to verify if the leak is completely seal
208. u will be charged a ten percent 10 penalty upon settlement and a reconnection fee of xxx Pesos Pxxx 00 Please disregard this notice if payment has been made and we thank you for your payment Sincerely NOTE PLEASE PAY YOUR WATER BILL ONLY AT THE SSWP OFFICE WE DO NOT HAVE ANY FIELD COLLECTORS ANY PAYMENT MADE TO OUR FIELD PERSONNEL IS AT YOUR OWN RISK ONLY PAYMENTS WITH OFFICIAL RECEIPTSISSUED BY OUR OFFICE SHALL BE HONORED The process should be clearly defined through a Board resolution that should be disseminated to the staff and all users As such when the conditions for disconnection take place it shall be implemented automatically by the operating staff concerned without any specific order or intervention by the Manager The Manager should not be involved in the disconnection process for two reasons 1 He should be able to rightfully claim that he had no prior knowledge of the incident and that the staff are only guided by policy and standard office procedures 2 In case a reconnection has to be made immediately he can give the order without countermanding an earlier order to disconnect 5 Billing Adjustments 1 If for some reason a billing adjustment needs to be made on a customers bill the Bookkeeper makes the initial recommendation stating the reasons for the adjustments The Manager reviews it and upon approval the Bookkeeper prepares a Billing Adjustment Memo Form 9 6 on which the Manager must i
209. uired Amount of Sodium Hypochlorite Needed Disinfection Specifications Contact time 1 hour Dosage 300 mg l Analysis Volume rt x 2 x 3 37 70 m 37 700 liters Sodium Hypochlorite availability 15 300 mg l x 37 0001 Amount e 75 398 mg 75 4 g Page 3 7 H MEASURING CHLORINE RESIDUAL 1 What Is Chlorine Residual The word residual means remainder or that which is left and as the name suggests the chlorine residual test is used to measure the amount of chlorine remaining in the water at a certain point of time when the test is made When chlorine cannot be detected within the distribution system it means that it has reacted more or less completely with the water and the impurities in the water At this point there is no more free chlorine to act effectively as a disinfectant Three types of chlorine residuals can be measured e Free chlorine which kills microorganisms most effectively e Combined chlorine formed when free chlorine reacts with other chemicals in water forming other types of chlorine based compounds e Total chlorine the sum of free and combined chlorine Free chlorine is very unstable and is prone to be reduced quickly especially in warm countries Sunlight and the stirring of the water will cause free chlorine to react with the water and other matter and thus disappear more quickly For this reason chlorine should be tested on site Do not take the water sample to the laboratory
210. ules of the utility can be explained and questions clarified Such briefings and information also serve as a public relations tool for the SSWP 3 Assignment of Customer Account Numbers For Level Il systems the only account numbers needed are those assigned to each public faucet For Level Ill systems an account number is permanently issued to identify each service connection before it is installed The account number identifies each connection as to location consumer class and customer number An account number basically consists of 8 digits 000 000 000 with the following code GAOR Zone number Third digit Meter reading book number Fourth digit Consumer classification code Fifth digit Meter size code Last 3 digits Concessionaire account number C CLASSIFICATION OF WATER CUSTOMERS Level Il systems have only one category of consumers so that customers do not have to be classified Generally Level IIl water customers or users drawing water from the SSWP are categorized into 3 major types or classes for purposes of billing 1 Residential Domestic and Government 2 Commercial Industrial 3 Bulk Wholesale These classifications are important because Level Ill tariffs are different for each category In general Commercial Industrial users are billed 2 times the rate and Bulk connections 3 times the rate of Domestic users 1 Residential Domestic Persons and establishments drawing water from the SSWP for their day t
211. ump badly worn out by sand or abrasive Strainers or impellers clogged with sand or scale Scaled or corroded discharge pipe Switch may be defective or out of adjustment Discharge pipe may be leaking Overloaded contacts close automatically Check cause of overload Check voltage Check fuses relays electric condensers and all electrical connections Ensure box is in right position Locate and repair the damaged cable Check the ground by using an ohmmeter If grounded pull out the unit and inspect cable and splice Cut the unit loose from the cable and check each part separately using an ohmmeter Pull out pump examine and remove foreign matter Lower the unit into the well or replace by a smaller capacity pump Examine discharge line by pulling out one joint at a time Pull out pump and clean or replace check valve Replace pump Clean well thoroughly of abrasive before putting the new unit in Pull out pump unit and remove the scale sand Replace pipe Adjust or replace pressure switch Raise unit one pipe joint at a time until leak is found Repair leaks NWRC RWS Volume III Operation and Maintenance Manual Chapter 5 Supply Source and Disinfection Facilities Page 5 15 Figure 5 5 Positive Displacement Pump ELECTRIC SWITCH BOX UMP HOUSE PUMP FOUNDATION DISCHARGE PIPE DRAINAGE GROOVE FOUNDATION gt PLUNGER ROD COMPENSATING PLUNGER ELL CASING DROP PIPE al i
212. utility personnel accompanied by a fire department representative Hydrants can usually be maintained by replacing all worn parts and seats through the top of the hydrant The operator is generally responsible for ensuring that the proper tools are used Each year the hydrant should be tested to ensure that the joints and fittings are tight G REDUCING NRW Non revenue water NRW is water that has been produced but does not result in revenues for the Utility NRW may be due to real losses as a result of leaks and wastage sometimes called physical losses or apparent losses for example through theft or metering inaccuracies High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities as well to the quality of water itself NRW is typically measured as the volume of water lost as a share of net water produced 1 Analyzing NRW Level The percentage NRW can be determined by the formula Production m Billed Consumption z A0 0 NRW Production m Page 6 18 Chapter 6 Distribution System If NRW for a new system is more than 10 or for an old system more than 25 the Utility can benefit from an NRW reduction program To accurately determine NRW reliable and functional meters must be installed at all sources and service connections 2 Better to Prevent than to Cure For water supply pipelines always remember that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure If i
213. victim in the same position flush the victim s contaminated skin and clothing with large amounts of water for 30 minutes 3 Remove all contaminated clothing while flushing Continue flushing until all traces of chlorine have been removed 4 Dress obvious burns with sterile gauze and bandage them loosely Apply insulated cold packs to help reduce pain 5 Get the victim to hospital Page 7 10 Chapter 7 Chlorine Safety Chapter 8 Administration This Chapter presents certain rules and practices that should be adopted by a SSWP to achieve efficiency and effectiveness as it carries out its administrative management and operating functions A GENERAL Regardless of the service level of any utility the most important factor for its success is the quality of the people who manage and operate it They need however to work within a clear supportive administrative system that channels their capabilities and enables them to fulfill their unique functions within the organization All SSWP organizations are made up of a Board of Directors a system manager and the operating staff The Board establishes policies and regulations to carry out the business affairs of the Utility while the management and operating staff headed by the manager handle the day to day operations B DELINEATION OF BOARD AND MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS The Board of Directors is the policy setting and legislative body of the SSWP The operational staff headed by th
214. volume e g 20 liter buckets 3 Fill the containers with some of the water to be treated and check the pH of the water 4 Add to each bucket a progressively greater dose of 1 solution with a measuring device e 1st container 1 ml e 2nd container 1 5 ml e 3rd container 2 ml Ath container 2 5 ml 5 Wait 30 minutes This is essential as this is the minimum contact time for the chlorine to react If the pH of the water is high this minimum time will increase 6 Measure the free chlorine residual in each bucket 7 Choose the sample which shows a free residual chlorine level between 0 2 mg l and 0 5mg l 8 Extrapolate the 1 dose to the volume of water to be treated 9 Check chlorine demand at several water distribution points and adjust if required F CHLORINE CHLORINE COMPOUNDS USED IN DISINFECTION 1 Chlorine Chlorine is a poisonous yellow green gas with a penetrating pungent odor It is extracted from chlorides through oxidation and electrolysis In water chloride chlorine compounds hydrolyses to form 12 A 1 chlorine solution contains 10 grams active chlorine per liter Page 3 4 Chapter 3 Disinfection hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ion free available residual chlorine which are very toxic to bacteria Bleaching Powder or Chloride of Lime Bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite is a yellow white solid which has a strong smell of chlorine It is not highly soluble in water and i
215. w to convert from the English to the metric system B MEASURES OF LENGTH Length is a measurement of the distance from one point to another and is the basis also for measuring area and dimension 1 Metric Units of Length In the metric system the basic unit is the Meter Graduated multiples or fractions of the meter are designated by prefixes as shown in Table 2 1 below The higher values are on the left and the lower values are on the right Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Page 2 1 Table 2 1 Metric Units of Length SI Prefix Sa Soap a 1 000 100 0 1 0 01 0 001 symbol a Me we oe ie are aie a 2 English Units of Length In the English system length is expressed in inches feet yards and miles The useful common units and their relationships are as follows Table 2 2 English Units of Length 3 Converting Between Metric and English Units of Length The conversion chart that follows gives the basic equivalents of the metric and the English units of length to make conversions easy Basic Conversions Table 2 3 Converting Between Metric and English Units of Length 1 foot 30 48 cm 0 3048 m 1 mile 1609 m 1 609 km ee varas mies 3937n 3281ft 1 094 yd Page 2 2 Chapter 2 Operational Mathematics Examples Example 1 Pipes delivered had diameters of 4 and 6 inches What are the diameters in mm Since 1 in 25 4 mm a 4 in pipe would be 4 in x 25 4 M 101
216. work that applies to SSWPs has three interrelated components e Legal Framework the set of laws and regulations that prescribe the registration requirements regulatory procedures licenses and contracts that define how the SSWP entity should be established and operate to comply Under the Local Government Code of 1991 RA 7160 an LGU may enter into a concession management or lease contract with an operator of its facility Chapter 1 Institutional and Regulatory Requirements Page 1 5 with the applicable legal parameters This framework defines what is to be regulated who should be regulated and who will regulate e Institutional Framework composed of the regulatory bodies tasked with administering the regulatory laws At present the national economic regulatory agency is the National Water Resources Board NWRB e Regulatory Practices the rules guidelines and procedures in the application and issuance of the required licenses and permits and the monitoring and enforcement practices adopted by the regulatory bodies to carry out their responsibilities The regulatory framework and its components are designed not just for the benefit of the consumers but also to provide a supportive climate by which the utility itself can operate and render its services viably while meeting the health and quality standards of the water they supply It is essential for SSWPs to operate within the ambit of the law to protect the investments
217. xpress profound thanks to the WB Country Management Unit and fellow EASPS colleagues for their encouragement invaluable support and commitment Mr Motoo Konishi Country Director Mr Bert Hofman former Country Director Mr N Vijay Jagannathan Sector Manager Infrastructure Unit Sustainable Development Department East Asia and Pacific Region EASIN Mr Sudipto Sarkar Practice Leader for Water EASIN and Mr Mark C Woodward Sustainable Development Leader Philippines Finally acknowledgements are extended to the Water Partnership Program WPP which made funds available for the development and publication of these Manuals These Manuals were prepared under the guidance of Mr Christopher C Ancheta Task Team Leader World Bank The Project Team was composed of the following Engr Antonio R de Vera Lead Consultant Mr Gil S Garcia Mr Jerome Vincent J Liu Mr loanNikhos Gil S Garcia Ms Abegyl N Albano Ms Demilour R Ignacio and Ms Jeannette Ann R Wiget ASTM AWS AWWA BIR CDA DAR ARISP DILG DOH AC ADD AL BOD CAPEX CBO cc CIP cm COD CPC CT cumecs dam Dep Acronyms amp Abbreviations Government and Other Organizations American Standard for Testing Materials American Welding Society American Water Works Association Bureau of Internal Revenue Cooperative Development Authority Department of Agrarian Reform Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Program Depa

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