- Progetto Snaps
Contents
1. OWNER S GUIDE STATEMENT This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy If it is not properly instai ed and used in strict accordance with the manufacturer s instructions this equipmen J may interfere with radio and television reception This machine has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device in accordance with th specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of the FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation If you suspect interference you can test this equipment by turning it off and on If you detek J mine that there is interference with radio or television reception try one or more of tho w w following measures to correct it v reorient the receiving antenna move the computer away from the receiver change the relative positions of the computer equipment and the receiver CJ plug the computer into a different outlet so that the computer and the receiver are different branch circuits If necessary consult your Commodore dealer or an experienced radio television techn cian for additional suggestions You may also wish to consult the following booklet Y which was prepared by the Federal Communications Commission How to Identify and Resolve Radio TV Interference Problems This booklet is available from the U S Government Printing Office Washington D C 202. Finally Now it s time to turn on your computer Turn on the POWER switch on the right side of your computer If all went well the red POWER light will go on and here s how your screen will look LETTERS WHITE BACKGROUND PURPLE BORDER The flashing block under the word READY is called the cursor The cursor tells you that the computer is ready If something went wrong the Troubleshooting Chart should come in handy IMPORTANT Some TV sets cannot display the entire Commodore 16 screen Instead their pic ture cuts off the far left and far right column of the screen We recommend using a different TV set or a monitor such as the Commodore 1702 1802 or 1803 color monitor If this isn t possible you can deal with the prob lem by pressing the ESC key followed by the R key This reduces the computer screen display size to 38 columns so that the entire picture fits on the screen You must repeat this each time you power up or reset your computer 9 SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER TROUBLESHOOTING CHART Symptom Cause Remedy Indicator light not ON Computer not turned ON Power cable not plugged in Power supply not plugged in Bad fuse in computer Make sure power switch is in ON position Check power socket for loose or discon nected power cable Check connection with wail outlet Take system to authorized dealer for replacement of fuse No pictu
3. After the software is loaded type RUN and press RETURN to start the program Loading A Specific Program To LOAD a specific program on the tape type the name of the program you want after typing LOAD The instructions are the same as typing LOAD with no name with just a few differences USING SOFTWARE K H 1 If the program you want is called BASES you would type LOAD BASES LOAD BASES and press RETURN Make sure you type quotation marks around the name of the program you wish to load Your computer responds with PRESS PLAY ON TAPE LOAD BASES PRESS PLAY ON TAPE Press the PLAY button on your Datassette to get your computer to start looking After searching on the tape for the program called BASES the message should appear USING SOFTWARE SEARCHING FOUND BASES LOADING SEARCHING FOUND BASES LOADING The screen goes blank while your computer then reads the program into its memory Once your computer has digested the en tire program your Commodore 16 tells you READY 3 Atthe cursor you instruct it to RUN and press RETURN At this point your Commodore 16 runs executes the pro gram BASES If the entire tape goes by without the found message rewind the tape and try again 31 USING SOFTWARE Diskettes Disks or diskettes or floppy disks are fast and easy to use e To use software on disk you ll need a Commodore 1541
4. Hayden Leaming About the Learning Computer The Commodore 16 Owner s Guide is easy to follow introduction to using your new computer The Commodore 16 is designed to be the learning computer perfect to use to learn about computing You can use your Commodore 16 to write programs run software play games and more Using the Commodore 16 Owner s Guide you can learn about How to set up your computer How you can use the different keys Different types of software and how to use them Different peripherals you can get to expand your computer system Also the Owner s Guide will introduce you to the BASIC computer language built into your Commodore 16 used for e Numbers and calculations Writing programs Sound and music Color and graphics Included with your computer is a software cartridge the Keyboard Tutorial Cartridge which teaches you about using the computer keyboard This cartridge supplements this Owner s Guide and comes with its own instructions for use z commodore COMPUTERS Commodore Business Machines Systems Division 1200 Wilson Drive West Chester PA 19380 P N 2517 ISRN 0 88731 024 9 16 01
5. If you have a TV station on channel 3 in your area select channel 4 and vice versa Experiment to see which setting gives you the best picture If you have a monitor you won t need to worry about this switch The Serial Socket You can plug a disk drive or a printer into this socket To use both first plug the disk drive into this open ing then plug the printer cable into the back of the disk drive The Cassette Port The Commodore 1531 Datassette tape recorder for cassette tape software plugs in here The Datassette is used to load or store programs on cassette tape and is specially designed for your Commodore 16 SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER Setting Up Your Commodore 16 Connecting your Commodore 16 is as easy as 1 2 3 Hook up the silver SWITCHBOX to the back of your TV Plug in the POWER SUPPLY on the right side of your computer and into a wall plug Connect the RF cable the thin black one from the TV SWITCHBOX to the RF SOCKET on the back of your computer REMINDER The power on everything com puter TV etc should be turned OFF until you are completely set up and ready to go 1 Installing TV Switchbox You ll need a small flat headed screwdriver to connect the switchbox A dime is even too thick e Disconnect the VHF antenna leads from the back of the TV e Connect the leads on the switch box to the VHF screws YOUR COMPUTER Connect the
6. Your computer checks for negative numbers not subtraction just negative numbers SECOND Your computer solves any exponents THIRD Your computer solves all multiplication and division from left to right FOURTH Your computer solves addition and sub traction from left to right NOTE Your Commodore 16 always solves any part of the problem surrounded by parentheses first NUMBERS AND CALCULATIONS Advanced Functions Your computer can also calculate higher level mathematical functions when you type in a BASIC numeric function command and the number or variable to be figured out and press RETHRN Numeric function follow this form FUNCTION X where the FUNCTION is the specific command and X is the number or variable to be calculated Here are the BASIC functions you can use ABS X absolute value X arctangent COS X cosine EXP X the mathematical constant 2 71828183 raised to the power of X INT X integer of X rounded down LOG X logarithm To convert to log base 10 divide by LOG 10 RND X generate a random number SGN X sign positive negative or zero SIN X sine SQR X square root TAN X tangent 133933833333 NUMBERS AND CALCULATIONS When you use these functions remember to type PRINT before the function like this PRINT SQR 16 JE J8 JS 2 28 28 28 93 JE
7. and the ETRL key together to make whatever you type flash Typing FLASH GFF and CFRE or RETURN ESC and 0 makes your typing normal non flashing again 19 LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD KEY EFFECT FEASHON CHARACTERS mE FLASH NORMAL DISPLAY CTRL gt Colors Keys The color keys are actually the number keys from 1 to 8 when you press one with either the CTR amp key These change the color on the screen of everything you type On the front of each of the number keys from 1 to 8 there are abbreviations for two colors Press CTRE along with a number key to get the color listed on top Press the key with a number to get the color on the bottom Make sure you press the two keys at the same time if you press the number key first you ll just type the number on the screen LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD KEY EFFECT 1 CTRL BLACK 1 ORANGE 2 ERRE WHITE 2 CTRL YELLOWCTRL GREEN C 4 C PINK 5 CTRL PURPLE 5 x BLUE GREEN 6 LIGHT BLUE 7 DARK BLUE YELLOW 8 LIGHT GREEN 21 LOOKING THE KEYBOARD Graphic Keys Each letter key and a few other symbol keys on your Commodore 16 has two boxes on the front each with a different graphic symbol There are more than 60 graphic symbols you can use
8. 0 D 4 Introduction Communicating with your Commodore 1 BASIC keywords BASIC PROGRAMMING Introduction At the heart of the computer is programming If pro gramming is the heart of the Commodore 16 then BASIC language is the lifeblood A language is what you use to communicate with your computer The computer understands the terms or keywords that make up the language and interprets them as in structions Your computer has a version of BASIC built in called BASIC 3 5 This version contains many terms not found in other BASICs over 100 key words in all In the following sections on Sound and Music and Graphics and Color you ll see some dif ferent BASIC terms being used in different ways Communicating With Your Commodore 16 There are two different ways to communicate with your computer immediate directly a program indirectly e Direct communication means that you give your orders directly and the computer carries them out right away like this PRINT ANYTHING to print what is between the quotes immediately When you press RETURN this tells the computer BASIC PROGRAMMING A program features lines of commands but each line has a number The number tells the computer in what order to read the program lowest being read first such as this 10 PRINT ANYTHING Nothing seems to happen when you press RETURN The line is entered in the computer but it
9. antenna leads to the screws on the bot tom of the switchbox to the 75 or 300 ohm screws depending on your antenna Peel off the paper strip that s covering the adhesive square on the back of the switchbox and stick the Switchbox onto the back of your TV 2 Connecting The Power Supply Plug the round end of the POWER SUPPLY into the POWER JACK on the right side of your computer Plug the other end into an electrical wall socket SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER 3 Plugging In The RF Cable Plug either end it doesn t matter which of the RF cable into the top of the SWITCHBOX in the opening labelled COMPUTER e Plug the other end of the cable into the RF jack on the back of your computer You need to connect everything to your TV only once When you want to use your computer move the switch on the SWITCHBOX to the COMPUTER position When you want to watch TV move the switch to TV The switchbox will not interfere with your TV reception Connecting Your Commodore 16 To A Monitor If you re connecting your computer to a monitor instead of a TV follow the instructions in the monitor manual Hooking up a monitor like the Commodore 1702 Color Monitor is simple You need to connect only one cable which goes directly from your monitor to the VIDEO socket on the back of your computer You do NOT need to use the switchbox and the RF cable SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER
10. on the LEFT front of each key Just hold down and press the graphic key you want The key is used like the key to change the color of what you type on the screen when pressed with a COLOR KEY When you want to slow down a scrolling display a program that appears line by line on the screen but might be going by too fast to follow hold down the x key The display scrolling speed slows down considerably When you release the key it goes back to normal speed NOTE When pressing a modifying key CTRE SHIFT amp along with another key make sure you press them at the same time or press the modifying key a split second earlier LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD RVS RVSOFF Reverse On Off Press RVSON and CTRL atthe same time to print the reverse image of letters and numbers on your screen In other words if your cursor is black and the screen background is yellow what you type appears in yellow letters on a black background REVERSED LINE To turn off reverse printing press the RYS OFF and CTRL key You can also turn off reverse by pressing the RETURN key or the ESC key and 0 This returns you to typing in normal print KEY EFFECT CTRL RVSON REVERSE PRINTING ON RVSOFF NORMAL 4 PRINTING RVS SHON FLASH OFF OPE GIRL You can make the characters on your screen flash on and off continuously like the cursor flashes Press FEASH
11. programming These reviews are just introduc tions to further your understanding a more thorough Intermediate User s Manual is available for you when you re comfortable with your Commodore 16 after you ve struck up an initial rapport If you aspire to greater programming heights the Series 264 Pro grammer s Reference Guide contains information about the advanced programming capabilities of the Commodore 16 2222 4 Introduction Calculations Advanced functions NUMBERS AND CALCULATIONS You don t have to be a math genius to understand and make use of the mathematical capabilities of your Commodore 16 You can use your computer to per form addition subtraction multiplication division and relational operations as well as advanced functions like square roots and sines Your computer understands fractions and scientific notation You can figure out and use variables Your computer can han dle single digit whole numbers or complex numbers of up to 38 places in exponential notation with equal effi ciency You can do your calculations directly or as part of programs You can also design your own equa tions for your computer to evaluate each time you need the formula applied without having to retype the whole equation in each instance Your Commodore 16 is also a random number generator which is useful in programming As a calculator Besides the standard and operation signs
12. related to what this cartridge covers is presented in Section 2 of this Guide Looking At The Keyboard You can refer to the printed version of the instructions when you are away from the keyboard or when you have another cartridge plugged in e Read Section 3 Using Software This section tells you how to use software that is packaged in any of the three basic packaging forms cartridge cassette tape and disk as well as the units needed to use cassettes and disks When you have completed this section you will be ready to use the Commodore software packages available at your local dealer You ll be able to use software even without reading the rest of the Guide If you are interested in programming the Commodore 16 yourself you will want to read Sec tion 4 Learning the BASICs This section describes the Commodore 16 s computational capabilities and introduces the advanced BASIC programming language that is built into your computer The sophisticated sound music color and graphics capabilities of the Commodore 16 are also intro duced in this section For detailed descriptions of all these topics see the Commodore 16 Intermediate User s Manual Consult the appendices for additional helpful infor mation including information on equipment that can expand the Commodore 16 s capabilities even more and a list of books you may find helpful You ll soon see that you can begin to use your Commodore 16 as soon as you have s
13. step involved in hooking up the Datassette is plugging the cable into the CASSETTE PORT in the back of your Commodore 16 You can also use cassette tapes and the Datassette to store programs you write yourself NOTE You MUST use the special Datassette to load or record cassette software rather than regular audio cassette recorder USING SOFTWARE Loading A Program On Cassette Tape The steps for loading a program on cassette tape are as follows P 1 Insert the cassette into your Datassette and close the door Rewind the tape to the beginning by press ing the REWIND button on the Datassette Press the STOP button on the Datassette when the tape is rewound to the beginning Then type LOAD and press the key The computer responds with PRESS PLAY ON TAPE Press the PLAY buiton on the Datassette The screen goes blank as the Datassette starts When a program is found the screen displays this message USING SOFTWARE FOUND program name Press the Commodore key to load the pro gram that was FOUND If there is more than one program on the tape and the pro gram your Commodore 16 found isn t the one you want after about 8 seconds if you don t press the key the computer keeps searching When the program is loaded the word READY appears If you want to stop the loading before it s complete press RUNISTOP on the key board then the STOP button on the Datassette
14. the program to be LOADed To save time you could press FUNCTION KEY 2 and type in the program name and the second quote marks DLOAD NAME P 5 Press the RETURN key The disk spins and your screen says SEARCHING FOR program name FOUND program name LOADING SEARCHING FOR NAME FOUND NAME READY LOADING USING SOFTWARE 6 Your software is now ready to use RUN and press the REFURN key to start the program You have to supply either program name or a in the DLOAD command Follow the instructions that came with the software A If the red light on the disk drive blinks after the DLOAD is finished something went wrong Type 2055 and press REFURNE to find out what went wrong Examples of DLOAD commands DLOAD 4 LOADS the first program on the disk DLOAD FILES LOADs a disk program called FILES 85998832332532323535335353335353235333353333332533 4 Numbers and Calculations BASIC Programming Sound and Music Graphics and Color LEARNING THE BASICs This is an introduction to let you know something about the BASIC programming language that is includ ed with your computer This section will begin to give you an idea of what you can do with your Commodore 16 In the following sections there will be reviews of the BASIC capabilities of your computer for numbers and calculations sound and music graphics and col or and
15. your Commodore 16 uses the sign for multiplica tion and the sign for division and fractions To solve a problem type in PRINT followed by the equation Then press RETURN to get your com puter to perform the math involved e These are the operators you can use NUMBERS AND CALCULATIONS Basic Mathematical Basic Relational Operators Operators Addition Greater than gt Subtraction Less than lt Division and fractions Equals Multiplication Greater thanorequal gt or gt Exponentiation Lessthanorequal lt or lt Notequal to or NOTE Your computer doesn t accept commas as part of a number For example you have to type 30359 instead of 30 359 If you put a comma in a number your computer thinks you mean two numbers separated by the comma and would read it as 30 and 359 instead of 30359 Example What s 1959 times 33 To find out type The answer appears right underneath the problem Instead of typing out PRINT you could use a ques tion mark as in 1959 33 9 ece NUMBERS AND CALCULATIONS Your computer reads this the same as it would inter pret PRINT Order Of Calculation You do more than one calculation in one line like this PRINT 200 50 5 or this PRINT 50 5 200 These nearly identical problems give completely different answers Your Commodore 16 always performs calculations in a certain order FIRST
16. 402 Stock Ne 004 000 00345 4 You should use only the cables accessories and peripherals recommended by Com modore for your Commodore 16 All cables including the cables for the television hookup serial port video port Datassette and joysticks are specially shielded in accordance with the regulations of the Federal Communications Commission Failure to use the appropriate accessories and cables will invalidate the FCC grant of Certifica tion and may cause harmful radio interference COMMODORE 16 OWNER S GUIDE A FRIENDLY INTRODUCTION TO YOUR COMMODORE 16 Published by Commodore Business Machines Inc THE INFORMATION THIS MANUAL HAS BEEN REVIEWED AND 15 BELIEVED TO ENTIRELY RELIABLE NO RESPONSIBILITY HOWEVER IS ASSUMED FOR INACCURACIES THE MATERIAL IN THIS MANUAL IS FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE Copyright 1984 by Commodore Electronics Limited All rights reserved THIS GUIDE CONTAINS COPYRIGHTED AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM OR TRANSMITTED ANY FORM OR BY MEANS ELECTRONIC MECHANICAL PHOTOCOPYING RECORDING OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF COMMODORE ELECTRONICS LIMITED Commodore BASIC v 3 5 Copyright 1984 by Commodore Electronics Limited all rights reserved Copyright 1977 by Microsoft all ri
17. 6 First Type VOL 8 and press RETURN Second Type SOUND 1 266 60 and press RETURN You should hear a note play for about a second and then stop If you don t hear anything turn up the volume of your television or monitor and try it again These two steps are the only commands you need to know to play music on your Commodore 16 Both commands are easy to understand and easier to use The Volume Command The VOL command controls the VOLume of the notes that your Commodore 16 plays The number after VOL sets the volume from LOUD VOL 8 to OFF VOL 0 SOUND AND MUSIC The Sound Command e The SOUND command tells your computer everything it needs to know about the sound you want to play The SOUND command is followed by three numbers that describe the note SOUND voice note value duration The first number in the sound command refers to voice The number for voice be a 1 2 or 3 The Commodore 16 sound is produced by two different voices 1 for the first voice and 2 for the second The third voice option refers to voice 2 s capacity to pro duce noice rather than a tone You can use voice 3 to create sound effects like thunder or wind The second number after the word SOUND is the note value frequency This can be any number from 0 to 1023 It tells your Commodore 16 how low or high pitched a note to play As the numbers get larger the notes get higher The highest values in the 1023 neighborh
18. N 14 LIGHT BLUE N 7 BLUE 15 DARK BLUE N 8 YELLOW LIGHT GREEN 51 GRAPHICS AND COLOR The third number refers to an adjustable brightness level called the luminance You can add a number from 0 darkest through 7 brightest after the color number to vary the color Type TE COLOR 4 3 0 and press RETURN The border becomes a dark red Now type The border changes to bright red The BASIC 3 5 language includes commands that let you create geometrical shapes lines and dots on the screen Commands like DRAW CIRCLE BOX and GRAPHIC can be used to create shapes designs charts graphs and figures Other commands such as PAINT can be used to color in parts of the screen The Intermediate User s Manual available at your bookstore contains a complete review and explana tion of the commands in your computer s BASIC that are used for graphics and color The Series 264 Pro grammer s Reference Guide deals with graphics on a programmer s level AA i peripherals Books Peripherals Peripherals are accessories that increase what you can do with your computer These accessories are available at your Commodore dealer and allow you to use your computer to the fullest Peripherals give you the capability to save and store data print out on Paper use software programs that are stored on cas Sette tape and floppy disk and give you a sharp clear picture of your computer s display To save or recall progra
19. Type SHIFT and a key to print the symbol on the right This set of symbols contains card suits circles lines and arcs Type and a key to print the symbol on the left The left side graphics are ideal for creating charts graphs and business forms KEY EFFECT r GRAPHIC ON LEFT SIDE OF KEY HFE GRAPHIC RIGHT SIDE OF KEY A You can create pictures charts and designs by printing graphics side by side or on top of each other like building blocks You can make your graphics more interesting by using the color keys to draw in different colors Try typing some of these graphic symbols experiment a litile LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD 3933 When you re in typing mode you can use only the graphic symbols on the left front of the keys by pressing E and the appropriate key Function Keys The four larger keys on the right side of your keyboard apart from the rest of the keys are special function keys that let you save typing time by automatically printing or actually carrying out a frequently used com mand such as clearing the screen or RUNning a program with the press of one key Each function key can be con sidered to be two separate keys one when pressed alone f1 f2 f3 and HELP functions and a second when pressed along with SSHIETE f4 f5 16 and 17 function keys useful when yo
20. ce it at a new position as in this program 49 GRAPHICS AND COLOR NEW 10 PRINT SHIFT CLEAR 20 PRINT SPACE SHIFT Q 30 FOR L 1 TO 50 NEXT 40 GOTO 20 RUN When you RUN the program remember to press the RUN STOP key when you want to stop moving the ball Controlling Colors Separate colors can be put into each part of the Screen The border can be one color the background a dif ferent one and each character can have its own color You saw in Section 2 how to change the color using the keyboard You can change the colors of the other screen areas using the BASIC statement COLOR The COLOR statement looks like this COLOR area color luminance The first number after the word COLOR specifies the area on the screen you want to change This table lists what each screen area number controls areas 2 and 3 refer to more advanced multi color graphics GRAPHICS AND COLOR Screen Area Numbers AREA AREA NAME 0 Background Borer 1 Character e 2 Multi color 1 CHARACTERS m 3 Multi color 2 4 Border BACKGROUND The second number after COLOR selects the color you want to put on the area of the screen you ve specified The color numbers correspond to the color keys on the keyboard Color Numbers COLOR COLOR 1 BLACK 9 ORANGE 2 WHITE 10 BROWN 3 RED 11 YELLOW GREEN 4 CYAN 12 PINK e 5 PURPLE 13 BLUE GREEN N 6 GREE
21. doesn t do anything You need to tell it to execute or RUN the program You do this by typing RUN and pressing the RETURN key Then the computer goes through each line in order and carries out what each line tells it to do Basic 3 5 Keywords e The keywords in BASIC 3 5 may be divided into three types COMMANDS STATEMENTS FUNCTIONS e Commands are keywords that are most often used in direct communication with no line numbers An example of a command keyword is LOAD e Statements are keywords that usually appear in numbered program lines PRINT is a statement keyword e Functions as shown in the Numbers review be used in either fashion Instead of carrying out a com mand the computer returns numbers or letters BASIC PROGRAMMING See the Intermediate User s Manual for a thorough review of the BASIC 3 5 keywords and a detailed ex planation of their applications If you are interested in learning how to program with BASIC there are many good books and tutorials available There is a book list at the end of this guide containing many good sources for learning programming Volume command Sound command sound effect SOUND AND MUSIC With your Commodore 16 you can design music and sound programs enhance other programs with music and sound effects or just play around and experiment with your computer s sound Here s how to play a single note on your Commodore 1
22. e letters and numbers appear on the screen exactly as they appear on the face of the key when you press the key by itself Also several other keys and the English pound sign may be typed alone Some punctuation marks need to be typed with the SHIFT key Using Your Computer Like A Typewriter f you want to do typing you can type in CAPITAL and lowercase letters as you would on a typewriter by pressing the SHIFF key and the key at the same time to change into typing UPPERCASE lowercase mode 11 LOOKING THE KEYBOARD After you do this all letter keys typed alone lower case When you press the SHIFTE key along with a letter you get a capital letter Try typing with and without the SHIFT key Numbers and punctuation keys work the same as they would in non typing mode To get out of typing mode just press the two keys SHIFT amp together again The lower case letters on your screen become capitalized and the capitals become graphic symbols KEY KEY EFFECT SHF ENTER OR EXIT TYPING MODE A a SHIFT A SHIFT F iaa a E Special Keys The Commodore 16 keyboard contains special symbols not found on many typewriters or even on most computers These include The English pound sign Press by itself Pi Press with the key LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD Greater and less t
23. et up and connected ali the equipment How far and how fast you go from here is up to you You are in control JE JE JE JE 20 28 0 Jk 28 20 28 JE 08 20 20 Je 2 Lier 10 SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER Unpacking your Commodore Getting to know and sockets the switches e Setting UP your Commodore e Troubleshooting ch art f 5355853508858833332333592323235359323533538535330938 SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER Unpacking Your Commodore 16 When you open the box here s what you should have 4 Your Commodore 16 2 The supply power 3 The TV switchbox 4 The RF Radio Frequency cable 5 The Owner s Guide 6 Tutor cartridge 7 Warranty card 8 Commodore Magazines subscription card If you don t find all these items in the box check with your dealer immediately for replacements SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER Getting To Know The Switches And Sockets Take the time to review the next few pages while making sure where each switch or socket is located on your computer This will save time and confusion later on The Right Side Of Your Commodore 16 CCCCE SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER The On Off Switch e There is a red power light located above the key board on the right This lights to show you that the power is ON Make sure your Commodore 16 is turned OFF when you install or remove cartridges or any peripheral device such as a printer or di
24. ghts reserved A v 9 00 0 8 i 228280588 088 68 8 TABLE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 Setting Up Looking at the Keyboard Using Software Learning the BASICs Numbers and Calculations Programming Sound and Music Graphics and Color ETC Peripherals Book List J 98 8288888 888888888888888828229222 9 introduction The Commodore 16 personal computer is your pass port to the Information Age With the Commodore 16 you have the ability to quickly process many kinds of information personal educational scientific finan cial And with the Commodore 16 you can present this information in almost any form in words numbers pictures or sound or in any combination of these forms You can use your Commodore 16 in a number of ways You can select from many easy to use software products that are available on cartridge tape and disk You can also create and store your own pro grams In either case the full processing power of the Commodore 16 is at your disposal Using This Guide To start using your Commodore 16 follow these steps Unpack all the equipment and set it up according to the directions given in Section 1 Setting Up Your Computer Plug in the Commodore 16 Tutor Cartridge which will give you complete training on all keyboard functions Note Information
25. han signs lt gt Press al along with SHIFT Brackets Press B or B with SHIFT Arrows Press or B with SHIET Many of the keys on your Commodore 16 keyboard behave differently than normal typewriter keys These keys act to enable other keys to do things thay wouldn t ordinarily do or perform functions related to programming RETURN Enters information and instructions into your computer LOOKING THE KEYBOARD Used to modify what other keys print on the screen SHIFT key allows you to type capital letters graphic symbols punctuation marks and get into typing mode when pressed with another key SHIFTEOCK o The SHIFTLOGK key is the same as the SHIFT key except that it is locked into place so you don t have to hold it down To release the lock just press SHIFTLOCK again so that everything you type is back to normal un shifted TE Press this key to STOP what your Commodore 16 is doing When your computer is running a program pressing this key gets you back in control of the keyboard When you hold down the SHIFT and BUNISTOP keys simultaneously the Commodore 16 loads and runs the first program on a disk in the disk drive 2222322223353 LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD The Cursor Keys e The cursor the flashing block that marks where you are on the computer screen can be moved quickly and easil
26. he family of soft ware available for your Commodore 16 is growing quickly Your dealer can keep you up to date on new products and inform you about the features of soft ware that s currently available Cartridges Commodore produces a full assortment of cartridges software for your Commodore 16 There is a variety of personal education and business programs as well as exciting games available for your Commodore 16 e You don t need any additional equipment to use cartridge software All you do is plug the car tridge into the back of your computer and turn the power on Loading Cartridges The steps for loading a cartridge are as follows P 1 Turn OFF your Commodore 16 25 USING SOFTWARE IMPORTANT YOU MUST TURN OFF YOUR COMPUTER BEFORE YOU INSERT OR REMOVE CARTRIDGES IF YOU DON T YOU MAY DAMAGE THE CARTRIDGE AND THE COMPUTER Hold the cartridge with the label facing UP and push the cartridge firmly into the car tridge slot labeled MEMORY EXPANSION in the back of your computer 3 ON your Commodore 16 4 Begin the game or program according to the instructions that come with the software Ct CCtt USING SOFTWARE Casseites A variety of programs for the Commodore 16is available recorded on cassette tape To use cassettes the only extra equipment you need is a model 1531 Datassette tape recorder available from your Commodore dealer The only
27. ming books available The title of the book is listed first followed by the author and publisher Commodore Books Commodore 16 Intermediate User s Manual Commodore Series 264 Programmer s Reference Guide Mastering Your VIC 20 Four VIC 20 Computer Books VIC Revealed Nick Hampshire VIC Games Nick Hampshire VIC Graphics Nick Hampshire Stimulating Simulations for the VIC C W Engel Introduction to BASIC Part 1 and 2 Andrew Colin Commodore Software Encyclopedia Third Edition BASIC Programming Armchair BASIC An Absolute Beginner s Guide to Programming in BASIC Fox amp Fox Osborne McGraw Hill BASIC Handbook Second Edition Lien Compusoft Basic Commodore 64 BASIC Coan Hayden Elementary BASIC Ledgard amp Singer SRA How to Build a Program Emmerichs Dilithium Press Instant Freeze Dried Computer Programming in BASIC Brown My Computer Likes Me When Speak in BASIC Albrecht Dilithium Press Nailing Jelly to a Tree Willis amp Danley Dilithium Press The Programmer s Book of Rules Ledin amp Ledin Lifetime Learning Publishers Technical BASIC Kassab Prentice Hall Machine Language Programming Machine Language for Beginners Mansfield COMPUTE Books Programming the 6502 Zaks Sybex 6502 Assembly Language Programming Leventhal Osborne McGraw Hill 6502 Micro Chart Micro Logic Corp 6502 Software Design Scanlon Sams The 6502 Software Gourmet Guide amp Cookbook Findlay
28. ms you ll need a device that stores data Data can be recorded on and retrieved from both cassette tapes and diskettes To use cassette tape software and to record your own pro grams on cassettes you ll need the Commodore DATASSETTE tape recorder For diskettes you ll want Commodore DISK DRIVE Disk drives are typically fast and efficient to use 53 6 68 1 28068681 288 8 83891 80600 BESSest JJ J Model numbers Datassette Disk Drives 1531 Datassette 1541 1551 Your television set may not give you as Clear a picture as you d like for your computer Commodore color monitors are specially designed to give you the sharp est brightest picture for viewing your Commodore 16 output Color Monitor Model Numbers 1701 1702 1802 1803 922232229223333932 When using wordprocessing program or graphics package on your Commodore 16 a printer will repro duce what is on the screen on paper There are sev eral models of Commodore printers available that work with your computer Different printers specialize in different kinds of printing Ask your Commodore dealer which printer best suits your needs Printer Model Numbers MPS 801 dot matrix MPS 802 dot matrix MPS 803 dot matrix with tractor feed DPS 1101 letter quality yw 79939 Books for Commodore Products The following lists include a sampling of the computer and program
29. ood are not audible to the human ear Note With voice 3 noise is white static only in the frequency range of 600 940 You can use register value outside this range to create interesting sound effects eee SOUND AND MUSIC This displays all of the notes in one scale along with the note value to use NOTE A B D E F G VALUE 770 798 810 834 854 864 881 ACTUAL FREQUENCY 440 4 494 8 522 7 588 7 658 699 782 2 HZ The third number after the word SOUND controls the duration length of the note telling your com puter how long to play the note This number can be anything from 0 to 65535 This number sets a timer which counts time in 60th s of a second A duration of 60 keeps the note on for one second The rule of thumb for duration is the larger the num ber the longer the note stays on A Sound Effect Here is a short program to give you an idea of how you can create different sound effects on your Commodore 16 Type it in exactly as it appears here pressing RETURN after each line NEW 10 VOL 8 20 FOR L 1 TO 10 30 SOUND 1 466 20 40 SOUND 1 1020 15 50 NEXT L 60 SOUND 3 500 20 RUN This program simulates a busy signal and the line be ing disconnected 47 E Graphic characters and animation Controlling colors Other commands GRAPHICS AND COLOR Introduction The old expression picture is worth a thousand words is appropriate when discus
30. or 1551 Disk Drive e To set up the disk drive you have to plug its power cord into an electrical socket The cable that con nects the disk drive to the Commodore 16 must be plugged into the SERIAL SOCKET e There are two small lights on the front of the disk drive The green light is the power light telling you whether the disk drive is turned on or off The red light tells you two things 1 When a program is being LOADed or SAVEd it is lit while the disk is spinning in the drive When the red light goes off the LOAD or SAVE is complete ed t USING SOFTWARE 2 If there is a problem with the diskette or drive the red light flashes on and off even after the disk stops spinning in the drive You also use disks to store programs that you write yourself Here are the steps to follow to load software from disk P 1 Make sure that your disk drive is ON 2 Insert the disk into the disk drive The label side of the disk must face up Insert the disk into the opening so the labeled end goes in last Look for a little notch on the side of disk it might be covered with a sticker This notch should be to your left as you put in the disk assuming that you re facing your disk drive Be sure the disk is in all the way 4 USING SOFTWARE Close the protective door on the disk drive after you insert the disk Type DLOAD program name Specific name of
31. re TV on wrong channel Incorrect hookup RF cable not plugged in Computer set for wrong channel Check other channel for picture 3 or 4 Computer hooks up to VHF antenna terminals Check TV cable connection Set computer for same channel as TV Random pattern on TV with cartridge in place Cartridge not properly inserted Reinsert cartridge after turning OFF power Picture without color Poorly tuned TV TV not connected properly Color set too low on TV or computer Retune TV Check connections Adjust color setting Picture OK but no sound TV volume too low Poorly tuned TV Adjust volume of TV Retune TV ese 7 MIO JJA JE eee JE JE JI 8 Pe 6 8 IA LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD Introduction Using your computer like a typewriter e Special keys p 9 858585883583953539923553553558553333339332353 33323232322 39339333 LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD Introduction Most of the keys on your Commodore 16 keyboard are identical to the keys on a typewriter but each key can do more than a typewriter key In this section you ll learn how to use special keys like the key and the four separate cursor keys This section will show you the extra features of every key including how to use the graphic symbols pictured on the fronts of many of the keys When you first type letters on your computer they ap pear as capitals on the screen Th
32. sing the graphics and color capabilities of your Commodore 16 With out going into a lengthy explanation of what you can do artistically this section will review some of the Commodore 16 s graphic flair Using Graphic Symbols Earlier in Section 2 the graphic symbols were discussed You can use the symbols to create graphs and figures as well as more elaborate representations You can simulate animation by alternating graphic symbols or moving a graphic figure around the Screen in a program Simple Animation This program simulates animation by alternating the circle SHIFT amp and heart SHIFT amp S symbols If you use your imagination you could consider this a heartbeat of sorts GRAPHICS AND COLOR IMPORTANT TO NOTE Each time SHIFT or C appears in the program it should be typed at the SAME TIME as the key following it when entering the program since nothing hap pens when either key is typed by itself Remember to type NEW and press RETURN before entering each new program and press RETURN to enter each line in all these programs e Type this in exactly 10 PRINT HOME SHIFT Q 20 FOR L 1 TO 100 30 NEXT L 40 PRINT SHIFT 5 50 FOR M 1 TO 200 60 NEXT M 70 GOTO 10 RUN e To stop this program press the RUNISTOP key More Animation In that program the object was stationary To move an object in this case a ball just erase the ball and repla
33. sk drive The Joystick Sockets e The joystick controllers plug in here e Your Commodore 16 uses specially designed joy sticks for games and other uses available from your Commodore dealer The Reset Button e Press the reset button when you want to start over to get a cleared screen and memory as if you just turned your computer off then on again The Power Socket The round end of the cord from your power supply plugs in here SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER The Back Of Your Computer LET TIER patei em 00 or The Memory Expansion Cartridge Port Commodore 16 software cartridges plug in here Port is the term for the rectangular opening The RF Jack This is where you plug in one end of the RF cable the thin black cable to hook up your computer to a TV set The Video Socket Here s where you plug in the round end of the cable if you want to connect a color monitor instead of a TV set to your Commodore 16 4 U 880858 8 10 8 E SE SE 8 08 8 6 SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER YOU CAN USE EITHER THE RF JACK OR VIDEO SOCKET YOU WON T NEED BOTH The High Low Switch Use this switch to set your Commodore 16 s TV channel output You can use either channel 3 or 4 on your TV to display the video picture from your computer Set this switch to L to use your computer on channel 3 or to H for channel 4
34. u get into BASIC programming More information on these keys is available in the Commodore 16 Intermediate User s Manual and the Series 264 Programmer s Reference Guide 22m 23 LOOKING THE KEYBOARD The Help Key When you make a mistake in pro gram your computer displays an error message to tell you what you did wrong e When you press the HEEP key H the line causing a problem is auto ELP matically displayed flashing on t7 and off For example if you get this message SYNTAX ERROR IN LINE 10 When you press HELP the computer shows the offending line flashing on and off for example 10 PRONT COMMODORE You typed PRONT COMPUTERS instead of PRINT as you can see in the flashing line 3 Introduction Cartridges Cassettes Diskettes 2998899999998 89889898988898998889899 222352 USING SOFTWARE Introduction Software expands the scope of your computer giving you access to an entire library of personal business educational scientific and entertainment programs Software can be defined as the programs that can be entered and run on a computer To use any software on your computer you must LOAD the software pro gram into the computer s memory There are different LOADing instructions depending on what kind of soft ware it is The hardware in this case your Commodore 16 can use software in many forms plug in cartridges pre recorded tapes and diskettes T
35. which is known as the HOME position The rest of your screen stays the same 16 LOOKING THE KEYBOARD CLEARIHOME not only does the cursor move to e If you hold down the SHIFE key and press HOME but everything on the screen is erased or cleared All that remains on the screen is the blink ing cursor at the top left corner of the screen EFFECT HOME POSITION CLEAR SCREEN CLEAR SHIFT HOME eTRE Control The CTRE key is like the SHIFTE key in that it always works with another key has three functions 1 As the COLOR KEYS section explains pressing and a color key lets you change the color of what you print on the screen You can pause a program that is PRINTing or LISTing on the screen by pressing TRE the S key To restart the program press any key CTREE is also used with REVERSEON OFF and SEEASH ONIOFF These are explained later in this section In addition some software programs you can buy make use of the CFRE key for their own special functions 17 LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD Commodore Key The Commodore key is very similar to GFRE and can be used to perform four functions When used with the SHIFT key the key lets you get into typing mode where you can use both upper and lowercase letters The key always acts as shift to let you type the graphic symbol pictured
36. y around the screen by using the CURSOR KEYS There are four separate cursor keys each with an arrow pointing in the direction the key moves the cursor up down left or right You can use the cursor keys to move the cursor over anything on the screen without affecting those characters Like all keys on the Commodore 16 keyboard each cursor key can automatically repeat This means that if you hold down the key contin uously the cursor keeps moving in the direction of the key you press until you release it Keys that print on the screen will fill each space with their characters while you hold them down like this LOOKING AT THE KEYBOARD You can INSERT and DELETE letters and numbers from the line you are typing with this key When you press this key by itself the typed char acter immediately to the left of the cursor disap pears and the cursor moves to where the missing character was To open up space to insert letters and numbers type in the middle of a line the line to the right of the cur sor moves further to the right The SINSTIDEL key saves a lot of time when you want to edit or change what you ve typed KEY EFFECT INSTIDEE DELETE ERASE TYPED CHARACTERS INSTIDEL SHIFT INSERT ADD SPACES This is a double key you can use it for CLEAR and HOME functions When you press this key alone the cursor imme diately moves to the top left corner of the screen
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