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1. 9 o FREE ce o VERSION SETPROTECTION CLEARPROTECTION HELP 40 o DEBUG s e o o CRC a e od e USERSPACE o DOG amp ww o o o CLOSELOG D ux OS ae en Do w Lv LABEL 4 o e GOTO 6 e s o IFERROR s sse w COMMENT o a Sc t og SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP SECTION XI SDCOPY SECTION XII USER PROGRAMS EDIT s ww ceo 0 EGG SEDIT e oO ASM d dex e go o BASIC a uw s o COMPILE SECTION XIII SECTION XIV DISASTERS INTERPRETER SHUTTING DOWN e SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE INTRODUCTION RUNNING THE PROGRAM WHEN TO RUN THE PROGRAM SDOSDISKVALIDATE MESSAGES DESCRIPTION OF PASSES PASS ONE gt a o PASS TWO v cu PASS THREE PASS FOUR e PASS FIVE SECTION XVI SDOSSET PARAMETERS SECTION XVII SDOSERRORMAINT PROGRAM SECTION XVIII STANDARD SDOS ERROR CODES 6l 71 74 74 75 76 76 77 78 80 80 82 83 98 98 98 99 1900 191 104 1198 111 NOTICE This manual describes Software Dynamics Operating System SDOS Version 1 1 Software Dynamics has carefully checked the information given in this manual and it is believed to be entirely reliable However no responsibi
2. 90 99 9 99 0 6 0 0 9 9 This is CPU Serial Number FF L Enter Purchaser Name Ferd Automotive Inc The following message will appear at boot time This copy licensed for use only by Ferd Automotive Inc only on the single computer with CPU serial number FF L Enter the SD registration code between the brackets followed by RETURN key to validate name exactly as shown Enter RETURN if it is NOT right SD registration code gt 123456789ABCDEF lt Proper registration code entered Your name is now frozen Don t forget to IMMEDIATELY make a Backup of your System disk BACKING UP THE BOOT DISK Now your screen shows TIME Press the Return key you can learn about the TIME command later Now we will demonstrate how to make a backup copy of your boot disk Once having made the backup we suggest storing the Original boot disk ina safe place away from the computer Use the duplicate as a working boot disk also make a copy of the duplicate so you have two boot disks The idea is to keep the master disk away from the machine ESPECIALLY when recovering from a disaster How one makes a backup copy of the system disk depends on the configuration of your computer hardware There are three common configurations 1 Computer with two identical floppy disk drives 2 Computer with one floppy disk and one Winchester disk drive 3 Computer with only a single floppy disk
3. User wants to initialize a data disk with the best possible map algorithm SDOSDISKINIT D2 SDOS Disk Initialization Vl lh Disk id Programs Disk From what disk device can the tuning parameters be copied NONE 315392 bytes How many sectors per cluster Default value is 4 Minimum allocation Default valuezl 1 Disk has Minimum extension Default value 1 Default value Map Algorithm 0001 0002 0003 0004 5 G6 0007 8 9 A B C D E Fr 1 5 0205 3 5 0405 5 5 6 5 7 5 0805 9 5 0A05 0BO5 C 5S 30 80 32 63 34 40 31 26 12 63 13 96 14 26 16 43 16 53 18 38 20 30 21493 23 63 25 46 27 23 13 76 12 53 12 390 12 90 13 00 12 13 12 29 12 93 12 53 12 590 12 13 13 53 13 46 13 6 13 16 Map algorithm NBPS 256 NLSN 1232 How many files do you anticipate having on this disk sec 1461 sec 1378 sec 1398 sec 1439 sec 3562 sec 3221 sec 3154 sec 2738 sec 2721 sec 2459 sec 2216 sec 2051 sec 1904 sec 1767 sec 1652 sec 3268 sec 35990 sec 3658 sec 3488 sec 3461 sec 3788 sec 3688 sec 3479 sec 35990 sec 3600 sec 3708 sec 3325 sec 3341 sec 3443 sec 3417 Default L bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec
4. A filename may contain wildcards see FILES command The DELETE command will delete all files whose names match the pattern given The deletion process can either be automatic or verified in each individual case the latter allows selective deletion When the DELETE command discovers a wildcard for the first time it displays Ask before doing the delete A response of N or NO will cause DELETE to find all filenames that match the pattern delete the corresponding files and list the names of the deleted files Any other response is interpreted as YES this causes the DELETE command to ask Delete lt filename gt for each filename found that matches A response beginning with Y to this question will cause lt filename gt to be deleted any other response will cause lt filename gt to be left intact i e not deleted If another filename in the delete list is encountered containing a wildcard the DELETE command deletes matching files in the verification mode supplied the first time it asked Ask before doing the delete The wildcard delete can be an enormous timesaver if used properly It can be a disaster if used carelessly Beware COPYRIGHT C 1978 35 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DELETE D2 ABC does what it says ABC is deleted on device D2 DELETE D1 BAS D2 Q TMP Ask before doing the delete Y Delete JUNK BAS Y Delete USEFUL BAS lt CR gt Delete OTHER
5. amp k kk o x ck se ce ee de cfe defe ode ode cfe dee eode de defe decode eode dece de kde de de ce oce dee ce ode ode eode ode cede KKK dee dede y k This manual and the software it describes are the copyrighted property of Software Dynamics SDOS is a registered trademark of Software Dynamics This manual is a major revision of the SDOS 1 manual SDOS 1 9 users are recommended to read it completely WARNINGs about dangerous operations can be found in the index We suggest you review them all before using the system seriously READ ME FIRST Hello We know you are anxious to begin use of your new computer system and software However use of a new tool is always a little bit dangerous to the uninitiated so we recommend you follow the steps in this section exactly BEFORE YOU ATTEMPT ANYTHING ELSE The biggest danger you face is accidental destruction erasure deletion of critical system files warpage etc of your system disk before you have made a duplicate of it this will leave your computer helpless and you frustrated This section shows you how to boot the computer enter your SD Registration code and make a Backup copy of your system disk Once your system disk has been safely duplicated destruction of the system disk isn t nearly so bad you merely use the duplicate The section on BOOTING see Table of Contents describes how to start up your computer Read that section now a
6. SDOSSET can be invoked as a terse one line command or as a dialog To understand the dialog one must first be familiar with the terse form as the dialog simply collects the information the terse form gives in a different format The terse form of SDOSSET is as follows SDOSSET lt device gt lt parameterdefinition gt If the last character of terse SDOSSET command line is a semicolon then the semicolon is discarded and the console is read for additional input which is appended to the previous line lt device gt must be the name of a Virtual Terminal device or an error will be given and SDOSSET will abort lt parameterdefinition gt s are defined by the table that follows More information on these parameters can be found in the section on the Virtual Terminal Driver in the SDOS Application Programmer s Guide Values to be used for the parameters can be found in documents provided by the manufacturer of the device Specification of an illegal parameter value will result in an error and that parameter s value will not be affected COPYRIGHT C 1978 193 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET WIDTH lt number gt Specifies Page Width default specified by Profile DEPTH lt number gt Specifies Page Depth Hard Copy default specified by profile WRAP Specifies that too longlines are to be broken and wrapped default specified by profile NOWRAP Specified that too ling lines are to be t
7. WHEN TO RUN THE PROGRAM Validate all disks that were being used when the system crashes or even when things just start acting funny Validate any disk that gets a disk I O error If the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program does not give a disk a clean bill of health run it again Example sdosdiskvalidate 101 SDOS Disk Validate and Repair Vl lh 192 Validate which disk DISK is default dl 103 Device dismounted 104 Options N Noisy V Verify lt CR gt none 115 DIRECTORY SYS directory entry Validated 113 Chaining to SDOSDISKVAL PAS4 400 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 4 Vl lh 412 Chaining to SDOSDISKVAL PAS5 500 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 5 Vl lh 581 Reconstructed DiskMap matches DISKMAP SYS contents COPYRIGHT C 1978 82 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE SDOSDISKVALIDATE MESSAGES MEANING 1 1 No meaning just the banner 102 At this point the program wants to know the name of the device i e disk drive it is supposed to check out Normal answers might be d fdO0 etc If just after this point the program gets an error it is probably because a bad device name was entered 103 This means that all sector buffers for this device have been purged and that SDOS no longer remembers what the last bad LSN was if any The reason this is done is so that the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program doesn t find the same bad cluster twice 104 An option of n i e Noisy causes th
8. All three of these require a freshly formatted disk with the same format as the boot disk on which the duplicate copy will be placed If you don t know what this means ask someone technical A special manufacturer specific formatter program named FORMAT generally comes with SDOS although it is not part of SDOS Refer to the manufacturer s documentation for how to use it Then use the formatter program to make at least one freshly fomatted diskette Depending on the manufacturer you may have to re boot after formatting To make a backup with two identical disk drives named D and Dl where D is the name of the Boot disk drive first place a fresh diskette in Dl and type SDOSDISKBACKUP D TO D1 SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying D to Di When the prompt returns Dl is an exact copy of D You can take the diskettes out of the computer after you type DISMOUNT D DISMOUNT D1 To make a backup with a floppy named D and a Winchester named WD type SDOSDISKBACKUP D TO WD9 DISK IMAGE Now type DISMOUNT D Place a fresh blank formatted floppy into D and then type SDOSDISKBACKUP WD DISK IMAGE TO D SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying WD DISKIM
9. SDOS Version l lg Copyright C 1978 Software Dynamics This message signifies that SDOS has managed to successfully load itself into memory and has started operations Immediately thereafter a message of the form mm dd yy text will appear This is the date that the system disk was generated the text is the disk identification that was given to SDOSDISKINIT when the disk was initialized If this message contains the word MASTER anywhere you should not use the disk for normal operations only for initializing another disk and or recovering from disasters It is better to preserve a MASTER disk obtained from the vendor in a safe place and use a backup copy in case something goes wrong Backup disks can be made with the SDOSDISKBACKUP program Next the message This copy licensed for use only by PURCHASERNAME only on the single computer with CPU Serial Number xxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxx will appear This message shows who is licensed to use this copy of the software If the PURCHASERNAME does not match that of the organization then the copy is probably illegal and should be reported to Software Dynamics Finally a prompt should appear if DEFAULTPROGRAM contains SDOSCOMMANDS The dot is printed out by the operator interface program SDOSCOMMANDS Immediately following the dot SDOS will prompt the operator for the time of day see TIME command under SDOSCOMMANDS if the computer hardware does not remember Entering th
10. 689 For object files intended for execution on 68090 only 689 For object files intended for execution on 6809 only DOC For files containing text to be fed to a document formatting program ASM For files containing assembly source code TXT For files containing raw text DAT For files containing data other than text LPT For files containing listings meant for a printer i e an LPT BIN For files containing SDOS load records but that are not intended for independent execution SYS For files containing SDOS system data no extension For executable programs i e for SDOS load record binaries CM For executable object files intended for operation under MDOS TM Motorola PROTECTION BITS A protection bit is used to prevent certain operations from being applied accidentally or maliciously to a file SDOS provides two kinds of protection Write Protection and Backup Protection Write protection prevents a file from being altered deleted or renamed Backup protection prevents a file from being backed up redundantly COPYRIGHT C 1978 24 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER THE COMMAND INTERPRETER The command interpreter SDOSCOMMANDS is a utility program which provides many simple but frequently used file manipulation commands It also allows the operator to cause the execution of any program to perform canned sequences of operator commands and to perform some miscella
11. bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec bytes sec 6 5 1 to find best 2 NLCN 308 NSPC 4 Map algorithm 6 5 Default value is 38 Is this to be a bootable system disk Default Disk initialization complete COPYRIGHT C 1978 60 NO Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP SDOSDISKBACKUP The SDOSDISKBACKUP program is used to copy the entire contents of one disk onto another disk or to copy a subset of the files on one disk to another disk This is primarily useful when making backup copies of disks or files to aid simple recovery from accidental future destruction of such disks or files SDOSDISKBACKUP can be told to selectively copy a disk to copy files by name by wildcard by date limits BEFORE AFTER if the file has not been backed up CHANGED or is NOT the member of a list of files Because a file might be too large to store on the remaining space on on a single disk a facility to split large files while backing up is provided Space for the copied file is pre allocated unless the file is sparse to ensure that backed up files are as contiguous as possible enhancing sequential access to backed up copies of a file After making copies the program verifies that each copy made is indeed a duplicate of the
12. can be inserted in a DO file usually after comments telling him what to do by use of a LIST CONSOLE command The operator signifies he has completed the requested action by typing Z It is possible using the V command of EDIT to place a BELL code in a comment so a DO file can signal an operator when it is done OPYRIGHT C 1978 54 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT SDOSDISKINIT SDOSDISKINIT is a utility program that converts a freshly formatted disk into a file structured disk suitable for storing and retrieving data from files SDOS cannot place files on a disk until it has been SDOSDISKINITed SDOSDISKINIT can also be used to recycle a file structured disk whose format is good but contains no useful files A formatted disk is one which the disk electronics can read most disks come formatted from the factory but the format can be accidentally magnetically damaged thus requiring re formatting before the disk can be used A fresh format can be placed on a disk by use of a FORMAT program since FORMAT is hardware dependent it is not part of SDOS Refer to manufacturer s documentation WARNING SDOSDISKINITing a disk containing useful data will cause loss of that data SDOSDISKINIT places the files BOOT SYS DIRECTORY SYS DISKMAP SYS BADCLUSTERS SYS and a vestigial SDOS SYS on a disk It also allows the operator to specify a disk identification and to select a set of tu
13. deleting and adding error messages This program will create an ERRORMSGS SYS file if one doesn t already exist There is a special DO file called ERRORMSGBUILD DO which will create an ERRORMSGS SYS file and insert all the standard system error messages To use this standard procedure simply type DO ERRORMSGBUILD DO on the console This procedure uses the SDOSERRORMAINT program to actually build the file For non standard messages or for changing adding deleting messages in the file the SDOSERRORMAINT program is used The commands for this program are given below Create new ERRORMSGS SYS file View examine a message Insert a message replaces old message List messages from message number to message number on console Delete a message Output messages from message number to message number on file device S Stop exit to command interpreter CH Sa O Ug Each command is typed as a single letter followed by a carriage return when the program presents its prompt gt The program will prompt with questions when additional parameters are needed To create a hardcopy printout of all the errors currently defined for an SDOS system the following procedure can be used SDOSERRORMAINT Errormsgs sys maintainence program V1 0 4 25 88 gt 0 OUTPUT FILE LPT FROM TO 65535 S COPYRIGHT C 1978 1198 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVIII STANDARD SDOS ERROR CODES STANDARD SDOS ERROR
14. disk was inserted SDCOPY Single Disk Copy vl xx Name of Source File FRED TXT Name of Target File SAM TXT Insert Source Disk hit lt RETURN gt Insert Target Disk hit lt RETURN gt Insert Source Disk hit lt RETURN gt Insert Target Disk hit lt RETURN gt COPY COMPLETE Insert System Disk hit RETURN Here is an example of a file copy to a file of the same name The source file is NOT on the same disk as SDCOPY so a switch must be performed the first time Insert Source Disk is requested The disk containing SDCOPY must be inserted when Insert System Disk is requested SDCOPY FRED TXT TO Single Disk Copy vl xx Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN COPY COMPLETE Insert System Disk hit RETURN COPYRIGHT C 1978 72 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XI SDCOPY SDCOPY will copy an entire disk onto another disk if DISK is used for both lt sourcefile gt and lt destfile gt when copying a file device names may NOT be used This is especially appropriate when one wishes to make a duplicate of the SDOS system boot disk SDCOPY will ask the operator if a disk copy is really what was desired and will proceed only on a YES response using a disk copy when a file copy is intended will destroy the entire contents of the destination disk The procedure for copying a disk requi
15. program Therefore the instructions for running the program are rather simple run the program and answer all the questions While this seems like hardly enough instruction to run a program that is about to manipulate the whole file structure of the disk most of the questions asked are self explanatory with some help from the SDOS manual and are of the YES NO variety While running the program notice that before each message and each question there is a three digit number That number is an index into the table which follows these instructions This number can be used to look up the description of what is happening what the computer wants done and what the best bet is With this scheme the user doesn t have to learn about terrible things like headercluster directory conflicts until there is one Many of the questions asked will have a default response which is indicated by typing simply lt carriage return gt The default responses are to designed to allow validation of a disk with minimal knowledge and maximal safety to the user data Note again that due to the essentially infinite number of ways a file structure can be damaged that this is not always true it is just a best try The SDOSDISKVALIDATE program can be stopped at any step by striking the ESCape key and the validation process continued later by re running the program COPYRIGHT C 1978 81 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE
16. BAS YES This sequence deleted Dl JUNK BAS D1l OTHER BAS and D2 Q TMP USEFUL BAS was retained DELETE A Ask before doing the delete NO JAM TXT INVENTORYDATA TRASH JNK Note that the file INVENTORYDATA was deleted if this is what the operator intended fine if not he should have been more careful and used the verify option JOPYRIGHT C 1978 36 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DISMOUNT The DISMOUNT command is used by the operator to notify SDOS that he is about to remove a disk from a disk drive This occurs when a different disk is desired or when shutting the system down WARNING FAILURE TO USE THE DISMOUNT COMMAND BEFORE REMOVING A DISK FROM A DRIVE MAY RESULT IN LOST DATA OR A DAMAGED FILE SYSTEM ON THAT DISK Replacement of one disk by another without notifying SDOS with the DISMOUNT may damage data on BOTH disks The form of the DISMOUNT command is DISMOUNT diskdevicename This command causes SDOS to write all modified disk sectors for the specified disks that remain in the computer s memory back to the specified disks thus ensuring its integrity this ccmmand also causes SDOS to let go of the system files DIRECTORY SYS DISKMAP SYS and ERRORMSGS SYS on the specified disks and forget about any unmodified disk sectors it may have in memory In an effort to prevent system crashes or the operator from accidentally damaging his disks SDOS do
17. Comment ae 54 Compiler Output 76 Concatenation Copy 65 Configure Terminal 59 Console 18 29 48 Console Device 3 Contiguous 57 Contiguous File 61 Continue 21 Control Character 3 18 Control Syscall 197 Copied File 61 Copied Fragment 66 70 Copy 29 48 76 Copy Disk 61 Copy Failure 71 Copy File 61 Copy Large File 61 Crash 46 Crash System 46 80 Creating DO File 29 Creation Date 99 Curly Brackets 3 Cursor 1 1 Cursor Position 1 1 1 2 1 5 Customizing SDOS 11 Cylinder to Cylinder Seek 57 D 23 D1 23 DATE 16 41 DEBUG 26 46 DEFAULTDISK 23 26 27 48 45 DEFAULTPROGRAM 8 9 14 15 16 17 25 49 58 71 78 DELETE 26 35 68 79 DEPTH 194 DIRECTORY SYS 6 7 9 12 15 37 55 58 98 DIRECTORY SYS Damage 67 DISK 23 73 DISKMAP SYS 7 9 12 37 55 190 DISMOUNT 1 5 26 37 58 71 73 77 DO 26 49 51 52 54 DO File 14 5 DO File Aborted 2 Damage Data 78 Damage Data Loss 9 Damage Disk 17 8 Damage Disk Malfunction 17 Damage File Structure 9 Damage File System 37 80 Damage Format 55 Damage Software 77 Damaged File Delete 81 Damaged File Fix 81 Data Cluster 98 Data File List 13 Data Loss 9 37 77 78 88 Data Structure 37 Debugger 20 Defawlt Depth 162 Default Disk 34 4 Default Time Out 1 2 Default Width 1 2 Delay Desired 1 2 Delete 18 Delete File 63 Delete Protect 44 Destination Disk 66 71 Destination File 64 Development System 14 Device 4 27 Device Name 4 23 Device Profile 1 1 Device Profile Block 18 Dev
18. Input Translation to match the actual device Details for the required adjustments are generally easily obtained from the CRT printer s User Documentation To properly set up a VT device using a malleable profile the sequences of special characters to accomplish Cursor Positioning Clear Screen New Page moving the cursor to a new line and Erase To End of Line must be given Sometimes such sequences require a certain amount of time to take effect on the device this is accomplished by specifying for each sequence how many maximum 255 Idle Ascii null characters must be sent after the sequence to accomplish the desired delay For devices which cannot accomplish these functions on their own the VT driver can be made to simulate the desired effect Sometimes the simulated effect is more useful than the standard profile for a device see CLEARSEQ description below and so a malleable profile will be selected in spite of the presence of a matching standard profile for a device For some devices it may not be possible to specify a sequence to accomplish the desired effect nor will the simulation supplied by the VT driver be suitable Such a device cannot be handled by the VT driver properly until a standard profile is created for the device and configured into the system Refer to VTDRIVER section of SDOS Systems Implementer s Guide for more detail COPYRIGHT C 1978 182 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET
19. NEXT FIELD indication K Up Arrow causes field data to be passed to the application along with a GO UP TO NEXT FIELD indication L Right Arrow moves the cursor forward within the field At the right hand end of the data causes field data to be passed to the application along with a GO RIGHT TO NEXT FIELD indication The field has an upper limit on its width Typing into the last character position of the field filling the field may either be illegal unless an activator character such as lt CR gt is entered or may cause the field entry to be terminated and the data to be passed to the program Refer to the description of the particular application program for more detail COPYRIGHT C 1978 19 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD Special Control Characters Special control characters are used to interact with SDOS or the BASIC Run Time Package to perform various functions None of these special characters are passed to a program requesting input A Toggles fold mode In fold mode lowercase letter keys are translated automatically to uppercase When not in fold mode lowercase letter keys are passed to programs as lowercase B Used to set breakpoints on line numbers in BASIC programs See BASIC Manual pe A single C clears typeahead buffer and removes any output freeze use it if a mistake is made during typeahead which cannot be corrected by RUBOUT or if no
20. SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER COPY ERRORMSGS SYS TO D1 ERRORMSGS SYS copies the sparse file ERRORMSGS SYS Note that absolutely no Operator action is required to preserve the sparseness If an is used as the filename part of lt destfile gt then the filename part of lt sourcefile gt is used as the destination filename If lt sourcefile gt is a list of files or simply a device name uSing in lt destfile gt is not legal COPY PRIME BAS TO Dl copies PRIME BAS from the default disk to Dl To place a file on a disk without any file structure as though the disk were a paper tape with LSN being the first block LSN l being the second etc the following needs to be done DISMOUNT Dn COPY file TO Dn Are you sure you want to write on the disk DEVICE YES The DISMOUNT command forces the map algorithm on Dn to become l a convenience when later trying to read the disk WARNING This type of COPY destroys the file structure on the destination disk note the verification required before COPY will begin If you don t understand what this means type NO or you will learn about it very painfully Recovery of a file written onto a disk as above is effected as follows DISMOUNT Dn COPY Dn TO AFILE This will recover the file unfortunately it will also copy the unused part of Dn into AFILE so that special editing of AFILE is needed to complete the process Text files writte
21. SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER The following will copy a text file from a paper tape reader to a disk file LIST READER TO MYFILE TXT LIST can be used to copy a text disk file to another disk file but it cannot be used to copy a non text file because LIST will interpret expand tabs insert ASCII LF after ASCII CR etc control codes Since the COPY command will copy either text or non text disk files and is generally faster than LIST moving copies from one disk file to another is generally done only with the COPY command The LIST command is generally useful only when an I O device other than a disk is involved as a source ora target Hitting ESCape will abort the LIST command COPYRIGHT C 1978 3 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER COPY The COPY command is used to make exact copies of disk files or the data received from an I O device It can also be used to perform a simple disk backup or to append several files together The form of the COPY command is COPY lt sourcefile gt TO lt destfile gt or COPY lt sourcel gt lt source2 gt TO lt destfile gt A new copy of lt destfile gt is CREATEd so an old file by that name will be lost no warning is given and the source files are copied in the order specified into the newly created file The first source file is opened before the destination file is created The copy is performed using
22. and control is passed to the local debugger A small program placed in the upper part of page zero is used to perform this process so none of the load records may select page zero or the system may crash The small program uses the LOAD syscall to load the program It uses a DEBUG syscall to start the debugger after setting the return address for the DEBUG syscall to the starting address of the loaded program For systems using IDB the SD debugger the following example is relevant DEBUG TEST BIN P 28 A 5E B 57 C C4 X 575E S 821A BD0100 8887 909 IDB V1 1 The Program Counter is set to the start address specified by the load records Single stepping or real time execution may be done immediately This command is not available under SDOS MT COPYRIGHT C 1978 46 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER CRC The CRC command is used to compute a digital signature termed CRC over the contents of a file The signature takes the form of a hexadecimal number and depends on the content and the order of information in a file Such a signature is primarily useful when comparing two files which are purportedly identical especially when they are not on the same computer matching signatures indicate the files are extremely likely to be identical while non matching signatures indicate the files are definitely NOT identical Very small differences make large changes in the signatu
23. can be used to specify to SDOS that a particular standard or malleable profile should be used for a particular device instead of the one being currently used when SDOS is first booted default profiles defined by the manufacturer are automatically assumed for all VT devices attached to the system these can be automatically overridden by placing SDOSSET commands in the file INITIALIZE DO COPYRIGHT C 1978 181 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET A standard profile specifies for a particular model and make of device the default page Width default page Depth default Timeout how to perform a New Line how to perform Clear Screen CRT New Page printer how to perform Erase To End of Line whether the device should Wrap break lines which are too long and continue on the next line or not simply chop excess from lines which are too long Coloring how to make text appear differently without changing its meaning bold blink etc and Input Translation how to map input keystrokes into SDOS standard VT keys SDOSSET can be used to specify use of a standard profile for a particular device and optionally override the default values A malleable profile specifies trivial defaults for all the details a standard profile would supply SDOSSET can be used to specify a malleable profile if no standard profile seems to match the actual device and then can be used to adjust these details except Coloring and
24. designed to check the boot sector This pass will make sure that the Directory can be opened by SDOS Problems Action Taken No problems no options Chain to Pass 4 options Chain to Pass 3 Boot sector gets read errors Write garbage boot sector out try to fix up Boot gets checksum error Either fix it or quit Boot has wrong file version Fix or quit Boot claims NSPC Complain chain to Pass 2 Boot looks ok but can t find directory Chain to Pass 2 Pass Two SDOSDISKVALIDATE PAS2 Pass Two attempts to fix up the disk file structure well enough so that SDOS can open the disk s DIRECTORY SYS file To determine if the directory is really OPENable Pass Two uses this criteria The directory entry must contain a pointer to a header such that directory s header 1 points to itself and 2 points back to the data cluster Also the entry for the directory must contain DIRECTORY SYS as its file name If this criteria is met SDOS can open the directory Otherwise Pass Two allows the user to juggle the NSPC and Map Algorithm until these criteria are met or failing this allows the user to construct a directory with the hope that only one little thing is damaged and fixing that problem will allow SDOS to open the directory If the directory is not OPENable all files on the disk are lost permanently If this doesn t succeed the validate will probably have little effect on your disk At this point either give up or call you
25. exactly the same manner as the application programs Computer programs generally manipulate data stored on devices A device is a electromechanical mechanism for storing acquiring or outputting data in some fashion typical examples are disks video terminals CRTs line printers sensors etc Devices are given unique names to distinguish them from one another Typical device names are D Dl D2 LPT CLOCK and CONSOLE the trailing colon on a device name is an SDOS naming convention for devices A disk is a rotating magnetic platter used for storing large amounts of data A disk drive is an electronic mechanism for reading writing data on a disk a particular disk drive may be used to read or write data on many independent disks at different times A disk may be removable from a drive so the destinction between individual disks and the drives in which those disks are used is important The terms floppy disk and disk cartridge are both represented by disk throughout this document A file is a general concept for a logically related group of data It may represent a stream of keystrokes arriving from a keyboard of a CRT data stored in a section of disk memory or a portion of a magnetic tape Usually file refers to data stored on a disk A disk can generally store many data files An encrypted file is one whose contents cannot be read or understood without a special key A file name is an arbitrary name giv
26. filename pattern gt is used to select which filenames on the specified disk are to be displayed The lt filename pattern gt consists of any valid filename with portions replaced by an The is known as a wildcard and is used to signify any sequence of zero or more file name characters Filenames will not be displayed by the FILES command unless they match the pattern given A match occurs when a filename under consideration has all of the legal characters given by the pattern in the order specified by the pattern Wildcards are used to match the rest of the filename Wildcards may occur at the beginning end or middle of a pattern multiple wildcards are allowed Doubled wildcards are treated as single wildcards Thus A matches ABC APE BAS B ASM matches BOUND ASM and B ASM EN matches any filename that contains the letters E and N adjacent E N matches any filename that contains an E followed eventually by an N If no filename pattern is given all filenames of files on the selected drive are displayed i e is used as the filename pattern The FILES command displays the identification of the disk specified one line per filename and the percentage of the disk space occupied by the files displayed Each filename displayed is displayed with data concerning the physical disk space occupied LCNs the virtual disk space occupied BYTES file protection codes and the date of creation of the file LCNs
27. files whose extension is BAS or TYP which do not start with JUNK and have been changed to Dl Because appeared in the EXCEPT list the SDOSDISKBACKUP program asks the operator about whether to back up each file individually which meets these criteria SDOSDISKBACKUP ASM AFTER 2 28 83 BEFORE 7 1 83 TO WD copies all ASM files from DISK to WD provided they were created after February and before July OPYRIGHT C 1978 68 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP SDOSDISKBACKUP D TO DI SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying D to D1 causes the entire contents of D to be copied to Dl This form is especially useful when making an archival copy of system or boot disks It is generally sensible only when D and Dl are the same class and size of disk device SDOSDISKBACKUP D TO Dl USING MAPALGORITHM 3 2 SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying D to Dl is useful when D does not have Map Algorithm 302 and it is known that 3 2 will make the system run better when using that disk the value 302 must be determined empirically SDOSDISKINIT can make a good suggestion SDOSDISKBACKUP D TO WD DISKIMAGE can be used to save a copy of
28. find key in index Key already exists in index Key branching factor is too small This copy of SDOS is not registered with Software Dynamics Can t load file because last file loaded has different decryption key PYRIGHT C 1978 113 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVIII STANDARD SDOS ERROR CODES 1206 1291 1202 1293 12904 1295 1296 12987 1288 12909 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1239 1231 1232 199090 1991 1992 19903 1985 1986 1997 1988 1989 1919 1911 1912 COPYRIGHT C 1978 114 Software Dynamic SYSCALL Reply buffer not entirely within userspace SYSCALL Write buffer not entirely within userspace Reply buffer gt 256 bytes for non read write SYSCALL Write buffer gt 256 bytes for non read write SYSCALL Available channels exhausted try again later Function not available under SDOS MT Not enough room to run SDOS MT Incorrect configuration for SDOS MT Interlock object already locked No such object Interlock object not locked Interlock object was destroyed Interlock object was forced to do RESET Implementation limit reached Illegal interlock function SDOS MT memory management failure SYSTEM SDOS MT already running Terminal status for some port has changed SDOS MT primitives missing from configuration Error detected after bringing drive on line Spin up Error detected after making drive off line Spin down Device name doesn t match media type density Device controller fau
29. give the space allocated to a file in terms of clusters BYTES describes the highest number data byte written to the file Note that LCNs is not necessarily a direct function of Bytes due to the possibility of a file being sparse see SDOS DISK FILE STRUCTURE and also ERRORMSGS SYS in example below COPYRIGHT C 1978 27 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER The protection codes are listed as D for a delete protected file W for write protected B for backup protected and blank for no protection Sample directory listing FILES D1i S Files on FRED S GAMES DISK Filename LCNs Bytes Prot Date SDOS SYS 28 23851 W 08 03 83 BASIC 12 11147 W 08 83 83 STARWARS 7 5283 09 12 83 GALAXIES 2 611 99 27 83 STARTREK 5 3554 19 82 83 STRATEGY 6 4949 18 22 83 ERRORMSGS SYS 19 199655 11 87 83 Total of 70 clusters in 7 files for 22 7 of disk capacity Hitting ESCape during a FILES listing will abort the command The form FILES pattern TO filename allows a FILES listing to be placed on a printer or into a file as specified by the filename following the word to The word to must be separated from the pattern and the filename by at least one blank on each side Note that the FILES command may not display the correct current values of the file attributes if the file is currently in use by some other program this can only occur in multi user or network systems COPYRIGHT C
30. header cluster but the header doesn t look like a header i e it doesn t point to itself like it should A different header cluster can be selected here the value generally selected by SDOSDISKINIT will be displayed if the user responds Yeg 209 There s something out there where DIRECTORY SYS should be but it isn t right It can be changed to say the proper thing but this is generally not the cure try changing NSPC or MAPALGORITHM first SYS if desired 210 Yes causes the header cluster to be fixed No generally the right answer means something else will have to be tried COPYRIGHT C 1978 86 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 211 No There are no other options to try The disk structure is left in a damaged state 212 Perhaps the disk or hardware is unreliable and re reading will succeed in fetching the sector Re trying is generally worth the effort 213 Since directory entry cannot be read a garbage sector could be written in its place and reconstruction attempted Unless BOOT DIRLSN or the map algorithm are wrong this is really your only option 214 Changes made by the user are being made permanently by writing them back to the disk 215 Enter the new number of sectors per cluster NSPC see message 205 216 Perhaps the problem is that BOOT DIRLSN points to the wrong sector This provides the user an opportunity to specify a new hexadecimal value for BOOT DIRLS
31. if its clock has been set some computers keep track of time even when shut off If the time has not been set the command interpreter will print out the word TIME followed by a space and expects the operator to complete it If the operator does not complete it SDOS will periodically pester the operator in the same fashion this helps ensure that files get marked with their correct creation date that reports printed are dated properly etc SDOS will not allow file updates or creates when the time has not been set The time may be changed at will SDOS will then accurately update the current time as time passes adjusting the date and year correctly if necessary Example to set the time to 3 14 PM April 3 1979 the operator types TIME 15 14 4 3 79 Note that leading digits need not be typed The second form of the TIME command displays the current time in the form HH MI SS MO DD YY where SS is the current time in seconds TIME 15 14 08 94 83 79 COPYRIGHT C 1978 41 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER FREE The FREE command is used to determine how much disk space is available unused on a disk The form is FREE or FREE lt diskdevicename gt The first form tells the operator the amount of free space on the default disk and is identical to FREE DISK The second form allows the operator to specify which disk is to be examined for free space The data displaye
32. later 202 Actually what was printed here is just about all that can be said Note that these faults only MIGHT be faults if one of them is fixed the others can change The order of printing is from high to low in probability of fault 203 Is the map algorithm wrong A reasonable value for the map algorithm might be found by running this program on another disk of the same type and noticing what its map algorithm is then trying its map algorithm while looking at the other disk remember what its NSPC was too 204 What is the map algorithm Read the description for message 293 205 Is the number of sectors per cluster wrong NSPC see message 203 for related problem 206 If you know what the map algorithm should be say Yes Otherwise SDOSDISKVALIDATE will try to find a map algorithm that works holding BOOT DIRLSN and NSPC constant This process takes several minutes Values displayed may be entered as new map algorithm values if BOOT DIRLSN or NSPC are wrong the values displayed are probably incorrect If no values are displayed DIRLSN is probably incorrect or the DIRECTORY SYS entry is damaged beyond recognition 207 The header cluster specified by the DIRECTORY SYS directory entry does not appear to be a header cluster Either it is destroyed or the header cluster number specified by the DIRECTORY SYS entry is incorrect A list of possible faults is given 208 The directory entry for DIRECTORY SYS points to a
33. mapalgorithm number known to be appropriate for the type of disk being initialized or he may ask SDOSDISKINIT to recommend a mapalgorithm by entering CR When SDOSDISKINIT is asked to make a recommendation it tests various mapalgorithms using the specified drive to determine which mapalgorithm works fastest This process takes about half an hour so it isn t done very often one should record the resulting mapalgorithm number SO repeating this process isn t necessary Because different programs operate best at different disk speeds the suggested map algorithm might be a little too fast another mapalgorithm to try is the suggested one plus 101 i e 407 plus 191 is 5 8 Only experimentation will tell COPYRIGHT C 1978 57 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT A final tuning parameter the expected number of files for this disk must also be entered SDOSDISKINIT will supply a hint based on an average file size of 8192 bytes The value entered does not limit the number of files on a disk it is used merely to pre allocate enough DIRECTORY SYS space to allow quick location of file names over the life of the disk without having to expand the directory such expansion ruins all the hashing SDOSDISKINIT will make a bootable system disk if desired by copying BOOT SYS SDOS SYS SERIALNUMBER SYS and DEFAULTPROGRAM from another system disk if so requested BOOT SYS and SDOS SYS contents canno
34. similar disk i e the backup for the damaged one to determine values for all the tuning parameters BOOT DIRLSN and other data required This may equare Le user LU SLOP variaation examine anotner disk with mething like BMP and re validate the damaged disk once the critical data needed has been found OPYRIGHT C 1978 80 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE In some places a high level of systems programming skill is required in order to retain a maximum amount of user data on a damaged disk this is one of the few unfortunate side effects of the sophistication of the SDOS file structure Unsophisticated users can generally use the default options to repair the disk some data files will probably be lost but the disk will be safe to use RUNNING THE PROGRAM Before running the program one thing must be understood the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program is designed to eliminate errors in the file structure on a disk It doesn t care how it eliminates the error it would just as soon delete a damaged file as fix the file The user is responsible for guiding the program down the correct path So if there is a critical data on the damaged disk make a backup of the disk before beginning just to be on the safe side Since there are numerous different things the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program does so many that the program is split into 5 overlays it would be nearly impossible to detail the inner workings of the
35. the entire contents of a floppy disk D in a file on a Winchester disk WD This is very useful on systems that have a single floppy drive and a Winchester disk drive SDOSDISKBACKUP WD DISKIMAGE TO D SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying WD DISKIMAGE to D can be used after the preceeding step to make a duplicate of a saved floppy disk image onto another floppy SDOSDISKBACKUP WD DISKIMAGE TO D USING MAPALGORITHM 3 2 SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Writing on the DISK device can damage the file structure Are you sure you want to write on the DISK device YES Copying WD DISKIMAGE to D makes a new floppy from a disk image with a different Map Algorithm COPYRIGHT C 1978 69 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP Here s an example of how to backup a large file that requires SPLITting In the example the first disk did not have enough room to be satisfactory so the copied fragment was MOVEd SDOSDISKBACKUP WD LARGEFILE TO D SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Copying WD LARGEFILE to D LARGEFILE Disk space exhausted occured while attempting to write the destination file 397 Successfully copied 387 bytes 3 68 of the source file The destination file contains 387 bytes 3 68 of the source file There are three choices l Mov
36. the same form as in the AFTER qualifier Selecting both the AFTER and BEFORE options allows copying of files which were created updated within a certain period of time NONSTOP indicates that errors are to be reported but ignored a best effort copy is all that is desired If an error occurs the user is notified as to the type of error and its location in the source destination files SDOSDISKBACKUP will do the least destructive recovery it can to get around the error in the case of Disk Read or Write errors this generally means skipping a sector so that the backed up copy is damaged in only the sector that gives trouble If an SDOSDISKBACKUP command is being executed from a DO file NONSTOP mode is automatically assumed Failure to complete backup perfectly will cause Error 184 which will abort a DO file unless error recovery see IFERROR is installed If the backup is not run in nonstop mode and an error occurs which can be recovered from perfectly no Error 1604 will be issued TO specifies that the files are to be copied to the destination complaints will be issued if a file by the same name as one to be copied exists on the destination and the file will not be copied unless the user authorizes the program to do so note the COPY command in the command interpreter does NOT make this check OVER specifies that any file on the destination with the same name as a file to be copied is to be replaced by deleting the file from the d
37. the screen and then stop output The typist may then type a Q to see the next screenful of lines or P to leave the page mode which will cause SDOS to print without pausing for typist intervention The application program is frozen until P or Q is typed Page mode is normally used when listing a large file on the terminal and the typist wishes to inspect the listing closely Q Continue output see O P S S Stop output now Used by the typist to temporarily stop the computer from printing more text on the terminal S will be printed at the bottom right of the display and the typist must type Q to allow the output to continue T Trace the line numbers of a BASIC program V Single step the lines of a BASIC program W Causes last input line to be retrieved as though the typist had entered it explicitly if no other keys have been typed since the last input Illegal for hardcopy devices Z Causes an end of file condition to occur on the terminal if typed in response to an ASCII read request lt ESC gt Signifies that the typist would like to interact with the program This allows the typist to signal a busy or compute bound program an attention request without killing the program The program can sense a typist attention request and process it at its leisure There is no guarantee that a particular program pays any attention to a typist attention request COPYRIGHT C 1978 21 Software Dynamics SDOS
38. usually some power of 2 number of bytes such as 128 or 256 bytes A cluster is the unit of allocation of disk space to files the minimum amount of disk space that SDOS will allocate to a file The size of a cluster is measured in sectors and may be from 1 to 255 sectors A program is a set of instructions that direct a computer to carry out some operation computing printing sorting etc A utility program is one which serves some common need of the operator of the computer such as a program to list data on a printer erase unwanted data files etc A command interpreter is a program which executes a utility function or causes an application program to be executed as a result of operator input A driver is a special computer program that allows an application program to transfer data to and from a particular I O device and to control that device without requiring the application program to know a lot of detail about how to operate the device mechanics or electronics Protection refers to a mechanism to ensure the integrity of files or data by preventing the accidental misuse of some action A protection bit is a mark on a file that prevents certain operations from being applied to the file Examples include protection against writing to a file etc COPYRIGHT C 1978 5 Software Dynamic SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE This section gives some general details
39. was provided Overflow occurred in operation Can t find matching BOOT sector checksum failed End of File encountered Can t DISMOUNT because a file is OPEN No Debugger present Bad File Position Requested Number of Bytes per Cluster is too big gt 65535 No DISKMAP SYS file can t allocate or free disk space No matching File Control Block found No DEFAULTPROGRAM on default disk File is Delete protected File is Write protected No such file Logical Cluster Number out of range Length of file name gt 16 characters New file already exists Disk space exhausted I tried to free an unallocated cluster No more free FCBs SYSTEM File system is incompatible with current file system Version 1 9 File is being CREATEd Disk is mounted can t change Map Algorithm Renamed to filename isn t legal No ERRORMSGS SYS file on drive think about this File name doesn t start with A thru Z or Illegal file Size specification Header cluster not initialized for RDCN fetch SYSTEM Not enough CNFG DSKBUFFERPOOL in I O package Disk Driver doesn t implement power fail Can t load that not load format file Bad file version number COPYRIGHT C 1978 112 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVIII STANDARD SDOS ERROR CODES 19030 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1049 1941 1942 1943 19044 1945 1946 1947 1848 1949 1959 1951 1852 1853 1954 1055 1856 1957 1858 1859 106
40. will probably be lost COPYRIGHT C 1978 94 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 500 Pass 5 Banner Pass 5 checks DISKMAP SYS and verifies that BOOT SYS and SDOS SYS are properly constructed 5 1 This is normal 502 Yes is the best answer No is painful There are some clusters that are marked as owned but aren t owned by any file 503 Freed cluster numbers are shown 504 Type yes unless there is a specific reason not to 5 5 It is marked as free but this file owns it so SDOSDISKVALIDATE will mark it as being allocated 506 Why keep them allocated 507 This is how much disk space is reclaimed 508 All the disk map problems are fixed 509 Say yes it should be preserved in its ruined state 518 SDOS blew it but SDOSDISKVALIDATE will try again and again until SDOS gets it This is a good indication that SDOS is about to die or the hardware is ill 511 The disk map has been updated properly 512 DISKMAP SYS is left in its damaged state Extend files or create new files on this disk at own risk a disaster is almost sure to result 513 Can t find DISKMAP SYS there s nothing else that can be done 514 Two types of damage can occur 1 a cluster is marked as allocated in the diskmap when it shouldn t be i e It is not part of a file This condition only makes SDOS run out of disk space faster 2 a cluster is not allocated when it is part of a file If left unfi
41. 0 1961 1862 1863 1964 1 65 1 67 1 68 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1975 1976 1077 1078 1979 Channel number is too big Channel is already open Channel is closed Illegal SYSCALL number Illegal Device operation requested Can t rename to a different device SDOS load record format error Program too big to load Illegal LSN passed to physical disk drivers DIRECTORY SYS is damaged Input buffer overflow in driver Program killed Device timed out Sector size is not a power of 21 I O package fault hot used Disk read error Disk write error Disk seek error Disk is write protected Disk device is software write locked SDOS self test checksum error Number of LSN s 2 24 I quit I O package error Cluster size is too small to support a file that big SYSCALL block is too short SYSCALL Read back buffer is too short for reply SYSCALL Write data buffer is too short No such device in this configuration Device errored Device must be a disk Channel is not open to the CONSOLE Device not ready TIME not set No such logical unit number No start address supplied No such program Old file by same name already exists Disk space allocator called with request for clusters SYSTEM Tried to rename an already deleted file Printer not ready Input time out End of Medium Self test checksum failure Must have at least one time out block Serial number of encrypted file does not match processor serial number Can t
42. 1 CenLpt Centronics lineprinter 11 rs232Lpt Standard RS232 lineprinter 12 TI819 Texas Instruments 819 lineprinter 13 CoCoLowRes Color Computer low resolution screen 14 Epsonmx8 Epson MX8 15 Epsonmx 89wide Epson MX8 in compressed print 16 Epsonmx1 Wide Epson printer 17 VT1 Digital Equipment VT100 18 CoCo Color Computer high resolution screen 19 HazeSP Hazeltine Esprit COPYRIGHT C 1978 196 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET Examples SDOSSET CONSOLE PROF ILE SOROC129 This defines the terminal as a SOROC manufactured I0Q129 model No other parameters are needed as the profile specifies all the necessary details SDOSSET LPT PROFILE EPSONMX80 TIMEOUT 25 BAUDRATE 1 290 This specifies the LPT device to be an EPSON MX 8 printer Revision of the timeout value may be necessary because the profile believes the timeout should be one value and buffer options on the printer may require the timeout to be much longer Baudrate selection is required when a peripheral s speed is different than the current configuration of the computer hardware SDOSSET LPT PROF ILE MALLPT DEPTH 51 WIDTH 195 This is used to change the logical depth of the paper on the printer After doing this SDOS will automatically send a form character to the printer if it does not think it is at the top of a page this ensures that both SDOS and the printer agree that the printer is at the top of a pag
43. 12 12 128 New Tab Stops enter up to 16 numbers or lt CR gt Current Idles count Idles to follow new line enter number or lt CR gt Current Erase to EOL sequence NONE New EEOL sequence up to 4 numbers or lt CR gt 1b 54 Current Idles following Idles to follow sequence enter number or lt CR gt Current Clear Screen sequence NONE New Clear Screen Sequence up to 4 numbers or lt CR gt 1b 2a Current Idles to follow Idles to follow enter number or lt CR gt 2 Current Position Cursor sequence NONE New Position Cursor sequence up to 4 numbers or CR 1b 3d 2 2 Current Row displacement within sequence Row displacement within sequence 2 Current Column displacement within sequence Column displacement within sequence 3 Current Idles to follow Idles to follow sequence enter number or lt CR gt Current Width 8 New Width enter number or lt CR gt 79 Current Depth 24 New Depth enter number or lt CR gt 24 Wrap Set Wrap at end of line yes no lt CR gt yes Current Baud rate New Baud rate enter number or lt CR gt Current Output Timeout in seconds 6 23333333 New Timeout value enter number or lt CR gt COPYRIGHT C 1978 189 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVII SDOSERRORMAINT The SDOSERRORMAINT Program The SDOSERRORMAINT program is used to manipulate the ERRORMSGS SYS file Commands are provided for examining changing
44. 194 20 77 71 7 32 56 61 65 69 98 1 4 16 17 79 Nested AT File Network Module Network System New Line Sequence New Page New Page Sequence No Extension No Such File Non Maskable Interrupt Nonstop Mode Notation Nothing Happening Number Bit Number Decimal Number Hexadecimal OPEN OPEN File OVER OVER Mode Operating System Operation Overview Operator Prompt Optimal Spacing Optional Parameter Optional SDOS Customizing Package 13 Output Time Out Overwrite Destination Disk POSNSEQ PROF ILE Page Depth Page Mode Toggle Page Width Page Zero Paper Depth Logical Paper Tape Reader Parameter Passed Parameter Value Physical Disk Space Position Sequence Power Failure Printer Profile Profile Desired Profile Malleable Profile Name Profile Number Profile Table Profile Valid Program Program Banner Program Call 101 184 195 21 101 184 46 107 3 25 26 1 3 27 197 79 880 191 197 191 196 194 101 102 104 195 194 104 196 194 5 43 9 Program Counter 46 Program Won t Run 78 Program Utility 5 Program Dependent Editing 22 Prompt 37 51 54 Protected File Delete 44 Protected File Update 44 Protection 5 Protection Bit 5 24 Protection Code 28 RENAME 26 34 RESET 16 17 33 77 78 RESET Switch 15 RESET on SDOS MT 77 RETRY 67 RIGHT 18 Re Boot 78 79 Real Time Execution 46 Recovery of Data 44 Registration Code Handling 1 3 Required Program List 13 Retype 18 Row Numbe
45. 1978 28 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER LIST LIST is used to quickly scan the contents of a file containing ASCII text or to copy a text file to some printing device to obtain a hard copy The LIST command has the format LIST lt filename gt or LIST lt filenamel gt TO lt filename2 gt The word TO must be separated from the lt filename gt s by at least one blank on each side The first form is treated as though LIST lt filename gt TO CONSOLE had been typed instead this prints a copy of the file on the operator s CONSOLE The file may be inspected at whatever rate is appropriate for the operator by judicious use of the P S and Q keys for paging control The second form causes the command interpreter to CREATE the file specified by lt filename2 gt and copy lt filenamel gt s contents to lt filename2 gt using ASCII line mode reads and writes This is particularly convenient when used as follows LIST lt filenamel gt TO LPT which causes the selected file to be printed on the line printer When building a small text file this is especially handy for DO files LIST CONSOLE TO WHATEVER DO is a convenient way for the operator to key in the text for the DO file directly without use of the EDITor Exit from this mode of data entry is accomplished by typing Z which signifies end of file for the CONSOLE device COPYRIGHT C 1978 29 Software Dynamics
46. 6 59 51 52 General Purpose System 14 HELP 26 45 Hard Copy 48 49 Hard Copy Device 21 48 Hard Copy Executed DO File 49 Head Settling Time 57 Header 98 Header Cluster 81 I O Error 61 I O Package 1 11 18 I O Package Bug 77 IDB 15 46 IDB in ROM 15 IFERROR 26 5 51 52 63 INITIALIZE DO 58 181 INITIALIZE SYS 16 INTO 63 IOVTDPBS ASM 13 Idle 1 2 1 4 1 7 Illegal Copy 16 Illegal Entry 19 Illegal Function 21 Illegal Parameter Value 1 3 Input Line 51 Input Line Editing 18 Input Translation 1 2 Insert Disk 72 Insert Source Disk 72 Insert System Disk 72 Invoke Second DO File 5 Keyboard 49 Kill Program 2 Killproof 2 LABEL 26 5 51 LCN 31 LCNs 27 LF CR 194 LIST 26 29 LOAD 46 LOG 26 48 49 54 LPT 23 LPT Device 197 LSN Large File Copy Line Feed Line Mode Line Printer Line Sequence Line Too Long Line Truncated List Console Load Program to be Tested Log Log Device Logical Sector Lower Case Lower Case Letter Key MAKEVTCFG MALLPT MALVT MAPALGORITHM MIDALLOC MINALLOC MOUNT MOVE MT Malfunction Manual Switching Map Algorithm Master Disk Memory Failure Memory Fault Memory Space Available Memory Test Minimum Space Allocated Modifying I 0 Modifying SDOS Monitor Program Multi Terminal Module Multi User System Multiple Files Multiple Qualifier NBPS NCYL NLCN NLSEQ NONSTOP NONSTOP Mode NONSTOP Option NOWRAP NSPC NSPT NTPC 57 71 195 18 25 29 23 104
47. AGE to D When the prompt returns D is an exact copy of the original disk Before removing the floppy from the computer type DISMOUNT D To make a backup with only one disk drive you need to use the SDCOPY Single Disk Copy program First go read the section on SDCOPY then come back here Type SDCOPY Single Disk Copy vl xx Name of Source File D Name of Target File D Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN COPY COMPLETE Insert System Disk hit RETURN When the prompt returns the target diskette is an exact copy of the original There is no need to DISMOUNT the target floppy as SDCOPY has done this automatically COPYRIGHT C 1978 1 5 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION I INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION This manual describes SDOS 1 1 a 6899 6889 disk operating system The documentation for SDOS has several sections 1 Features being a very short description of the major facilities of SDOS 2 Concepts section where simple definitions of terms used throughout the rest of the manual are given Novices should read this before going on to Section 3 3 Operator s Guide This describes how to initiate execution of application and support programs in detail Novices should read this before attempting to use the software 4 SDOS Interface to user assembly programs This s
48. CODES Program completed normally l Operator requested Attention 2 Value Stack Overflow expression too complex 3 For Next Stack Overflow too many active FOR NEXT loops 4 NEXT without FOR 5 Gosub Stack Overflow 6 RETURN without GOSUB 7 Conversion Error 8 Input Buffer Overflow 9 Array or Vector Subscript out of range 19 Runtime package self checksum failed gt Suspect damaged RTP or bad memory 11 String Subscript out of range 12 String subscript too large 13 Undefined Line Number encountered 14 Arithmetic Overflow 15 Non Integer operand to Logical operator amp XOR COM HEXS l6 Concatenated String exceeds CATMAX 17 Tab count 255 18 Invalid FORMAT string 19 I can t store that value into a byte 20 Illegal Argument to SIN COS TAN ATN 21 Logarithm of 8 or negative number 22 Square root attempted on negative number 23 PEEK or POKE address lt or gt 65535 or not an integer 24 POKE value lt or gt 255 or not an integer 25 Attempt to POKE runtime package 26 Version number doesn t match BASIC Runtime Package 27 Wrong number of arguments to function subroutine 28 Data space for BASIC program overlaps SDOS 29 Basic Program overlaps Runtime Package 50 Channel number gt 255 52 File name is too long 60 File position lt or gt 2 31 198 Compilation or Assembly had fatal errors 101 Warning errors issued by Compiler or As
49. DOSDISKBACKUP The lt source gt specifies which files are to be copied lt Qualifiers gt specify extra conditions which must be met by each file in the source list in order for that a file to be copied NONSTOP indicates a best effort is required but that SDOSDISKBACKUP should proceed automatically in event of a failure absence of NONSTOP causes SDOSDISKBACKUP to query the operator about how to recover from a failure OVER indicates that a file should be deleted from the destination before it is copied from the source TO causes a complaint to be issued if the file is present at the destination before it is copied preventing accidental overwrite of an already backed up file lt destination gt indicates to where the files must be copied and sometimes optional parameters about the destination disk The lt source gt may be the name of a disk device whose content is to be copied or it may be a list separated by commas of standard SDOS file names wildcard file names or file names preceded with the character indirect filenames Mention of a file name in the list causes the file to be copied provided that the specified qualifier conditions are met All files copied must be from the same disk if a disk name is given it must be the leftmost item in the list A wildcard file name causes all qualified files whose name matches the wildcard see FILES command to be copied A filename preceded by an AT sign indicates that t
50. Dl and then provide an opportunity to do it anyway SDOSDISKBACKUP FRED TO Dl copies FRED from DISK to Dl COPYRIGHT C 1978 67 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP SDOSDISKBACKUP FRED OVER D1 copies FRED from DISK to Dl If a file named FRED was already present on Dl it is deleted from Dl before FRED is copied from DISK Typing SDOSDISKBACKUP FRED OVER FRED simply does nothing which gives the desired effect SDOSDISKBACKUP FRED TO F SAM copies FRED from DISK to F renaming it SAM in the process SDOSDISKBACKUP BAS FRED TO D3 copies all files whose extension is BAS and the file FRED to D3 SDOSDISKBACKUP WD CHANGED TO F copies all files which have been created or changed since the last time a SDOSDISKBACKUP WD CHANGED was performed to F This is one of the most common forms of use especially when WD is a Winchester drive and F is a floppy Files backed up are then marked as Backup Protected the B ina FILES command under the Protection column to prevent backing them up again unless they are changed the B bit is cleared when a file is created or updated SDOSDISKBACKUP BAS TYP EXCEPT JUNK CHANGED TO Dl SDOSDISKBACKUP Vl lg Copy DISK REJECT TYP to D1 REJECT TYP lt CR gt yes Copy DISK IS TYP to D1 IS TYP lt CR gt yes NO Copy DISK DISKVAL411H BAS to D1 DISKVALA11H BAS lt CR gt yes copies all
51. ER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER The following DO file prints a MONTHLYREPORT on the line printer if the report has already been manufactured by a GENERALLEDGER program If the report has not been manufactured then the DO file runs the GENERALLEDGER program to obtain it and then prints it out LIST MONTHLYREPORT TO LPT IFERROR 1811 MAKEREPORT GOTO DONE LABEL MAKEREPORT GENERALLEDGER LIST MONTHLYREPORT TO LPT LABEL DONE Error numbers are listed in the section on errors COPYRIGHT C 1978 53 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER COMMENT The command simply allows the operator to annotate what he is doing at the command interpreter level The form is lt any text ended by lt CR gt gt The command is totally ignored the command interpreter immediately prompts the operator for the next command This command finds uses in three places First when logging an command can be used to clarify what the operator is doing for a later reader of the logged file Second when used in a DO file the can act as a signal to the operator telling him what to do next i e remove a disk pack from a drive etc since all commands in a DO file including the comments are displayed as the DO file is processed unless LOG is also used Finally comments may be inserted in a DO file to make it self documenting Example THIS IS A COMMENT A wait for operator
52. EZEN AANE 2 2 b800 B6809 UiSh OPERATING arai REFERENCE MANUAL 7 TVVARE DYNAMICS 2111 W Crescent Suite G a Anaheim CA 92801 SDOS 1 1 USER S MANUAL COPYRIGHT C 1978 SOFTWARE DYNAMICS 3rd Printing READ ME FIRST s amp HANDLING THE REGISTRATION BACKING UP THE BOOT DISK SECTION I INTRODUCTION SDOS FEATURES NOTATION SECTION II SDOS CONCEPTS SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DIRECTORY SYS BOOT SYS DISKMAP SYS BADCLUSTERS SYS SDOS SYS SERIALNUMBER SYS ERRORMSGS SYS DEFAULTPROGRAM SDOSCOMMANDS SDOSDISKINIT SDOSDISKVALIDATE SDOSDISKBACKUP SDOSERRORMAINT SDOSSET SDOS COMPONENTS SYSTEM FILES SYSTEM UTILITIES DATA FILES REQUIRED PROGRAMS SECTION IV SYSTEM OPERATION OVERVIEW SECTION V BOOTING SDOS SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD INPUT LINE EDITING CONTROL CHARACTERS FIELD EDITING TYPE AHEAD e BINARY INPUT MODE LJ o SPECIAL CONTROL CHARACTERS e SECTION VII DEVICE AND DISK FILE FILENAME EXTENSIONS PROTECTION BITS e Q x0 x0 0 103900000000 12 2 1 10 SECTION VIII THE COMMAND FILES s ww 4 s LIST xw a ee Loo Me a g COPY o RENAME e a o DELETE e o DISMOUNT MOUNT o DEFAULTDISK TIME
53. FAULTDISK command is used to tell SDOS which disk drive is to be used when a filename without a specific device prefix is given The form is DEFAULTDISK diskdevicename When SDOS is booted it selects a DEFAULTDISK which corresponds to the device from which it was booted this is usually named D This allows un prefixed file names to automatically refer to files on the boot device that is ABC would really be interpreted as D ABC D3 DEF is interpreted as file DEF on D3 because of the explicitly given device prefix The device name DISK is a dummy name for the currently chosen DEFAULTDISK i e ABC is the same as D ABC is the same as DISK ABC in this case When the operator discovers he is making many references to files on a disk drive other than the boot device he can minimize his typing of devicenames by changing the DEFAULTDISK to the drive he is using frequently This is done by typing DEFAULTDISK D2 when D2 is the disk drive which contains the files he is referencing frequently All further references to ABC will then mean D2 ABC instead of D ABC as it was previously The newly chosen default disk must have all the desired programs on it including DEFAULTPROGRAM or the operator will have to prefix the program name with the appropriate device For instance if a PAYROLL program is stored on D and the default disk is currently D2 to run the PAYROLL program the operator must type D PAYROLL Wh
54. N The default value used by SDOSDISKINIT is shown 217 The user must enter a new DIRLSN here as a hex number If the user knows the exact value he can say yes and save some time If not SDOSDISKVALIDATE will scan the entire disk using the current map algorithm looking for sectors which appear to contain the DIRECTORY SYS directory entry Values printed out may be entered as a new BOOT DIRLSN since they depend on the map algorithm if the map algorithm is wrong these values will probably be incorrect 218 Since some things dealing with the boot sector were changed should the program update the boot sector to reflect the changes otherwise the changes are not permanent Say ves unless there is a reason not to 219 This much is okay so on to check out the non critical portion of the file system 220 The header for the directory is alleged to be at an illegal cluster A list of probable faults is given 221 The letters DIRECTORY SYS were found where BOOT DIRLSN indicated so apparently the directory entry has been located This does NOT mean the directory entry is the right one coincidence or that it is rational A thorough check on the directory entry is now performed 222 The DIRECTORY SYS file appears to be OPENable so other disk validation steps can proceed COPYRIGHT C 1978 87 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 223 DIR HCSIC is almost always 1 under rare circumstances i
55. R EXIT to SDOS which re loads the DEFAULTPROGRAM and so starts the cycle again Conversations between a program and the operator are by convention done via I O channel number zero which is normally OPEN to the CONSOLE device SDOS opens channel zero to the CONSOLE whenever it finds a read write request to channel zero with channel zero closed EXIT closes all I O channels except zero This allows whatever file has been opened for operator input to be passed from one program to another and is the basis for DO files Errors which occur during execution of an application program are reported by SDOS to that program via an error code The program may process and recover from the error itself or it may pass the error code back to SDOS for display via an ERROREXIT COPYRIGHT C 1978 14 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION V BOOTING SDOS BOOTING SDOS Booting refers to the process of starting computer operations under an operating system For application systems this process is usually done once a day For development systems booting may be more frequent To get SDOS started the operator needs to perform the following steps 1 Ensure that power is on to the computer system disk drives and the Operator s console Some systems have other peripheral devices that need to be powered up in order for SDOS to boot properly 2 Insert a system disk into the disk drive which will be used as the system boot device No
56. RS SYS then the cluster should be deallocated from the file as it has a sector in it which causes read write faults COPYRIGHT C 1978 92 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 414 415 416 417 418 419 429 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 43 431 432 From which file should the cluster be removed If nothing else say neither at least that way nothing happens SDOSDISKVALIDATE won t do it unless you are absolutely sure Gone is gone forever SDOSDISKVALIDATE won t do it unless you are absolutely sure Gone is gone forever DIR HLCN has an illegal value What is the header cluster number If unknown just hit return One doesn t fix an invalid cluster number by substituting another invalid cluster number DIR HCSIC is the number of sectors in the header cluster which contain valid system data It must be smaller than BOOT NSPC A good number here is LCNS 2 NBPS rounded up For small files this is generally 1 For big files try 2 or 3 Really big files require BOOT NSPC here Type in a number from 1 to NSPC With the parameters specified in the boot sector SDOS can t keep track of that many bytes ina file That s the most SDOS can keep track of The file protection byte has been garbaged Enter any combination of B or W for Backup or Write protect Enter CR if the file does not need protection Yes is the best answe
57. SCOMMANDS source ASSEMBLY part SDOSCMDSGEN DO DO file to build SDOSCMDS BIN SERIALIZE A program to encrypt an application program to ensure operation on only a single computer REQUIRED PROGRAMS BASICRTPV14 BIN BASIC Compiler Runtime Package Optional SDOS customizing package Names may vary COPYRIGHT C 1978 13 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IV SYSTEM OPERATION OVERVIEW SYSTEM OPERATION OVERVIEW An SDOS session consists of booting SDOS running applications or utilities and finally shutting the system down important see SHUTTING DOWN Booting is used to bring a copy of SDOS from a disk into the memory of the computer where it stays for the duration of the session Once SDOS is in memory it loads the DEFAULTPROGRAM and runs it as an application program SDOS does not run programs with any special privileges or any special modes of operation Ona general purpose or development system the DEFAULTPROGRAM contains an operator command interpreter which allows the operator to perform various utility operations and cause the execution of an application program or development tool such as a compiler On turn key systems DEFAULTPROGRAM contains an application program generally a menu driven sub application selector The DEFAULTPROGRAM may cause another application or utility program to be loaded and executed perhaps by operator command When an application utility program is done it does an ERRO
58. SDOS attempts to allocate disk space in a fashion which maximizes the contiguity of a file Disk files have names protection status and location on a particular disk No disk file may reside partly on one disk and partly on another Each disk has its own DIRECTORY SYS file which records the names location size and other data about all the files on that disk SDOS normally handles two kinds of disks system disks and data disks Data disks are used primarily to store data System disks are required to boot start and operate SDOS there is almost always a system disk in some drive on the computer system Single drive systems require that all data must live on a system disk PYRIGHT C 1978 6 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE All disks system or data always have the following files present DIRECTORY SYS BOOT SYS DISKMAP SYS BADCLUSTERS SYS DIRECTORY SYS is a file which contains the names and some descriptive information about all files on the disk including itself This is used by SDOS to translate a file name into the initial information required to locate the data stored ina file BOOT SYS is a file that contains a disk identification disk tuning parameters such as cluster size the map algorithm latency tuning etc and on system disks a boot program that reads SDOS SYS into memory DISKMAP SYS is a file that keeps track of wnich parts of the disk are busy or f
59. SPC NBPS A good value to choose for NSPC is one for which files are just barely large enough to cover the entire disk SDOSDISKINIT suggests the unique value of NSPC appropriate for this If files on a particular disk like an 88 megabyte storage module do not need to be as large as the disk then NSPC can be adjusted downward appropriately Note that NSPC must be chosen large enough so that no more than 65534 Logical Clusters are required for a disk where NLCN INT NSPT NTPC NCYL NSPC If program load time is to be optimized either choose a small value of NSPC so that an entire cluster of the file can be loaded without dumping the header cluster of that file from the disk buffer pool or a large value so that the header cluster is not often needed and so the cost to refetch it to the pool is negligible OPYRIGHT C 1978 56 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT MINALLOC determines the minimum disk space in clusters allocated to a new disk file for this disk Making MINALLOC large decreases the frequency with which the allocator must add more disk space to a disk it is a good idea to set MINALLOC to a value slightly larger than the average number of data clusters in small file SDOS always allocates at least the header cluster of the file if the file is not contiguous 1 should be used if no better value is obvious O9 is not a valid MINALLOC MIDALLOC determines how much disk space is to be incr
60. Sectors Per Cluster 56 Seek Time 57 Selective Backup 62 Semicolon 183 Sequential Access 61 Shutting Down 14 37 77 Simulate Effect Desirability 182 Single Disk Drive 71 Single Floppy Drive 69 Single Disk Copy 1 5 Single Stepping 46 Skip Copy 66 Skip a Sector 63 Skipped File 67 Software Bug 61 Source Disk 65 71 72 Source File 64 72 Space Allocation 6 Space Allocation Extended File 56 Sparse File 27 31 Special Character 1 2 Special Control Character 20 22 Specify New Parameter 198 Spiralling Byte 57 Split File 31 Standard Profile 191 182 Standard Profile for Device 192 Starting SDOS 15 Stop Output 21 Stop a DO File 49 Storing Original Boot Disk 1 4 Switching Process 73 Symbolic Machine Language 75 System Crash 37 82 System Disk 69 71 System File 12 System Utility List 12 Systems Implementer s Guide 192 TABS 194 TERSE Command Mode 25 71 1 3 TIME 16 26 41 5 58 TIMEOUT 1 4 TO 29 63 TO Mode 62 Tab 18 Target Disk 72 Text Editor 74 Time Out Value 1 7 Top of Page 1 5 Trace 21 Track to Track Seek 57 Trailing Colon 4 Tune Rotational Time 57 Tuning Parameter 55 80 Turn key System 14 16 25 77 Type Ahead 22 Type Ahead Buffer 20 USERSPACE 26 47 Upper Case 23 25 Using the Keyboard 18 Utility Program 25 26 VERBOSE Command Mode 25 VERSION 26 43 VT Driver 191 Verification 31 36 Virtual Disk Space 27 Virtual Terminal Driver 9 1 11 12 18 191 WARNING 1 1 1 32 37 44 55 71 73 78 82 WIDTH 194 WITH MAPALGORI
61. THM 64 WRAP 194 Wait for Operator 54 Wildcard 27735761 62 Wildcard File Name 62 Winchester Disk 69 Winchester Drive 68 Working Boot Disk 1 4 Wrap 162 Write Protect 24 44 58 Write Protect During Copy 71 zero Data Byte 31 gt gt gt I gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt Gu a d O N Q N N A 0 D Ne UT re J gt gt gt gt 21 29 gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt gt NMS SCHANWOWOBRMPAGHTOADHAOCNQNAAW P pa 0 t oO gt 21 29 54
62. USER S MANUAL SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD Type Ahead All keys except the special control characters struck by the typist when the currently running program is not waiting for input are not echoed but are saved in a type ahead buffer The characters are processed and displayed when input is required as though the typist had entered them then and not earlier This allows the typist to get ahead of the program s input requests if he knows what data will be needed next A single C will cancel all the type ahead Binary Input Mode Some programs operate in binary input mode In this mode all keystrokes including the special control characters are given to the program as is C C will not kill a program that uses this mode No input editing is possible without the program s aid so editing is thus program dependent The majority of programs operate in line input mode as described above not in binary mode unless otherwise noted all programs operate in the line input mode COPYRIGHT C 1978 22 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VII DEVICE AND DISK FILE NAMES DEVICE and DISK FILE NAMES Stored data is given a name by the user so that he may later retrieve that data This name is known as a file name Data may also be read or written to a peripheral device to indicate which device a device name is used A single device such as a disk may be able to store many files in this case the devic
63. V14 BIN 13 BAUDRATE 194 BEFORE lt Date gt 62 63 BMP 86 BOOT SYS 7 9 12 15 55 58 65 189 BOOT CHECKSUM 65 BOOT DIRLSN 89 Back Up 76 8 81 Back Up Floppy Disk 64 Back Up Protect 24 44 62 68 Back Up Set of Files 61 Back Up System Disk 69 Backing Up Boot Disk 1 4 Backspace 18 1 5 Baud Rate 1 4 Baud Rate Selection 1 7 Bell Code 54 Binary Input Mode 22 Bit 5 Boot 4 41 77 Boot Disk 69 Boot Disk Copy 73 Boot Disk Requirement 15 Boot Sector 99 Boot Time 5 Booting Problem 16 Booting SDOS 14 15 Breakpoint 2 Buffer Option on Printer 1 7 Bug 17 43 48 78 79 82 Bug Documenting 48 Byte 5 27 Bytes Free 42 Bytes Per Sector 56 CC GETCOL 26 CHANGED 62 CHANGED File 68 CLEARPROTECTION 26 44 CLEARSEQ 182 CLEARSEQ 195 CLOCK 23 41 CLOSELOG 26 48 COMPILE 76 CONSOLE 23 COPY 26 30 31 58 61 63 64 67 71 78 COPY Structure 32 COPY Without File Structure 32 CPU 17 CR LF 194 CRC 26 33 47 CREATE 31 48 CREATE File 63 CRT 101 107 Cancel 18 Cancel Line 18 Carriage Return 3 18 25 Channel Zero 14 Channel Closed 14 Channel Open 14 Character Code 185 Character Alphanumeric 51 Character File Name 23 Character Non Blank 51 Checksum 33 Chop 192 Clear Screen 101 185 187 Clear Screen Sequence 182 Cluster 5 27 Cluster Logical 56 Cluster Size 5 Cluster Header 56 Color 182 Column Number 195 107 Comma 3 Command Interpreter 2 5 14 25 37 41 43 49 51 52 54 63 76 Command Parameter 25 Command Unrecognized 26
64. YSCALLs are implemented by the memory resident portion of SDOS SYS The memory resident portion is split into several major parts SDOS Front End SDOS Disk File Driver SDOS Disk Device Driver SDOS Virtual Terminal Driver SDOS Network Module SDOS Multi Terminal Module and the I O package The Network Modules and the Multi Terminal Modules are options and are discussed further in other sections The first four memory resident parts together are actually single user SDOS The other components are used to construct more advanced versions of SDOS such as multi user SDOS or networked SDOS In many circumstances we are sloppy and refer to the memory resident part as SDOS or even to the entire implementation utility programs philosophy and memory resident part as SDOS The use should be obvious from context User Program i l l t ol i 1 ao SDOS Front End SYSCALL Interpretation l m e me SS m l l l Standard l i i Single User l Disk l Disk t Virtual I SDOS File Device Terminal l Driver Driver Driver l l l l l l y 1 I I I I 01 010 I mmt ui ATE rosa Teu GET Tana l I O Package Hardware l Specific i l l l v The SDOS Front End intercepts SYSCALLs does some initial processing and then acts as a giant switch sending the SYSCALLs to the appropriate device drivers The Front End also contains all the mechanisms that handl
65. ages SDOSDISKVALIDATE 81 Error Number 53 111 Error Number Converting to English 45 Error Recovery 2 3 14 63 Error Recovery IFERROR 52 Error Reporting 2 Error Can t run on this serial number 17 Error Disk Read 17 78 99 Error Disk Seek 17 Error Disk Write 77 78 99 Error Dismount 38 Error File is Open 77 Error I O 82 Error Operator 17 Error Processing 52 Error Read 98 Error SDOSSET 183 Error Write Protect 37 Exit 76 Extension 5 FILES 26 27 28 55 FILES Command 62 63 FIX 76 FREE 26 42 Failure Hardware 45 860 Failure SDOSDISKBACKUP 62 Failure Software 45 Field Editing 19 File 4 99 File Being Backed Up 66 File Copy 73 File Listing 28 File Name 4 23 490 File Name Extension 24 File Name Pattern 27 File Name Device 23 File Name Disk 23 File Name Invalid 8 File Name Valid 3 99 File Protection Code 27 File Size 6 58 63 File Space Added 57 File Space Minimum 57 File Structure 33 37 80 File Binary 75 File Comparing 47 File Copy 9 29 38 File Copy Multiple 31 File Create 29 File Damaged 45 78 File Delete 9 File Destination 31 File Disk 34 File Identical 47 File Listing 75 File Maximum Size 56 File Non Text 3 File Output 74 File Overlapping 99 File Random 6 File Recovery From Non File Structure 32 File Rename 9 File Sequential 6 File Source 31 74 75 Floppy Disk 69 Fold Mode 209 Forespace 18 Form Character 197 Form Feed Simulated 185 Front 18 Front End 1 GOTO 2
66. and plac s in a file CLOSELOG Stops copying console session DO Execute a canned sequence of commands LABEL Target point of GOTO or IFERROR GOTO Skips over canned commands IFERROR Conditionally skips over canned commands Comment line If a command is not recognized it is assumed to be the name of a program file to be executed Most of the complex utility programs such as SDOSDISKINIT and SDOSDISKVALIDATE along with user programs are invoked in this fashion thus allowing invocation of commands external to SDOSCOMMANDS and commands internal to SDOSCOMMANDS in the same fashion Parameters given to commands not recognized by SDOSCOMMANDS are passed to the program specified as the first line of console input i e the first READA or INPUT of a program will read the part of the input line not occupied by the command name see CC GETCOL 6 S t COPYRIGHT C 1978 2 oftware Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER FILES The FILES command is used to determine what disk files reside on a disk It will also display a subset of the files whose names match a pattern given by the operator The FILES command has the syntax FILES or FILES lt device gt or FILES lt device gt lt filename pattern gt lt device gt is intended to be the name of a disk drive such as D Dl etc If lt device gt is not given DISK the default disk see DEFAULTDISK command is assumed The lt
67. any times in succession Once the copying process is complete SDCOPY will ask the operator to insert a system disk one with DEFAULTPROGRAM on it and press lt CR gt this exits the program It is very important for the operator to keep careful track of the source and destination disks and place them in the correct order into the drives or the copy process will fail such failure can cause source file to be destroyed if the lt sourcefile gt and lt destfile gt have the same name A recommended practice when using SDCOPY is to ensure the that disk containing the source file is write protected while performing the copy Note that since SDCOPY performs a DISMOUNT between each disk switch SDCOPY can copy a file from any disk to any other disk it is not limited to copying files from the disk on which the SDCOPY program resides COPYRIGHT C 1978 71 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XI SDCOPY Example of file copy Each time the program requests Insert disk the operator must insert the appropriate disk and then press lt RETURN gt The source disk is the disk on which lt sourcefile gt resides The target disk is the disk where the lt destfile gt is to be placed In this example the operator did not have to switch disks the first time because FRED TXT was on the same disk as SDCOPY but he did have to press lt RETURN gt The Operator did switch disks a total of 4 times the last time the original source
68. binary reads and writes so that the file contents are copied exactly byte for byte The COPY command uses all available memory as a large buffer to optimize the COPY this makes COPY move data considerably faster than a very simple one byte at a time copy program COPY will copy sparse files to another disk file preserving the sparseness property but it will not preserve the sparsity if the target file is not a disk file It will not necessarily preserve the exact structure of the sparseness so the number of LCNs in the copied file may not match the number in the source exactly COPY preserves the sparsity by simply positioning past large blocks of zero data bytes in the source file If the destination is a disk device only i e not a file ona disk then COPY will ask for a verification before it proceeds this prevents accidental copying onto a file structured disk with the consequent disasterous results of destroying the file structure on the target disk COPY PRIME BAS TO D1 PRIME BAS moves the file PRIME BAS from the default disk to Dl copying multiple files from one disk to another is more easily accomplished via the SDOSDISKBACKUP program COPY FIRSTPART ASM SECONDPART ASM TO WHOLETHING ASM appends FIRSTPART and SECONDPART together No data bytes are inserted between the two parts This is particularly useful when reconstructing files that have been SPLIT by SDOSDISKBACKUP COPYRIGHT C 1978 31 Software Dynamics
69. ctors per Cluster is needed The default is the value that SDOSDISKINIT would have supplied 119 NSPC is so small that the Number of Logical Clusters for this disk exceeds the design limits of SDOS SDOSDISKINIT would not have allowed initialization of a disk with this value so NSPC must be wrong 1280 None of the changes to the Boot sector have actually been placed on the disk yet Answering Yes will cause the boot sector to be permanently updated No will leave the boot sector unchanged 121 BOOT DIRLSN is a Logical Sector number which tells SDOS where the DIRECTORY SYS entry in the directory is located on this disk The LSN so indicated is simply invalid A guess based on SDOSDISKINIT s default is displayed the user must specify a valid value to continue 122 The DIRECTORY SYS entry cannot be read because of a disk error or a hardware malfunction Pass II will help solve this problem COPYRIGHT C 1978 84 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 123 The Header Cluster of the directory cannot be read due to disk or hardware failure 124 BOOT DIRLSN doesn t point to a sector containing the letters DIRECTORY SYS in the first 16 bytes as expected COPYRIGHT C 1978 85 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 200 Pass 2 Banner Pass 2 locates DIRECTORY SYS on damaged disks 201 There is a problem with the disk The information printed here could be useful
70. d indicates the number of available clusters the percentage of the disk capacity available and the number of free bytes available on the disk note that some of the free bytes are used by SDOS to keep track of other bytes when a file is created so the actual amount of storage available for data on the disk is slightly less than the value displayed FREE D2 A total of 385 free clusters for 11 7 of disk capacity 385 clusters 591360 bytes Small disks with less than 5 free disk space probably do not have enough available space for another file COPYRIGHT C 1978 42 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER VERSION The VERSION command is used to determine which version of the command interpreter is actually being used and is needed usually only if a bug is discovered SD programs all display a banner identifying themselves when loaded the command interpreter is the only exception This command prints the banner for the command interpreter VERSION SDOS Version 1 1 SDOSCMDS V1 1k BASIC Runtime Package Version 1 4i Copyright C 1977 Software Dynamics This documentation matches command interpreters whose version number matches that given in the example above COPYRIGHT C 1978 43 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER SETPROTECTION The SETPROTECTION command is used to set a protection bit ona file to prevent certain operations from bein
71. damaged SDOSDISKVALIDATE will fix it if allowed to run to completion If the disk really has a large number of bad clusters we recommend replacing the disk 313 Apparently the ghost of the bad sector still haunts us not much to do about it now The problem should not re occur COPYRIGHT C 1978 9g Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 314 The sector which caused a read or write problem is now tucked away in a harmless place However it is probable that some file owns the bad sector in which case that file and BADCLUSTERS SYS now overlap because now both files own the cluster containing the bad sector resolve the overlap 315 Done with Pass 3 316 This is the logical sector number unrecoverable read write error occurred logical sector number may not be the same sector number Pass 4 will help which the last note that the the physical 317 Disk IDs have a limited length Use a shorter ID 318 Program is making the changes permanent COPYRIGHT C 1978 91 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 4 Pass 4 Banner Pass 4 checks the consistency of all files in the directory 401 This file name isn t legal SDOS would never have created it SO it must be damaged 402 Supply a new name for this file try Badl then Bad2 or the program will just skip over this file altogether 403 The directory entry for this file is damaged The va
72. ding the parenthesized file size are not legal and will be rejected Typical disk file names MYFILE PAYROLL BAS MONTHREPORT LPT D3 ABC DISK EDIT COPYRIGHT C 1978 23 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VII DEVICE AND DISK FILE NAMES FILENAME EXTENSIONS An extension is an agreed upon suffix to a file name that gives some useful information about the contents of that file SDOS disk filename extensions consist of a period followed by one or more letters limited only by the size of filenames A particular extension indicates a particular file type An example might be ABC TXT ABC is the name by which the user would like to refer to the file TXT tells him that the file contains raw text as opposed to say a computer program or list of prime numbers Since an extension is merely part of the filename and files can be named or renamed arbitrarily these extensions are merely conventions Their utility is directly proportional to the amount of energy invested by the user in sticking to the conventions The following extensions are defined and used by standard SD products EXE For executable program binaries DO For command DO files MIK For files containing MIKBUG object records BAS For files containing the source of BASIC programs BAK For slightly older revisions of a source file TYP For files containing data intended to be processed by the optional TYPE program TMP For temporary files
73. disks in use at the time of the error 7 Power failure occurs Re boot and run the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program on all disks that were in drives at the time of power failure Data files on your disks may be damaged by the power failure in a way undetectable by SDOSDISKVALIDATE so be sure to keep your data safely backed up 8 If an error occurs that is listed under SDOS Error codes then it is likely that the application program has a bug in it this should be reported to the applications programmer Messages that cannot be found under SDOS Error codes are generally from the application program refer to the documentation on the application program COPYRIGHT C 1978 79 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE SDOSDISKVALIDATE INTRODUCTION The SDOSDISKVALIDATE program is used to recover from damage to the file system on a disk This damage can occur because of a power failure an electrical short hardware failure or software bug which can cause SDOS or the hardware to incorrectly update system disk data used to retrieve user data This prevents SDOS from later being able to access the user data correctly Use of a damaged disk without repair will usually cause more damage to the disk file structure and consequently to the user s data File system damage due to system crashes or bugs does not generally manifest itself right away more often it acts like a time bomb To ensure that an insidious fault is not p
74. e The user should immediately check that the printer is correctly positioned SDOSSET CONSOLE PROFILE ZMALVT WIDTH 272 DEPTH 20 POSNSEQ 90 2 3 1b 3d 20 290 CLEARSEQ 19 c This example sets up a CRT for which no profile configured into the system is suitable It defines a new display width and depth as well as a clear screen and positioning sequences The clear screen sequence consists of a single character c followed by 1 idles the positioning sequence consists of four characters lb 3d 20 20 two of which will be added to the row and column numbers supplied by the user of the position operation of the control syscall The 2 and 3 are the positions within the sequence with being the first position of the row and column addresses respectively the values there in the sequence will be added to the values supplied by the user The positioning sequence will be followed by zero idles Since the EEOLSEQ parameter was not specified it will default to simulation COPYRIGHT C 1978 197 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET SDOSSET can also be invoked as a dialog by typing SDOSSET The program will ask for the name of the device and will show the user its current profile Questions regarding modifications to the profile parameters will be asked the user may explicitly specify a new value or enter just CR to indicate No change Typing in response to a New Profile ques
75. e management is dynamic but optimized for quick access whenever possible 4 Multiple and mixed disk device support both mini floppies and 68 megabyte storage modules can be attached to the same system running SDOS 5 Error trapping and automatic reporting most errors are printed on the console in English text instead of cryptic numbers A HELP command converts the remaining cryptic numbers to English text Application programs can capture and attempt recovery from virtually any error 6 Hashed disk directory with automatic expansion hashing ensures quick look up of file names automatic directory expansion means that disk space is the only limit to the number of files on a disk 7 Sequential and randomly addressable to the byte disk files any file can be processed both sequentially and randomly Read ahead improves performance on sequential reads The SDOS file structure ensures that no more than two disk reads are necessary to randomly access a file buffering in SDOS normally trims this to a single disk read even for files scattered over the entire disk 8 A command interpreter a package which contains many useful utilities for listing files copying etc is automatically loaded when application programs stop running 9 Latency and spiral tuning to allow sequential read optimization COPYRIGHT C 1978 2 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION I INTRODUCTION 10 Many utility programs to aid initializ
76. e name and the file name must be given together to select the proper file The combination of device name and file name is also called a filename A device name is composed of any sequence of alphanumeric characters followed by a colon the first character must be alphabetic Lower case alphabetic characters are treated as being equivalent to their upper case version The device name is generally a mnemonic related to the actual English name of the device with an optional trailing digit if more than one of that kind of device may be connected to a system Disk device names are short because they tend to be typed frequently A misspelled device name will be promptly caught by SDOS Typical device names are CONSOLE The user s console Available in all SDOS systems D Dl Disk 1 2 One name for each disk unit DISK Name of default disk see DEFAULTDISK command of the command interpreter LPT Line Printer CLOCK The time and date device Disk file names have the following form filename or filename integer The filename must be from one to sixteen characters from t set A Z 8 9 or a z lowercase is automatically treated as uppercase The first character of the filename must be or A Z not a digit or The optional integer in parentheses is used at file creation time to allocate enough disk space to contain the number of data bytes specified by integer Names longer than 16 characters exclu
77. e interrupts tasks etc COPYRIGHT C 1978 19 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The Disk Device Driver and Disk File Driver are actually integrated with the Front End in the file SDOSllixnnK 68n and implement the file management part of SDOS The Virtual Terminal Driver exists in the file SDVTllxnnK 68m and must be combined with SDOllxnnK 68m and the I O package software to forma fully functional SDOS The I O package implements all of the non standard device drivers CLOCK DTOA etc it contains logical sector I O routines for the Disk Device and File Drivers it contains low level routines for performing physical terminal I O and it insulates SDOS from all of the particular local hardware peculiarities The I O package is designed explicitly to be the place that all user customizing of SDOS is to be performed and nowhere else the user may not modify SDOS proper Alteration of the I O package requires considerable sophistication on the part of the user COPYRIGHT C 1978 ll Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SDOS COMPONENTS SYSTEM FILES BOOT SYS Disk tuning constants and bootstrap program SERIALNUMBER SYS Holds user s license to run SDOS SDOS SYS Memory resident portion of SDOS DISKMAP SYS Map of allocated clusters 1 bit per cluster DIRECTORY SYS List of files file locations protections etc BADCLUSTERS SYS A file wh
78. e program to print out all the pertinent information about the disk which is contained in the boot file An option of v Verify does the same but also lets the user change some of the non critical information specifically the disk id the Gate MINALLOC and MIDALLOC Just hitting lt cr gt no options causes the program to proceed without printing the boot sector parameters if there are no problems 105 The boot sector which is critical to the use of the file structure on that disk cannot be read by the hardware What the program is offering to do is to write a readable but GARBAGE boot sector Then hopefully it can once again access the boot sector Reconstruction of its contents will be necessary Since reconstructing a boot sector requires magic numbers it might be helpful to run the Validate program in noisy mode on a good disk and write down the parameters it prints out specifically NSPC and the map algorithm before coming back and continuing To abort here hit lt ESC gt 196 If the boot checksum is incorrect it means either of two things the checksum is damaged or the boot sector is damaged probably the latter In any case to get out at this point type in no otherwise tell it yes 107 No so the program is going to stop right here The disk is still damaged and is unusable 108 Yes so the checksum is fixed 199 The boot file says that the disk does not have an SDOS 1 9 file system on it eithe
79. e the portion of the output file already copied from this disk onto another disk and continue copying option M 2 Split the output file by keeping the portion of the output file already copied on this disk and continue copying option S Split is not allowed if source disk and destination disk are the same 3 Abort this file copy and delete the portion of the output file already copied option A Move Split or Abort M S A lt CR gt Split M D LARGEFILE deleted New destination file name Default D LARGEFILE D dismounted lt CR gt when new destination device is ready Disk space exhausted occured while attempting to write the destination file 3072 Successfully copied 39072 bytes 36 8 of the source file The destination file contains 3072 bytes 36 8 of the source file There are three choices 1 Move the portion of the output file already copied from this disk onto another disk and continue copying option M 2 Split the output file by keeping the portion of the output file already copied on this disk and continue copying option S Split is not allowed if source disk and destination disk are the same 3 Abort this file copy and delete the portion of the output file already copied option A Move Split or Abort M S A lt CR gt Split S New destination file name Default D LARGEFILE 1 D dismounted CR when new destination device is ready BACKUP has comple
80. e time and date completes the boot process and normal use of SDOS may now start Sometimes much displayed output will occur before keyboard entry is allowed this rappens when a file INITIALIZE SYS has been set up to tell the system what to do every time it boots In a turnkey system the prompt displayed is application program 2pendent Several things can go wrong during the booting process In step 3 459 reaction at all might occur in response to RESET This means your computer is probably sick not powered up etc During the automatic part of the boot dead silence may ensue COPYRIGHT C 1978 16 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION V BOOTING SDOS There are several possible causes the desired disk drive is not powered up not ready or does not have the disk seated in it properly or you may have told the computer to boot from the wrong drive operator errors A software damaged or improperly generated system disk or use of a disk that only contains data files as a system disk will also cause dead silence as the required programs to complete the booting process are not present and the computer cannot do anything without those programs If this appears to be the case try booting a backup of the MASTER If the backup of the MASTER will not boot either then you probably have a problem in your CPU its memory or the disk drive If the MASTER backup boots then the original disk you tried to boot from is p
81. ection describes system calls and control block formats 5 SDOS architecture This section describes the structure of SDOS and the file system 6 I O package This section describes the I O package used to interface SDOS to peripheral devices and how to modify it Parts 1 2 and 3 are included in this manual Part 4 is covered in the SDOS Application Programmer s Guide Parts 5 and 6 are published separately as SDOS Systems Implementer s Guide To use the full power of SDOS all of these manuals are needed For everyday use this manual should be sufficient This manual is designed to be read from front to back We STRONGLY suggest you do so at least once before attempting any work with the software COPYRIGHT C 1978 1l Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION I INTRODUCTION SDOS FEATURES SDOS is a family of 6800 6889 microprocessor based Operating Systems The family includes single user multi user and network operating systems This manual describes the single and multi user versions of SDOS SDOS provides many features which ease and simplify the construction and execution of application programs These features include 1 Device independence the ability to treat all devices the same way 2 Named files users need only remember assigned names for the programs they wish to use 3 Automatic disk file management SDOS allocates and frees disk space automatically as needed by write requests Spac
82. een displayed as the value according to the header cluster at least two LCNs are required for a valid directory 238 Enter the exact number of clusters owned by DIRECTORY SYS 239 What appears to be the DIRECTORY SYS is not or it is damaged as it is marked as non existent 240 This gets around an initial problem so that further checking can be performed A no answer will require changes to BOOT DIRLSN or the map algorithm to locate the true DIRECTORY SYS COPYRIGHT C 1978 88 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 241 The DIRECTORY SYS header cluster does not show BOOT DIRLSN as part of the DIRECTORY SYS file which it must be Probably the header cluster is damaged A list of possible fauls is given 242 The cluster number containing BOOT DIRLSN will be added to the header cluster if a Yes response is given 243 The header cluster for DIRECTORY SYS is filled to a sector boundary this is extremely unusual HCSIC will have to be increased before BOOT DIRLSN can be added to the header cluster 244 The number of data clusters owned by the header cluster does not match the count specified by the DIRECTORY SYS directory entry A list of possible faults is given 245 HCSIC specified by the DIRECTORY SYS entry is not legal if NSPC is correct COPYRIGHT C 1978 89 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 3 Pass 3 Banner Pass 3 handles BADCLUSTERS SYS and al
83. eft to right that will position the cursor in the uppermost left hand corner of the screen A maximum of 4 characters are allowed lt rowdisp gt and lt coldisp gt are numbers that specify the displacement counting the left most as zero into the sequence for the characters representing the row number and the column number respectively When positioning the VT driver adds the desired row and column numbers to the specified character codes before outputting the sequence The default is no characters which will cause the sequence to be printed when cursor positioning is attempted This parameter may only be used if the profile selected is malleable COPYRIGHT C 1978 185 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET The following table lists the names of profiles defined as of the time this manual was printed New profiles will come into existence as needed and old ones will fall into disuse Not all of the profiles are available on every system although MALVT and MALLPT are almost always available i Table of Profiles Profile Profile Make and Model Corresponding Number Name 1 MalVT Changeable console malleable 2 ADM1 Lear Siegler ADM1 3 ADM3 Lear Siegler ADM3 4 SOROC12 SOROC Technology 129 5 H19 Heathkit Zenith H Z 19 VT52 compatible 6 HardCopyVT Standard HardCopy Terminal 7 TVI912c Televideo 912c 8 ExorTerml55 Motorola Exorcisor Terminal 155 9 Mallpt Changeable lineprinter malleable
84. ementally added to a file when it needs to grow This value must be larger than zerol Use l if no better value is obvious MAPALGORITHM is used to tune rotational and seek times Actual interpretation of the 16 bit number given here is completely up to the disk sector driver for the disk device which contains the disk being initialized Commonly the 16 bits are treated as a cylinder to cylinder seek spiralling byte and a sector spacing byte most and least significant respectively The spiralling byte defines the delay measured in units of sector times between the last logical sector on track T and the first logical sector on track T l and is tuned best when it is just larger than the actual track to track seek time this may also require accounting for head settling time The sector spacing specifies the distance in time between one logical sector and the next within a track 1 indicates the LSNs are physically adjacent Most SDOS systems cannot pick up two adjacent LSNs unless they are spaced every other sector spacing 2 optimal spacing is just slightly longer than the minimum amount of time to read a sector 6ms The MAPALGORITHM is usually printed and entered as a hex number xxyy Once the Mapalgorithm has been chosen SDOSDISKINIT proceeds with the disk initialization When the program asks for a mapalgorithm the user may enter CR which selects a default of l slow but always works he may enter a
85. en changing the default disk device the following is required to ensure that SDOS looks in ERRORMSGS SYS on the new default disk DISMOUNT lt olddefaultdisk gt DISMOUNT lt newdefaultdisk gt DEFAULTDISK lt newdefaultdisk gt MOUNT lt newdefaultdisk gt The DEFAULTDISK command is not available under SDOS MT since the default disk is the same for all users This is generally not a problem since the default disk when running under SDOS MT is normally a large capacity drive COPYRIGHT C 1978 4 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER TIME The TIME command is used to either display the current time of day and date or to set the time of day and date The form is TIME HH MI MO DD YY or TIME The first form allows the operator to set the SDOS clock HH is two digits which stand for hours based on a 24 hour clock is midnight 6 is 6 AM 12 is midday 18 is 6 PM and 23 is 11 PM MI is two digits standing for minutes of the hour ranging from to 59 MO is two digits for the current month with January l February 2 December 12 DD is the day number within the month 1 to 31 you can tell SDOS that today is February 31 and it won t complain YY is the last two digits of the year number for 1979 it is 79 There must be only a single space between TIME and the hours and a Single space between minutes and the month number When SDOS is first booted it knows
86. en toa file of data Usually the names of the data files are stored on the same PYRIGHT C 1978 4 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION II SDOS CONCEPTS devices as the data itself To specify a particular data file uniquely a device name and the file name must be given together This combination is also referred to as a file name Typical file names are ABC D1l MYSTUFF TXT and LPT An extension is a suffix of a file name that gives the operator some idea of the type of contents of a file Extensions are usually set off from the rest of the file name by a special character such as Typical extensions might be BAS for BASIC program sources TXT for raw textual data DO for files containing canned sequences of commands etc Since file names are arbitrary extensions are simply a convention a particular expension does not guarantee the file contains data related to the extension A directory is a data file used to keep track of file names and the location of data file contents on a device It acts like a table of contents for files on a disk A bit is the smallest unit of computer information storage possible and can only represent the values off or on interpreted as or 1 respectively A byte is a unit of storage comprised of 8 bits and can store the code for a single printable character or a number in the range to 255 A sector is the minimum amount of data a disk will read or write and is
87. er EU FORESPACE moves the cursor forward beeps if the cursor is at the end of the line M CARRIAGE RETURN causes the entire input line to be passed to the program R RETYPES the part of the line entered so far if this is a hardcopy device RIGHT moves cursor to end of line if CRT device y DELETES the character which is under the cursor erases it from the display and shifts all characters to the right of the cursor one position to the left beeps if the cursor is at the end of the line X CANCELS the line entered so far the typist must completely re enter the line RUBOUT DELETES the character to the left of the cursor erases it from the display and shifts all characters to the right of the cursor one position to the left beeps if the cursor is at the beginning of the line OPYRIGHT C 1978 18 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD Field Editing When performing entry for a display oriented application which uses fields a specific place on the screen for data entry editing is slightly different than with input line editing The differences are determined primarily by the application but are generally as follow H Left Arrow moves the cursor left within the field At the left end of the field causes field data to be passed to the application along with a GO LEFT TO NEXT FIELD indication rs Down Arrow causes field data to be passed to the application along with a GO DOWN TO
88. es write all data that belongs to a disk back to that disk when an application program stops EXITs This means that when the is first printed by the command interpreter after execution of any program the data and file structure of all disks is safe and completely up to date note see SDOS MT documentation There is a corresponding MOUNT command that notifies SDOS of the presence of a new disk but use of it is not generally necessary SDOS does an implied MOUNT when its attention is directed to a disk drive it thought was dismounted DISMOUNT D releases D the operator may remove the disk in D when the prompt is printed after completion of the command NOT BEFORE If a Write Protect error occurs during a dismount the operator should repeat the dismount until the error no longer occurs and then run SDOSDISKVALIDATE on the disk Note Before shutting the system down at the end of the day or before powering the computer off all drives containing disks MUST be dismounted COPYRIGHT C 1978 34 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE CCMMAND INTERPRETER The DISMOUNT command will display disk I O error statistics if the disk sector I O driver makes them available If no errors have occurred during disk usage the following display is typical DISMOUNT D1 A total of 64 I O operations on Dl Dismounting multiple drives gives appropriate multiple messages DISMOUNT WDO D A t
89. estination before the copying process starts INTO is a special form of TO which specifies that if the destination file exists it is to be OPENed and set to zero filesize instead of CREATEd This allows special system files such as SDOS SYS and BOOT SYS to be filled via SDOSDISKBACKUP If the destination file does not exist INTO is treated identically to TO SDOSDISKBACKUP will tell the user when it is copying whether TO INTO or OVER is required for each individual destination file COPYRIGHT C 1978 63 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP The lt destination gt specifies where the lt source gt file s is to be copied If the destination specified is simply asterisk or a disk device name followed by an then files are copied from the source to the destination using the source names this is compatible with the COPY command If the destination is a single file name or a disk device name followed by a single file name then the source must be a a single file and is copied to the destination using the new name also compatible with COPY If the destination is simply a disk device name then the lt source gt must specify only a single file or disk the contents of the source are then copied onto the contents of the destination This is normally used only when making copies of complete disks file system and all as it destroys the original contents of the destination disk SDOSDISKBACKUP requi
90. fies the number of idles that follow lt c gt are numbers hex or decimal that represent the sequence of character codes from left to right that will clear the screen for a CRT or move to the top of the next page for a printer A maximum of 4 characters are allowed If the sequence is empty the VT driver will simulate a Form Feed by outputting enough Ascii LF line feeds to reach the currently selected page depth this is very useful on printers which have varying sizes of paper placed in them This parameter may only be used if the profile selected is malleable EEOLSEQ lt idles gt lt c gt Specifies how to erase to end of line lt idles gt specifies the number of idles that follow lt c gt are numbers hex or decimal that represent a sequence of character codes from left to right that will blank the portion of the line to the right of the cursor A maximum of 4 characters are allowed If no characters are given the default then the VT driver will simulate EEOL by outputting enough spaces to reach the right margin and then backspacing This parameter may only be used if the profile selected is malleable POSNSEQ lt idles gt lt rowdisp gt lt coldisp gt lt c gt Specifies how to position the cursor this is generally unnecessary for printers lt idles gt specifies the number of idles that follow lt c gt are numbers hex or decimal that represent a sequence of character codes from l
91. g applied to the file The form is SETPROTECTION lt letter gt ON filename letter may be W for Write Protect to prevent deletion or alteration of the file or B for Backup Protection to prevent redundant backing up of a file see SDOSDISKBACKUP CHANGED option D stands for Delete Protection but is NOT implemented use W instead Example SETPROTECTION W ON D CRUCIAL DATA CLEARPROTECTION The CLEARPROTECTION command is used to remove a protection bit set by SETPROTECTION This is useful when one wishes to delete or update a protected file The format is CLEARPROTECTION lt letter gt ON lt filename gt lt letter gt is as described under SETPROTECTION Example CLEARPROTECTION W ON D CRUCIAL DATA WARNING Removing W protection from system files i e SYS can make the disk extremely vulnerable to operator mistakes from which recovery of data is extremely difficult COPYRIGHT C 1978 44 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER HELP The HELP command is used to convert an error number into a text string that people understand Normally this conversion is done automatically by SDOS however there are times when some transient hardware or software failure will prevent SDOS from printing the proper message and it or some program will be forced to print a number instead The HELP command can be used by the operator to force SDOS to again try to conve
92. gets control because of an error then it will abort the DO file and start accepting keyboard input again The ESCape key may generally be used to cause an Operator Requested Attention error if this does not work C C will always stop the DO file The following creates a DO file to execute a PAYROLL program DELETE ABC TXT and finally execute an INVENTORY program LIST CONSOLE TO DOALL3 DO PAYROLL DELETE ABC TXT INVENTORY Z DO DOALL3 DO Typed by operator PAYROLL Printed by computer payroll executes gt DELETE ABC TXT Printed by computer INVENTORY Printed by computer inventory executes gt Computer waits for operator If a hard copy of the console session resulting from use of a DO file is desired then a LOG command preceding the DO should be executed In this case all input is read from the DO file and all output goes to the chosen LOG file No display will be made on the operator s screen while some part of the DO file is left to be executed Using the above DO file LOG LPT Put hard copy of session to printer DO DOALL3 DO lt payroll executes ABC TXT is deleted INVENTORY executes NOTE No CONSOLE display gt DO file is complete COPYRIGHT C 1978 49 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DO files can only be nested one level deep so invoking a second DO file from a first causes the command interpreter to completely forget it was process
93. he matching LABEL statement is found the command interpreter goes back into a mode of executing commands End of file on the DO file will force the command interpreter to leave GOTO mode and resume normal operation If the operator ever ends up in the command interpreter i e the prompt and the command interpreter is echoing but ignoring everything he types the command interpreter is probably doing a GOTO to a lt labelname gt it did not find Typing ESCape or C C will fix the problem DELETE ABC TXT deletes ABC TXT GOTO SKIPIT DELETE DEF TXT skipped by GOTO command LABEL SKIPIT normal processing continues COPYRIGHT C 1978 51 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER IFERROR The IFERROR command allows DO files to recover from processing errors of virtually any kind The form is IFERROR lt errornumber gt lt labelname gt where lt errornumber gt is an integer any SDOS error number and is separated from IFERROR and the lt labelname gt by at least one blank lt labelname gt is the same as described for the LABEL command If the command interpreter regains control after an operation which did not have an error then the IFERROR statement does nothing is ignored If the command interpreter regains control immediately after an error occurs and it is processing a DO file then it will abort that DO file unless there is an IFERROR command that contains an lt er
94. he file specified contains a list of file names or wildcards to be treated as above nested AT files are not allowed Qualifiers are optional if they are given they may come in any order The allowable qualifiers are EXCEPT lt list gt CHANGED AFTER lt date gt and BEFORE lt date gt If multiple qualifiers are given only files which match the conditions specified by all the qualifiers are copied EXCEPT allows specification of list of wildcard or indirect file names NOT to be copied a may be included as an element of the list which will cause SDOSDISKBACKUP to ask the user about backing up qualified files which match wildcards in the source list so the user may perform a selective backup CHANGED indicates that only files whose Backup B protect bit is clear are to be copied files backed up without error then have their Backup protection bit set SDOS clears the Backup protection on a file whenever a file is created or updated COPYRIGHT C 1978 62 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP AFTER lt date gt indicates that only files whose creation or last update date see FILES command follows the specified date are to be copied The date is specified as MM DD YY with MM equal to Month number DD is a Day number and YY is the rightmost 2 digits of the year number BEFORE lt date gt indicates that only files whose date is before the specified date are to be copied The lt date gt has
95. ialization complete User wants to set tuning parameters SDOSDISKINIT D2 SDOS Disk Initialization Vl lh Disk id Data Disk Tuned for Payroll From what disk device can the tuning parameters be copied Disk has 315392 bytes How many sectors per cluster Default value is 4 4 Minimum allocation Default value l 3 Minimum extension Default value 1 18 Map Algorithm Default value l to find best 2 5 NBPS 256 NLSN 1232 NLCN 308 NSPC 4 Map algorithm 2 5 How many files do you anticipate having on this disk Default value is 38 68 Is this to be a bootable system disk Default NO NO Disk initialization complete User wants to build a bootable system disk using D as a model SDOSDISKINIT D2 SDOS Disk Initialization Vl lh Disk id System Disk From what disk device can the tuning parameters be copied D NBPS 256 NLSN 1232 NLCN 205 NSPC 6 Map algorithm 0096 How many files do you anticipate having on this disk Default value is 38 38 Is this to be a bootable system disk Default NO YES File to copy into BOOT SYS Default None D BOOT SYS File to copy into SDOS SYS Default None D SDOS SYS File to copy for SERIALNUMBER SYS Default None D SERIALNUMBER SYS File to copy for DEFAULTPROGRAM Default None D DEFAULTPROGRAM Disk initialization complete COPYRIGHT C 1978 59 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT
96. ice Specification 35 Device Peripheral 23 Dialog 1 3 Dialog Mode 1 4 Directly Executable Machine Code 75 Directory 5 78 81 98 Directory Entry 99 Directory Header 99 Directory Scanning 67 Disaster 78 Disaster Recovery 61 Disaster File System 78 Discard Output 2 Disk 4 Disk Backup 31 32 73 Disk Buffer Pool 56 Disk Controller Failure 61 Disk Copy 73 Disk Damage 38 Disk Device 62 77 Disk Device Driver 1 Disk Drive 4 Disk File Driver 1 Disk File Management 2 Disk File Structure 27 8 98 Disk Full 79 Disk I O Error 61 67 Disk ID 99 Disk Identification 7 39 55 Disk Information 7 Disk Initialization 56 Disk Name 62 Disk Removing 3T Disk Space Available 7 Disk Switch 73 Disk Cartridge 4 38 Disk File Structured 55 Disk Floppy 4 Disk Formatted 55 Disk Modified Sector 37 Disk Replacement of 37 Dismount 32 55 Dismount Multiple Drives 38 Display Depth 197 Display Width 197 Double Quote 55 Driver 5 EDIT 54 EEOLSEQ Parameter 107 EEOLSEQz 185 ERROMSGBUILD DO 13 119 ERROREXIT 14 ERRORMSGS SYS 8 9 12 27 37 4 45 58 77 ERRORMSGS SYS File 119 ESC 21 28 30 49 51 81 EXCEPT List 62 66 EXIT 14 37 Editor 29 32 74 Encrypted File 4 Encryption 1 1 2 End of File 21 51 52 Erase 18 35 Erase to End of Line 185 Erase to End of Line Sequence 182 Error 14 52 63 8 111 Error Code 79 111 Error Message 45 11 111 Error Message Printout Hard Copy 11 Error Message Boot 17 Error Message What to Do 78 Error Mess
97. ich contains only unusable clusters ERRORMSGS SYS Error number to text message conversion SYSTEM UTILITIES SDOSCOMMANDS SDOS command interpreter with many simple but useful utilities usually hidden in DEFAULTPROGRAM SDOSDISKINIT Places an SDOS compatible file structure on an empty disk SDOSDISKVALIDATE Validates and repairs SDOS file SDOSDISKVAL PAS2 structure SDOSDISKVAL PAS3 SDOSDISKVAL PAS4 SDOSDISKVAL PAS5 SDOSDISKBACKUP Makes backup copies of disks or files SDOSERRORMAINT Used to examine and modify ERRORMSGS SYS SDOSSET Program to define terminal characteristics to Virtual Terminal Drivers COPYRIGHT C 1978 12 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DATA FILES SDOSSYSGEN Installs SDOSBOOT BIN into BOOT SYS SDOSxx 68x plus I O package into SDOS SYS SDOSUSERDEFS ASM To be added to any user written assembly code requiring Syscalls SDOSIOPKDEFS ASM For use with I O package generation SDOSIOPACK ASM I O package source MAKEVTCFG Program that automatically manufactures part of the I O package for the Virtual Terminal driver SDOS11xnnk 68m SDOS object SDVTllxnnK 68m Virtual Terminal Driver object IOVTDPBS ASM Virtual Terminal Device profiles source form SDOSBOOT ASM Source for Bootstrap program SDOSBOOT BIN Object for Bootstrap program ERRORMSGBUILD DO DO file that builds ERRORMSGS SYS SDOSCMDS BAS SDOSCOMMANDS source BASIC part SDOSCMDS ASM SDO
98. ii code can be determined by subtracting 40 from the Ascii code of the letter following the caret i e A represents the Ascii code 1l Sample typeins are generally in upper case to distinguish them from expository text COPYRIGHT C 1978 3 Software Dynamic SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION II SDOS CONCEPTS SDOS CONCEPTS This section contains a short summary of the concepts needed to understand SDOS SDOS stands for the Software Dynamics Operating System The operating system is a set of computer program s which makes the raw computer hardware much easier to deal with both for people and for other computer programs The term operating system actually means two things in a broad sense it means the entire set of programs needed to operate a computer not counting the application programs This includes a program that is nearly always resident in the computer that lets other programs conveniently converse with peripherals and use the hardware efficiently it includes a set of utility programs to help the operator of a computer manage the contents of disks and transfer data between peripherals and it includes program development tools such as compilers editors etc In a narrower sense the SDOS sense the operating system means the memory resident program and the utility programs Sometimes we call the memory resident part the operating system because the utility programs generally use it to perform their functions in
99. ing copying and repairing SDOS disk file systems 11 Command files allow sequences of keyboard commands to be stored and later executed Conditional execution allows recovery from processing errors 12 Easy addition of new peripheral drivers 13 Interrupt driven I O enhances system throughput 14 Encrypted program feature ensures applications run only on the serial numbered processor for which they were intended NOTATION Notation used in this manual Numbers with a prefix of e g 7F are hexadecimal In 6800 6809 Assembly code this hexadecimal prefix is shown as S consistent with assembler conventions Numbers without a prefix are decimal Bit numbers correspond to the appropriate power of 2 i e bit corresponds to l and bit 7 corresponds to 8 Angle brackets around a name denote a class of possible inputs For example filename means any valid filename The notation CR is an exception and denotes depressing of the Carriage Return key on a console device Curly brackets in examples indicate optional parameters or phrases to commands i e FILES TO lt device gt indicates that the phrase TO lt device gt is optional The notation lt class gt means as many lt class gt items separated by commas as desired A followed by a letter e g A refers to a control character which represents unprintable Ascii character codes in the range to 1F The actual Asc
100. ing the first DO file The commands LABEL GOTO IFERROR all are useful for doing parts of DO files conditionally At boot time SDOS will automatically DO a file named INITIALIZE DO if it is present on the boot disk before asking for TIME This is useful for configuring terminals see SDOSSET etc COPYRIGHT C 1978 50 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER LABEL The LABEL command is used to mark a target point in a DO file for GOTO and IFERROR commands and is useful only ina DO file The form is LABEL lt labelname gt where lt labelname gt is separated from the word LABEL by a single blank and consists of any sequence of non blank characters It is conventional to use only alphanumeric characters in the lt labelname gt This command does nothing and is totally ignored if the command interpreter is not searching for a LABEL as a result of a GOTO or IFERROR command Example LABEL THISISTHEPLACE GOTO The GOTO command is used in DO files to skip over sub sequences of commands and data entry It is useful only in conjunction with the IFERROR and LABEL conmands The form is GOTO lt labelname gt where lt labelname gt has the form described in the LABEL command This command causes the command interpreter to read and ignore input lines until one is encountered of the form LABEL lt labelname gt with a lt labelname gt that matches that of the GOTO Once t
101. ircumstances in which SDOS might not behave as expected Many times this can happen due to ignorance of the operator of some apparently minor detail so unexpected operation is not always a disaster This section describes some of the more common disasters that occur and gives some hints on how to deal with them 1 SDOS won t boot Guess bad hardware not a system pack or a damaged system pack See BOOTING SDOS 2 SDOS boots but won t run my program Your program might not be on the particular disk specified No Such File will appear as the error message perhaps it is on a disk in another drive Use the FILES Dn myprog command to see if SDOS has that program in its directory on n n each disk n try all the disks If not you will have to get a copy of the program before you can run it 3 It didn t complain when I asked it to run my program but nothing seems to be happening If any disk activity is occurring just be a little patient if typing C lt LF gt echoes C things are probably OK if no C is echoed SDOS is quite dead and you need to re boot If nothing is happening at all perhaps the program is waiting for input since most input to SDOS or application programs is done on a line by line basis perhaps typing lt CR gt will help If there is still no response try C C This will cause SDOS to kill the program and return control to DEFAULTPROGRAM Killing the program may cause it to leave disk data fi
102. ituted in the same drive otherwise the user must specify both the new destination drive name and file name Once the new destination has been specified SDOSDISKBACKUP then dismounts the original destination disk and notifies the user the user MUST NOT remove the original destination disk until the notification of dismount has been printed After the dismount message the new disk may be inserted SDOSDISKBACKUP will wait for the user to enter CR before proceeding with the backup COPYRIGHT C 1978 66 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP If SPLIT is specified SDOSDISKBACKUP leaves the fragment copied onto the current destination disk intact It then asks the user for the name of the device containing a disk on which the backup is to continue and a filename to be used as the name for the balance of the file being backed up Entering just lt CR gt causes SDOSDISKBACKUP to use the same disk device and an incremented version of the same file name incremented names are discussed further below otherwise the user must specify both the new destination drive name and file name Once the new destination has been specified SDOSDISKBACKUP then dismounts the original destination disk and notifies the user the user MUST NOT remove the original destination disk until the notification of dismount has been printed After the dismount message the new disk may be inserted SDOSDISKBACKUP will wait for the user to e
103. les contents a little confused so don t do this unless you re convinced something is wrong If you have to kill an application program it probably has a bug in it tell somebody If C C obtains no response but does echo and nothing happens then there is also probably a bug you will have to RESET and re boot run the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program 4 It said Disk Read Write Error The file SDOS was reading is partially damaged and some data was lost Use the SDOSDISKBACKUP program to copy the file read errors cause COPY to quit then run the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program Finally the contents of the data file need to be reviewed since at least one sector s worth has been damaged SDOSDISKVALIDATE will find the cluster which caused the error and add it to BAVLLUDLERS SYS SO t cannot cause any more trouble NOTE FAILURE TO RUN SDOSDISKVALIDATE AND TO CLEAR UP ANY DISK FILE STRUCTURE ERRORS MAY RESULT IN A FILE SYSTEM DISASTER AT A LATER TIME COPYRIGHT C 1978 78 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XIV DISASTERS 5 It said Disk Full Delete some old files you are not going to need anymore and try again 6 SDOS Checksum failure Either memory is beginning to fail or more likely the application program just run has a bug in it which steps on part of SDOS You need to re boot if you were not debugging a program it is time to run a memory test In any case the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program should be run on all
104. lidate program has presented the nature of the damage and is asking for instructions on what to do about it If the file has no value to the user pressing ESCape will abort the request and provide the user an opportunity to simply delete the file 404 There was a disk I O error in trying to read the header for this file If read again the error may go away 495 This file s header doesn t point to itself so either the header is damaged or the directory entry is pointing to the wrong place 406 Enter CR if you don t know 407 It is unlikely that the user knows Inspection of a backup disk might reveal the value 408 If lost just type in the number printed out above colon and all Otherwise type in the number that is right 409 The program can fix the header leave it in its damaged state or delete the file type in f 1 or d 410 The file owns a cluster that doesn t exist 411 The directory entry cluster count is inconsistent with the actual number of clusters allocated 412 Done here now to check out DISKMAP SYS 413 These two files overlap each other at this LCN The most likely cause of this is that one file which was created last and thus has the latest date in the message is intact while the other file has been overwritten in places The best course of action is to deallocate the cluster from the older file since the data in that cluster probably belongs to the younger file If a file overlaps BADCLUSTE
105. lity is assumed for inaccuracies SD reserves the right to change the specifications without notice de cfe de dede ede de ce che de eode ce ede eode ode he ode oe oe ode cech ode de ce ode efe KKK KKK ehe ode eode ode he ode KKK KKK KKK TNT This manual describes software which is a proprietary product of Software Dynamics SD SD software is licensed for use on a single copy per computer basis and is covered by U S copyright laws Unless a written exception is obtained from SD the soft ware must be used only on the single computer whose unique SD assigned serial number matches that for which the software was purchased Copying the software for any purpose other than archival storage or use of the software on other than the as signed serial numbered CPU is strictly prohibited SD assumes no liability regarding the use of the software Certain software programs and datafiles are delivered for use in an encrypted format The content of such programs and data are considered to bea trade secret of SD Attempts or suc cess at breaking the encryption publication of the results of such attempts or successes or copying storage or use of such a file in clear text form will be treated as theft of a trade sec ret and prosecuted as such POSSESSION OR USE OF THIS MANUAL OR THE SOFTWARE IT DESCRIBES CONSTITUTES AGREEMENT BY THE USER TO THESE TERMS kk ck kk
106. lows modifications to non critical file system parameters 301 This is the disk ID the name of the disk 382 If the name of the disk is inappropriate or garbage enter an appropriate name 383 Double quotes aren t allowed Leave them out 304 MINALLOC and MIDALLOC are the minimum file allocation and the minimum file extent respectively If these numbers are bigger than 1 or so they re probably wrong 395 Say Yes if you wish to change either one 306 Try something in the range 1 to 14 307 Use a value about double that of MINALLOC 308 Date of creation SDOSDISKINIT of the disk 309 If creation date is wrong enter the new one in the form MM DD YY 310 Since some of the data in the boot sector is modified the program wants to rewrite the updated sector on the disk Yes is the normal response 311 Recently the system got either a hardware read or write error on a sector and SDOSDISKVALIDATE is trying to hide it away in a pit for bad sectors so it won t get used again This pit called BADCLUSTERS SYS hasn t been created on that disk yet so SDOSDISKVALIDATE can t hide the bad sector This means that the bad sector will be back to plague the system later Finish validating and create the file BADCLUSTERS SYS on your disk Eventually the bad sector will reappear and this procedure will then be successful 312 Either BADCLUSTERS SYS is damaged or the disk has an enormous number of bad sectors If BADCLUSTERS SYS is
107. lt VT driver is still busy with previous request Another task is using this device No room in reply buffer for activation character CRT Field is wider than screen Activation received Timed Input period has expired Specified device profile is not in this configuration Device profile is not malleable r 55 een 71 en 193 ae 185 V Command 54 u 3 26 27 32 54 64 680 24 689 24 ASM 24 BAK 24 BAS 24 76 BIN 24 CM 24 DAT 24 DO 24 DOC 24 LPT 24 MIK 24 SYS 24 TMP 24 TXT 24 TYP 24 CR 3 18 lt CR gt Key in SDCOPY 71 lt Destfile gt 71 lt RETURN gt 72 lt Sourcefile gt 71 lt class gt 3 62 66 62 ABORT 66 67 AFTER lt Date gt 62 63 ASCII Character Code 3 ASCII Character Code Unprintable 3 ASCII Read Request 21 ASCII LF 195 ASCII Null 182 ASM 75 Abort Command 28 Abort DO File 49 52 Abort Logging 48 Angle Bracket 3 Append File 31 Application Program 9 16 19 25 Application Program Execution 14 Architecture 6 Archival Copy 69 Arrow Down 19 Arrow Left 19 Arrow Right 19 Arrow Up 19 Assembler 75 Assembly Language 46 47 Assembly Source File 76 Asterisk 71 Available Clusters 42 Available Disk Space 35 42 BADCLUSTERS SYS 7 9 12 55 78 99 BASIC 7 38 76 BASIC Compiler 76 BASIC Program 20 21 BASIC Program Source File 76 BASIC Program Assembly 76 BASIC Program Compile 76 BASIC Program Debugging 20 BASIC Program Edit 76 BASIC RTP 29 BASICRTP
108. n Editor SEDIT is used to edit and correct text files using a full screen display It is started by typing SEDIT filename If the file did not previously exist the operator must tell SEDIT to create the file COPYRIGHT C 1978 74 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XII USER PROGRAMS ASM The SD Assembler is used to convert symbolic machine language into directly executable machine code It is started by typing its name ASM It will identify itself and then ask for Source Listing and Binary files SOFTWARE DYNAMICS MAL 68 x Version 1 x xxxx Source File DRIVER ASM Listing File LPT Binary File DRIVER BIN gt COPYRIGHT C 1978 75 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XII USER PROGRAMS BASIC The SD BASIC Compiler is used to convert BASIC program source files to assembly source files It is started by typing its name BASIC It will identify itself and then ask for the name of the file to be compiled and the name of an output file BASIC Software Dynamics BASIC Compiler Version 1 4h1 C 1989 Input file PRIMES BAS Output File JUNK Compilation Complete The output of the Compiler needs to be assembled The assembled output may be executed by simply typing its name to the command interpreter Typically FIX or COMPILE is used instead of running BASIC directly COMPILE COMPILE is used to compile and assemble a BASIC program this is easier than invoking
109. n onto a disk device are usually recovered by using the EDITor to edit the text from the disk device A simple disk backup scheme is effected as follows DISMOUNT Dn DISMOUNT Du COPY Dn TO Dm Are you sure you want to write on the disk DEVICE YES DISMOUNT Dm COPYRIGHT C 1978 32 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER This copies Dn to Dm SDOSDISKBACKUP is the recommended method of backing up a disk Neither Dn nor Dm need to have a valid SDOS file structure any disk compatible with the drive can be copied in this fashion The CRC command which computes checksums over files and devices can be used to verify that both disks contain identical values CRC Dn CRC xxxx CRC Dm CRC xxxx If the source disk contained a valid SDOS file structure SDOSDISKVALIDATE can be used on Dm after the copy is complete to change the disk identification A trap many users fall into is COPY CONSOLE TO FILE There is no way out of this but lt RESET gt on the computer COPYRIGHT C 1978 33 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER RENAME The RENAME command is used to change the name of a disk file The file is not moved or modified in any way The RENAME command has the following form RENAME lt oldfile gt TO lt newfile gt Only disk file names are allowed Renaming a file to a device name is illegal as is renaming a file
110. nd come back here when SDOS first says Hello or you get TIME printed out on your screen Now your system is running SDOS If TIME is printed skip forward to BACKING UP THE BOOT DISK Otherwise you have Hello on your screen and SDOS wants you to enter a Registration code The directions should be straightforward HANDLING THE REGISTRATION CODE The computer will show you a 16 digit serial number composed of letters or digits You must give this number along with your organization s name to Software Dynamics SD will return a 16 digit likewise composed of letters or digits number which is a registration code If you call SD with this information SD will give the registration code by phone if you mail it SD will mail back your registration code You must enter both your organization name exactly as you gave it to SD and the registration code exactly as SD gave it to you into the computer when it asks for them If you don t enter them exactly SDOS will refuse to accept the registration code Push CR the RETURN key after entering your name and after entering the registration code If you make a mistake while typing push lt DELETE gt or lt RUBOUT gt once for each mistyped character Example Hello ceeeoeeore 5 eee 9 ee 9 9 9 99 999 999990999 9 text about registration e e o 99 9 9 9 9 9 99 900 99 999 999099 999 099 0959 00 9 9 9099 0 6 9 9 9 9 6 90 9 9 eee
111. neous utility operations The command interpreter also provides a simple relatively consistent format for passing parameters such as file names to user programs On most SDOS systems a copy of the command interpreter is usually stored in the DEFAULTPROGRAM file so that whenever an application program finishes execution the command interpreter is loaded and begins execution Turn key systems built around SDOS usually have a particular application program stored in DEFAULTPROGRAM with some method to allow the operator to execute SDOSCOMMANDS which contains the command interpreter The command interpreter prints a to indicate it is ready to execute another command The examples show this dot but it is not typed in by the operator The command format expected is lt command gt lt parameters gt or lt command gt where the parameters are separated from the command by one or more blanks Some commands require no parameters in this case information in the parameter field is ignored Other commands will select a default set of parameters if an empty parameter field is given Some commands and many programs which require parameters can be invoked by merely typing their name Such commands will discover that no parameters were given and will prompt the operator for the needed input this is known as VERBOSE command mode when parameters are given on the same line it is called TERSE command mode When in doubt type just the c
112. nimum size to hold a Disk ID 524 BOOT SYS must own cluster number 525 Not used 526 SDOS SYS must own cluster number l 527 Only one SDOS SYS directory entry is allowed It is probably safe to delete this duplicate 528 Not used 529 SDOS SYS must be a contiguous file Answering YES will make it contiguous but will also destroy its contents It might be wise to save its contents before proceeding 530 Fixing a problem in this pass caused the contents of DISKMAP SYS to become incorrect Pass 4 will re correct DISKMAP SYS contents 531 This is the number of errors in the real diskmap If it is small displaying all the errors might be informative about damage to files If large the display is generally long and tedious because the diskmap was probably completely destroyed many data files might be damaged D says show 11 files that might be damaged F says fix the map I oon t care and Q says leave the map damaged Only perts use the Q option 532 Not used COPYRIGHT C 1978 96 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 533 A BOOT SYS file must exist 534 Cannot proceed without BOOT SYS COPYRIGHT C 1978 97 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE DESCRIPTION OF SDOSDISKVALIDATE PASSES This section can be skipped by all users not interested in the structure of the validation program Pass One SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass One is specifically
113. ning parameters to optimize disk I O for whatever applications that will be used with the disk SDOSDISKINIT will suggest values for the tuning parameters so that the operator need not understand them to use the program The program is invoked by typing SDOSDISKINIT lt diskdevicename gt The device specified must be a disk drive This is the drive containing the disk intended to be initialized The program responds with its banner SDOS Disk Initialization Vl lh and then checks to make sure the disk is not already SDOSDISKINITed If the disk is already initiaiized the program will notify the operator and request verification before proceeding Otherwise it goes on to the next question Disk id The operator must supply a 32 character maximum disk identification to be used for this disk this identification is printed on a FILES display or at boot time If more than 32 characters are entered the operator is re prompted and must type in a shorter disk identification This disk identification may not contain a double quote character COPYRIGHT C 1978 55 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT Next SDOSDISKINIT asks From what disk device can the tuning parameters be copied There are two valid responses a disk device name or NONE Giving a disk device name is the easy way out all tuning parameters will be copied from the specified disk Assuming another disk is mounted on the system
114. nter lt CR gt before proceeding with the backup If a file name has the form lt name nnn gt the incremented form is lt name nnn l1 gt i e FRED incremented is FRED 1 and FRED 1 incremented is FRED 2 etc Using the default incremented names allows a large file to be conveniently split into several pieces the first of which is named with the original file name and the remaining pieces are sequentially named The COPY command can be used to regenerate the original file from the pieces Disk I O errors are handled by SDOSDISKBACKUP In NONSTOP mode a disk I O error when copying a file causes that sector of the file to simply be skipped A disk error when opening a file causes that file to be be skipped A disk error while scanning the directory for a match on a wildcard will cause all files in that sector of the directory to be skipped In non NONSTOP mode disk I O errors during the copy process cause SDOSDISKBACKUP to query the operator as to whether to ABORT the file copy to RETRY reading the offending sector or to SKIP the sector and continue copying Some classes of damaged disks are best handled by copying the entire disk in NONSTOP mode onto another SDOSDISKVALIDATEing the copy and then copying files off the duplicate Examples of use SDOSDISKBACKUP D FRED TO D1 FRED copies FRED from D to Dl This is effectively identical to COPY FRED TO Dl FRED except SDOSDISKBACKUP will complain if FRED is already present on
115. o Pass Five COPYRIGHT C 1978 99 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass Five SDOSDISKVALIDATE PAS5 Pass Five checks the DISKMAP SYS and corrects any inconsistencies that it finds specifically a cluster not being allocated when it should or being allocated when it shouldn t It checks that BOOT SYS exists and has the proper structure It also verifies that SDOS SYS is contiguous if it exists COPYRIGHT C 1978 1 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET SDOSSET SDOSSET is used to describe CRTs and printers to SDOS A portion of SDOS known as the Virtual Terminal Driver VT driver is responsible for handling all CRTs and or printers attached to an SDOS system real CRTs and printers are thus called VT devices For technological historical and competitive reasons most CRTs and printers are controlled in different ways even to accomplish the same effect consider the differences in the designs of automobile and truck engines from different manufacturers It is the purpose of the VT driver to make these devices look as alike as possible all cars and trucks have gas pedals and steering wheels in virtually identical places so screen oriented editors or applications need not be aware of every possible peripheral to operate with them all correctly once you ve seen one gas pedal and steering wheel you ve seen them all This is accomplished by 1 defining an SDOS
116. of these keystrokes across a wide variety of terminals is ensured by Device Profile Blocks in the I O package For more details refer to the section on the Virtual Terminal Driver in the Application Programmer s Guide Input Line Editing Virtually all commands and data entered via the keyboard into SDOS or a program operating under SDOS are done in line mode This allows the typist to enter the complete command datum to correct the input as required and review the input data for correctness before the entire input line is handed over to SDOS or the program running The typist indicates his satisfaction with the entered data by depressing the carriage return RETURN or lt CR gt key on the keyboard Prior to doing this he may correct the entered line using control characters described below Once the RETURN key is pressed there is no way to prevent the entered line from being given to SDOS or the program Once input is requested no action is taken by the program until lt CR gt is depressed On CRTs control characters allow the typist to move the cursor about WITHIN the entered data in order to correct errors Control characters used to edit input lines E ERASE erase all input at and to the right of the cursor F FRONT moves cursor to beginning of line if CRT device H BACKSPACE moves the cursor backward beeps if the cursor is at the beginning of the line I TABS the input passed to the program as a tab charact
117. ommand name it will prompt if more input is needed Input to the command interpreter is done in line mode The Operator must push the CR key to cause the command interpreter to act A11 editing keystrokes are valid The command interpreter treats all type in as though it were typed in upper case the examples are shown in upper case COPYRIGHT C 1978 25 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER Commands handled by the command interpreter are FILES List the names of files on a disk LIST List the contents of a particular file COPY Copy the contents of a file from one place to another RENAME Change the name of a file DELETE Make a file disappear DISMOUNT Causes SDOS to let go of a disk MOUNT Notifies SDOS of presence of a disk DEFAULTDISK Directs SDOS s attention to a particular disk TIME Set display time and date FREE Display amount of available space on a disk SETPROTECTION Enables protection of a file against certain operations CLEARPROTECTION Allows operations on a file formerly prohibited by SETPROTECTION VERSION Displays version number of command interpreter HELP Converts an error number to a corresponding text message DEBUG Load a test program and give control to debugger CRC Used to get a Signature number that is dependent on file content order and length USERSPACE Used to determine amount of program space in computer N LOG Makes copy of console session
118. on one disk to a filename with a different disk specification If Dn is specified with lt oldfile gt it need not be specified with lt newfile gt RENAME ABC TXT TO PRIMES BAS changes the name of the file ABC TXT on the default disk to PRIMES BAS on the default disk RENAME D2 TESTDATA TO LIVEDATA renames TESTDATA a file that is on D2 instead of on the default disk The RENAME command can also be used to change the identification of a disk The form is RENAME lt diskdevicename gt TO lt disk identification text gt This changes what is printed as the disk id by the MOUNT or FILES command The lt disk identification text gt must be 32 characters or less Example RENAME D TO MASTER PAYROLL DATA OPYRIGHT C 1978 34 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DELETE The DELETE command is used to erase the names and contents of a specified set of disk files The space used by those files is returned to available space on the disk that contained the file for re use later when more files are created or extended The form of the DELETE command is DELETE lt filel gt lt file2 gt The specified list of filenames is examined and each is deleted in turn A device specification will ensure that the file to be deleted was really on the specified disk If a specified file cannot be found or an error occurs the DELETE command complains and ignores the remainder of the list
119. on the structure of SDOS First we describe the philosophy of the file system and how it is organized then we discuss the set of programs which comprise SDOS finally we talk about the structure of the memory resident portion of SDOS Files are a mechanism for storing and retrieving data SDOS defines a file as a set of data bytes with the first byte being numbered 2 the second being numbered 1 etc Data is moved to and from files in variable length blocks of bytes SDOS allows two methods of file access sequential and random Sequential access allows blocks of data to be read written to from successive bytes in the file Random access allows a file to be positioned to a particular byte so that sequential I O may start from that point In effect SDOS makes a file appear as a huge virtual memory This technique allows both sequential and random access devices to be treated as similarly as possible thus increasing device independence The contents of a disk can be treated as simply a random access File or as a set of named disk files witn each named disk file having the set of properties described above SDOS keeps track of disk file sizes down to the byte so that what a program puts into a disk file is precisely what it gets back no more and no less Disk files can be extended dynamically as needed SDOS wiil allocate disk space as needed No explicit guarantee is made that a file occupies a contiguous section of a disk however
120. original file thus providing protection against disk controller failures memory faults in the computer or software bugs Thus SDOSDISKBACKUP is preferred over COPY for making copies of files when absolute gaurantees of identical copies is required The SDOSDISKBACKUP program also provides mechanisms for copying in the presence of disk I O errors thus providing a way of saving most of file if a critical copy is damaged Since backing up a set of files or a disk can be fairly time consuming or complicated by 1 0 errors a NONSTOP mode is provided under which a best effort is made by SDOSDISKBACKUP before it automatically proceeds to skip around the cause of an error usually by skipping a portion of the file being copied Sometimes the MAPALGORITHM on a disk needs to be changed to enhance performance of the system when using the contents of that disk SDOSDISKBACKUP can change the Map Algorithm when copying to a disk This facility is generally only used by experts The command format for SDOSDISKBACKUP is SDOSDISKBACKUP source lt qualifiers gt NONSTOP TO OVER destination When backing up a single file the command format is iden cal to that of the COPY command to prevent confusion However when one is not making an archival copy of a single file the conventional COPY command is more suitable since it is faster than SDOSDISKBACKUP COPYRIGHT C 1978 61 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X S
121. otal of 1 2763 I O operations on WD A total of 722 I O operations on D If errors have occurred then a different display results DISMOUNT F Error totals on F Operation Error count Status Read 23 19 Write SBS Seek 9000 A total of 23 I O errors out of 287 I O operations Last Bad Sector Soft FB Last Bad Sector Hard ER Hog The actual meaning of the counts and the status is disk driver dependent and so requires special knowledge to interpret However the operator can get a feel for error counts that are normal for a disk if displayed values are seriously out of line then the disk cartridge or drive is beginning to have a problem this should be investigated and fixed before serious damage results As a general rule no error should occur during normal operation COPYRIGHT C 1978 38 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER MOUNT The MOUNT command is used by the operator to notify SDOS that a new disk has been placed into a drive The form is MOUNT lt diskdevicename gt SDOS will do an automatic MOUNT if a drive which has been DISMOUNTed is referenced so generally this command is not needed However since it prints the disk identification it can be useful to see which disks are actually being mounted COPYRIGHT C 1978 39 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DEFAULTDISK The DE
122. output is coming out a terminal when it is expectd C C will cause any program to be killed A C will not be accepted if the program is KILLPROOF instead a beep will sound Logging is terminated and any DO file is aborted Two C s must be typed in succession to prevent the typist from accidentally killing a program When the first C is typed the type ahead buffer is cleared the O P and S modes are exited and C is echoed immediately The second C will not kill the program if any other key was struck since the first C This allows the typist to determine that SDOS has not completely died by typing C lt LF gt the C will echo and the lt LF gt will prevent the next C from killing the program running No C echo and no beep is a good sign that SDOS has crashed D Causes the system debugger to get control as though a non maskable interrupt had occurred If running under MT the currently running application is KILLPROOF or encrypted or no debugger is present D echoes a beep G Used to go from a breakpoint in a BASIC program Also exits V mode O Used to discard output output is discarded until another O a Q or a C is typed or input is required COPYRIGHT C 1978 20 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD P Toggle page mode display If the page mode toggle is on SDOS will print the next screenful of output lines on the display print P at the bottom right of
123. r No generally means you get to say yes over and over later Yes makes this particular bad cluster pointer go away permanently Yes no or lt CR gt only please Since there have been problems with this file it might be best to delete it Even though there are changes the disk hasn t been updated to reflect these changes yet Even though SDOS gave us a read error it might go away on another try COPYRIGHT C 1978 93 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 433 The date given in the directory entry is bad 434 If the directory sector is really unreadable then DIRECTORY SYS will probably be unusable because SDOS reads it sequentially Writing on it might make the directory usable Some files will probably be lost but they are unaccessable anyway 435 Two files in the directory own the same header cluster this is like having two seperate chapters in a book both starting on the same page One of the files must be deleted Generally deleting the oldest is appropriate 436 The file s header owns the same data cluster twice this is like a book having two of the same page number One of double ownerships is wrong The values printed describe the doubly owned cluster and displacements into the header cluster where they were found One of the duplicates must be removed 437 A sector of DIRECTORY SYS can t be read Try reading it again once or twice if it can t be read some files
124. r retailer distributer SD for help COPYRIGHT C 1978 98 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass Three SDOSDISKVALIDATE PAS3 Pass Three does two things Allow the user to examine modify the non critical data in the boot sector and Take care of any sector which has been causing disk read write errors The data Pass Three allows the user to see change The Disk ID The Minalloc The Midalloc The Creation Date The bad sector if any is merely appended to the end of BADCLUSTERS SYS unless it is already present in the file Come Pass Four the user will be notified as to which file it overlaps Pass Four SDOSDISKVALIDATE PAS4 Of all the passes Pass 4 is the most complex Pass Four is responsible for checking the Directory entries and headers for all files on the system Pass Four cycles through the entire directory performing the following checks on each file 1 Is its file name valid 2 Is the data in the entry reasonable 3 Does the header cluster contain a pointer to itself 4 For each entry in the header a Is it legal b Does it not overlap another file 5 Does the number of clusters in the header match how many the directory says it should have If the answer to all these questions is yes then the file is declared good If not the program allows the user to make any changes which will correct the data At the termination of the the pass Pass Four chains t
125. r 105 197 Rubout 18 SDCOPY te Sy tt SDOS 197 SDOS Banner 16 SDOS Checksum Failure 79 SDOS Clock 41 SDOS Component List 12 SDOS Concept 4 SDOS Features 2 SDOS Program 9 SDOS Prompt 16 SDOS Won t Boot 78 SDOS SYS 8 9 12 15 55 59 SDOS MT 37 4 46 SDOS MT Shutting Down 77 SDOSilxnnk 68m 11 13 SDOSBOOT ASM 13 SDOSBOOT BIN 13 SDOSCMDS ASM 13 SDOSCMDS BAS 13 SDOSCMDSGEN DO 13 SDOSCOMMANDS 8 9 12 10 2545 20 77 SDOSDISKBACKUP 9 12 16 31 32 33 58 61 78 SDOSDISKBACKUP in DO File 63 SDOSDISKBACKUP Floppy and Winchester 1 5 SDOSDISKBACKUP One Disk Drive l5 SDOSDISKBACKUP Two Identical Disk Drives 1 4 SDOSDISKINIT 9 12 15 16 26 55 58 66 69 SDOSDISKVALIDATE 9 12 17 26 33 37 77 78 79 80 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Messages 83 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Passes 98 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 1 98 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 2 98 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 3 99 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 4 99 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Pass 5 1909 SDOSDISKVALIDATE Running Program 81 SDOSDISKVALIDATE When to Run 82 SDOSERROMAINT 9 12 45 SDOSERRORMAINT Example 1160 SDOSERRORMAINT Program 110 SDOSIOPACK ASM 13 SDOSIOPKDEFS ASM 13 SDOSSET 9 12 1 1 1 4 SDOSSYSGEN 13 58 SDOSUSERDEFS ASM 13 SDVTllxnnK 68m 11 SDVTllxnnK 68m 13 SEDIT 74 SERIALIZE 13 SERIALNUMBER SYS 87 9742 15 17 58 SET 27 SETPROTECTION 26 44 SKIP 67 SPLIT 66 67 SYSCALL 9 19 SYSCALL CREATELOG 48 Screen Editor 74 Screen Oriented Application 181 Screen Oriented Editor 181 Sector 5 Sector Spacing 57
126. r it is incorrect or it has something like a 1 1 or 2 0 file system on it If it is really an an SDOS 1 0 file system disk type Yes Otherwise type no Note SDOS 1 1 uses SDUS 1 90 file COPYRIGHT C 1978 83 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 110 The number of sectors per cluster is zero according to the disk i this were really true it would have an infinite number of clusters Therefore NSPC is clearly wrong 111 This is purely informative it tells the number of sectors on the disk NLSN how many clusters there are NLCN the number of sectors per cluster NSPC and the map algorithm 112 The program could not find a valid DIRECTORY SYS Pass 2 of the program is designed specially to ferret out hidden or broken DIRECTORYs 113 Well every thing here looks good no bad LSNS no options so off to pass 4 to check out all of the files in the directory 114 Either the program is in noisy verify mode and or there is a bad LSN Nothing to worry about 115 The DIRECTORY SYS directory entry seems to be in good health and so DIRECTORY SYS can be OPENed by SDOS without trouble this is a prerequisite for Pass 4 116 A disk I O error summary is being printed The information supplied is identical to that given by the DISMOUNT command to the command interpreter and is used primarily to aid in hardware problem prevention and or diagnosis 117 Not used 118 A new value for Number of Se
127. rates an image of the disk If not an SDOS disk error when open boot sys then set Map Algorithm to 1 else use Map Algorithm given by source disk 2 If not an SDOS disk error when open boot sys then set map to 3 this is a hueristic that works well else set Map Algorithm to that of disk 3 If USING MAPALGORITHM specified then use specified Map Algorithm else use same Map Algorithm as source disk 4 If USING MAPALGORITHM specified then use specified Map Algorithm else if BOOT CHECKSUM is correct in the source file then use Map Algorithm from boot sys in the source file else use Map Algorithm 0001 file is not image of SDOS disk fi 5 Give error Concatenation copies not allowed SDOSDISKBACKUP does not concatenate multiple files when copying COPYRIGHT C 1978 65 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP Some operator intervention is required when running the program normally NONSTOP option not specified If the destination specified was a disk the operator must respond YES to the query about overwriting the destination disk note if you do not understand what this means type NO when asked or you will probably be extremely sorry If was specified in the EXCEPT list SDOSDISKBACKUP will query the operator only for files which match the qualifiers a N or NO response will prevent the file from being copied and any other response including just lt CR gt is interp
128. re of a file The form is CRC filename The signature for the specified filename is computed and printed as a hexadecimal number Example CRC MONTHLYDATA CRC FD13 USERSPACE The USERSPACE command is used to inquire how much memory space is available for user programs under a particular configuration of SDOS The value printed is the contents of location SFC and SFD This command is used only rarely and generally only by assembly language programmers Example USERSPACE DXXXX COPYRIGHT C 1978 47 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER LOG The LOG command is used to create a copy of a terminal session in a file or on a printing device This is a handy way to get a hard copy of the list of files on a disk to generate printed examples of how to use a program and for documenting bugs ina program The form is LOG lt filename gt SDOS first checks to see if LOGging is already active if so it complains with an error message If not lt filename gt is CREATEd and all further input and output to the operator s CONSOLE channel 2 is also listed to the specified file LOG LPT FILES D2 CLOSELOG is a another way of obtaining a hard copy version of the list of files on D2 the CLOSELOG causes the listing of the console display to cease Killing a program C C causes logging to cease For more detail see SYSCALL CREATELOG If a bug in an SD product i
129. ree It contains one bit per cluster on the disk A zero bit indicates that the corresponding cluster is available for use in creating or extending a file A one bit says that the corresponding cluster is already allocated to a file If DISKMAP SYS is not present on a disk no files may be created extended or deleted BADCLUSTERS SYS is the file to which any clusters that contain unreadable or unwriteable i e bad data sectors are allocated Bad clusters are marked in DISKMAP SYS as allocated so that they will not be re allocated to other files COPYRIGHT C 1978 7 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE System disks always contain in addition to the above the following files SDOS SYS SERIALNUMBER SYS ERRORMSGS SYS DEFAULTPROGRAM SDOS SYS contains the memory resident part of the SDOS operating System in SDOS load record format This file s contents are loaded into memory by the boot procedure thereafter the file is not used SERIALNUMBER SYS is a program that contains the serial number and identification of the purchaser of the SDOS software It is essentially the license for a user to operate SDOS It is checked once at boot time and is not used thereafter ERRORMSGS SYS contains the text equivalent of many error codes and is used to translate the error codes into the text form for display to the operator this file need not be present for SDOS to run DEFAULTPROGRAM i
130. res the same switching process as for copying files but generally takes more switches to accomplish Since SDCOPY performs a DISMOUNT between each disk switch SDCOPY can copy any disk to any other disk it is not limited to copying the disk on which the SDCOPY program resides Here is an example of an entire disk copy SDCOPY DISK TO DISK Single Disk Copy vl xx Are you sure you want to write on the disk DEVICE YES Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN Insert Source Disk hit RETURN Insert Target Disk hit RETURN COPY COMPLETE Insert System Disk hit RETURN COPYRIGHT C 1978 73 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XII USER PROGRAMS This section gives an extremely brief description of how to start programs commonly used under SDOS More details can be found in the manuals describing the programs themselves EDIT The SD Text EDITor is used to edit and correct files containing text in a line oriented style It is started by typing its name EDIT It will identify itself EDIT Vl l1x Copyright C 1979 Software Dynamics and then accept commands The user should select an input file using ER and an output file using EW or a combination using EB and then begin editing EBPRIMES1 BASN The line following the word EDIT is passed to the editor as commands a quick edit can be done via EDIT EBPRIMES BAS 1ACHELLO BYE EXIT lt CR gt SEDIT The SD Scree
131. res verification from the operator in this case to prevent accidental destruction of disk contents An optional phrase USING MAPALGORITHM xxxx may be appended to the disk specified as the destination This causes SDOSDISKBACKUP to set the Map Algorithm on the destination disk to the specified value SDOSDISKBACKUP cannot change the mapalgorithm of a disk by copying it onto itself See the table below for description of how Map Algorithms are set used by SDOSDISKBACKUP when disk devices are involved For examples of usage with floppies and Winchesters see the discussion under the COPY command COPYRIGHT C 1978 64 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION X SDOSDISKBACKUP This page can be skipped if you are not an expert The following table describes in detail what happens for each of the various lt source gt and lt destination gt combinations wildcardspec means a list of wildcard file names AT file names or conventional file names Actions of SDOSDISKBACKUP with respect to Map Algorithms src dst disk disk source spec destination spec note note legal map diskdevice diskdevice 1 2 13 yes tyes Idiskdevice Ino x Idiskdevice singlefile Ld Wd yes no Isinglefile diskdevice l 1 4 yes lyes Isinglefile I l yes nol Isinglefile singlefile I yes I no Iwildcardspec diskdevice 01 5 1 no xi Iwildcardspec i I yes no lwildcardspec singlefile I 5 d Ino ix Notes l This gene
132. resent we recommend running SDOSDISKVALIDATE at least once a week on all disks being used heavily It should also be run on rarely used disks before applications are run The SDOSDISKVALIDATE program examines the entire disk file structure locating and correcting any damage which might exist Note that SDOSDISKVALIDATE cannot recover user data that is lost or damaged It is inappropriate to view the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program as a miracle fix all program Rather the program and the user are a team with each doing what he does best the program doing computation and searching for errors the user providing common sense and intuition Because both have capabilities the other lacks the two together can do far more than either one alone can The program works roughly in the following manner the program analyzes the file structure on a disk checking for consistency When the program finds a problem it tells the user and either provides him with a set of options or asks him for correct data to replace the bad data How does the user know what is right Basically it comes down to common sense and familiarity with the disk that is being validated For example if the program claims to have found an invalid file name i e one that SDOS never would have allowed to be created and said filename was SDOSDISKVALID ATE where A is control A a good guess is that the correct file name is SDOSDISKVALIDATE Another technique s to examine a
133. reted as YES Should there be no room remaining on the destination disk when backing up files SDOSDISKBACKUP will notify the operator and request one of three actions give up trying to copy the file altogether ABORT remove the copied fragment from the destination disk and copy the fragment and the balance of the file to a newly specified destination disk MOVE or leave the copied fragment on the destination and copy the balance of the file to a new destination SPLIT Since backing up files requires that the destination disk be SDOSDISKINIT ed if one intends to back up a lot of files to a floppy or some file may be split because it is too big for a floppy it is a good idea to SDOSDISKINIT several disks before starting the backup so they may be substituted as necessary SDOSDISKBACKUP can also split a file being moved onto a non file structured disk device Specifying ABORT causes SDOSDISKBACKUP to give up trying to copy this particular file The fragment that filled up the destination disk is deleted If MOVE is specified SDOSDISKBACKUP first deletes the fragment copied onto the current destination disk It then asks the user for the name of the device containing a disk on which the backup is to continue and a filename to be used as the name for the balance of the file being backed up Entering just CR causes SDOSDISKBACKUP to use the same disk device and the same file name this is useful when a new diskette will be subst
134. robably software damaged etc The SDOSDISKVALIDATE program may be able to repair a software damaged disk If you get the SDOS banner but no disk identification your system has a serious problem because the same routine that read in SDOS was able to do so only by first reading the disk sector containing the disk identification If no This copy licensed message appears the boot disk is missing or has a bad copy of SERIALNUMBER SYS Attempting to boot a disk intended for another computer will get Can t run on this serial number and operation of SDOS will cease If the banner disk identification and serial number appear but no or prompt appears DEFAULTPROGRAM on this disk is probably damaged Error 1945 disk read or error 1947 disk seek appearing during the boot process means your disk is probably worn or software damaged Error 1008 means DEFAULTPROGRAM cannot be found on the disk If you have any of these problems it is a good idea to push RESET quickly after the problem is discovered to minimize any further software damage caused by the malfunction Any other error messages that occur indicate a software malfunction and should be reported as a possible bug COPYRIGHT C 1978 17 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VI USING THE KEYBOARD USING THE KEYBOARD ON THE OPERATOR S CONSOLE This section generally describes the various keystrokes that have special meaning to SDOS Uniform interpretation
135. rornumber gt equal to that of the actual error The command interpreter determines this by reading commands from the DO file If the next command is an IFERROR the actual error number is compared to the error number embedded in the IFERROR command If there is no match the command interpreter reads the next command line from the DO file and processes it likewise If the command is not an IFERROR the DO file is aborted This means that all the errors for which the DO file must recover must be listed one per IFERROR statement at the point in the DO file where the error would be detected If an IFERROR statement is found with a matching error number then the command interpreter forgives the error and does a GOTO to the specified label This conditional GOTO allows blocks of commands to be conditionally skipped Coupled with the GOTO command virtually any error recovery may be implemented If while looking for a matching IFERROR the command interpreter encounters end of file on the DO file the command interpreter forgets the error occurred and re enters normal command interpretation mode The following DO file will make CURRENTDATA into BACKUPDATA GET RID OF OLD BACKUPDATA DELETE BACKUPDATA IFERROR 1811 WHOCARES LABEL WHOCARES RENAME CURRENTDATA TO BACKUPDATA The IFERROR statement handles the No such file case by doing absolutely nothing except acknowledging the error COPYRIGHT C 1978 52 Software Dynamics SDOS US
136. rt the number to its corresponding message The form is HELP or HELP lt number gt HELP by itself means print the message for the last error number that was printed out HELP with an explicit number means print the error message corresponding to this number HELP 1908 No DEFAULTPROGRAM on default disk If SDOS cannot convert the number to the corresponding string it will simply print out ERROR number as its response This can happen if there is no ERRORMSGS SYS file on the default disk see DEFAULTDISK or if the ERRORMSGS SYS file is damaged Responses to certain error numbers can be somewhat ambiguous HELP 16045 Disk Read Error The operator cannot be sure that a disk read error really did not occur while processing the HELP command since HELP uses a disk file ERRORMSGS SYS A printed list of error messages can be found in the section on ERROR MESSAGES Since SDOS is continually being improved this list will continue to grow the section on SDOSERRORMAINT shows how to get an up to date list COPYRIGHT C 1978 45 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DEBUG The DEBUG command is used by an assembly language programmer to load a program to be tested and pass control to the local debugger program before the program under test is executed The form is DEBUG lt filename gt The program specified by lt filename gt is loaded into the user s memory space
137. runcated at page width TABS lt number gt Specifies up to 16 tab stops in ascending order The value one means the left margin The default values are every 8th column 1 9 17 ee Up to 132 TIMEOUT lt number gt Specifies output timeout in seconds The default is specified by the profile BAUDRATE lt number gt Specifies baud rate for device to 65535 Whether this value is changeable is determined by the computer manufacturer The default value is specified by the manufacturer of the computer PROF ILE lt numberorname gt Specifies desired profile A profile number or a profile name may be given The default value is specified by the manufacturer of the computer A list of valid profiles for the current computer configuration can be obtained by using SDOSSET in a dialog mode Malleable profiles are usually named MALxxx NLSEQ CR LF lt idles gt Specifies CR LF the other alternative is LF CR and lt idles gt specifies the number of idles to follow This parameter may only be used if the profile selected is malleable This is the default setting NLSEQ LF CR lt idles gt Specifies LF CR as the new line sequence and number of idles to follow This parameter may only be used if the profile selected is malleable COPYRIGHT C 1978 194 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET CLEARSEQ lt idles gt lt c gt Specifies how to clear the screen lt idles gt speci
138. s found the operator should turn on logging to a hard copy device cause the bug to be displayed on his screen turn off logging and send the resulting hard copy to SD This allows SD to see precisely the circumstances under which the problem occurs and so enables us to locate the problem more quickly Example LOG LPT TIME CR date it please BUG DOESN T XXXXX tell SD the problem using comments demonstration of bug CLOSELOG CLOSELOG The CLOSELOG command is used to turn logging off To start logging again another LOG command needs to be issued The form is CLOSELOG No parameters are required COPYRIGHT C 1978 48 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION VIII THE COMMAND INTERPRETER DO The DO command allows the operator to specify that the contents of a file are to be used instead of keyboard entry This is particularly useful when a sequence of commands is performed frequently The format is DO lt filename gt The file is OPENed and lines read from the file are treated just as though the operator typed them on the console himself These lines are used not only for commands to the command interpreter but also as input for other keyboard requests by any programs that are run Actual keyboard entry is not used until the contents of the DO file are completely processed If an error of any kind occurs while the command interpreter is executing a DO file or the command interpreter
139. s the user program that is automatically executed by SDOS whenever any other user program finishes operation or is killed by the operator Normally it contains a copy of SDOSCOMMANDS an operator interface package for turn key systems it may contain an application program COPYRIGHT C 1978 8 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The programs that comprise SDOS consist of the following SERIALNUMBER SYS SDOS SYS SDOSCOMMANDS DEFAULTPROGRAM SDOSDISKINIT SDOSDISKVALIDATE SDOSDISKVAL PAS2 SDOSDISKVAL PAS3 SDOSDISKVAL PAS4 SDOSDISKVAL PAS5 SDOSDISKBACKUP SDOSERRORMAINT SDOSSET SDOSCOMMANDS is a user program which acts as an operator interface It allows the operator to determine what files are on a disk to rename delete copy or list these files and to perform miscellaneous other functions It converts operator commands into sequences of SYSCALLs see below which perform these operator s requests SDOSCOMMANDS recognizes and performs certain commands by itself All other requests to SDOSCOMMANDS are assumed to be requests to run a program specified in the DIRECTORY SYS Usually a copy of SDOSCOMMANDS has been placed in the file DEFAULTPROGRAM SDOSDISKINIT is a user program that takes a freshly formatted disk and sets it up so SDOS can write files on it In particular SDOSDISKINIT constructs the files DIRECTORY SYS BOOT SYS DISKMAP SYS and BADCLUSTERS SYS on the di
140. sembler 102 Bad Command Format 103 Can t do GOTO from CONSOLE 104 Program terminated abnormally 195 Insufficient memory to execute command 200 Syntax Error 201 Can t find branch target 202 Can t find 203 Can t Branch into Bracket Pair 204 EDITor error 205 Illegal argument for command 206 Zero is not a valid argument 207 Command requires argument 208 Command doesn t want an argument 209 No such E command 210 Illegal character COPYRIGHT C 1978 111 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVIII STANDARD SDOS ERROR CODES 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 1000 1001 1002 1893 1094 1905 1006 1807 1988 1 9 1 1 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1017 1818 19819 190290 18021 1022 1023 1024 19025 1926 1027 19028 1029 Can t use that as delimiter character Too many s Too many s Xchange not valid must do search or insert first Command not allowed while doing edit with EB Can t find string Q register index must be 1 to 9 Need to open input file first Text Buffer is full Command buffer is full Don t have enough lines in buffer to J that far Illegal tab stop list Need to select output file first Unbalanced Js Bracket Stack overflow or underflow End of File prior to A or EY Buffer approaching full operation aborted Error encountered during EDIT for which no recovery
141. sk a vestigial SDOS SYS file is included in case this disk will be used as a system disk SDOSDISKVALIDATE is a user program that verifies and fixes the file structure on a disk it cannot check to make sure the data is correct If file structure errors are found they are reported and the operator is given a choice on methods of fixing the problem In most cases the fix results in losing some data not fixing usually leads to larger data losses at a later time because of a forthcoming disaster SDOSDISKVAL PAS2 SDOSDISKVAL PAS3 SDOSDISKVAL PAS4 and SDOSDISKVAL PAS5 are parts of SDOSDISKVALIDATE SDOSDISKBACKUP is a user program to make backup copies of entire disks or subsets of the files on those disks SDOSERRORMAINT is a user program to help the operator maintain the ERRORMSGS SYS file SDOSSET is a user program used to specify the characteristics of a CRT hardcopy terminal or printer to the Virtual Terminal Driver eliminating the need to describe such characteristics to each and every application program COPYRIGHT C 1978 9 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION III SDOS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Programs perform I O and other utility operations via System Calls SYSCALLs Each SYSCALL is a subroutine call to the memory resident part of SDOS with a set of parameter data that describes the function to be performed and the data on which the function is to operate All of the functions described in the section under S
142. standard Virtual Terminal with a reasonable compromise of capabilities available from all devices 2 requiring application programs to issue input output positioning and other requests in a form compatible with the Virtual Terminal definition and 3 having the VT driver convert such standard Virtual Terminal I O operations into the actual operations required by the physical CRT or printer used The SDOSSET program is used to describe certain characteristics of VT devices to the Virtual Terminal driver so the VT driver can correctly implement the standard Virtual Terminal operations on those devices The VT driver needs to know page width and depth how to clear the screen position the cursor and other sundry details The SDOSSET program can also set some parameters which are invisible from the point of view of the application such as Tabs Baudrate and how long a device timeout takes Information about how to control a particular CRT or printer is generally packaged in a form known as a profile Individual profiles correspond to Specific models of a particular manufacturer s terminal or printer SDOS systems generally come with several standard profiles those deemed interesting by the computer manufacturer and a few malleable changeable profiles which can be modified to describe a terminal or printer which is not covered by the standard profiles SDOSSET can be made to tell a user which profiles the system knows about and
143. t can be 2 Other values are almost certainly wrong 224 A Header Cluster for DIRECTORY SYS must have at least two clusters one for the header and one for a data cluster to hold directory entries A list of possible faults is given 225 The number of data clusters in DIRECTORY SYS is more than the number of clusters on the disk this is obviously incorrect A list of possible faults is given 230 The DIRECTORY SYS directory entry has an impossibly large ee ee ae ee M ee um P 231 The DIRECTORY SYS directory entry gives a filesize which is not a multiple of the cluster size which it must be A list of possible faults is given 232 Answer Yes if the size of DIRECTORY SYS is wrong A reasonable value based on number of LCNs is displayed 233 Enter a number that is a multiple of the cluster size in bytes 234 There are gaps dummy LCNs in the Header Cluster of DIRECTORY SYS The header cluster is damaged or NLCNs given by the directory entry is too large Other possible faults are also listed 235 A Yes answer allows a gap to be filled with a specified cluster number SDOSDISKVALIDATE will suggest a cluster number to be used based upon the previous LCN in the header cluster Do not take this value too seriously 236 Enter cluster number to be used to plug the gap 237 A Yes answer is required if the number of LCNs for DIRECTORY SYS needs to be changed A good guess as to its proper values has already b
144. t also be performed if it is desired to boot from another disk cartridge or to obtain error messages from an ERRORMSGS SYS file on a drive other than the one booted from If an Error 1046 Disk Write occurs during a DISMOUNT your disk is probably software damaged certainly some data has been lost Run SDOSDISKVALIDATE immediately before attempting to DISMOUNT again If another Disk Write error occurs while starting SDOSDISKVALIDATE just start it again Keep trying until the SDOSDISKVALIDATE succeeds in repairing your disk An Error 1982 File is Open during a DISMOUNT indicates SDOS is a little confused this happens very rarely usually due to an I O package bug the DISMOUNT was successful in moving all your data back to the disk but SDOS has its fingers glued to the disk Ignore the message but you must run SDOSDISKVALIDATE the next time you get a chance If there is a malfunction and the operator cannot get SDOS to respond in any way see C C then SDOS has died and effectively shut down This kind of shutdown will very probably software damage all the disks in use at the time of the failure use the SDOSDISKVALIDATE program on all of them When shutting down SDOS MT system one must first ensure that all users are off the system and then dismount all disks before doing a RESET COPYRIGHT C 1978 77 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XIV DISASTERS DISASTERS or What do I do if There are many c
145. t be copied correctly by COPY or SDOSDISKBACKUP Other files desirable on a system disk such as ERRORMSGS SYS utilities etc must be copied by the COPY or SDOSDISKBACKUP command to the newly initialized disk If only a data disk is desired the operator should respond NO or lt CR gt when SDOSDISKINIT asks if the disk should be a system disk Notes about operation of SDOSDISKINIT 1 SDOSDISKINITing the disk in the default drive works but leaves SDOS with a dilemma on completion from where can it get a DEFAULTPROGRAM For this reason it is not recommended to perform an SDOSDISKINIT on the default drive 2 The operator should insure that write protect on the chosen drive is disabled that the inserted disk has already been formatted and that TIME has been set before starting an SDOSDISKINIT 3 Installation of SDOS SYS on a disk via SDOSSYSGEN should be per formed only immediately after that disk has been SDOSDISKINITed COPYRIGHT C 1978 58 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION IX SDOSDISKINIT Examples User wants to initialize a data disk to be just like another SDOSDISKINIT D2 SDOS Disk Initialization Vi lh Disk id Data Disk From what disk device can the tuning parameters be copied D NBPS 256 NLSN 1232 NLCN 205 NSPC 6 Map algorithm 9906 How many files do you anticipate having on this disk Default value is 38 Is this to be a bootable system disk Default NO Disk init
146. te This disk must have valid BOOT SYS SDOS SYS DIRECTORY SYS SERIALNUMBER SYS and DEFAULTPROGRAM files on it or the boot process will not succeed Disks with the needed files are generated properly by the SDOSDISKINIT program 3 Push the RESET switch on the computer ALWAYS push RESET before booting this puts the computer in a known safe state Depending on your system configuration one of three things can happen A If your system has Software Dynamics IDB in ROM the message IDB Vx y will appear The operator must type G to continue the boot process B If your system has no monitor program of its own the boot ROM in the computer will take over automatically and read in SDOS from your disk C Some systems have manufacturer specific monitor programs The boot procedure for these systems is monitor dependent but usually consists of some form of computer memory address entry followed by a GO command of some kind See the manufacturer s documentation Some systems with more than one kind of disk drive i e a mixture of floppy and hard disks may ask the operator which drive to boot from Again see the manufacturer s documentation COPYRIGHT C 1978 15 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION V BOOTING SDOS At this point the boot process should have taken over automatically There will be a short burst of activity on the chosen system disk drive and then the following banner message will appear
147. ted OPYRIGHT C 1978 79 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XI SDCOPY SDCOPY The SDCOPY command is used to make exact copies of disks or to copy a file from one disk to a different disk using only a single disk drive This program should only be used if the computer system has just one disk drive otherwise the COPY command is more convenient Making a copy of a file under a different name on the same disk is also best done by COPY The form of the SDCOPY command is SDCOPY lt sourcefile gt TO lt destfile gt Or SDCOPY The first form is the terse form the program will copy the contents of the specified lt sourcefile gt into a file whose name is lt destfile gt lt destfile gt may be single asterisk this is shorthand for use the same name as lt sourcefile gt The second form simply prompts the operator for the name of the lt sourcefile gt and then the name of the lt destfile gt further processing is identical to that of the first form Once the lt sourcefile gt and lt destfile gt have been selected the program starts the copy Since there is only a single disk drive involved in the copying process manual switching between two disks may be required the program will prompt the operator with a message to insert the appropriate disk at the appropriate time and to depress the lt CR gt key when the appropriate disk has been entered For large files this switching process may occur m
148. the BASIC compiler and Assembler individually It is invoked by typing COMPILE MYPROG BAS A BASIC Compile and assemble are automatically executed FIX FIX is used to EDIT and COMPILE a BASIC program It is invoked by typing FIX ABC BAS the extension BAS is important FIX will cause the current copy of ABC BAS to be renamed to ABC BAK so a backup copy is made and then ABC BAK is EDIT ed into ABC BAS FIX will invoke the EDITor automatically When EXIT is typed to the EDITor COMPILE is automatically invoked COPYRIGHT C 1978 76 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XIII SHUTTING DOWN SHUTTING DOWN To stop operation of the computer under SDOS the operator needs to DISMOUNT all the disk devices see DISMOUNT command of SDOSCOMMANDS This cannot be conveniently done while a program other than SDOSCOMMANDS is running so the operator must wait for any currently running programs to stop execution or manually kill program execution via C C A turnkey system will have special provisions for shutting down and performing the required DISMOUNTS The dismount commands are given to SDOSCOMMANDS FAILURE TO DISMOUNT A DISK WHICH WAS USED IN ANY WAY BY SDOS CAN MEAN LOST DATA SDOS works hard to prevent this even if DISMOUNTs are not used but the scheme is not perfect After dismounting all disk drives the operator may push RESET to cause execution of SDOS to cease This shutting down procedure mus
149. tion will cause SDOSSET to show a list of profile names it understands ON THIS SYSTEM sdosset Set Terminal Options Vl lc Device name console Device Type Console Current profile malvt New Profile enter name number or lt CR gt SOROC12 Current Tabs 8 16 24 32 4 48 56 64 72 8 88 96 1 4 112 12 128 New Tab Stops enter up to 16 numbers or lt CR gt Current Idles count Idles to follow new line enter number or lt CR gt Current Width 79 New Width enter number or lt CR gt Current Depth 24 New Depth enter number or lt CR gt Wrap Set Wrap at end of line yes no lt CR gt Current Baud rate New Baud rate enter number or lt CR gt Current Output Timeout in seconds 6 23333333 New Timeout value enter number or lt CR gt The example on the following page shows a user configuring a terminal for a device which is not standard on a system COPYRIGHT C 1978 198 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XVI SDOSSET sdosset Set Terminal Options Vl lc Device name console Device Type Console Current profile malvt New Profile enter name number or lt CR gt Sorocl2 Unimplemented profile name available ones are 1 malvt 2 adml 3 adm3 5 h19 6 hardcopyvt 7 tvi912c 9 mallpt 1 cenlpt 11 rs2321pt Current profile malvt New Profile enter name number or lt CR gt malvt Current Tabs 8 16 24 32 4 48 56 64 72 8 88 96 1 4 1
150. with the proper tuning this is the fastest and safest approach Note that the disk drive specified should be the same type as the disk being initialized tuning parameters for a floppy disk are not appropriate for a 1 megabyte disk and vice versa If the operator supplies a disk device name then SDOSDISKINIT will display the parameters read from the specified disk and proceed with the disk initialization If NONE is specified then the operator must supply the tuning parameters himself The program will request NSPC number of sectors per cluster the unit of space allocation on the disk MINALLOC minimum space to be allocated to a disk file when it is created MIDALLOC middle allocation amount of space allocated to a disk file when file is extended and MAPALGORITHM tunes the disk for fast access The program will recommend a value for each parameter which is reasonable This value will be used if the operator simply types lt CR gt in response to the request for the parameters All tuning parameters are determined by educated guesswork and some experimentation although SDOSDISKINIT will make recommendations the operator may have to SDOSDISKINIT a scratch disk several times to test various combinations of tuning parameters NSPC essentially determines the maximum size of a file ignoring the physical disk limitations If NBPS is the number of bytes per sector the largest a file can be is in bytes NSPC NBPS 2 1 N
151. xed this could lead to overlapping files which results in lost data 515 There is at least one cluster which should be allocated but isn t SDOSDISKVALIDATE can print out the file name associated with every cluster that suffers this problem This can indicate which files might have been accidentally overlapped by others and thus have damaged content However the amount of time the program takes to find out which file is associated to a cluster varies from short to very long Thus it may be desirable to skip this to speed up the time it takes to fix the disk COPYRIGHT C 1978 95 Software Dynamics SDOS USER S MANUAL SECTION XV SDOSDISKVALIDATE 516 DISKMAP SYS is improperly constructed NCLNs is lt 2 or an invalid data cluster is allocated for the first data cluster SDOSDISKVALIDATE can choose an unused cluster and fix the problem YES is about the only choice you have 517 OPENed DISKMAP SYS but cannot find it in DIRECTORY SYS Something is very sick 518 DISKMAP SYS file size has wrong value A reasonable reply is YES 519 Report this problem to Software Dynamics 520 Only one DISKMAP SYS entry is allowed It probably is safe to delete the duplicate 521 There is a duplicate DIRECTORY SYS entry Only one is allowed The duplicate is probably the right one to delete 522 There is a duplicate BOOT SYS directory entry only one is allowed It is probably safe to delete this one 523 BOOT SYS must have a certain mi

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