System Design and Project Plan
Contents
1. Continuous chart recorder thermometers monitor temperature range and duration and can be recalibrated at specified intervals All thermometers used for monitoring vaccine storage temperatures should be calibrated and certified by an appropriate agency e g National Institute of Standards and Technology In addition temperature indicators e g Freeze Watch 3M St Paul Minnesota or ColdMark Cold Ice Inc Oakland California can be 30 considered as a backup monitoring system 5 however such indicators should not be used as a substitute for twice daily temperature readings and documentation All medical care providers who administer vaccines should evaluate their cold chain maintenance and management to ensure that 1 designated personnel and backup personnel have written duties and are trained in vaccine storage and handling 2 accurate thermometers are placed properly in all vaccine storage units and any limitations of the storage system are fully known 3 vaccines are placed properly within the refrigerator or freezer in which proper temperatures are maintained 4 temperature logs are reviewed for completeness and any deviations from recommended temperature ranges 5 any out of range temperatures prompt immediate action to fix the problem with results of these actions documented 6 any vaccines exposed to out of range temperatures are marked do not use and isolated physically 7 when a problem is discovered the exposed vacc2. 10 04 0 10 12 10 06 10 20 EA 4 0 F3 6 22 Cooling System Selection Power Control Circuit Design 9 15 0 10 12 10 20 11 03 A1 0 16 A2 0 16 p Project Management gt Documentation 8 30 0 12 17 8 30 0 12 17 ST 51 1 3 6 Cooling Chamber 1 18 0 2 10 51 2 4 0 Cooling System 1 25 0 2 21 Sua 2 0 Battery and Battery Charger 2 02 0 2 15 S1 4 1 0 Temperature Sensor Network Diagram Spring 2011 2 03 0 2 09 S1 0 7 8 2 0 5 0 3 0 3 0 54 0 52 5 0 2 0 56 0 1 0 Parts Assembly and Testing 51 5 30 Full Frame Assembly System Integration kE System Testing Project Finalization k Prototype Presentation 1 18 0 3 11 iaie EAEE 1 24 0 2 25 2 21 0 3 11 3 21 0 4 25 4 26 0 5 09 5 09 0 5 13 2 10 0 3 02 1 6 3 0 Power Control Circuit 2 01 0 2 21 SIE 14 DC to DC Converter 2 01 0 2 09 1 8 5 0 Program Microcontroller ME ui A10 16 8 A2 0 16 8 gt Project Management gt Documentation 1 18 0 5 13 1 18 0 5 13 Appendices Appendix A Budget References From LOWE S Dow 1 x 8 x 4 Extruded Polystyrene Insulated Sheathing 1
3. cooling alone Some of these deaths are due to the inability of health organizations to transport vaccines to every place they are needed Many of these organizations are working to raise awareness about this issue and find ways to reach more people If more people could be reached thousands of lives could be saved There are multiple ways of using alternate power to refrigerate vaccines currently being used The most predominant include nonelectric uncontrolled cold packs kerosene powered refrigeration and solar power The cold packs have limited use because they have a maximum cooling time of 48 hours The kerosene refrigeration is impractical because it requires continuous refueling and is potentially dangerous Therefore our team has decided to use solar power because it is a portable and efficient way to solve this problem System Overview There is a need for a better method for transferring vaccines into rural areas of developing nations where power is not easily accessible for refrigeration There is no developed method that involves continuous refrigeration from a portable consistent and environmentally friendly power source By having a refrigeration system that can be powered during transportation the ability to distribute vaccines will be greatly increased and the chances of ruining vaccines will be diminished Our goal is to create a means of transporting vaccines to remote areas in rural parts of developing countries The design
4. lead finish only e Minimum trace space is 0 007 7 mil e 23 pre set finished hole sizes e Product only available in the USA International Orders try PCBexpress e Small boards at a small guantity e Shape is not limited to rectangles e Boards shipped within 2 weeks e Free UPS ground shipping e Credit card orders only e 24 7 365 Email support Ouote amp Order Your ValueProto PCB Email Support Width x X Quick Order 4 uantit 2 Length 9 S i Build Total Shipping 72149 Zip Code 20 145 00 From Newark LUMEX LCM S01602DTR M LCD Alphanumeric Display LESIVI Creating 17 D and LEE Solution fogetter Manufacturer LUMEX Newark Part Number 19J7668 Manufacturer Part No LCM S01602DTR M RoHS Compliance Yes Description e LCD Alphanumeric Display e No of Digits Alpha 32 e Character Count x Line 16 x 2 e Character Size 5 56mm e Supply Voltage 5V e Display Mode Reflective e Display Area Width 66mm e Display Area Height 16mm e RoHS Compliant Yes 21 From Real Goods Sunlinq 12 Watt Flexible Solar Panel These weatherproof solar solutions fold to about the size of a paperback book to create a lightweight portable power station for campers hikers boaters and others on the go not recommended for salt air conditions Just open under full sun and charge lanterns cell phones GPS units iPods cameras and any other device that has a 12V car adapter With grom
5. or African power grid Cooling Packs The backpack can be cooled by placing cold packs such as those used to keep non electric vaccine shipping boxes cool inside the chamber Refrigerator The backpack can be cooled by placing the chamber inside a larger refrigerator or freezer until the target temperature is reached Solar Power The backpack can be cooled beforehand using solar power This method may require time to charge the packs batteries and cool the chamber Also the batteries must be charged before the vaccines are transported any distance This can be accomplished by either using an external power source and or using solar power to charge the batteries For a faster charge time the batteries can be charged while the cooling system is off to send all power from the solar panels or external source to the batteries The user will be able to select the allowable temperature range via the user interface First select the mode for temperature selection then type in the lowest allowable temperature and then the highest allowable temperature in that order when prompted on the screen During Transportation IMPORTANT Avoid opening the refrigerator door until the destination has been reached as this will compromise the environment of the vaccines and might deplete the backpacks energy supply prematurely The user will be able to monitor the current temperature inside the refrigerator via the indicator mounted on the outside of the r
6. output from battery Create circuit for the Temperature sensor Test for accuracy Assemble User Interface Test LED and screen output Test communication with microcontroller Create Power Control circuit Test for output Test communication with microcontroller Create circuit for DC to DC converter Test outputs Develop software for the microcontroller to be able to control the system Assemble frame that will house all sub systems Compile all sub systems into system frame Test and verify functionality and compatibility of system as a whole Final testing and troubleshooting Present completed prototype Make sure all projects are on schedule and within budget constraints Record all design work and progress Record all research and tests 11 Deliverables Working Parts Test Results Cooling Chamber with insulation Test results Compiled Cooling System Battery Battery Charger Circuit Test Results Temperature Sensor Circuit Test Results User Interface circuit and LEDs Proof of communication Power Control Circuit Test Results Proof of Communication DC to DC circuit Test results Software on Microcontroller Full System Frame Full Frame with Integrated Sub Systems Test Results Finished Prototype All test results models simulation data Prototype Project progress accounted for Documents reports Engineering Notebooks Start Stop 1 18 3 11 1
7. x 8 x 4 Extruded Polystyrene Insulated Sheathing e Helps manage energy loss and moisture e Lightweight and east to handle e Easy to cut e Reduces moisture in your home e Dow 1 x 8 x 4 Extruded Polystyrene Insulated Sheathing Item 14546 Model 202631 Specifications Insulation Type Extruded Polystyrene Thickness Inches 1 0 Length Feet 4 0 Width Feet 8 0 R Value 5 0 18 From ATBATT Amstron HP 346970 001 Replacement Battery Replacement HP 346970 001 by Amstron provides reliable performance in your HP laptop This precision engineered Lithium lon battery is designed for use in the HP Pavilion ZV5000 series notebooks Take your work on the road with you without sacrificing performance and productivity with Amstron brand HP laptop batteries Specifications e Chemistry Li lon e Rating 14 8V 6600mAh e Will Meet or exceed original specifications e Warranty 1 Year 19 From Sunstone circuits ValueProto Boards Sunstone s ValueProto PCB s offer you an affordable option for ordering small quantities of 2 layer boards These boards are perfect for special projects that don t require a 24 hour expedite or if low quantity and value pricing is important Simply input your dimensions and quantity below upload your files and place your order It s that easy e Buy PCBs for as little as 28 shipped e 2 Layers up to 2 sides green solder mask with white top side legend optional e Tin
8. 1 2011 DEV RE IS DRE om oen o m E E E oen awn o D c on mwmnwe E sn ow o esje yn em se s EE DEEE I son a m IE E E ATT oon cw o on pmo vw som AC D CE rame emy am om se m Tarl mem mom fa sso fonte IE em sw ll KE E EE N CC arle sen wn IE Lala TT fo mo out TE sem w mm y i or CO D a FR Vr F3 2 5 8 Cooling System Design 10 12 0 11 19 F3 4 4 0 Temperature Sensor Design 10 11 0 11 15 Network Diagram Fall 2010 F3 5 3 0 F4 0 2 0 F5 0 2 0 User Interface Design System Compilation Final Design 10 20 0 11 09 11 26 0 12 09 12 06 12 17 F3 7 22 DC to DC Converter 10 29 0 11 12 F3 8 8 0 Program Microcontroller 10 25 0 12 17 F2 0 3 2 Fad 34 Overall System Design gt Cooling Chamber Design 9 21 0 10 12 9 28 10 20 F1 0 4 0 F2 1 1 4 F3 3 22 Develop Requirements Specification Microcontroller Selection Battery and Battery Charger Circuit 8 30 0 9 28
9. 11 11 5 10 20 11 9 10 20 11 3 10 29 11 12 10 25 12 17 11 26 12 9 12 6 12 17 8 30 12 17 8 30 12 17 People ALL ALL Eric Simon Natalie Simon Eric Adrian Simon Adrian Eric Adrian Adrian Eric ALL ALL Eric ALL Resources Computer Computer Computer Computer Computer Multisim Solidworks Computer Computer Multisim Computer Multisim Computer Multisim Computer Multisim Computer Multisim Computer Multisim Computer Computer Computer Communica tion Computer Engineering Notebooks Tasks S1 0 S1 1 S1 2 S1 3 S1 4 S1 5 S1 6 S1 7 S1 8 S2 0 S3 0 S4 0 S5 0 S6 0 A1 0 A2 0 Activity Parts Assembly and Testing Cooling Chamber Cooling System Battery and Battery Charger Circuit Temperature Sensor User Interface Power Control Circuit DC to DC Converter Program Microcontroller Full Frame Assembly System Integration System Testing Project Finalization Prototype Presentation Project Management Documentation Work Breakdown Structure Spring 2010 Description Assemble Parts Confirm parts are operational Build Cooling Chamber and apply insulation Test heat resistance Assemble Cooling System heat sink and ventilation system Create circuit for the battery and battery charger Test charger and
10. 18 2 10 1 25 2 21 2 2 2 15 2 3 2 9 2 10 3 2 2 1 2 21 2 1 2 9 1 18 2 21 1 24 2 25 2 21 4 25 3 21 4 25 4 26 5 9 5 9 5 13 1 18 5 13 1 18 5 13 People ALL Natalie Simon Adrian Eric Simon Eric Adrian Adrian Eric Natalie Simon ALL ALL ALL Eric ALL Resources Computer Test equipment Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Computer Work Shop Work Shop Work Shop Computer Work Shop Computer Computer Documentation Communication Computer Engineering Notebooks CT Gantt Chart Fall 2010 Sep 2010 Oct 2010 Nov 2010 Dec 2010 ID Task Description Start Finish Duration 9 12 9 19 9 26 10 3 10 10 10 17 10 24 wail 17 11 14 11 21 1128 126 na ORI e D O DS e AE A IES ee AA eee n DEJE ee JE AN EC AR Ricci E MECS CCS SR SE IG ms Battery and Battery Charger Circuit 10 6 2010 10 20 2010 up SE S cm o D x Design IE E TO mao m O IG O veo EE DE EEE e HE fal rar EE O O aa M EE regem nei HH p Da FAO E TT sasso ay re eo rosse Taio sn fe pro peer CC TT Co i AAA FN Sa ee Es Oo el Gantt Chart Spring 2011 Task Name Start Finish Duration EER S10 0 Parts Assembly and Testing Parts Assembly and Testing and Testing EZIO amot
11. MAB E Most Awesome Backpack Ever System Design and Project Plan Eric Locke Natalie Nill Simon Reinhardt Adrian Villalobos Table of Contents SV SECM Design 3 BICKSFOUN ario 4 SVSLEM OVeMie Wins 4 511919 DIA e 5 Functional Description of BIOCKS rire 6 PrO E CPI y CPP YNN NN TRA toner 7 Organization and Management ss 8 DUO Ua a OO NAU 9 Work Breakdown Structure Fall 2010 10 Work Breakdown Structure Spring 2011 11 Gantt Chart Fall 2010 riore ere oriana 12 Gantt Chart Spring 2011 rire ere rien e rien ie 13 Network Diagram Fall 2010 14 Network Diagram Spring 2011 15 A SF EC HO FFR FEN 16 Appendix A Budget References 17 Appendix B Requirements Specification 27 System Design Background Vaccines have been one of the most beneficial healthcare discoveries of the past couple centuries Unfortunately many people are unable to receive vaccines because among other reasons health services are unable to reach them while keeping the vaccines cool enough According to the PATH organization transporting vaccines in Africa can be extremely challenging because regulating the temperatures of vaccines while transporting them to rural areas is difficult and especially challenging in areas without constant power sources In 2002 over 84 000 people died from Hepatitis B a vaccine that requires
12. ate or local health department or manufacturer for guidance on vaccines exposed to temperatures above the recommended range ActHIB Aventis Pasteur Lyon France in the lyophilized state is not expected to be affected detrimentally by freezing temperatures although nodata are available MMR in the lyophilized state is not affected detrimentally by freezing temperatures TABLE 2 Comparison of thermometers used to monitor avccine temperatures Thermo meter type Standard fluid filled Min max Continuous chart recorder Advantages Inexpensive and simple to use Thermometers encased in biosafe liquids can reflect vaccine temperatures more accurately inexpensive Monitors temperature range Most accurate Continuous 24 hour readings of temperature range and duration Can be recalibrated at regular intervals 32 Disadvantages Less accurate 1 C No information on duration of out of specification exposure No information on min max temperatures Cannot be recalibrated Inexpensive models might perform poorly Less accurate 1 C No information on duration of out of specification exposure Cannot be recalibrated Most expensive Requires most training and maintenance
13. cooling time of 48 hours The kerosene refrigeration is impractical because it requires continuous refueling and is potentially dangerous Therefore our team has decided to use solar power because it is a portable reliable and an efficient way to solve this problem Problem Statement There is a need for a better method for transferring vaccines into rural areas of developing nations where power is not easily accessible for refrigeration There is no developed method that involves continuous refrigeration from a portable consistent and environmentally friendly power source By having a refrigeration system that can be powered during transportation the ability to distribute vaccines will be greatly increased and the chances of ruining vaccines will be diminished PATH Cold Chain PATH A Catalyst for Global Health May 2010 Web 13 Sept 2010 lt http www path org projects cold chain php gt Statistics about Hepatitis B WrongDiagnosis com Wrong Diagnosis Aug 2010 Web 20 Sept 2010 lt http www wrongdiagnosis com h hepatitis_b stats htm gt 25 Operational Description Before Transportation Before using the refrigeration backpack to transport vaccines any distance the target temperature must be met inside the refrigeration chamber This can be achieved by one of four ways 1 2 3 4 External Power The pack can be cooled by using external power from any outlet that has an output standard to the US
14. d be stored centrally in the refrigerator or freezer not in the door or on the bottom of the storage unit and sufficiently away from walls to allow air to circulate Temperature Monitoring Proper temperature monitoring is key to proper cold chain management Thermometers should be placed in a central location in the storage unit adjacent to the vaccine Temperatures should be read and documented twice each day once when the office or clinic opens and once at the end of the day Temperature logs should be kept on file for gt 3 years unless state statutes or rules require a longer period Immediate action must be taken to correct storage temperatures that are outside the recommended ranges Mishandled vaccines should not be administered One person should be assigned primary responsibility for maintaining temperature logs along with one backup person Temperature logs should be reviewed by the backup person at least weekly All staff members working with vaccines should be familiar with proper temperature monitoring Different types of thermometers can be used including standard fluid filled min max and continuous chart recorder thermometers Table 2 Standard fluid filled thermometers are the simplest and least expensive products but some models might perform poorly Product temperature thermometers i e those encased in biosafe liquids might reflect vaccine temperature more accurately Min max thermometers monitor the temperature range
15. e a user interface used to control the refrigeration system It will include an on off switch a digital temperature display a temperature control interface and battery status indicators The unit will have a frame that can perform while being transported on foot and by vehicle All systems will operate in a safe manner that will pose no threat of harm to the users Temperatures will not go above 50 C or below 30 C voltages will not exceed 30 V DC and moving parts will be protected by a grill Deliverables User s Manual Technical Drawings and Analysis of Hardware Schematic of Circuit with Simulation Results Code and Flowcharts Report of Testing Parts List with Budget Final Technical Report Solar Powered Refrigeration Backpack Preliminary Test Plan Four healthy individuals with a minimum height of 1 6 m 63 inches and weight of 54 kg 120 Ibs will be able to pick up put on and take off the backpack with the assistance of one other individual A performance test will be conducted The backpack will be taken on a mile hike then will immediately be put into a ventilation chamber for a 48 hour period It will be tested at temperatures between 22 C and 30 C 72 F and 86 F The solar panels will be exposed to two cycles of simulated sunlight for 12 hours then darkness for 12 hours The maximum and minimum temperatures will be recorded over that period This test will be executed three times 27 e Temperature ga
16. efrigeration chamber They will also be able to read the approximate battery life reading that will inform them as to the amount of energy currently in the pack in the same screen The user should make sure that the solar panels are clear of anything that may block them from the sun when possible After Transportation When the destination is reached the user should transfer the vaccines to a secure environment to be used as needed The backpack should remain in the refrigeration mode until vaccines are no longer stored in the chamber 26 Technical Requirements The unit will cool a chamber within the backpack and maintain it at a temperature range between 2 C and 8 C 35 F and 46 F for a minimum of 48 hours at an average ambient temperature up to 30 C 86 F while stationary The temperature inside the refrigeration chamber will be read and relayed so it can be displayed on the outside of the unit The temperature sensor will have a maximum resolution range of 1 C and will cover a temperature range of at least 0 C to 30 C 32 F to 86 F The entire unit will weigh less than 37 kg 82 Ibs The backpack will not exceed a size of 60 cm x 100 cm x 60 cm The refrigeration system will be controlled to within the specified temperature range The unit will be able to measure the temperature inside the chamber to within 1 C The unit will be able to control the temperature inside the chamber to withint 3 C There will b
17. eratures that are too cold In contrast varicella vaccine and LAIV are required to be stored in continuously frozen states and lose potency when stored above the recommended temperature range 29 Vaccine Storage Requirements Vaccine storage units must be selected carefully and used properly A combination refrigerator freezer unit sold for home use is acceptable for vaccine storage if the refrigerator and freezer compartments each have a separate door However vaccines should not be stored near the cold air outlet from the freezer to the refrigerator Many combination units cool the refrigerator compartment by using air from the freezer compartment In these units the freezer thermostat controls freezer temperature while the refrigerator thermostat controls the volume of freezer temperature air entering the refrigerator This can result in different temperature zones within the refrigerator Refrigerators without freezers and stand alone freezers usually perform better at maintaining the precise temperatures required for vaccine storage and such single purpose units sold for home use are less expensive alternatives to medical specialty equipment Any refrigerator or freezer used for vaccine storage must maintain the required temperature range year round be large enough to hold the year s largest inventory and be dedicated to storage of biologics i e food or beverages should not be stored in vaccine storage units In addition vaccines shoul
18. im Decide what type of temperature sensor to use and design circuit for sensor Design user interface and indicators to be used in the system Design circuit to control the power into the cooling system Design circuit for the converter that will control power into system devices Develop software for the microcontroller to be able to control the system Make sure that Sub systems will be compatible with one another Find final parts to order Finalize design for entire system and sub systems Make sure all projects are on schedule and within budget constraints Record all design work and progress Record all research and tests 10 Deliverables Written document requirements list Block Diagram major decisions on parts and methods Microcontroller Data sheets Cooling System method Schematics and simulations for each sub system Results of heat transfer equations material choice Multisim schematic Multisim schematic Multisim schematic Decision on temperature sensor Multisim schematic Multisim schematic Multisim schematic decision on DC to DC converter Software on Microcontroller Total System design and all Simulations Documentation presentation Project progress accounted for Documents reports Engineering Notebooks Start Stop 8 30 9 28 9 21 10 12 10 04 10 12 9 15 10 12 9 28 11 19 9 28 10 20 10 12 11 19 10 6 10 20 10
19. imit of 37 kg The battery charger circuit will allow the battery to be charged from any power source connected at the time as well as ensuring that the battery will not be discharged through undesirable sources User Interface The user interface will be a panel on the outside of the unit that displays the chamber temperature and the amount of battery power left It will also allow the user to input and change the desired temperature range Microprocessor The microprocessor will have the following functions 1 Read a user input from the user interface specifying a desired temperature range 2 Readthe current temperature inside the chamber and compare that temperature with the user specified temperature It will then be able to adjust the output from the power control circuit to allow the chamber temperature to reach the user specified temperature range and then hold that temperature for a minimum of 48 hours 3 Readan input from the battery circuit and analyze the battery life remaining Once the battery life is determined it will output that value to the user interface screen 4 Keep a time stamped record of the temperature during use and store the values in memory to allow the user to trace the temperature history after use Power Control Circuit The power control circuit will be controlled by the microprocessor and will regulate the amount of power flowing from the battery to the cooling system DC to DC Converter The DC to DC conve
20. ine is maintained at proper temperatures while state or local health departments or the vaccine manufacturers are contacted for guidance and 8 written emergency retrieval and storage procedures are in place in case of equipment failures or power outages Around the clock monitoring systems might be considered to alert staff to after hours emergencies particularly if large vaccine inventories are maintained Additional information on vaccine storage and handling is available from the Immunization Action Coalition at http www immunize org izpractices index htm Links to state and local health departments are available at http www cdc gov other htm Especially detailed guidelines from the Commonwealth of Australia on vaccine storage and handling vaccine storage units temperature monitoring and stability of vaccines at different temperatures 6 are available at http immunise health gov au cool pdf References 1 CDC General recommendations on immunization recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP and the American Academy of Famil Physicians AAFP MMWR 2002 51 No RR 2 2 Gazmararian JA Oster NV Green DC et al Vaccine storage practices in primary care physician offices Am J Prev Med 2002 23 246 53 3 Bell KN Hogue CJ Manning C Kendal AP Risk factors for improper vaccine storage and handling in private provider offices Pediatrics 2001 107 E100 4 World Health Organization Thermostabi
21. is a solar powered backpack refrigerator The device will be driven by a battery which can be recharged by either plugging it into a 110 V AC power outlet or 12 V DC car jack when available or by a solar panel that is attached to the backpack when on foot A user interface will allow the user to set the temperature within the insulated chamber and will inform him of the current temperature It will also warn the user if the temperature ever gets too high so that the ruining of vaccines can be prevented A microcontroller continuously checks the temperature within the insulated chamber and decides whether it needs to be cooled The device will weigh less than 37 kg 82 lbs and will not exceed a size of 60 cm x 100 cm x 60 cm 12VDC 500mA 110VAC 15A 60Hz 12VDC 500mA DS Stands for Digital Signal DS 0 or 5V and or mA Heat Absorbed O0 6W 0 6W Heat Expelled 20 100 C Temperature Functional Decomposition of Blocks Solar Power There will be solar panels attached to the unit that will output a minimum of 25W of power to the battery circuit Wall Outlet Car Outlet The prototype will be able to run on power from a standard wall outlet in a US home or business and a standard vehicle dashboard power source Battery and Battery Charger The battery will be able to hold enough energy to run the backpack for 2 hours minimum and be light enough to keep the backpack from exceeding the weight l
22. lity of vaccines Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 1998 publication no WHO GPV 98 07 Available at http www who int vaccines documents DocsPDF www9661 pdf 5 WorldHealth Organization Temperature monitors for vaccines and the cold chain Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 1999 publication no WHO V amp B 99 15 Available at http www who int vaccines documents DocsPDF www9804 pdf 6 Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care Keep it cool the vaccine cold chain Guidelines for immunisation providers on maintaining the cold chain 2nd ed Canberra Australia Commonwealth of Australia 2001 31 TABLE 1 Vaccine storage temperature requirements 35 F 46 F 2 C 8 C Instructions Vaccine Instructions Diphteria tetanus or pertussis containning Do not freeze or expose the freezing temperatures vaccines DT DTaP Td Haemophilus conjugate vaccine Hib Hepatitis A HepA and hepatitis B HepB vaccines Inactivated polio vaccine IPV Measles mumps and rubella vaccine MMR in the lyophilized freeze dried statet Meningoccoccal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PVC Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPV Trivalent inactivated inflenza vaccine TIV lt 5 F 15 C Instructions Vaccine Live attenuated Maintain in continuosly influenza vaccine frozen state with no freeze LAIV thaw cycles Contact st
23. mets to attach them to all kinds of gear they re trail tough and sized to pack anywhere 6 5 12 and 25 watt models have a built in voltage cap to permit a direct charge to small devices and prevent damage from low light reverse power flows These three modules also include a connectivity kit with 12V receptacle 12V vehicle power outlet battery clamps 4 in barrel plug and 8 ft extension cable Use 7 amp charge controller to regulate power flow to batteries and y cable to connect multiple panels in parallel 6 5 watt model is 11 H x 9 W x 1 D folded 0 45 Ibs 12 watt is 9 H x 5 W x 7 10 D 0 70 Ibs 25 watt is 11 H x 8 W x 7 10 D 1 8 lbs 55 watt does not come with extra connectivity kit is 11 H x 9 W x 1 D 4 4 Ibs USA 22 From INTRUMENTATION2000 Supco PT100 Digital Surface HVAC Thermometer Our Price 51 49 Supco PT100 Digital Surface HVAC Thermometer Applications e Superheat Evaporator Temperatures e Plate and Condensing Temperatures e Measure Air Inlet Outlet and Surrounding Air Features e Ultra Sensitive Air and Surface Reading Probe Quick Response e Super Accurate RTD Sensor 0 2 Deg Surface 1 Deg Air e Large LCD Display 7 16 High 3 1 2 Digits 1 10 Deg Increments e Now Four Models to Chose from Reads Temperatures from 40 Deg F to 199 9 Deg F PT100 40 Deg C to 93 28 Deg C PT100C 40 Deg F to 250 Deg E PT100H 40 Deg C to 120 Deg C PT100HC e Battery Operated Requires S
24. nsure that the full benefit of immunization is realized Recommended Storage Temperatures The majority of commonly recommended vaccines require storage temperatures of 35 F 46 F 2 C 8 C and must not be exposed to freezing temperatures Introduction of varicella vaccine in 1995 and of live attenuated influenza vaccine LAIV more recently increased the complexity of vaccine storage Both varicella vaccine and LAIV must be stored in a continuously frozen state lt 5 F 15 C with no freeze thaw cycles Table 1 In recent years instances of improper vaccine storage have been reported An estimated 17 37 of providers expose vaccines to improper storage temperatures and refrigerator temperatures are more commonly kept too cold than too warm 2 3 Freezing temperatures can irreversibly reduce the potency of vaccines required to be stored at 35 F 46 F 2 C 8 C Certain freeze sensitive vaccines contain an aluminum adjuvant that precipitates when exposed to freezing temperatures This results in loss of the adjuvant effect and vaccine potency 4 Physical changes are not always apparent after exposure to freezing temperatures and visible signs of freezing are not necessary to result in a decrease in vaccine potency Although the potency of the majority of vaccines can be affected adversely by storage temperatures that are too warm these effects are usually more gradual predictable and smaller in magnitude than losses from temp
25. or consistent and thorough documentation of their research work and progress They are also responsible for presenting their data and progress in each A3 status report Budget Estimated Cost of Supplies LCD Screen 4 Oct 10 Pees pl E II Total 1 000 Tasks F1 0 F2 0 F2 1 F2 2 F3 0 F3 1 F3 2 F3 3 F3 4 F3 5 F3 6 F3 7 F3 8 F4 0 F5 0 A1 0 A2 0 Activity Develop Requirements Specification Overall Project Design Microcontroller Selection Cooling System Selection Device Design Cooling Chamber Design Cooling System Design Battery and Battery Charger Circuit Design Temperature Sensor Design User Interface Design Power Control Circuit Design DC to DC Converter Design Program Microcontroller System Compilation Final Design Project Management Documentation Work Breakdown Structure Fall 2010 Description Document stating the goals of the project Develop block diagram design entire project layout Select a microcontroller that will meet the needs of the project Select the method of cooling that is the most efficient within budget constraints Design sub systems of project Specify inputs and outputs Decide what material to use and compute heat transfer equations Define inputs and outputs of cooling system Develop a multisim circuit of system Define inputs and outputs of battery and battery charger Simulate circuit in multis
26. rter will take the power coming from the battery and convert it to the desired input powers for the user interface the microprocessor and the temperature sensor Temperature Sensor The temperature sensor will be able to read the temperature inside the cooling chamber to within 1 C and relay that value to the microcontroller Cooling System and Chamber The cooling chamber will have 35cm x 25cm x 20cm of storage space as well as an insulation layer that will allow restrict heat flow into the chamber The cooling system will be permanently attached to the chamber and will consist of the thermo electric cooler the heat sink and the ventilation system to displace heat Project Plan Organization and Management Eric Locke Eric is a senior level electrical engineering student and was designated to be the Project leader for this design He is primarily responsible for selecting and programming the microcontroller that will control all of the functionality of the backpack He will also be responsible for designing and constructing the user interface that will allow the user to control the backpack Eric will assist Adrian with general circuit design and all other team members in general project implementation Finally he will make sure that the project is moving at the pace needed for its success as well as oversee each team member s work to ensure compatibility and communication between projects Adrian Villalobos Adrian is a senior le
27. tandard 9V Battery e Dimensions 1 1 2 x 6 3 4 x 7 8 23 Appendix B Requirements Specification Document Requirements Specification Solar Powered Backpack Refrigeration Unit Adrian Villalobos Eric Locke Natalie Nill Simon Reinhardt Overview Vaccines have been one of the most beneficial healthcare discoveries of the past couple centuries Unfortunately many people are unable to receive vaccines because among other reasons health services are unable to reach them while keeping the vaccines cool enough According to the PATH organization transporting vaccines in Africa can be extremely challenging because regulating the temperatures of vaccines while transporting them to rural areas is difficult and especially challenging in areas without constant power sources In 2002 over 84 000 people died from Hepatitis B a vaccine that requires cooling alone Some of these deaths are due to the inability of health organizations to transport vaccines to every place they are needed Many of these organizations are working to raise awareness about this issue and find ways to reach more people If more people could be reached thousands of lives could be saved There are multiple ways of using alternate power to refrigerate vaccines currently being used The most predominant include nonelectric uncontrolled cold packs kerosene powered refrigeration and solar power The cold packs have limited use because they have a maximum
28. uge will be tested to insure accurate within 1 C temperature readings inside the chamber e Backpack will be weighed to insure it does not exceed the maximum weight 28 Attachments The following attachments come from the site Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web 13 Sept 2010 Guidelines for Maintaining and Managing the Vaccine Cold Chain In February 2002 the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP and American Academy of Family Physicians AAFP released their revised General Recommendations on Immunization 1 which included recommendations on the storage and handling of immunobiologics Because of increased concern over the potential for errors with the vaccine cold chain i e maintaining proper vaccine temperatures during storage and handling to preserve potency this notice advises vaccine providers of the importance of proper cold chain management practices This report describes proper storage units and storage temperatures outlines appropriate temperature monitoring practices and recommends steps for evaluating a temperature monitoring program The success of efforts against vaccine preventable diseases is attributable in part to proper storage and handling of vaccines Exposure of vaccines to temperatures outside the recommended ranges can affect potency adversely thereby reducing protection from vaccine preventable diseases 1 Good practices to maintain proper vaccine storage and handling can e
29. vel electrical engineering student He is primarily responsible for the power and hardware circuits of the project These include the battery and battery charger power control and DC to DC converter circuits Adrian will also be responsible for any other circuitry that is needed for the backpack s functionality Adrian will also assist other members in general device design Simon Reinhardt Simon is a senior level mechanical engineering student His primary responsibility is to select and design the cooling system for the backpack This will include analyzing heat flow into and out of the chamber along with Natalie Simon will also assist Eric with selecting and mounting the temperature sensor Lastly he will assist other team members in general project design and engineering decisions Natalie Nill Natalie is a senior level mechanical engineering student She is primarily responsible for designing and constructing the cooling chamber of the backpack This will include selecting and applying the insulation that will line the chamber Natalie will also assist Simon in analyzing heat flow into and out of the chamber She will assist other team members with general project design and major engineering decisions The lists of tasks for each engineer are not all inclusive Each team member is eguipped and able to assist one another in their respective tasks Because of this the schedule of tasks is subject to change Every member is responsible f
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