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TABLE OF CONTENTS First Aid

1. 1 tablespoon of honey corn syrup x 4 5 saltine crackers Eye Injuries For an object embedded in the eye p b f e Do not attempt to remove an object embedded in re the eye y Protect the eye from further damage by 1 1 i D stabilizing a long protruding object with clean t i Wu dressings For smaller protrusions place a paper j 4 1 fe x cup over the eye and secure in place with clean JLA kaj bandages rail A Bandage loosely and do not put pressure on the injured eye eyeball Cover both eyes to limit movement as the eyes move together e For small foreign bodies in the eye such as sand or other small debris Tell the person to blink several times to try to remove the object Gently flush the eye with water 41 Blows to the Eye e Immediately apply an ice compress to the eye to reduce pain and swelling e A black eye or blurred vision can be a sign of damage inside the eye e If the eyeball is injured seek medical help immediately Specks in the Eye Do not rub your eye e Lift the upper lid over the lower and allow the lower lashes to brush the grit off the inside of the upper lid Blink a few times and let the eye move the particle out e If it remains in the eye flush the eye with water or use an eye bath Roll the eye around as it may help move the speck out e If the speck remains keep your eye closed and seek medical help Fainting is a loss of consciousness due to low
2. CHECK PULSE Take no longer than 10 seconds Definite Pulse Give 1 breath every 3 seconds Recheck pulse every 2 minutes No definite pulse Start CPR using C A B C 1 rescuer begin 30 Compressions 2 rescuers begin 15 Compressions B A Give Two Open the Airway Rescue Breaths AED Arrives Check Rhythm No Shockable Rhythm Begin CPR immediately Check rhythm every 2 minutes Shockable Rhythm Give 1 shock Begin CPR immediately Continue for 2 minutes 23 Healthcare providers usually have access to many types of airway barrier devices However if you use a barrier device do not delay rescue breathing If there is a delay in obtaining a barrier device give mouth to mouth ventilation or continue with chest compressions only If a face shield is utilized place the barrier over the patient s face with the mouthpiece over the patient s mouth Pinch the nose closed take a normal breath and blow into the mouthpiece for approximately one second or until you see a visible chest rise If using a pocket mask place the mask over the victim s nose and mouth The mask must be able to cover the victim s mouth and nose completely without covering the eyes or overlapping the chin making a tight seal The hand is positioned so the three lower fingers are spread over the mandible from the angle of the jaw forward towards the chin The
3. 0 ce ee 53 CONTUSION aaae aa taei ia aaa a a aa DE a k a a iaaa a E 47 Dental WANES sukecne ce Sek esa ete eee as tees Gee eeems 41 Diabetic Emergency 00 e eee es 41 CAI MM res 41 zu MeTPT n Rm 42 Head Trauma 4 3 eos ad Yr CRF CRCAC RR ew e CR ACE en AD RC RC RNC d 42 Heat Related Emergencies 44 Heat Cramps a 23334 x a ici eee 44 Heat Exhaustion les 44 Heat Stroke usuris Eon V6 Een NE eeren ts weed ioa ad 45 Heart Attack 0 0 es 43 Hypothermia and Frostbite 45 impaled Objects 25 ciere ns Cen UR eed eee erie 54 Internal Bleeding eese 55 Musculoskeletal Trauma LL 47 Broken Bones amp Fractures 47 Sprains Strains amp Bruises 48 NosebleedS s seio soda Reda RR E ese e Je CR DE IR E E o e OS i 55 POISOMING ure eee ee SA eee eee eee eae we Ee wee 48 Seizures es 50 signi PH 51 Wounds Puncture Wounds leeeee eren 54 Severe Bleeding 5222 xx RR YR RARE OE RE 52 Minor WOUNGS ccs vv de dorm hx anra erae kde e ewe EE aed Oe 53 Emergency Oxygen eeeeeee eene 55 Bloodborne amp Airborne Pathogens 62 First Aid Kit Supplies A well stocked first aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries a
4. BLS CPR for the HCP Upon determining a victim is unresponsive with no breathing or no normal breathing call out for help When someone arrives have them activate the emergency medical system EMS and retrieve the AED If you are alone activate the emergency medical system and retrieve the AED yourself Check for a pulse in the carotid artery do not take more than 10 seconds to feel for the pulse The exception is for pediatric or asphyxia situations see page 4 If there is a definite pulse begin rescue breathing Give one breath every 5 seconds Check the pulse every two minutes Continue rescue breathing until e the patient begins to breathe normally the pulse is not detected e EMS or advanced life support providers take over If you cannot detect a definite pulse within in 10 seconds START CPR Follow the adult algorithm Healthcare providers should limit interruptions of chest compressions to no more than 10 seconds except for specific interventions such as insertion of an advanced airway or use of a defibrillator 20 Healthcare Provider Adult CPR AED Algorithm UNRESPONSIVE No breathing or no normal breathing If someone responds Send them to call 911 and get an AED if nearby If no one responds Call 911 yourself and get an AED if nearby CHECK PULSE Take no longer than 10 seconds No definite pulse Definite Pulse Give 1 breath every 5 6 seconds Re
5. Heat exhaustion needs to be treated early to prevent the victim from going into heat stroke Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion often begin suddenly and include Nausea Low blood pressure Heat cramps Heavy Sweating Cool moist pale skin Headache Rapid weak heartbeat e Fatigue If you suspect heat exhaustion 44 Get the person into a shady cool location Lay the person down and elevate the legs and feet slightly Loosen or remove the person s clothing Have the person drink cool water or other nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine Cool the person by spraying or sponging him or her with cool water and fanning Monitor the person carefully Heatstroke Is the most severe of the heat related problems often resulting from exercise or heavy work in hot environments combined with inadequate fluid intake What makes heatstroke severe and potentially life threatening is that the body s normal mechanisms for dealing with heat stress such as sweating and temperature control are inadequate Signs and symptoms may include e Markealy elevated body temperature usually over 104 F e Changes in mental status ranging from personality changes to confusion and coma e Skin may be hot and dry although if heatstroke is caused by exertion the skin may be moist e Rapid heartbeat e Rapid and shallow breathing e Elevated or lowered blood pressure e Irritability confusion or unconsciousness e Feeling dizz
6. monitor the person s breathing If breathing stops or seems dangerously slow or shallow begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR immediately Move the person out of the cold If going indoors isn t possible protect the person from the wind cover his or her head and insulate his or her body from the cold ground Remove wet clothing Replace wet items with warm dry ones Wrap all exposed body surfaces with anything at hand such as blankets clothing and newspapers If EMS help is delayed start active rewarming such as placing the victim near a heat source and placing containers of warm but not hot water in contact with the skin Don t give the person alcohol Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks unless the person is vomiting Don t massage or rub the person Handle people with hypothermia gently their skin may be frostbitten and rubbing frostbitten tissue can cause severe damage Frostbite When exposed to very cold temperatures skin and underlying tissues may freeze resulting in frostbite The areas most likely to be affected by frostbite are your hands feet nose and ears If your skin looks white or grayish yellow is very cold and has a hard or waxy feel you may have frostbite Your skin may also itch burn or feel numb Severe frostbite can cause blistering and hardening As the area thaws the flesh becomes red and painful Treatment 46 Protect your skin from further exposure If you re outside warm frostbitten
7. Common muscle injuries include strains contusions and cramps These injuries are usually less serious than bone and joint injuries A strain is a tearing of the muscle caused by overexerting or pulling a muscle A contusion is a bruise to the muscle Symptoms of a broken bone A loud cracking or snap is usually the first sign a bone is broken It may appear deformed swollen bruised or visible if the bone has pierced the skin Other symptoms include great pain that gets worse when the limb is moved and loss of normal motion Treatment Activate EMS 911 Have the victim remain still and rest e Immobilize the injury in the position in which it was found Do not try to use or move the area Cover any open with wound with a clean sterile dressing e Do nottry to move or straighten an injured extremity f you need to move the victim or EMS is detained stabilize the injured extremity to prevent movement Activate EMS 911 e Treat for shock Putice or a cold pack on the area for about 20 minutes on then 20 minutes off Repeat as tolerated If unsure whether an injury is a break sprain or dislocation assume that any injury to an extremity includes a bone fracture Treatment for Sprains and Dislocations e Have the victim rest and remain still e Immobilize the injury in the position in which it was found Do not try to use or move the area Putice or a cold pack on the area use a barrier betwe
8. are computerized portable devices that can help prevent death due to sudden cardiac arrest When used within the first three to five minutes of a person collapsing these devices have been shown to dramatically increase the survival rate of people who suffering from sudden cardiac arrest The victim s chance of survival decreases with longer intervals between the arrest and defibrillation 5 The AED diagnoses the cardiac rhythms of the victim then detects if the heart can benefit from an electrical shock If it detects a shockable rhythm it administers an electrical shock in order to enable the heart to reestablish a normal heart rhythm Each day about 600 people die in the U S of sudden cardiac arrest The placement of AEDs in work government and community centers has increased the public s access to defibrillation Public Access to Defibrillation PAD has made this important link in the chain of survival more available How AEDs Work Cardiac arrest usually occurs when your heart s electrical activity becomes disrupted and the heartbeat gets dangerously fast ventricular tachycardia or chaotic ventricular fibrillation v fib Because of this chaotic irregular heart rhythm arrhythmia your heart stops beating effectively and can t adequately pump blood This is the most common initial rhythm of sudden cardiac arrest The heart needs to be shocked back into a normal rhythm which is where an AED comes into play An AED stops
9. i e safety devices and sharps containers Work practice controls i e sharps handling and disposal hand washing cleanup Personal protective equipment i e disposable gloves face shields Housekeeping policies Post exposure reporting evaluation counseling and follow up procedures Procedures for evaluating circumstances surrounding an exposure incident e Record keeping including sharps injury logs training records and annual plan updates Good housekeeping protects all workers and is every person s responsibility 70 Reporting After an Exposure Reporting after an exposure is required by OSHA Employers should follow all federal and state requirements for recording and reporting occupational injuries and exposures The following information should be included in the exposure report recorded in the exposed person s confidential medical record and made available to qualified health care professionals Date and time of the exposure incident Location of the exposure incident Job classification of the employee exposed to BBP Identification and documentation of the source individual unless that identification is not feasible The route and circumstances of exposure Details of the exposure including the type and amount of fluid or material and the severity of the exposure Identified procedural changes which would prevent reoccurrence of any conditions that increased the risk of exposure
10. 12 L min when available If the victim has an advanced airway in place during CPR rescuers no longer deliver cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths Instead they will provide continuous chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per minute without pauses for ventilation and ventilations are delivered at the rate of 1 breath about every 6 to 8 seconds 24 Spinal or Neck Injury If spinal or neck injury is suspected open the airway by using the jaw thrust maneuver without utilizing the head tilt Perform the jaw thrust by Place the palms of your hands on either side of the victim s head while resting your forearms on the surface in a parallel position Stabilize the neck Place your fingers on the lower portion of the victim s jawbone Using pressure from your fingers lift the jaw forward opening the airway e fthis does not allow adequate ventilation revert back to the head tilt Chin lift maneuver If you give breaths too quickly or with too much force air may enter the stomach This can cause gastric inflation that can result in serious complications such as vomiting pneumonia and make it difficult to inflate the lungs Reduce the risk of gastric inflation by taking 1 second to deliver each breath and stopping breaths when the victim s chest rises Although cricoid pressure can prevent gastric inflation it may also impede ventilation therefore the routine use of cricoid pressure during CPR is not recommen
11. Remove constricting clothing and jewelry from the extremity The area may swell and constricting items will cause tissue death Continue to keep the bite lower than the heart For venomous snake bites apply a pressure immobilization bandage with pressure applied around the entire length of the bitten extremity Bring the dead snake if possible to the hospital Do not cut into or suck the snakebite Jellyfish Stings Treating jellyfish stings will help to prevent further nematocyst discharge and with pain relief Wash liberally with vinegar for at least 30 seconds ACT QUICKLY If vinegar is not available a baking soda slurry may be used For the treatment of pain treat with hot water immersion when possible The victim should be instructed to take a hot shower or immerse the affected part in hot water as soon as possible for at least 20 minutes or for as long as pain persists Scorpion stings Most scorpion stings are harmless only the bark scorpion has venom potent enough to cause severe symptoms Seek immediate medical care for any child stung by a scorpion If you ve been stung get prompt care if you begin to experience widespread symptoms If you re concerned about a scorpion sting even if your reaction is minor call your local poison control center for advice 37 Types of Burns Thermal burns can be caused by flames contact with a hot object liquids or steam basically any exposure to heat that damages th
12. United States by the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA An Emergency Oxygen device is regulated as appropriate for use without prescription and without medical supervision by properly trained responders when used in a medical emergency The FDA qualifies an Emergency Oxygen device as one that delivers medical oxygen at a minimum flow rate of six liters per minute LPM for a minimum of 15 minutes The LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen device meets this FDA requirement because it delivers medical grade oxygen at a flow rate of eight LPM for approximately 60 minutes If a medical oxygen device is capable of delivering medical oxygen at flow rates that are less than 6 liters per minute LPM or if the device permits delivery for less than 15 minutes then the FDA considers this to be a Prescription Oxygen device This type of device may only be used with a prescription and by a person either medically qualified or acting under medical supervision The LifeSafe Therapy Oxygen device is provided by prescription because it delivers medical grade oxygen at flow rates ranging from 2 LPM to 25 LPM At 2 LPM the device delivers for over 100 minutes and at 25 LPM the device delivers for over 15 minutes Oxygen Equipment Parts LifeSafe Emergency and Therapy Oxygen equipment consists of four parts cylinder regulator with gauge handle and delivery system tubing nasal cannula or mask The assembled unit is enclosed in a protective case The cylinder holds
13. a good seal Each breath should take about one second If the initial rescue breath does not make the chest rise then recheck that there is adequate head tilt and chin lift MINIMIZE INTERRUPTIONS TO COMPRESSIONS 14 Do not attempt more than 2 rescue breaths before resuming compressions Use an AED as soon as it is available Minimize interruptions to chest compressions before shock and after each shock START WITH 30 COMPRESSIONS J Tap the baby s foot to see if they are responsive A firm surface is needed to perform infant CPR Do not try to hold the baby Place 2 fingers of one handvertically just below the nipple line in the center of the chest PUSH HARD PUSH FAST Push Hard Compress to 1 3 the anterior posterior of the chest about 1 1 2 inches in depth Push Fast Compressions should be at least 100 per minute Full Recoil of the Chest Allow the chest to fully release Place the palm of one hand on the infant s forehead The fingertips of the other hand should be placed on the bony part of the victim s chin Gently tilt the head back and perform a chin tilt Do not nyperextend the infant s neck 15 BREATHE TWICE Cover the baby s mouth and nose with your mouth Give 2 puffs of air about the amount you can hold in your cheeks Each breath should take about 1 second Blow steadily and watch for the chest to rise do not over inflate the lu
14. amp AED steps e Recording of the interaction between the rescuer and the patient AEDs also have common voice prompts Some common phrases you ll hear e Analyzing Rhythm e Charging e Stand Clear Do Not Touch the Patient Press the Shock Button e Shock Delivered e Check Electrode Connection e Start CPR with 30 Chest Compressions 28 Integrating CPR and AED s Give the victim the best chance of survival If the rescuer is not trained in CPR perform chest compressions only The number of chest compressions delivered per minute during CPR is an important determinant in return of spontaneous circulation When an AED is used in combination with effective CPR many more lives are saved then with CPR or an AED alone It is estimated by the American Heart Association that over 50 000 lives could be saved each year by early use of an AED combined with prompt bystander CPR Attach and use AED as soon as available Minimize interruptions in giving chest compressions before and after shock is received resume CPR beginning with compressions immediately after each shock The CPR AED Algorithm for Adult and Pediatric Victims Review the Algorithm for CPR and AED on Page 10 and note the important facts 1 Attach and use the AED as soon as it is available 2 Follow the voice prompts on the AED 3 Minimize interruptions to chest compressions before and after each AED analysis 4
15. and feel along the back and spine for any tenderness bleeding or irregularities Press on both of the protruding bones in the pelvis and see if there is any pain or deformity Look and feel along the injured person s arms and legs for any bruising or deformity Check the pulse in both wrists and at the top of each foot and see if the pulse is the same in each place Scratch both hands and feet and ask the injured person if he or she can feel the sensation Ask the injured person to move his or her arms legs fingers and toes and check for a full range of motion Recovery Position If you must leave a victim place them in the modified HAINES recovery position to maintain an open airway in an unconscious patient with intact breathing and pulse What to do Place the patient on their back Lift the chin to ensure the airway is open Extend the victim s arm nearest E N you above their head e Place patient s other arm across the chest with back of their hand against the opposite cheek e Pull up the patient s knee joint side away from you as it bends keep the foot flat on the ground Roll the patient in this position toward you Tilt the patient s head back to ensure that the airway is open The uppermost leg should be adjusted so that the hip and knee are at right angles P Sa e Seek immediate medical help Don t move an injured person That is the general rule
16. available from the AED manufacturer or your AED service company 1 Name of AED device Serial number of AED Date Patient Information such as Name Address Age Gender Site of Incident Witnessed Arrest Yes No OU im 2 I9 33 7 Breathing upon arrival of Designated responders Yes No 8 Bystander CPR Yes No 9 Cardiac Arrest after Arrival Yes No 10 Number of Defibrillations 11 Efforts terminated in the field Yes No 12 Any complications Yes No 13 Comments 14 Additional Comments 15 Rescuer s Name Allergic Reaction anaphylaxis 16 Rescuer s Signature Standard First Aid Allergic reactions can be life threatening In people who have an allergy anaphylaxis can occur minutes after exposure to a specific allergy causing substance In some cases there may be a delayed reaction or anaphylaxis may occur without an apparent trigger Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include Treatment 34 Skin reactions including hives itching and flushed or pale skin Swelling of the face eyes lips or throat First aid providers may administer the auto injector if the victim is unable to do so provided that state law permits it and the medication has been prescribed by a physician Constriction of the airways wheezing and trouble breathing A weak and rapid pulse Nausea Dizziness fainting or unconsciousness Immediately call EMS or 911 Ask the person if they are
17. bag or container the laundry must be placed and transported in bags or containers which prevent soak through or leakage of fluids to the exterior The employer must ensure that employees in contact with contaminated laundry wear protective gloves and other appropriate personal protective equipment Post Exposure Follow Up Report the incident to your supervisor or the appropriate person immediately after exposure to any pathogen Failure to report may limit your ability to prove exposure or obtain appropriate medical treatment If you are exposed to bloodborne pathogens a confidential medical evaluation and follow up must be immediately made available to you at no charge The evaluation and test results will be confidential The employer is responsible for ensuring the confidentiality of your medical records Your records cannot be disclosed without your written consent During your medical consult with a healthcare professional all test and follow up plans will be discussed All post exposure treatments and plans should follow the CDC guidelines Airborne Pathogens A disease is classified as airborne when respiratory droplets from one person can easily contaminate the next person and can be transmitted through the air Typically airborne diseases travel on dust particles or respiratory droplets by way of sneezes coughs laughter and speaking Viruses bacteria and fungus may be to blame for causing such diseases Pathog
18. blood supply to the brain Symptoms include Loss of consciousness usually Pale clammy cold skin temporary Slow pulse What to do Assure open airway If possible try to ease the patient s Loosen remove tight clothing fall Make patient lie down on his back and lf patient does not recover in a few raise his legs minutes seek immediate medical Ensure plenty of fresh air i Most head trauma involves injuries that are minor and don t require hospitalization However call 911 if severe head trauma occurs Keep the person still Until medical help arrives keep the injured person lying down and quiet with the head and shoulders slightly elevated Don t move the person unless necessary avoid moving the person s neck Stop any bleeding Apply firm pressure to the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth But don t apply direct pressure to the wound if you suspect a skull fracture Watch for changes in breathing and alertness If the person shows no signs of circulation breathing coughing or movement begin CPR Get emergency help for e Severe head or facial bleeding Loss of balance e Bleeding from the nose or ears Weakness or an inability to use e Severe headache an arm or leg Change in level of M consciousness for more thana Repeated vomiting few seconds Slurred speech Cessation of breathing e Seizures e Confusion 42 For large head injuries wrap a
19. face It is also possible to simply hold the mask under the chin Nasal cannulas can also be used if the X 3 1 Simple Face Mask is connected to the tubing in the LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen device The simple mask is placed over the patient s nose and mouth and can be held in place either by the patient or rescuer or with a strap A Non Rebreather Mask may be used to deliver high concentration oxygen to a breathing patient A non rebreather mask has an attached oxygen reservoir bag which collects additional oxygen from the regulator and a one way valve which prevents the victim s exhaled air from mixing with the oxygen in the reservoir bag A Resuscitation Face Mask serves two purposes For the breathing patient it permits delivery of oxygen similar to a simple face mask For the non breathing patient it can be pressed tightly over the nose and mouth by a trained rescuer to provide rescue breaths as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR 58 When using the LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen unit the simple mask can be removed and the resuscitation face mask can be connected to the tubing The resuscitation mask can be placed over the patient s face in order for oxygen to be absorbed into the patient s airway during CPR A Resuscitation Bag Valve Mask BVM is a device that is placed over the nose and mouth of a non breathing patient When using an Emergency Oxygen unit the simple or the resuscitation face mask can be removed and the B
20. fainting pale complexion or breathing in a notably shallow manner The chemical burn penetrated through the first layer of skin and the resulting second degree burn covers an area more than 3 inches 7 6 centimeters in diameter The chemical burn occurred on the eye hands feet face groin or buttocks or over a major joint Respiratory burns occur from inhaling air at over 300 degrees Some signs of burn will be singed nasal hair facial burns blood stained sputum or difficulty breathing If you suspect respiratory burns have medical treatment immediately Symptoms may be delayed CHEMICAL BURN in the EYE If a chemical splashes into your eye take these steps immediately Flush your eye with water Use clean lukewarm tap water for at least 20 minutes Rinse contaminated eye downward do fluids flow away from the other eye e Wash your hands with soap and water Thoroughly rinse your hands to be sure no chemical or soap is left on them Your first goal is to get the chemical off the surface of your eye but also from your hands Don trub the eye Remove contact lenses If they don t come out during the F PN flush then take them out Know the name of the chemical Seek emergency medical assistance If you re unsure whether a substance is toxic call the poison control center at 800 222 1222 If you seek emergency assistance take the chemical container or a complete description of the substance wi
21. harmful objects ray i qe Try to protect the head ar y e Try to maintain some privacy for the victim aZ RP i i i L ri SL e Do not put anything in the patient s mouth LIE 50 After Seizure e Remove tight clothing Position the patient in the recovery position Do notrestrain the patient Generalized tonic clonic seizures grand mal seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure They begin with stiffening of the limbs followed by jerking of the limbs and face Stroke occurs when there s bleeding into your brain or when normal blood flow to your brain is interrupted usually by a clot Within minutes brain cells start dying a process that may continue over several hours Signs and symptoms of a stroke include e Sudden weakness or numbness in your face arm or leg on one side of your body e Sudden dimness blurring or loss of vision particularly in one eye e Loss of speech trouble talking or understanding speech e Sudden severe headache with no apparent cause e Unexplained dizziness or trouble walking loss of coordination e Unsteadiness or a sudden fall especially if accompanied by any of the other signs or symptoms Stroke Test Remember the first 3 letters of STROKE Risk Factors for a stroke include S SMILE TEST Have the victim smile Normal both sides of face move equally Abnormal one side of face does not move as well as the other side T TALK TEST Have the victim s
22. however sometimes there is a life threatening risk to keep the patient where they are and you must move them away from danger Use extreme caution to further reduce the risk of injuring the person further The biggest concern is for neck and spine injuries which are often unnoticeable It is best to use a backboard and logroll the patient onto the backboard Here are other moves if a backboard is not available Blanket Drag Shoulder Carry Two Man Carry Chair Carry CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR is a lifesaving technique used when someone s breathing or heartbeat has stopped In 2010 the American Heart Association updated its guidelines to recommend that everyone untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike begin CPR with chest compressions The new mnemonic is called C A B and stands for compressions airway and breathing Research suggests that if high quality chest compressions are started right away the likelihood of survival increases dramatically Victims usually have enough residual oxygen in their systems at least for the first few minutes after cardiac arrest to reduce the need for artificial respiration The Chain of Survival The chain of survival consists of 5 links that lead to a more successful resuscitation outcome 2 1 911 Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system 911 Know the warning signs and immediately call 911 2 Ea
23. medical oxygen in the form of compressed gas LifeSafe cylinders are made of seamless steel or aluminum and meet Department of Transportation DOT requirements for pressure LifeSafe steel cylinders qualify for pressure retest at 10 year intervals Aluminum cylinders require retest at five year intervals On the top of the cylinder is a post valve with two pinholes an outlet and a cap The pinholes are set to international specifications that will permit only an oxygen regulator to fit The cap is set to permit connection by a handle for releasing the oxygen from the cylinder through the outlet The LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen device uses a steel cylinder that holds approximately 529 liters It weighs approximately 11 lbs empty and 12 lbs when full The LifeSafe Therapy Oxygen device uses a steel cylinder that holds 1200 liters It weighs approximately 30 Ibs empty and 33 Ibs when full Regulator with Gauge The oxygen regulator has two pins that fit into the post of the cylinder The cylinder valve connection allows the oxygen released from the cylinder to move directly into the regulator The regulator is tightened to the cylinder to prevent a leak The cylinder gauge reads empty when the device is at rest When the gas is released from the cylinder it enters the regulator and the gauge registers content pressure Handle The handle sits on top of the cylinder s post When the handle is turned it opens the flow of oxygen from the cyl
24. positioned at the victimis head Maintain an open airway by using either a head tilt chin lift or a jaw thrust maneuver Give two breaths after Rescuer 1 performs 30 chest compressions e Watch for the chest to rise and fall Avoid excessive ventilation e Rescuer 2 will switch positions with the first rescuertwhen Rescuer 1 calls switch aloud Rescuer 2 will encourage Rescuer 1 to perform high quality CPR Encourage the chest compressor to Compress at a rate of 100 chest compressions per minute Compress at least 2 inches in depth Allow for complete chest recoil after chest compressions Minimize interruptions to chest compressions If more rescuers arrive they can assist with bag mask ventilations and other tasks but irrespective of the number of rescuers present continue to alternate between 30 compressions and 2 ventilations If there is an advanced airway in place and 2 or more rescuers are performing CPR do not stop chest compressions to give breaths Give 1 breath every 6 to 8 seconds without attempting to deliver breaths between chest compressions Chest compressions will be continuous at a rate of at least 100 per minute without pauses for delivery of breaths Breaths will continue at one every 6 8 seconds 26 AED the Automated External Defibrillator The AED is 3rd step in the chain of survival and can greatly increase the victim s chance of survival AEDs Automatic External Defibrillators
25. recommend that users of medical oxygen follow safe handling and use procedures The following is a summary Do not permit smoking near oxygen Beyond simply not smoking when oxygen is in use this includes the prohibition of smoking from any area where oxygen is stored Store oxygen in a clean dry location away from direct sunlight or heat Consider window locations and heat that may be behind a wall This is because heat and sunlight can increase the pressure within the oxygen cylinder which will give a false high filled reading on the gauge Also too much heat can cause the pressure in the cylinder to reach the escape level that will empty the device The LifeSafe Emergency and Therapy Oxygen devices have valves that will release oxygen safely into the air if the cylinder pressure becomes too high Do not allow the parts of oxygen equipment cylinder or post value regulator handle delivery system to come in contact with oils greases organic lubricants or any other combustible products Additionally if using oxygen hands should be clean or the user should wear protective gloves This is because oxygen is incompatible with hydrocarbons When they mix the result can be combustion the sudden release of heat and fire All cleaning repair servicing and refilling of oxygen equipment is performed by qualified properly trained personnel After each use LifeSafe oxygen service personnel should be contacted Use only
26. should be carefully pulled off inside out one at a time so the contaminated surfaces are inside preventing any contact with any potentially infectious material When removing the first glove your hand is protected because both are covered with the glove Grab the outside of the infected glove and remove To remove the second glove your other hand is no longer protected so carefully slide one finger inside the glove where there is protection and remove the glove by inverting it upon itself Change gloves and wash your hands if dealing with more than one victim Never rub the eyes mouth or face while wearing gloves Dispose of gloves in biohazard disposal baas 66 Eye Protection must be worn if there is a chance for a splash to occur 2 Face Shields provide protection to the nose mouth and face to protect the mucus membranes and skin openings 3 Caps are designed to protect and cover the head 4 Gowns aprons or jumpsuits protect contaminated materials from exposed skin and clothes 5 Booties will cover the shoes and should be tied securely 6 Pocket mouth to mouth resuscitation masks provide a barrier during CPR Any PPE or clothing items that become infected with OPIM must be safely removed and treated as an infectious material with proper disposal in correctly labeled bags or containers Hand Washing Hand washing is one of the most important and easiest practices used to prevent transmission of bloodborne path
27. skin Irrigate the bite with copious amounts of water This has been shown to prevent rabies and bacterial infection from animal bites Stop the bleeding by applying pressure Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection Apply a clean bandage If the bite is bleeding apply pressure directly on the wound using a sterile cloth until the bleeding stops Seek emergency medical care If you haven t had a tetanus shot within five years your doctor may recommend a booster In this case you should have the booster within 48 hours of the injury Wound treatment If the bite barely breaks the skin and there is no danger of rabies treat it as a minor wound If ther is a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding apply pressure with a clean dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor For infection If you notice signs of infection such as swelling redness increased pain or oozing see your doctor immediately Spider bites Only two spiders in the United States are considered a threat to human life the Brown Recluse and Black Widow Spider Although serious a black widow bite is rarely lethal Black Widow Signs and symptoms include Brown Recluse Signs and symptoms 36 The bite may feel like a pinprick or it may not be noticed e Initially you may have slight swelling and bite marks e Within a few hours stiffness and intense pain may begin Fever Nausea and vomiting e Severe abdomi
28. sterile gauze bandage around the head sweatband style Circle the head at least three times to keep the dressing underneath in place Cut and use adhesive tape to attach the ends or tie them with a firm knot Heart Attacks Heart Attacks usually occur when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood through a coronary artery a blood vessel that feeds blood to a part of the heart muscle Interrupted blood flow to the heart can damage or destroy a part of the heart muscle If enough of the muscle is damaged sudden cardiac arrest SCA can occur Your overall lifestyle what you eat how often you exercise and the way you deal with stress plays a role in your recovery from a heart attack In addition a healthy lifestyle can help prevent a heart attack by controlling risk factors that contribute to the narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood to your heart Common heart attack symptoms include Chest pressure chest pain or tightness in the center of your chest that lasts for more than a few minutes Although some victims experience no chest discomfort Pain spreading from the chest to the shoulder arm back or even to the jaw Increasing chest pain Heart attack symptoms vary Not all people experience the same symptoms It is common for people to deny they are having symptoms of a heart attack Shortness of breath e Sweating Lightness or dizziness Fainting e Nausea and vomiti
29. the upper third of the thigh and can be located by palpating the area between the hip and the groin HAND POSTION Use one or two hands to compress the chest 2 inches COMPRESSION DEPTH 1 3 the anterior posterior about 2 inches INFANT is up to one year of age PULSE CHECK Check for the pulse in the brachial artery Place 2 or 3 fingers on the inside of the upper arm between the infantis eloow and shoulder Do not take more than 10 SECONDS to feel for the pulse HAND POSTION The lone healthcare provider should place 2 fingers of one hand vertically just below the nipple line in the center of the chest When there are 2 Healthcare Providers use the 2 thumbfencircling hands technique Encircle the infant s chest with both hands spread your fingers around the thorax and place your thumbs together over the lower third of the sternum Encircle the infantis chest and support the infantis back with the fingers of both hands Forcefully compress the sternum with your thumbs If you cannot physically encircle the victim s chest compress the chest with 2 fingers COMPRESSION DEPTH 1 3 the anterior posterior about 1 1 2 inches HCP Pediatric CPR AED Algorithm amp Special Asphyxia Situations UNRESPONSIVE No breathing or no normal breathing If no one responds Perform 5 cycles of CPR Call 911 amp and get an AED if nearby If someone responds Send them to call 911 and get an AED if nearby
30. to reliable sources for information such as the U S Department of Health and Human Services J Keep it clean Frequently wash hands or use alcohol based hand sanitizers Keeping an area clean and disinfected will kill the pathogens that have contaminated surfaces Use good respiratory etiquette Cough or sneeze into a facial tissue or your sleeve and wash your hands often Dispose of tissue properly Consider wearing a facemask in public It may prevent inhalation of airborne particles from an infected person s coughs or sneezes Vaccines Keep current on vaccines not all airborne have vaccines Be cautious with social contact Avoid handshakes or close contact about six feet with those who are ill Think carefully about travel Influenza viruses spread easily when people are confined to small spaces such as an airplane train or bus Use good ventilation and air cleaning processes Call your doctor if your fever is high Stay home to prevent spreading the illness Rest Drink plenty of fluids Take recommended medications Lo Caring for the lll Askthe patient s healthcare provider whether the patient should take antiviral medications Keep the sick person away from other people as much as possible especially those with weakened immune systems Encourage the patient to rest and hydrate Disinfect objects touched by the infected person Protect yourself Wash your hands often use gloves and
31. you see an object in the mouth perform a finger sweep 19 BLS for the Healthcare Provider HCP BLS for healthcare providers is similar to that for laypeople with some variations Healthcare providers may act as a lone rescuer however are more likely to work in teams and perform CPR actions simultaneously For example one rescuer performs chest compressions one or more rescuers will work on the airway while other team members prepare for defibrillation etc As a healthcare provider you need to be proficient and effective in CPR It is encouraged to practice both a simulated and a choreographed approach for chest compressions airway management rescue breathing rhythm detection and shocks if appropriate by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in appropriate settings Effective CPR requires rescue teams to practice and rehearse their roles as a team Also effective communication is essential during CPR The rescuers should communicate efficiently and continuously during CPR The pulse check has been eliminated for the lay rescuer and deemphasized for the healthcare provider Feel for the pulse for 10 seconds If there is not a definite pulse felt in 10 seconds start compressions Laypeople have a moral and ethical responsibility to perform CPR but professional rescuers while on duty and receiving compensation have a DUTY TO ACT appropriately and within their scope of training when called to assist with an emergency situation
32. Engineer controls work practice controls and PPE that was used Cleanup Decontamination amp Sterilization Wear gloves when cleaning infected areas Clean the site with a bleach solution of 74 cup bleach per one gallon of water Absorb liquid with absorbent powder or other absorbent material When liquid is absorbed use scoops cardboard or dustpans to collect as much of the absorbed material as possible and put material and scoops in a red biohazard bag Wipe up remaining contamination with disposable wipes and put in the red biohazard bag Remove and dispose of gloves in the red biohazard bag Broken glassware which may be contaminated must not be picked up directly with the hands Forceps dustpan spatula or other equipment should be used A brush should not be used to avoid splashing All equipment and surfaces must be decontaminated immediately with a disinfectant after contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials Use gloves to clean equipment Contaminated laundry must be handled as little as possible with a minimum of agitation Contaminated laundry must be bagged or contained where used and should not be sorted or rinsed in that location Contaminated laundry must be placed and transported in bags or containers labeled and or color coded in an appropriate biohazard containers 71 e When contaminated laundry is wet and presents a reasonable likelihood of leakage or soak through from the
33. If you are alone call 911 one first and then start CPR unless the victim is a pediatric victim or suffering from asphyxia If they are suspected asphyxia patients perform 5 cycles of CPR and then get the AED yourself How to Use an AED The 2010 guidelines state that when any rescuer witnesses an out of hospital arrest and an AED is immediately available on site the rescuer should start CPR with chest compressions and use the AED as soon as possible While using the AED minimize CPR interruptions e Always ensure that CPR is being provided for the victim unless the AED machine is actively analyzing or shocking the victim e Place the AED next to the victim s head and turn it on e There will be voice prompts to coach you on the specific steps of operation for the Automatic External Defibrillator e Remove the defibrillation pads from their packaging Look at the pictures on the pads to see exactly how to place them Ensure that the adhesive AED pads are attached to a cable which is plugged into the AED machine e Remove the self adhesive backing and attach the electrodes to the victim s bare chest 29 Typically the negative pad is placed on the victim s right upper chest wall above the nipple and to the right of the sternum The positive electrode is placed on the victim s left chest side below the nipple and pectoral e Attach the electrodes firmly to the skin e The AED will indicate do not touch the patien
34. TABLE OF CONTENTS Assessment of the Scene amp Victim 3 When and How to Call 911 rre 4 Consent and Legal Issues lles 4 Assessment of the Victim llee 5 Head to Toe EXAM isc 2099 24 3793 o6 ac tendo eres AC dei d Bc uad 6 HAINES Recovery Position 0000 c eee ees 6 GPR ev 7 Adult CPR Landmarks eleele en 10 Child CPR Landmarks erre 13 Infant CPR Landmarks else 15 Choking for Adult Child lllllll ss 17 Choking for Infant 23 cem 9m RR a Cate e o 19 Healthcare Provider CPR leesle e 20 AED Mainin POT 27 First Aid Allergic Reactions 22525605 x Rx RERO Keene wave OR CR eta ed 34 PIMPULAUNONS uude as 2775 2 37 3 3 eee 22 9c eee kee ee eee Rd 53 COURIER EIU ves ar yak ne we ae arta prep ace Leo ask Gee 35 Bites and Stings Human and Animal ler 36 Spider and Insect uoa oz Se actu y Re cti ei dc 36 SNIKE erriren ir iori ee ea PE oda edu pra oa ee Reads Gr de 37 JEIVIIGH aues didi dur tx 9 S aba 8c3 decease 9 x EUR HEU Sou Bod es 37 SCOFDIOD cuu ia scie a O9 ACC en RC ERE REC Ro aic Rr at a al 37 Burns Degrees of BUNS 1 1 2 cee ee 38 Eg E E Secon ee eee eae ee ea sisi eee ee een 38 Chemical e 40 zl m ete wr ite rd aoe ae Pe eet 39 Chest Injuries
35. VM connected to the tubing Each squeeze of the bag forces oxygen enriched air through a valve and the mask and into the patient s airway Administering Emergency Oxygen to a Conscious Patient e Survey the scene Do not approach a victim unless it is safe e Gently shake the victim and ask if they are okay e f they respond introduce yourself and request consent e Activate 911 e Send someone to get Emergency Oxygen and an AED e Administer oxygen o Activate the oxygen flow to the mask Some units are equipped with an easy on off handle o Listen or feel for oxygen flow through the mask o Assist victim with mask If patient is able instruct them to hold the mask to their mouth and nose assuring a tight seal o Instruct the patient to breathe as normal as possible e Perform a head to toe exam e Provide first aid if needed e Care for shock e Continue to assess and assist the victim until EMS arrives e Survey the scene Do not approach unless it is safe e Gently shake the victim and ask if they are okay e If there is no response activate 911 e Send someone to get Emergency Oxygen and AED e Introduce yourself assume consent for unresponsive victims Look listen and feel for breathing E e Ifthe victim is breathing regularly administer emergency oxygen o Activate the oxygen flow to the mask Some units are equipped with an easy on off handle o Listen or feel for oxygen flow throug
36. ame with only slight variations If there is no breathing or no normal breathing such as gasping start CPR using the C A B C Begin 30 Compressions EY B A Give Two Open the Rescue Breaths Airway NA When an AED arrives turn it on and follow the voice prompts Minimize interruptions of CPR compressions HIGH QUALITY CPR Rate at least 100 compressions per minute Compression depth at least 2 inches Allow complete chest recoil after each compression Minimize interruptions in chest compression Avoid excessive ventilation DO NOT STOP THIS CPR CYCLE UNLESS you are too exhausted to continue the victim shows signs of responsiveness an AED arrives qualified help arrives and takes over START WITH 30 COMPRESSIONS Kneel close to the victim Place the heel of your palm in the center of the victim s chest Place your other hand on top of the first Position your shoulders directly over your wrist Lock your elbows PUSH HARD PUSH FAST Push Hard Compress the chest at least 2 inches in depth Push Fast Compressions should be at least100 per minute Full Recoil of the Chest Allow the chest to fully recoil Place the palm of one hand on the victim s forehead The fingertips of the other hand should be placed on the bony part of the victim s chin Gently tilt the head back and perform a chin tilt This will open the airway and lift the tongue
37. are not required to provide pre screening Vaccination process includes e Series of three shots This series must be offered at no cost to the employee during work hours Employees may opt to decline the vaccine but they must complete a declination form Employers must keep these forms on file so that they know the vaccination status of everyone who has a potential exposure to blood The employee has the right to change his her mind at any time HBV Vaccine Side Effects The vaccines are mild and is well tolerated by most people The most common symptoms are bruising redness headache localized swelling and pain at the injection site Severe side effects include allergic reactions if this occurs seek medical help HIV the Virus that Causes AIDS HIV human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that causes AIDS or acquired immune deficiency syndrome The Center for Disease Control CDC estimates that more than one million people in the U S are living with HIV infection One in five 21 of those people living with HIV is unaware of their infection An estimated 56 300 Americans become infected with HIV each year There s no cure for HIV AIDS but there are medications that can dramatically slow the progression of the disease These drugs have reduced AIDS deaths in many developed nations Transmission of HIV HIV is transmitted through infected blood semen or vaginal secretions that must enter your body You cannot b
38. as the victim being uncooperative or an aggressor lurking in the vicinity Calling Emergency Medical Help After assuring it is safe to approach Call out for by standers to hel Have them call 911 and get an AED if needed If no one responds Victim Breathing Victim Not Victim Not B Hine Adult amp Pedatric Breathing reathing PEDIATRIC If no one responds call 911 ADULT or witnessed yourself and get back to ASPHYXIA the victim quickly Perform five cycles of CPR about two minutes then call 911 and get the AED if it is nearby Call 911 yourself get an AED if nearby and return to the victim quickly An exception to calling 911 when you are alone is if the victim is not breathing and collapsed due to asphyxia Asphyxia is respiratory failure which causes an extremely deficient supply of oxygen to the body which makes the heart stop Some common causes of asphyxia include drowning choking and suffocation If you have witnessed someone experiencing a cardiac arrest due to asphyxia perform 5 cycles of CPR then call 911 and get the AED if it is close by Always assume that a non breathing pediatric victim is suffering from asphyxia SO if you are alone perform 5 cycles of CPR before calling 911 Permission must be given to the first aid responder A nod is acceptable If the victim is unconscious or cannot understand you consent is assumed It s called implied
39. aving seizures If the person seems stable and has no symptoms but you suspect poisoning call the National Poison Control Center Provide information about e The person s symptoms e The person s age and weight e Any information you have about the poison such as amount and length of time since the person was exposed to the substance e f possible have the pill bottle or poison container on hand when you call What to do while waiting for help e fthe person has been exposed to poisonous fumes such as carbon monoxide get him or her into fresh air immediately Follow treatment directions by the poison control center e fthe poison spilled on the person s clothing skin or eyes remove the clothing e Flush the skin or eyes with cool or lukewarm water such as by using a shower for 20 minutes or until help arrives Make sure the person is breathing If not start rescue breathing and CPR Take the poison container or any pill bottles with you to the hospital 49 Shock may result from any traumatic injury or traumatic illness When a person is in shock their organs aren t getting enough blood or oxygen which if untreated can lead to permanent organ damage or death Many illnesses and injuries could result in shock therefore the use of emergency oxygen is recommended Signs and symptoms of a person experiencing shock he skin is cool and clammy It may appear pale or gray The pulse is wea
40. ay a simple sentence You can t teach an old dog new tricks Normal Patient uses correct words with no slurring Abnormal Patient slurs words uses the wrong words or is unable to speak R RAISE ARMS Have the victim close their eyes and raise their arms Normal both arms move the same or both arms do not move at all Abnormal one arm does not move or one arm drifts down unevenly If any 1 of these 3 signs is abnormal the probability of stroke is 72 51 Risk Factors for a stroke include Unchangeable Risk Factors Changeable Risk Factors Increasing age High blood cholesterol or triglyceride Males have a greater risk than levels women Diabetes Heredity family history of stroke High blood pressure African Americans tend to have Lack of physical activity a higher risk than other racial Obesity as Stress Heart disease Tobacco smoking Treatment for Stroke A stroke is a true emergency e Call EMS 911 for most areas e Document the time of the symptom onset e f breathing and circulation are present place victim on their affected side Administer emergency oxygen and monitor breathing Severe bleeding is frequently the most serious risk to an injured person s life If you have found severe bleeding during the primary survey treat the patient using the following steps utilizing your personal protection equipment Apply pressure directly on the wound until the ARDY Bar
41. bon monoxide poisoning or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn For major burns call 911 or emergency medical help Until an emergency unit arrives follow these steps Don t remove burned clothing However do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat Don t immerse large severe burns in cold water Doing so could cause a drop in body temperature hypothermia and deterioration of blood pressure and circulation shock Check for signs of circulation breathing coughing or movement If there is no breathing begin CPR Elevate the burned body part or parts Raise the limb above the heart level when possible Burn Blisters Loosely cover burn blisters with a sterile dressing but leave blisters intact because this improves healing and reduces pain Cover the area of the burn Use a cool moist sterile bandage clean moist cloth or moist towels Care for Shock Electrical Burns An electrical burn may appear minor or not show on the skin at all but the damage can extend deep into the tissues beneath your skin If a strong electrical current passes through your body internal damage such cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest can occur Thermal burns can be present at the entry and exit site as well as the pathway Sometimes the jolt associated with the electrical burn can cause you to be thrown or to fall re
42. carrying an epinephrine auto injector Assist the victim with the epinephrine injection from a prescribed auto injector Have the person lie still on their back Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket Don t give the person anything to drink If medical help is delayed you may assist the patient with a 2nd injection for an epinephrine injection from a prescribed auto injector If there s vomiting or bleeding from the mouth turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking If there are no signs of breathing coughing or movement begin CPR and continue until EMS arrives The results from an auto injector may only last a short time Continue to monitor the victim for responsiveness Using an auto injector Pull off the activation cap opposite end from the black tip with your other hand e Hold the epi pen in your fist Point the black tip down and hold near the outer thigh about half way t between the knee and hip iiA 13 i e Firmly push the pen into the thigh the needle will SY nz go through the clothing Hold for 10 seconds hen massage the area Get emergency treatment even if symptoms start to improve After anaphylaxis it s possible for symptoms to recur Monitoring in a hospital setting for several hours is usually necessary During an asthma attack the muscles of the lower airways go into spasm and constrict thus narrowing the airway and reducing the flow of oxygen
43. ccine to prevent HBV There is no vaccine for HCV e Sexual contact e Sharing needles e Accidental needle sticks From mother to child HBV Symptoms Mild flu like symptoms e Fatigue e Stomach pain oss of appetite e Nausea e Jaundice e Dark Urine HCV Symptoms Infection usually produces no signs or symptoms during its earliest stages When signs and symptoms do occur they re generally mild and flu like and may include e Fatigue and Fever e Nausea or poor appetite e Muscle and joint pains e Tenderness in the area of your liver 63 Hepatitis B Vaccinations Employees who have routine exposure to BBPs such as doctors nurses first aid responders etc must be offered the Hepatitis B vaccine series at no cost to themselves unless e They previously received the vaccine series e Antibody testing has revealed an immunity e The vaccine is contra indicated for some medical reason such as an allergy to yeast which is in the vaccine The vaccination must be offered within 10 days of initial assignment to a job where exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials can be 2nd shot given one month after the reasonably anticipated Employees 1st may opt to have their blood tested 3rd shot follows five months after 2nd for antibodies to determine the need for the vaccine however employers may not make such screening a condition of receiving the vaccination Employers
44. check pulse every 2 minutes Start CPR using C A B C Begin 30 Compressions B A Give Two Open the Airway Rescue Breaths AED Arrives Check Rhythm No Shockable Rhythm Begin CPR immediately Check rhythm every 2 minutes Shockable Rhythm Give 1 shock Begin CPR immediately Continue for 2 minutes 21 Pediatric BLS for the Healthcare Provider Upon determining a child age 1 to puberty or infant up until age one is unresponsive with no breathing or no normal breathing call out for help When someone arrives have them activate the EMS and retrieve the AED If no one responds perform 5 cycles of CPR about two minutes and then activate EMS and retrieve the AED if it is nearby Use barrier devices To provide bag mask ventilation select a bag and mask of appropriate size Connect supplementary oxygen to the mask when available If there is a definite pulse begin rescue breathing Give one breath every 3 seconds Check the pulse every two minutes Breaths should be about one second Stop when the chest rises For a lone rescuer use the ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths For 2 rescuers use the ratio of 15 compressions to 2 breaths Follow the pediatric HCP algorithm CHILD is age one to puberty PULSE CHECK Check for a pulse in the carotid or femoral artery Do not take more than 10 seconds to feel for the pulse The femoral artery is located in
45. chest hair is so excessive that it impedes a good adhesion of the pad to the skin the hair must quickly be removed Your AED kit has a razor for this reason Remove the pads ripping out the hair and apply a new set of pads 31 Internal Pacemakers are implanted in some individuals to help regulate their heartbeat When an AED is needed electrode pads shouldn t be placed over the area of an implanted device If an implanted device exists a rescuer will feel a small lump the size of a cell phone AED supplies should include An extra battery e Razor e Two sets of electrodes e Hand towel e Scissors Personal protection equipment AED Maintenance Programs Maintenance programs vary by manufacturer depending largely upon the level of self tests the AED automatically performs Consult your AED manufacturer and the units user manual for complete details Periodic inspection can ensure that the AED is working properly and has the appropriate supplies ready AEDs all run a series of self tests Common items checked during an AED self test include Battery level and usage since last reset Defibrillation electrodes properly connected ECG signal acquisition and processing circuitry is functional e Defibrillator charge and discharge circuitry is functional Microprocessor hardware and software are functional CPR monitoring circuitry and compression depth sensor are functional e Audio output circui
46. consent Tell the victim your name and ask if you can help When in doubt assume consent Good Samaritan Law Is a legal doctrine that protects a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for wrongdoing Its purpose is to keep people from being reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions Good Samaritan laws vary by jurisdiction My name is Pat and l m trained in first aid May help you Assessment of the Victim After ensuring the scene is safe caring for the victim is divided into two stages Primary Care Assessment which deals with immediate life threatening situations and Secondary Care Assessment which covers injuries and illnesses that are not immediately life threatening Primary Care Assessment Secondary Care Assessment Responsiveness Injury assessment Breathing and cardio function e Illness assessment e Serious bleeding management e Bandaging e Shock management Splinting for dislocations and Spinal injury management fractures S Signs and symptoms If the patient is responsive A Allergies without immediate life M Medicines threatening situations P Past medical history pregnancy Perform a SAMPLE history L Last oral intake E Events leading to the emergency Bloodborne Pathogens The actual risk of contracting an infectious disease when providing first aid is minimal However the rescuer should assume that all blood an
47. d bodily fluids are infected and protect themselves Bloodborne pathogens are carried through the blood and include hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV infection Personal Protective Equipment includes clothing and equipment worn by an individual during activities which may result in exposure to bloodborne pathogens These include gloves i gowns face and eye masks Simple Triage Is used in a scene of a mass casualty incident such as a car accident or national disaster in order to sort victims into those who need critical attention and immediate transport to the hospital and those with less serious injuries This step can be started before transportation becomes available and involves quickly assessing and prioritizing casualties into three categories Immediate Care This designation is for casualties that need immediate care and medical intervention would make a positive effect to their outcome Delayed Care This group includes casualties that have no immediate life threatening issues but can t move on their own for example a broken leg Dead Non Salvageable These are the casualties that are found not breathing and with obviously mortal injuries Adult CPR onset of puberty and older Child CPR age one through the onset of puberty Infant CPR under the age of one Head to Toe Exam Once the primary survey is complete and there are no immediate life threatening situations begin the secondary su
48. ded If a victim does vomit clear the airway and mouth then continue CPR Mouth to Nose Mouth to nose ventilation is recommended if ventilation through the victim s mouth is impossible such as a mouth injury or other issues that make it difficult to achieve a good seal Mouth to Stoma Give mouth to stoma rescue breaths to a victim with a tracheal stoma who requires rescue breathing A pediatric facemask may create a better seal than a standard ventilation facemask Termination of Resuscitation Efforts Health care providers will continue effective chest compressions CPR until return of spontaneous circulation ROSC or termination of resuscitative efforts States vary legally on DNR and medical directives Your instructor can provide details for your state 25 Adult 2 rescuer CPR for the Healthcare Provider Healthcare professionals usually work in teams so it is likely two or more rescuers will perform CPR for a victim Rescuer 1 will Be positioned at the victim s side e Perform 30 chest compressions for an adult e Perform 15 chest compressions for a pediatric victim e Will count the chest compressions out loud Call iswitchi aloud to notify Rescuer 2 to switch after two breaths CPR compressions are fatiguing Switching positions with the other rescuers will ease fatigue and improve performance Switch every 5 cycles or approximately 2 minutes Switching should take less than 5 seconds Rescuer 2 will Be
49. e oxygen administration Annals of Emergency Medicine 2009 54 656 662 Emergency Oxygen Maintenance Medical grade oxygen units need to be inspected on a routine basis This is true regardless of their use The regulator cylinder and other components need to be evaluated on a routine schedule by a person knowledgeable with the equipment and testing tools Service and Maintenance Recommendations 60 Visual examination and inspection of the cylinder and case Assure all local state and federal regulations are compliant Assess cylinder labeling compliance Assess regulator liter flow using a flow meter gauge Assess regulator static back pressure Assess high pressure safety release Assess total pressure reduction Assess seals and connections Examine hydrostatic test date Assure the oxygen unit is securely mounted Inspect oxygen level Refill unit if level is lower than twice the expected EMS time If you utilize an oxygen maintenance company they will refill the oxygen during inspection Assure oxygen delivery device ie mask is present and inspected If the mask has been used it must be disposed of properly following BBP guidelines Train enough people in Emergency Oxygen Administration so that there are at least two rescuers per location during all operating hours Safe Handling of Oxygen Equipment The FDA and the National Institute of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration NIOSH
50. e shallow breathing or sharp pain while breathing or coughing Treatment for ribs Have the victim sit in the position they find most comfortable and support the area with a pillow rolled blanket or other soft material Contact EMS 53 If a chest injury victim is conscious have them sit in a comfortable position or lay on the injured side This will prevent blood seeping into the chest of the uninjured side Impaled Objects A penetration to the chest area may occur by an impaled stick Do not remove the object as this will cause further damage A hole that pulls air into the chest cavity is called a sucking chest wound Treating an Impaled Object Do not remove the object Call 9 1 1 e fthe victim must be moved shorten the length of the object if possible e Stabilize the object Sucking Chest Wound is a hole that pulls air into the chest cavity To treat a sucking chest wound cover the wound with a non porous material such as plastic 2 inches larger than the wound Tape 3 sides of the material leaving an opening on the Ath side WHEN ARE STITCHES NEEDED Possibly when The edges of the skin do The laceration involves not fall together the face e The wound is over 1 long The wound is near a joint After 8 12 hours the wound is unlikely to be stitched Puncture wounds Puncture wounds don t usually cause excessive bleeding but can be dangerous because of the risk of infectio
51. e skin This can cause first second or third degree burns Chemical burns are typically cause by strong acids alkalis or other corrosive materials Reactions to chemicals can be localized or effect the whole body Electrical burns can cause injury to the skin or internal organs they occur when contact is made with exposure to an electric current Electrical burns may look minor but there may be extensive internal damage Degrees of Burns To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn the first step is to determine the extent of damage to body tissues First degree burn superficial thickness The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned The skin is usually red with swelling and pain sometimes is present Treat a first degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands feet face groin or buttocks or a major joint which requires emergency medical attention Second degree burn Partial thickness When the first and the second layer of skin has been burned Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened splotchy appearance These burns produce severe pain and swelling If the second degree burn is no larger than 3 inches in diameter treat it as a minor burn If the burned area is large or on the hands feet face groin buttocks or over a major joint treat it as a major burn and get medical help immediately ta i n lep
52. eat or drink or keep food and drinks in areas where infectious materials are used Never pipette by mouth Never break bend or recap contaminated needles Dont clean up broken glass by hand use a broom and dustpan An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure Benjamin Franklin Universal Precautions The CDC states that universal precautions are a set of practices designed to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus HIV hepatitis B virus HBV and other bloodborne pathogens when coming into contact with an infected person Under universal precautions blood and certain body fluids of all patients are considered potentially infectious for HIV HBV and other bloodborne pathogens Universal precautions apply to e Blood Pleural fluid Pericardial fluid Amniotic Fluid Vaginal secretions Other body fluids e Synovial Fluid Cerebrospinal fluid containing visible blood e Semen Peritoneal fluid 65 OSHA attempts to reduce the risk and exposure of BBP s to employees by instituting Engineering Controls Workplace Practice Controls Universal Precautions and Personal Protective Equipment PPE Engineering controls help minimize risk by improving the design and engineering of tools and equipment to enhance safety Work practices are designed to influence the actions of employees to work with the engineering designs Your employer is responsible for the cost of implementing these practices Enginee
53. ecome infected through ordinary contact hugging kissing playing sports or shaking hands with a person infected with HIV or AIDS HIV can t be transmitted through the air water or insect bites 64 Symptoms of HIV Being infected with HIV and becoming sick from AIDS are two different events For most people it takes many years from the time someone is infected with HIV before they develop symptoms of AIDS Some people get sick sooner and others stay well longer especially with treatment However there is almost always a significant period of time after infection when an HIV positive individual will have no symptoms at all often 10 years or more Symptoms of HIV infection can vary but often include e Weakness Nausea e Swollen lymph glands Fever e Headaches Weight loss e Sore throat Diarrhea HIV Treatment There is no cure for HIV AIDS so precaution is the best defense The CDC has established Universal Precautions to help prevent infection from a bloodborne pathogen While there is no cure for HIV there are a variety of drugs that can be used in combination to control the virus The CDC recommends a four week regimen of medication for prophylaxis after exposure to infected body substances Prevention Since there is no cure for some bloodborne pathogen diseases use caution Dont have unprotected sex use illicit drugs or share needles e Don t worry about getting one of these diseases through casual contact e Don t
54. en exposed to TB in the workplace a record of their TB skin test results and medical evaluations and treatments A copy of the current fit test record for each respirator user must also be kept OSHA may have access to these records if it needs the information and will use appropriate safeguards to protect employee privacy An Epidemic occurs when the incidence rate of a disease substantially exceeds the expected infection rate A Pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads through human populations across a large region like a continent 19
55. en the cold container and the skin e Use a compression bandage Elevate a sprained hand or ankle above the level of the heart 47 Musculoskeletal Treatment i C E Splint To keep the broken part still make a temporary splint by taping a ruler or other support material to the limb that has been injured Sling If an arm has been broken a sling can also be made from a scarf hung from the neck The figure eight bandage is good to use around joint areas such as ankles fingers elbows and knees Rest the muscle Put ice or a cold pack on the area for about 20 minutes on then 20 minutes off Repeat as tolerated With an extremity wrap a compression bandage around the muscle Check the nail bed to assure that the bandage is not too tight Elevate the limb if you do not suspect head and neck injury R Rest the injured area and have the victim remain still Moving the injury may cause more damage to the tissues and aggravate the victim s pain There may be severe swelling so remove tight clothing and articles I Immobilize the injury in the position found Do not move or try to straighten an injured extremity Place support materials around the injury such as rolled clothing or blankets to help buttress the injured site C Cold application and cover Apply cold compresses such as an ice pack over the injured area for 20 minutes on and then 20 minutes off Cover any open wounds with sterile dressings A fract
56. ens can remain airborne for several hours Simply washing the hands and covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing can decrease the prevalence of contracting an airborne disease Some of the most common examples of airborne diseases include influenza chickenpox and whooping cough Although these diseases can cause serious harm and even death for some patients they re usually easily curable if diagnosed and treated in time More life threatening airborne diseases include meningitis anthrax tuberculosis and smallpox though vaccines have advanced such that these diseases can be prevented Airborne pathogens can enter through the eyes nose and mouth Airborne Transmission depends on e The level of the infected carrier s contagiousness e Where the exposure occurs e How long the exposure lasts How healthy you are at the time of exposure 72 Transmission Occurs 1 Through the air e Use good hygiene e Cough and sneeze into a tissue or sleeve e Dispose of tissues in a trashcan e Wear a surgical mask EN a Keep a distance of six feet between yourself and a sick person 2 Touching contaminated objects Avoid touching contaminated objects Avoid touching your eyes nose and mouth 3 Hand contact e Wash your hands thoroughly Airborne Infection Protection When you are IlI Stay healthy A healthy body means a strong immune system Be knowledgeable Look
57. fingers will make the shape of an E The jaw is then lifted pulling the face into the mask The thumb and index finger are placed over the mask making the shape of a C A seal is formed between the mask and the face Take a normal breath and blow into the mouthpiece for approximately one second or until you see the chest rise A bagnhmask ventilation device is challenging to use and is most effective if there are two rescuers To provide bag mask ventilation select a bag and mask of appropriate size Bag mask ventilation is an essential CPR technique for healthcare providers but is challenging to use and most effective if there are two rescuers working on the airway This technique should be practiced on a regular basis To provide bag mask ventilation select a bag and mask of appropriate size When available connect supplementary oxygen to the O inlet on the bag One rescuer will use both hands to keep the airway open and provide a good seal with the mask Seal the mask against the victim s face by creating a C shape with the thumb and first finger of each hand to completely seal around the edges of the mask Use the remaining 3 fingers to create an E on the mandible to maintain an open airway Rescuer two will squeeze the bag to deliver the ventilations Both rescuers should watch for the chest to rise The healthcare provider should use supplementary oxygen O concentration 24056 at a minimum flow rate of 10 to
58. from the back of the throat 10 BREATHE TWICE Pinch the soft part of the victim s nose closed using your index finger and thumb Give the victim 2 breaths Use your peripheral vision to watch for the chest to rise and fall in between breaths The 2 breaths should not take more than 5 seconds Take a normal breath and place your lips around their mouth to make a good seal Each breath should take about 1 second If the initial rescue breath does not make the chest rise then recheck that there is adequate head tilt and chin lift Do not attempt more than 2 rescue breaths before resuming compressions Use an AED as soon as it is available Minimize interruptions to chest compressions before shock and after each shock 11 The CPR AED Algorithm for Adult and Pediatric Victims Assess the Scene Make sure the scene is safe Use personal protective equipment Assess the Victim 1 Tap and shout Ask if they are okay 2 Introduce yourself and ask for consent to help If patient does not respond call out for help If Someone responds Send them to call 911 and get an AED If no one responds For an Adult For Pediatric Asphyxia Do 5 cycles of CPR about 2 minutes then Call 911 yourself and get an AED if nearby If there is no breathing start CPR using C A B If not breathing or only gasping start chest compressions This should take les
59. from recognized hazards that can cause death or serious physical harm When feasible employers should control exposure to TB by using ventilation isolating patients and confining certain operations to restricted areas When these controls aren t possible they must provide respirators to all employees who breathe contaminated air Respirators Employees must wear respirators whenever they enter a room housing someone with a suspected or confirmed case of TB 74 Warning Signs OSHA requires that warning signs be posted on respiratory isolation or treatment rooms The sign must state pulmonary isolation respiratory isolation or AFB isolation and give specific measures that must be taken to interact with patients Employers must also use biological hazard tags on components of air systems so employees working on them know that they transport contaminated air Tags must identify TB hazards Record Keeping An employee who s been exposed to someone with active TB develops a tuberculosis infection their employer must record the case on the OSHA 300 log Positive TB skin tests and TB disease are both recordable If an infection goes on to develop into disease during the 5 year maintenance period the employer must update the original entry in the log to show the new information Positive TB skin tests provided within two weeks of employment don t have to be recorded Accessing Records Employers must keep records of all employees who have be
60. h the mask 59 o Place the oxygen mask over the patient s nose and mouth forming a tight seal Do not use the strap behind the head if you suspect head or neck injuries e Provide first aid if needed e Care for shock and continue to access the victim Emergency Oxygen to an Unconscious Non Breathing Patient e Survey the scene Do not approach a victim unless it is safe e Gently shake the victim and ask if they are okay e fthere is no response activate 911 e Send someone to get Emergency Oxygen and AED e Introduce yourself assume consent for unresponsive victims Look listen and feel for breathing If they are not breathing normally begin chest compressions SEE PAGE 8 If you have not been trained in CPR perform chest compressions Place your hands in the middle of the breastbone in the middle of the chest Press hard press fast Passive ventilation offers an alternate method of oxygen delivery for out of hospital cardiac arrest patients Comparing the survival of out of hospital cardiac arrest patients receiving initial passive ventilation oxygen flowing into a mask placed over the patient s nose and mouth with survival based on receiving initial bag valve mask ventilation the conclusion is among adult witnessed VF VT out of hospital cardiac arrest resuscitated patients with minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation survival to hospital discharge was higher for individuals receiving initial passiv
61. hands by tucking them into your armpits Protect your face nose or ears by covering the area with dry gloved hands Don t rub the affected area and never rub snow on frostbitten skin Get out of the cold Once you re indoors remove wet clothes Dry and cover the exposed skin Gradually warm frostbitten areas O For minor frostbite skin to skin contact will help while getting medical help o For severe frostbite immerse frostbitten areas within 24 hours in warm water 98 to 104 F Wrap or cover other areas in a warm blanket Do not use chemical warmers directly on frostbitten tissue because they can reach temperatures that can cause burns Do not walk on frostbitten toes If there s any chance the affected area will freeze again don t thaw them out Musculoskeletal Trauma Fractures A fracture is a broken bone The bone may be completely broken with the pieces separated or it may be only cracked With a closed fracture the skin is not broken With an open fracture there is an open wound at the fracture site and bone may protrude through the wound Bleeding can be severe with fractures of large bones Joint Injuries Injuries to joints include dislocations and sprains In a dislocation one or more bones have been moved out of the normal position in a joint A sprain is an injury to ligaments and other structures in a joint Both kinds of joint injuries often look similar to a fracture Muscle Injuries
62. inder to the regulator Some devices use a two stage low pressure regulator that reduces the pressure of the oxygen to less than two psi 57 Delivery System Tubing Cannula and Masks Containers for oxygen are made of either steel or aluminum and have been used for over 50 years Container sizes vary and hold from 76 liters to 1 100 liters Oxygen is delivered from the regulator to the patient with a medical tube hose Medical oxygen tubing is made of medical grade materials that permit the oxygen to pass from the regulator to the patient cleanly safely and at the required flow rate The LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen and LifeSafe Therapy Oxygen device uses green PVC oxygen tube or Star Lumen tubing both of which resist kinking All medical oxygen tubing is for single use only which means after each patient use it must be replaced A nasal cannula fits over the patient s head then two small prongs are inserted into the patient s nose Oxygen is delivered through a nasal cannula at a flow rate of one to six LPM which means it is primarily used as part of the LifeSafe Therapy Oxygen device A nasal cannula is a plastic tube with two small prongs that are inserted into the victim s nose This device is used to administer oxygen to a breathing victim with minor breathing problems Oxygen is normally delivered through a nasal cannula at a low flow rate of one to six LPM victim does not want a mask on his or her
63. into the lungs In addition mucus plugs form in the lower airways further inhibiting the ability of the body to oxygenate the blood Signs amp Symptoms P e Difficulty in breathing e Wheezing as they breathe e Tightness of the chest Difficulty in talking Distress and anxiety An add on to MDI devices is a spacer e A dry unproductive cough they slow the delivery of medication from e Possible loss of consciousness pressurized MDIs Spacers can make it g easier for medication to reach the lungs but they also make the MDI less portable Treatment e Continually assess the victim s circulation and airway e Sit them down ideally leaning slightly forward Loosen tight clothing The victim should be encouraged to self medicate with their asthma metered does inhaler MDI relief medication This medication should relieve the symptoms of the attack within a few minutes If there is no relief allow them to self medicate again The rescuer may help the victim with the victim s prescribed MDI medication if they state they are having an asthma attack An ambulance should be called in the following circumstances e The medication is not working after five minutes he condition is getting worse Talking is becoming more difficult hey start to become exhausted e f you are at all unsure of the patient s status 35 Human and animal bites have similar treatment Treatment for bites that break the
64. ique e Dont shear or break contaminated needles Handle reusable sharps properly and safely Don t pick up broken glassware with your hands Use a broom and dustpan or tongs e Place contaminated reusable sharps in appropriate containers immediately or as soon as possible e Store or process contaminated reusable sharps so that staff members are not required to reach into the container or sink by hand Ensure reusable sharps containers aren t opened emptied or cleaned manually orin any other manner that would expose staff to contaminated sharps If re capping is required Use one handed scoop technique Place needle cap on table Holding the syringe only guide needle into cap e Lift up syringe so cap is sitting on needle hub e Secure needle cap into place Sharp Containers Contaminated sharps are discarded immediately after use in containers e That are closable e Puncture resistant e eak proof on sides and bottoms e Labeled or color coded appropriately e Easily accessible to personnel m Located as close to where sharps are used as feasible l e Maintained upright throughout use Replaced routinely and not allowed to overfill 69 At no time should a person try to reach into a disposable sharps container If Exposure Occurs Follow These Steps e Immediately stop and wash your Attempt to identify the source individual hands with soap and water and collec
65. iquid or semi liquid state if compressed e Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM that could be released during handling e Contaminated sharps e Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM Disposal of regulated waste must be in accordance with applicable state regulations In addition to state rules for disposing of regulated waste there are basic OSHA requirements that protect workers The OSHA rules state that regulated waste must be placed in containers which are e Closable Constructed to contain all contents and prevent leakage of fluids during handling storage transport or shipping Biohazard bags must be a bright red or red orange color and contain the universal symbol as shown below BIOHAZARD e Red or Red orange in color e Labeled or color coded in accordance with the standard e Closed prior to removal to prevent spillage or protrusion of contents during handling storage transport or shipping e f outside contamination of the regulated waste container occurs it must be placed ina second container meeting the above standards The Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act Was signed into law on November 6 2000 because occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens from accidental sharps injuries in healthcare and other occupational settings continued to be a serious problem The law set forth to strengthen OSHA s requirement for employers to identify eva
66. k and rapid Blood pressure is below normal Breathing may be slow and shallow or hyperventilation rapid or deep breathing may occur Person may be anxious e he person may be nauseated He or she may vomit The eyes lack luster and may seem to stare Sometimes the pupils are dilated The person may be conscious or unconscious If conscious the person may feel faint or be very weak or confused Treatment for Shock e Have the person lie down on his or her back Call 911 or your local emergency number Keep the patient warm and comfortable Cover the person with a blanket e Raise feet 6 12 provided patient has not suffered neck or back injury Administer emergency oxygen o M m Seizures ep Seizures occur when the brains electrical activity becomes x Pe abnormal This can be caused by epilepsy high fever alU A infections brain injury or other illnesses D 6 Symptoms of a seizure include Twitching of limbs shaking or rigid body o ait P Eme F 4 e Abnormal eye movements Y y Unusual breathing pattern B 1 e Clenched jaw Frothing at the mouth Se SS 1 amp What to do during a seizure e Have someone contact EMS if the seizure occurs for r lt i no known reason or if the seizure lasts more than five J LT dl minutes Call EMS if the victim is pregnant or injured ya e f possible ease the patients fall d 4D Clear the area of
67. l defibrillator is not available an AED with pediatric dose attenuation is desirable If neither is available an AED without a dose attenuator may be used Pediatric Pad Placement Pad placement for child can be the same as an adult but make sure the pads are not touching If the pads risk touching each other on a child place one pad in the middle of the chest and the other pad on the middle of the back between the shoulder blades Pad placement for an infant is one pad on the middle of the chest and the other pad in the middle of the back between the shoulder blades AED Precautions Certain circumstances require caution To ensure that the AED amp Pads work effectively check the following e Water can be a conductor for electricity Before performing the defibrillation make sure the victim is not in water If the victim is in contact with water take them to a safe area and dry the chest before attaching the electrode pads Sweat or water spots will also interfere with the performance of an AED and could lead to local burns Completely dry off the chest The AED kit will have a cloth for this purpose Nitroglycerine patches on the chest or any other patches must be removed from the victim s chest before using the AED Place the edge of the pads at least one inch away from any implanted device Sheet metal or other conductive surfaces such as bleachers can be a hazard Remove the victim from such surfaces If
68. luate and implement safer medical devices The act also mandated additional requirements for maintaining a sharps injury log and for the involvement of non managerial healthcare workers in evaluating and choosing devices The log must be recorded and maintained in such a manner so as to protect the confidentiality of the injured employee The log must contain the following 1 Date of injury 2 Type and brand of the device involved 3 Where the incident occurred 4 How the incident occurred 68 Needles and Sharp Tools Sharps should be evaluated on an annual basis to assess the possible use of newer safety products Using safer medical devices and equipment can help minimize the exposure to BBPs Examples of these devices include self sheathing and retractable devices splash guards medical devices engineered to reduce the risk of needle sticks and other injuries These include not only sharps with engineered sharps injury protection and needleless systems but also other medical devices designed to reduce the risk of sharps injury exposures to bloodborne pathogens Handle contaminated sharps properly and safely e Don t bend recap or remove contaminated needles or other contaminated sharps unless it can be demonstrated that there is no feasible alternative or that it s required by a specific procedure If bending recapping or needle removal is necessary it must be done using a mechanical device or a one handed techn
69. mask e Remind the patient to cover coughs and sneezes and to frequently wash their hands Get medical care right away if the patient o Has difficult breathing or chest pain o Has purple or blue discoloration of the lips o Is vomiting and unable to keep liquids down O Shows signs of dehydration such as feeling dizzy when standing being unable to urinate Has seizures o Is less responsive than normal or becomes confused Illness Signs amp Symptoms Reference Chart Inside Back Cover Tuberculosis In 2006 the CDC estimated almost 14 000 cases of active TB Pulmonary tuberculosis is an airborne disease that affects 10 people out of every 100 000 people in the United States The exact cause for pulmonary tuberculosis is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria Treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis involves taking antibiotic medications to eliminate the bacteria This treatment may be for more than six months depending upon the severity of the tuberculosis Develop a TB exposure control plan based on OSHA guidelines Include annual education program for all employees annual TB testing and management of any TB exposures Exposure According to the CDC tuberculosis is most commonly found in the following workplaces health care facilities correctional institutions shelters long term care facilities for the elderly and drug treatment centers Safe Workplace Employers must provide a workplace that s free
70. mergency Help When should medical care be sought Below are specific conditions that warrant calling 911 Do not wait for a doctor to call back before calling 911 These conditions are time sensitive and could have serious medical consequences This list is not complete e Anaphylaxis e Is the victim s condition life or limb dici threatening Confusion Could the victim s condition worsen and or Dizziness become life or limb threatening Drug O D Could moving the victim cause further injury Heart attack Does the victim need the skills of EMS Heat stroke Would distance or traffic cause a delay in e Puncture wounds getting the patient to the hospital Poisoning e Serious Burns e Sudden slurred speech When should 911 be called e Sudden slurred speech e Sudden blindness or vision issues Uncontrolled nosebleed You can t help Vomiting blood or persistent vomiting a victim if you Problems with movement or sensation become one yourself e Bleeding that will not stop Broken bones visible through an open wound Unequal pupil size e Injuries to the hands or face Assessment of the Scene Before approaching a victim assess the scene Be aware of the dangers that you in rendering first aid or the victim might encounter These can include obvious dangers such as traffic gas or chemical leaks live electrical items buildings on fire or falling objects Also consider human factors such
71. n e Stop the bleeding with direct pressure e Clean the wound with clear water and soap Rinse well Apply an antibiotic Cover the wound e Watch for signs of infection See a doctor if the wound doesn t heal or if it has redness drainage warmth or swelling o4 Internal Bleeding Call 911 if you suspect internal bleeding Signs of internal bleeding may include Bleeding from body cavities such as the ears nose rectum or vagina Vomiting or coughing up blood Bruising on the neck chest abdomen or side between ribs and hip Wounds that have penetrated the skull chest or abdomen Abdominal tenderness possibly accompanied by rigidity or spasm of abdominal muscles Fractures Shock indicated by weakness anxiety thirst or skin that s cool to the touch NOSE BLEEDS Have the person sit leaning slightly forward This will keep the blood from going to the back of the throat and causing choking or vomiting Pinch the nostrils together for about 10 minutes To prevent re bleeding after bleeding has stopped don t pick or blow the nose and don t bend down until several hours after the bleeding episode Keep the head higher than the level of the heart Emergency Oxygen Administration Training There are two broad purposes of this Emergency Oxygen Training EOT section The first is to provide educational material for proper understanding of the regulatory and mechanical use of Eme
72. nal pain Treatment for Spider Bites Cleanse the wound e Swelling with possible painful Apply ice to reduce pain Blister may develop e Seek medical attention e A wound that turns into an ulcer The reddish Brown Recluse hourglass shape spiders have on the abdomen a dark violin identifies black amp shaped area on widows their body Treatment for Severe Insect Bites Signs symptoms and treatments of a severe insect bite are the same as an allergic reaction For milder reactions Bites from bees wasps hornets yellow jackets and fire ants are the most troublesome Bites from mosquitoes ticks biting flies and some spiders also can cause reactions but generally milder Although rare some insects also carry disease such as West Nile virus or Lyme disease Move to a safe area to avoid more stings Remove the stinger especially if it s stuck in your skin This will prevent the release of more venom Wash area with soap and water Apply a cold pack or cloth filled with ice to reduce pain and swelling Apply hydrocortisone cream Take an antihistamine containing diphenhydramine Snake Bites React quickly to bites North America is home to several types of venomous snakes The most common is the rattlesnake copperhead cottonmouths and coral snakes Call 911 immediately Do not elevate Keep the bite below the level of the heart Wash the area with warm water and soap
73. nd illnesses Keep them readily available at your home in your car and your office What you will need First aid manual Protective gloves Sterile gauze pads of varying sizes Adhesive tape Elastic bandages in varying sizes Roller bandages Triangular bandage Instant cold compress Roller bandages Triangular bandage Absorbent compress dressings Mylar emergency blanket Tweezers Scissors Safety Pins Flashlight with extra batteries Aspirin Over the counter oral antihistamine Antibiotic ointment Antiseptic wipes Hydrocortisone cream 1 Mouth barrier for CPR Commercial Kits There are many pre manufactured first aid kits available either on line or at retail outlets They can be geared towards the workplace home for sports or school http www lifesafeservices com 888 767 0050 Introduction and First Aid Overview Most workplace and community injuries and illnesses are minor These incidents normally involve a person who is breathing An illness or accident becomes life threatening when the event affects the amount of oxygen required by the body s tissues and organs If the oxygen level drops and continues to be low the results can be organ failure brain damage and death Within 4 minutes brain damage can occur ATEM offers training classes that will help you learn to deal with immediately life threatening situations as well as basic first aid How and When to get E
74. ng e Clammy or ashen skin Treatment for Heart Attack It s important to act immediately Call 911 for emergency medical help Take nitroglycerin if prescribed Take aspirin if you are not allergic or have other contra indications take two baby aspirins or one adult aspirin Taking aspirin during a heart attack could reduce the damage to your heart by making your blood less likely to clot Loosen tight clothing have victim sit and rest Risk Factors for a heart attack include Unchangeable Risk Factors Changeable Risk Factors e Increasing Age Men older than High blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels 45 and women older than 55 are Lack of physical activity more likely to have a heart attack Obesity Males have a greater risk than Diabetes women Stress Heredity a family history of heart attack Illegal drug use High Blood Pressure Tobacco smoking 43 Heat Related Emergencies Heat cramps heat exhaustion and heat stroke are heat related syndromes which occur from prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in warm environments Heat uroke Heat Ebr ioc Dey ba tin FB Maumi cbanens shin T Very high beady Heat Cramps are painful muscle cramps the victim is often sweating heavily To care for heat cramps e Have the victim stop their activity and rest e Move to a cool location Give water or saline solutions to drink Massage and stretch the muscle
75. ngs and place your lips around their mouth and nose to make a good seal Each breath should take about one second If the initial rescue breath does not make the chest rise then recheck that there is adequate head tilt and chin lift Do not attempt more than 2 rescue breaths before resuming compressions Use an AED as soon as it is available Minimize interruptions to chest compressions before shock and after each shock 16 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction for Adults and Children Choking occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe blocking the flow of air Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain choking can result in unconsciousness and cardiopulmonary arrest The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the throat If the person doesn t give the signal look for these indications Inability to talk Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing Inability to cough forcefully e Skin lips and nails turning blue or dusky Loss of consciousness If you observe a conscious adult or child choking Ask the person Are you choking If they are coughing talking or breathing DO NOT INTERFERE If they cannot speak or cough initiate 911 and begin the Heimlich maneuver Stand behind the person and make a fist with one hand Position it slightly above the person s navel Grasp the fist with the other hand encircling the waist Press hard into the abdomen
76. ogens It is required that you wash your hands after removal of gloves and other PPE and or cleaning of BBP areas e Wash hands or other exposed skin thoroughly as soon as possible following an exposure incident Use antibacterial soap e Don t use harsh abrasive soaps e Wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds e Be sure to wash between fingers and under fingernails Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds Hand washing facilities are required to be provided by the employer and accessible to all employees It is specified that the path to the hand washing facility is easily accessed without the impediment of doors hallways or stairwells The employer must provide proper antiseptic hand cleaners for certain jobs such as those outside of an Office Hygiene Rules If you are working in an area where there is reasonable likelihood of exposure you should never Food Rules 2 Do not keep food or drink in Drink refrigerators freezers shelves e Smoke cabinets or on counter tops where e Apply cosmetics or lip balm blood or potentially infectious materials are present e Handle contact lenses k 67 Regulated Waste The bloodborne pathogens standard uses the term regulated waste to refer to the following categories of waste e Liquid or semi liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials OPIM e tems contaminated with blood or OPIM that could be released in a l
77. ore you apply a sterile adhesive bandage Apply antibiotic cream if there are no known patient allergies e Ifthe wound is from a bite or if the wound was dirty make sure the victim has had a tetanus shot e See a physician if the wound becomes swollen or irritated or if the skin around it turns warm or red The wound may be infected Amputations If the body part is still attached do not damage the connection Wrap the wound with dressing and keep it cool By responding quickly to an amputation there is a good chance that the severed body part can be reattached Call 9 1 1 Control bleeding by using direct pressure on the wound e Wrap and bandage the wound to prevent infection e f bleeding is significant give care to minimize shock e Wrap the severed body part in sterile gauze or a clean cloth e Place the severed body part in a plastic bag Put plastic bag on ice but do not freeze it e Be sure the body part is transported to the hospital Infection Risks Even minor cuts and scrapes can cause an infection Be sure to clean all wounds and apply an antibiotic cream Cover the wound with sterile dressing to help discourage infection Chest Injuries Chest injuries result from a blunt force to the chest area damaging the ribs or a penetration to the chest and possibly lungs such as an impaled stick or gun or knife wound A blunt force usually damages ribs The patient may hav
78. rae Bus Third degree burn Full thickness The most serious burns involve layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage Fat muscle and even bone may be affected Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white Don t use ice Don t apply ointments until the burn has cooled Don t break blisters Minor burns including first degree burns and second degree burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches 7 6 centimeters in diameter take the following action Cool the burn Hold the burned area under cold 60 75 running water until the pain subsides typically 10 to 20 minutes If this is impractical immerse the burn in cool water or cool it with cold compresses Don t put ice on the burn Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage Don t use fluffy cotton or other material that may get lint in the wound Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin Bandaging keeps air off the burn reduces pain and protects blistered skin 38 Take an over the counter pain reliever These include aspirin ibuprofen or acetaminophen Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers Large Second degree burns may need to be treated for shock Third degree burns The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage Fat muscle and even bone may be affected Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white Difficulty inhaling and exhaling car
79. regnant position your hands higher at the base of the breastbone just above the joining of the lowest ribs HEISST ENIEUISeI dle Procedure under 1 year of age If they are coughing do not interfere If they cannot make a sound initiate 911 and begin the treatment for infant choking Hold the infant face down on your forearm in a sitting position with the arm resting on your thigh The baby s head should be lower than the heart Thump the infant gently but firmly 5 times on the middle of the back between the shoulder blades use the heel of your hand Hold the infant face up on your forearm with the head lower than the heart Using 2 fingers placed at the center of the infant s breastbone give 5 quick chest compressions 1 75 inches in depth Hold the infant face down on your forearm with your arm resting on your thigh Support the head and neck Position the baby s head lower than the heart Give 5 firm thumps with the heel of your hand between the baby s shoulder blades Gently turn the infant face up on your forearm Using 2 fingers placed at the center of the infant s breast give five quick compressions about 1 1 2 inches in depth Continue this cycle until the object is removed or the baby becomes unconscious Repeat the back blows and chest thrusts Repeat until the baby has an open airway EMS arrives or the baby becomes unconscious If the baby becomes unconscious began infant CPR If
80. rgans including the brain are likely to become damaged perhaps irreversibly After two or more minutes death is likely To help a person who has stopped breathing an important emergency first aid procedure in addition to cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR is to provide supplemental oxygen Signs and symptoms of hypoxia and shock include ncreased breathing and heart rate Irregular breathing e Changes in level of consciousness e Wheezing or high pitched noises Restlessness while breathing e Cyanosis bluish lips and nail beds Shortness of breath e Chest pain e Dizziness e Abnormal skin t The most common use of oxygen is on a conscious breathing patient The three scenarios you may encounter are Conscious breathing Unconscious breathing Unconscious not breathing Labeling Requirements Each cylinder for the LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen device and the LifeSafe Therapy Oxygen device is labeled with the following required information 1 Product name Oxygen USP US Pharmacopeia medical grade 2 Contents by liters in the cylinder Expiration date month and year oxygen should be replaced Lot number source from which oxygen was drawn Method of production how it was extracted o oO fF Oo Precautionary statements indicating emergency or prescription use 56 Oxygen Regulations Policies and Protection Medical oxygen devices and medical oxygen gas are regulated in the
81. rgency Oxygen equipment This includes policies labels parts service and safety topics The second purpose is to provide educational material for proper use of Emergency Oxygen equipment as part of emergency first aid following injury or illness This includes how to support breathing and resuscitate a non breathing person with an Emergency Oxygen unit Importance of Oxygen and Emergency Oxygen Equipment Oxygen is the body s fuel and so all human beings require a constant supply of oxygen circulating in our blood and reaching our organs in order to survive Fortunately the air contains plenty 2196 of the air is oxygen so the needs of our cells and organs are easily met However threats to our safety health and stability exist If for any reason an insufficient amount of oxygenated blood reaches the tissues and organs a person experiences medical emergency called shock Shock can lead to organ failure brain damage and death e Brain damage Organ failure Death While there are many causes and categories of problems that can produce a medical emergency approximately 95 percent involve a person who is breathing To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen in a breathing emergency you will learn how to use the LifeSafe Emergency Oxygen device 55 For the 5 percent of emergencies in which a person stops breathing regardless of cause the demand for oxygen begins immediately After four minutes without adequate oxygen o
82. ring Controls are physical or mechanical systems used to eliminate hazards at their source and prevent employee exposures A couple of examples include Hand washing or antiseptic facilities must be available at or near the point of care e Sharps containers properly located and at the proper height Work Practice Controls are specific procedures or policies that must be followed to reduce your risk of exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials OPIM A couple of examples include e Hand hygiene policy that provides specific guidance on when and how to perform hand hygiene Rules requiring the disposal of sharps into sharps containers immediately after use Personal Protective Equipment PPE The goal of PPE is to provide a barrier between you and potential infections Employers must make available and employees must use personal protective equipment PPE when the possibility of exposure to blood or infectious materials exists PPE must be accessible and clean Gloves should be disposable and replaced as soon as they are torn or punctured They should be made of latex or other fluid impervious material Inspect gloves before use Double gloving can provide an additional layer of protection f you have cuts or sores on your hands you should cover these with a bandage or similar protection as an additional precaution before donning your gloves e Don t touch the outside of used gloves Gloves
83. rly CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions Start CPR with chest compressions to circulate blood until EMS arrives 3 Rapid defibrillation Use an AED as quickly as possible 4 Effective advanced life support EMS arrives and offers more advanced support for the victim such as emergency oxygen and drug therapy 5 Integrated post cardiac arrest care Research shows that integrated post cardiac care can improve the likelihood of patient survival with good quality of life When to Start CPR For any person infant child or adult that is unresponsive establish whether they are breathing regularly or normally Normal breathing consists of regular movement of the chest with the exhaled air being CLEARLY evident With cardiac arrest victims there is a high likely hood of agonal or erratic breathing These reflex breathing actions make it confusing for rescuers who are not familiar with agonal breathing They occur occasionally and sound like snorting snoring and gurgling If you can t wake a person and aren t sure if they are breathing they probably are not If the victim is taking such shallow breaths that you can t see the chest rising and falling it s not enough If the victim is gasping every few secondes for air called agonal breathing it s not enough Agonal breathing may sound like snoring snorting gurgling moaning or noisy breathing For all ages infant children or adults the sequence is the s
84. rowning choking and in other circumstances that cause obstruction to the airway and prevent the intake of oxygen Because the most likely cause of cardiac arrest in infants and children is asphyxia the CPR AED algorithm will be slightly modified for the lone rescuer If there are two rescuers the algorithm remains the same one should start CPR immediately and the other should activate the emergency response system and obtain an AED if one is available 30 The rescuer should assume that a pediatric patient is in asphxyial arrest For a presumed asphyxial arrest the priority is to provide chest compressions with rescue breathing for about 5 cycles approximately 2 minutes before activating the emergency response system and obtaining an AED if one is nearby The lone rescuer should return to the victim as soon as possible and use the AED if available and continue CPR starting with chest compressions Using an AED on Children From the ages one to the unset of puberty the rescuer should use a pediatric dose attenuator system if one is available An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or power of signal without distorting the waveform If the rescuer provides CPR to a child in cardiac arrest and does not have an AED with a pediatric dose attenuator system the rescuer should use a standard AED Using an AED on Infants For infants up to one year old a manual defibrillator is preferred If a manua
85. rvey Start with a head to toe examination DO NOT move a victim with a possible spinal injury Falls car or bicycle accidents impact to the head or something heavy falling on the head can indicate spinal or neck damage Neck injuries are one of the most serious of all trauma incidents Do not move the victim unless their environment is life threatening Due to displaced pain a victim may not realize that he she has even injured their neck Attempting to get up move or look around can then further complicate things Therefore it is imperative that upon arriving on scene someone performs a C Spine by placing their palms on either side of the victim s head and wrapping their fingers around the chin and neck of the victim If conscious the victim must be told to not attempt to move especially the head Rolled clothing may also be used to stabilize the head Look at and feel the injured person s head and face and note any abrasions bruising or fluids in the nose or ears depressions of the skull or damage to the eyes Are the pupils of equal size Do the eyes follow movement Are skin color and temperature normal Is the skin dry or clammy Look at and feel the neck for any tenderness bruising or deformity Look at and feel the shoulders collarbone chest and abdomen Note any asymmetries tenderness or bruising If no spinal injury is suspected slide your hand carefully under the injured person
86. s are placed correctly e Make sure the cable is plugged in snuggly e Press the pads firmly against the chest e fthe AED continues to indicate a pad problem remove the pads and check for water on the chest or excess hair Dry the chest and remove excess hair Apply a new set of pads if the prompt continues Motion Detected If this is indicated e Make sure CPR has been stopped e Assure that the cables are motionless Low Battery If this is indicated The battery is low and needs to be replaced Plug on Cable If this is indicated Ensure that the electrode cable is properly plugged into the machine Switch pads if prompt continues No Shock Delivered If this is indicated The shock button was not pressed When prompted to press the button do so within 30 seconds Downloading Event Data While using an AED the device is recording the events Most AED s have a minimum of 15 minutes recording time Typically they record the ECG data and some also record audible sounds This information needs to be downloaded Consult your manual or call your AED service company for downloading information After the AED has been used perform a maintenance inspection and battery test Ensure that new pads and other supplies are replaced Consult your AED manual for manufacturer specific requirements or call your AED service company After using an AED The following information should be compiled sample forms are
87. s than 10 seconds If you have any doubt whether breathing is normal act as if it is not normal C Begin 30 Compressions B Give Two Rescue Breaths When an AED arrives turn it on and follow the voice prompts Minimize interruptions of CPR compressions 12 Child CPR Landmarks START WITH 30 COMPRESSIONS PUSH HARD PUSH FAST OPEN THE AIRWAY Kneel close to the victim Place the heel of your palm in the center of the victim s chest the lower half of the sternum Use 2 hands if necessary Position your shoulders directly over your wrist Lock your elbow s Push Hard Compress to 1 3 the anterior posterior of the chest about 2 inches Push Fast Compressions should be at least 100 per minute Full Recoil of the Chest Allow the chest to fully release Place the palm of one hand on the victim s forehead The fingertips of the other hand should be placed on the bony part of the victim s chin Gently tilt the head back and perform a chin tilt This will open the airway and lift the tongue from the back of the throat 13 BREATHE TWICE Pinch the soft part of the victim s nose closed using your index finger and thumb Give the victim 2 breaths Use your peripheral vision to watch for the chest to rise and fall in between breaths The 2 breaths should not take more than 5 seconds Take a normal breath and place your lips around their mouth to make
88. son touches dried or caked on blood and then touches a mucous membrane such as the eyes mouth nose or an open cut This may be from splashing blood e Puncture wounds caused by a contaminated item e Sexual contact Sharing needles e A mother infecting her baby during birth 62 Four conditions must be met for transmission e A pathogen is present There is enough of the pathogen to cause disease Aperson is susceptible to the pathogen The pathogen passes through the correct entry site Hepatitis B HBV HBV is a virus that can infect and inflame the liver It is transmitted primarily through blood to blood contact HBV can lead to serious conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer The virus can survive in dried blood for up to seven days The Centers for Disease Control estimates there are approximately 280 000 HBV infections in the U S each year Hepatitis C HCV HCV is an infection caused by a virus that attacks the liver and leads to inflammation Most people infected with the hepatitis C virus HCV have no symptoms In fact most people don t know they have the hepatitis C infection until liver damage shows up decades later during routine medical tests Transmission of HBV and HCV HBV and HCV are transmitted through blood and other potentially infectious bodily fluids and tissues They are transmitted through There is no cure or specific treatment for HBV but there is a va
89. sulting in fractures or other associated injuries Treatment e Call 911 e Look first Don t touch A person may still be in contact with the electrical Source Turn off the source of electricity if possible All materials conduct electricity if the voltage is high enough so do not enter the area around the victim or try to remove wires or other materials with any object including a wooden one until the power has been turned off Check for signs of circulation breathing coughing or movement If absent begin CPR immediately Treat for shock Cover the affected areas with a sterile gauze bandage 39 Chemical Burns If a chemical burns the skin follow these steps e Remove the cause of the burn by first brushing any remaining dry chemical and then rinsing the chemical off the skin surface with cool gently running water for 20 minutes or more Remove clothing or jewelry that has been contaminated by the chemical e Wrap the burned area loosely with a dry sterile dressing or a clean cloth Rewash the burned area for several more minutes if the person experiences increased burning after the initial washing Take an over the counter pain reliever These include aspirin ibuprofen naproxen or acetaminophen Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers Minor chemical burns usually heal without further treatment Seek emergency medical assistance if The person shows signs of shock such as
90. t e The AED will begin to automatically analyze the victim s heart rhythm when the electrodes are correctly placed Ensure that no one including you is touching the victim while the AED is analyzing e f an AED indicates a shock is advised the AED will charge automatically and direct you to push the shock button Some models inform you that it is going to shock Ensure again that no one is touching the victim and call out CLEAR Listen for the voice prompts from the AED If it states start CPR begin immediately with chest compressions e Continue to listen to the voice prompts from the AED Every few minutes you will be prompted to stop CPR so the AED can re analyze the victim s heart rhythm e Do not stop CPR unless the victim becomes responsive EMS tells you they will take over or you are too exhausted to continue e Do not remove the electrode pads for CPR continue with the pads in place e Do not remove the pads if the victim becomes responsive Leave them on until EMS arrives The earlier that defibrillation occurs the better For every minute that defibrillation is delayed on a person suffering from ventricular fibrillation their chance of survival declines by 7 to 10 Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Victims The most common cause of primary cardiac arrest is asphyxia Asphyxia is respiratory failure which causes an extremely deficient supply of oxygen to the body Asphyxia occurs in d
91. t any contaminated materials Flush mucous membranes for testing purposes Report the incident to your e Seek medical evaluation If you have supervisor immediately not had the HBV vaccine it can still be administered after an exposure The employer is responsible for ensuring the confidentiality of your medical records Your records can not be disclosed without your written consent If clothing becomes contaminated with potentially infectious pathogens remove them in a manner that avoids contact with skin and mucous membranes If necessary cut the shirt to safely avoid contact with the body Exposure Control Plan The exposure control plan is a guideline for employees that have had exposure to blood or OPIM Each work area where employees may be exposed to blood or body fluids must formulate an Exposure Control Plan The Exposure Control Plan is important because it details your plan for reducing exposures to bloodborne pathogens and details steps to take when exposure occurs The plan includes but is not limited to e Employee exposure determination a list of job classifications where employees may be exposed Your Exposure Control Plan must be e HBV vaccination provisions e Specific to your department Employee training initial and annual training Methods for control of BBPs Universal precaution Reviewed yearly Accessible to all workers Engineering controls
92. t prisa bleeding stops e Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and hold ri fy H continuous pressure a a gh Maintain firm pressure for 10 15 minutes If Adr an 1 7 the flow of blood increases when you release pressure repeat Use your hands if nothing else is available If possible wear rubber or latex gloves or use a bag for protection e Don t remove the gauze or bandage If the bleeding continues and seeps through the gauze or other material you are holding on the wound don t remove it Instead add more absorbent material on top f you cannot apply continuous manual pressure wrap an elastic bandage firmly over gauze to hold it in place with pressure bandage Tie the knot of the bandage over the wound e Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the emergency room as soon as possible e Specifically designed tourniquets should be only used with proper training class lla If a tourniquet is used make sure that you note the time it was applied and relay that to EMS 52 Treatment for Minor Wounds Have the person sit down if they feel weak Thoroughly irrigate and clean the area with soap and water to remove any dirt or debris and lower risk of infection Apply light pressure to the area with sterile gauze to help with blotting Bleeding should stop after 5 8 minutes for a minor cut Allow the wound to air dry bef
93. th you for identification 40 Dental Injuries If your tooth is knocked out there is a good chance it can be successfully implanted See a dentist and follow the first aid for an avulsed tooth Clean bleeding wounds with saline solution or tap water e Stop bleeding by applying pressure with gauze or cotton e Handle the tooth by the crown not the root Try to replace your tooth in the socket If it doesn t go all the way into place bite down slowly and gently on gauze or a moistened tea bag to help keep it in place Place the tooth in milk or clean water if the tooth won t go into the mouth socket Contact the patient s dentist or take the tooth and victim to an emergency care center as quickly as possible Diabetic Emergencies Diabetic Emergencies occur when there is too much or too little sugar in the victim s blood Interview the patient if you are not sure they are diabetic also look for medical ID tags If they are diabetic If unsure if the diabetic is suffering from too much or too little sugar always give sugar The additional sugar will not be enough to cause further harm Give sugar about 2 heaping teaspoons which is equivalent to 4 oz of orange juice half of a candy bar American Diabetes association suggests one of the following e If there is no improvement in 15 minutes call EMS and give more sugar 4 oz 1 2 cup juice or soda 4 teaspoons of sugar
94. the heart from its spasm by delivering a shock to the heart This allows the nerve impulses a chance to return to the normal pattern which allows the heart to resume beating at its normal pace Examples of different AEDs The only treatment for v fib is defibrillation as soon as possible In an emergency the AED essentially makes the decisions and directs the rescuer s efforts AEDs offer step by step voice instructions to guide a user through the defibrillation process Stay calm and follow the directions given by the AED 2f AEDs are easy to use and require minimal training While there are several different brands of AEDs but they all utilize four basic steps Turn on the AED and listen to the voice prompts Attach the AED pads to the victim s bare chest The AED will analyze the heart rhythm automatically Deliver a shock if directed to by the AED 4 Turn on the Attach the pads The AED will Deliver a shock AED Listen to the patient s analyze the if directed to the voice bare chest heart rhythm by the AED prompts AEDs Have Many Common Features But they do vary by manufacturer Become familiar with the type of AED in your facility Most AEDs have Power on off button e Shock button e Battery status indicator Asimple drawing indicating pad placement on the patient s chest Micro computers that analyze a patient s heart rhythm Visual audio prompts guide the user through the CPR
95. tools specifically designed for Oxygen Equipment during oxygen equipment service After each use LifeSafe service personnel should be contacted LifeSafe oxygen service personnel are qualified and trained in the use these tools Ensure that the oxygen regulator does not have parts that impede oxygen flow The connection on the post value to the regulator and from the regulator to the cannula or mask must be clear This is ensured by using compatible parts and routinely inspecting and replacing parts by LifeSafe oxygen service technicians 61 Use plugs caps and other protected covers to maintain clean parts Store masks and other delivery system parts in clean bags and use protective covers and gloves when handling oxygen Protect all stand alone oxygen cylinders from contaminants and particulates Use a cap cover when storing unused filled medical oxygen cylinders Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens Bloodborne Pathogens Training BBP is required by the Occupational Safety and Health OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910 1030 and was established in 1991 It states the employer must minimize the exposure of students and employees to bloodborne pathogens whenever the potential for that exposure exists OSHA has taken the position that there are no risk free populations and enforcement of OSHA s general duty clause implies that employers must be knowledgeable of and comply with the bloodborne pathogens standard Risk is minimized by
96. try is functional if applicable Testing of display screen if present The AED can stay in its casing for the self test Policy and Procedure Suggestions What do you need to do to make your lay rescuer AED program as effective as possible According to the American Heart Association guidelines attention to the following elements will help e identify a qualified healthcare provider to provide program oversight e Develop practice and follow a written response plan e Identify and train likely rescuers taking into account the need for refresher training and rescuer turnover e Remember that SCA victims may need CPR treatment with an AED or both so rescuers should be prepared to not only to use the AED but also to provide quality CPR Besure the program is integrated with the local EMS system Develop and implement a process of ongoing quality improvements that feature routine inspections of AED devices and electrodes evaluation Have a plan for post event data including response plan effectiveness rescuer performance and AED function 32 AED Troubleshooting Occasionally there may be an error by the rescuer for example not applying the pads correctly If this happens STAY CALM and listen to the voice prompts AEDs are programmed to let you know when there is an error Some voice prompt examples include Check Pad Connection If this is indicated e Look atthe picture diagram and make sure the pad
97. ure may break through the skin causing a wound which will be discussed next E Elevating an injured arm or leg will help prevent swelling Elevate only if moving the limb does not cause pain Many conditions mimic the signs and symptoms of poisoning including seizures alcohol intoxication stroke and insulin reaction Look for the signs and symptoms listed below and if you suspect poisoning call your regional poison control center or the National Poison Control Center at 800 222 1222 before giving anything to the affected person 48 Signs and symptoms of poisoning Burns redness or odor around the mouth or lips Breath that smells like chemicals such as gasoline or paint thinner Burns stains and odors on the person on their clothing or on the furniture floor rugs or other objects in the surrounding area e Empty medication bottles or scattered pills Vomiting difficulty breathing sleepiness confusion or other unexpected signs Call National Poison Control Center 800 222 1222 Do not induce vomiting or give the patient anything to drink including activated charcoal unless told so by medical personnel When to call for help Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person is e Drowsy or unconscious Bi Keep all poisons e Having difficulty or has stopped breathing 3 locked safely e Uncontrollably restless or agitated u away Use Mr Yuk x stickers on poisons e H
98. using universal precautions in conjunction with protective equipment as appropriate and maintaining proper housekeeping and workplace practices OSHA requires annual training to ensure employee safety in the workforce Bloodborne Pathogens BBPs are microorganisms in the blood or other body fluids that can cause illness and disease in people These microorganisms can be transmitted through your contact with contaminated blood and body fluids Exposure to blood and other body fluids occurs across a wide variety of occupations Health care workers emergency response and public safety personnel and other workers can be exposed to blood through needle stick and other sharps injuries mucous membrane and skin exposures The pathogens of primary concern are the human immunodeficiency virus HIV hepatitis B virus HBV and hepatitis C virus HCV Other diseases are also carried through the blood such as syphilis and malaria Workers and employers are urged to take advantage of available engineering controls and work practices to prevent exposure to body fluids Means of Transmission BBPs are transmitted when contaminated blood or body fluids enter the body of one person from another person Some examples include e An accidental puncture by a sharp object contaminated with the pathogen Open cuts rashes hang nails or other skin openings that come into contact with contaminated blood or body fluids e Indirect transmission a per
99. with a quick upward thrust Be persistent Continue uninterrupted until the obstruction is relieved the person becomes unconscious or more advanced medical personnel take over UNIVERSAL SIGN FOR CHOKING If the person is coughing effectively do not interfere If they cannot make a noise or just a high pitched wheeze proceed with the Heimlich Maneuver The universal sign for choking is hands clutching the throat The Heimlich Maneuver is so successful that it is rare for a victim to go unconscious If the victim does lose consciousness lower them to the ground and start CPR with 30 compressions to circulate the oxygen that is in the blood stream If you see an object in the mouth while opening the airway remove it step A in the C A B but only put your finger in the mouth if you see something 17 THRUST SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE NAVEL BE PERSISTENT FOR PREGNANT VICTIMS 18 Ask for consent to help Make a fist and place it slightly above the navel thumb side inward Grasp the fist with the other hand Press hard into the abdomen with a quick upward thrust Be Persistent Continue uninterrupted until the obstruction is relieved EMS arrives or the person become unconscious Start CPR if the victim becomes unconscious starting with 30 compressions If you see an item in the mount perform a finger sweep If you are unable to wrap your arms around the victim or if they are p
100. y or lightheaded e Headache e Nausea e Fainting which may be the first sign in older adults If you suspect heatstroke Call 911 or emergency medical help Intravenous fluids are needed Cool the person by immersing them up to the chin in cold water e f immersion is not possible cool the patient by available means covering them with damp cold sheets or spraying with cool water e Do not try to force the victim to drink fluids but the victim may drink if they are able and have the desire Hypothermia and Frostbite When exposed to cold temperatures especially with a high wind chill factor and high humidity or to a cool damp environment for prolonged periods your body s control mechanisms may fail to keep your body temperature normal When more heat is lost than your body can generate hypothermia defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 F can result Wet or inadequate clothing falling into cold water and even not covering your head during cold weather can increase your chances of hypothermia Signs and symptoms include e Shivering Cold pale skin e Confusion or memory Slurred speech Loss of coordination loss Abnormal slow e Fatigue lethargy or breathing apathy 45 Signs and symptoms develop slowly with gradual loss of mental acuity and physical ability victims may be unaware that they need EMS Treatment for hypothermia Seek emergency medical assistance While waiting for help to arrive

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