slides - FAFNER
Contents
1. CHARGE CIRCUIT 240 300 301 or 335 9131 ADAPTERICHARGER Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Bu Conclusion Dissecting a TI 59 Bernd UI n ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion o Jerele Dissecting a 59 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion erer Jefe Dissecting a 59 Bernd UI n ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Technology packaging 010101 To Dissecting a TI 59 The keys Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The pro nmable pocket calculator 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion Dissecting a 59 The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Batteries An old battery pack Most vintage battery packs have deteriorated decomposed during the last up to 30 years The pack shown below was removed from a 59 obtained at an online auction 7 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calcul2. Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Programming An example program The Ulam conjecture Legend tells that Stanislaw Ulam some day came up with the following algorithm Take a positive integer as a start value If it is even divide it by two If it is odd multiply it by 3 and add one Repeat the steps beginning at step 2 Ulam speculated that this algorithm will yield the value 1 for every positive integer used as a starting point In the following a short program will be shown which implements the algorithm above printing not only the various values during the run but also the numbers of steps necessary to reach 1 1This is still unproven conjecture Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Programming T The 4 3N 1 problem 000 LBL A 024 002 STO 00 025 1 004 CP 026 005 0 027 STO 00 006 STO 02 029 OP 22 008 RCL 00 031 PAUSE 010 032 011 2 033 1 019 034 013 STO 01 035 X T 046 015 INV INT 038 GTO 008 017 041 041 RCL 01 020 RCL 00 043 GTO 027 022 0046 RCL 02 023 3 048 R S Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 ng vs HP vs HP or AOS vs RPN There is an ongoing and probably never ending debate between and HP proponents about the ideal way of operating a calculator While people favor and algebraic input styl
3. The programmable pocket calculator Tl 59 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de Vintage Computer Festival Europe 2007 29th April 1st May 2007 Munich Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Introduction Basics E m Operation Programming TI vs HP Technology packaging Batteries amp Buying Conclusion Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion May 24th 1977 Texas Instruments introduced the 59 programmable pocket calculator one of the greatest programmable calculators ever Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 e Introduction Highlights With a price of 299 95 USD at the time of its introdcution the 59 was an instant success m Its only competitor at this time was HP s flagship the HP 67 With 960 bytes the 59 has about four times as much RAM as the HP 67 The TI 59 is significantly faster than the HP 67 m Like the HP 67 the TI 59 features a builtin magnetic card reader writer which allows to store 480 bytes on the two sides of a single card The TI 59 features plug in ROM modules containing libraries of programs and functions The TI 59 is the most powerful pocket calculator with an seven segment LED display
4. ever built Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion 00000 The display of the 59 consists of 12 digits of which 10 are used to actually display numeric values The leftmost digit displays a stylized letter C when the calculator is currently calculating something Bernd Ulmann The programmable pocket calculator 59 Outline Introduct j 1 7 ing Ba Buying Conclusion The keyboard contains 45 keys which allow access to more than 100 functions using a shift key 2nd and an inverse function key INV Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Basics I Keyboard The rather unique feature of providing an inverse function key INV aviods a cluttered keyboard and makes operation intuitive m he INV key can be used in front of many operations yielding their inverse function INV 1n x will result in the calculation of e m his concept extends to programming INV SBR will not jump to a subroutine but instead return from one Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 tion Basics Operation Progr vs Tec ies Buying Conclusion ROM modules One of the most successful features of the TI 59 is the availability of plug in ROM modules containing up to 5000 program steps each Every calculator c
5. operator precedence supports up to six levels of parentheses and proves to be a really powerful input method m From a technological point of view AOS is way more advanced than the RPN technique used by HP in its early pocket calculators Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion 00000 The following example shows how to enter a simple formula using AOS Performing a simple calculation 2 3 4 5 6 7 Some calculations require a value be entered several times as the calculation 2 1 234567 1 234567 Unlike other calculators the TI 59 allows to repeat the number entered last by pressing the CE key Reusing a value 2 1 234567 CE Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Operation Using registers Some complicated calculations can be significantly simplified by employing registers for storing and retrieving of values between calculation steps m To store a value currently being displayed such a value is said to be in the into a register register numbers range from 0 to 59 using normal memory partition can be done using the STO function STO 12 will store the current value into register 12 To recall this particular value you can enter RCL 12 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable po
6. ame with the mighty installed which contained lots of useful programs and functions Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP 1 gy packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion These ROM modules proved to be a key to the instant success the 59 had in the market place Apart from quite a lot of different modules manufactured by Texas Instruments themselves they even had a leisure library module there were a couple of companies developing modules to turn the TI 59 into a special handheld device for some particular arcane application Some examples are USMC Harrier VSTOL REST Calculator This module supported Harrier pilots A special Allianz insurance module which turned the 59 into a insurance agent tool The Navigatronic module containing functions for marine navigational tasks And lots more Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Basics E m The main memory of the TI 59 consists of four integrated circuits TMC0598 holding 1920 bits each making up a total of 960 bytes in the machine m his is about four times more than the HP 67 featured and two times more than the smaller cousin of the 59 the TI 58 supports m he memory is divided into two parts Program memory and variable memory holding values during calculations The initial confi
7. ator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion It is crucial that no battery packs will be left installed in calculator being not used on a regular basis to avoid sometimes extreme damage on the calculator The following pictures show a way to replace an old battery pack on a TI 59 with modern NiMH rechargeable batteries m Never throw away the plastics enclosure of the battery pack since it will be needed to construct a new battery pack m Normally you will want to preserve the battery contact strips did not do this since the calculator was already missing the flexible contact strips on its main board 3Please note that take no responsibility for any damage to you or your equipment when you attempt to do something like this yourself Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator 59 Batteries The battery holder The picture below shows the empty battery holder after removing the damaged original batteries Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduc 9 ramming HP Technology f ing Batteries Bu The new batteries Bernd Ulmann ul vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator 59 Batteries The new batteries in place Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Batteries Buy Fie
8. cket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion O00000 As mentioned earlier there is plethora of programs supplied in form of exchangable ROM modules Most of these programs can be used as stand alone applications while it is possible to use them as subroutines for own programs A program in a ROM module is identified by its program number To run a program with number 1 the following steps are necessary 2nd PGM 01 Calculate factorial of 10 using the Master Library Module 2nd PGM 16 10 A Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Programming Introduction to Programming Programming the TI 59 is simple and straight forward A program consists of a number of steps entered on the keyboard which will be repeated automatically at every program run In addition to the normal calculator functions the 59 has provisions for conditional branching looping and subroutine calling The programming model of the 59 feels very natural for someone used to program non Forth systems Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion 00000 To write a program the learn mode has to be entered by pressing the LRN key This will result in a display as
9. e the HP fraction features the use of RPN m Both techniques have advantages and disadvantages and it is mainly a question of personally liking which method will serve best for someone Reverse Polish Notation Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 ng vs HP AOS vs RPN A small example may show the basic difference between AOS and Let us suppose that the result of 2 3 4 has to be determined AOS 2 3 4 eight keystrokes RPN 2 ENTER 3 4 six keystrokes Using an algebraic input method is nearer to conventional mathematical notation than the RPN variant while the latter normally requires fewer keystrokes than the former Learning to transform normal algebraic formulas into RPN is fairly easy but still requires some abstraction Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Technology packaging Batterie System overview The main parts of a 59 are m a 501 4 bit processor surrounded by m four TMC0598 RAMs holding 1920 bits each m an interface chip for the magnetic card reader writer m the necessary clock generation circuitry and m a switching power supply generating three MOS compatible voltages Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Technology packaging System overview DIGIT DRIVERS D LINES MAGNETIC 1 0 TI 59_ONLY x Y KEYBOARD MATRIX
10. guration is 480 program steps and 60 variable registers m One program step occupies one byte while a numeric value requires eight bytes Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Basics Magnetic cards One of the most important features of the 59 is the built in magnetic card reader writer A single card can hold 2 times 240 bytes so the complete memory contents may be copied to two cards like this Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Basics Power supply and batteries Like most of its competitors the TI 59 gets its power normally from a custom rechareably battery pack which mounts in the back of the calculator Operation of the card reader is only possible with charged batteries and not with the power supply only since it draws more than 200 mA during operation The battery packs were the only major drawback of the 59 since they only allowed for one or two hours of continuous calculation when fresh while recharging took hours In addition to this the batteries tended to die early with replacement parts getting more and more difficult to obtain Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Operation TI 59 features an input method called the which allows the user to enter most calculations in the same way into the calculator they are normally written down m AOS knows about
11. ld report Having run a 59 with such a replacement battery pack for a couple of months now the following results can be stated The overall runtime using NiMH batteries has increased to something between 5 and 10 hours compared with 1 to 2 hours using the original NiCd batteries Due to the low internal resistance usage of the card reader writer is possible even after long calculator runs Loading an empty battery pack takes about 12 hours Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion o0o0000 From time to time TI 59 calculators turn up at flea markets or at online auctions Before buying one some things should be kept in mind m f the calculator powers up try to perform the selftest program of the Master Library Module 2nd PGM 01 SBR m f the calculator does not power on at all it might be caused by a defective battery pack Do not despair it might be repairable and at least the calculator can serve as a spare parts holder to salvage another 59 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator 59 Buying Buying 59 Never store calculators with their batteries installed Keep the batteries in sealable plastics bags away from the calculators Normally it is to run a calculator without its batteries but with
12. shown below The three leftmost digits show the current address where the instruction to be entered will be stored while the two rightmost digits show the decimal representation of the instruction itself Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion 00000 Let us write a small program incrementing the value shown in the display by one displaying the result for a short period of time and then repeating this action over and over again Counting loop 000 Add one to the current value 001 1 002 003 PAUSE Display the new value for a short moment 004 RST Reset the program counter thus looping Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Programming Entering and running the program Enter learn mode by pressing LRN A Enter the program step by step by pressing the appropriate keys on the keyboard After entering the last step press LRN again to leave the learn mode Since the program counter will now point to address 005 it has to be reset manually by pressing RST before starting the program execution by pressing R S H To halt a running program press R S again Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclu
13. sion 00000 This loop is very crude since it resets the program counter after every iteration Using the goto command GTO a more precise control is possible Counting loop 000 Add one to the current value 001 1 002 003 PAUSE Display the new value for a short moment 004 GTO 000 Jump to location 000 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator 1 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP Technology packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion 00000 59 supports labels as the destination of branch instruction instead of real addresses This has the advantage of being easier to use than real addresses at the cost of being way more slowly Counting loop 000 LBL A Define a label called A 002 Add one to the current value 003 1 004 005 PAUSE Display the new value for a short moment 006 GTO A Jump to location 000 Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Programming The keys A E and gt The top row of keys the 59 is denoted by letters A to E and to shifted with 2nd Pressing such a key will cause a jump to the next label with corresponding name so pressing A will start program execution in the currently active program at label A Not only these special names can be used as label names instead even operators like may serve as label names All programs from the various ROM mod
14. the external power supply connected HP calculators will most probably be destroyed by doing this while 596 will normally survive it but generate random results and errors m Flakey keys can be sometimes cured by placing a thin mat of foam rubber between the keyboard and the printer circuit board thus increasing the pressure against the keys Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Conclusion Conclusion m he TI 59 is one of the finest pocket calculators every made m When you take good care of a TI 59 it will last nearly for ever and be a dependable friend m Its AOS is far superior to other data program entry methods of contemporary calculators m The TI 59 is the climax in the development of pocket calculators using seven segment LED displays m Have fun with your TI 59 and take good care of it Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59
15. ules make frequent use of this technique Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator TI 59 Outline Introduction Basics Operation Programming vs HP 1 gy packaging Batteries Buying Conclusion Writing magnetic cards m Using the magnetic card reader writer it is possible to store programs and data on magnetic cards for later use A magnetic card has two sides capable of holding up to 240 bytes each so it is possible to store the entire memory contents using two cards m Therefore the memory is divided into four banks running from 1 to 4 To write a card you have to enter the number of the bank to be saved into the display register and then press 2nd WRITE Then insert the card into the reader writer After writing the card the number of the bank written will be displayed If it is blinking the write operation was unsuccessful Bernd Ulmann ulmann vaxman de The programmable pocket calculator 59 Programming Working with magnetic cards Reading magnetic cards is simpler m In the easiest case just insert the card into the reader writer After completion of the read operation the number of the bank which was filled with the card s contents is displayed If this number blinks the read operation was unsuccessful It is possible to redirect card contents to other banks than they were written from more information about this can be found in the user manual of the TI 59
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search