Testing of Conducted Energy Weapons CPRC
Contents
1. Kn Load Current 10 015 0 00 V 22 ul 2005 19 50 09 Appendix D Taser International Correspondence Peak arcing voltage measurement PROTECT LIFE 17800 North 85 Street Scottsdale Arizona 85255 www TASER com Phone 480 905 2000 800 978 2737 Fax 480 991 0791 Date May 21 2008 Peak arcing voltage measurement of TASER X26 and M26 devices The peak arcing voltage at the output of the X26 and M26 devices depend on environmental and device mechanical dimensions The measured number depends on additional instrumentation effects Measuring the high voltage arcing waveform generated by the X26 or M26 devices is not intuitive or easy Most industry expertise in the high voltage area is in much lower frequency waveforms The outputs from the TASER devices is both high frequency and high voltage making the measurements prone to many factors that affect measurement accuracy and reliability Many measurement subtleties could make the results inaccurate or unreliable Environmental factors that affect the accuracy are temperature humidy and elevation A variation in each of these factors will increase or decrease the arcing breakover voltage The device mechanical dimensions that affect the peak arcing voltage 15 the precise distance between the tho probe points in front of the weapon Slightly closer probe points will result in slightly lower peak voltages before the arc i2. Tektronix 3034B scope two high voltage probes Maximum voltage and current under load test X26 X00 010000 1 08kv 1080 volts 3 253 amperes Tektronix 3034B scope one high voltage probe one current probe one 250 Ohm ceramic resistor Restricted Distribution Protected A Tests for 26 Taser Serial Number 00 009704 eoo fa s 1 I3 cm cm Test Type Open Load Voltage Test Model X26 Serial Number X00 009704 Maximum Voltage 45 38kv 45 380 volts Equipment Used Tektronix 3034B scope two high voltage probes E Test Maximum voltage and current under load test Model X26 Serial Number X00 009704 600000 Maximum Voltage 1 469 1469 volts Maximum Current 2 424 amperes Equipment Used Tektronix 3034B scope one high voltage probe one current probe one 250 Ohm ceramic resistor Restricted Distribution Protected A Typical Test Bench Setup SSW Appendix B Taser X26 Performance Specifications y y TASERO X26E SERIES ELECTRONI NTROL TASER SER X26E S S ELECTRONIC CONTRO DEVICE SPECIFICATION Law Enforcement X26 sma P Ta Corc cured barr og T ac MLE Law Enforcement Models Specifications Features Output characteristics 1 Integrated ultra bright LEDs low intensity illumination Wave form Complex shaped pulse 2 Integrated 650 nm
3. Auto Normal i Ch 1 Alt Ext 10 AC Line 3171 lin DC Noise HF Reject LF Reject THEE 71 Math 5 WY 11 9200us CAL TA ACOUIRI CURSOR ENE I Fast Trig Mode Off Ref 1234 Normal Sample HBar VBar 1 Adjust the Trigger Mode from Auto to Normal chi Probe Setup Probe Type Voltage Current Voltage Probe Deskew 0 005 20722721 22221112 Set to 0 JEL LO U 5 oops Wer 11 9200Ms Coupling Invert Bandwidth pus oe Position Offset DC Off Full ya 2 00 div 0 000V rat 3 Press the Probe Setup button and adjust to 1 kX 006 Run Probe Setup Probe Type Voltage Current vo Itag Probe Deskew 0 005 CHP TO 0kV Bet u M DOMUS Ar Chef 0 Set to Os 1 21 1 00 Coupling Invert Bandwidth Fine Scale Position Offset Probe DC Off Full 2 02div 0 000v eh 1 Press the Blue CH2 button 3 Press the Probe Setup button and adjust to 1 kX Kun Edit Math Definition Set 1st Source to A le re ed x h Sat Operator to Set 2nd Source to Mo PTS ehh BOS A Ch Math 2 005 BR 11 9200ps Dual Wim Math FFI C e 0 OG dd VERTICAL Elm HORIZONTALA SN TRIGGER ACQUIRE A POSITION LEVEL DE f 2 Set equation to Ch 2
4. Devices One of the findings in the report was a lack of independent test facilities in Canada capable of electrical testing to determine if the specifications for Taser outputs were met TR 01 2006 pg 29 During 2006 2007 the CPRC worked to develop testing protocols and assemble the equipment necessary to provide this service CPRC began testing in early 2008 and has completed the evaluation of 7 Taser International s series X26 Conducted Energy Weapons The X26 is a prohibited firearm in Canada and testing is performed by sworn police officers The testing results for the two weapons submitted are attached in Appendix A The primary objective of the testing is to determine whether or not the units meet the manufacturer s standards for electrical performance The Taser X26 uses proprietary technology which is the property of Taser International Scottsdale Arizona The performance specifications of the Taser X26 are attached in Appendix B To undertake the tests the CPRC obtained a copy of the test procedures from Taser International for peak open circuit arcing voltage and peak loaded voltage and current measurements The test protocols are included in Appendix C Neither the performance specifications nor the testing procedures provide information on the electrical output tolerances for the X26 Taser International was contacted and these were received on 6 June 2008 dated 21 May 2008 Appendix D In the letter the Vice president of Res
5. Nerheim Vice President Research and development provides background information on the tolerances which explain this Voltagre sic and current measurements into 250 ohm load will vary depending on several variables in each weapon The major variables are output capacitor and spark gap tolerances The capacitors have a tolerance of 10 the spark gap has a tolerance of 15 These tolerances add up although not linearly and affect the measured output current of each device This also needs to be taken into consideration with the next measurement the current under load This CEW had the lowest current of all weapons evaluated by CPRC The energy input into the load is a function of the current and voltage together Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Page 3 Restricted Distribution Protected A Peak Current under Load Taser International does not provide a specification for this measurement The average of the measurements by CPRC is 3 091 Amperes Both units tested were within the standard specification tolerance of plus or minus 15 percent 2 63 to 3 55 Amps The unit X26 X00 009704 had the lowest output current under load of all the CEWs evaluated to date Peak Current in Amps Current in E Peak Current in Amps X00 010000 3 253 009 704 2 424 Ns SU SS SS SS 3 091 S SS 2 S 9 se N E Summary Taser X26 X00 010000 was
6. electrical impulses that cause stimulation of both motor and sensory nerves The effect is a disruption of the information carried from the body to the brain and commands from the brain to the muscles that control movement Neuromuscular Incapacitation NMI occurs due to this involuntary stimulation and it is not dependant on pain There has been considerable controversy of late as to the level of safety involved with deployment of the Taser device The media has broadcasted countless reports relating to the high voltage discharge of the device and the possibility of deployed units producing greater than specified output voltage and current amounts One study which was withdrawn after errors 1n calculations were revealed indicated output discrepancies that were several times higher than specified by Taser International Nonetheless we believe it prudent to conduct output verification test on a random selection of Taser devices These devices were supplied by various police agencies and were drawn from front line training and inventory units This broad spectrum of selection provides units with non sequential serial numbers different manufacture dates light to no previous usage along with moderate to heavily used devices Testing procedures are mirrored from Taser Internationals verification procedure including but not limited to identical Oscilloscopes high voltage probes current probes and Ohmite resistor In order to address the mos
7. found to be within the manufacturing tolerances provided by the manufacturer or calculated using the test procedures provided by Taser International Taser X26 X00 009704 was generally within the manufacturing tolerances provided by the manufacturer or calculated using the test procedures provided by Taser International The exception was a slightly higher voltage under load The 1469 volts measured is higher than the 1380 volts at the upper end of the variance provided by the manufacturer While it is slightly higher than anticipated the current measured for this CEW is lower than all others The power of the input into the load representing the human body is directly proportional to the product of the voltage and the current The Vice president of Research and Development of Taser International has also provided comment on how the specification range was derived which may well explain this variance No other tests were performed on these weapons The energy pulse calculations are not part of our current test procedures No other variances other than mentioned above were noted during the test and evaluation process Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Page 4 Appendix A Test results and Typical Test bench Setup Restricted Distribution Protected Taser Voltage and Current Testing Taser International is the premier supplier of ECD s Electronic Control Devices to law enforcement agencies across North America Taser uses
8. A 4 E 1 000000 RUN Dual Wim Math Run X 26 Waveform FFT 10 OkKV 11 9200us M4 00us A 11 6005 4 3 80KV Edit Math Definition Set 1st Source to Set Operator to Set 2nd Source to ar TASER Load Voltage and Current Measurement Procedure Tektronix TDS 3034B Oscilloscope Non Conductive material OHMITE 25 Ohm 225W Resistor rig TEST SETUP 4 1 Connect the large resistor across the output of the weapon 2 Plug the current probe into channel 4 of the oscilloscope 3 Clamp current probe around the output wire and half ways In between the resistor and electrode Make sure the arrow is the same direction as the current 4 Clip the High Voltage Probe across the resistor Run Probe Setup Probe Type Chl 050 Y Voltage Current Current Probe Deskew 0 005 500 V 10 05 160 Set to 0 5 wr 39 3000us Coupling Invert Bandwidth Fine Scale position Offset DC Off 20 MHz una 440mdiv 0 000 A Nc 1 Press the Green CH4 button L C SHORIZONT ALS TRIGGER a ACOLHE B 4 Change Probe to Current X 26 Waveforms Run Chl Max 910 V hd
9. International Inc All rights reserved RD SPEC X26E 001 Rev J May 15 2007 Page 1 of 1 TASER International reserves the right to change this specification without notice Appendix Taser International Test Procedures TASER Open Circuit Voltage Measurement Procedure EQUIPMENT NEEDED PY PP AAA EE P 1 nn 1 Tektronix TDS 3034B Oscilloscope 2 Tektronix High Voltage Probes P6015A mm VG p k Alligator clips Non Cond ctive mate lal Test Setup Plug the two probes into channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope Connect the ground clips to each other Connect the CH 1 probe to the upper electrode on the weapon and the CH 2 probe to the bottom electrode OSCILLOSCOPE SETTINGS 19 SELECT MEASURE GUSKNEFAI R Cc Tektronix 1 5 if CURTHA OEL UTILITY dd aaa VERTICAL IR HORIZONTALE MI TRIGGER BB 4 ACQUIRER POSITION 1 POSITION LEVEL mne 1 SEG CH g f MME DELAY SCALE SCALE NTENIITY 190 ETC A Chi 7 3 50 UN Y IS ak U 14 20 33 298g s SEN Press the QUICK MENU button OSCILLOSCOPE SETTINGS QUICK MENU TRICOEFR rt iat I Bi A v pa Edge a 18 61 Video AT 400
10. Restricted Distribution Protected A CANADIAN CENTRE POLICE CANADIEN DE RESEARCH 2 RECHERCHES CENTRE POLICIERES Testing of Conducted Energy Weapons CPRC CEW Test 004 Reference OPCC file 2587 Victoria Police Department Victoria British Columbia Attention Sergeant Kerry Panton Performed April 18 2008 Testing performed by Sergeant Mark Barclay and Constable Michael Azar of the Ottawa Police Services Written by Steve Palmer P Eng Executive Director Canadian Police Research Centre 22 July 2008 Submitted by Wednesday July 23 2008 Stephen Palmer P Eng Date Executive Director Canadian Police Research Centre Ottawa Ontario Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Restricted Distribution Protected A Table of Contents Testing Overview Discussion of the results Peak open circuit arcing voltage Voltage and Current measured under Load Peak Voltage under Load Peak Current under Load AP Pen A Appendix A Test results test setup Appendix B Taser X26 Performance Specifications Appendix Taser International Test Procedures Appendix D Taser International Correspondence Peak arcing voltage measurement Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Restricted Distribution Protected A Testing Overview In 2005 the Canadian Police Research Centre CPRC in collaboration with several organizations released technical report TR 01 2006 Review of Conducted Energy
11. ak open circuit arcing voltage The peak open circuit arcing voltage is the 50 000 volt output commonly referred to when discussing the Taser Conducted Energy Weapons Peak Voltage in Thousands Peak Voltage of Volts in Thousands of Volts m Peak Voltage X00 010000 44 36 X00 009704 45 38 50 22 The two units tested both measured below the 50 000 volt specified by Taser International however both units are within the plus or minus 15 tolerance specified by the manufacturer This range is between 57 500 Volts and 42 500 Volts Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Page 2 Restricted Distribution Protected A Voltage and Current measured under Load These tests simulate the Taser when it is in electrical contact with the human body either in push stun mode or in probe mode A 250 ohm resistor is used to simulate the resistance across the human body Tests are conducted to measure the voltage across the resistor and the current flowing through the resistor Peak Voltage under Load Voltage under Load 1000 Voltage under Load 1000 Volts Voltage under Load 1000 Volts X00 010000 X00 009704 1 258 The Taser International specification for voltage under load is 1 200 volts plus or minus 1596 1020 to 1380 volts Unit X00 010000 is within the manufacturer s specification The unit X26 X00 009704 had a slightly higher output voltage than specified In the letter from Taser International date 21 May 2008 Max
12. earch and development for Taser International advised that an overall accuracy of 15 is reasonable for X26 measurements This is the standard variation used to evaluate the devices These tests were also selected as they were objective in that the electrical characteristics are read directly from the instruments and no calculations are required Photographs were taken of the measurements and the weapon together to link the exhibit directly with the measured results Appendix A The CPRC test equipment and typical testing setup is included in Appendix A 1 TASER is a registered trademark of TASER International Inc Taser X26 Electrical Performance Evaluation Page 1 Restricted Distribution Protected A Discussion of the results CPRC has evaluated 7 Taser X26 weapons and performed in service testing on an additional 40 weapons The two weapons provided for examination will be compared to the other 5 CEWs that have been evaluated Weapons tested Taser X26 X00 010000 Taser X26 X00 009704 The testing was performed at the Canadian Police Research 5 facility at 1200 Montreal Road Ottawa Ontario on April 18 2008 Two members of the Ottawa Police Service conducted the tests Sergeant Mark Barclay and Constable Michael Azar Sergeant Barkley is a member of the Ottawa Police Emergency Response Team and has received significant training in Taser usage and Constable Michael Azar is an electronic equipment specialist Pe
13. he breakover voltage of the spark gap will vary from pulse to pulse In order to obtain a stable average value it is best to set the scope to average around 10 samples Due to the output capacitor and the spark gap tolerance a current and voltage measurement difference of around 15 can be expected from device to device In summary A combination of weapon probe spread and component tolerances oscilloscope accuracy and setup combined with scope probes that are difficult to verify for high voltage pulses results in many unknowns Therefore we think an overall accuracy of around 15 is reasonable for the X26 measurements We hold as evidence that the probe spread on the X26 18 held within much closer tolerances than the variations we see in peak output voltages before the arc 1s created Measurements of arcing voltages between 50 to 55KV stimphase of 1 to 1 2KV and 3 to 3 4A are within tolerance limits Respectfully Max Nerheim Vice President Research and Developmen PROTECT LIFE 17800 North 85 Street Scottsdale Arizona 85255 www TASER com Phone 480 905 2000 800 978 2737 Fax 480 991 0791
14. laser used for target acquisition Pulse rate 19 pulses per second PPS 3 Capable of drive stun with or without TASER Cartridge Pulse duration 100 microseconds installed The trigger activates a 5 second cycle The cycle can be 4 Electrical charge can penetrate up to 2 5 cm stopped by placing the safety lever in the safe position Peak open circuit arcing voltage 50 000 V 5 Peak loaded voltage 1 200 V avg voltage over duration of main phase 400 V avg over full phase 350 V avg over one second 0 76 V Current 2 1 average 6 Energy per pulse cumulative of clothing or one inch probe Central Information Display CID 2 digit LED displays remaining DPM energy percentage burst time warranty expiration unit temperature illumination status and current time and date Ambidextrous safety levers with Safe S and Fire F denotation Nominal at main capacitors 0 36 joules Delivered into 14 joules 7 Warranty 1 year standard with extended warranties Power rating available Nominal at main capacitors 6 84 watts 8 Unit stores time date burst duration unit temperature Delivered into load 1 33 watts and remaining DPM energy percentage for Power source Digital Power Magazine DPM a battery of approximately 1 500 firings Data can be downloaded using a USB data interface module or TASER CAM M which can be ordered separately Temperature range 4 F 20 C to 122 F 50 C 9 Co
15. mpatible with all TASER Cartridges but not the Relative humidity 15 to 80 TASER C2 Cartridge Housing High impact polymer 10 Video Audio recorder capable with optional TASER TM Patent U S D508 277 D504 489 and other patents pending CAM two 3 volt cells or Extended Digital Power Magazine XDPM Physical Dimensions Dimensions Without Cartridge Dimensions With Cartridge Length L Height H Width W Weight Length L2 6 00 15 24 cm 3 20 8 13 cm 1 300 3 30 cm 7 20 oz 204 12 g 7 250 18 52 cm A Dimensions are in English metric Additional terms and conditions may apply for additional information contact a TASER International sales representative or visit online at www TASER com Product specifications may change without notice actual product may vary from picture Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS concerning lithium cells available upon request TASER X26E not available for sale to the general public Additional models available Please contact a TASER International sales representative for more information For standard TASER Cartridges see TASER specification RD SPEC CRTG 001 TASER Cartridges available up to a maximum range of 35 10 66 m Use of cartridges not authorized by TASER International will void the product warranty Output specifications may vary depending upon temperature battery charge and load characteristics TASER is a registered trademark of TASER
16. onent for the X26 high voltage output is on the order of hundred s of kilohertz it goes from zero to the breakover voltage of approximately 50 kV in approximately 1 5 microseconds From the P6015A manual figure 1 8 this results in a typical probe impedance between and 10 kohm This is a very significant load on the output of the device under test For example a best case impedance of 10 kohm with a frequency of 10 kHz has a peak dissipation factor of 250kwatt assuming 50 kV and 100 kHz Since the arcing X26 pulse is very short the actual power delivered by the X26 into the scope probe is most likely a quarter of a watt per pulse or less but still significant I e the scope probe will have a significant effect on the output voltage measurement Chart 1 7 in the same manual also characterize the effect of temperature and humidity on probe performance higher humidity and temperatures decrease probe performance from a 40 kV probe to a 20 kV prbe worst case I assume sea level pressures were used for the graph increasing elevation would further derate the performance Voltagre and current measurements into 250 ohm load will vary depending on several variables in each weapon The major variables are output capacitor and spark gap tolerances The capacitors have a tolerance of 10 the spark gap has a tolerance of 15 These tolerances add up although not linearly and affect the measured output current of each device In addition t
17. s 9500 volts in the second case as 10500 volts In addition to the scope probes having 5 accuracy the TDS3034B oscilloscope has a 2 vertical accuracy typical for most scopes In order to capture the actual peak of the X26 output pulse the scope must have sufficient bandwidth and capture rate to capture the actual peak The X26 output ramps up at around 100 volts nanosecond or 100 billion volts per second This signal edge rate is on the order of 100 times faster than a USB 2 0 signal This means test setup and scope configuration is very critical 17800 North 85 Street Scottsdale Arizona 85255 www TASER com Phone 480 905 2000 800 978 2737 Fax 480 991 0791 The scope probes must be compensated to the actual scope used for the test By not utilizing optimum settings we have seen a 48 kV measurement range from 30 to 65 kV displayed on the scope I also question if the probes are actually capable of a reliable voltage measurement at these edge rates At testing done at TASER we have added some extra capacitance to the load in the order of several picofarads This has smoothed out the waveform on the scope The smoothing out might be caused by the previous rise time exceeding the rise time capability of the scope probe If the rise time capability of the scope probe is exceeded the measurement is not reliable The manual for the P6015A probe has additional information on probe impedance versus frequency The frequency comp
18. s generated If two weapons have identical spacing between the probes and are tested on the same day with the same equipment the results should be identical However the instrumentation factors will influence what is displayed on the scope The instrumentation effects depend on the accuracy of the scope probe the oscilloscope used for making the measuremenst and the effect of the scope probe on the device under test TASER typically use two Tektronix P6015A high voltage probes for conducting peak voltage measurements Both of them are hooked up to a Tektronix TDS3034B 300 MHz bandwidth oscilloscope The tip of each probe is connected to the output terminal of the device under test one probe tip to each weapon output terminal The probe ground leads are connected together The resulting peak output voltage is calculated by using the TDS3034B s built in math function Output voltage equals channel A minus channel B We typically measure peak arcing voltages of 46 to 60 The high voltage probes must be calibrated following the Tektronix user manual guidelines If this has been accomplished the P6015 user manual table 1 1 shows that the attenuation can be variable by 5 I take this to mean that at a certain voltage and frequency the attenuation might be 1000 minus 5 1 e 950 1 while at another combination of voltage and frequency the attenuation might be 1050 1 In the first case a 10000 volt waveform would display on the scope a
19. t common concerns the following three tests were performed 1 Open load maximum voltage This test captures the highest voltage produced by the Taser device when it 1s arcing through open air across the upper and lower contact 2 Maximum voltage under load This test captures the highest voltage produced by the Taser device when it s electrical output is loaded across a 250 Ohm ceramic resistor 3 Maximum output current under load This test captures the highest current output produced by the Taser device when it s loaded across a 250 Ohm ceramic resistor Note The use of the 250 Ohm resistor is to simulate resistance of the human body Dry skin does not conduct electricity well and therefore has very high resistance from 10 100 Kilo Ohms Wet skin on the other hand is a very good electrical conductor and consequently has a much lower resistance approximately 1 Kilo Ohms These are accepted resistances when calculating the effects of electrical current on the human body Therefore the use of a 250 Ohm resistor produces appropriate results for the above noted tests Restricted Distribution Protected A Tests for 26 Taser Serial Number 00 010000 Test Type Model Serial Number Maximum Voltage Equipment Used Test Type Model Serial Number Maximum Voltage Maximum Current Equipment Used 0000 M40 Chi Open Load Voltage Test X26 X00 010000 44 36 44 360 volts
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