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User`s manual FLIR Ex series

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic care 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 fully polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 2 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rough plane 50
2. Software and documentation requires registration FLIR service contacts Find Answers We store all resolved problems in our solution database Search by product category keywords or phrases Search by Keyword Search All Answers See All Popular Answers 4 1 General For customer help visit http support flir com 4 2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing guestions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a guestion make sure that you have the following information to hand e The camera model e The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your device for ex ample HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire e Device type PC Mac iPhone iPad Android device etc e Version of any programs from FLIR Systems e Full name publication number and revision number of the manual 4 3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following e Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC Mac software e Freeware and evaluation versions of PC Mac software e User documentation for current obsolete and historical products e Mechanical drawings in dxf and pdf format e Cad data models in stp format Application stor
3. 14 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly 14 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts e That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and the camera e That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 14 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the cor rect value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left at a default value of 5096 14 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com pensate for the following parameters e Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam era and the target e External optics temperature e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 35 actoolsupply com 14 actoolsupply com Thermographic measurement techniques e
4. 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 49 actoolsupply com EUNT H actoolsupply com The measurement formula 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 393 299 Figure 17 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters t 0 88 Tren 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 50 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 18 1 References 1 Mika l A Bramson nfrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y 2 William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 3 Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Uni versity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science 4 William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C 5 Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London 6 Paljak
5. annen 16 ESE A A O a E 16 Tal Ore PIOCOQUIO deos A UY YU 16 7 16 Changing the emissivity as a custom value sssssusss 16 TAO General narekenen besteedde 16 1 16 2 PIOcedure i ei ois Dons eset eels Gaetan a YD HU ee 17 7 17 _ Changing the reflected apparent temperature 17 LITA Y a c eu m Tm 17 TAT PIOCOQUIO Esse eter A Letonia cuts 17 7 18 Changing the settings svenn ensen RY LY nnn 17 LAB Genera KK 17 1 10 2 POCOS eneen dd hae et 18 7 19 Updating the camera anneer eenen RAY m nnnm 18 RAYA Generali a DR T NNUS 18 1192 PIOCGOUIS a esas aderat baets od 18 8 DC en Lg Kete Uo LL GREECE 19 9 D claration Of COonTOrmily ieu ce pesa op tanende dan vanden leens nen ieee ened 20 10 Cleaning the camera si uii a 21 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items 21 TOMA LIS 2 Acces veter deere vanette lende 21 1012 EGUIPME Neger dass a nnee nent 21 10 13 ROCCO 2235 a Onn GO en GE GRID ama er adhd 21 10 2 Anftated elis amie e Su uu eed kebab et ent 21 TO 1 EQU in 21 10 2 2 EQUIP Ea enden and tetten aa r a 21 10 2 o A ea 21 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US vi actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Table of contents 11 Application examples ieni ic sce E PUR DU DIESES 22 11 1 Moisture amp water damage nv aans vens vennen enn venne
6. RANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PER FORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PUR POSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOL LARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Dis assembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disas semble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation e SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRIC TIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an up grade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all ap plicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFT WARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com e
7. actoolsupply com User s manual FLIR Ex series Flir E4 Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E4 NIST Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E5 Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E5 NIST Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E6 Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E6 NIST Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E8 Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement Flir E8 NIST Infrared Camera With MSX Enhancement actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Table of contents 1 BIET RCRUM N 1 1 1 eyo ici A a T 1 1 2 Usage statistical A et O 1 1 3 Changes lo regiSt Wennen nennen el 1 1 4 U S Government Regulations 9 9Y YY YY YY YL Y YY Y en 1 1 5 COPyNON mL m 1 1 6 ITI Eccc P a ios in ED 1 1 7 cuia NC heteen de etende 1 1 8 EULA TEMS teeven AF Yn NA 1 1 9 EULA TOYS a o e le I NF 1 2 Safety INTOFMAULNON mee GR RR SG DDUG UGC DC ii 2 3 Notice to USO iia 5 3 1 USer tosuser TOUS SA A A AS 5 3 2 Galbral om FD X HN DL TU HF FA 5 3 3 A dd iter nitens ioris cuia into an OS OC UN OLA 5 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste cccceeceeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeneseneeseneeenenes 5 3 5 UL le AA AE OCRE o O TATE 5 3 6 Documentation updates sucias tal 5 3 7 Important note about this manual cessere 5 4 Customer hell mee c dn 6 4 1 GSMO Tallest c M 6 4 2 Submitting a question aanv LL Y Y RY YL mens 6
8. tally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details 3 5 Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com e http www irtraining com e http www irtraining eu 3 6 Documentation updates Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifi cations of changes on a regUular basis It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products 3 7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 5 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Customer help FLIR Customer Support Center Home Answers Ask a Question Product Registration Downloads My Stuff Service FLIR Customer support Get the most aut of your FLIR products Get Support far Your FLIR Praducts Welcome ta the FLIR Customer Support Center This portal will help you as a FLIR customer to get the most out of your FLIR products The portal gives you access to The FLIR Knowledgebase a Ask our support team requires registration
9. 4 3 DownloadS ai it e iten od 6 5 Quick Start Gulde ss ie 7 5 1 AA A A 7 6 DescriDHOn ce do ia GR GU OG Yn SYN da n 8 6 1 CAI Gel Della ie deir e ovt er cursu abc n HF HF HO 8 o E EMI eb cc 8 6 1 2 Explanation nth tcc Gs siena taut acess debut x M Led edis 8 6 2 A 8 p e IGUS ser uma A I CM DM MC MEL UE 8 022 dExDlanDallOruas stes sionis ean an GAR E SUP tx a NUS Exi GAE 8 6 3 Conneciol MM entente 9 Gisele POES rie adat ene TRW AI eene cud Y pet 9 OS EKPIANAONE ri neten tte Y Wd Y Yd da A 9 6 4 ocreen elements Les aet tote i Luton ete al dao 10 Ok UO mu Em T Dr TS 10 042 JEXDIaDallO ases Ra Nad bene NR totae fd tnde 10 7 Operation os 11 7 1 Charging the battery doo d eec ed E Pe e C outs 11 7 1 1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply 11 7 1 2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand alone battery CHANG OL inie RR Id i UF gut eagen 11 7 1 3 Charging the battery using a USB cable 11 7 2 Turning on and turning off the camera eenen 11 7 3 SAVING ah fige dao sime Data da onda Ga YR devo us devises 11 Td QGeneralcusseedte da etu Od petet te 11 Lise Hadgecspascllysucneoredeo quu rausconi muse tad dad e REEL 12 7 9 3 Naming CODVOFPltO sse ae iniu nete vine Dus een rete pm Ry 12 Pad POCO UTE rire tax engan ence DO TA Od Modus 12 7 4 Hocallirig adT806 2x cuin tret Sobre deut Y WN n curi eda 12 el O a a a a a 12 7422 Procedur aa E ESOR 12 7 5 Delet
10. Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base 20 T 0 05 2 Ni base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum vari 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ous ages Paint cadmium yellow 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oil 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil based aver 100 T 0 94 2 age of 16 colors Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper black 0 90 1 Paper black dull 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 Plaster plasterboard 20
11. 0 13 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 811 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated 20 T 0 05 2 polished Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 57 C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 et Ai Eencolon som actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5
12. 1 Reflection source 2 Ifthe reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard Figure 14 2 1 Reflection source 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 33 actoolsupply com 14 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity 2 apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings e Emissivity 1 0 Dopj O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods IN Figure 14 3 1 Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor tant reasons e A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity e A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 14 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Heflector method Follow this procedure 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Putthe piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Setthe emissivity to 1 0 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down PPP Zi oe RP Sz Figure 14 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 7559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 34 actoo
13. 207 1244 Description Zam Bikencolon com 2 Archive button Function e Push to open the image archive 3 Navigation pad Function e Push left right or up down to navigate in menus submenus and dialog boxes e Push the center to confirm 4 Cancel button he Function e Push to cancel a choice e Push to go back into the menu system 5 On off button Function e Push the button to turn on the camera e Push and hold the button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera in standby mode The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours e Push and hold the button for more than 5 seconds to turn off the camera 6 3 Connectors 6 3 1 Figure 6 3 2 Explanation The purpose of this USB mini B connector is the following e Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply e Charging the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand alone battery charger e Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools Note Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Description 6 4 Screen elements 6 4 1 Figure 6 4 2 Explanation Main menu toolbar Submenu toolbar Spotmeter Result table Status icons Temperatu
14. 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you charge the bat tery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also de crease the performance or the life cycle of the battery CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data If you operate the battery out of this temperature range it can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials before you discard it Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this N CAUTION Do not apply solvents or equivalen
15. IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali brate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a spe cific color The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im age content Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo tion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured A transmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the in
16. Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 7 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 8 Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 9 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 10 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 81 1 21 between 36 C AND 82 C 11 Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 12 ITC Technical publication 32 13 ITC Technical publication 29 Note The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution 18 2 Tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several colors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 MW 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super 33 Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape Aluminum anodiz
17. SW 0 95 7 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 8 Copper commercial 20 T 0 07 1 burnished Copper electrolytic care 80 T 0 018 1 fully polished Copper electrolytic 34 T 0 006 4 polished Copper molten 1100 1300 0 13 0 15 1 Copper oxidized 50 0 6 0 7 1 Copper oxidized to T 0 88 1 blackness Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 4 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 2 Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 2 Copper polished 27 T 0 03 4 commercial Copper polished 22 T 0 015 4 mechanical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 4 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 4 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 1 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 1 Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 54 18 Table 18 1 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued
18. T 0 95 0 98 1 surface Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusty red 20 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel shiny etched 150 0 16 1 Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 0 28 1 polished 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 55 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in 9C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liguid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Krylon Ultr
19. Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern 20 SW 0 85 6 light gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 0 0 97 1 Water ice smooth 10 0 96 2 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 60 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water Snow T 0 8 1 Water Snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 SW 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 9 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 9 samples Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 9 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 9 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 7 dry Wood plywood 20 SW 0 8
20. at A O then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength Amax and after passing it ap proaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 900 K Figure 16 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 103 um 2 Wavelength um 16 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 lm T This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the tem perature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Amax A good approximation of the value of Amax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wave length 0 27 um 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 42 actoolsupply com 16 actoolsupply com Theory of thermography Figure 16 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At ro
21. i e Uopj Utot we are actually performing extrapola tion of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into temperature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the trans mittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uop 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 2 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when consider ing that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the applica tion of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts provided the calibration algo rithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F a Refl Refl 0 6 Refl Atm A Refl L Refl Refl Figure 17 2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW cam era 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmos phere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tren 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F
22. intek coe rannn O E IDE dense eet 40 1631 AM OGUCUOD Seinen eee tee hete etn dele 40 16 2 The electromagnetic spectrum esses 40 16 3 Blackbody Ta ON 40 16 34 Races Ta West GG CG Ed fA RY 41 16 3 2 Wien s displacement law sese 42 16 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law cccccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeanens 43 16 3 4 Non blackbody emiitters essere 44 16 4 Infrared semi transparent materials ans YR YY YY YR 46 17 The measurement formula RAA eese rennen nnn nn 47 18 EmISSIVRY LADIES cL Oc a a a a a a 51 te AOS a 51 to TADES A N 51 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US vii actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 Gb iEencolon con actoolsupply com Disclaimers 1 1 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two 2 years from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such prod ucts have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the c
23. outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negli gible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibility to modify the measure ment situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output Eren 1 1 Figure 17 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Sur roundings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource On short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 ce CH cues or with simplified notation U CW SOUrce SOUrce where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance e the received radiation would conse quently be Whsource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object etWop where e is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object
24. settings for the camera These include the following e Region time e Language e Temperature unit e Date amp time e Date amp time format e Reset options e Reset default camera mode e Reset device settings to factory default e Delete all saved images e Power e Auto power off e Display intensity 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 17 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation e Photo as separate JPEG When this menu command is selected the digital photo from the visual camera is saved at its full field of view as a separate JPEG image e Demonstration mode This menu command provides a camera mode that displays various images without any user interventions The camera mode is intended for dem onstration purposes or when displaying the camera in a store e Off e Electrical applications e Building applications e Camera information This menu command displays various items of information about the camera such as the model serial number software version latest calibration date etc 7 18 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Device settings This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select the setting that you want to change and use the navigation pad to display additional dialog boxes oN A 7 19 Updating the camera 7 19 1
25. spectral absorp tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is EA Oy From this we obtain for an opaque material since aa pa 1 E t p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting materi al i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W eoT Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of e from the graybody Figure 16 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wave length 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 45 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM actoolsupply com 207 1244 t malkencolon com Theory of thermography Figure 16 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Black body 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 16 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab sorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the int
26. temperature is Topj 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 47 actoolsupply com 17 actoolsupply com The measurement formula 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 t Wren where 1 e is the reflec tance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature Tref It has here been assumed that the temperature Tren is the same for all emitting surfa ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplifica tion in order to derive a workable formula and Tren can at least theoretically be giv en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob ject to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T tWatm where 1 1 is the emittance of the at mosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Ws ETW i a 1 o E TW es T 1 m T W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U acco
27. the maximum it may contain in saturation conditions saturation The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level span color settings are colored with the saturation colors The saturation colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de tector indicating that the range should probably be changed 7559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 30 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com 13 Glossary span spectral radi ant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range temperature scale thermogram transmission or transmit tance factor transparent isotherm visual The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m2 um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmission is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number be tween O and 1 An isotherm showing
28. 0 28 1 hydroxide Aluminum oxide activated powder 0 46 1 Aluminum oxide pure powder 0 16 1 alumina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 1 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 1 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 7 Asbestos paper 40 400 0 93 0 95 1 Asbestos powder 0 40 0 60 1 Asbestos slate 20 0 96 1 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 8 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 1 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 2 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 9 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 9 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 1 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 1 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 52 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in 9C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brass polished highly 100 0 03 Brass rubbed with 80 20 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked 20 0 2 1 with emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 66 1 refractory Brick Dinas silica un 1000 T 0 80 1 glazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 1000 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 0 59 1 Brick fireclay 20 0 85 1 Brick masonr
29. 3 23 64 Registered No 556256 6579 www flir se 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 20 10 actoolsupply com Cleaning the camera 10 1 Camera housing cables and other items 10 1 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids e Warm water e A weak detergent solution 10 1 2 Equipment A soft cloth 10 1 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soakthe cloth in the liquid 2 Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the part with the cloth N CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage 10 2 Infrared lens 10 2 1 Liquids Use one of these liquids A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol e 96 ethyl alcohol C2H5OH e DEE ether diethylether C4H10O e 50 acetone dimethylketone CH3 2CO 50 ethyl alcohol by volume This liquid prevents drying marks on the lens 10 2 2 Equipment Cotton wool 10 2 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Soak the cotton wool in the liquid 2 Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid 3 Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool N WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous AN CAUTION e Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a de
30. 3 6 untreated Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 1 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 1 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 1 Zinc polished 200 300 T 0 04 0 05 1 Zinc sheet 50 T 0 20 1 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 61 C TOOL PLY COM actoolsupply com 207 1244 atalkencolon comu A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica World Helvetica M was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 LOEF List Of Effective Files T501027 xml en US AC 9610 2013 11 05 T505552 xml en US 9599 2013 11 05 T505551 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 T505469 xml en US 8097 2013 06 11 T505013 xml en US 9229 2013 10 03 T505545 xml en US 9045 2013 09 19 T505547 xml en US 9493 2013 10 24 T505550 xml en US 9488 2013 10 24 T505097 xml en US 5929 2012 10 29 T505470 xml en US 5935 2012 10 29 T505012 xml en US 8134 2013 06 12 T505007 xml en US 9229 2013 10 03 T505004 xml en US 5937 2012 10 29 T505000 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 T505005 xml en US 5939 2012 10 29 T505001 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 T505006 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 T505002 xml en US 9354 2013 10 15 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply co
31. External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 36 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Theory of thermography 16 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind thermography will be given 16 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the elec tromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength D 2 3 6 100m 1km 10 nm Wem Mim Tom TOP mh 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 10m 2 um 13 um Figure 16 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wavelength end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They includ
32. General To take advantage of our latest camera firmware it is important that you keep your cam era updated You update your camera using FLIR Tools 7 19 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Start FLIR Tools Start the camera Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable On the Help menu in FLIR Tools click Check for updates Follow the on screen instructions Ig pam ce 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 18 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Declaration of conformity SFLIR August 8 2013 AQ320035 CE Declaration of Conformity This is to certify that the Systems listed below have been designed and manufactured to meet the requirements as applicable of the following EU Directives and corresponding harmonising standards The systems consequently meet the requirements for the CE mark Directives Directive 2004 108 EC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 2006 95 EC Low voltage Directive Power Supply Standards Emission EN 61000 6 3 Electro magnetic Compatibility Generic standards Emission Immunity EN 61000 6 2 Electro magnetic Compatibility Generic standards Immunity Safety Power Supply EN 60950 or other Safety of information technology equipment Systems FLIR EX FLIR Systems AB Quality Assurance jor Svensson irector f V FLIR Systems AB Antennv gen 6 P O Box 7376 SE 187 15 T by Sweden Telephone 46 8 753 25 00 Telefax 446 8 75
33. On the toolbar select Delete E 0 PRI 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 12 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 e Oaikencolon com actoolsupply com Operation 7 6 Deleting all images 7 6 1 General You can delete all images from the internal camera memory 7 6 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Device settings This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Reset options This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Delete all saved images a al cu i 7 7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 7 7 1 General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen 7 7 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 Onthe toolbar select Measurement This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select Center spot gt The temperature at the position of the spotmeter will now be displayed in the top left corner of the screen 7 8 Measuring the hottest temperature within an area 7 8 1 General You can measure the hottest temperature within an area This displays a moving spot meter that indicates the hottest temperature 7 8 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the
34. SW 0 90 untreated T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 58 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethaneiso 70 LW 0 55 9 lation board Plastic polyurethaneiso 70 SW 0 29 9 lation board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 1 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 1 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 1 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 1 Rubber hard 20 E 0 95 1 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 1 Sand T 0 60 1 Sand 20 T 0 90 2 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 8 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 2 Silver p
35. a flat Flat black Room tempera LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 ture up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room tempera MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 ture up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized 100 i 0 05 4 polished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 56 18 Table 18 1 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium T 0 86 1 powder Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum 600 1000 0 08
36. a linear spread of colors instead of covering the highlighted parts of the image Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 31 actoolsupply com 14 actoolsupply com Thermographic measurement techniques 14 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the re flected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef fects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object e The reflected apparent temperature e The distance between the object and the camera e The relative humidity e Temperature of the atmosp
37. amera has been regis tered within 60 days of original purchase Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten 10 years from the delivery date of the original purchase pro vided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in sys tems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or work manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said
38. e rior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as 1 p 1 7 de VE When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula 6 lp This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 46 actoolsupply com 17 actoolsupply com The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob ject surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for in stance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources
39. e the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 um and the extreme infrared 15 100 um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 16 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex plained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 40 actoolsupply com 16 actoolsupply com Theory of thermography Wib Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength C Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s h Planck s constant 6 6 x 10 34 Joule sec k Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K T Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Note The factor 10 6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero
40. ecomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure If the battery be comes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or igni tion of the battery AN CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not solder directly onto the battery Damage to the battery can occur JN CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not use the battery if when you use charge or put the battery in storage there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Speak with your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this 1559828 r AC
41. ed sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 51 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum as received plate 100 0 09 Aluminum as received 100 0 09 2 sheet Aluminum cast blast 70 SW 0 47 9 cleaned Aluminum cast blast 70 LW 0 46 9 cleaned Aluminum dipped in HNOs 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0 05 4 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 1 Aluminum roughened 27 10 um 0 18 3 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 3 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 9 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 9 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum 20 T 0 04 2 deposited Aluminum weathered 17 SW 0 83 0 94 5 heavily Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 1 Aluminum powder T
42. erial from a list of materials For more information about emissivity see section 14 Thermographic measurement technigues page 32 7 15 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Custom material This displays a list of materials with known emissivities 6 Inthe list select the material I Ee 7 16 Changing the emissivity as a custom value 7 16 1 General For very precise measurements you may need to set the emissivity instead of selecting a surface property or a custom material You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectivity affect measurements rather than just simply selecting a surface property 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 16 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 e Oaikencolon com actoolsupply com Operation Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it A lower value indicates that a larger proportion is being reflected while a high value indicates that a lower proportion is being reflected Polished stainless steel for example has an emissivity of 0 14 while a structured PVC floor typically has an emissivity o
43. f 0 93 For more information about emissivity see section 14 Thermographic measurement techniques page 32 7 16 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Custom value This displays a dialog box where you can set a custom value RA n 7 17 Changing the reflected apparent temperature 7 17 1 General This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected by the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature significantly different from that of the re flected temperature it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly For more information about reflected apparent temperature see section 14 Thermo graphic measurement techniques page 32 7 17 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Reflected apparent temperature This displays a dialog box where you can set a value SN A 7 18 Changing the settings 7 18 1 General You can change a variety of
44. frared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical resolution of an IR camera 7559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 29 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Glossary image correc tion internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR laser pointer level manual adjust NETD noise object parameters object signal palette pixel radiance radiant power A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the tempera
45. gulations Please refer to exportques tions flir com with any questions 1 5 Copyright O 2013 FLIR Systems Inc All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems The documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied re produced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners 1 6 Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the prod ucts without prior notice 1 7 Patents One or several of the following patents and or design patents may apply to the products and or features Additional pending patents and or pending de sign patents may als
46. here 14 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a per fect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approx imately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visi ble spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissiv ity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 14 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 14 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 32 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 abuualkencolon comu actoolsupply com Thermographic measurement techniques 14 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method Follow this procedure 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b Figure 14 1
47. ic Imaging The camera displays an infrared image where the edges of the objects are enhanced 28 4 di Q gt e Thermal The camera displays a fully thermal image 28 4 di Q _ Infrared e Picture in picture The camera displays a digital camera image with a superimposed infrared image frame 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 14 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation Picture in picture O 7 12 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select mage mode llw This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select one of the following vs EM e Thermal gl e Picture in picture large 2l e Picture in picture small al Digital camera LE 7 13 Changing the temperature scale mode 7 13 1 General The camera can operate in two different temperature scale modes e Auto mode In this mode the camera is continuously auto adjusted for the best image brightness and contrast e Lock mode In this mode the camera locks the temperature span and the temperature level 7 13 2 When to use Lock mode A typical situation where you would want to use Lock mode is when looking for tempera ture anomalies in two items with a similar design or construction For example if you are looking at two cables where you suspect one is overheated working in Lock mode will clearly show that one is overheated The higher tempe
48. ies e Technical datasheets e Product catalogs T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 6 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Quick Start Guide 5 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Charge the battery You can do this in three different ways e Charge the battery using the FLIR stand alone battery charger e Charge the battery using the FLIR power supply e Charge the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand alone battery charger Push the On off button to turn on the camera Open the lens cap by pushing the lens cap lever Aim the camera toward your target of interest Pull the trigger to save an image PS Eo M o Optional steps 6 Install FLIR Tools on your computer 7 Start FLIR Tools 8 Connect the camera to your computer using the USB cable 9 Import the images into FLIR Tools 10 Create a PDF report in FLIR Tools 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Description 6 1 Camera parts 6 1 1 Figure 6 1 2 Explanation Digital camera lens Infrared lens Lever to open and close the lens cap Trigger to save images Battery pe ee 6 2 Keypad 6 2 1 Figure 6 2 2 Explanation 1 Camera screen 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM actoolsupply com
49. ing an madeu Se eeen df 12 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US V actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Table of contents Let Generalis Y O HE AY 12 V So MES ROC e iic AE REEL 12 7 6 D letingall image S ea eva A tel eee 13 am EE CI i si E 13 726 25 JPIOGOOHUIO acti a GA A 13 7 7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 9 9v ini 13 evo E A tend 13 7452 PlocedilGeauo uu tut tetten ende 13 7 8 Measuring the hottest temperature within an area 13 ZOAN General HTTP 13 A PIOGOOUIOQ iacu tetti dad oe ddo GU So OYN 13 7 9 Measuring the coldest temperature within an area 13 EN A TETEE 13 7 9 2 e ce i i y Unde toca AC ees 13 7 10 Hiding measurement tools cesses nnn 14 AA A TET 14 7 11 Changing the color palette o oococococccocnoccnoccnocnconncnnnnonos 14 a CI mer 14 Tos 2 uiro 14 7 12 Changing image mode 1 rene Ene e In en rona eo dx e desen 14 ALA IECIT A EN 14 12 2 A ee tuse tace devis dou estas 15 7 13 Changing the temperature scale mode annen nennen 15 MAC C mec DNE M 15 7 13 2 When to use Lock mode nonnen eneen 15 1219 9 PIOCOQOUIO 3 5 uites E eso auia conv ties 15 7 14 Setting the emissivity as a surface property 9 I i iiu 16 ZAAT GENEA AAA PP E 16 1 15 2 PIOCGdilT amp anas rt indat tn canes GO 16 7 15 Setting the emissivity as a custom material
50. installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic docu mentation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE IN STEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUC TIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license e You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOL ERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WAR
51. licate anti reflective coating e Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 21 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 eb iEencolon com actoolsupply com Application examples 11 1 Moisture amp water damage 11 1 1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur rounding material Note Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage 11 1 2 Figure The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 11 2 Faulty contact in socket 11 2 1 General Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can re sult in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket and can res
52. lsupply com actoolsupply com Thermographic measurement techniques 14 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure 1 Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions s E dk od e Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample e Spot simpler e Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 12 Write down the emissivity Note Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong
53. m
54. n eenn 22 CAT Genedl eert SS eee 22 T3 4 2 7 PIQUE e 22 Te Faulty CODtacbin SOCKOE iain etit RUNDE airis 22 1121 General age i etende o 22 T1 2 2 FIOS sentent dare O AO GE eo ne 22 Mo OXIdized SOCKS ar i CR A O GOD dens 23 1131 Gene alzu EU 23 IS acid FEE FU I are CYH FF HN YF ESF FFY IE 23 11 4 Insulation aelleienciGSa cao ea to p eec TA GG terr Toa denten 24 VAAK General ee a MEDD dbi 24 11 42 FOUC HEFFER AF PERFFAITH setae teekenaar abel 24 IS cct cs eee cca Sail A 25 lS Gens da eo ae eee 25 WSA AA en ee a E 25 12 ADOULFLIR SystenS 4c s tesck Dr t 26 12 1 More than just an infrared camera YYYYY YR YR vennen 27 12 2 Sharing our knowledge ios Ga scl oleate ee ce eee 27 12 3 Supporting our CUSTOMS rem adeb rem arten Y eode 27 12 4 A few images from our facilit amp S YY YY YR YY neren 28 13 C elu AV iento cnn 29 14 Thermographic measurement techniques anas aaan venne ennn nennen 32 PAD IRTOQUCION viario 32 IS ENTUM 32 14 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample sussse 32 14 3 Reflected apparent temperature annae eneen nennen eens 35 Ir IST rc 35 14 5 Relative NumidiV si eten Ero ve GG bias 35 1436 Other parameters anneer 35 15 History of infrared technology aann ennen ennn en nennen enen AR EA En En 37 16 Theory of TRACE MOFA Vi ent
55. navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select Measurement This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select Auto hot spot El 7 9 Measuring the coldest temperature within an area 7 9 1 General You can measure the coldest temperature within an area This displays a moving spot meter that indicates the coldest temperature 7 9 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 On the toolbar select Measurement gt This displays a toolbar 3 On the toolbar select Auto cold spot ES 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 13 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation 7 10 Hiding measurement tools 7 10 1 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 Onthe toolbar select Measurement a This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select No measurements Ed 7 11 Changing the color palette 7 11 1 General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image 7 11 2 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 2 Onthe toolbar select Color L This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select a new color palette 7 12 Changing image mode 7 12 1 General The camera can operate in four different image modes e MSX Multi Spectral Dynam
56. o apply 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 001106306 0001 001707738 001707746 001707787 001776519 001954074 002021543 002058180 002249953 1144833 1182246 1182620 1285345 1299699 1325808 1336775 1391114 1402918 1404291 1411581 1415075 1421497 1458284 1678485 1732314 2106017 2381417 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 4889913 5177595 60122153 2 602004011681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 7667198 7809258 B2 7826736 8 018 649 B2 8 153 971 8212210 B2 8289372 8354639 B2 8384783 8520970 8565547 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 D615 113 D664 580 D664 581 D665 004 D665 440 DI6702302 9 DI690361 7 9 DI7002221 6 DI7002891 5 DI7002892 3 DI7005799 0 DM 057692 DM 061609 EP 2115696 B1 EP2315433 SE 0700240 5 US 8340414 B2 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL200610088759 5 ZL200630130114 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200820105768 8 ZL200830128581 2 ZL200880105236 4 ZL200880105769 2 ZL200930190061 9 ZL201030176127 1 ZL201030176130 3 ZL201030176157 2 ZL201030595931 3 ZL201130442354 9 ZL201230471744 3 ZL201230620731 8 1 8 EULATerms You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes soft ware licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those
57. om temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infra red while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignif icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Figure 16 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 16 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A ee we obtain the total radiant emittance Wp of a blackbody W cT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltz mann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically Wp represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 2 O to Amax is only 259e of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 43 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Theory of thermography e A selective radiator for which varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and
58. one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically dis claims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this war ranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of ar bitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceed ings shall be English 1 2 Usage statistics FLIR Systems reserves the right to gather anonymous usage statistics to help maintain and improve the quality of our software and services 1 3 Changesto registry The registry entry HKEY LOCAL MACHINE SYSTEM CurrentControlSet Control Lsa LmCompatibilityLevel will be automatically changed to level 2 if the FLIR Camera Monitor service detects a FLIR camera connected to the computer with a USB cable The modification will only be executed if the camera device implements a remote network service that supports network logons 1 4 U S Government Regulations This product is subject to US Export Re
59. perature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 23 actoolsupply com 11 actoolsupply com Application examples 11 4 Insulation deficiencies 11 4 1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building Note When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally 11 4 2 Figure In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insula tion air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different charac teristic appearance in the infrared image 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 24 actoolsupply com 11 actoolsupply com Application examples 11 5 Draft 11 5 1 General Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceil ing trim This type of draft is often
60. possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface Note When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits 11 5 2 Figure The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 25 actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 t alkencolon com actoolsupply com absorption absorption factor atmosphere autoadjust autopalette blackbody blackbody radiator calculated at mospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature conduction continuous adjust convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated at mospheric transmission external optics filter Glossary The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 The gases between the object being measured and the camera nor mally air A function making a camera perform an internal image correction The
61. r more batteries Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless FLIR Systems supplies a specific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket Damage to the batteries can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Damage to the batteries can occur 41559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Safety information CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to become wet Damage to the bat teries can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not make holes in the battery with objects Damage to the battery can occur AX CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not hit the battery with a hammer Damage to the battery can occur AX CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put your foot on the battery hit it or cause shocks to it Damage to the battery can occur N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not put the batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery b
62. rature in that cable would create a ighter color for the higher temperature If you use Auto mode instead the color for the two items will appear the same 7 13 3 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 15 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation 2 Onthe toolbar select Temperature scale ki This displays a toolbar 3 Onthe toolbar select one of the following e Auto E e Lock 18 7 14 Setting the emissivity as a surface property 7 14 1 General To measure temperatures accurately the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring You can choose between the following surface properties Matt e Semi matt e Semi glossy For more information about emissivity see section 14 Thermographic measurement techniques page 32 7 14 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar On the toolbar select Settings Ej This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Measurement parameters This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select Emissivity This displays a dialog box In the dialog box select one of the following e Matt e Semi matt e Semi glossy PP YD c 7 15 Setting the emissivity as a custom material 7 15 1 General Instead of specifying a surface property as matt semi matt or semi glossy you can spec ify a custom mat
63. rding to the same equation and get Equation 3 P ETU os 1 o E TU of SE 1 n T U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 1 1 1 U U Ua U obj aim ET E ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Table 17 1 Voltages Uopj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Topj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Urefi Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tren according to the calibration Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance e the relative humidity e Tam e object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient tem perature Tref and e the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in thi
64. re scale QUT oN 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation 7 1 Charging the battery 7 1 1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply Follow this procedure 1 Connect the power supply to a wall outlet 2 Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera Note The charging time for a fully depleted battery is 2 hours 7 1 2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand alone battery charger Follow this procedure 1 Connect the stand alone battery charger to a wall outlet 2 Remove the battery from the camera 3 Putthe battery into the stand alone battery charger Note e The charging time for a fully depleted battery is 2 hours The battery is being charged when the blue LED is flashing e The battery is fully charged when the blue LED is continuous 7 1 3 Charging the battery using a USB cable Follow this procedure 1 Connect the camera to a computer using a USB cable Note To charge the camera the computer must be turned on e Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand alone battery charger 7 2 Turning on and turning off the camera e Push the button to turn on the camera e Push and hold the Y button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera in standby mode The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours e Push and hold
65. ries Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Injury to per sons can occur AX WARNING Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion Injury to persons can occur N WARNING Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on con tainers before you use a liquid The liquids can be dangerous Injury to persons can occur JN CAUTION Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at strong energy sources for example devices that cause laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera N CAUTION Do not use the camera temperatures more than 50 C 122 F unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data High temperatures can cause damage to the camera N CAUTION Applicability Cameras with one o
66. s connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 48 actoolsupply com 17 actoolsupply com The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is impor tant to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 e Trefl 20 C 68 F Taim 20 C 68 F It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur ing high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stron ger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Utot 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody
67. t liquids to the camera the cables or other items Damage to the bat tery and injury to persons can occur JN CAUTION Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has an anti reflective coating which is easily dam aged Damage to the infrared lens can occur N CAUTION Do not use too much force to clean the infrared lens This can cause damage to the anti reflective coating Note The encapsulation rating is only applicable when all the openings on the camera are sealed with their correct covers hatches or caps This includes the compartments for data storage batteries and connectors 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com C TOOL PLY COM 207 1244 et ualkencolon com 3 actoolsupply com Notice to user 3 1 User to user forums Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards 3 2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your lo cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera 3 3 Accuracy For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature 3 4 Disposal of electronic waste As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen
68. the button for more than 5 seconds to turn off the camera 7 3 Saving an image 7 3 1 General You can save multiple images to the internal camera memory 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 11 actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Operation 7 3 2 Image capacity Approximately 500 images can be saved to the internal camera memory 7 3 8 Naming convention The naming convention for images is FLIRxxxx jpg where xxxx is a unique counter 7 3 4 Procedure Follow this procedure 1 To save an image pull the trigger 7 4 Recalling an image 7 4 1 General When you save an image it is stored in the internal camera memory To display the im age again you can recall it from the internal camera memory 7 4 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the Archive button EJ Push the navigation pad left right or up down to select the image you want to view Push the center of the navigation pad This displays the selected image To return to live mode push the Cancel button repeatedly or push the Archive button C 7 5 Deleting an image pe ad 7 5 1 General You can delete one or more images from the internal camera memory 7 5 2 Procedure Follow this procedure Push the Archive button CJ Push the navigation pad left right or up down to select the image you want to view Push the center of the navigation pad This displays the selected image Push the center of the navigation pad This displays a toolbar
69. ture scale usually expressed as a signal value A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas urement of an object was made and the object itself such as emis sivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object The set of colors used to display an IR image Stands for picture element One single spot in an image Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an ob ject or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com temperature pared with reflection The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the re ceived radiation A number between 0 and 1 relative Helative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va humidity pour mass in the air and
70. ult in an electrical fire Note A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason dif ferent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from dif ference in load 11 2 2 Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US 22 actoolsupply com 11 actoolsupply com Application examples 11 3 Oxidized socket 11 3 1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed ox ides may occur on the socket s contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally in creased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase Note A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason dif ferent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load 11 3 2 Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the tem
71. ure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with 20 0 95 2 water T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 59 18 actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1
72. xporting 1 9 EULA Terms Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI Copyright 2013 Nokia Corporation and FLIR Sys tems AB This Qt library is a free software you can redistribute it and or mod ify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation either version 2 1 of the License or at your option any later version This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU Lesser General Public License http www gnu org licenses lgpl 2 1 html The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI may be re quested from FLIR Systems AB 1559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com actoolsupply com Safety information N WARNING Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devi ces which if damage occurs can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition N WARNING Applicability Cameras with one or more batteries If there is a leak from the battery and you get the fluid in your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this N WARNING Applicability Cameras with one or more batte
73. y 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry 20 T 0 94 1 plastered Brick red common 20 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory 1000 0 46 1 corundum Brick refractory 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 magnesite Brick refractory 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 strongly radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 9596 SiO 1230 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 3396 1500 0 29 1 SiO2 64 AlzO3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon graphite filed 20 T 0 98 2 surface Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 T559828 r AC 9610 10386 en US actoolsupply com 53 C TOOL 207 1244 t Bikencolon com PLY COM actoolsupply com Emissivity tables Table 18 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference continued 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 1 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 1 Concrete 20 T 0 92 2 Concrete dry 36

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