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EE 203 Lab Manual - King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

1. Figure 2 o Display both channels as show in Figure 2 o Adjust POSITION controls so that the 1 gt is positioned in the top half of the LCD screen o Adjust POSITION controls so that the 2 gt 1s positioned in the bottom half of the LCD screen HORIZONTAL The Horizontal Controls relate to the horizontal movement of the scope trace POSITION Horizontally adjust the position of all channels HORIZONTAL MENU HORIZONTAL TRIGGER lt j POSITION fy LEVEL gt Displays horizontal menu H 2r 5 T HORIZONTAL TRIGGER MENU MENU SET LEVEL TO 50 Selects the horizontal SEC DIV time div scale factor for the main timebase and the Window Zone FORCE TRIGGER SEC DIV TRIGGER VIEW EXT TRIG Press HORIZONTAL MENU Button Using the buttons on the right side of the LCD screen choose see figure 3 Main not window zone or window Trig knob Level Adjust SEC DIV for 250 us see Figure 3 When the input frequency changes adjust SEC DIV for a meaningful waveform Tek TL Trig d MM Pos 0 0005 HORIZONTAL mm Bg a Trig knob Level Co ey ich i l Holdotf a oat E er e P sod conin Figure 3 TRIGGER o Press TRIGGER MENU Button o Using the buttons on the right side of the LCD screen choose see Figure 4 Edge Slope Rising Source CH1 Mode AUTO Coupling DC o Adjust trigger level lt on right side of LCD screen for a stable waveform o If the trigger level is gr
2. pa Go to Trace Add Trace or Son the toolbar Then select all the traces you want To delete traces select them on the bottom of the graph and push Delete E Finding Points There are Cursor buttons that allow you to find the maximum or minimum or just a point on the line These are located on the toolbar to the right 20 Select which curve you want to look at and then select Toggle Cursor ctl Then you can find the max min the slope or the relative max or min Al i find relative max VI Measuring DC Analysis If you want to measure DC levels you can use two parts to view these levels These parts are placed on the schematic drawing the same way any other part is placed VIEWPOINT is a voltage viewing point which will show the value after the circuit is simulated You place VIEWPOINT on a node IPROBE is a current probe which will show the value after the circuit is simulated You need to put this part between two parts so that current flowing in that branch can be measured If you have measurements that are time varying i e a sinusoid then you need to run Probe VII Exercise Read Pspice Tutorial before you start this Session Parts to be used in the PSpice Resister R DIN4148 D1N750 Electrical Ground EGND Diode Characteristic TUTORIAL 1 Click on Start gt Program gt MicroSim Eval 6 3 gt Schematic 2 Open the Draw menu by clicking once on the Draw menu Choose Get N
3. 22uF 2No s 100 u F Resistors 50kQ 22kQ 3 3kQ 2No S 2 2K TE ain PRELAB 1 For the circuit shown in Figure 2 consider B 75 Calculate the dc components Igo and Ica V CEQ 2 Draw the small signal equivalent circuit 3 Calculate the voltage gain for the circuit vo Vs 4 Remove Cg and calculate the voltage gain 5 Connect a resistance of 2kQ in series with the source in the presence of Cg and calculate the new voltage gain 6 From 3 and 5 calculate input resistance of the amplifier 7 Remove the load resistance Ry and calculate the voltage gain in the presence of Ce 8 From 3 and 7 calculate the output resistance seen by the load SUMMARY OF THEORY In a common emitter CE amplifier the input signal is applied between the base and emitter and output signal is developed between the collector and emitter The transistor s emitter is common to both the input and output circuits hence the term common emitter The input and out signal gives 180 phase shift 41 To amplify ac signal the base emitter junction must be forward biased and the base collector junction must be reverse biased The bias establishes and maintains the proper dc operating conditions for the transistor After analyzing the dc conditions the ac parameters for the amplifier can be evaluated Figure 2 below shows the transistor configured as a common emitter amplifier In this diagram Vs is the a c signal source and Ry is the load Vcc is a
4. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Department of Electrical Engineering EE 203 Electronic Circuits I Laboratory Manual Emitter Feb 2005 Table of Contents Exp No Title Page 1 Introduction to Basic Laboratory equipments cccccccccccssssssssssssssssssssssees l Peg OPICE TOO eeen rE E EE AEE EE 10 3 Applications of Semiconductor Diodes sssssseceeccccsssssscceecoccssssessceecoososo 23 Crise Deo T A A A 29 5 Bipolar Junction Transistor CharacteristiCS eeesseeessssssececcocccssssescecesoosso 36 eDIL CLAMO OE enerne EE E EE EEE EEE E EE 41 Telbhbe MOSFET Small Signal Ample visccconssssesscessscennsesssuscvssssesseuncevssesess 45 SAD i na e EAE o E EE E 49 9 Iransistor ransistor LOSIC sevooss sonvanesecanstacuecsuscessscnaaeatssecssueexesecetsvancercaeess 52 IIC MOS Inverto soruecacesevsconesananececescasseusancaseuessuassileesues EEPE EN SETAST 57 INTRODUCTION This manual is your guide to the first electronics laboratory in the electrical engineering program It is assumed that by completing the first electronics laboratory course you are familiar with basic electronic measurements and instrumentation as well as with elements of data analysis presentation of results and reporting Professional engineering practice requires using proper experimental methods and procedures They include not only good measurement techniques but also proper recording of all relevant information preparing tabl
5. Obviously V1 and V2 should not be equal Again the units would be amps if this were a current pulse o TD isthe time delay The default units are seconds The time delay may be zero but not negative 16 o TR is the rise time of the pulse PSpice allows this value to be zero but zero rise time may cause convergence problems in some transient analysis simulations The default units are seconds o TF is the fall time in seconds of the pulse o TW is the pulse width This is the time in seconds that the pulse is fully on o PER is the period and is the total time in seconds of the pulse This is a very important source for us because we do a lot of work on with the square wave on the wave generator to see how various components and circuits respond to it 1 9 PartName YPULSE TF W Include Non changeable Attributes W Include System defined Attributes Eid Figure 6 IV Analysis Menu Analysis Setup Enabled Enabled i AC Sweep Options Load Bias Point Parametric Save Bias Point Sensitivity DC Sweep Temperature Monte Carlow orst Case Transter Function Bias Point Detail Transient Digital Setup Figure 7 To open the analysis menu click on the Button 17 A DC Sweep The DC sweep allows you to do various different sweeps of your circuit to see how it responds to various conditions For all the possible sweeps o voltage cu
6. To Build and understand the operation of an AC to DC power supply COMPONENTS REQUIRED e Rectifier Diodes GEIN5059 2 e Zei t Diodes D1N750 Vz 10V 1 Resistors IKQ 2 2kKQ Capacitor 22uF 100uF 1000uF e Center tap Transformer 12VAC 1 PRELAB For the regulated power supply circuit shown in Figure 6 assume regular diodes with 0 7V forward drop and a Zener diode with 0 7V forward drop Vz 10V at 20mA Imin SmA and r 10Q Use a 15V peak 60Hz sine wave at the transformer secondary and assume a maximum ripple level of 1V a Compute the unknown components needed to design 10V DC supply Refer Figure 6 Hint find R first and then C assuming a discharge path through R and the Zener rz Load Ry is disconnected What is the ripple level for C 22uF Sketch the rectified filtered and regulated outputs b Verify the experimental work with Pspice Use two VSIN sources instead of center tap transformer as shown below Note rest of the circuit 1s same in experimental procedure so follow experimental procedure to do Pspice work Vsec 29 SUMMARY OF THEORY The objective of the lab is to reacquaint you with the fundamentals of AC alternating current and DC direct current voltages as well as introduce you to the basics of AC to DC conversion through the use of diode rectifiers In Figure 1 Rz simulates the load placed on the power supply which can be a battery operated electronic device a computer
7. 20mv Table 2 43 PSPICE WORK BIAS POINT DETAIL SIMULATION Use Schematics to connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 Analyze the circuit by choosing Analysis gt Setup gt Bias Point Run the simulation by choosing Simulate from the Analysis menu See the results from examine output choosing from file Menu Write all the results in the following table SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS Use Schematics to draw the amplifier circuit in Figure 2 For source Vs use VSIN from the Get New Part Menu Double click the source and enter the values of peak voltage and frequency of 10mV and 1 kHz Exactly follow the same procedure used in Lab Write all the results in Table 2 44 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 7 The MOSFET Small Signal Amplifier OBJECTIVE To study the properties of the common source MOSFET amplifier The voltage gain input and output resistance will be calculated both theoretically and experimentally COMPONENTS REQUIRED e N channel MOSFET 2N4351 1 Ay Resistors 5 6K Q 10kQ 100kQ IMeg e C it apacitor 22 uF 2 F G MOSFET pin Configuration PRELAB WORK 1 For the MOSFET CS amplifier circuit shown in Figure 1 assume V 1 5V K 0 5mA V and calculate the drain current Ip and all DC voltages Vp Va Vs Check for saturation mode operation 2 Draw the small signal equivalent circui
8. familiarize the student with the basic properties of logic circuits based on saturated bipolar junction transistors COMPONENTS REQUIRED e Transistors D2N2222 4 No s e Resistors 1KQ 4KQ 1 6KQ 0 13KQ PRELAB WORK Using hand calculation find the current in each branch and the voltage at each node in the circuit of Figure 1 when the input voltage is 5V Assume Bp 100 Br 0 01 Vge 0 7 V Keep these results in your notebook in the laboratory you will measure these currents and voltages and compare them with your calculations Perform Pspice before coming to the Lab SUMMARY OF THEORY TTL has been the most popular circuit technology for implementing digital systems using SSI MSI LSI packages At the present time TTL continues to be used although it has certainly lost a lot of application grounds to its chief rival CMOS Figure 2 shows the complete TTL gate circuit It consists of three stages the first transistor O operating in the inverse active mode that is in the active mode but with the roles of emitter and collector interchanged The driver stage Q2 whose function is to generate the two complementary voltage signals required to drive the totem pole circuit which is the third output stage of the gate The totem pole circuit in the TTL gate has two additional components the 130Q resistance in the collector circuit of Q4 and the diode D in the emitter circuit of 04 The reason of including the 130Q resistance is s
9. though it would need a DC DC step down converter or any other circuit that requires a DC input The first section of the power supply after the AC voltage source is the transformer It is responsible for converting the AC signal from a standard wall outlet down to a 12 VAC signal Most DC power supplies maintain a voltage much less than 120 volts so the transformer stage 1s necessary to get the AC source amplitude down to a more reasonable level b During negative half cycles D is forward biased and D is reverse biased Figure 1 The second stage consisting of the two diodes D1 to D2 is referred to as a full wave rectifier The diodes only allow current to flow in one direction the direction of the arrow on their symbol D1 work to allow only positive AC voltages to pass through the rectifier unaffected On the other hand D2 flip the sign of the negative AC voltages to make the whole output of the rectifier to be positive as shown in Figure 1 This converts the AC voltage a sine wave to an always positive DC voltage a flat signal Although the rectification stage makes the sine wave voltage to be positive the rectifier s result is not as flat a DC value as we would like to have from a reliable 30 voltage source as you will measure in lab The capacitor is included to help smooth out the ripples that result in the output from the rectification stage Recall that the voltage across a capacitor cannot change ins
10. 2N3904 has something like 300mA Ic max The 2N3904 is a higher speed and generally lower noise device The 2N2222 is a medium low power switch with higher input and output capacitances The 2N3904 is a low power switch with lower noise hrg 1s about the same for both a Seetieeeatitlieeatietiatitiadatieatietiattaltetetetelietinateatinaieadt lt eme p MM NPN switching transistors 2N2222 2N2222A FEATURES PINNING e High current max 800 mA DESCRIPTION e Low voltage max 40 V emitter APPLICATIONS collector connected to case e Linear amplification and switching DESCRIPTION NPN switching transistor in a TO 18 metal package PNP complement 2N2907A QUICK REFERENCE DATA SYMBOL PARAMETER VcBo collector base voltage 2N2222 2N2222A VcEO collector emitter voltage open base 2N2222 2N2222A collector curent OG SS transition frequency Ic 20 mA Vce 20 V f 100 MHz 2N2222 2N2222A 56 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 10 CMOS Inverter OBJECTIVE To study the general characteristics of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMOS Logic as a circuit element COMPONENTS REQUIRED Resisters 1KQ 2KQ 5KQ 10KQ e MOSFETS 2N4351 2N4352 G SUMMARY OF THEORY The inverter is truly the nucleus of all digital designs Once its operation and properties are clearly unde
11. Vou and calculate NM and NMa Remember that Vy and Viy are defined at the slope 1 points on the VTC EXPERIMENTAL WORK A Transfer Characteristic 1 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3 Apply a triangular wave of frequency about 1000Hz and of 10V peak to peak to the circuit supplied from a dc supply of 5V 2 Use the oscilloscope to display the transfer characteristic with output applied to the Y input and the input applied to the X input Sketch the result noting particularly the logic levels Von Vor Vin Vit Note to observe the transfer characteristics use the XY format or the dual trace format on the oscilloscope put Channel 1 on the input and Channel 2 on the output 3 Now lower the supply voltage and note the display Note the effect of changing the dc supply voltage on the performance of the circuit Vbp 5V M2 p channel S2 a j gt substrate2 D2 Vino o Vout D1 a fs substrate 1 a S1 M1 n channel Figure 3 CMOS Inverter 60 B Output Drive Capabilities 1 With the circuit supplied from 5V dc ground the input Now apply to ground resistors of 1k 2k 5k and 10k Measure the output voltage in each case Plot the output voltage versus load current 2 Repeat step 1 but now with input voltage 5V and the load resistors connected between the output terminal and the dc supply Plot the output voltage versus load current COMPARE THE RESULTS OBTAI
12. circuit in Figure 1 Apply DC inputs of 0 or 5V you can use ground and VDC for 0 and 5V respectively Measure the output voltage for all input combination Use VIEWPOINT to observe output Record the result in the table Transient Analysis Q2 Draw the circuit in Figure 2 using PSPICE Apply sinusoidal input voltage with SV amplitudes and 5 kHz Frequency Double click the VSZN source and change only Vamp and Freq and make all other values zero Go to analysis Dset up choose transient analysis choose print step 2Ons Final time lms Scycles save and choose Simulate from analysis you will observe a Probe Window Go to Trace gt to Add Trace in that add the input and output traces Note You can also use voltage Marker to plot the input amp output directly Repeat the same procedure for Zener diode with 5V and then 10V amplitude at 5 KHz Frequency Q3 For the limiter circuit draw the circuit in Figure 3 using PSPICE Follow same procedure used in previous question Find the voltage output using the probe show 5 cycles In your lab write up make sure to include printouts of the simulation results 26 DATA SHEET Small Signal Diode Absolute Maximum Ratings 7 25 cuniess otherwise noted Vari Maximum Repetitive Reverse Voltage V Fav Average Rectified Forward Current mA leon Non repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current Pulse Width 1 0 second 1 0 Pulse Width 1 0 microsecond 4 0 Storage Temperature Range 6
13. gain with a resistance of 2kQ connected in series with the source in the presence of Cg Input resistance of the amplifier _ The voltage gain with the load resistance Ry removed in the presence of Cg The output resistance seen by the load The small signal equivalent circuit Instructor s signature 69 70 Experiment 7 The MOSFET Small Signal Amplifier Prelab Student ID You can use the back side for calculations Input resistance expression Output resistance expression The small signal equivalent circuit Instructor s signature ee 72 Experiment 9 Transistor Transistor Logic Prelab Student ID You can use the back side for calculations Instructor s signature 73 74
14. power supply which provides the transistor with the necessary power to amplify the a c signal Resistors R and Rz are used to establish the correct voltage at the base of the transistor See the text for more details The capacitors C and C2 serve to isolate the signal source and load from the voltage source Vcc The capacitors are called blocking capacitors or coupling capacitors since they block the d c voltage but act like a short to the a c signal EXPERIMENTAL WORK Before you connect the circuit test the transistor using DMM and curve Tracer instructor will examine you procedure DC analysis l Wire the circuit as shown in Figure 2 The pin diagram for the 2N3904 transistor is shown in Figure 1 2 After you have checked all connections apply the 10V supply voltage you have to adjust the supply of 5 15V variable from beardboard to 10V using multimeter V 10V 3 3k Rey C C 22u Vout 22u R gt 3 3k CE 100u Figure 2 3 With a multimeter individually measure the transistor dc base emitter and collector voltages and currents record you results in tablel FindB Make sure 42 your transistor is biased in the active mode for amplifier application Record your results in Table 1 Measured Value Theoritical Value Simulation Value Tablel Small Signal Analysis 4 Apply a sine wave 10mV 100 kHz and measure the output voltage using the double beam oscilloscope Display bot
15. value of Rp and notice the effect on the output Can you find the optimum value for Rp that results in maximum symmetric output swing clipping occurs on both sides You must have your SPICE output file with your hand calculations ready before you come to the lab 46 EXPERIMENTAL WORK Before you connect the circuit test the MOSFET using curve Tracer instructor will examine you procedure 1 DC ANALYSIS Connect the MOSFET CS amplifier circuit shown in Figure 1 Use a voltmeter to measure the transistor voltages VD VG VS and drain current ID Make sure your transistor is biased in the saturation mode for amplifier application Compare all DC results to your prelab calculations 2 AC ANALYSIS Apply a sine wave 20mV 10 kHz Display both input and output signals on the oscilloscope and observe the phase shift Measure the output voltage and compute the voltage gain 3 Increase the input amplitude until you observe clipping in the output Plot and label the clipped output What is the maximum input that can be amplified without distortion clipping 4 Connect a 100kQ resistor between the voltage source and the coupling capacitor C Measure the voltage gain and use the results from step 2 to deduce the amplifier input resistance Rin 5 Remove the load resistor Ry and measure the voltage gain then deduce the amplifier output resistance Ro At the end of this experiment a Compare all experimental results to the theoretica
16. volt potential than the emitter then a current ig will flow into the base The current into the collector is p times larger than the base current The quantity 6 usually called hrg in transistor data sheets is a characteristic of the individual transistor and is typically in the range from 100 500 for the types of transistors we will be using The transistor can be thought of as a current amplifier device the current at the output collector or emitter is 6 times large than the current at the input base Another useful characteristic 1s the dc alpha For a transistor to amplify power is required from dc sources The dc voltages required for proper opertaion are referred to as bias voltages The purpose of bias is to establish and maintain the requied operating conditions despite variations between transistors or changes in the circuit parameters For normal operation the base emitter junction is forward biased and base collector junction reverse biased Since the base emitter junction is forward biased it has characteristics of a forward biased diode PSPICE A BJT Ic Vcr characteristic curves Use Schematics to connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 Select Analysis gt Setup gt DC Sweep Select Vcr from 0 to 8V The Sweep type is linear Set Nested Sweep for Ig from 0 lmA to 0 5mA Mark X in the Enable Nested Sweep Generate three curves for Ip 0 1mA 0 3mA and 0 5mA Determine a and from the curves for the following val
17. 5 to 200 Operating Junction Temperature These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired NOTES 1 These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 200 degrees C 2 These are steady state limits The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations Table 1 A manufacturer s data sheet gives detailed information on a device so that it can be used properly in a given application A typical data sheet provides maximum ratings electrical characteristics mechanical data and graphs of various parameters Table 1 shows the maximum ratings for a DIN4148 rectifier diode These are the absolute maximum values under which the diode can be operated without damage to device For general reliability and longer life the diode should always be operated well under these maximums Generally the maximum ratings are specified at 25 C and must be adjusted downward for higher temperatures Explanation of the parameters from Table 1 Verrm The maximum reverse peak voltage that can be applied repetitively across the diode Notice in this case it is 100 V This is same as PIV ratings Ipsu The maximum peak value of nonrepetitive one cycle forward surge current Other parameters are clear from Table Table 2 shows typical and maximum values for certain electrical characteristics These items differ from the maximum rat
18. Circuit Changing the Name of the Part Changing the Value of the Part Making Sure You Have a GND Voltage and Current Bubbles II Voltage Sources Q mIo D VPULSE IV Analysis Menu A DC Sweep B Bias Point Detail C Transient V Probe Before you do the Probe To Start the Probe Graphing Adding Deleting Traces Finding Points MOADS gt VI Measuring DC Analysis VII Exercise 10 I Opening PSpice Find PSpice on the C Drive Open Schematics or you can go to PSpice A D and then click on the schematic icon You will see the window as shown in Figure 1 Draw Navigate View Options Analysis Tools Markers Window Help Dee SE fn SeSeeier Figure 1 II Drawing the circuit A Getting the Parts The first thing that you have to do is get some or all of the parts you need This can be done by o Clicking on the get new parts button al or o Pressing Control G or o Going to Draw and selecting Get New Part Once this box is open select a part that you want in your circuit This can be done by typing in the name part name or scrolling down the list until you find it 11 Part Browser Basic Fart Hame Q2N EE Description bipolar trargistor Close Q2N 23074 LAN 3904 O2N3906 MB break L break N Place amp Close breaka break H4 ObreakP rele break Pa break P4 H R_var Libraries AAaMBE ST break 7 AAMBEsobreak Abreak Advanced
19. L ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 8 Differential Amplifier OBJECTIVE To study the performance of BJT differential amplifier The differential gain the common mode gain the input resistance and the output resistance will be calculated both theoretically and experimentally COMPONENTS REQUIRED e Transistor 2N2222 e Resistors IKQ 5 No s 4 7KQ 0 47KQ 2 7KQ e Capacitor 0 47uF PRELAB WORK Perform all of the experimental steps using PSPICE EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1 DC ANALYSIS Connect the differential amplifier circuit shown in Figurel With both inputs grounded why measure the DC voltage at all possible nodes and the DC currents in all branches Specifically I Vero Vcr2 Vcr3 and Ic2 Compare all DC results to your prelab calculations 2 AC ANALYSIS With input 2 grounded connect a 30mV 50kHz sinusoidal signal to the input 1 and measure the small signal voltage gain using the oscilloscope Notice the phase difference between the input and the output Compare the value you obtain with the theoretical calculations of the differential gain The differential gain is the gain acquired by the difference voltage between the two inputs This can be measured with both inputs receiving voltage or more easily with one of the inputs grounded and the other input receiving voltage This is what we are doing 3 With both inputs joined to each other repeat step 2 Now you are measuring the common mod
20. NED IN STEPS 1 AND 2 COMMENT ON THE RESULTS 61 62 Experiment 3 Applications of Semiconductor Diodes Prelab Student ID Truth table p Circuit logic function 1S 2 Zener circuit output waveform Does the output shape change if the input amplitude is increased to 10V peak 3 Limiter output waveform Does the output shape change if the input amplitude is decreased to 5V peak Instructor s signature 63 64 Experiment 4 Rectifier Circuits Prelab Student ID 1 Calculation Area use back side if needed R C Ripple level for C 22uF Rectified waveform Filtered waveform Regulated waveform Instructor s signature 65 66 Experiment 5 Bipolar Junction Transistor Characteristics Prelab Student ID Refer to the specifications for the 2N3904 and find the following information Transistor type S o S O Maximum power it can dissipate at25 C OSS Maximum collector current rating J oS Maximum collector to emitter voltage rating Operating temperature range C Minimum and maximum hre The emitter to base breakdown voltage ee hre Ic 10 mA Instructor s signature 67 68 Experiment 6 BJT CE Amplifier Prelab Student ID You can use the back side for calculations Teg o oS o Ico a Veg e eee e e The voltage gain for the circuit vov o Z oS The voltage gain with Cg removed The voltage
21. UM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 3 Applications of Semiconductor Diodes OBJECTIVE To study the properties of semiconductor junction diodes and investigate some of their applications COMPONENTS REQUIRED Rectifier Diodes DIN4148 2 No s Zener Diodes D1N750 Vz 3 6V 5 1V 2No s Resistors IKQ 4KQ PRELAB WORK Students must perform the following calculations before coming to the lab 1 For the logic gate circuit of Figure 1 generate the truth table by computing the output for all possible input combinations 0 or 5V Assume diodes with a constant forward drop of 0 7 V 2 For the circuit of Figure 2 assume a Zener diode with a forward drop of 0 7V and a Vz 5 1V For a sinusoidal input of 5V 5kHz sketch the output and label the points Does the output shape change if the input amplitude is increased to 10V peak 3 For the limiter circuit of Figure 3 Sketch the output for 5kHz input sine wave with 10V peak amplitude Does the output shape change if the input amplitude is decreased to 5V peak Perform Pspice session before coming to the Lab and save it in disk and bring it to the Lab For details you can refer at the end of this Experiment SUMMARY OF THEORY Diode is a semiconductor device that only allow current flow in one direction The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1 where the line denotes cathode or the N material while th
22. VE The purpose of this experiment is to Measure and Graph the collector characteristis curves for a BJT Use the Characteristics curves to determine the fpc of the transistor at a given point Study data sheet of BJT COMPONENTS REQUIRED Transistor 2N3904 C e Resistors 33KQ 100Q v B L NPN cZ 10 92 Be Figure 1 2N3904 Pin configuration PRELAB Refer to the specifications for the 2N3904 and find the following information transistor type maximum power it can dissipate at 25 C maximum collector current rating maximum collector to emitter voltage rating operating temperature range minimum and maximum hpg the emitter to base breakdown voltage SUMMARY OF THEORY A Bipolar junction transistor BJT is a three terminal device capable of amplifying an ac signal see Figure 1 The three terminals are called base B emitter E collector C and come in two flavours NPN On a NPN transistor arrow is not pointed IN See Figure 1 and PNP The middle letter indicate the type of material used for the base while outer letters indicate the emitter and collector Si mo aoge material The sandwiched materials produce two pn junctions These two junctions form two diodes the emitter base diode and base collector diode BJTs are current amplifiers A small base current is amplfied to a larger current in the collector emitter circuit Consider first the NPN transistor shown at the top If the base is at higher 0 6
23. asure the output voltage using a voltmeter What logic function does the circuit perform 5V R SS 4k Black Stripe 7 A Vout Figure 1 Diode Configuration For the Circuit of Figure 2 set the signal generator with sinusoidal input of 5kHz with amplitude of approximately 5V Make sure the DC offset on your signal generator is zero Sketch the input versus the output as a function of time Use the X Y mode of Oscilloscope to plot transfer function 24 Figure 2 Reverse the polarity of the diode turn it around Now repeat the above exercise What s the difference in output versus input signals with the diode reversed Replace the Rectifier diode with Zener diode Sketch the output signal as observed on the oscilloscope Increase the input signal amplitude until you notice a change in the output signal Write down the input peak amplitude at which the output changes What is the effect of the diode breakdown voltage on the output Connect the circuit of Figure 3 with similar Vz 3 6V zener diodes Apply a 5 KHz sine wave with 10V peak amplitude Sketch the output and transfer function as observed on the oscilloscope and label the important points Vary the input amplitude and notice the effect on the output What is the function of this circuit Use two different zener diodes Vz 3 6V 5 1V and repeat step 5 Figure 3 25 PSPICE WORK Parts to be used in the PSpice DC Analysis QI Draw PSPICE for the
24. ax of 800mA metal case the PN2222 has less current capabilities while the 2N3904 has something like 300mA Ic max The 2N3904 is a higher speed and generally lower noise device The 2N2222 is a medium low power switch with higher input and output capacitances The 2N3904 is a low power switch with lower noise hep is about the same for both a seetieeeetllieatietiadiatiadiatieatietialtaieeteteteletinateatieliedt lt eme p MM NPN switching transistors 2N2222 2N2222A FEATURES PINNING e High current max 800 mA DESCRIPTION e Low voltage max 40 V emitter base APPLICATIONS collector connected to case e Linear amplification and switching DESCRIPTION 3 1 NPN switching transistor in a TO 18 metal package PNP complement 2N2907A 3 i MAM264 4 Fig 1 Simplified outline TO 18 and symbol QUICK REFERENCE DATA SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS collector base voltage open emitter 2N2222 2N2222A collector emitter voltage open base 2N2222 2N2222A F collector curent OG OOOO DC current gain lc 10 mA Veg 10 V transition frequency Ic 20 mA Vce 20 V f 100 MHz 2N2222 2N2222A P Gon 150 mA leon 15 mA leor L15 mA 51 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 9 Transistor Transistor Logic OBJECTIVE To study the circuit characteristics of Transistor Transistor Logic TTL and to
25. cane ayn a eet oe aie 100mA Low Threshold Voltage Storage Temperature Range 65 C to 200 C Operating Temperature Range 55 C to 150 C PIN CONFIGURATION Lead Temperature Soldering 10sec 300 C Power Dissipation 22 a an nuan ey eee eee ee ces 375mW Derate above 25 C 2 2 0 0 2c cece eas amW Pc NOTE Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device These are stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability ORDERING INFORMATION Part Package Temperature Range 2N4351 Hermetic TO 72 55 C to 150 C X2N4351 Sorted Chips in Carriers 55 C to 150 C ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Ta 25 C unless otherwise specified z i 8 ea Vos t0v ves 0 id 1 1 0 0 1000 2 i fe __ Reine Woe 5s rome Drain Source ON Voltage 1 Turn Off Delay Note 2 Forward Transfer Admittance rss r 48 lp 2mA Ves 10W Ves 10V Ip 0 f 1kKHz Vos 10V lo 2mA f 1kHz Vos 0 Ves 0 f IMHz Vos 10V Ves 0 f 1MHz Vovsup 10V f 1MHz P n m H P ohms Y A A V A Y Ss F ns KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICA
26. cilloscope Turn on the power switch of the function generator Select the Sine wave button of the function generator and set the input to 1000 Hz 200 mV P P Turn on the power switch of the oscilloscope After you turn on the power of the scope push the autoset button Both channels should be displayed VERTICAL The Vertical Controls relate totally to the vertical movement of the scope trace This oscilloscope has two vertical sections so that it can display two waveforms simultaneously CH1 and CURSORI1 Position CH2 and CURSOR2 Position Vertically adjust the channel 1 display or position cursor 1 Vertically adjust the channel 2 display or position cursor 2 MATH MENU Displays waveform math VOLTS DIV VOLTS DIV G operations menu Pc CH 1 and CH 2 Displays the channel input MENU menu selections and toggles the channel display on and off m watt ace Selects calibrated scale factors o Press CH1 MENU Button Note that this button will toggle the display of channel 1 on or off Using the buttons on the right side of the LCD screen set CH1 for see figure 2 Coupling AC BW Limit OFF Volts Div COARSE Probe 1X Adjust VOLTS DIV to 100mV o Press CH2 MENU Button Note that this button will toggle the display of channel 2 on or off Set CH2 the same as CH1 Tek SEH Trig d MM Pos 00005 CH Coupling i R A mia i OFF pro ae ee oo ened Bea ee geri SEY BOMHz
27. d and is limited by the derating curve Figure 7 Zener impedence Zz is the value of dynamic impedence in ohms measured at the test current The values of Zz for each zener type are listed in the 3 column The term dynamic means that it is measured as an ac quantity that is the change in voltage for a specified change in current Zz AV AT You cannot get Zz using Vz and Izr which are dc values Zener test current The value of zener current 77 in mA at which the nominal zener voltage is specified is listed in the 4 column 34 Reverse leakage current The values of leakage current are listed in the 5 and 7 column for different temperature and Reverse voltage Vr The leakage current is current through reverse biased zener diode for values of reverse voltage less than the value at the knee of the characteristics curve Notice that the values are extremely small as was the case for rectifier diodes Maximum zener current The maximum dc current Izm 1s listed in 10 column The value of z is specified based on the power rating the zener voltag at Izm and the zener voltage tolerance An approximate value for Jz can be calculated using the macimum power dissipitaion Ppjmax and Vz at zm as follows Izm Ppcmaxy V 35 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 5 Bipolar Junction Transistor Characteristics OBJECTI
28. e base is the anode or the P material Current flows from P toN or anode to cathode There are many specifications for each type of diode the most important two are 1 PIV Peak inverse Voltage maximum voltages the diode can tolerate in 25 reverse direction 2 Ip Forward Current maximum forward current though diode when it is conducting Diodes have small impedance to current flow in one direction forward biased and large impedance in the reverse biased mode When diodes fail they either short circuit pass current in both directions 1 e low resistance in both directions or open circuit do not pass current at all Since the low impedance path is the one from anode to cathode one needs to know which end is which Diodes are widely used in applications such as mixers detectors protection circuits In this experiment you will investigate few applications of diodes such as AND gate halfwave rectfier and Zener limiter Diode limiters are waveshaping circuits in that they are used to prevent signal voltage from going above or below certain levels Because of this clipping capability the limiter is also called clipper EXPERIMENTAL WORK Before you connect the circuit test the diode using Digital multimeter DMM and Curve tracer instructor will examine your procedure Connect the circuit of Figure 1 See Diode Configuration generate the truth table by computing the output for all possible input combinations 0 or 5V Me
29. e gain Compare the value you obtain with the corresponding theoretical value The common mode gain is the gain acquired by the sum of the two inputs As you know from your lectures the output of the differential amplifier can be expressed as Vo Gg v1 V2 Ge v v2 thus when v v2 49 the output voltage will be due only to the sum of the two inputs and gain will be the common mode gain 4 Repeat step 2 after exchanging the inputs Observe on the oscilloscope the phase difference between the input and the output in steps 2 and 4 5 Disconnect Ry and repeat step 2 From the result you obtain in this and step 2 calculate the output resistance 6 Disconnect the resistances Rs from input 1 and repeat step 2 From the results of 2 and 6 calculate the input resistance 7 For demonstration only Apply a sinusoidal signal of 30mV 50kHz to one input and a triangular signal to the other input 1SmV 100kHz Observe the output on your oscilloscope Sketch the output and compare it with your expectations Vec 8V o Re 1k 0 47u C Voi 1k 1k AO o Vin Rs Roo Vinz R gt 1k i Ra Q 2 7k Q1 Q2 Q3 Similar transistor s Ray 0 47k o Vie 6V Figure 1 Differential Amplifier DATA SHEET The 2N2222 is BJT the data sheet of this can be analyzed same as 2N3904 except few facts which will be clarified below 50 2N3904 and 2N2222 are intended for rather different purposes The 2N2222 has an Ic m
30. e limitations are stated in the form of maximum ratings and are normally specified on the manufacturer s data sheet as shown in Figure 4 Typical maximum ratings are given for collector to base voltage collector to emitter voltage collector current and power dissipation The product of Vcg and Ic must not exceed the maximum power dissipation Ptotmax Both Vcg and Ic cannot be maximum at the same time Ptot max 18 usually specified at 25 C For Higher temperature Ptot max 1S less Data sheets often give derating factors for determining Ptotmax at any temperature above 25 C For example a derating factor of 2mW C indicates that the maximum power dissipation is reduced 2 mW for each centigrade degree increase in temperature DEMO Transistor curve Tracer Your instructor will introduce you to the different functions of the transistor curve tracer for testing transistor s characteristics Instructors display both Ic Vgg and Ic Vcr 40 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 6 BJT CE Amplifier OBJECTIVE The purpose of this experiment is to Demonstrate the operation and characteristics of the small signal CE amplifier Determine the maximum output available from a basic common emitter amplifier Calculate voltage gain input and output resistance experimentally COMPONENTS REQUIRED Transistor 2N3904 by Capacitors
31. eater than or less than the displayed waveform the waveform will turn gray Tek aT Trig d M Pos 0 00s TRIGGER T ESE io Gea Edge ETER Moho eec Deco E mmi E EEE Widen Ta ae a eae tree esas E gone RL ge a DO EE Pising ee i me ee Mi a SOUICE CHI kop Bea ap mef m eg CHT 0m CHE 1OtmY M 250s CHI J 240m Figure 4 DISPLAY Press DISPLAY Button Using the buttons on the right side of the LCD screen choose see Figure 5 Type Vectors Persist Off Format YT o Note that using the buttons for Contrast Increase and Contrast Decrease may make the LCD screen more viewable Tek SFE Trig d Mi Pos 0 0008 DISPLAY EN E ee a Type p Persist Bee Sy aN a Off s om a Format o Contrast PA E EE ET hier ERENT eh hal ae Eei Increase ee Peete a a LA Ean a a a a amaa weak aa aa a a ere A aaa Contrast Decrease CHT iim CH tiime Mi 250s CHI J 20m Figure 5 CURSORS o Press CURSOR Button o Cursor types are VOLTAGE TIME and OFF Toggle top button on right side of LCD screen to change CURSOR type Tek SFE Trig d Mi Pos 0000s CURSOR a a m Ge 2 S amp 2 Soe SOUICE R i i CH1 a Aaa E aaa Wat ane at ie aed gaa r tea Delta i i z i zaim Cursor 1 E Eee E E EATE EAEN a EATEN E EE ETATEN lin at 112m Cursor 2 108m Figure 6 o VOLTAGE cursor Adjust VERTICAL POSITION knobs to adjust voltage cursors to the top and botto
32. es and graphs etc Almost as important as obtaining good data is their proper presentation which often determines success in this laboratory course as it does in engineering practice Upon completion of the first laboratory course you should be very familiar with effective laboratory practices and professional style data presentation They will be a great asset in your future The experiments in this lab manual are designed to give the student practical experience in working with diodes and transistors BJT FETs and MOSFETs The laboratory will complement and support the theory taught in the lectures and should help the student to apply his knowledge of electronics Laboratory Guidelines Laboratory procedures Every week before lab each student should read over the laboratory experiment and work out the various calculations etc that are outlined in the prelab The student should refer to Microelectronic Circuits 4th edition by Sedra and Smith for the fundamental theory Return parts and jumper wires to correct bins when you are finished with them Do not put suspected defective parts back in the bins Give them to the Lab Technician for testing or disposal Report all equipment problems to Lab Instructor or Lab Technician Most experiments have several parts students must alternate in doing these parts as they are expected to work in group Each student must have a laboratory notebook The notebook should be a permanent doc
33. ew Part and then Browse Get part DC battery VDC from the source slb library Get part resistance R from the analog slb library Get part diode D1N4002 from the eval slb library Get part earth ground AGND from the port slb library To Rotate the part first select it then press Ctrl R Draw and complete the diode circuit shown in Figure 1 in which R 200mQ You can click the left mouse on the device or element and choose Attributes from the Edit menu Alternatively you can change the attributes of any devices or elements by double clicking the left mouse and giving new values 9 Analyze the circuit of Figure 1 by choosing Analysis from Schematic menu oe aS Click once on the Analysis menu and then choose Setup menu 21 Choose the analysis type DC Sweep and give the sweep information sweep name VDD start value OV Sweep end value 0 8V and Sweep increment 0 01 R1 200m D1N4002 0 8V ai Figure 1 Run the simulation by choosing Simulate from the Analysis menu After successful simulation PSPICE will automatically run Probe and move to Probe menu Choose Add from the Trace menu of Probe and select the plot variable the diode current e g I D1 Repeat the same procedure for reverse bias by selecting diode DIN750 changing the polarity of the dc source and changing the sweep values Attach a copy of the probe output and schematic with this output 22 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLE
34. fiers respectively Like the CE amplifier the CS amplifier has a negative voltage gain and an output impedance approximately equal to the drain resistor collector resistor for the CE amplifier The CD amplifier is comparable to the CC amplifier with the characteristics of high input impedance low output impedance and less than unity voltage gain PSPICE 1 Verify all Prelab calculations using SPICE Assume V 1 5V K 0 05mA V W 30um and L 3um Note To change V and K select the MOSFET MbreaKN This is done by single clicking on the transistor with the right mouse button If it has been selected it will turn red Then select Model from the Edit Menu The Edit Model dialog box will appear This box states the name of the part to be edited along with three different methods to edit We will select Edit Model Instance Model Editor since we want to use the Model Editor Click that button and you should get this error This is just to inform us that if we change any of the parameters of the MOSFET the model will behave differently This 1s exactly what we want so click Okay You should see the following Model Editor Copied From Save To oen Ea Library C MSIMPRES EVAL Nota lib Librar CAMSIMPRESeval LIB Bre model MbreakN 1 NMOS KP T Expand AKO s OF Cancel Help 2 Use SPICE TRAN analysis to find the maximum input voltage that can be amplified without distortion Vary the
35. gt gt readme Full List Figure 2 An important prerequisite to building a schematic is the availability of the necessary parts in the form of symbols for assembly Schematics have an extensive symbol libraries and a fully integrated symbol editor for creating your own symbols or modifying existing symbols For the labs you will be using the existing symbols Some common parts are r resistor C capacitor L inductor d diode GND ANALOG or GND EARTH this is very important you MUST have a ground in your circuit VAC and VDC Q2N bipolar transistor o VSIN Transient sine voltage source O O O O O Upon selecting your part you will also see description of the part below part name and you can see the symbol of that part when you click on advanced in the above figure click on the place button you will see the part attached to the 12 mouse pointer then click where you want it placed Somewhere on the white page with the blue dots if you need multiple instances of this part click again once you have selected that part right click your mouse the part will not be attached to the mouse pointer Don t worry about putting it in exactly the right place it can always be moved later If you want to take a part and close then you just select the part and click on place amp close Once you have all the parts you think you need close that box You can always open it again later if you need more o
36. h input and output signals on the oscilloscope and observe the phase shift Measure the output voltage and compute the voltage gain Avoid using Autoset of the oscilloscope adjust manually if the display is distorted due to the use of the 20dB attenuator 5 You must observe that the output signal level Vout is greater the input signal level Vs In addition Vout is inverted or 180 degree out of phase with respect to the input Those points are two major characteristics of a common emitter amplifier 6 Remove Cg and calculate the voltage gain 7 Reconnect Cg Connect a 2kQ resistance Rs in series with the source and calculate the voltage gain in the presence of Cg Use the value obtained in step 2 with the one obtained here to calculate the input resistance 8 Remove the load resistance and calculate the voltage gain with Cg connected Summarize your results in Table 2 9 Compare results to the theoretical calculations and PSPICE simulation Find the error percentages and discuss the factors that caused these errors 10 Attach theoretical and Pspice results with the report 11 Input and Output resistance can be calculated using Ri Ri Rs A3 A R Input Resistance R RitRo 4A1 434 Ro Output Resistance Record all your observations in table 2 Vs p p Vout p p Measured Gain Theoretical gain Simulation gain 1004F Without 3 3K 20mV Without Without 3 3K 20mV 1004F 2K 3 3K _
37. he following key sequence 3 1 5 1 Now press the ENTER button What is the frequency displayed e You may change the units to MHz by pressing the MHz up arrow button instead of the ENTER button Set the frequency to 2 701 MHz Setting the AC magnitude Let s set the amplitude to 2 volts peak to peak Press the Amplitude key Ampl o Press Enter Number o Press 2 o Press Vpp the up arrow button Setting the DC offset Now let s set the DC offset to 1 2 volts Press the offset button o Press Enter Number o Press 1 2 o Press ENTER Reset the DC offset to zero 2 SFG 830 30MHz Arbitrary Function Generator The operation of SFG 830 30MHz Arbitrary Function Generator see Figure 9 is almost same as the Agilent 33120A function generator Follow the same procedure to enter the frequency and amplitude In this function generator we have 2 arrow keys above the freq amp Ampl which are used to change the wave shape and the changed shape 1s displayed on the bottom of the display On the right side of panel we have buttons to enter frequency in Hz KHz and MHz Other important function is the up down arrow key which work like increment and decrement of the displayed quantity KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 2 PSPICE Tutorial I Opening PSpice IT Drawing the circuit A Getting the Parts B Placing the Parts Connecting the
38. ich corresponds to an input voltage Vin From the transfer characteristics curve Figure 1 refer also Figure 2 we can determine the critical points and the noise margin as follows Voy 3 7V Vir is somewhere in the range of 0 5 V to 1 2 V and thus a conservative estimate would be 0 5 V VoL 1 V Vin 1 4 V NMa Vou Vin 3 V and NML Vir VoL 0 4 V It should be noted that these values are computed assuming that the gate is not loaded and without taking into account power supply or temperature variations 53 PSPICE 1 Circuit specifications and setup Implement the circuit of a standard TTL inverter shown in Figure 2 into a PSPICE circuit file or a Schematics file The input signal to the inverter is a continuous symmetric square pulse of maximum amplitude of 5V and minimum amplitude of OV The period of the pulse is 500us Note to define such an input use the PULSE source definition refer to PSPICE handout For Schematics users the source VPULSE can be used In this case make sure to change the source attributes to match the given specifications Use transistor type Q2N2222 for all transistors and diode type DIN4148 Record all your results in the table given 2 Input Output waveforms Perform transient analysis of the circuit and observe the input and output waveforms on the same plot Convince yourself that the inverter action is established In the analysis allow a number of periods to be plotted by setting appro
39. imply to limit the current that flows through Q4 especially in the event that the output terminal is accidentally short circuited to ground This resistance also limits the supply current in another circumstances namely when Q4 turns on while Q3 is still in saturation Transfer characteristics Figure 1 below shows the sketch of voltage transfer characteristics drawn in a piecewise linear fashion The actual characteristics 1s offcourse is smooth curve We shall now explain the transfer characteristics Segment AB is obtained when transistor Q is saturated Q2 and Q are off and Q and D are on The output voltage is approximately two diode drops below Vcc At point B the phase slitter Q2 begins to turn on because the voltage at its base reaches 0 6V 0 5 VcEsat Of Q7 Over segment BC transistor Q remains saturated but more and more of its base current get diverted to its base collector junction and into the base of Q2 which operates as a linear amplifier Transistor Q and diode D remain on with Q acting as an emitter follower Meanwhile the voltage at the base of Q3 although increasing remains insufficient to turn Q on less than 0 6 VIL VIH Vi Figure 1 Voltage Transfer Characteristics At breakpoint C Q start to conduct Q2 amp Q remains in active mode and Q remains saturated The circuit behaves as an amplifier until Q and Q saturate and QO cuts off This occurs at point D on the transfer characteristics wh
40. ings in that they are not selected by design but are the results of operating the diode under specified conditions A brief explanation of these parameters follows 2i Electrical C ha racte ristics T 25 C unless otherwise noted Breakdown Voltage lk 100 uA l 5 0 uA Forward Voltage 1N914B 4448 1N916B 1N914 916 4148 1N914A 916A 1N916B 1N914B 4448 VR 20V Reverse Current ve 20 V Ta 150 C 1N916A B 4448 Vpr 1N914A B 4148 viz Table 2 Vr The instantaneous voltage across the forward biased diode for different forward current at 25 C Figure below shows how forward voltage vary with forward current for a typical diode 50 9 T 25 C ge a 20 pe 10 ooo Y 7 0 mn a 7 5 0 _ 3 0 Typical Maximum 0 7 0 5 i 0 3 0 2 I 1 1 T i T l 0 1 i in 0 07 t I l t 1 I 4 I t T i lg forward current amps 0 05 0 03 0 02 0 01 0 007 0 005 0 003 0 002 0 001 z 3 6 4 0 j i I 0 4 0 38 L2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 32 Ve forward voltage volts p The maximum current when the diode is reverse biased with a dc voltage WVp The maximum reverse dc voltage that can be applied across the diode Other parameters are clear from Table 2 28 KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circuits I EE203 Experiment 4 Rectifier Circuits OBJECTIVE
41. ire doesn t go the way you want it doesn t look the way you want you can make extra bends in it by clicking in different places on the way each click will form a corner D Changing the Name of the Part You probably don t want to keep the names Cl C2 etc especially if you didn t put the parts in the most logical order To change the name double click on the present name C1 or R1 or whatever your part is and then a box will pop up Edit Reference Designator see Figure 3 In the top window you can type in the name you want the part to have Edit Reference Designator Package Reference Designator Gate P Package Type Footprint Cancel Figure 3 Note that if you double click on the part or its value a different box will appear E Changing the Value of the Part If you only want to change the value of the part if you don t want all your resistors to be 1K ohms you can double click on the present value and a box called Set Attribute Value will appear see Figure 4 Type in the new value and press OK Use u for micro as in uF microFarad Set Attribute Value Figure 4 14 F Making Sure You Have a GND This is very important You cannot do any simulation on the circuit if you don t have a ground If you aren t sure where to put it place it near the negative side of your voltage source G Voltage and Current Bubbles These are important if you want to measure the voltage at a p
42. istors is shown in Figure 4 Notice that the maximum collector emitter voltage Vcgo 1s 40V The CEO subscript indicates that the voltage 1s measured from collector C to emitter E with the base open O In the text we use Vcemax for clarity Also notice that the maximum collector current is 200mA The collector emitter saturation voltage Vcx sat 18 0 2 V maximum for Icisaty 10 mA and increases with the current The Spc DC current gain is specified for several values of Ic and it is worth discussing About Boc The pc is an important bipolar transistor parameter that we need to examine fpc varies with both collector current and temperature Keeping the junction temperature constant and increase in Ic causes pc to increase to a maximum A further increase in Ic beyond this point causes pc to decrease If Ic is held constant and the temperature is varied Spc changes directly with the temperature If the temperature goes up Spc goes up and vice versa 38 2N3904 SMALL SIGNAL TRANSISTORS NPN MAXIMUM RATINGS AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Ratings at 25 C ambient temperature unless otherwise specified SYMBOL VALUE Collector Base Voltage Collector Emitter Voltage Emitter Base Voltage Collector Current Power Dissipation at Ta 25 C at Te 25 C Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient Air Junction Temp rature storage Temp rature Range 65 to 150 NOTES 1 Valid provided that leads are kept al ambient tem
43. l thus increasing calculation speed Another handy feature is the Fourier analysis which allows you to specify your fundamental frequency and the number of harmonics you wish to see on the plot PSpice defaults to the 9th harmonic unless you 19 specify otherwise but this still will allow you to decompose a square wave to see it s components with sufficient detail V Probe A Before you do the Probe You have to have your circuit properly drawn and saved There must not be any floating parts on your page 1 e unattached devices You should make sure that all parts have the values that you want There are no extra wires It is very important that you have a ground on your circuit Make sure that you have done the Analysis Setup and that only the things you want are enabled B To Start the Probe Click on the Simulate button on the tool bar E or Analysis Simulate or F11 It will check to make sure you don t have any errors If you do have errors correct them Then a new window will pop up Here is where you can do your graphs C Graphing Ifyou don t have any errors you should get a window with a black background to pop up If you did have errors in the bottom left hand side it will say what your errors were these may be difficult to understand so go To View Output File D Adding Deleting Traces PSpice will automatically put some traces in You will probably want to change them
44. l calculations and SPICE simulation b Discuss the differences between theory and experiment c Recall the BJT amplifier results and compare with the MOSFET Which amplifier gives higher voltage gain hint compare gm and higher input resistance Vpb 10V p RD 5 6K C2 RG Vout O 1Meg 22u cs on Gate G ubstrate Source S RL 10K n Channel 22u Te Figure 1 MOSFET Amplifier 47 DATA SHEET The 2N2351 MOSFET used in this Experiment is an 25 V drain source breakdown voltage N Channel enhancement mode MOSFET general purpose amplifier switch MOSFET For the enhancement type MOSFET the gate to source voltage must be positive and no drain current will flow until Vgs exceeds the positive threshold voltage Vr Vr is a parameter of each particular MOSFET and is temperature sensitive This parameter sensitivity to temperature is one reason for establishing a stable dc bias The 2N4351 MOSFET data sheet lists the minimum and maximum values of Vr as 1 V and 5 V respectively Refer Partial data sheet yg is gm Which is a very important parameter to determine minimum and maximum voltage gain Other parameters are very clear from the data sheet 2N4351 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Ta 25 C unless otherwise noted FEATURES Low ON Resistance Low Capacitance High Gain Drain Source Voltage or Drain Body Voltage 25V Peak Gate Source Voltage Note 1 125V High Gate Breakdown Voltage Drain UREN Seat
45. m of CH1 waveform Note that the voltage values are displayed on the right side of the LCD screen o TIME cursor Adjust VERTICAL POSITION knobs to adjust time cursors to the top of two adjacent waveforms Note that the period and frequency are displayed on the right side of the LCD screen Tek Fk Trig d Mi Pos 0 0008 CURSOR Type SOU CH1 Delta 1 000rris 1 000kHz Cursor 1 010 0 us Cursor 2 130 0 us A toa Cae i H Bi Foam Figure 7 Push the Measure button to see the Measure menu Push the top menu box button to select Source Select CH1 for the first three measurements Push the top menu box button to select Type Push the first CH1 menu box button to select Freq Push the second CH1 menu box button to select Period Push the third CH1 menu box button to select Pk Pk Push the measure button The frequency period and peak to peak measurements are shown in the menu and are updated periodically Note the readings FUNCTION GENERATOR Two types of function generators are available in our labs They are l Agilent 33120A 15MHz Function Arbitrary Waveform generator 2 SFG 830 30MHz Arbitrary Function Generator 1 Agilent 33120A 15MHz Function Arbitrary Waveform generator This function generator will output a variety of waveforms including sine and cosine waves at frequencies up to ISMHz The function generator controls e Take a look at the Agilent 33120A 15 MHz see Figure 8 Function A
46. n run in PSpice and it computes various values of your circuit over time 18 Click on the Transient button in the Analysis Setup dialog box The Transient dialog box opens Two very important parameters in the transient analysis are see Figure8 o print step o final time Transient Transient Analysis Print Step Final Time No Frint Delay Step Celing Detailed Bias Pt Skip intial transient solution Fourner Analysis Enable Fourier Humber of harmonics Center Frequency Output Wars Cancel Figure 8 The ratio of final time print step Keep print step atleast 1 100 of the final time determines how many calculations PSpice must make to plot a wave form PSpice always defaults the start time to zero seconds and going until it reaches the user defined final time It is incredibly important that you think about what print step you should use before running the simulation if you make the print step too small the probe screen will be cluttered with unnecessary points making it hard to read and taking extreme amounts of time for PSpice to calculate However at the opposite side of that coin is the problem that if you set the print step too high you might miss important phenomenon that are occurring over very short periods of time in the circuit Therefore play with step time to see what works best for your circuit You can set a step ceiling which will limit the size of each interva
47. nd NMOS complement each other during regular operation of the inverter The PMOS transistor conducts when logic zero is applied to its gate terminal and the NMOS transistor is off The NMOS transistor conducts when logic one is applied to its gate terminal and the PMOS transistor 1s off In CMOS one transistor acts as a large resistance when the other 1s on The PMOS transistor pulls the output up and the NMOS transistor pulls 1t down PSPICE 1 Circuit specifications and setup Implement the circuit of a standard TTL inverter shown in Figure 1 into a PSPICE circuit file or a Schematics file The input signal to the inverter is a continuous symmetric square pulse of maximum amplitude of 5V and minimum amplitude of OV The period of the pulse is 400ns Note to define such an input uses the PULSE source definition refer to PSPICE handout For Schematics users the source VPULSE can be used In this case make sure to change the source attributes to V1 0 V2 5V TD 100ns TR 0s TF 0s and PW 800ns Use p channel enhancement MOS number MbreakP and n channel enhancement MOS number MbreakN In the attributes of both transistor define L 2um and W 10um Record all your results in the table 2 Input Output waveforms Perform transient analysis of the circuit over 900ns interval with an increment of 10ns and observe the input and output waveforms on the same plot at the points marked V1 and Vout 3 Propagation delay Using the results of pa
48. nd because of measuring automation and many other features such as connections for computers The TDS210 DSO is the standard laboratory oscilloscope in use for EE 203 Lab This two channel 100 MHz bandwidth 1 GS s Giga Samples per Second device provides a wide range of measurement capabilities in a compact package It s LCD display is a primary reason that this instrument comes in a much smaller physical size than the previous generation oscilloscopes Through an easy to use push button run menu system it allows the user to quickly utilize all of its features hee Figure 1 Front Panel of TDS Built in automatic measurements and cursors make it possible to make many measurements quickly and accurately In addition a GPIB IEEE 488 connection to a PC makes it possible to download waveform displays in formats that allow inclusion in other documents for writing labs reports etc This tutorial 1s intended to aid the student in getting an overview of the TDS210 s capabilities either in a group setting with an instructor available or as a self study Further details of operation can be explored by referring to the User Manual and the Programmer Manual Taking automatic measurements using the Oscilloscope The oscilloscope can take automatic measurements of most displayed signal To measure signal frequency period and peak to peak amplitude do the following Steps Connect the output of the function generator to CH1 of the os
49. oint or the current going through that point To add voltage or current bubbles go to the right side of the top tool bar and select Voltage Level Marker Ctrl M Phr Current Marker A To get either of these go to Markers and either Voltage Level Marker or Current Marker IHI Voltage Sources A VDC This is your basic direct current voltage source that simulates a simple battery and allows you to specify the voltage value B VAC A few things to note about the alternating current source first PSpice takes it to be a sine source so if you want to simulate a cosine wave you need to add or subtract a 90 phase shift There are three values which PSpice will allow you to alter these being o ACMAG which is the RMS value of the voltage o DC which is the DC offset voltage o ACPHASE which is the phase angle of the voltage Note that the phase angle if left unspecified will be set by default to 0 C VSIN The SIN type of source is actually a damped sine with time delay phase shift and a DC offset see Figure 5 If you want to run a transient analysis you need to use the VSIN see how AC will effect your circuit over time Do not use this type of source for a phasor or frequency sweep analysis VAC would be appropriate for that 15 Y1 PartName SIN A TEMPLATE REFDES Z 7DCDC SDC 7ACAC DC AC VOFF VAkPL FREG v i Include Non changeable Attributes W Include Systerm detined At
50. oltage using Digital multimeter DMM 4 Comment on the waveform voltage frequency before and after the diodes 5 Using an RMS voltmeter measure the voltage drop across the diodes and comment on the diode peak inverse voltage PIV Oscilloscope Vsec CH1 CH2 110 VAC 60Hz Vout T RL C Figure 4 6 Though the output of the circuits is a DC current but its amplitude fluctuates 1 e it does not change direction but amplitude changes as shown in Figure 5 In order to smooth the rectified output voltage a filter is needed An electric filter 1s a Capacitor Resistor circuit that stores voltage when the rectified DC voltage is high and discharges the stored voltage when the rectified DC is low Now the power supply filter is examined Connect a 22 uF filter capacitor in parallel with the load resistor Rr Check the polarity of the capacitor the negative side goes towards ground the long lead of capacitor is positive Measure the dc load voltage Vout DC and peak to peak ripple voltage Vp in the output as show in Figure 5 To measure the ripple voltages switch the oscilloscope to AC coupling This slows you to magnify the small ac ripple voltage without including the much larger dc level Measure the ripple frequency at which the waveform repeats oe Ve pp Figure 5 32 7 Connect a 100uF b 1000uUF sketch ripple and calculate ripple factor What happens to ripple a
51. olumn This feature is common to most device data sheet 33 Zener voltage For each zener type number the nominal zener voltage Vz for a specified value of zener test current Izr is listed in the second column The nominal value of Vz can vary depending on the tolerance For example the 1N750 has nominal Vz of 4 7 V For 10 tolerance this value can range from 4 23 V to 5 17 V e Discrete POWER amp Signal FAIRCHILD Technologies EEE SEMICONDUCTOR m 1N746A 1N759A Series Half Watt Zeners Ab sol ute Maximum Ratings TA 25 C unless cih naise noled Tolerance A 5 Parameter Units Storage Temperature Range 65t0 200 C Maximum Junction Operating Temperature IS C Lead Temperature 1 16 from case for 10 seconds 230 C Total Device Dissipation m Derate above 25 C 3 33 mC Thist rabnegs are limiting valuts abowe which the seraceabity of he diode may be impaired 1 These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 200 degrees C 2 These are steady slate lis The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations Electrical Characteristics TA 25 C unless otherwise noted Zz Izy ln P VR Device v Q l mA ua A w 0 045 0 050 t P 3 ZM Maximum Zener Cunment Rating Values shown are based on the JEDEC rating of 400 milliwatts Where the actual zener voltage V2 is known al the operating point the maximum zener current may be increase
52. on the input and Channel 2 on the output 3 Now connect a 330 ohms resistor from the output to ground and then from 5V supply to output Note briefly the changes in output transition particularly its position on the input axis and maximum level Remove this load 4 Now with no load lower the supply voltage towards ground and note the effect on the display What is the lowest useable power supply voltage 5 Return to the standard supply voltage of 5V apply 5V to the input and measure the current in each branch and the voltage at each node You will compare these measurements with your hand calculations Note You may need to know p of the transistor used in the laboratory This can be done by using the transistor curve tracer 5V Figure 2 TTL Inverter 55 B Output Drive Capabilities 1 With the circuit supplied from the standard 5V supply voltage ground the input Now apply resistors of 2k 1k 500 ohms to the output Note the output in each case Plot the output voltage versus load resistance 2 Repeat step 1 but now with the load connected between the output and the 5V supply Compare the results of steps 1 and 2 and comment DATA SHEET The 2N2222 is BJT the data sheet of this can be analyzed same as 2N3904 except few facts which will be clarified below 2N3904 and 2N2222 are intended for rather different purposes The 2N2222 has an Ic max of 800mA metal case the PN2222 has less current capabilities while the
53. perature Collector Base Breakdown Voltage at Ic 10 uA le 0 V BR CBO Collector Emitter Breakdown Voltage at Ic 1 mA lB 0 V BR CEO 40 Emitter Base Breakdown Voltage at le 10 uA Ic 0 V BR EBO Collector Saturation Voltage at Ic 10 mA IB 1 MA VCEsat 0 2 at Ic 50 mA IB 5 mA VCEsat 0 3 Base Saturation Voltage at lc 10 mA IB 1 mA VBEsat 0 85 at lc 50 mA IB 5 mA VBEsat 0 95 Collector Emitter Cutoff Current Ves 3 V Vce 30 V Emitter Base Cutoff Current Ves 3 V Vce 30 V DC Current Gain at Vce 1 V lc 0 1 mA at Voce 1 V lc 1 mA at Vce 1 V Ic 10 MA at Vce 1 V Ic 50 mA at Vce 1 V Ic 100 mA Figure 4 Partial transistor data sheet Figure below shows the variation of Spc with Ic and junction temperature T for a typical transistor 39 A transistor data sheet usually specifies Spc bre at specific Ic values Even at fixed values of Ic and temperature pc varies from device to device for a given transistor due to inconsistencies in the manufacturing process that are unavoidable The pc specified at a certain values of Ic is usually the minimum value Spcimin although the maximum and typical values are also sometimes specified 1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 7 0 10 20 30 50 70 100 200 I collector current mA Maximum Transistor Ratings A transistor like any other electronic device has limitations on its operation Thes
54. periment Draw the ciruit digram and mention the values of resistances etc which are used Make a note of all the measuring instruments you have used Mention the formulas used Create a table and write down the readings including the units Show all your calculation neatly and SYSTEMATICALLY Do this is an organized manner Attach graph if any Be concise Complete sentences are not necessary as long as the context is clear If mistakes are made they should not be erased Just bracket them and make a short note explaining the problem Make entries as the lab progresses don t assume you can fill it in later The instructor will ask to see it during the lab Date every page All important results must be underlined Attach simulation and hand calculation to your note book Draw the figure using pencil before you come to the lab so that you can make corrections to it in case you need to do so by erasing and redrawing This will ensure tidy and neat work Prepare the READING TABLE using pencil and ruler and not just by sketching lines Sketching gives rise to crooked lines and gives the lab notebook a haphazard look Take a few short notes 2 3 lines which explains some of the problems you encountered while doing the experiment This will help you write better reports il General Lab Report Format Following the completion of each laboratory exercise in Electrical Engineering courses a report must be written and submitted for g
55. priate parameters relative to the period of the input signal 3 Voltage levels and noise margins Remove the pulse source from the input terminal and connect a variable DC source To study voltage levels and noise margins of the inverter the input source is allowed to vary from 0 to 5V At each input value the output voltage is recorded A plot of output voltage versus input voltage is usually called the VTC Voltage Transfer Characteristics The above procedure is easily done using the DC Sweep analysis Note The voltage increment of the input voltage should be fine enough to follow the sharp transition from HIGH to LOW in the output voltage From the VTC estimate the values Vit Vin VoL Vou and calculate NM and NMa Remember that Vy and Viy are defined at the slope 1 points on the VTC Results 54 EXPERIMENTAL WORK A Transfer Characteristic 1 Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 Apply a triangular wave of 10V peak to peak to terminal A Its frequency should be 1 kHz 2 Use the oscilloscope to display the transfer characteristic with output Vo vertically and input A horizontally Alternately and briefly connect input A to 5V and then to ground to establish axes conveniently near the lower left of your screen Sketch the result noting particularly the logic levels Vou VoL Vin Vit Note to observe the transfer characteristics use the XY format or the dual trace format on the oscilloscope put Channel
56. r different parts The parts you have selected will be listed on the menu bar for quick access B Placing the Parts You should have most of the parts that you need at this point Now all you do is put them in the places that make the most sense usually a rectangle works well for simple circuits Just select the part It will become Red and drag it where you want it To rotate parts so that they will fit in you circuit nicely click on the part and press Ctrl R or Edit Rotate To flip them press Ctrl F or Edit Flip If you have any parts left over just select them and press Delete C Connecting the Circuit Now that your parts are arranged well you ll have to attach them with wires Go up to the tool bar and o select Draw Wire Si o Ctrl W or o goto Draw and select Wire With the pencil looking pointer click on one end of a part when you move your mouse around you should see dotted lines appear Attach the other end of your wire to the next part in the circuit Repeat this until your circuit is completely wired If you want to make a node to make a wire go more then one place click somewhere on the wire and then click to the part or the other wire Or you can go from the part to the wire To get rid of the pencil right click If you end up with extra dots near your parts you probably have an extra wire select this short wire it will turn red then press Delete 13 Ifthe w
57. rading The purpose of the report 1s to completely document the activities of the design and demonstration in the laboratory Reports should be complete in the sense that all information required to reproduce the experiment is contained within Writing useful reports is a very essential part of becoming an engineer In both academic and industrial environments reports are the primary means of communication between engineers There is no one best format for all technical reports but there are a few simple rules concerning technical presentations which should be followed Adapted to this laboratory they may be summarized in the following recommended report format Title page Introduction Experimental Procedure Experimental Data Discussion Conclusions Detailed descriptions of these items are given below Title Page The title page should contain the following information Your name ID Course number including section Experiment number and title Date submitted Instructors Name Introduction It should contain a brief statement in which you state the objectives or goals of the experiment It should also help guide the reader through the report by stating for example that experiments were done with three different circuits or consisted of two parts etc or that additional calculations or data sheets can be found in the appendix or at the end of the report The Procedure It describes the experimental setup and how
58. rbitrary Waveform generators Just to the left of the terminals are four arrow buttons These are used to select menu options and to make incremental changes in various numerical quantities frequency amplitude offset etc The arrow buttons are multi purpose in nature They are used to Select peak peak voltage setting Select mega Hertz frequency setting Select an RMS voltage setting e Just above the arrow button is a large dial knob This dial knob can be used to set numerical quantities for frequency amplitude offset etc You can also use this dial knob to fine tune any quantity e Locate the three buttons under the Function Modulation heading on the left side of the front panel with the sine wave square wave and triangle wave shapes These buttons allow you to select the wave shape Just below these three buttons are buttons used to set the frequency amplitude and DC offset The buttons described above are the features most frequently used for the experiments in this lab Figure 8 Setting the frequency Press the frequency button labeled Freq Using the Enter Number button e Note that the twelve keys on the left and center of the panel have green numbers printed to the left of each key Note key having the number 7 Note key having the symbol Note key having the decimal point e You can use these keys for numerical input if you press the Enter Number key Press the Enter Number key Now enter t
59. rrent o temperature and parameter and global You need to specify a start value an end value and the number of points you wish to calculate For example you can sweep your circuit over a voltage range from 0 to 12 volts The main two sweeps that will be most important to us at this stage are the voltage sweep and the current sweep For these two you need to indicate to PSpice what component you wish to sweep for example V1 or V2 Another excellent feature of the DC sweep in PSpice is the ability to do a nested sweep A nested sweep allows you to run two simultaneous sweeps to see how changes in two different DC sources will affect your circuit Once you ve filled in the main sweep menu click on the nested sweep button and choose the second type of source to sweep and name it also specifying the start and end values Note In some versions of PSpice you need to click on enable nested sweep Again you can choose Linear Octave or Decade but also you can indicate your own list of values example 1V 10V 20V DO NOT separate the values with commas B Bias Point Detail This is a simple but incredibly useful sweep It will not launch Probe and so give you nothing to plot But by clicking on enable bias current display or enable bias voltage display this will indicate the voltage and current at certain points within the circuit C Transient The transient analysis is probably the most important analysis you ca
60. rstood designing more intricate structures such as NAND gates adders multipliers and microprocessors is greatly simplified The electrical behavior of these complex circuits can be almost completely derived by extrapolating the results obtained for inverters The analysis of inverters can be extended to explain the behavior of more complex gates such as NAND NOR or XOR which in turn form the building blocks for modules such as multipliers and processors The complementary MOSFET scheme or CMOS started the second revolution in computational machines The limits of speed and density were conquered by moving to semiconductors and Very Large Scale Integration but the power consumption and circuit cooling demands of bipolar transistors packed at extreme densities were formidable problems The problem is that the transistor was always on in other words drawing current and dissipating energy CMOS circumvents this problem and allows bits to be stored without constant power consumption A schematic of the CMOS inverter is given in the Figure below This device dissipates energy only when it is switched from high to low or back Quiescent operation in either the high or the low state dissipates essentially no power So cooling the circuit is much easier and supplying power 1s much less of a problem If you don t believe me just ask your calculator digital watch or your laptop CMOS inverters are made of PMOS and NMOS transistors PMOS a
61. rt 2 estimate the propagation delay of the inverter The propagation delay is defined as the difference in time between the 50 marks of the input pulse and the corresponding inverted output pulse Vout 4 Switching time Speed Again using the results of part 2 focus on the output waveform and estimate the time that the output pulse takes to switch from the HIGH to LOW states and from the LOW to HIGH states The switching time is defined as the difference in time between the 10 and the 90 marks on the output pulse for the LOW HIGH case and the time between 90 and the 10 marks for the HIGH LOW case Vou See Figure 2 for definitions 58 Vop MbreakP Vi os Mi MbreakN 5V Figure 1 CMOS Inverter uy Vo Vou 4 Vor Vou VoL Figure 2 59 5 Voltage levels and noise margins Remove the pulse source from the input terminal and connect a variable DC source To study voltage levels and noise margins of the inverter the input source is allowed to vary from 0 to 5V At each input value the output voltage is recorded A plot of output voltage versus input voltage is usually called the VTC Voltage Transfer Characteristics The above procedure is easily done using the DC Sweep analysis Note The voltage increment of the input voltage should be fine enough to follow the sharp transition from HIGH to LOW in the output voltage From the VTC estimate the values Vir Vin VoL
62. s or manipulation When comparing experimental data with numbers obtained from theory or simulation make very clear which is which It does not necessarily mean that your experiment was a failure The results will be accepted provided that you can account for the discrepancy Your ability to read the scales may be one limitation The value of some circuit components may not be well known and a nominal value given by the manufacturer does not always correspond to reality Very often however the reason for the difference between the expected and measured values lies in the experimental procedure or in not taking into account all factors that enter into analysis Conclusion A brief conclusion summarizing the work done theory applied and the results of the completed work should be included here Data and analyses are not appropriate for the conclusion Notes Typed Reports are required Any drawings done by hand must be done with neatness using a straight edge and drawing guides wherever possible Free hand drawings will not be accepted Prelab results should be reported in the provided sheets at the end of the manual It is your responsibility to obtain the instructor s signature and to include the signed sheet with your final experiment report Each student must submit an individual report based on an individual effort 1V KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Electronic Circui
63. s you increase the value of capacitance from 100uF to 1000uUF Note Larger the value of capacitance the smaller the ripple and more effective the filtering 8 Investigate the effect of the load resistor on the ripple voltage by connecting a 1K resister The filter capacitor is not shown but should be place in parallel also Measure the ripple voltage What can you conclude about the effect of additional load current on the ripple voltage 9 The output still contains ripples what do you suggest 10 Connect the complete circuit as shown in Figure by adding the available Zener diode Use the designed values from prelab for R and C and a load resistor Rp 2 2kQ Sketch and label the observed output HH oscilloscope CH1 CH2 110 VAC 60Hz Figure 6 11 Connect a smaller Ry e g IKQ and notice the effect on the output Compared to part 7 what function did the Zener diode perform What is the effect of the load on DC output DATA SHEET The amount and type of information found on data sheets for zener diodes varies from one type of diode to the next The data sheet for some zeners contains more information than for others Figure 7 gives an example of the type of information that you have studied that can be found on a typical data sheet but does not represent the complete data sheet Electrical characteristics The Electrical characteristics are listed in tabular form in Figure 7 with zener type numbers in first c
64. t and drive expressions for the amplifier voltage gain input and output resistances SUMMARY OF THEORY The MOSFET structure has become the most important device structure in the electronics industry It dominates the integrated circuit technology in Very Large Scale Integrated VLSI digital circuits based on n channel MOSFETs and Complementary n channel and p channel MOSFETs CMOS The technical importance of the MOSFET results from its low power consumption simple geometry and small size resulting in very high packing densities and compatibility with VLSI manufacturing technology Two of the most popular configurations of small signal MOSFET amplifiers are the common source and common drain configurations The common source circuit 1s shown in Figure 1 The common sources like all MOSFET amplifiers have the characteristic of high input impedance High input impedance 1s desirable to keep the amplifier from loading the signal source This high input impedance is controlled by the bias resistor Rg or bias resistors Rg and Rg Normally the value of the bias resistor s is chosen as high as possible However too big a value can cause a significant voltage drop due to the gate leakage current A large voltage drop is undesirable because it can disturb the bias point For amplifier operation the MOSFET should be biased in the saturated region of the characteristics The CS and CD MOSFET amplifiers can be compared to the CE and CC BJT ampli
65. tantaneously but rather it requires a certain amount of time before it is fully charged Large capacitance values help suppress the quickly changing voltage from the rectifier and result in a flatter DC value being supplied to the load Typical power supply designs use relatively large capacitor values greater than 1000 uF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1 Connect the full wave rectfier shown in Figure 2 Observe the voltage across the secondry Why is it necessary to use two channels to view the entire secondary voltage 110 VAC 60Hz Figure 2 Vsec Oscilloscope CH2 2 Connect the full wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 3 Use Ryp 2 2K Precaution the ac line voltage must not be exposed the transformer should be fused properly Notice the polarity of diode The line indicates the cathode side the negative side Connect the oscilloscope so that channel 1 is across the transformer secondary and channel 2 is across the output load resistor The oscilloscope should be for LINE Triggering as the waveform to be viewed in this experiment is synchronized with the ac line voltage Vsec Oscilloscope LL rE w CH2 110 VAC 60Hz Figure 3 31 3 View the Vec of the transformer and the output voltage Vou waveform for this circuit and sketch them Label voltage and time on your sketch Calculate frequency Check the rms v
66. the measurements were made Include here circuit schematics with the values of components Mention instruments used and describe any special measurement procedure that was used il Results Questions This section of the report should be used to answer any questions presented in the lab handout Any tables and or circuit diagrams representing results of the experiment should be referred to and discussed explained with detail All questions should be answered very clearly in paragraph form Any unanswered questions from the lab handout will result in loss of points on the report The best form of presentation of some of the data 1s graphical In engineering presentations a figure is often worth more than a thousand words There are some simple rules concerning graphs and figures which should always be followed If there is more than one figure in the report the figures should be numbered Each figure must have a caption following the number For example Figure 1 1 TTL Inverter In addition it will greatly help you to learn how to use headers and figures in MS Word The Discussion It is a critical part of the report which testifies to the student s understanding of the experiments and its purpose In this part of the report you should compare the expected outcome of the experiment such as derived from theory or computer simulation with the measured value Before you can make such comparison you may have to do some data analysi
67. tributes Cancel Figure 5 o DC the DC component of the sine wave o AC the AC value of the sine wave o VOFF is the DC offset value It should be set to zero if you need a pure sinusoid Vamplitude is the undamped amplitude of the sinusoid 1 e the peak value measured from zero if there were no DC offset value FREQ is the frequency in Hz of the sinusoid TD is the time delay in seconds Set this to zero for the normal sinusoid DF is the damping factor Also set this to zero for the normal sinusoid PHASE is the phase advance in degrees Set this to 90 if you need a cosine wave form O O O O 0 Note that the normal usage of this source type is to set VOFF TD and DF to zero as this will give you a nice sine wave D VPULSE The VPULSE is often used for a transient simulation of a circuit where we want to make it act like a square wave source It should never be used in a frequency response study because PSpice assumes it is in the time domain and therefore your probe plot will give you inaccurate results Details of VPULSE are see Figure 6 o DC the DC component of the wave o AC the AC component of the wave o V1 is the value when the pulse is not on So for a square wave the value when the wave is low This can be zero or negative as required For a pulsed current source the units would be amps instead of volts o W2 is the value when the pulse is fully turned on This can also be zero or negative
68. ts I EE203 Experiment I Introduction to Basic Laboratory equipments OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to familiarize the students with the equipment in the electronics lab specially 1 To learn the operational controls of function generator 2 To learn the operational controls of Oscilloscope INTRODUCTION Since students come from different backgrounds therefore this section may seem easy for some while others may want to spend more time becoming familiar with the equipment If you have not used the equipment before spend some time with the equipment in this lab to insure you know how to correctly use it OSCILLOSCOPE The oscilloscope is the most widely used general purpose measuring instrument because it allows you see a graph of the voltage as a function of time in a circuit Many circuits have specific timing requirements or phase relationships that can be measured with a two channel oscilloscope One can measure almost anything with the two dimensional graph drawn by an oscilloscope This general purpose display presents far more information than is available from other test and measurement instruments like frequency counters or multimeters There are two basic types of oscilloscope analog and digital Analog scopes are classic real time instruments that show the waveform on a cathode ray tube CRT Digital oscilloscope are rapidly replacing analog scopes because of their ability to store waveforms a
69. ues of Ig and Vcr Ig 0 1mA 0 3mA and 0 5mA at Vce 1V and Vcr 2 5V Compare with experimental result f y o Q2N3904 Q1 lt Figure 2 B DC Current Gain P versus collector current Ic and Ig Use the same circuit shown in Figure 2 Set Vcg 5V Select Analysis gt Setup gt DC Sweep Sweep for Ig from 100uA to ImA in DECADES with 20 points per decade Run the simulation Plot the trace IC Q1 IB Q1 versus IB Also plot IC Q1 IB Q1 versus IC Find from second plot the maximum DC current gain Find the corresponding Ig and Ic Determine a at calculated Ic C B versus Temperature Circuit for this analysis is shown in Figure 2 Consider Vcg 5V You can generate B versus Ic curves at different temperatures This is a typical curve found in most data sheets for BJTs Select Analysis gt Setup gt DC Sweep Sweep for Ig from 100uA to 1mA in DECADES with 20 points per decade Click on the Nested Sweep button and set values 25 25 125 Celsius Mark X in the Enable Nested Sweep box Run the simulation Generate a plot of B versus Ic At what Ic the B is maximum Note If you find difficulty in identifying the curves you should run each case separately and verify the identity of each curve Put label on the plot to identify each curve ATTACH ALL NECESSARY PRINT OUT OF YOUR PROBE WITH COMMENTS DATA SHEET FOR TRANSISTOR A partial data sheet for the 2N3903 and 2N3904 npn trans
70. ument that is maintained and witnessed properly and that contains accurate records of all lab sessions Laboratory and equipment maintenance is the responsibility of not only the Lab Technician but also the students A concerted effort to keep the equipment in excellent condition and the working environment well organized will result in a productive and safe laboratory Safety in the Laboratory To minimize electric shock hazard the experiments are designed for low voltage however one should never assume that electric circuits are safe Few milliamps of current through the body can be lethal For your safety you must follow safety rules particularly Turn off power before working on circuits Know the location of emergency power off switch Make sure that the transformers and equipments are plugged into utility lines have no exposed wiring Check with the instructor if you are not certain about the procedure Laboratory Notebook The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment This record should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook Record everything directly into the notebook during the experiment Do not use scratch paper for recording data Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK State the objective of the ex

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