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1. REDUCE User s Guide for Unix Systems Winfried Neun LUN DJ Dj Konrad Zuse Zentrum Berlin 2004 REDUCE User s Guide for the Unix Systems Version 3 8 by Winfried Neun ZIB D 14195 Berlin Dahlem Federal Republic of Germany email neun zib de September 2004 Abstract This document describes operating procedures for running REDUCE specific to the UNIX workstations Copyright 2004 Konrad Zuse Zentrum Berlin All rights reserved Registered system holders may reproduce all or any part of this publication for internal purposes pro vided that the source of the material is clearly acknowledged and the copyright notice is retained Contents 1 What is new 2 Preliminary 3 Introduction 4 Using redfront 5 REDUCE Documentation 6 Resource Requirement 7 File Handling 8 Internal Parameters Sal Object SIZES ose RR Rx BOR Rm RR EE 8 2 Special Characters and Interrupts eA 98 31 Miscellaneous an 2 eh ue S Ar adu A ce RE LE E es peo bo e PT AES 9 Customizing the REDUCE Environment 9 1 ImageModelofExecutable eee 9 2 Siz amp of Working Space esed gu ru womb eS da ME VH Vae p pe x 973 Initial Commands EHTK EE EE EENHEETEN 10 Communicating with UNIX 11 Recent information about REDUCE 12 XR A X Interface for REDUCE 13 REDUCE Interactive Help system 14 GNUPLOT Interface for REDUCE 15 16 17 IZIC Interface for REDUCE Implementation Depe
2. age Unable to allocate followed by two numbers is indicating that reallocation of the heap fails for internal reasons Please refer to the chapter Customizing the REDUCE Environment e Lack of swap space Please ask your system administrator e Some Unix operating systems have user specific limitations of the address space Please check with a call of the limit command If this is true you may wish to increase the data segment size e Limitation of PSL address space The PSL workspace is limited to 128 MB on 32 bit processors 7 File Handling The file names that appear in in out and shut statements follow normal UNIX conventions If the name contains uppercase or special characters e g it must be enclosed in double quotes FileName Whereas if an identifier is used as a filename all characters are interpreted as lower case Filenames containing patterns user or Svar are expanded whereas patterns including 2 or are not expanded 8 Internal Parameters 8 1 Object Sizes The maximum string and identifier lengths are limited only by the underlying PSL base The current implementation allows several thousand characters in both identifiers and strings However we rec ommend that such names be limited to 24 characters or less for compatibility with other versions of REDUCE In the default precision floating point numbers are printed in fixed point notation rounded to 12 digits 8 2 Specia
3. am reduce lisp ps MACHINE psl bpsl with a td nnnnnn parameter Please copy the script and modify the parameter nnnnnn the workspace size in Byte You can use up to 120 MB here on 32 bit processor systems Please be aware that the allocation of huge swap spaces will significantly slow down the overall performance of your system 9 3 Initial Commands When REDUCE is initialized a reducerc file if present will be read from the user s home directory This file can contain any REDUCE commands needed for customizing the REDUCE environment Typ ically these are load commands to load specific user modules or the inclusion of local user directories through the LOADDIRECTORIES facilities Please note the complete change for REDUCE 3 5 or higher The commands in the file have to be written in RLISP syntax and they are evaluated in algebraic mode The file must contain an end statement at the end 10 Communicating with UNIX There are two different ways for a REDUCE user to communicate with the UNIX operating system It is possible to issue a UNIX command and return to REDUCE at its completion by means of the command system Alternatively some UNIX functions are built into the REDUCE executable directly such that the user can influence the present task and interpret the system s return value The argument to systemis a string which is then passed as a UNIX command to the Bourne sh shell For example system vi foo bah will edit the
4. collection time separately They do not include operating system overhead e g swapping time To exit REDUCE use bye Alternatively if you want to continue the REDUCE session later use cont rol Z To restart one says fg or another valid UNIX command for this purpose Use the UNIX kill command to remove the job In order to get information about the current setting of the SUSP or any other character you can use the command system stty a from your REDUCE process 9 Customizing the REDUCE Environment 9 1 Image Model of Executable The customization of REDUCE described it this chapter depends on the way of storing the REDUCE specific information on disk which is used for the specific Operating System There are two models namely e Executable Model This is the traditional PSL model REDUCE is stored as a executable binary file e g in a out ELF COFF format e Image Model This model is a new one REDUCE is stored as a shell script and an image normally called reduce img in the directory reduce lisp psl SMACHINE red The image is a PSL defined data structure which contains all PSL specific information This image can be read in by the file reduce lisp ps 5M ACHINE psl bpsl e g by invoking the shell script reduce reduce When you start REDUCE and the first message is Loading image file your system is an image system 9 2 Size of Working Space The following section does not apply for Linux systems on In
5. file foo bah using the vi editor and system lpr foo bah will print the same file If you want to change for example your current working directory the command system cd tmp is not of much use since the cd command is run in a UNIX child s environment and not in the REDUCE task environment In this case the command cd tmp will produce the desired effect More internally available functions are provided including pwd getenv and setenv The latter work as described in the UNIX man pages i e they expect pa rameters as strings e g pwd returns tmp setenv hugo otto returns NIL and then getenv hugo returns otto 11 Recent information about REDUCE Recent information about REDUCE and new or updated REDUCE packages or patches files can be obtained via the World Wide Web The URL is http www reduce algebra com For distribution of REDUCE news and for discussing REDUCE topics of general interest there is an electronic mail forum Every user of REDUCE is invited to participate To register for this forum or for further information please send email to reduce rand org 12 XR A X Interface for REDUCE XR is a program which interacts with REDUCE to provide a keyboard and mouse operated graphical user interface under UNIX and the X windowing system It requires the presence of X11 Release 4 5 or 6 with the Athena widget set XR is not an integral part of REDUCE It is developed at ZIB independe
6. kage lets one use the GNU PLOT graphical output directly from inside REDUCE either for the interactive display of curves surfaces or for the production of pictures on paper REDUCE supports GNUPLOT 3 2 or higher For most systems GNUPLOT binaries are delivered together with REDUCE However this is a basic set only If you intend to use more facilities of the GNUPLOT system or if your REDUCE has not been equipped with GNUPLOT binaries you should pick up the full GNUPLOT file tree from a server e g e dartmouth edu e monul cc monash edu au e irisa irisa fr A description of the REDUCE to GNUPLOT interface can be found in a separate manual by Herbert Melenk GNUPLOT is not a part of REDUCE The REDUCE to GNUPLOT interface has proved to work on all Unix platforms so far and ZIB will try to maintain this software A simple test of the interface on an X11 Display should work like this A simple plot for sin 1 x plot sin 1 x x 1 1 y 3 3 The GNUPLOT developers have agreed that GNUPLOT binaries are distributed together with REDUCE As GNUPLOT is a package distributed without costs the GNUPLOT support of REDUCE also is an add on to the REDUCE kernel system without charge We recommend to anybody to fetch the full GNUPLOT system by anonymous FTP from a file server 15 IZIC Interface for REDUCE Izicisa stand alone 3D graphic tool developed by Robert Fou
7. l Characters and Interrupts In its default mode REDUCE 3 8 is not case sensitive The control of the character handling is now implemented by the operators input case and output case Both operators accept arguments lower raise or NIL The former value of the case is returned such that it can be restored easily input case controls the handling of characters on input The default is lower i e characters are mapped to lower case on input unless this is inhibited by using an exclamation mark The command in put case NIL will turn the system into a case sensitive mode All RE DUCE operators so far are stored in lowercase mode Examples 13 aa Bb CC Dd if AA aa then not case sensitive else case sensitive j aa bb cc Dd not case sensitive 2 input case NIL lower 3a aa Bb CC Dd if AA aa then not case sensitive else case sensitive aa Bb CC Dd case sensitive 4 num 3 4 Standard operators are now available in lowercase only and lead to errors otherwise Ss NUM 3 4 Declare NUM operator Y or N output case controls the handling of characters on output The default is NIL i e no change will be done Setting the output case to lower or raise will raise or lower all characters printed outside of a string For example input case NIL lower 2s aa Bb CC Dd if AA aa then not case sensitive else case sensitive j aa Bb CC Dd case sensitive 4 output case raise Va
8. lue is nil and won t be printed 55 aa Bb CC Bd if AA aa then not case_sensitive else case_sensitive AA BB CC DD case_sensitive The full 8 bit ASCII character set is supported with the exception of the character 0x80 decimal 128 The end of file character is control D A terminal interrupt often del or control C causes the current calculation to halt The user is then prompted whether to continue the evaluation If not REDUCE prompts for the next command In some cases the continuation prompt may be omitted and REDUCE immediately prompts for the next com mand In order to get information about the current setting of the INTR key you can use the command system stty a from your REDUCE process In general the REDUCE processor is designed to allow the user to enter the interrupt character as often as required The underlying LISP system tries to complete all ongoing operations which are not interruptable escape is used to terminate strings in the REDUCE interactive editor The usage of the interactive editor is not recommended 8 3 Miscellaneous There are Gnu Emacs packages available for REDUCE from Francis J Wright Queen Mary College London through his Homepage at http www maths qmw ac uk fjw The internal ordering on alphabetic characters is from A through Z followed by a through z Times as reported by on time orshowtime are given in milliseconds and measure execution time and garbage
9. ly preferable The doc version is used by the help system only The directory docextra contains ready to print versions for most of the manuals in ps or pdf form The REDUCE manual can be found there too The documentation for user contributed packages is included in the directory reduce packages lt package name gt together with the sources of the packages 6 Resource Requirement The distributed version of REDUCE requires depending on the machine architecture at least 15 megabytes for storage of the executable binary file s At run time it takes its default execution size from the underlying PSL system This size can be changed at runtime with the set_heap_sizecom mand see chapter 9 2 On 32 bit systems this implementation will try to allocate up to 128 megabytes dynamically if the operating system supplies a sufficiently large swap space on disks This is not ex actly true for MIPS systems where one can raise the memory limit to 512 MB and for Linux versions where dynamic heap management is not implemented In the later case the system has to be started with a lot of heap available through the td feature see 9 2 On 64 bit systems if the 64 bit version of the software is used there is virtually no limitation of address space 64 bit versions are available for Compaq Alpha Mips R1x000 and Sparc Ultrasparc processors There are several limitations to the automatical allocation of swap space e Allocation fails The mess
10. ndent Error Messages Further Help 10 10 11 1 What is new Here is a summary for the experienced REDUCE user about the new features in the system dependent or technical parts of this version e There is a new REDUCE Web Site at http www reduce algebra com maintained by Anthony C Hearn Here the actual documentation can be found as well as the current patches file There are also links to special packages and the the distribution sites e This version uses internal knowledge about the packages and their dependencies The simple call to util remake should keep the system uptodate and integrate patches etc e There is a new directory wutil which contains system dependent binary programs e In most of the UNIX versions there is a subdirectory redfront which contains the new REDUCE frontend from by Thomas Sturm and Andreas Dolzmann from the University of Passau This interface will be invoked automatically by the REDUCE start script e there is an interface to the Texmacs system by Joris v d Hooven et al by Andrej Grozin U Novosibirsk and recently updated by Anrdeas Seidl U Passau see www texmacs org 2 Preliminary This document describes operating procedures for running REDUCE specific to the UNIX workstations It supplements the REDUCE User s Manual describing features extensions and limitations specific to this implementation of REDUCE This manual assumes that c sh is used as the command shell If a different
11. ntly from the REDUCE development at RAND Corporation It runs on most Unix platforms and ZIB will try to maintain this software A description of XR can be found in a separate manual by Chris Cannam XR provides e high resolution graphical display of formulae e command history recall and editing with bracket matching file logging and management printer support in PostScript and ASCII and IAT X transcription e a vaguely hypertexty help facility dynamically user selectable fonts 13 REDUCE Interactive Help system The interactive help system is part of the XR X Interface please refer to the XR description for the usage of this feature Pressing the help button in XR should give a natural approach to the REDUCE reference manual pages and to the documentation of the user contributed packages If XR is not available for your system you may use the GNU info tool for interactive help e g info f reduce help redref info In the doc directory there are files in Adobe R s Acrobat R format pdf which are ready to view with an appropriate viewer These files contain the REDUCE manual and the documentation of the packages in a hypertext style 14 GNUPLOT Interface for REDUCE The GNUPLOT system provides easy to use graphics output for curves or surfaces which are defined by formulas and or data sets GNUPLOT supports a great variety of output devices such as VGA screen postscript pic TEX MS Windows The REDUCE GNUPLOT pac
12. rnier Norbert Kajler and Bernard Mour rain from INRIA Sophia Antipolis France Izic can be run as a tool for displaying graphs computed by REDUCE Moreover there are facilities built into Izic which allow the interactive manipulation of the picture data The IZIC Interface for REDUCE was developed by Kerry Gaskell and later by Walter Tietze both from ZIB Please refer to the documentation which is included in reduce izic doc The IZIC Interface is not available on some UNIX systems for various reasons It needs a color display or a grey scale display on a Unix system equipped with X11 Rel 4 or higher The present version does not work on a monochrome display 16 Implementation Dependent Error Messages A number of error messages from the underlying PSL system may be seen from time to time There are a lot of messages which may be issued by PSL which are not allowed to appear on the REDUCE user level and are therefore not listed here The messages which are relevant in the user mode are error in loading package xxxxxx or package not found This indicates if the name xxxxxxx is correct that the environment variable reduce is not set properly Please change your shell s resource file e g cshrc 10 Floating point exception Probably means a division by zero has been attempted or a floating point overflow has happend Heap space exhausted Your problem is too large in its present form for the available workspace either change yo
13. rst line of input REDUCE 3 8 15 Apr 2004 ks Please note that the date given above may vary because from time to time a nnew patches file is inte grated into the distribution You can now begin entering commands Alternatively you can enter the full pathname lt reduce bindir gt reduce 4 Using redfront As an alternative to using the traditional tty mode REDUCE version by typing reduce at the command prompt there is for most UNIX version aa little interface called redfront which starts an interface pro gram which again starts REDUCE as a subprocess The interface program uses the GNU readline library such that the functionality of this library is available This interface is a new release of the older version of redfront Among other things it installs easier and it supports color output 5 REDUCE Documentation REDUCE documents are kept in the directory reduce doc and its subdirectories in the directory docex tra on the distribution CD ROM and in the individual packages directories These include descriptions of all user contributed packages and the following reduce tex REDUCE User s Manual in IATEX format install tex Installation instructions in IATEX format opertex System specific operation notes in IATEX format primer tex A Symbolic Mode Primer in IATEX format sl tex Standard LISP Report in IATEX format If the directory reduce doc contains a document with both suffixes tex and doc the IATEX version is normal
14. shell is used please change commands or filenames accordingly 3 Introduction The files that form the REDUCE system are stored under the REDUCE root directory identified here as reduce To execute REDUCE first check that the REDUCE binary directory identified here as reduce bindiris included in your search path If not the path definition in your login or cshrc file should be modified accordingly e g set path lt reduce bindir gt Spath Alternatively for calling REDUCE without a search path reference you can put an entry in the login or cshrc file to define an alias for calling REDUCE directly e g alias reduce lt reduce bindir gt reduce Very often the reduce bindir will be equal to the reduce root directory but usr local bin is also quite common In order to access the REDUCE directories most easily you should also include the statement csh dependent setenv reduce lt REDUCE root directory gt Directories of interest to the general user include reduce doc containing relevant documents and re duce packages containing various examples of the use of REDUCE The more serious user may also be interested in the REDUCE sources stored in the directory reduce packages also To run REDUCE you enter in lower case only reduce or if you like a simple protocol of your session written into a file reduce t i file after which REDUCE will respond with a banner line and then prompt for the fi
15. tel processors because these use a dif ferent model of garbage collection For these systems the memory requirements have to be installed beforehand Depending on the complexity of your application the amount of storage used by REDUCE for storing and manipulating your data will vary considerably You may get an idea of the storage requirements however by turning on the switch gc on gc You will then get messages like Garbage collection starting GC 2 15 Jun 2004 16 12 53 1836 ms cpu time gc 28 time 289 ms 50167 occupied 51876 recovered 949833 free at various points in your calculation From these statistics you can see the amount of storage used the free memory and the percentage of cpu time spent on memory management garbage collection If the percentage is high more than 20 say it is recommended that you increase memory size This can be done by the command set heap size nnnnnnn where nnnnnnn is the size in machine words of the dynamic storage The default will be in most cases 1000000 words The present memory size is returned by set heap size nil If you get an error message from set heap size there are two ways to get a bigger workspace if needed e Executable Model Please ask your system adminstrator to build a bigger executable by changing parameters in reduce util mkreduce e Image Model Please look at reduce reduce This is normally a five lines script which calls the progr
16. ur problem formulation or refer to the chapter Size of Working Space or ask your site consultant to build a bigger system for you Non numeric argument in arithmetic This means that a Lisp arithmetic routine has been called with an invalid argument Segmentation violation or Memory fault This indicates an illegal memory reference It can arise from applying the Lisp function car to an atom in compiled code Bus error This indicates an illegal memory reference It can arise from applying the Lisp function car to an atom in compiled code Binding stack overflow restarting This can arise from the evaluation of very complicated expres sions You can increase the binding stack by the set_bndstk_size command For example to set this to 100000 use set bndstk size 100000 sh gnuplot not found Please check the directory reduce wutil 5M ACHINE gnuplot for the binary gnuplot and gnuplot x11 Error in kernel mode system aborted HP UX only The system has found itself unable to recover from an interrupt If it is easy to reproduce that problem please complain Missing external MYCFLUSH IBM RS 6000 only The system call which is needed to run RE DUCE is not installed properly Please ask your system administrator A note how to install the system call is found in the REDUCE Installation Guide 17 Further Help For further help with REDUCE please contact list your site consultant here 11

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