state - IAW - RWTH Aachen University
Contents
1. Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 11 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Co n fi u rat i ons f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen 6 Def A basic configuration is a complete set of mutually orthogonal basic states i e the set of basic states that a system can be put in simultaneously Remark S denotes the set of all legal basic configurations Def A full configuration is a basic configuration including the superstates of the elements of the basic configuration Remark Given a root state R a configuration relative to R is a set of states C obeying the following rules e C contains R e If C contains a state A of type OR it must contain exactly one of A s substates e If C contains a state A of type AND it must contain all of A s substates e The only states in C are those that are required by the above rules Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 12 UNIVERSI l Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Configurations f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen D5 Basic states are B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 and D2 Spc consists of B1 B2 C1 D1 C1 D2 C2 D1 and C2 D2 The associated full configurations are B1 A B2 A C1 D1 O1 O2 O A C1 D2 O1 O2 O A C2 D1 O1 O2 O A and C2 D2 O1 O2 O A Chair and Institute of Industri2. Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 5 UNIVERSI i i Lehrstuhl und Institut i fur Arbeitswissenschaft d a ra m der RWTH Aachen Comparison of a statechart and a state transition j state transition diagram statechart Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 6 UNIVERSI Lehrstuhl und Institut f r Arbeitswissenschaft _Hierarchical states chen 1 Def A superstate is a state that contains another state A substate is a state that is contained in another state Remark A state can be a superstate and a substate simultaneously 2 Def A basic state is a state without substates 3 Def A state is a root if it is not a substate of another state RWTHAACHEN 3 7 UNIVERSITY Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Hierarchical states f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen Zi Z1 2 Z1 2 1 Z1 2 2 Z1 1 A Superstates Z1 Z1 2 substates Z1 1 Z1 2 Z1 2 1 Z1 2 2 basic states Z1 1 Z1 2 1 Z1 2 2 root Z1 The states of the example as a tree structure Z1 i Refinement top down Z1 1 71 2 Aggregation bottom up Z1 2 1 21 2 2 Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 8 UNIVERSI i B Lehrst
3. Please note The OBU menu can only be opened when the vehicle is stationary It is not possible to operate the unit while the vehicle is in motion Relevant keys Question 3b Enhance the statecharts for an On Board Unit OBU with this functionality 1 Open the menu using the Menu key 2 Scroll in the submenus using the arrow keys 3 Open a submenu using the OK key 4 Cancel an entry using the C key 5 Select language German English French and Polish using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 6 Select the weight lt 12t gt 12t using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 7 Select number of axles 2 3 9 using the arrow keys then confirm with ok 8 Select new route yes no using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 9 Select cost center 00000000 99999999 using the arrow keys back next up down then confirm with ok 10 Select acoustic signal tones on off using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 36 UNIVERSI
4. significant extensions of the well known state transition diagrams These extensions were invented by David Harel in 1987 and are accumulated under the technical term statecharts or Harel automata Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 3 UNIVERSI i State transition diagrams repetition ren State machines and their representation are well known from the lecture Languages and Automata see 7 Definition States are represented as rounded rectangles in the lecture as circles The initial state is presented as a small solid filled circle the final state as a small blank circle that contains a small filled circle Events are represented by arrows between two states ee ee o 0 h Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 4 UNIVERSI i Statechart equation ren Statecharts are state transition diagrams being enhanced by hierarchical and parallel elements as well as broadcast communication The following statechart equation holds Statechart state transition diagram hierarchy depth orthogonality concurrency broadcast communication State transition diagrams are extended by different states that allow state grouping by means of superstates Orthogonal states allow modeling of concurrent processes The broadcast mechanism allows communication between orthogonal states
5. Conference HOPL III 2007 Harel D amp Kugler H The Rhapsody Semantics of Statecharts or On the Executable Core of the UML Integration of Software Specification Techniques for Applications in Engineering H Ehrig et al eds Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 3147 Springer Verlag 2004 pp 325 354 Harel D amp Naamad A The Statemate Semantics of Statecharts ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 5 4 1996 pp 293 333 Harel D amp Politi M Modeling Reactive Systems with Statecharts The Statemate Approach McGraw Hill 1998 Downloads http www wisdom weizmann ac il dharel papers html Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 25 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut RWNTHAACHEN eta UNIVERSITY MrT een Simulation of Discrete Event Systems Exercise to Unit 3 Statecharts Fall Winter 2011 2012 Univ Prof Dr Ing Dipl Wirt Ing Christopher M Schlick Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Bergdriesch 27 52062 Aachen phone 0241 80 99 440 email c schlick iaw rwth aachen de Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Lehrstuhl und Institut 1a Exercise f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen Construct a corresponding state transition diagram ee N oO w Chair
6. Lehrstuhl und Institut RWWTHAACHEN a UNIVERSITY ee Simulation of Discrete Event Systems Unit 3 Statecharts Fall Winter 2011 2012 Univ Prof Dr Ing Dipl Wirt Ing Christopher M Schlick Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Bergdriesch 27 52062 Aachen phone 0241 80 99 440 email c schlick iaw rwth aachen de Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Lehrstuhl und Institut C ontents f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen Motivation State Transition Diagrams Repetition Statechart Equation State Properties and Relations Configurations Transitions Transition Connectors Compound Transitions Scope of Transitions Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 2 UNIVERSI Motivation fiir Arbeitswissenschaft Lehrstuhl und Institut der RWTH Aachen The previously introduced state transition diagrams 1 and 2 lecture are often not sufficient to model dynamic system behavior efficiently because of lacking possibilities of state refinements and hierarchies lacking modularization lacking clearness in case of many states lacking support of concurrent states lacking states with memory These aspects apply particularly to reactive systems in mechanical engineering that usually have many states Therefore we will present
7. SI Lehrstuhl und Institut _3a Exercise On Board Unit OBU ateisms der RWTH Aachen Question 3a Construct the statecharts for an On Board Unit OBU with this functionality e Starting the engine starts the OBU e Initial dialog contains following entries 1 vehicle weight maximum permitted total weight of vehicle including trailers No toll is collected for a weight category below 12 tons Select lt 12t gt 12t using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 2 number of axles total number of axles including trailers Select 2 3 9 using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 3 route a new toll charge is calculated when you select a new route The toll charge display is reset to zero The current toll calculation remains on the display if you do not select a new route Select yes no using the arrow keys back next then confirm with ok 4 cost center transport company can specify cost centers for certain routes for accounting purposes Select 00000000 99999999 using the arrow keys back next up down Select the required digit with up and down keys change to the next digit with back and next keys Then confirm with ok Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 35 UNIVERSI i _3b Exercise On Board Unit OBU att Lehrstuhl und Institut der RWTH Aachen You can configure the OBU according to your requirements
8. al Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 13 UNIVERSI i ug Lehrstuhl und Institut Trans it ions f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen 8 Def A transition consists of a source state a target state and a transition label 9 Def A transition label is composed of an event e a condition c and an action a ff TE s A elc a gt N el Remark An event e triggers a transition There are external and internal events External events occur randomly outside of the statechart internal events are generated deterministically inside of a statechart Remark A condition c controls a transition i e the transition is only executed if the event e occurs and the condition c is true Remark An action a Is executed ifthe event e occurs and the condition c is true Remark A transition can leave a state and return to the same state This is called a transition to self RWTHAACHEN a Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 14 UNIVERSI Lehrstuhl und Institut Transition Connectors 1 AND Connectors weis der RWTH Aachen A joint connector is an AND connector that allows modeling the synchronization of several processes o Event e causes substates B and C l of AND state O to be exited and state A to be entered aol A C Te wo zy A fork connector is an AND connector that allows modeling the spl
9. and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 27 UNIVERSI 2 Lehrstuhl und Institut 1b Exercise f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen Construct a corresponding statechart k Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 28 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut 2a Exercise Digital Watch f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen Question 2a Construct the statecharts for a digital watch fig with this functionality 1 The display has a main display and four smaller ones 2 The watch has four control buttons 3 The watch can display time 12 respective 24 hours mode and date day of month month day of week 4 The watch has a light for illumination 5 The watch has a battery with a low power indicator External events are depressing of buttons Event a denotes button a being depressed and denotes it being released User manual 1 button current state_ function new state oo imeua c 2 seconds continuously time update C time update select update content sec 1min 10min hour month date day year 12 24mode ea time date date time switch Time display will resume after 2 minutes in date Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 29 UNIVERSI i Solution 2a Overview main display f r Arbeitswissenschaft Lehrstuh
10. ate for the first time enter state zero Remark If a is depressed in state alarm 2 then state stopwatch is entered If a is depressed in state stopwatch then state time is entered User manual 3 Ten Temp ame jene C am unse emmnassenaraner aaa AA Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 33 UNIVERSI i i Lehrstuhl und Institut 3 Exercise On Board Unit OBU tamu der RWTH Aachen An On Board Unit OBU carries out all toll collection operations during a journey on a toll route The easiest way to log on is via the On Board Unit OBU Users who register with Toll Collect can order one of these On Board Units and use this to automatically log on to the toll system Logging on is quick and convenient with an On Board Unit Before starting a journey the driver simply verifies the information in the display Everything else is handled automatically by the OBU Using GPS satellite signals and other positioning sensors it detects the sections of the route already driven calculates the toll charges and transfers the data via mobile radio communication to Toll Collect for invoicing Arrow keys up down back next C key OK key http www toll collect de flash_tour Obu grundig index_de html These keys have no functions assigned to them to date RWTHAACHEN Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 34 UNIVER
11. guration Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 17 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Example History Connector f r Arbeitswissenschaft Execution of t1 causes that t2 is executed if the system has the most recently visited state B1 relative to B1 and B2 t3 is executed if the system has the most recently visited state B2 relative to B1 and B2 t4 and t2 is executed if the system has never visited state B Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 18 UNIVERSI i i Lehrstuhl und Institut Basic Compound Transitions f r Arbeitswissenschaft A transition may consist of several transition segments 10 Def Transition segments connect states and connectors 11 Def A basic compound transition CT is a complete chain of transition segments joined by connectors that can be executed simultaneously as a single transition Remark 1 For a set T of transition segments that lead to or emanate from an AND connector every CT containing one segment of T must contain all the other segments of T Remark 2 For sets T1 and T2 of transition segments that lead to and emanate from an OR connector every CT containing one segment of the union set of T1 and T2 must contain one segment of T1 and one segment of T2 RWTHAACHEN x UNIVERSITY Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineer
12. ing and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Basic Compound Transitions ann der RWTH Aachen This figure shows two basic compound transitions e e1 and e e2 with T1 e and T2 e1 e2 Compare remark 2 Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 20 UNIVERSI Full Compound Transitions f r rbetswisgenschat der RWTH Aachen The execution of a basic CT does not lead necessarily to a legal configuration Therefore a full CT is defined 12 Def An initial CT is a basic CT whose source is a state and whose target is a state a history connector or a termination connector A continuation CT is a basic CT whose source is a default or a history connector and whose target is a state or a history connector 13 Def A full CT is a combination of one initial CT and possibly several continuation CT that lead to a full basic configuration when executed Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 21 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Full Compound Transitions ann der RWTH Aachen This figure shows a full compound transition a b It is composed of the initial compound transition a and the continuation compound transition b Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 22 UNIVERSI Sc
13. itting up into several processes o Event e causes state A to be exited e and substates B and C of the AND ikindavearnd cee AEEA E AEREE state O to be entered Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 15 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Transition Connectors 1 OR Connectors ren der RWTH Aachen A condition connector is an OR connector that differentiates between complied conditions b1 e Event e causes state A to be exited and f state B C to be entered if condition b1 7 b2 is true A selection connector is an OR connector that differentiates between occurred events Pr Events e und e1 cause state A to be exited A e and state B to be entered Events e und e2 cause state Ato be exited oD and state C to be entered Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 16 UNIVERSI i History Connector E N der RWTH Aachen A history connector of a state Z saves the set of the most recently visited substates when leaving Z If Z is entered again then the processing is continued with the most recently visited substate i e U1 or U2 If Z is entered for the first time a default initialization is used Z gt U1 j g OOo Q J N Coo as U2 Pi Another history connector H saves in addition to the set of most recently visited substates the last full confi
14. l und Institut der RWTH Aachen battery inserted battery removed battery discharged Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University RWTHAACHEN 3 30 UNIVERSITY Lehrstuhl und Institut 2b Exercise Digital Watch riesen Question 2b Enhance the watch with two independent alarms Remark In state alarm enter the most recently visited state for the first time enter state off User manual 2 button current state function new state normal display change display time alarm1 alarm2 time Kd alarm setting on off switch RWTHAACHEN 3 UNIVERSITY Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University Solution 2b Extended overview 1 main alarm 1 status alarm 2 status display Dect eset a nn f r Arbeitswissenschaft Lehrstuhl und Institut der RWTH Aachen battery inserted battery removed battery discharged Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University RWNTHAACHEN 1 2 UNIVERSITY 2c Exercise Digital Watch f r Arbeitswissenschaft Lehrstuhl und Institut der RWTH Aachen Question 2c Enhance the watch with a stopwatch The stopwatch has a regular and a lap display Zero is a special state in which the stopwatch is off but in its initial position In state stopwatch enter the most recently visited st
15. ope of Transitions f r Arbettswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen During the execution of a transition the system might enter and leave non basic states The scope of a CT is the lowest state for a system without exiting and reentering 14 Def The scope of a CT t is the lowest OR state in the hierarchy of states that is a proper common ancestor of all the sources and targets of t including non basic states that are explicit sources or targets of transition arrows appearing in t Remark A full CT with scope S leaves a legal configuration relative to one substate of S and enters a legal configuration relative to a potential but not essential another substate of S Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 23 UNIVERSI i u Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Scope of Transitions ann der RWTH Aachen B2 The scope of transition e1 is A States C1 O1 O O2 and either D1 or D2 are exited States O O1 C2 O2 and D1 are entered Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 24 UNIVERSI References f r Arbeitswissenschaft Lehrstuhl und Institut der RWTH Aachen Harel D Statecharts A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems Science Computer Programming 8 1987 pp 231 274 Harel D Statecharts in the Making A Personal Account Proc 3rd ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages
16. uhl und Institut Exclusive and orthogonal states f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen 4 Def Two states are exclusive if they are related to each other by exclusive OR A state is an OR state if its direct substates are mutually exclusive 5 Def Two states are orthogonal if they are related to each other by AND A state is an AND state if its direct substates are mutually orthogonal Example O is an AND state with orthogonal substates O1 O2 and O3 02 TE 2 SUF Remark A statechart consists of basic states OR states and AND states Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 9 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Example Exclusive and orthogonal states ann der RWTH Aachen 2 The states B1 B2 and O are mutually exclusive The states O1 and O2 are orthogonal A O1 O2 are OR states and O is an AND state Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics RWTH Aachen University 3 10 UNIVERSI i Lehrstuhl und Institut Defau It state f r Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen A default state is a substate of an OR state which is entered if the OR state is entered A default state is marked graphically by an arrow with a filled circle at its end A y Both figures are equivalent If the OR state A is entered then B is entered too
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search