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View/Open - Calhoun: The NPS

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3. The ship recognition tutor initially dispo information concerning the tutoring system the opt vous available and reminders specific to the Prolog programming language The user iS next prompted for his experience level The choices are Beginner Intermediate and Expert the system will use this information to determine if the user has responded to a query for the ship name with a guess Following this information the first menu appears Figure 4 6 allowing the user to make one of four choices M Menus are modifications of menu formats used in Ref 12 28 Ship Recognition Main Menu 1 Ship Recognition Test 2 Review a specific photo 3 View a summary 4 Quit Enter 1 2073 or 4 Figure 4 6 Main Menu If the user chooses the first option the test begins The user is presented with a menu of ships from which to choose Figure 4 7 and is provided with a book of photos or line drawings to identify The system asks the student to look at randomly chosen photos Following each incorrect answer the user is presented with a review of the Significant features The questions are in either a yes no format Figure 4 8 or a list of feature descriptions Figure 4 9 2 Your ship choices are 1 Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG 3 J1angdong Eh 4 Jiang Hu I FF 5 Jiang Hu Lies 6 Godavari FF 7 Grisha I tI TT eee 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG 11 Kirov CGN 12 Krivak I FFG 13 Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF Select the name that
4. teen mnl write Your summary has been saved to the file write Filename write nl write Remember this filename to review this Summary Joye nt mi write Type any letter key to continue read Anykey nl nl Clear memory for the next photo 67 Clear varom abolish photo num 1 abolish shap face as abolish fact Joe abolish incorrecte act DE abolish time to look 1 abolish stop review 0 abolish tactu TS abolrsh rncorrec terraces abolish numtries 1 assert numtries 1 68 Comparer ari This program does the comparison between the two lists Three lists are generated consisting of features in the first list which are not in the second features in the second list which are not in the first and features whose predicates are the same in both lists but whose arguments are different Any duplicate items in the two lists are deleted from Both prior to further comparisons compare Answer Student Features not present Features missed He dturende tallo et B delete duplicates Answer Student Answer2 Student2 compared Answer2 Student2 Features not present Features missed Feature details diff Delete duplicates deletes duplicate terms from Answer and Student Amero duplicates imatucdent Student delete duplicates A Answer Student Answer3 Student3 member A Student delete A Student Student2 delete duplicates An
5. 5 J bane tie tae 6 Godavari FF 7Grisha r7 1 Pil EE 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG 11 Kirov MEN 12 Krivak I FFG 13 Kr2vak LI See 14 Krivak III WPGF 15 Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 YurkalM E 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG 46 Se ceeemecmmane that matches the photo q to quit or n mor help 8 L db db db db db db db db db db de di de de di dp dr dp do dp dr db dp dp Next Screen Kaa XX X X KK KKK KK KS x Very good You have chosen the correct ship Photo number 7 is the Kaman PTG Here is a reminder of the key identifying features mast l large radome etop mast gun forward of superstructure gun 2 aft of deckhouse ssm located between superstructure and deckhouse Superstructure enclosed streamlined with separated deck house Type any letter to continue c Ck ck ck k kk k kk kk kk kk KKK KK KKK Next Screen KCK KOK k X X k kk k kX k XX X X KEK XK Please look at photo number 8 Eur Ship choices are l Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG 3 Jiangdong FF 4 Jiang Hu I FF E g ang Hu II FF 6 Godavari FF 7 8 9 BETSSHasr II III FFL Kaman PTG Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG IL Kirov CGN 12 Krivak I FFG NC Krivak II FFG 74 Krivak III WPGF 15 Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG Wer yYurka Mor 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG EENCcrt the name that matches the photo q to quit or h for help h IRTE A X KKK KKK kk kk kk kktk kt kk Next Se reen XEXEEXXXXDAXKXXXXKXXKXXXxXx The name of the correct ship is Kara CG NUES
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7. Student Term Featuresmot presentas Features missed Feature details CIS mars _term Answer Student Term delete Term Student Student2 compare2 Answer Student2 Features not present Features missed Feature detal Sidi Match terms finds the terms in The Answer which match the terms in the Student model except that the arguments are different It returns the terms that match match terms AlAnswer Student A 35 A Pred Lado S Pred TIE member Ss Studentii 70 Find a term finds terms in Answer which are not in the Student model Used when Student model is not empty Will not find terms with mismatched arguments Example a predicate with no arguments find a term Term Answer Student Term E Termi re a e S Pred not member S Student Example any one argument predicate mata term Term Answer Student Term Term Pred TA O Pred TS not member S Student 7 Find s term finds terms in the Student model which are not in the Answer Used when the Answer is not empty Will not find terms with mismatched arguments Bend s term Answer Term Student Term Term Pred A Pred not member A Answer find s term Answer Term Student Term Term Pred TS A Pred TA not member A Answer ggl je temenu arii This file contains the menus for the tutor program writemenu writemenu Des
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10. large obelisk type foremast aftermast smaller pyramid aftermast radar air surveillance radar atop mack top sail TOP SAIL radar Meno raisen Thelo pad aft ssm canted launchers below bridge wings rule ship id Kiev CVHG fight deck angled flight deck superstructure tiered superstructure other features looks like cruiser in profile me ship id Kirov CGN mast l large mack amidship radar atop mack top sail TOP SAIL radar superstructure superstructure amidship with large mack forecastle long slightly stepped sharply raked bow fe Ship id Krivak I FFG mast_2 two masts masts latticed Superstructure superstructure with masts ssm 4 SSM launchers on bow stack short wide with lip on trailing edge gun gunmounts flat and square mee Ship rxd Krivak II FFG mast 2 two masts masts latticed superstructure superstructure with masts ssm 4 SSM launchers on bow Stack short wide with lip on trailing edge gun gunmounts rounded with fence between rule ship id Krivak III WPGF mast 2 two masts masts latticed superstructure superstructure with masts p stack short wide with lip on travling edge ae gun enclosed gunmount on bow helo hangar and pad aft rule ship id Kashin DDG IF mast l single oil derrick mast sta
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12. read Anykey assert stop review nl 15 nl check answer2 New answer Photo num ship Sphotcm comb Photo num New answer shell cls blamesns write Very good You have chosen the correct ship Spes write Photo number write Photo num write is the write New answer nl write Here is a reminder of the key identifying features mal nl rule ship id New answer R prettyprint lee nl numtries a maintain score X New_ answer write Type any letter to continue read Anykey nl nl assert stop review check answer2 New_answer Photo num ship photo comb Photo num Correct answer write That answer is incorrect write The write New answer write is not the correct ship OD 64 WSUNEtepB third incorrect response still no answer Correct answer Correct answer list Stop marker Still no answer Correct answer Correct answer list Stop review ENSE answer Correct answer COrrect answer list shell cls blines 5 write The name of the correct ship is write Correct answer nl nl write This is a list of the descriptive features Of a ge write Correct answer write nl nl prettyprinti Correct answer list nl nl write Identify each feature in the photo n1 nl write Remember the name of the ship is the Witte ConsectedawerEnl nl maintain score 4 Correct answer Uite pessum continue re
13. to identify weapons systems on board Information acquired through air reconnaissance is rapidly passed to analysts on paeSground or on board ship Once the ship is identified by class the operational intelligence personnel can brief the commander on the capabilities of the contact fee 1 10 13 B PROCEDURES Naval ship recognition as taught to Naval personnel follows two basic ideas A fast overall impression of the ship provides operational identification Then there is a feature by feature analysis requiring prolonged observa tion This observation can be either direct or through study of reconnaissance photos Information that can help in the identification of ships includes the geographical location of the ship knowledge of which ships are known to cruise in the region and intelligence information gathered prior to the sighting Features of interest to intelligence personnel are 1 armament such as missile launchers guns and ASW weapons 2 armor on sides decks turrets towers and superstructures 3 electronic equip ment and 4 navigational equipment Ret 110 C TRAINING PROGRAMS There are several aids for training military personnel in ship recognition Generally ship recognition is Inc MEE ed in training given by intelligence personnel Sessions utilizing slides of ship photos along with er chier sei drawings or silhouettes are provided to allow personnel to become familiar with various ships During the
14. 13 B PROCEDURES 9959 99 92 2 7 teen 14 oF TRAINING PROGRAMS e e e s ea e e o 7 7 7 5 LLLI 14 D ASSUMPTIONS sose e eese eea eee o 5 0 SLILLLLILLLLLILLILDD 16 SHIP RECOGNITION AN ICAI APPROACH T n A SYSTEM ORGANIZATION seee 0 0 225 Te B EXPERT MODULE 2 2D DIM 19 1 Knowledge Base DUI ie 2 Inference Engine NN 20 iv Ce ONO ISIC RAS 0 IS EO a rn ee 220 sc aD OLD S BORED LIIS TLLLLLIDITMI Ze E SII MIOIDASdE A 26 Bi 0 USERA RER ACRA A c 28 O e roO 904 A A 28 ey A SE A UU A F I SUB SUID A EET 5 26 om Mn dc P Pe A Sz E AO LA rrr SS xe YC AN NS A a eee en a E E 23 So TEI TON E 93 que EGOMMENDEDGSSESNSMICSEBNHANCEMENTS 5 692 7 34 ENDE DEMONSTRATION S c 0 o u 36 II USER S MANUAL T si cw ee c erm tot oul IND SS O ORC CODE S de a RR e OS 7 EE ERENCES gig oye TC 88 NI UPETDBULTONODNEMSNEE e 2I a o 89 I INTRODUCTION Computer assisted instruction systems in use today can provide a sophisticated learning experience for students in some cases rivaling the instruction provided by human instructors One advantage of computer based training is the one on one teaching available for students In the majority of today s classrooms there is little opportunity for students to receive the direct attention that is possi ble with computer based instruction Although computerized instruction has been available to one degree or another for
15. 1S first directed to these features 23 AIR SEARCH RADAR AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR FC DIRECTOR FC DIRECTOR SSM LAUNCHER JA SAM LAUNCHER SAM LAUNCHER HELIPAD HANGAR 4 ASW LAUNCHER Figure 4 3 Kresta I CG AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR FC DIRECTOR FC DIRECTOR SAM oo ORPEDO e oue SSM LAUNCHERS ASW P SAM LAUNCHER HEURE ASW LAUNCHERS AES dU Es l zl Figure 4 4 Kresta II CG 24 After any such student errors have been tutored the student is next instructed on any features that are present ime the correct ship but not on the ship that he chose as the answer These features are contained in Features missed Finally the student is tutored on any Features not present features that are present in the ship Memchose but not in the correct ship The student is given three chances to choose the cor rect ship his initial choice and two more The second chance occurs following the entire tutoring sequence de scribed above and the third chance after another pass through the sequence Each time he makes an incorrect choice the tutoring strategy involves the latest choice After three chances the system tells the student the correct answer and provides him with the identifying fea tures of the correct ship When the student responds with an incorrect answer the pueegram first checks the length of time it took him to respond The tutor utilizes the information the student entered concerning his experien
16. CC 20m 00 Ce 00 00 ce 00 00 ae 00 00 es CC SOO 00 GE ec Yu 00 CEOSECC 000000 X XCckockckck k k kk k XkXXkXk k kk k k kx k Noxt Screen OX CO Oo 0 Xx G0 Xx Xx Xx Xx Xx Xx Xx kx Xx Xx Xx x XX Ship recognition training is required for many Naval person nel It is taught by Intelligence personnel using slides Bash cards and other drill methods This ship recognition tutor is designed to help you improve Meur proficiency in ship recognition You will be provided Enea list of ships from which to identify the photo speci fied The method of tutoring is based on your level of experience The system also provides you with a means of viewing a summary of your last session You may also review Specific photos PROLOG REMINDER Pees ENTRIES MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD Strike a key when ready Xo CO 0 oo ox o x Xx x x Xx Xx X X kx Xx x kx kx kx Xx Next Screen c oko oo ox 0x o Xx Xx Xx Xx Xx Xx x x kx x Xx X Level of experience 1 Beginner 2 Intermediate Som BXpere DNS 1 2 or 3 2 X c ok ooo ooo 0o ox o x Xx kx Xx Xx x Xx Xx Xx x xXx x Next screen X ooo oo ox x Xx x Xx Xx Xx kx x x kx Xx kx x Ship Recognition Main Menu Ship recognition test Review a specific photo View a summary Quit ds YY N PR Meer 1 2 3 or 4 1 Em KKKKKKKEKKKKKKKEK KAS Nes Screen XC CX OCC ck x A x x Ax Xx kx koX ok X Please look at photo number 11 Your ship choices are im Kresta sl eG 2 Kresta PIR E 3 Jiangdongi m
17. The system response time to incorrect student answers 1s one to three seconds Tutoring time ranges from five seconds for cor rect answers to four minutes for incorrect responses Tutoring times vary based on the individual user Demonstrations of the ship recognition tutor are in Appendix A Instructions as to how to add more ship data to the knowledge base is in Appendix B p VI CONCLUSION A ACHIEVEMENTS We have shown that an ICAI system for tutoring ship Rcconecdyon s possible This fully computerized system provides many of the benefits of an instructor It is a portable program that will run on any IBM compatible micro computer The source code is easily adaptable to teach most ships Portability is the main weakness of the GUIDON tutor discussed in Chapter II An ICAI system allows the instructor more flexibility than flash card methods in providing the student a useful learning environment The combination of these two features makes it a worthwhile EsUMtion to any fleet training program B LIMITATIONS The ship recognition tutor uses visual features such as weaponry and structural characteristics referenced in several ship recognition texts These features while Important to the overall identification of ships may not e the features required for quick recognition Most experts in this field recognize ships based on one or two main features The inclusion of extra features may only add to the new student s conf
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19. ary eR Teel AO li np rene pete potions UNT ga gt PR Ty 4 Ma 15 2 LI A E No 9 tad el ae Z e r a F i HUE d ro gr rive ca e el ms a Pao tula ee m nga r ra eses Pr Or aware eren A A aue c 3 re YET se at oo a ATI AC a ca rI wa uc 1979 w yt and v grt ts Varr mv ab i Mt PIE ebd Pj n X AS cse 2 E EET UI Xs cue o Me EE ae u o o uo 4 2 RES gir be citen ra oso pda Dede Nr ore la n intpp 3 RELE 01m 1 A a A n 4 wor d tj ona 1 4 a j ek i IURE Sage i i qa 1 ye peg 1 ari mrs 2 n d a TEE d viro bp qi reden cd M aee cie de D ma 4 D Ou 4 wae CPI A b Sv 3 ve u 3 E hd Dadada dadisi wee L4 i eee CE EMEN 7 S iy Ad aio POL ety RES TIO MERIT E tastes Shag ag nee rr pa T t t W Pi 4 i y D IC OY saw 1j a ana ight g IS SIE aate M BENE nA ap eon or 7 s e 15 MUT sert Pi p pov eMP vA pvo ym martes eS vile aro a PINA A tete dm grub y Ups DARA on rires oy e wes de 1 o c M ra AT o DUE Jt pco 44 VL eri n meS s O A CIEN ASA DITA AO E aa se E UE i i NL gts 4 oiuf ny My e EAD PVT gi pi id haa a gt Fii pru bo veiled ve Latio leyes Fe Get pide prd accola a x x Le L a 5 y Ya a a Mn te O RAT CO TIOS Poy 2 A Mom 5 m b t 2 LL Ld 1458 roo a19 8 Libia Mq rps i 5 d D 1s pee ar uae n e hy tea Pala P v y get RE P esp Boa Al LA a d Ed 5 quA ye yi tege e e s 1 xi 1 AO i i FIA ayey Jog vi j il ETT dr Aer Ban Mss i en pant 4 AR AA da y Sh nigh
20. in the photo nl write Remember the name of the ship is write Correct answer TEE maintain score 4 COPrOCHN NU EM write Type any letter key to continue read Anykey nl nis check answer Student answer Photo num lt ship photo comb Photo num Student answer shell cls blines 4 write Very good You have chosen the correct ship Spi MERE write Photo number write Photo write is the write Student answer ni ni write Here is a reminder of the key identifying features nl nas rule Sia Seca answer R prettyprint d HE numtries X maintain score X Student answer write Type any letter to continue read Anykey nl nl Beginner guess check answer Student answer Perec num me user _level beginner time to MORO x lt 30 Woo ship photo comb Photo num Correct answer maintain guesses write That answer is incorrect nl write The write Studentmanswews write is not the correct ship miele rule ship id Correct answer Correct answer Aisa compare Correct answer _list Features not present Features missed Feature details diff NM MEM Tale review BEGatures Corner answer Correct answer lise Student answer Feature dera mida Features missed Features not present la 58 Intermediate user guess check answer Student answer Photo num user _level intermediate time maeror bere X X 10 ship
21. matches the photo or q to quit Figure 4 7 Sample List of Ships Is the foremast with the following description large obelisk type foremast present on photo number 3 Enter y for ves Or eine ror sie Figure 4 8 Sample Yes No Question Select the best description of the onboard helo structures l hangar and pad aft 2 helo pad aft 3 raised helo pad aft Make your selection Figure 4 9 Sample List of Feature Descriptions If the user selects the second system option in the tutor main menu to review specific photos he is asked 30 the number of the photo he wishes to review The user then sees the key features for the ship he selected The third system option shows the user a summary of mec wharest ship recognition test Section E of this chap ter describes the user summary 2 Error Checking The system will check for input that does not conform to acceptable standards For example if there are fifteen ship choices in the menu the system will not allow the user to select 16 as the answer The user will be asked to select an answer within the correct range of e7oices Spl V Results Our ship recognition tutor was tested on a database of 20 Soviet ships with the capability to add more ships as required Test runs were completed by five different intermediate and beginning students for a total of 25 runs The system requires 50K of disk space and 368K of RAM memory not counting the Prolog interpreter
22. member X X L member X Y L member X L delete X III delete X X L M delete X L M derete X YIL XYIM not X Y delete X L M meettyprint meeeeyprinte Y L prettyprintl Y prettyprint L prettyprintl puectvprintl I IX L write X nl prettyprint1 L 85 piunt 309 print EI write X name X X1 length X1 A Al is 25 Avvreabiais write Y name Y Y1 length Y1 B Bl is 25 B tab B1 write 2 nl mpm E De print 3 CD AAA write X name X X1 length X1 A Al is 25 A tab A1 write Y nli printe D print 3 CDS write X nl pri nt DE 86 Pascal executable files Program Summary input output This program reads in the user session summary and prints it to the screen type Seringe String 8i0 Serimgzo String 251 var Pene menor rings 0 Filename String25 Data text begin Writeln What is the name of your summary file Readln Filename Assign Data Filename Reset Data While not EOF Data do begin Readin Data Line Writeln Line end Close Data end program getstime input output uses dos var Hour MIn Sec Hun word data text begin Get Time Hour Min Sec Hun asSign data timefile ari reset data write data time write data Min Wwelte data write data Sec write data close data end 87 TO Ts LIST OF REFERENC
23. menus from this point To quit the system you may type q at the ship choice menu or Eat the main menu S 1 Prolog Reminders 1 All input must be followed bySaspericoa 7M 2 Letter entries such as q or h must be made in lower case 3 Typing extra characters after the period and before the carriage return will cause the system to fail No summary will be made and the program will halt You may type gotutor at the prompt to restart the program B MODIFICATIONS AND ADDITIONS The expert module of the ship recognition tutor is easily modifiable in order to add or delete ships or to change identifying features of the ships already in the system When modifying the system several things need to Derkephe an mind l Before making any changes be sure to make backup copies of all files 2 Whenever a change is made to the ships ari file changes must also be made to the tdescrip ari file and vice versa 3 Descriptive features ship names and predicate names must match exactly whenever they are used The following is an example of the changes that need to be made when adding a ship to the system 1 Add a rule predicate rule ship id Grisha 1 11 T11 thw ee mast 1 heavy pylon mast with latticed extensions mast 1 loc on top of the bridge stack located aft rocket launcher RBU launcher on a raised mid section l E Weemeceducabesmames such as stack which are already defined when
24. miats aap M CM PA ati m L Sean Y are A e MEN gt JE us i Mes e j e p E i es x Ate jee Sv NM T NOE e i i d a Mm wy oa fv 5 di reg Jus Lun M e arta H 0 1 P A r ASI pe Y yr y ns Er y EPA AE E NTs eye Lis d d E f T y 4 b A y te VOCE hc c fn Le emi db balk ll e dtu ros Se edat i nies 1 o De 1 amp Cm a Set put oc XR Ee Lo ADA Ty cda CM Pert yap tct eta maire AE VAT OCHOA Sape aT Turn 3 8 w 4 e I a PE pea wd stad an NS mc VAC Pte wt Y A TEV Pe Het ge te Uma o or A a e See E 1 1 lt ave 2 i 1 gt 13 s jose did ID A not AES PS AMICUS y d E r i Pr 13 Pd Se s i Y E LI H a 1 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey California THESIS gt er Y X AN INTELLIGENT COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION SYSTEM FOR NAVAL SHIP RECOGNITION by Denise R Bernier June 1989 Thesis Advisor Neil C Rowe Approved for public release distribution unlimited a SH Peces Cio EE Y TP b FORUM 1e ae ee HAs Jnclassified security Classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la Report Security Classification lb Restrictive Markings UNCLASSIFIED la Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution Availability of Report b Declassification Downgrading Schedule Approved for public release distribution is unlimited Performing Organization Report Number s 5 Monitoring Organizat
25. n The ssm is present on the Krivak II FFG but not on the menrect ship Type any letter to continue c KKK KEK KKK KKK KEKE x x AAA kx x x x Xx X Next Screen KEKE K KEKE KKK ok e I AAA KEK X x CR You have identified the following features fact gun enclosed gunmount on bow fact helo hangar and pad aft fey again to identify photo number 11 Remember it is not the Krivak II FFG Your ship choices are l Kresta I CG 2 Kees tae CG 3 Jiangdong FF 4 Jiang Hu I FF Slang Hu II FF 6 Godavari FF pocrispa I II III FFL 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG EI Kirov CGN VW Kravak I FFG 13 Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF 15 Slava 6 Kashi DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF Re Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG petect the name that matches the photo q to quit or h Bor help 14 KKK KKKK X x AA kx Xx kx Xx X kk Next Screen TKR RR KR KK KK KKK KR KA KEK KK Very good You have chosen the correct ship Photo number 11 is the Krivak III WPGF Here is a reminder of the key identifying features mast 2 two masts masts latticed Superstructure superstructure with masts stack short wide with lip on trailing edge gun enclosed gunmount on bow helo hangar and pad aft 29 Type any letter to contimuc NES XC oC Ok C KKK KKK KKK KK X X X X k X X Next Serec AXKXXKXXXXAXAXKXXXAXX X ATI Please look at photo number 20 Your ship choices are l1 Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG Se Jiangdaong EF 4 Jiang Hu I FF 5 dgdrangoHu
26. nm Se aisia sages heh 2 iU ee AE ud 1 mu M ae XA oou CLAU LET Mv Ghee vA ke Cf a EA MELIOR EP l E 3 UOCE ta apio pes EA Oto da Bs Terra n d n T X Y 45 X nd D Af ve eS a sed NY MAG dri dp sm ner cr of DH y y M j gt L n uin n M ut i n CEU E X 41 5 Kiwi es e ot urs Wd ced A f ES e Sadig nti een uU IE n 3 t e A E n FK Xa ss tli E Dos pe ace i x zu us LU E E 2 Dui danse b pus C YE C TEN 2 E n 14 D e 4 54 re ATA E CE PE Po 4 D II L as asd 75433 sar Ln 1 4 z no s i m toa ag i AN AI aR eh y MUR i t y eot SUE RAN SU A a y F Moia A is C Z3 l 2 al E ne f 4 jv HORE af se Pt he i s M3 3 fes of fof a ow a a 1 1 t APT EA 5 Ger nv e a bed me 4 fr i A a AY 2 amp 4 A AI 1 I E 3 e a d At Ea e cH Xm 3 a F 1 t sa 13 I E her A PP De Ene i E E t 6 E 4 1 f P we fa s ey ally 4 E sa y Wet Se AM La n i t D o E DES CAICOS a E Sy m b 55 pi r s nae a i X 1 Pg io ose Mer pr A i a Pa ri y teary 4 a r opa Y E A i 1 DLE E 1 Sr E 1 1 4 B E 1 5 PES 5 y t LAT 4 LI me a i LU NS Mr 4 A os E L y ea 1 E 1 un gt Dt E Mi 1 L E as Dd y 2 E er A x e 3 re i Y An LI Je s i et fra k i cur LI L Li v A i Au De n Z A d AP T En e E 4 D M E pa A if A A A 4 ECI d y r gt po TT Y po PSI ta F9 PE
27. oko e x x kx Ax kx Ax kx koX kk Next Screen KARR KR KKK KK OK CK X X X X X AR SR Is the superstructure with the following description enclosed streamlined with separated deckhouse present on photo number 7 ENS rU y for yes or n for no y 45 KKK KK k k kk kk KKK KKKEKKKKKEKK Next Screen KK RKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Is the stack with the following descriptae Karge Xen sce present on photo number 7 Enter y for yes or n Som ier The stack is present on the Kara CG but not on the correct ship Type any letter to continue c X ck ck ck oo o x Xx x kx kx Ax x xL Xx x x x Xx Xx ok k k k X Next Screen KEKE KKK KKK ko ck k k k k kk k k kk Is the helo with the following description helo pad aft present on photo number 7 Enter y for yes or n Tor mor The helo is present on the Kara CG but not on the correct Ship Type any letter to continue c Xk X ok X X X X X X koX X XXX REE Next Screen koc ck ox ok ok x ko ok ko ko ok k k kk k k You have identified the following features fact mast 1 large radomtedtopenastes fact ssm located between superstructure and deckhouse fact gun forward Of fs uper rUCEUTE m m fact qua Z aft of Gecksouse hE fact superstructure enclosed streamlined with separated deckhouse Try again to identify photo numbers Remember it is not the Kara CG Your shaw Choices sare l Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG 3 0 TalgdeornewEE 4 Jiang Hu I FF
28. on photo number 6 Enter y for ves or mra Tror Nonny Ck kk k X X kk k XX KKK KEKE KKK KX Next Screen KAKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Ree Is the ssm 2 with the following description a SSM 1 launcher forward present on photo number 6 Enter y for yes ort TE or no on WX X X CKUK E KK XX X Kok KE KK Re eS Next Screen kockockocko ck ko ckockock AAA A Is the bridge with the following description forward placed present on photo number 6 Enter y for yes OF fe cuc 42 KKK ck KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK Next Screen X Wk X X X oko X oU KKK KK KKK KX uH che helo with the following description helo pad aft present on photo number 6 Mire Vv for yes or Uns for no y X ck c Ck ck ok ok oko AA AA x A x x X x XX X X X Next Screen OC C ooo ok ok ck oko A kx x x Xx x kx kk X You have identified the following features ert mast l latticed tripod mast fact stack large square mee ssm twin launchers forward and aft of stack een ssm 2 a SSM 1 launcher forward tact bridge forward placed Matet helo helo pad aft Tey again to identify photo number 6 Remember it is not the Jiang Hu I FF Mour ship choices are l1 Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG Seodangdong FE Z SS EOM EE tana Hu II FF 6 Godavari FF Memes nas l II LIT FEL 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG MN Kirov CGN I2 IO I FFG ES Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF NL Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF 1
29. ph Vins 6 PoepPo Pri a to oho OH Luo gp id a graas LIST amp E E FTO gt LED 4 an e Beir E TA A SS PARRA ARA Sa 7 EN al us dete 54 an FEF ses LII A AP AR ee eee ot O A E PI sponge LAPSI 95 nta a ae he Race a wasin ma Uam Mg RIPO saye af shot obs woot ek Vardi I eit too Pegg si Dord a oh pon DEUM RETRETE TOT ge LR peti 9t ns arcup Podio dec Pmt ris aes al v E sto a d 6 f se Ya MUA pi ow a hos E m m pa ehm in de mma PX PPP a qua A t e tas o je o EL fes D v le EN N CIPIT OPEP M UMP 4 D c het et ras rd tms 424 6 p APIS n e PRAT 4 a P 4 Po m eth eat Bye Bors 1 eysa d biss pirig A O o LL erase pte eM AP Sok s n Et PT INEO om Fe e p S Vo s eee L4 dom uh amd ee mim imt ro CTI A ss 0 gt Pes ae E dra e ood eo AS a ote atas at all no re gr n cr 2 vee js y Des p x acl S RELE II EPI SS ae Pn AA SS RI Prat O ll AA P rui A IO 23 vu tut mem oou HE Edi o po le a adn tom gt 5 af PL ID 4 mmo A i reis M are A ARA ML Ite XE era un e a e ht mpi a me od ae ae J rd con TTL he n mme emu Sata ciun c nada ts tants gho on 0 Sega P P dua pour E T d i tet JE barones walm ue m erede Sines c Pu low T e gt q e here ee mv u E der e Pa re n We ed y ae ate e s dete Tyr A LITT A PA mse EL DAP A fui d AH o ot Sa 2n xX a t y E se ud S a LJ Be cono fee Wn amo A ui tT plos
30. photo comb Photo num Correct answer maintain guesses uec IMauswer iS incorrect nl write The write Student answer Were eG Mimo thegscorrect ship nl nl ale sir Correct answer Correct answer Mist compare Correct _ answer list l Features not _present Features _missed Feature E erans TACE nl ai Ly ien ew feat res Correct answer Correct answer list oaen answer Feature details cuf t Features missed Features not present Non guess pucck answer student answer Photo num ship photo comb Photo num Correct answer write That answer is incorrect nl write The write Student answer wrate cWsnotothe correct sSship nl nl rule ship id Student answer Student answer list rule ship He COeGect answer Correct answer list ampare torre crlanswer list Student answer malt Features not present Features missed Feature details Bri nop a UE BENIN acUCeS Correct hanswer Correct answer list Scudent answer Feature details diff AR Ss Features not present Begin review of features after incorrect response Brew features Correct answer Correct answer Sc Student answer Feature Mietarls Hna Features _missed Features not present stop review mew features Correct answer Correct answer list Student answer Feature details diff Features missed lecguuresenepPEPresent gt stop marker review Beceem Correct sancwer COLrrect answer list Student an
31. possible The same goes for feature cc MN sense sucias Located afl Remember they Shoulda be character Lor Character the same as they appear anywhere else in the program Racism Pol oT CombD predicate eMip o combis Grisha I II III FFL Be sure the photo number you assign is not already assigned and that the ship name is typed exactly as it appears in the rule predicate and the Ca aeS predicate The numbers must be sequential Add the name of the ship to the ship names predicate The ship name should be character for character the same aS it appears elsewhere Ebpu EIUS meur Shap choices are EM ecstamr CG Kresta II CG Jiangdong FF ARALAR dano Hu II FF Godavari FF sa LTL FEL Kaman FTG Kara CG 20 00 AS Kicovy CGN Krivak I EFG Mara TI FrG Krivak III WPGF Slava wasmun DDG sevremennyy DDG Yurka MSF Kynda CG Udaloy DDG The order of the ship names as they appear in this predicate is the order of ship names in the choices menu Increase the number of total photos in the predicate occ photos por photos 20 25 5 Modify or add a descriptors predici eE oTe e feature which is added in the rule predicate descriptors Sea Select the best description of the stack structure ne located aft large Shotter square wide with lip on trailing edge 4 in symmetry to the mast Cance dE e 4 stacks in pairs amidships oval shape
32. raked bow descriptors mU cad pes Some other features are looks like a cruiser in profile mast stack mast stack 82 co ari iaeromcereen shell cls blines 2 tab 17 EN utet SSSSS HH HH II PPPPPPP nl in35 17 write SS SS HH HH II PP PP mer cab l write SS HH HH 11 PP PP mee tab l7 write SS HH HH II PP PP mo tab 17 write SODOD HHHHHHHHH II PPPPPPP nl Pab L17 write ss HH HA Pes nl matt l 7 write ss HH HHA TIPE D Nn malo 17 write So ss HH HN nl ab 17 write SSS Oe HH HH II PP nl blines 2 tab 12 write RRRRRRR EEEEEEEEE CECCCE receta NUDO nl tab 12 write RR RRE CC Cc EE Ce 90 Rr nl tab 12 write RR RR EE CIC Ce MEE CC ee fey nl tab 12 write RR RR EE ae EE 00 we ni tab 12 write RRRRRRR PEDO es Cm Ce OO ESO nl tab 12 write RR RR EE Ce Cc OO fe nl tab 12 write RR RR EE ES CONCE ce 00 oe nl tab 12 write RR RR EE CE EE ES Ce 00 2 nl tab 12 write RR RRS Soe TRUCOS e GELES EDODOO nl blines 2 Smet cts shell pause blines 5 write Ship recognition training is required for many Naval write personnel nl write It is taught by Intelligence personnel using slides Wetec flash cards nl write and other drill methods blines 3 83 write This ship r
33. rf gp 4 4 1 1 8 x P i LITE LEUR pi ss Pr P un Ay AN de ern O Mi reara prieta ra Atos TN Dit tae T a e de 4 7 meat d waka UC er ya gy 574 yemBanghr Wren us Spd Mead k fa ae Us mh S a E Y 5 UC E y we 4 Lleva LE ip des daran E Ka i Are trig TA PA A d gt O dd e e La Dn 3 y n A na A Uu T BAR Y H Nu VL a se EN LAM sca DA e uli da E HE epe LI yr MIA E 3 Ma a red t PAP ase degaes AES Si 4 decet VU wet LES j i Srt MET ES i F NOD y te M POS vel etas y 5 O 4 af mM ss o faman se T Eg i ABE Gis fe up tenia ded i x 3 4 ra AP s A A TORRE QD b oM M DAC CON AS nmm iss mM Foe d K lt He O WE Hoo lt x E hs a a MAD M 1 x y d 1 j F X 1 mc Sut m S Na TH ae HEY PIT CEN Foie iC e x a Sa eu eo had M O Y uM xi d Nd ro CSR CIA Profa 1M CE ES Eneas te vind hes pe LC hi I i d 5 a EIS E NS 1 a reo A Me e as lied yo ve Lo i q NE ELE uL et a fom Beans s de wth ue Keg ELT P e ne SIS vds E M RN Sra Earn Me E a y qug TN S 4 Ub UA emp tuus 5 i U e 5 3 x H f pa T P YE 72 gets 73 rn aka A 2 1 gt LLL LN vo t gt Ye ES rn em gunk RR Gah va 9 CMS a i e mE y A Y Y XA e v j AUR ark Ais we Aet P LE n i 5 y VAM X E LARES ian E E ELI Dae AE j 1 Lor 1 amp M xf s ye pt a 4 X i tee te Peal rear de 1 FUERIT ES i Ye na gt e S any f Ne JA Lr A y H
34. s features quit The tutor will quit giving a summary eo qm session 2 e response fie tutor will give an affirmative response along with a review of the ship s name and features incorrect response The tutor will give a negative response and will begin tutoring the student Panor issue 1m deciding tutor strategies for this sort of system lies in the attempt to determine where the student went wrong The ship recognition system tries to determine the student s misconceptions using the compare predicate to compare the student s ship to the correct ship Once the features that appear to have caused the student difficulty are found the next issue is which category of misconceptions is most important or more likely to have caused the incorrect response We decided that the student was more likely to have problems with features in the same general category fea tures that were common to both the correct response and the incorrect response but possessed different descriptive arguments An example is shown in Figures 4 3 and 4 4 The ships are the Kresta I CG and the Kresta II CG which are very similar For example both ships have SSM launchers under the bridge wings but on the Kresta I the launchers are horizontal and on the Kresta II the launchers are canted The compare predicate would return this infor Mation in the Feature details diff argument Since a misconception of this type is very likely to occur the END ent
35. ser RI rn Feit ydy UO lt n Ml a os Ohh o Pre we be uw m d v 9 i 4 traia HE Mz io a Grp DA PA nd A Ae Am dl e M jer iuste LY my Mien Se JA va Adr e eem fo d here memor o CHA ouam o Pt T s t Py Ars ia a w ith mtus e Aera to Ine 0 co ee oe WISE e Ave no k i P y i e E AO as waer ew m Kim enr T TrA ar ih eet Vey a dsd wR we tm e ey wer we CE Pee cfe ANGIE Prete ioa 148 ure aime es Qi P ALCA to Protte amp ow ot dar Taper tee Selden ede hoes Lada ele nt ee een ee L2 n o Oe ar eb m Jl rats 7 pat up ewe otio IAM S9 Py iiu m a A n pau yo Meme a MILI fo eee ON DO WA yr oa E I wv o f a E A ta dauid Nw ia UID INS DN O tri ood maro iru idet ute vw t R woe t po mer on ache sh ar e MA UN MARU A 0 AR RS AA ie kon AR A da es wa wryvbet AA A ES o k a E a e IAS IU e e 9 O rigidi 6 im A Doe rd Were eq teres ip Y i a any Ae ca anh Pa odis Dr rip tuy wafer Sy ALO epi IO um AU Pp evo PY Tw UU torai v CE YT AO Sener 7h APICAL TR A AUT By bette bl ee AI e LIME v gee e van 478 E Mae Pen e a A i n Qt HY Or ham wee d n WS Ah b io p o A e s Oe r foe re SYP eur x uid CR E 9 ste 8 OVS AO a Bre diva Vi CREP arr EON CATA OS Y Vua m Y ewe n J Stab eed Tr EA ER A ia Ee A A wa A wwe v o er 3 4 MS Dr e e io A DR o ra e EN A A A ee fS ad wc wy yv ea Wate E T gt A A dac E e D ds y Ry elc Fa BO bogus R o gre cu r eich ivo 9 Po ML yA Nea eo e er ami CAU
36. student s response is compared to the correct ship in an expert module If the response is incorrect the eatures of the correct ship are compared with those of the incorrect ship to formulate a hypothesis concerning the tudents misconceptions Tutoring strategies are chosen based on this comparison The system provides a ecognition test a summary review and an individual photo review A review of recognition features for each hip is supplied during the recognition test A final summary is generated at the end of testing 9 Distribution Availability of Abstract 21 X Abstract Security Classification unclassified unlimited L same as report DTIC users UNCLASSIFIED la Name of Responsible Individual 22b Telephone nclude Area code 22c Office Symbol Prof Neil C Rowe 408 646 2462 Code 52Rp ID FORM 1473 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted security classification of this page All other editions are obsolete Unclassified i Approved for public release distribution is unlimited An Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction System LOT Naval Ship Recognition by Denise R Bernier Lieutenant United States Navy B S Medical College of Virginia 1981 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 1989 ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the design and implementation of an intelligent computer aided instruction system fo
37. tutor provides information through a menu based dialogue In both systems the tutorial system only intervenes when the student asks for help or when his responses are suboptimal Ref 6 STEAMER 1S a system used to train engineers who will operate large ships The training is designed to help the student form a mental model of the steam propulsion plant and understand related engineering principles STEAMER is important in the research into ICAI systems Since it stimulated interest in the development of object oriented graphic simulations in training Ref 7 eZ III OVERVIEW OF SHIP RECOGNITION Numerous changes have occurred in naval weaponry in the past decade resulting in warships that are hard to distin guish Knowledge of identifiable features and weapon systems is required to differentiate between different classes of warships and to determine a ship s general we Sion Positive identification of unfriendly ships or aircraft before they reach attack range can mean the dif ference between life and death in a wartime situation A PURPOSE Training of a ship s crewmen intelligence personnel and pilots in the identification of ship classes and weap ons systems is required to provide up to date intelligence information Air reconnaissance both visual and pasrrographric plays an important role in the intelligence gathering mission Aircraft personnel must not only be able to recognize unfriendly ships but must also be able
38. tutoring system mers C PREVIEW Chapter II provides an overview of the use of computers in instruction with a review of computer aided instruction feel and intelligent computer aided instruction ICAI EUSpter III provides an overview of ship recognition and current training techniques Chapter IV discusses the design and implementation of our ship recognition tutor Chapter V discusses the performance of the ship recognition tutor Chapter VI is the conclusion and discusses the benefits and limitations of the ship recognition tutor Appendix A provides a representative user session Appendix B contains a User manual for the program with information for use and modifications Appendix C contains the Prolog source code for the ship recognition tutor II OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION A BACKGROUND Computers were first used for teaching in the late 1950 s Computers have gone on to be used in all levels of education Medical students use computers to practice Aide nosis and prescription on patients simulated by comput er programs Engineering students use computers to assist in problem solving Computers are also used for education al purposes outside schools Children learn spelling and arithmetic and high school students practice for college entrance examinations using educational software available to the general public Ref 5 Computer aided instruction CAI is the name given the use of computers in educ
39. wig uer v onte ud 2 ea 4 tro A sa i oft A t P s Ht A n i D Y J US ARO AA 4 PE e e ne T a er sa EL ve n a j t i 1 1 Sy 1 2 FO AO Bpeti T a ae LIPS ar ra vr WU e B a 3 B D s 4 1 1 L r z F 1 7 A E 3 a 7 x H Coo Peg n MULA eos rt Ser mL ae a LJ L Li LJ S t D e wii Pu ne m P rene d x 3 a 4 4 A RE a er yy eae ua Ci d kid sane h pei ite a P s i 1 uL DAI i div 1 7 S WC ds toe x A pet a Pu x T es uke E SD gael UA AA iter rr etn recs EM E zn M E ws E i Pati le PELLE elo o cratis m WB T M rcm 4 det es meti at dine gees copa S i LEM p i soy A dL JE de 5 rese AAA atar pie Lam sa triga 1 e LE tty 2 DAC ns pg F1 4 Cyr furo m P o ty Sa Ka vorum y s v9 v a SE sae uut repr PLE MS reo I AG RNS ASTM ut ete avers PERS menm Y i DE ae A F gt Ary yee eee of a A Rin out al ede ema us v wee a aha e Pan SOF wu oo I E y qe aid ad 2 a I N 2 on s EA 35 Fa faari Ma e Sets ya y pat poa Det Ir spe a AAN fut M EA E E Liu y 1 a LI a ii AL D g xv hai y n sy Ey Ly 4 mo e Led E T PUE Wi Mate ds Pia e v 1 typ P NA vend y eb sAr a6 pr fh s E P see 4 D X TENES dy ge was DLP ML hers P e Pau vorat ru iN en App mre an bae a E 1 i n 8S Ww gt iI Bee ow y vr PULL i4 Ut O aa Re gn Fee we 9 E Ge pope at Haie LT Ey eet D 13 i 3T P re e c wu ne Ka ve LM de Come ft Y eat ueno Se nee t e rdi nin E
40. 4 1 48 6 Cf PT LLL ISI ae uauime Qo t aac din p ak oa d a VW ye HH E HE ti ATREA Od r A 94945 12 amp v wage ap M OgRuLeBenqe o5 T p o cia usus rot Rege D i 1 AA rv j Eo jud y delis Aie o Fe E j diis Mivquchgn gt Sahya gafen LT IS eB po Ao ro Bh Masa v Bul sa mens E i fs i 24 1 a n nul DTE HAITI LEE PE LLITPT capers d f AG er we feo cee d w E S EAE NAA at PAA aaaea 5 B 1 uM peopel JU JR E E LOS u ae EHE Pda Amge gisi RAD 185 PM M o IR t an f EA far vw a gi e POL ts Setgu 1019 r L p H LET LI n D PALA PH mu L k gt Vig Sua h AA 44 mad ge aus aA pur pr ess t dm 3 UE y E S h RU er mp o OO pense h Ageing reet mipAinrse ae f lois eandem t n i EE os d w a fat ou aes Ge LAT qv A Una Apa E EA Deval Mem a ad E 1 oo oo 5 y 1 ote 3 E FI CT wes A S n 1n 18 e F2 712 fV aita ig Hon PDA ag g ewe 06 mia e d z 4 a4 d O 991 4 TTT TI wife dofus 29 198 ais dns Iv lt i apd MILIA 3 ic M n rs Bt i 3 1 m gri e OY UM Li iete devo PETS B 124 3 gorro ja a onan d j Hr h s 1 A eys ow t us nu xA TANIA KL 09 0 1 4 A 1 pese 1 gt ie eo gt ten E IU ur k we t9 onus sides Piu eure D tara 1 ar 4 1 gt So 1 L LU ere a gia A Ve FA vo joga APD Lo Y y dh D ow 39 a DN gai Vol ize quado ri f Mae Me Y slag het gen ogas ngon poda sais Aet aos gt gt oa vy A que a Mui s n wera og EL LLL PILLE e pe ae a gt Sun JS os Lo dz A i es J gis 2
41. 4 Jiang Hu I FF 5S JS SM HUTIITER 6 Godavari FF 7 Grisha TZLTZ IIIS m 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG TISKILOVICON 12 Krivak TERE 13 Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF TS lava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or n for ine lps 1 That answer is incorrect The Krivak II FFG is not the correct sami Kk kk XkXkXkXkXkkXkkkkXkkXkkxkxkx kk X Next Screen N X XkXXkk kk kk k KK k kk KK A Select the best description of the gun mounts Ile single mount 2 forward of superstructure aft of deckhouse gunmounts flat and square gunmounts rounded with fence between enclosed gunmount on bow two enclosed gun mounts fore and aft Ewo enclosed qua mounts Eorvward Spheroid enclosed gun mount forward and aft O TIA UN 4 CO Make your selection 5 The gun description you chose enclosed gunmount on bow is not present on a Krivak II FFG but it is present on the correct ship Type any letter to continue c xe o occ cook X oo X o Xo X ox X X X KX Nexte Screen KEKE KKK KK KKK KKK kx ko ok KKK Is the helo with the following description hangar and pad aft present on photo number 11 Enter yv for yes or nc Ore M 28 C ck ck ok KKK KK KEKE KKK KK x x kx KKH Next Sieroen XC ooo x x KEK kx x kx kx kx kx KKK un cthesssm with the following description 4 SSM launchers on bow present on photo number ll Enc cfor yes or n for no
42. 4 SAN LH eorr vrbe aee rp par 4 84 SAPA 6egn 2 9 5449 Ia ym gut oy eo 1 1 1 1 HT r1 a EN 1 a My tt Pu ap 4 wa E bad A 9559 ped ar ueno y A i d Fre D h A RETE Hie 51 2911 4155 Mc gs ren daran 1 5 t Sen ad 4 84g agan X wine Ssa Spec don MARRE at 4 anm t a ug m Rr MED H i 12d UAM qUA NU DS Len Pr wae man 3 3 ME ts d doi ws e br 3s ia y 4 AS TALARA Fer ees a V _ ae aa EL a J v A E m NE E X is E B Bolen Og ps amt ote wage 41a et Perv ey iren REC NM E 395 Gee poran n s 1 e se A NE one o en Md fe Od da UE oS 1444 4 n o od 4 200 es Nas es O AURA IA AAA O A ELO VLDE y A p 3 Art ug A TTE MA abe MAR YHP TETUR 3A Paved so 9754949 1 oi gigs ere Ancus v 9 pad do 1 A 1 ew Lye m 4d ELTE US WEZ E eens aon N sperie MER NET V AA TUR aspis 76 1 69000 o hog se UP 25 9 5 bmp Romae 1 1 d e 1 TIPP 9 05 1 tab E B il jata k aber s ood E or E fit P PR nmm IM o a 5549cu 90ja0A4 p ra arrapon cm L v X i P Ug e i 2 ste LA M 1 F A 4 i b wt d ro M a manent E y p on esi s Mere c NES L eR eR eth s M RS x 2 neon 1 Wo p 248 maso r NN T 13 Bias Gm iv pe ne eee AL pe A J a 69 amp N79 R61 ars po 05 Car os Rua ua 1 1 5 Y Ua a aye va Fig Ye VA 2 Y ny TS AR Brad gi pe rd A al ia A i Ya Ys A iy H 444 3 ae ru te d gt Ped E s s 1 09 Open 9 on sio 9495000 VPM Hoan g35229 9 2 0A se D 1 1 L L x js HAM Qu EL TW TR
43. 9 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or n meme help 5 OCC ooo CCCo o x xe AAA kx kx kx x X X Xx Next Screen XC C oko ACA kx Xx A kx kx x kx ok ok Very good You have chosen the correct ship Encto number 6 is the Jiang Hu II FF Here is a reminder of the key identifying features BHL i latticed tripod mast stack large square ssm twin launchers forward and aft of stack ssm 2 a SSM 1 launcher forward bridge forward placed helo helo pad aft Type any letter to continue c 43 Kk kK KR KKK kk kk k kkkkXxX k k k Next Screen KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Please look at photo number 7 Your ship choices are 1 Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG 3 Jiangdong FF 4 Jiang Hu I FF ET E EUIS 6 Godavari FF 7 Grisha 1 21 11 se 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG 11 Kirov CGN 12 Krivak I FFG 134KYivak IIP FP 14 Krivak III WPGF o Lava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or h for help m9 That answer is incorrect The Kara CG is not then orr Cect Ship X kx K Kok X k X X k kk X RK KX KS Next Screen X cock o0 o x Ax ke KKK KKK KKK x XX RA Select the best description of the mast l heavy pylon mast with latticed extensions latticed tripod mast large radome atop mast large pyramid mast supports TOP SAIL radar large mack amidship with TOP SAIL radar Single oil derrick mast slatticed J ov U
44. AGT AAO Ree ap canon 84 i6 Bb Rares 4 5 dl ioe A AR an oot oo a LONE ELM 3 A A AAA pro e thie Va at A JL ne t Rat dot Pup OUI Lap guion AH AMER CAS AI ROMP RAT AR AA Se Aera ee a Le t Bo yr ts e t1 Li T e PISA CIAO RIAA Ba So trf AAA AA OD Ee ie dft ari MA Fatis Aa R fite a ello Y cbe Y L t p e LI SILA pli nm A OI AO AAA AA AAA ns AAA RA o RIA t oe a E Lo an B ai d ure duo SEEDED etd mn Phe TITS Marr cml dared Lar lay doe AA EC 1 Pas PRET DR O AO e A AA af HOSEL ARA Le rete OF AY X 4996 0 Co A sy Po on ys th Joo d A L4 y fr FPP POD DREGE DOA ES PHO PAPO 522 or pA Ores EAE Im m IIA A LAA DN I WHO Aho 1 Bust 56 LE JE e 09 nnn sto 9a Bah fe S Fotant ipid RA AAA RIAD Od a Teele 5 Tae Ae pda e af T T CN M n qh et s ta ETE NTT a TT a PISA 3 oh Pe ssh e 6 otf e y 1 A A A A II mate Os USL a nace Pong nd 6 Mad gue Pr a LATE AL beh ys a Vaf P AIS ate Fa LDCR BC AUR o plo OP CLR AB GRD God how Pah sates FEARS ope E CAM ROA oh OM x as Wer El FR paigh phate epum ib 08 90 68 ol S04 Polos OR ayes Pe a V UAM af mau hor A Eon D oF o enm OAM Ey te abs Ot A RAMO OVW OF A Oe pis BOO up BETO O e TR amo 65409 Bidet pba gm Gan red A TS IP ALIAS Paid dod etra A dio tt mv e 0405 Pe gs DI a Cr N Th AUDIO og A
45. DG Sovremennyy DDG Yurka MSF Mane sUdaloy DDG Assigns photo numbers to ship names Be sure to number photos correctly at Photo comb 1l Jiang Hu I FF ship photo comb 2 Jiangdong FF ship photo Mecnkn gt Kresta I CG ship LOTO komba Kresta II CG Sn photel comb 69 Jitarig Hu TT FF Ship pphotom Mesmb 5 Godavari ERES amp photo comb 9 Grisha I II III FFL ship photo comb 7 Kaman PTG ship photo comb 8 Kara CG ship enoto comb 14 Kiev CVHG ship Ephoto comit bs Kirov CGNS BaD photos meomo 13 Keivak I rer Sep photo Eo IO Krivak II FFG ship photo comb 11 Krivak III WPGF ship photo comb 15 Sovremennyy DDG ship photo comb 16 Udaloy DDG Enc photo comb 17 Yurka MSF ship photo comb 18 Kynda CG T95 ship photo comb 19 Kashi pP ship photo combi 20 Slava ae ships expert system rule ship id Godavari FF mast 2 two masts foremast solid tower foremast mainmast smaller pylon mainmast ssm 4 SSM launchers forward of the superstructure sam single launcher helo hanger and pad aft rule ship sd Grisba DI TIR RMD mast l heavy pylon mast with latticed extensions mast 1 loc on top Of Ehesbemdga an stack located aft rocket launcher RBU launcher on aranc SEE section Jl rule ship sd JrangdODQ Era mast_2 two masts foremast lattic
46. ES Fundamentals of Naval Intelligence pp 196 197 Naval Education and Training Command 1975 COMPATWINGSPAC Recco Guide Commander Patrol Wings Pacific 1988 Jane s Fighting Ships Janes s Publishing Company Limited 1988 Polmar Norman Guide to the Soviet Navy 4th ed Naval Institute Press 1986 Zinn K L Computer Assisted Learning and Teaching in Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering 2nd ed A Ralston pp 294 302 Van Nostrand Reinnola Co T9897 Wenger E Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 1987 Barr A and Feigenbaum E A The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence v 2 William Kaufmann 1982 Woolf B and Cunningham P A Multiple Knowledge Sources in Intelligent Teaching Systems IEEE Expert pp 41 54 Summer 1987 Kearsley G P Artificial Intelligence 6 amp Instruction Applications and Methods Addison Wesley 1987 Kennedy William V and others Intelligence Warfare Crescent Books 1983 Campbell D F An Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction System For Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Master s Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California June 1988 88 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No Copies Defense Technical Information Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria Virginia 22304 6145 Library Code 0142 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 5002 Chief of Naval Operations il Director Inf
47. Grisha I II III FFL Here is a reminder of the key identifying features mast l heavy pylon mast with latticed extensions nci loc on top of the bridge stack located aft rocket launcher RBU launcher on a raised mid section Type any letter to continue c KAXKXKKXXAXAAXAX kk kk Next DC Ger KXKXXKKXKXXKXKKX A kk kk ok ok ok ok k k Please look at photo number 6 Your ship choices are l Kresta I CG a Nesta CG 3 Jiangdong FF d Jiang Hu 1 FF EJrang Hu II FF 6 Godavari FF k Grisha I II III FFL 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG II Kirov CGN 12 Krivak I FFG 13 Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF 15 Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF moeKynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG 41 Select the name that matches the photo qito quitter a fOr Nelo 4 That answer is incorrect The Jiang Hu I FF is not the correct ship KIA AA KKK KKK Ax Mx x KKK KE Next Screen C CC C Ax Ax Ax Ax Ax Ax Ax Xx kx kx kx kx o kx kx o X Is the mast l1 with the following descrip eam latticed tripod mace present on photo number 6 Enter y for yes or no once KRKKKKKKKEKKKKK RK KKK KK Ak xx Next Screen C C CC 00 C MG x KKK x Ax x x X KKK X Is the stack with the following descriptor large square present on photo number 6 Enter y for yes org n eter Me a We WoW X ck CK Xo X X X ck AO XU OE KR Ree Next Screen KKKKKKKKKA AAA AAA AAA AA CRA Is the ssm with the following description twin launchers forward and aft of stack present
48. Is the mast on top of the burdge aa descriptors ssm Select the best description of the SSM launchers s 4 SSM launchers forward of the superstructure twin launchers forward and aft of stack located between superstructure and deckhouse 4 SSM launchers located on bow canted launchers below bridge wings horizontal launchers under bridge wings two HOT DOG PACKS 1 forward 1 aft descripeors s sz Is there a SSM launcher forward descriptors sam Select the best description of the SAM Launcher sje single launcher launcher forward of bridge identical pair aft two SAM launchers fore and aft descriptors sam 2 Is Ehnere san E identical pair of SAM launchers aft descriptors rocket launchen Does the ship have a RBU launcher on a raised mid section descriptors missiles Does the ship have 716 SS N 12 Sandbox missiles paired Cora 80 descriptors gun Select the best description of the gun mounts single mount forward of superstructure aft of deckhouse gunmounts flat and square gunmounts rounded with fence between enclosed gunmount on bow two enclosed gun mounts fore and aft two enclosed gun mounts forward spheroid enclosed gun mount forward and aft descriptors gun 2 Is there a second gun aft of deckhouse descri
49. N AWN Make your selection 3 The mast 1 descriptiones ou chose large radome atop mast is not present on a Kara CG but it is present on the correct Ship Type any letter to contenue 44 X KKK KKK KEK KKK KKK KK KEK koX ok X X Next Screen KKK oko ook ok KK KKK x kx x Xx X AA X X EN mene best descripelon of the SSM launchers s 1 4 SSM launchers forward of the superstructure twin launchers forward and aft of stack located between superstructure and deckhouse 4 SSM launchers located on bow canted launchers below bridge wings horizontal launchers under bridge wings two HOT DOG PACKS 1 forward 1 aft Io UN Ys WN Make your selection 3 The ssm description you chose located between superstructure and deckhouse is not present on a Kara CG but it is present on the correct ship Type any letter to continue c ck oko AAA A AA KKK KEKE xA A x x x KEK Next Screen X ck ck ook ok ok oko ooo A AAA AA x x X A Is the gun with the following description forward of superstructure present on photo number 7 Eurer v for yes or n for no n The gun is present in the photo Look carefully to identify it This feature is not present on a Kara CG Type any letter to continue c X CX coke oko oko ok ooo x xe x AAA kx Ax x X Next Screen MRR OK Kk RRR ARK KKK KK KK EX Mene gun 2 with the following description aft of deckhouse present on photo number 7 Meer VY for yes or n for no y DX eoe ooo
50. R BOREL Wh AIDA DEI ANS 0 YUI A A Lc doi eee eg ected ee jae WAL Ata fro R ig IARLTAR a A a i 8 PAIAR adn D od e coma jr as rv ow Lah 59 Ned OPA Rl M2 3 8 ta a Fo OR Se 8549 1 U fei d uti pd np ip A A A IIA n OF DADAM n a eR HEU d ARI Rabe oala A OA Dai ie PA A 0 AAR A0 API ARS Kini Rat OW oF ar G Aneel atefod ord AAA fire A JA La PM Cea ei A RAE AAA A PARAS T AR RT RA AA A ESA CATA ESA A para at S FABIA Cae OA AI re Pen 0 ocu Ji at KOO pa ries SER UAR 43 Qi A net son Ue radiata A gt mo PING TA a QU pons FS ADIDAS SJ TT Ko ROI an ARE obo aviso M of hoi Bd 6 919848 E nA o ee ae So Kao A AAA T ATARI aapka mue aue AAA AA AA An intelligent computer aided instructio MIM MM TT TTT T EI TH il ii LI f PARLE OLA AR heh ot BOS fade RARER 6 Pate FD v ADE MAA o EAS TUM 11542140 y seg Bef e PROCS LEG ud PA ri A AmA RAA d PaA moie utu er A uomo OF oes am PPP a wre A ODS LM ee Fut OREM ofa nie ve ASL MAID AT OF RR CUT ben oO Mua a 24M 04 PO IIA qa 9908 OF AM RA III de ALIAS OPES DD a hb int Rader at om f a9 eg Kt AD co S SA BUS a AL I ame Ra RASA wim LY Ben oT oto FP OPP tag iad PERS Mg Fog IA ANAIS e peo be O 3 2768 000 82313 2 Ae DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY AT AOC EAA PPP dial om ur PIPOR NT VIEN te ee Se ee ARA AA ta L dr AP qoas QA ZED Pom I ARP AR Br Ma tabs Thoi a 1 5 A URS RAS o UA on LED Ld s a SA OLS E
51. Sie MS Mee AAA AID A da PO ES a o QF A E r e PRESA ie em e Cees wre UL om IR na niea Pad tal Sew POW BPE TEES E MeN Y ID i p k Marius P UA O qi DEG dis TO B hn EW e as Sy 74 PUN tours v ni dy WP yO Fc Fawn I S PS m Pg Greats gt a v wt da 4 PP aay RE Ae A A A AA A A o hs A al at 0 Vaca E A Ma DO NN da Eiern kat De dite th P Lak he he le a ee yo M A 90055 i POLO HE MO tc BR IA OO ty Mapa T A TS WEA OSS OES D S M Yow o 7g d m k o8 dan d in ARS Ds UD e rt ami Pog a wT S Riel UT ee late YIP VE A A 0 7 sa Tos ow 4 ii wd AE a De m cR wA UU ED OS FOS Dau ape uaa lm es AA OS 4 LET Gite a AB tame irs res s gn ladra s d e PIV ES He wre YN 4 Ferrers t PS Dui USD Oud 1 tiU US qa m iiid yw vo g s Pur ye BRED erg py QW Seer I Pv e x 5 DIAS Y AAA T Tn OGRE uf aruis INEO VM OA eas RIALS s o WP NRE TS Iran S el ES NAAA Nr oasis Vatt 279 778 ws wa fase vpn E E EI EY Pru rro oq wwe ive bs ces eal DAA ras ES SS ba A O OIL AAA DAYA IAS A E IO nd a rn ng i VS 5 L fats AAA ol ca AUR UI Vie Tur Atl ESR hh OEE VA APIO y rus CENTRE vro SAT UR ad v T2 ms Pla 07 Da qi Ey g S my y a y JN GG Mo Ag ul tf Re CV arp PRA c PS RUN EE Te TWOP PEG hehe worst vee ad it eq A Be yee IAS vtr fig UTA PEI AVARICIA IRA Sd NA Se on POR SON t 1 eU A e Ds a alan Lad s 4 Y a La d 4 vip ORR oo v Uu IG GN mom mw Tip FUA RIED er TII vp QAO ar Pv y oor PE WINNIE veta P ws UL d y a AA ASE Dee ide IDA AGE QU iq op Us
52. TIA 14 WTA gt OF Rs oq PA du rich woche Y ae verde vite iru Wo w A WIND Grp ses bd thts Citta bial Atl Led dates o the do PU vt Prt os Lipa Li WI Deli Bf appro 859a yt yim III ANO br oq Mead co Pod AA GAS a Peor ovi gt e a d ASIA TOBY ap fora NOOR aS IV LET Vp Rw Eee omy ON Ct LY UPS ecw E os fhi ty e PM TOO VIANA te PPQEP PEOY UV I yam Ee I ng IAS ATAR LIGA ap OF i B 1 ddr PU PETE D WPI HEN D 79 4 ey AA Oy TOO qim er uro dr A MA Wy eters A AU l i WEE CN 0 o ETE Ll al Xe zr l3 154 NATU SECO q ote 2 LY e Y of
53. TITER 6 Godavari FF 7 Grisha I 1i i1i FRE 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG 11 Kirov CGN 12 Krivak TIRS la lIISBEG 14 Krivak III WPGF 15 Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG VS Yurka Meu 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or h fOr We das ESS KK KK KK KK KK KR KKK dS Ke Kane Re Next Sereen KKKKKKKKKKKK KKK XXX XA Very good You have chosen the correct ship Photo number 20 is the Slava Here is a reminder of the key identifying features mast 2 two masts foremast large pyramid mast structure aftermast smaller radar mast stack twin stacks amidship radar Top Dome on after deckhouse helo hangar and pad aft missiles 16 SS N 12 Sandbox missilesspaired rore T Typewany letter to continue wc 40 KK AAA do db db db d KKK KKK KKK KKK KK Next Screen CkCk Ck KKK ok ook ok ko ok k k k k k kk Please look at photo number 9 Your ship choices are l Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG EEUIangdong FF 4 Jiang Hu I FF poceang Hu II EFE 6 Godavari FF puorsha T rrI TPPBRPE 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG 11 Kirov CGN WA Krivak I FFG Meehrivak II EFG 14 Krivak III WPGF 5 Slava 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 Yurka MSF mo Kynda CG 20 Udaloy DDG Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or h r help 7 db db db db d db db db db db db db db db dd ib db db db dd d d Next Screen KAKA A AAA A KK ko ok k k k X Very good You have chosen the correct ship Photo number 9 is the
54. UPDATES UNDERSTANDING STUDENT MODEL TDRIVER SHIPS TDESCRIP EXPERT SOLUTIONS DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE EXPERT MODULE INFERENCE KNOWLEDGE ENGINE BASE Figure 4 1 Ship Recognition Tutor Structural Model Ius B EXPERT MODULE 1 Knowledge Base The rules which identify ships are contained in the file shipsl ari The information is contained in a series of predicates that include a list of the identifying features of each ship The format of this predicate rS rule ship id ship name feature fact list The items in lt feature fact list gt have arguments that are brief descriptions of the features This descriptive information is included to differentiate two features in the same general category with different overall appear ances Some examples of ship identification rules are displayed in Figure 4 2 ES rule ship id Krescta dM ecc mast 2 two masts foremast large obelisk type foremast aftermast smaller pyramid aftermast radar radar atop mack top sail TOP SAT moe helo raised helo pad aft ssm canted launchers below bridge wings rule ship id Kiev CVHG fight deck angled flight deck superstructure tiered superstructure other features looks like cruiser inipro Ti seen rule ship id Kirov CON mast l large mack amidship radar atop mack top sail TOP SAIL radar ay superstructure sup
55. V wre ise WHe haz o r9 Wate y PIRINEO Ii ir s Vot elsi ek mss ye Li M 4 H a LEE od 1 gt se Airp s INS 3 Paneg Phe Le eg 100 iir a 1 rte Ves Fiha gt way rete A ug TELA beatae A dies C hd as 1 L P hd wae LI L3 r 5 1 gt E J mar nur LET EI Jj PEER ra A vt gos ELIT TI MU Oe we LU eet gU pees Ag EOS ae PI arar 1 y z E m y 1058 Sut d Q4 pest 8 o El ando gt LL LP m IP vt eb ym Ro ao ao P er rai re 58 e A D L ny M a ta Fi s nu 7 o duo ORs 1 yr ADs tr id 179 9e Bem Se iD 3 Uva Frasier ar ro Pa p T p CoA ES NEUE Ave Wha Rei i oaa ops POV v W e ous Sule a x tom v ASIE a a pr yews L a ait s ZU ae Pet ag vvv s vin wine tet tis gla Vig y f 3 te Pere at bad ce te do POL da ta P 1 vl 1 E Bi wow Wort ghee panne V hen a hehe patan a quo Avo Un 07 PAND etuer g EOL A a qat eat foam th p etel ta ETRE ga y A i H yo pet 299 a NP Absent onn 9 din uiridi prn icai tires fo E a TIL vide A H es l aU i sg iom r AbqYv ag gan ADS Y wirbt gs a fice ENR a e o reia Eee A eh te Obani eg ua 1 a 1 am see ale T s y tr Sae rr of LES NI LATA al ae poe esses atana Pe of pogo A del i di D e MS s on 1102 Hay PIDA ey mi eh mA ES rae a ota manut e t t E ei am Wi qa ts y d w z a d ee LI L 1 LER a stas po we 1a e aa emma RIE eis a gt F hance aoe 1 Ye ee DEDE QN aD hy o I DN fo ee AA IA da un a DE Fr tr at vi ta x Lara ove 1 1 P P LOTA Dyn olo w
56. a list of the descriptive features of a Kara CG Meet large pyramid mast supports TOP SAIL radar stack large square helo helo pad aft ssm canted launchers below bridge wings 47 Identify each feature in the photo Remember the name of the ship is Kara CG Type any letter key to continue c Lib db di db db db db db db d db db db d d db ibd A A A A A Next Screen ckocko ck k k kk k k k kk k X X X ADO Please look at photo number 1 Your ship choices are l Kresta I CG 2 Kresta II CG 3 Jrangdong ER 4 Jiang Hu I FF So Jang Iu IUE 6 Godavari FF VToGrisha E TR ae 8 Kaman PTG 9 Kara CG 10 Kiev CVHG LieKirev CON 12 Krivak TFR 13 Krivak II FFG 14 Krivak III WPGF 1555133 16 Kashin DDG 17 Sovremennyy DDG 18 YUEKa M F 19 Kynda CG 20 Udaley bec Select the name that matches the photo q to quit or h for help d Xo ok Ck ox ok KKK KEK KKK KK ok kx X X k k X X Next Screen XX C ok x x x Ax x x kx kx kx kx k X k k X X You identified 2 ship s on the first try Thess were Slava Grisha I IIZIII Bak You identified 3 ship s on the second try Thesm were Krivak III WPGF Jiang Huli FE Kaman PTG You identified O ship s on the third try The shi rko were You did not identify the following Ship E Kara CG You appeared to guess on the first look at 1 ship s Type any letter key to continue c XCckok k X X X X X X XX X XX X X X KR RK KX KK Next Screen X CkCk k k ck ck k k k k k k k k k k k k k k X Please enter a
57. ad Anykey nl Keep summary of student s responses maintain score X Student answer a d MU N Tries N1 is N 1 apo licu ELISE ges TD append Tries Student_answer Tries2 ae ee DMpStEM LUN Iries2 maintain score X Student answer Xe second try N Tries Nicis 1 abolish second try 2 append Tries Student answer Tries2 assert second try Nl Tries2 maintain score X Student answer 3 third try N Tries Nl is N 1 awo lash ehird try append Tries Student answer Tries2 assert third try N1 Tries2 65 maintain score xX Student Tansu LL misses N Tries NI is Nee abolish misses 2 append Tries Student_answer Tries2 assert misses N1 Tries2 maintain guesses SSmus CIE Xl as X 1 abolish num guesses 1 assert num guesses c DPI maintain guesse cm ore Final summary of student s responses conclusion shell cls Pines DS first try A Dus write You identified write A write ship s on the first try MP write The ship s were nl prrnbes0pPEStECEMCC EDS secondi try tb economies write You identified write B write ship s on the second try write The ship s were nl prints Second ean third try Coss OS write You identified wribEelc s write ship s on the Chir MEI DE write The ship s were nl print S Third terres misses D Missed ships wr
58. ation Intelligent computer aided we rection ICAI refers to instructional systems utiliz Me artificial intelligence technology The acronym CAI will be used to refer to the more traditional approaches to ESwuputerized instruction B COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION Traditional CAT programs tend to be statically organized structures that contain both the domain and pedagogical knowledge of the expert This is similar to the idea that books contain the knowledge of their authors There is no expectation that a book can dynamically access the knowledge it contains to answer unexpected questions or that the book can add new knowledge to its current contents Ref 6 CAI programs translate the teacher s decisions into a program all the possible circumstances that might require a decision are considered and code to deal with each of these possibilities is included in the program Early research into CAI tried to build systems which contained course material in sequential lessons These early programs were either electronic page turners which printed prepared text or drill and practice monitors which asked students to answer questions and then responded using prestored answers and comments Educational uses of computers have expanded to include free style use of the machine where the student learns problem solving by pro gramming as well as the use of games and simulations as instru Cional tools x ICAI SYSTEMS The idea of resea
59. ature SCudent answer Request user to try again to identify the correct Ship ask ship Correct_answer Student answer New answer shell cls blines 5 write You have identified the following features nl nl listing fact nl photo num Number write Try again to identify photo number write Number nl write Remember it is not the Write Student answer nl ship names Header Names write Header nl shipmenu Names nl write Select the name that matches the photo Eo Euro h wesorehelp ship ask which Names nl ship fact New answer abolish ship fact 1 numtries X abolish numtries 1 Nias X tL assert numtries X1 check answer2 New answer Number 63 Check users response for second and third tries at iden tification e check answer2 quit Photo num assert Stop marker check answer2 help 7 Photon EL ship photos comb Photo num COrrecthans wen rule ship id Correct_answer Correct answer list shell cls blines 5 nl write The name of the correct ship is write Correct answer nl ni write This is a list of the descriptive features Of artos write Correct answer wrrte OMEN prettyprintl Correct answer list nl nl write Identify each feature iene photo ES nl write Remember the name of the ship is write Correct answer ni maintain score 4 Correct answer write Type any letter key to continue
60. ce level to determine a minimum length of time the student should view a photo prior to making a ship name selection This is only rele vant when the student s response is incorrect It was arbitrarily determined that a Beginner should review an Exucamrliar Ship at least 30 seconds before attempting to Make an identification an Intermediate user ten seconds 295 and no minimum time for an Expert user Incorrect responses given prior to these times were considered guesses Another important issue is that student misconceptions or errors fall into two major categories perceptual and conceptual When a student appears to see features Chae are not on the ship or miss features which are there the error is perceptual conceptual errors are knowledge mis conceptions When the student misidentifies a ship our System first checks for perceptual errors by asking the student if the features identified by the comparison be tween the two ships are present or not If the student Still does not see a feature that is present on the ship the system will ask him to look more closely and tell him that the feature is there If the student thinks a feature is present that is not actually there the system will tell the student that the feature is present on the incorrect ship but not on the correct oship E STUDENT MODEL The student model represents the student s knowledge of the problem as perceived by the tutoring system This representatio
61. ck 4 in symmetry to the mast canted out sam 2 SAM launchers fore and aft gun 2 enclosed gun mounts fore and aft rule ship 1d Kynda CG1 mast 2 two masts masts pyramid masts ssm two HOT DOG PACKS 1 forward 1 aft other features mast stack mastessHocc NN rule ship id Udaloy DDG mast 2 two masts masts tripod mast preceeds each set of stacks stack four stacks in pairs amidship helo twin helo hangar and raised helo pad aft ssm canted launchers below bridge wings gun 2 enclosed gun mounts forward r le shrposet Yu ENOEMSHEE stack oval shaped stack YURKED TO THE SIDE mast l Late radar fire control radar atop mack gun gun mount forward and vate pe rule shipsac Slava jy mast 2 two masts foremast large pyramid mast structure aftermast smaller radar mast stack twin stacks amidship radar Top Dome on after deckhouse helo hangar and pad aft missiles 16 SS N 12 Sandbox missiles paired forward rule ship id Sovremennyy DDG bridge radome atop bridge gun spheroid enclosed gun mount foward and aft ssm canted launchers under bridge wings stack single stack amidship helo pad and telescoping hangar aft of stack radar air surveillance radar atop mack 78 fee tdescrip ari moe iniseetle contains the descriptive informatio
62. crip list length besemMENMED UP writemenu2 Descrip list N writemenu2 N writemenu2 I Descrip list2 N length Descrip ibt NAF N3 is N N2 tab 3 bspace N3 write N3 write DS write sae writemenu2 Descrip list2 N shipmenu 1 shipmenu Descrip list gt length DESC shipmenuz Descrip list N jee Sshapmeny2 7M me E sbvpmenu2 ATENTI N length Descripi lrst N3 is N N2 tab 3 bspace N3 write N3 write T write Il onl shupmens2 Descra peus sbipmenu2X4 T1 T2 peservrpetlrst2l NDES length Descrip list2 N2 N4 is N N2 N3 is N4 1 tab 3 bspace N3 write N3 write m write Il name I11 L length L L I Spaces is 295 LI tab Spaces bspace N4 write N4 write write I2 nig shipmenu2 Descrip list2 N ship ask which Names read Shipname create ship fact Shipname Names Dr u2 create ship fact Shipname Names home shipname MiS assert ship facti quit create ship fact Shipname Names name Shipname 104 assert ship fact help create ship fact Shipname Names total photos XxX integer Shipname Shipname gt O Shipname lt X item Shipname Names I udssemuezshPpssactor i create ship fact Shipname Names nl nl total photos X write Your input is not within the range of TN OX write X write write Please reenter read New entry create ship fa
63. ct New entry Names Crip ask which Descrip list l1 read Description mind description Description Descrip list I moma description Description Descrip list I length Descrip list N E integer Description Description gt 0 Description lt N item Description Descrip list I pence Aescription Description Descrip list I nl nl length Descrip list N i write Your input is not within the range of li ema M write N write write Please reenter read New entry find description New entry De Sip list I Bi 7 een 1 X L X MESTAN XL 1 N gt 1 N2 is N 1 item N2 L I 93 main menu abolish system option l shell cls blines 10 Tan write Ship Recognition Main Menu nl nl tab 17 tab 17 tan ig tab 17 write 1 Ship recognition test nl write 2 Review a specific photo nl write 3 View a summary nl write 4 Quit BDbilamesta write Enter 1 2 73 on 2 MB read Choice check entry Choice 4 main menu assert opr lon Eines blines 3 assert option 1 assert option 2 assert option 3 assert option 4 assert option experience level assert system option test assert system option photo review ies assert system option view summary gt assert system _ option quina abolish user level 1 Sel blines 10 tab Za write Level of experience nl
64. ct face Check detail review not present Features Student answer a review not present Detail Features Student anc we rA Detail Detail feature Detail descrip photo num Number shell cls bles write Is the write Detail feature write with the following description ie write Detail descrip nl write present on photo number write Number write I neb m write Enter read Answer interp not present answer Answer Detail feature Student answer assertz incorrect face Dotc MM review not present Features Student answer nl y for yes or n Shor n ENT interp not present answer Answer Detas feature Student sails wena name Answer 121 nl write The write Detail feature write is not present in the phorok Please look more carefully nl nl write It is present on the write Student answer write mini 62 write Type any letter to continue bpegeuAnvletter mi interp not present answer Answer Detail feature Student answer name Answer 110 nl write sihe write Detall feature write is present on the write Student answer coin on Ehe correct ship nl nl write Type any letter to continue read Anyletter nl interp not present answer Answer Detail feature Student answer mE Lic rourENEUL 1S not a y or a n Please reenter read New entry interp not present answer New_entry Detail fe
65. d stack YURKED TO THE SIDE twin stacks amidship single stack amidship I For example the predicate stack was added in the rule predicate above and the description was located added to there is contains made aft The exact same descriptive phrase is the descriptors predicate for stack If already a descriptors predicate which the correct phrase no change needs to be Steps 1 4 concern changes made to the file ships ari step 5 concerns changes made to the file tdescrip ari 54 APPENDIX C SOURCE CODE Peetariver ari 47 fas file contains the tutoring portion of the ship recog nition tutor It uses the files tmenu ari tdescrip ari ships ari utilities ari and intro ari The file is loaded by loadfile ari Two executable files summary exe and getstime exe are also needed They were created using turbo Pascal No modifications to this file are necessary in order to update or add to the database Initializing variables mest try 0 deona try 0 pud try 0 misses 0 num guesses 0 number seen 0 get tor abolish stop marker 0 abolish quit system 0 intro screen shell cls Epecr4encesevel choose option m ose option quit system choose option main menu start tutor choose option Direct the system to the user chosen option Bart tutor system option test abolish viewed photo 1 assert viewed photo 0 i
66. dition would be to increase the knowledge base This system was developed as a prototype and there fore contains a limited number of ships The knowledge base is limited to Soviet warships Additional ships from other countries along with merchant ships would provide a better balance for the student There are some improvements that can be made to the instructional strategies The menus could be presented in a hidden multiple choice method where the student is given a multiple choice menu one item at a time Another im provement would be to consider previous sessions when preparing the tutoring session This would provide the student with more practice on the ships which cause him the mest difficulty Some interface considerations might be to provide more flexible entry methods The use of a mouse would be easier than keyboard entry for menu selections Creating natural language input capability would also be helpful 35 APPENDIX A DEMONSTRATION KKK KKK KIRK KK XK KKK XK KX Next Seen RRRRRRR RR RR RR RRRRRRR RRERR EIS RR RR RR RR RR RR RR BEBE EE EEE EE EE EE BREE BEE EE EE BE EEEEEEEEE Strike a key when ready HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HHHHHHHHH HH HH HH uel HH HH HH HE CCCECE Ce ce CE ee CC Sa GE 2 e CG CE CCCECC SC CX c Co Xx Xx X X X kk ok o kok k k k k k k k TA PEREBES LATA PE II SEE BE II XEP PE II PEDNBESE II BE LI ee Pde Se LIME CODO 000000 CE CC Oe 00 Ce
67. e vy Vile dod MX PP nt sas e ora y Cheah se br awe da ie i D L L i the a 3 iy B ua tv pr peer ihe tin de ren gt CAT Geis Tee UU eyo AMAN waw a bb Y e im i a RUN to o 3y 37 s D H DEDE m v it a T FFB Quy ambi W q ue tee a V ame vie e viue im PX aarp poge aby Dae tal all FE Ses et e dieser ance ps 3 e a ha n ma ya y s OA O WD A ELI LWT PY 95 19 40 o enl wad go poro 9 6 ub x Len ud ROSE Dese qr lei abe ar PR A A n me 1 TEM WER i q oa aon s gre whe 1 LEE LIESS y nr getAo at dd em i ur vq uter P gt E A ipa A o P A E enaa y o 4 ee eo tu LI Cu ply a op y Antenn A a LE A tat T tl a a rt f p s d epus Pad span gt X n x n 1 gy Sra Pvy Fee a perwa adu ra me Pr a ES pev vt Lip ed pls a ZA de ot ml M a E e 1 s one y ei BEJ eter vl ne ness vontpons MP SA ie fan ane array ple y p t e A PR 1 t NY c 37 wit P I o fu asy 1 y 3 o en On quet r vt agn MARII TT pei oh ER A p s i oa y duy Y Xx ME s 4 eraros w weir oti 7 wo a We Pe m p zm Ve eese ed DESTA Srm grotte al Sear antenas ln 6 a 1 S vt va i yt ver LM AS Y E UAG EN YAA g rh LA wat ns kat ea m a i E a a EE i ay yo AM ve n S d E oW TAS we sily pain eee eee cate Nees ie e LU a Ny ai LETE aes OS A e tu T E 5 5 E 173 E E E UE BE VL tro ette re T 2 1 ape lm TT Hh as PU guiss eet dies e el E 4 ar s 7 L PY tae i E AED guae Pury Lt i ee TL e A yos g 929 i z qs od j ICT NOG Ue cha ae
68. ecognition tutor is designed to help you write improve your nl write proficiency in ship recognition oum be provided write with a om write list of ships from which to identify the photo specified write The method nl write of tutoring is based on your level of experience The write system also nl write provides you with a means of viewing a summary Of youri write last session nl write You may also review specific photos blines 3 write PROLOG REMINDER nl nl write ALL ENTRIES MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD la oe blines 2 shell pause loadfile ari 7 write Please wait nl nl tdriver Write Stil loading Ik nls tintro tmenu Write still Loading I rie ships tdescrip werte Stall loading utilities comparer 84 Aa utility predicates noise A f nctor I Bb A retractall T eetractall X retract X fail meeractali X retract X Y fail Bcerdcrarcl length 1 0 Menmgehn X 1 Sta N length L N1 N is N1 1 append L L EssenecXlb L2 tX L3 append L L2 L3 concatenate S1 S2 S name S1 AS1 name S2 AS2 append AS1 AS2 AS name S AS blines 0 blines N nl N1 is N 1 blines N1 memace X X lt 10 write bspace X mmecomp A B C D Total Min is C A Sec is D B Total is Min 60 Sec
69. ed tripod foremast foremast loc abut the stperst uccu aftermast quadruped mast aftermast loc atop the aftie ENGU CDE sam launcher forward of bridge sam 2 an identical pair of SAM launch g n single mount bridge globular fire control on top JEDE rule ship 1a Jiang Hog Sec mast T latticed cripod mast oe stack large square ssm twin launchers forward and aft of stack bridge forward placed rule ship adi Jiang HU RNE mast l latticed tripod limas stack large square ssm twin launchers forward and aft of stack ssm 2 a SSM 1 launcher Lorencia bridge forward placed helo helo pad aft rule STD Tal Fanan e tay s mast l large radome atepemace a gun forward of superstructure gun Z aft of deckNon e ae ssm located between superstructure and deckhouse superstructure enclosed streamlined with separated deckhouse 76 rule ship id Kara CG mast 1 large pyramid mast supports TOP SAIL eadar stack large square helo helo pad aft ssm canted launchers below bridge wings rule ship id Kresta I CG Masunos foremast large obelisk type foremast aftermast smaller pyramid aftermast radar air surveillance radar atop mack helo hangar and pad aft ssm horizontal launchers under bridge wings rule ship id Kresta II CG ERG Le twoenasts foremast
70. ell cis blines 5 write Is the write Detail feature vritet the following deseriptron nl prite DetailMdescrip nl write present on photo number write Number Write ni DEUM IPC Enter y for yes or n for no read Answer interp miss answer Answer Detail feature Student answer i assertz fact Detail review misses Features Student answer nl interp miss answer Answer Detail feature Student answer name Answer 121 nl interp miss answer Answer Detail feature Student answer name Answer 110 a T nl nl write The write Detail feature write is present in the photo Look carefully to identify it nl write This feature is not present on a write Student answer 61 nl nl write Type any letter Toman read Anyletter gl ae interp miss answer Answer Detail feature Student answer nl write Your input is not a MEM Please reenter read New entry interp miss answer New entry Detail feature Student ans review not present Student answer i review not present Detail Features Student answer 15 Detail Detail feature DetarlHdescrara Check detail Detail feature OthergodescropuE fact Check detalit review not present Features Stud ntlanswer ii review not present Detall Features Studentgans Jer Detail Detail feature Detail descrip Check detail Detail feature Other descrip incorre
71. erstructure amidship with large mack forecastle long slightly stepped sharply raked Dow NI Figure 4 2 Sample Ship d entgiicat tenmmles 2 Inference Engine The ship recognition system uses comparison tech niques as its inference engine The student s response is compared with the known correct response obtained using the following predicate ship photo comb lt photo number gt lt ship name gt If the student s response is correct the student is noti fied appropriately if not the system goes on to compare the correct response rule with the incorrect response rule 20 This comparison is done in the file comparer ari utilizing the predicate compare The format for the comparison is as follows compare lt correct_answer gt lt student_answer gt lt Features not present Features missed Features details diff 1s2 Features not present is bound to a list of features that were present in the incorrect answer but not in the cor rect answer Features missed is bound to a list of the features contained in the correct ship s description but Mati the description of the ship that the student chose Finally the predicate Features details diff contains a list of the features in the student s answer that differ only in the detailed descriptions arguments of the recog mon features C KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION The domain expertise for the ship recognition tutor was obtained
72. f 7 ao was i e finst ICAI system to utilize a coach ing strategy This method involves a computer game that mie student plays while a coach observes in the back eound occasionally offering suggestions A coaching strategy does not interrupt the student so often that it becomes intrusive This would destroy the fun of playing the game The idea of the WEST system is to provide drill and practice in arithmetic to elementary school children WUMPUS is another coaching system which requires knowledge of logic probability decision theory and geometry to track down and destroy the Wumpus while avoiding various maps Ref 7 GUIDON is a system that teaches diagnostic problem solving in the medical field The system utilizes the MYCIN consultation system as the expert domain GUIDON s teaching knowledge is totally separate from the MYCIN subject domain MYCIN provides infectious disease rules that constitute the topic to be discussed and a EM for evaluating student responses The system provides a mixed initiative dialogue that goes beyond merely responding to the student s last response or repetitive questioning Peet 7 Ted GUIDON s case method of presentation closely resembles the presentation method we used in the ship recognition tutor The student is required to concentrate on specific cases or in our system specific ships GUIDON allows the student to ask questions to gather information whereas our ship recognition
73. feature Dera TMc sc aly descriptors Detail _ feature Listheader Descrip list shell cls blines 5 write Listheader nl writemenudbescurpE ME write Make your selection descrip ask which Descrip list Item Selected item Detail fedt eens member Selected item Correct answer zs assertz fact Selected_ ten nl write Then write Detail feature este description you chose m PrE E write Item nl write is not present on a write Student answer were MIR write but it is present on the correct ship oe 60 ha maite MrTiperany letter to continue read Anyletter review diffs Features Student_answer Correct _answer Eo a hee review diffs Detail Features Student_answer Correct answer ES paeem rate That SNEoOSMNEhe best description nl review diffs Detail Features Student answer Correct answer _ list nl review misses Student answer review misses Detail Features Student answer peg o Detail teature Detail descrip Check detail Detail feature Other descrip fact Check detail review misses Features Student answer review misses Detail Features Student answer Detail Detail feature Detail descrip Check detail Detail feature Other descrip Meor rect race neck detail review misses Features Student answer review misses Detail Features Student answer Detail Detail feature Derail d scripl photo num Number n
74. from Department of Defense Recognition guides and Mom other recognition books Refs 2 3 4 Although there was no direct consultation with experts the knowledge obtained from published sources was deemed adequate for the development of this prototype tutor An operational ship recognition tutor should be modified as applicable by the 21 instructors involved in the teaching syllabus Into concerning modifications to this system is Con ame c Appendix B In reference guides for ship recognition the features are listed along with a photo and a silhouette or a line drawing of the ship in question In this tutoring system however the features are listed for the Student only ina final review of the ship For incorrect answers the tutor addresses ship features individually and requires acknowl edgement from the student D TUTOR MODULE Our tutor module is implemented in tdriver ari Tutor modules differentiate ICAI systems from CAI systems in that ICAI systems separate the tutoring strategies from the expert module The tutor module is responsible for over seeing the student s progress and selecting the appropriate information to best instruct the student The tutoring rules used in the ship recognition tutor are handled ini tially by the predicate check answer The student 1S ashes to choose the correct ship from a menu of choices The possible responses are help The tutor will give the correct answer and a review of the ship
75. g slides of both ship photos line drawings and silhouettes There are also flash cards and books available for individual study Recently computer programs for use on microcomputers have been introduced into military commands These programs provide another method of drilling the student on ship features while not requiring an instructor on hand B METHODOLOGY We have programmed a computer based ship recognition tutor from information provided by military recon Sees and other recognition books Refs 2 3 4 A ship feature description and a menu of ship names are provided to the user The user is required to select the name of the correct ship or ask for help Help is provided in the form of the correct answer along with a list of the identi fying features of the ship in question If the user selects a ship name the ship recognition tutor will compare the user s answer with that of an expert ship identifica tion module Based on this comparison the user receives immediate results in the form of a positive response with a review of key features or a negative response with a feature by feature review of the differences between the correct response and the user s response Artificial intelligence AI techniques implemented in the Prolog programming language were utilized in the design ene ship recognition tutor This type of computer program is referred to as an intelligent computer aided instruction ICAI system or an intelligent
76. ion Report Number s a Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization If Applicable Naval Postgraduate School Naval Postgraduate School c Address city state and ZIP code To Address city state and ZIP code Monterey CA 93943 5000 Monterey CA 93943 5000 If Applicable c Address city state and ZIP code 10 Source of Funding Numbers LN 1 Title Include Security Classification N INTELLIGENT COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION SYSTEM FOR NAVAL SHIP RECOGNITION 2 Personal Author s Bernier Denise R 3a Type of Report 13b Time Covered 14 Date of Report year month day 15 Page Count Master s Thesis From To June 1989 97 6 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official olicy or position of the Department of Defense or the U S Government 7 Cosati Codes 18 Subject Terms continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number ield Artificial Intelligence Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction Ship Recognition Prolog 9 Abstract continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number This thesis discusses the design and implementation of an intelligent computer aided instruction system for Naval ship recognition The system uses artificial intelligence techniques to provide an interactive tutoring nvironment The student s abilities for ship recognition are tested using randomly selected side view photos he
77. istance This module ICA SYSTEM EXPERT STUDENT TUTOR MODULE MODEL MODULE INFERENCE WLEDGE TUTORING USER ENGINE BASE STRATEGIES INTERFACE Figure 2 1 ICAI System Components requires knowledge in addition to knowledge of the subject being taught knowledge of teaching skills Most ICAI research into tutor modules has explored diagnostic modeling The program evaluates the Peucent Ss understanding of the topic by interpreting his response Feedback is then provided to allow the student to learn skills he has used incorrectly or not at all Recently there has been an attempt to decide just the right thing to say that will allow the student to realize his error and to use this knowledge to switch to a better method This classical method the Socratic method re quires repetitive questions that guide the student along a specific line of reasoning Ref 7 A second teaching strategy is called coaching This method does not follow a strict lesson plan but encourages learning through activities such as computer games The primary aim of the student is enjoyment of the game with learning as a by product The computer coach observes the progress of the game and offers suggestions or new information as required The coaching method requires little interruption and allows the student to proceed relatively on his own Ref 7 c Student Model The student model provides a representation of what the student does and does not kno
78. ite You did not identify the following ships gt Sale print 3 Missed ships nl num guesses G write You appeared to guess on the first look ale write G write ship S I nla write Type any letter key to continue read Anykey nl nl write torfile mE Write student s summary to file write ton shell cls blines 10 write Please enter an 8 character filename for your summary ANA 66 write The filename must begin with a letter and conecarmmeomly nl write letters and numbers Remember this filename to nl write retrieve your Summary at your next user session read Filename nl nl write Your filename is write Filename tell Filename t D Eirst tries nig arite You identified write A yrite spas on the first try write The ship s were nl Pao Bs Eres ni second try B Second tries write You identified write B write ship s on the second try write The ship s were nl print 3 Second tries nl enira try C Third tries write You identified write C usc ships on the third try write The ship s were nl peat hbrrdotrres nl IMSS SD Miss Cas iips write You did not identify the following Ship S enl prpneweWssedEeshrps nl wen otes ses C write You appeared to guess on the first LOOK ar write C write ship s nl nl nl
79. many years it has not been utilized as extensively as it could have been One reason for this is the cost of computer hardware and software Systems in use in the past used expensive machines to Provide tutoring services that could be provided through books and other types of less expensive media Computer tutoring systems needed to develop further in order for the benefits to justify the cost In recent years a great deal of research has been done in achieving thinking systems These new thinking systems provide a mechanism for computer based instruction that is much closer to the teaching possible from human instructors This thesis will investigate the possible use of a thinking computer system for traro eee personnel in ship recognition A SHIP RECOGNITION Ship recognition is the ability to differentiate be tween different classes of ships Weapons systems which are easily recognizable can be used to visually determine the general mission of an observed ship from a side view Once a ship is identified by class intelligence informa tion can provide further data concerning the armament and capabilities of the contact Positive identification om unfriendly ships before they come within attack range of our own ships provide a strong incentive for up to date intelligence Ref 1 Currently ship recognition is taught using drill meu ods Intelligence officers with knowledge of each ship class drill officers and crewmen usin
80. n e EL adi oen insat af mn sd emt edo yn devote by cows 1 h AD LET ferd ps Pa der oh A d mh AA dt ena ey D a EENT et ge D L P yt eot Onegin io on asa PPP a ah Ihn eq io dm Qo Ae RU a AEH Foam s V artius et Hae dew at eres meme amp on Ld t4 bas Pattee q m RP as aoe Sara rc aln voor pi cvm ity e Ma ed uo uri 004 Bea AM ge Sole du oii AR ae 9 oder ot 0 e a 9 so gt 4 Pan ee Peta ha ye eet we 0 A Ku cial decori do ei nasP rl Vgl to du rA alacatoo Ati d a ud ms n Un 2 L L o 4 TS OIEA AU Al pul TAIANA a AN Fo5 o A Lar abre oF T oo 4 os mtus rar dmi anp da me qu my A AAA 99 nme igh AA qa LI t o pis Igi be L I NUT 1 uL toe Li dotes ciis drm PP TERES PEL dang rn A t avt c5 o Fao n T ET T ET te Satu oot emer E AT mio ut are Pasa Ps a IS at er f t DEP A d et ad a um het ova eni orat jim mwai o iian Pere AI PTET ETE O PETE A n TTL d s EIA OF PB ur aj Rua mat ar e chu AS ee ee AS ne Fe o E t L D E LP oos mea time ren gemut e osa co Phd ot Poo PDC M Truro T NEN 2 LOTET TEET v 4 0 0 0 L uf aram se mmm to Doe v P LAE 2 5 5 ob de ne ue Putto Ae a e i Mile br ide LL EI pede dai n wee du c part y L LI es wa lina tee bg Ot Er perge o o Dee Mte obs t u PP STE TT MNT EJ a e zT ema Ame I Mee im ed Fab ops et 9 O18 ow ob o mt r obese ohm 0 AD n o y N E Ls ql d gt Ha Taree Min notum
81. n 8 character filename for your summary The filename must begin with a letter and contain only letters and numbers Remember this filename to retrieve your summary at your next user session mysum 48 Your filename is mysum Your summary has been saved to the file mysum Remember this filename to review this summary Type any letter key to continue c KA KA KKK KKK KKK x x x KKK kx Xx kx kx X Next Screen KK A AAA AAA AAA AA KKK KK Ship Recognition Main Menu Ship recognition test Review a specific photo View a summary CUTE m Y N P Meer I 2 3 or 4 2 OO ox KARA AA AAA A AAA AAA ok ok Next Sereen X Ck Ok c kck X k X X k X k X k X AX Enter the number of the photo you wish to review followed by Eeruiod 15 ck ck cook x 0 x x x x x x Ax Xx Ax kx kx ko ko ok k k Next Screen ooo O00 x o Ax x Xx Xx xA KKK KK KKK The name of the ship in photo number 15 is Sovremennyy DDG This is a list of the descriptive features of a Sovremennyy DDG bridge radome atop bridge gun spheroid enclosed gun mount foward and aft ssm canted launchers under bridge wings Stack single stack amidship helo pad and telescoping hangar aft of stack radar air surveillance radar atop mack Identify each feature in the photo Remember the name of the ship is Sovremennyy DDG Type any letter key to continue c 49 KAR KKK KKK KKK A AAA AAA AAA CA X Next S Cree XX ok CC Co ox Xx Xx X Xx X kK KK ok X X X Ship Recognition Main Menu Ship
82. n for each feature The information exactly matches the features descriptions used in the rule ship id predicates This file is used by to create the feature description menus When adding ships to the database be sure to update this file also descriptors mast 2 Does the ship have two masts descriptors masts Select the best description of the masts latticed pyramid masts tripod mast preceeds each set of stacks descriptors foremast Select the best description of the foremast solid tower foremast latticed tripod foremast abuts superstructure large obelisk type foremast large pyramid mast structure Peseriptors foremast loc Does the foremast abut the superstructure descriptors aftermast Select the best description of the aftermast quadruped mast smaller pyramid aftermast smaller radar aftermast ARSS tiptors aftermast_ loc Is the aftermast located atop the aft deckhouse descriptors mainmast Does the ship have a smaller pylon mainmast po descriptors mast 1 Select the best description of then heavy pylon mast with latticed extensions latticed tripod mastis large radome atop mast large pyramid mast supports TOP SAIL radar large mack amidship with TOP SAIL radar single oil derrick mast latt iced m descriptors mast_1 loc
83. n is based on the student s responses to the questions asked by the system The student model is only used at the conclusion of each user session when the 26 system provides the student with a summary of his responses Figure 4 5 This summary includes names and number of ships identified on the first look names and number of ships identified on the second look names and number of ships identified on the third look names of ships that the student did not identify number of ships when the student appeared to guess the answer There is no grade given the information is provided to encourage the student to review areas of difficulty uu dentified 8 ship s on the first try The ships s were rango Hu I FF Jiangdong FF Kresta I CG Kresta II CG Sine TI iti FFL Kaman PTG Kara CG Kiev CVHG uouerdentified 0 ship s on the second try The ships s were You identified 0 ship s on the third try The ships s were You did not identify the following ship s Jiang Hu II FF You appeared to guess on the first look at 0 ship s Figure 4 5 Sample Summary Screen 2 F USER INTERFACE I IDput A menu based approach was used for user input to the tutor The information contained in the menus is contained primarily in the file tdescrip ari The menu 2 Determina formats are contained in the file tmenu ari tion of the choice of menus to be used is made as part of the tutoring strategy in tdriver ari
84. n tutor we assume that the student has some knowledge of ship features and weapon systems The system requires that photos line drawings or Silhouettes be provided for the training syllabus Appen dix B provides information that will allow modifications to the system to include additional ships The ships current ly included in the system are listed along with the source code in Appendix C IMS IV SHIP RECOGNITION AN ICAI APPROACH A SYSTEM ORGANIZATION The ship recognition tutor was designed and implemented on an IBM compatible microcomputer using the Arity Prolog programming language It requires 512K of RAM memory The following files are needed tdriver ari tmenu ari com parer ari ships ari dese arirmutilities ari summary exe and getstime exe Figure 4 1 illustrates the relationships between the program files When the tutor is Operated on a hard drive system the time to identify each ship is approximately one minute The operating time is greatly dependent on the expertise of the student since more time is required when incorrect responses are given The operating time may increase slightly when using a floppy drive system ime This program was started as a class project Eu S4311 at the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California ey USER INTERFACE TDRIVER TINTRO TMENU STUDENT RESPONSES TUTOR MODULE TDRIVER DIAGNOSTICS STUDENT COMPARER PERCEIVED MODEL STUDENT
85. nTCPR Br iea t EE pe iA xc PET SL ace ethan Spe tes 7 9 0 adagese sas redes o mm 1 we Er A eti 034 5 dE IEN d ae oe z FA Tr sagt 219 err CA n TENET MALLA VERA FOF 2000 orana Ot rete A e 1 1 A Ex ES 3 ee m e TA ries Dare d ses Fears u e M AS Auf bet y veau PE x 2 Jenn CONTRE we us Rm ities oak Lula gol zwi ag TS DO Serio qan PM ta y A AA E Ls v aie p 1 ugt aprte ga efron PR mm mrt 3 A j 4 AIT 3 Ou 2 ape 1 w aa yat t CAP Y ad NS AS alin 2 e kage dc s e an 1 Pp fe gt ms li e A i rage da cgi den tl Qe doo bebe as va v a Ge gt oun pap i 3 6319 hfe o riim oid vans AN MAMA a a 349 Sue 1 ML EY M MTS gi TT ES si Xr EN i ar hes 141 queen ar inan we siebie ast Pt Sat an 1 i q a 4 x IUE m qu r1 v AB den AA ea fundan w tyy A ra te LS ED f af ey aK aar eta v DELL aa a CT d d T Eco ear CUR O AP TA LLL AD f fnis epitome 1 d qua 3 Smeg es ogy n ru MISES hea eee ee SUPE sett Sep CREE Nep e ben bet ae js 6 a y y ate E a OR MAS if yA V gab cents ftot poor mtm m un 3 d E S 7 O E Agra moja Ein keeper cnet TERS Sade e Y enian Re i E E T A As stc mL I o S al 11541 LIII gt AA ET ran fe dhewe 2 n X L F v 4 Edd H FA SART y they O DE 59 bo mass o mei g Va y a MH P EAS MER gt p p bw i ca rov POF Shas poids Me Ider Oe page dedi a D a i s te a 4 Li a eve Vita tla ier s pete ROS eb heat hh E
86. nitialize seed Stalag test abolish stop marker 0 JL 95 start tutor system option photos ie shell cls blines 10 write Enter the number of the photo you wish to review write followed by a period read Number ship photo comb Number Correct answers rule ship id Correct answer Correct answer list shell clsy blanes 2 nl write The name of the ship in photo number write Number write is write Correct answer NN MR write This is a list of the descriptive features Or a 57 write Correct answer write Dr egies prettyprint1 Correct_ answer list nl nl write Identify each feature photo es nl write Remember the name of the ship is write Correct answer nl mu write Type any letter key to continue read Anykey nl start tutor system_option view_summary Shell summary nl nl nl write Type any letter key to continue read Anykey nl Start tutor SyStemeepe oni quit assert quit system nie Begin the ship recognition test start test 3 stop marker conelusten mw m start test number seen Number total _photos X Number gt X conclusion Statice Seis Clear vars shell cls blines 5 get photo num photo num Number write Please look at photo number write Number nl ship names Header Names write Header nl shipmenu Names nl nl write Select the name that matches the photo write q
87. o vv edt uam r dade aq fto Ua uli po D ri eel eal hw OH be ony 1 A a din taba d ploy par pS uita Pace e Ma A x aA sitne a An o Di cip ar Redi ctio pl 09 gis eo Wf d eq t mat Pubs Pd I e w e L e waipa ng PUR Ar wan Se e ADR A Pu e a os Pompe aarti O qa CB ge ira Tw den dae ee eet XV ee o ay e ars ae dim Scie mpm wen ds m de jos E Te x n n di Spa o an Ae pei uti ber tm 0 Hs Id A ja aA we e i e nc den m cuml KR e EAT a Diis ion Qe fa dee s t ye meet Auri me Say be eee AT e e de we a ri to qu gt Pod teow J Sac euni ha enirn Pere iig Nets BA Al wi tipi vui Oe PE ud I E Lj LN Met ee a Seren Poivre a lara RUN DU TI Li Ca Pn NR es P m ds Pee we Von NE dia Dau Amat R a aed bem ae a e er Vi ee Y Ere cii pat ite o T ode bap e sec er WADE in Wa tomate da mic TOO Cod I ii p o ws vou Oui yu Pave t i fear meig an maa tee Pa a a Aa e PUMA iby dte tr que d aW V d Cop d ee AO Ne ee an De uii Merc db r d teni Sarthe tre ars 7 RA fy cu a Em opo gm e e ns dide ona e VI e na pito a Ue s ode fy 0 o eee ET coe te O deat s duo iur NTO eut I oer nu A re io APD E OR e b 2 Ps aquis Uo tct rt uer CUN ia trii bot ae eee w fen L Qe Stra mi qt ST s OAS AS Ki lur DD tec WII andi Mr itp al ne ung y TA a Rif e sns aid T 79 ped ps do qi GEA e UA rab eg A us de qua ee ia itt a ro ocio fume PA LUN To TIRA ee T eet oe SA um da iv P TR Wale than dies siib
88. of Fonte e HART P 13 y A tras N m es 5 E A di tar k r n el As Jl H vs P n i v x cae LU z A Ai pi ae nu ge wane he ma EU ND d f veta pm 4 nee PS Nm Er pret t ating A ro S A o hh a badd sl eno i pega bei ea CeO ac ju a se 1 E et Paa A Hm ik 1 MES T INN RR tk wy ty sac 6 LLL dud UP LES gea e pt E een os 1 P aa i m i M sg 3 C i t va qum ove halata F petet Ltt Ag ns ans E uci riu er sene a iy T Fa 1 1 PR 1 SIE me hy e des dr Pies feet ae we iy te 4 ee E ely oos rA br d d AP fy e be a ple EE EXP virg oq Mt ano et rro ayer LE Dod A e Cre EAL v Sas Ec gt M Pu ira P cote PP pus 3 e atum rgh iste y rA P A A tha tat ole tel eke 4 qo avon Tt y rj a Pe hd M e i a LN you T H LI n g LI y e fe 4 ae Rae mr u e ebd aud doo a baa aa TT shinee fet Ln A ay A i xo ga ts ane 19 soceri a a 89 ems aros meets Shot we 4 Ez m wh dei se ud Enr i OMe oe d E y a eS E x E n edi A Ms ME La LI a OC D ve ts o bots y bare a a 75 E CERE nus 1 y L n ter t l 9t M 9 Sor ms ata Te e OO i Wu E E He ET 5 E EI JE TOP qe mes it i e eg gt E A A RLS O AO Td ta Aas Pet P j yefe Ake gno a et I o pma irm a ee p i La d QNEM E t 4 mas lO bL a De i RET p p Mee aa ake ia narena hese Te fareet has i Spader i mista E E r it go la 1 gt Vae a guy de Us a MM c Meus oU r ESN eri s eget G qo mom a j NEST WS d a 1 P n D AM
89. ormation Systems OP 945 Navy Department Washington DC 20350 2000 Department Chairman Code 52 2 Department of Computer Science Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 5000 Curriculum Officer Code 37 1 Computer Technology Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 5000 Associate Professor Neil C Rowe 1 Code 52Rp Computer Science Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 5000 Professor Timothy J Shimeall Code 52Sm 1 Computer Science Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943 5000 Commanding Officer 1 Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 Chief of Naval Education and Training I Naval Air Station Pensacola Pensacola Florida 32508 89 TOF LAS 129 ide Dr Hank Smith Education Coordinator Patrol Squadron THIRTY ONE Naval Air Station Moffett Field California 94035 Tactical Training Team Patrol Squadron THIRTY ONE Naval Air Station Moffett Field California 94035 CPT Michael J Bizer 1204 Catskill Gime le Huntsville Alabama 35802 LT Denise R Bernier 1908 Azalea Street Denton Texas 76205 90 a Thesis B4529 c ar e Ww t s Bernier An intelligent compu ter aided instruction system for Naval ship recognition Se Vy QUIS TOS MAEM y 6a ra QA SAP I 20e P a8 7 Masa a on boy Y BRAIN DI RIA APA OS IAEA AMARA A RAP ee AA th AP Ea Mo B9 ARAM aso fe n P EIA O Mo AMA
90. ptors radar Select the best description of the radar features air surveillance radar atop mack Top Dome on after deckhouse fire control radar atop mack descriptors top sail Does the ship have TOP SAIL radar descriptors stack Select the best description of the stack Srecuckure gt located ait large square short wide with lip on trailing edge 4 in symmetry to the mast canted out 4 stacks in pairs amidships oval shaped stack YURKED TO THE SIDE twin stacks amidship single stack amidship descriptors bridge Select the best description of the bridge Sieamecture y Meur fire control on top forward placed radome atop bridge 81 descriptors superstructure Select the best description of the superstructures enclosed streamlined with separated deckhouse tiered superstructure superstructure amidship with large mack superstructure with masts descriptors lighemcdees Does the ship have a3 angeled flight deck descriptors helo Select the best description of the onboard helo structures hangar and pad aft helo pad aft raised helo pad aft twin helo hangar and raised helo pad aft pad and telescoping hangar aft of stack descriptors forecastle Does the ship have a long slightly stepped sharply
91. r Naval ship recognition The system uses artificial intelligence techniques to provide an interactive tutoring environment The student s abilities for ship recognition are tested using randomly selected side view photos The student s response is compared to the correct ship in an expert module If the response is incorrect the features of the correct ship are compared with those of the incorrect ship to formulate a hypothesis concerning the student s miscon ceptions Tutoring strategies are chosen based on this comparison The system provides a recognition test a summary review and an individual photo review A review of recognition features for each ship is supplied during the recognition test A final summary is generated at the end of testing al ab se Ti dep dv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION oe sie s orsa 1 A SHIP RECOGNITION 2 27 MD Z B METHODOLOGY 94 9259999 9 DU CD C P PEE 2 C PREVIEW c o o oo ATE 3 OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTIONS 5 A BACKGROUND 7 7 2 T TREE S B COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION 21 12 1 2 1M 5 Cx ICAI SYSTEMS ete eee ne a 6 Hee STRUCTURE o e o 0 52 225 2211 7 a Expert Module ea a e 3 IJ 2 b Tutor Module 0909955 OT RRB C Student Model 9 e nee e E 2 Applications eseese es ese a e e 10 OVERVIEW OF SHIP RECOGNITION 02 pee 13 A PURPOSE 2 oo fee cc eee
92. rch into instructional systems uti ing artificial intelligence is to capture the knowledge that experts use to compose an instructional interaction The goal is to produce a system that is capable of autono mous reasoning on the basis of only primitive principles Reasoning from the expertise of experts rather than looking up their decisions creates the possibility of new deci sions that may not have been anticipated by the experts iret 6 1 Structure ICAI systems consist of three main components the problem solving expertise which is the knowledge to be imparted the tutoring strategies which indicate how the system will teach the student and the student model which indicates what the student knows or does not know Ref 7 These components are respectively referred to as the expert module the tutor module and the student model An inter face module is also needed to provide a smooth clear presentation to the user Figure 2 1 shows the components of an ICAI system a Expert Module The expert module serves two functions It acts as a source of the knowledge to be tested and a means of evaluating the student s responses Ref 6 The expert module for tutors of technical skills should be drawn from the knowledge of several experts in the field to be taught in order to prevent blind spots in the knowledge base WEE T 8 b Tutor Module The tutor module selects problems to be solved monitors performance and provides ass
93. recognitione E Review a specific photo View a summary Quid A WN Enter iZ 3 OL ATF What is the name of your summary file mysum KKEKKK KK Xk X XxX xX xXkxkkxXxXx Xx xxx Next Soreen XC CCo C AAA Xx Xx Xx kx kk You identified 2 ship s on the first try the sae were Slava Grisha I 11 111 FEL You identified 3 ship s on the second try Ther ro ieS were Krivak III WPGF Jiang Hu If FE Kaman PTG You identified 0 ship s on the third try The shop were You did not identify the following weno Kara CG You appeared to guess on the first look at 1 ship JS Type any letter key to continue c KERR X X X X X XX k X X X Xx XX x x ko Next Se reen X Ckckck koX ko ko ko okock ck k k k k k AA Xk X X Ship Recognition Main Menu Ship recoognitroneees Review a specific photo View a summary Come D WN PP Entera E A o a ae 50 APPENDIX B USER S MANUAL A USING THE PROGRAM The ship recognition tutor iS implemented in the Arity Prolog programming language It requires approximately 50K of disk space and 512K of RAM memory Once you have loaded Arity Prolog and started the interpreter you will be presented with a prompt Type loadfile to begin REMEMBER PROLOG REQUIRES A PERIOD FOLLOWING ALL INPUT loadfile The tutoring system will take several minutes to load please be patient When the system responds with yes Ee gotutor Be OOLULOr meueWill be presented with
94. se sessions the instructor points out key identifying features and Suggests memory aids to help the student remember the ship along with its features The intelligence officer will 14 sco provide Classes to review ships that may be encoun mMened in Specific areas of deployment Supplemental resources available for learning ship recognition include flash cards with line drawings or silhouettes and books such as Jane s Fighting Ships There are CAI programs as well The programs provide a Silhouette of the ship allowing the student to answer a multiple choice question regarding the identity of the ship The student is provided with a positive or negative response and a review of the features of the ship similar to the flash cards mentioned earlier Classroom training in ship recognition provides a knowledgeable instructor to supply the student with com parison feedback for incorrect answers For example the instructor can point out features that are present on the Student s answer and show that they are not present on the ship in question He can also show slides of an incorrect ship the student selected for an immediate visual compari son But this is not often done due to the limited number of instructors available and the time required for individ Bsnstruction An ICAI program can provide this direct comparison capability and provide one on one instruction for everyone duco D ASSUMPTIONS In writing the ship recognitio
95. swer Feature melee camo diff Features aus sea Features not present numtries X Xo review Ea IO essel bee S details diff Student answer Correct answer list nl review misses Features missed Student answer nl 59 review not present Features noti re cem Student answer ask ship Correct answer Student answer New answer rule ship id New answer New answer list compare Correct answer list New answer list Features not present2 Features _missed2 Feature der iE AM review features Correct_ answer Correc n wer _ lise New answer Feature der TM difti Features missed2 Features not present e review features Correct answer Correct answer E Student answer Feature meses Tdu p Features _missedg Features not present still no answer Correct answer Correct answer list Ni review diffs Student answer Correct answer list review diffs Detail Features Student answer Correct answer list Detail Detail feature Detail descrip Check detail Detail feature Other descrip fact Cheek _detail review diffs Features Student answer Correct answer list review diffs Detail Features Students Correct sells Wen E Detail Detail feature Detail descrip Check detail Detail feature Other descr incorrect fact heck detail review diffs Features Student answer Correct anse nrm Si review diffs DetaillFeatures Student answer Correct answer TIT c ME Detail Detail
96. swer Student2 Answer3 Stusent3 delete duplicates A Answer Student A Answer3 Er cent3 gt delete duplicates Answer Student Answer3 Student s Base condition geumpare2 Et J E13 Answer has more terms than the Student model compare2 A Answer Features not present A Features missed Feature details diff compare Answer Features not present Features missed Feature details diff 69 Student model has more terms than the Answer compare2 S Student S Features notum Ec ena Features missed Feature details Ecos 1 compare2 Student Features Nu USE Features mi c cd beats details caiff Y The Answer has terms with different arguments than the Student model compared Answer Student Features norin ecem Features missed S Feature detal match terms Answer Student A S delete A Answer Answer2 delete S Student Student2 compare Answer2 StudentZ Features not presenta Features missed PHeaturendeca cH mm The Answer has terms not in the Student model but the Student model is not empty compare Answer Student Features not Ppr CRER Term Features missed Feature detal find a term Answer Student Term delete Term Answer AnswerZ2 compared AnswerZ Student Features not presenta Features missed Feature details diff The Student model has terms not in the Answer but the Answer is not empty compared Answer
97. tab 25 write a E Ja nl tab 25 write 1 Beginner nl tab 25 write 2 Intermediate nl bab 25 write 3 Expert Dines 09E write Enter 1 2 O 3 5008 read Choice check entry Choice 3ucopenrdenccecvc A assert level Choice blines 3 assert leveni assert levei zA assert levels assert leveni m assert user level beginner ae assert user level intermediate assert user levele perki check entry Choice Numment ries prod amas Choice gt 0 Choice Num entries check entry Choice Num entries Pred Pred 74 ships ari pnis file contains the database for the ship recognition tutor All ships in the database are contained in the rule Predicates The ship names predicate is used by when creating the ship choices menu When adding ships to the database tdescrip ari must also be updated Be sure to update the total photos ship names and Eu photo comb predicates also Number of photos in the data base pora photos 20 Information for tmenu ari should exactly match the names in the predicate rule and ship phot comb ship names Your ship choices are Kresta I CG Kresta II CG Jiangdong FF Taraneh lt ee Jiang Hu IPFE Godavari FF Grisha I II III FFL Kaman PTG Kara CG Kiev CVHG Kirov CGN Krivak I FFG Krivak II FFG Krivak III WPGF Slava Kashin D
98. to quit or n for Pe TEEDE shell getsthetime consult timefile time A B retract tame A B 516 ship ask which Names nl shell getsthetime consult timefile time C D retract time C D ceimecomp A B C D Total assert time to look Total ships fact Student _answer abolish ship_ fact 1 check answer Student_answer Number retract number seen N N1 is N 1 assert number seen N1 Start Cest Randomly select the photos to be presented Mentiialize seed shell getsthetime consult timefile retract time A B assert seed B feu photo num total photos R cre UNDER Eheck number R N not viewed photo N assert viewed photo N doce Gee let oMNmnamo Dt aeck number R N random R N1 Checkanumber sed Bandom R N retract seed S N is S mod R 1 NewSeed is 25 S 1 mod 1096 asserta seed NewSeed Check the student s first answer and respond appropri ately Ane answer qult Pheto num assert stop marker mek answer help Photo num ship photo _comb Photo num Correct answer rule ship _ id Correct answer Correct _ answer list Sheliiels blines 4 nl write The name of the correct ship is write Correct answer nl nl s write This is a list of the descriptive features of a S write Correct answer write prettyprinti Correct answer IIS write Identify each feature
99. usion 93 A second possible limitation concerns the program s level of instruction This level may be most applicable intermediate students More experienced students may find the method of tutoring too basic and therefore irritating Beginning students will not know how to proceed when shown a ship Nonetheless the recognition test can still pro vide a good idea of any student s level of knowledge C RECOMMENDED SYSTEM ENHANCEMENTS There are several areas that can be enhanced to improve the ship recognition tutor The first is to provide more detail on the features used to identify the ships as well as memory mnemonics to help the student remember key fea tures A means of specifying the locations of these features perhaps using screen graphics would also be helpful Background information is another area for improvement The ease of identifying ships in the real world can be greatly improved when information is included concerning 1 geographical location of the Sighting 2 ervey seme Ship sightings in the area and 3 intelligence data ob tained concerning political activities at the time of Sight imc A third addition to the system might be to provides ship silhouettes as graphics on the computer screen A drawback to this addition would be to make the overall 34 system less portable Not all microcomputers are capable Ao duen Graphics that are clear enough to allow the user to discern fine details Another ad
100. w This information is generally obtained by comparing the student s response to that of the expert Once a comparison has been made the information is used to determine possible misconcep tions and to decide the best tutoring strategy to correct the misconception 2 Applications SCHOLAR iS a mixed initiative computer based tutor ing system that tutors about facts concerning Sou American geography Both the student and the system can initiate conversations by asking questions This program waS a pioneering effort in the development of programs that could handle unanticipated student questions and react appropriately Ref 7 WHY which tutors students in the causes of rain fall was developed in response to a need for systems that could deal with subject matter that is not purely factual Student errors could involve not only forgotten facts but also misunderstandings as to why processes work the way they do Ref 7 The SOPHIE tutoring system allows the student to learn by trying out his ideas rather than by directam struction A model of problem solving techniques is contained in the system domain along with heuristics for answering student questions and handling misconceptions These features allow a one to one interaction between the student and a computer expert who helps the studentie oiis 10 up with his own ideas The problem solving skills taught in SOPHIE are taught in the context of an electronics Maboratory Re
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