TriSoft CP/M-68K TRS
Contents
1. w s FmtHF VF s alamaaA t tfa F t Description of problem Be as specific as possible Give command sequences screen printout anything which might be of use If you have a printer try to get a copy of the screen using the 9P command State what processor program the problem occurs in wr ser ZA uATEH _ re CI Appendix C FIND Documentation on the FIND program from Digital Research may be found in the update supplied for their manual How ever it is worthwhile to discuss some of the possible non obvious uses for this program The FIND program is used to locate a string within a file or files This is frequently useful when you have a large number of files of similar type say memos filed by date and need to know quickly which one referenced a particular topic You could for instance locate the one which discussed the Veeblefeester account by simply typing A FIND Veeblefeester memo and FIND would return with the information that the string Veeblefeester occurred in file MEMOJUN83 DAT But the FIND utility can be used for many other things Have trouble remembering telephone numbers Just use the editor to create a file called PHONE DAT and enter Jones P Q 4122 North Street 512 444 1212 Smith A B 222 West lith 512 999 5555 Eos d Avenue G 512 453 2233 etc and create the fil2. Special Features 7 2 10 Function 89 SCON set configuration table Parameters 4 4 4 4 DI L 1 subfield q config element 4 4 4 4 Several TriSoft CP M 68K BIOS functions may be altered to make the system more closely the needs of the user The state of these functions is maintained in a configuration table kept within the CP M 68K BIOS The functions within this table may be temporarily i e until the next cold start changed with the SCON function In the parameter Dl L the configuration element represents the function to be altered The subfield contains the new value for this function 1f needed Current legal entries are element subfield meaning 0 x NOP no operation CON 1 0 TABS pass tabs unchanged CON 1 l NOTABS expand tabs to blanks LST 2 0 LIST pass all to LST LST 2 1 FTN col 1 is carriage cntl l 1 Quirks Foibles and Miscellaneous 8 0 Quirks Foibles and Miscellaneous CP M 68K does an excellent job of maintaining compati bility with CP M 80 while providing a number of new features and capabilities In almost every aspect these new features are a superset of CP M 80 That is system commands which work under CP M 80 should continue to work under CP M 68K A few discrepancies and changes should be noted however 8 1 Keyboard Typeahead The ability to enter new commands and data from the keyboard be
3. Pickles amp Trout Call Parameters Dl L BC DE D2 L Ax 1 HL Pickles amp Trout in there more recent implemen tations of CP M 2 2 has defined a number of calls for special functions of their own These are normally accessed by loading the registers with various values including a function number in the B register and performing a CALL to address 0040h or address 0043h from a high level language The functions supported by these calls include control of the CRT screen definition of the Centronics and serial ports Centron cs and serial port I O and access to their TRISWATCH chronolog clock card TriSoft provides access to these P amp T functions via special function 82 The proper values for the various Z80 registers are given in the Pickles amp Trout CP M installation manual Remember that this function is meaningful only if you are running an appropriate version of Pickles amp Trout CP M 2 2 The file TIME S is supplied bv TriSoft as an example of the use of function 82 It accesses the system clock maintained under P amp T CP M 2 2 and returns the time in the same format as TIME ASM provided by Pickles amp Trout 7 3 Special Features 7 2 4 Function 83 INP input value from a port Parameters 4 4 4 DILL 1 XXX 1 port 1 XXX 1 rtn val 1 4 4 4 This function is used to read an 8 bit value from a Z80 I O port Th
4. includes screen manipulation by various character codes as well as cursor addressing capability In some cases the horizontal TAB character ASCII 09 is sent to the console and this too is handled by the CP M 2 2 BIOS Unfortunately several CP M 2 2 BIOS implementations on the TRS 80 did not correctly perform TAB expansion These include Pickles amp Trout PRIOR to 2 2m they were off by one column and LIFEBOAT who didn t manage to expand them at all If you are running TriSoft CP M 68K with a CP M 2 2 which does NOT correctly expand tabs to the CP M standard columns of 1 9 17 25 then you may instruct CP M 68K to perform the expansion This is done with the command A SET CON NOTABS To turn off tab expansion enter A gt SET CON TABS No tab expansion is the default Appendix J ATON CP M 2 2 Compatibility A problem exists when attempting to run TriSoft CP M K with certain versions of ATON CP M 2 2 for floppy disk ON introduced a SECTRAN anomaly in some Level I release rsions and one Level II version to discourage the use of rect disk access programs Although they have since dis intinued the use of this feature it still may affect me of our customers For the affected Level I versions we commend the following patch Note that this is a change the ATON system not to TriSoft CP M 68K For ATON Level I version 2 23E through 2 24B boot ATON M 2 2 and apply the following patch A gt DDT MOVCPM COM NE
5. 5 in the B drive If you only have one drive but your system supports multiple logical drives then do not insert the diskette in the logical drive B until actually requested by the system Be sure that the write notch remains uncovered on the TriSoft diskette throughout this and all installation procedures The following sequence is an annotated example of the installation procedure To begin the customization program the user first boots CP M 80 from the system disk in the A drive Then at the AD prompt enter A gt SUBMIT B INSTLCP6 As the submit file commands are executed they are displayed on the console A PIP A B SIZER COM V A gt PIP A B BIOSEQU O V A PIP A B BIOS O V A PIP A B CPMLIB V A SIZER At this point the user will be prompted with a series of questions These questions and appropriate responses are covered in section 6 2 2 of this chapter on the SIZER program A gt LDM68 A gt ERA SIZER COM Custom Installation A gt ERA CPMLDR SYS A gt REN CPMLDR SYS CPMLDR NEW A gt M68 CP M 68K tm Version x x Copyright c 1982 Digital Research Inc TriSoft CP M 68K Ver x x C68 nnn nnnnn xxxk A gt Although CP M 68K is now running it is still the original generic version To complete the custom installation vou must now tvpe i A gt INSTAL68 The console will display A gt LO68 R UCPM O CPM REL CPMLIB BIOSEQU O BIOS O RELOC Byyyyy CPM REL CPM68 SYS ERA INSTAL68 SUB Z80 LDM68 E
6. accessed following the NEWDISK command will be tested for density or format Remember it is not necessary to issue the NEWDISK command unless you have replaced a logged in diskette in a particular drive with one of a different density or format and have not done a warm boot or have accessed a diskette on a drive and no longer want the system to consider that drive as logged in NEWDISK can be used with any CP M 80 implementation to RESET the CP M 68K disk drive status However NEWDISK can only cause density format reselection with those CP M 80 imple mentations which support density format change from the user level Should your CP M 80 be one of the few which do not support this feature see section 8 2 then you may achieve a similar result for all except the A drive by entering the 280 and M68 command sequences Appendix E Known BUGS The following errors are known to exist in version 1 2 of CP M 68K These problems exist in the code provided by Digital Research and they are aware of the problems As soon as we have been notified of a fix it will be passed on to you provided you returned the registration card l The assembler AS68 68K generates files with bad relocation bits when a movec instruction follows an instruction which references a symbol The following example move l d0 a movec vbr dO move l d0 b data a dcl 0 b dc 1 0 illustrates the problem A workaround is to place a dc w 4e71
7. memory available to the 68000 processor and reports the amount to the user An address line test is then performed to verify that all of that memory can be uniquely accessed without interference from other banks MEMTST68 then performs a number of data test on the available 68000 memory These include various bit patterns as well as test of the memory refresh circuitry Any errors are reported giving the address and faulty data values TriSoft cannot make any guarantees that MEMTST68 will catch all errors in 68000 memory no test will However we suggest it be run whenever suspicious problems occur to help eliminate or incriminate the 68000 memory boards C 4 Appendix C NEWDISK CP M 68K does not log out diskettes every time a warm boot or 9C is performed This has the advantage of greatly increasing the speed with which the AD prompt is returned The only problem caused by this is that the system will some times attempt to access a diskette which has been removed from a drive NEWDISK notifies the system that a change has been made to the disk drive system Either a diskette has been removed and not replaced or the density or format of a replacement diskette has changed and no warm boot was performed The result is that each diskette when first accessed following the NEWDISK command will be tested for density or format Remember it is not necessary to issue the NEWDISK command unless you have replaced a logged in diskett
8. of the form d name typ including and wildcards 2outfile this option re directs the output to a CP M file where outfile is the file spec optionlist is a list of options controlling the output format from SD These options may be either lumped together or separately with each preceeded by a flag ala UNIX A character may be used instead of the for compatibility with CP M 2 x SD Valid options are K toggle display of file sized default 1s to display size Appendix C S toggle display of system files default is to not display system files F toggle display of file flags default is to not display flags Flags are S system file R read only A archived Examples of valid SD commands SD list all files on current default disk and directory SD same as above SD test list all files on current default disk and directory with test as the file name SD S F ABC DE DAT gt FILES LIS list all files on current default disk and directory with the file name ABC any letter DE and type DAT Output will be to file FILES LIS flags will be displayed and system files included SD gt FILES LIS ABC DE DAT FS same as above Appendix C Display formats are File names only 6 names per line File names and 4 names per line either size or flags File names and both size and flags 3 names per line Appendix C SE
9. procedure outlined in this section provides for two improvements over the generic installation performed in sections 4 and 5 First memory size You will certainly wish to take advantage of any additional memory installed in your system TriSoft CP M 68K supports the full 1024k byte memory capability of the TRS 80 and can be expanded even further up to 7 megabytes if Tandy makes available hardware expansion cabinets and boards You may also wish to configure CP M 68K for some what less than the full memory This allows for a buffer region which will remain untouched by the system for what ever purposes you may desire Second TriSoft CP M 68K supports features of several of the more widely used CP M 80 implementations especially Pickles amp Trout This includes density re select clock set reset serial port read and serial port write But it can only provide this support if it knows what vendor supplied your CP M 80 system 6 2 Customization Procedure It is recommended that you read the entire procedure before beginning 6 2 1 System Disk The first step is to obtain a disk with a running version of CP M 68K and CP M 80 Sections 4 and 5 of this manual have shown you how to make this disk You must have an executable version of CP M 68K before attempting custom ization The CP M 80 PIP SUBMIT and STAT utilities should also be on this disk Custom Installation Approximately 200k bytes of free disk space will be requi
10. random access memory RAM It is in this memory that both the CP M 80 operating system and your Z80 programs will reside during execution Also connected to the Z80 are some number of I O ports usually about 12 depending on exactly what other options your particular system may have i e clock graphics card hard disk It is through these ports that the Z80 talks to the peripheral devices on your TRS 80 and hence communicates with the outside world MC68000 is a trademark of Motorola Hardware Description The other processor in the TRS 80 is the Motorola MC68000 This is a relatively new chip which works with instructions and data from RAM 16 bits at a time and internally is capable of processing data 32 bits at a time For this reason you will often see the MC68000 listed as a 16 32 bit processor Further the MC68000 in your TRS 80 runs at a much faster clock speed of 6 6 megahertz and takes fewer clock cycles to perform similar operations Also the MC68000 can directly reference up to 7 million 8 bit bytes of RAM note current physical limitations on the room inside the TRS 80 cabinet limit MC68000 RAM to 512k bytes or less All of these factors serve to make the MC68000 a substantially more powerful processor with many tasks running 6 10 times faster than on the Z80 The minimum configuration which Tandy sells for the MC68000 is the processor and 128k bytes of RAM Note that this RAM is completely separate from the 32k or 64k b
11. time Even with the write protect notch uncovered the small notch in the base of the diskette and off to one side extra protection will seldom hurt To perform this initial installation of CP M 68K you will need a TRS 80 with MC68000 upgrade if necessary running version 2 0 or later CP M 80 It does not matter what vendor did the implementation of your CP M 80 CP M 68K will adapt itself as necessary If you have not yet installed CP M 80 you will need to do that first Pile all of the CP M 68K manuals and diskettes in a safe place and bring up CP M 80 following the directions which came with that package Assuming that you have a running CP M 80 system perform the following steps 1 Boot your CP M 80 system in the normal manner The screen should display A gt 2 At the keyboard type STAT and press the return key 3 The screen should display A gt STAT A xxxk Initial 4 Installation where xxx is the number of bvtes of storage remaining free on vour CP M 80 diskette If this number is not greater than 241 vou will need to use another diskette Later in Running CP M 68K we will examine how to reduce the storage needs on your system diskette s Insert the floppy diskette labeled CP M 68K Installation Diskette in drive B If you only have one drive but your system supports multiple logical drives then you should not insert the diskette until actually requested Be sure that the write notch remains uncovered
12. user number other than user 0 the prompt for CP M 68K is dif ferent than for CP M 2 2 i e A5 But for user O you get the ubiquitous A The following patch will allow you to alter the greater than sign gt in the CP M 68K prompt to any printing character you choose Let us suggest that this patch if you wish to make it be made to a copy of your master diskette and not to the master diskette itself This patch is to the routine CPMLIB located on disk ette 5 It may be copied to the A diskette for patching and then copied back to diskette 5 when you are satisfied that the patch is correct You will need about 100k bytes of storage available on the A diskette to perform this patch Boot CP M 68K as you normally would and place a copy of diskette 5 in the B drive A gt PIP A B CPMLIB V A gt AR68 X CPMLIB CCP O A gt DDT RCCP O Start 00000400 End 00006FFF S589 00000589 3E xx where xx is the hex code forthe 0000058A 3F prompt character desired Example I l Appendix I WCCP 0 5D would give you A for a prompt A gt AR68 RV CPMLIB CCP O r ccp o A gt ERA B CPMLIB A gt PIP B A CPMLIB V Now perform a custom installation as described in section 6 of the User s Guide The prompt for CP M 68K will be set to the character you have choosen Tab Expansion TriSoft CP M 68K works with the CP M 2 2 BIOS to provide an environment compatible with both systems This
13. way of passing data between the program and that function These funcrions consist of such things as read a line from the console write a line to the console and open a file The BDOS functions for CP M 80 are an almost exact subset of those for CP M 68K making conversion of programs very simple 3 3 BIOS The Basic 1 0 System is the place at which the differ ences between computer hardware vendors becomes apparent say between a Tandy TRS 80 Model 16 and a Motorola ExorMac both having MC68000 processor but of quite different design Both the CCP and the BDOS are written and supplied by Digital Research and both will be the same on ANY machine running the same version of CP M 68K no matter how different the two mach nes themselves may be The BIOS is supplied by the various manufacturers and soft ware houses TriSoft in this case and must be customized to the particular hardware on which it is to run The BIOS then is the interpreter between the hardware 3 2 Introduction and the BDOS operating system We said earlier that the BDOS issued commands to have operations such as reads and writes performed on logical devices A logical device is a generic thing such as a printer In actual practice one system may have a Radio Shack Lineprinter IV another may have an EPSON MX100 and another may have no printer at all The BDOS at the request of the user s program normally may issue a command to have a character printed
14. 68K a program called FORMAT As explained in the Digital Research CP M 68K User s Guide this program is included for example only unless you happen to be running a Motorola ExorMAC To format diskettes on your TRS 80 you should use the formatting programs supplied by your CP M 80 vendor 8 5 COPY Digital Research has included a program called COPY with CP M 68K This is a track to track diskette copy program which makes an exact duplicate of all or part of a source diskette To do this the COPY program works through the BIOS of CP M 68K and whatever capabilities and restrictions are imposed by CP M 80 This causes a couple of minor problems The first problem involves copying the BOOT tracks tracks 0 and 1 of most floppy diskettes Many vendors including Pickles amp Trout protect either implicitly or explicitly the boot tracks of their system diskettes to prevent p racy This prevents COPY from copying the boot 8 3 Quirks Foibles and Miscellaneous tracks of double density diskettes on such systems It can still be used to copy the files of such diskettes using the FILES option The second problem involves those CP M 80 implemen tations which do not permit density reselection from a running program If you should have such a CP M 80 then you will not be able to use COPY on a diskette with a different density format from that currently logged in on a given drive This is usually only a problem with copying single density
15. BIOS calls either directly or through the BDOS Although the latter introduces a slight increase in overhead it is the recommended method With either method the eventual result is a TRAP 3 to BIOS with DO W q function 4 4 DI L f parameter 1 1 D2 L 4 parameter 2 1 Y where the actual function number is contained in the lower LSB byte of DO W To prevent conflict between any future DRI functions which may be added and the TriSoft additional functions all TriSoft functions have the upper bit of this lower byte set In other words all TriSoft functions start at 80 hex 7 2 Detail of TriSoft Special Functions Special Features 7 2 1 Function 80 NOP Parameters none This function is used primarily to synchronize the two processors Although it is available to the user it performs little useful function at the user level 7 2 2 Function 81 EXIT Parameter8 none This function is used to exit CP M 68K and return to CP M 80 with a warm boot Execution of the MC68000 user program issuing this function will be suspended until the user re enters the M68 command to return to CP M 68K The MC68000 program will resume execution following the BIOS call The EXIT function may be invoked by a MC68000 program to force the user back to CP M 80 without giving up control under CP M 68K Special Features 7 2 3 Function 82
16. Manual If you have ordered CP M 80 from another vendor but have not yet installed it do so now You MUST have a running version of CP M 80 before beginning install ation of CP M 68K Z80 s a trademark of Zilog Hardware Description 2 0 Hardware Description Tandy corporation makes three systems which can utilize the MC680009 microprocessor and CP M 68K These are the TRS 80 Model 16 which comes with the MC68000 as standard equipment and the Model II and Model 12 which can have the MC68000 processor added as an upgrade With the upgrade all three computers become functionally virtually identical For purposes of this discussion we shall treat them the same unless noted otherwise and refer to any of them simply as the TRS 80 The TRS 80 is actually two computers in one The first is built around the Z80 developed by Zilog This is an 8 bit microprocessor meaning that it handles data primarily in 8 bit chunks a bit is a single unit of information which can take on only two values such as true false or one zero It operates at a clock speed of 4 megahertz or 4 million cycles per second and for years has been the workhorse of the microprocessor industry In addition to its internal registers storage areas it can directly reference 65 536 of these 8 bit chunks of information called bytes and up to 256 input output I O ports or devices Connected to the Z80 in the TRS 80 is either 32k bytes 32 times 1024 or 64k bytes of
17. RA M68 COM REN M68 COM M68 NEW ERA CPMLIB M68 CP M 68K tm Version x x Copyright C 1982 Digital Research Inc TriSoft CP M 68K Ver x x C68 nnn nnnnn xxxk 6 6 Custom Installation You now have a CP M 68K operating system that is fully customized to the memory and CP M 80 vendor specified Note that the customized files are CPM68 SYS CPMLDR SYS M68 COM You may copy these files to any other CP M 68K system diskettes you are using You will not need to go through the customization procedure again unless you change memory size or wish to customize the system for a different CP M 80 vendor One further note if you are using the AS68 assembler remember that the Digital Research manual specifies that the assembler must be re initialized any time you alter memory size Special Features 7 0 Special Features TriSoft CP M 68K is compatible with all major TRS 80 CP M 80 implementations In addition it supports a number of features peculiar to the Pickles amp Trout CP M 80 implemen tation TriSoft CP M 68K also has several unique BIOS functions which can be invoked from the MC68000 user program to enhance operations specific to the TRS 80 dual processor environment 7 1 General Digital Research defines 22 BIOS calls for CP M 68K numbered 0 through 22 there is no function number 17 Your CP M 68K manuals titled CP M 68K Programmer s Guide and CP M 68K System Guide will show you how to post
18. T SET allows the TriSoft CP M 68K user to alter some of the characteristics of the system These commands remain in effect until canceled by a corresponding SET command or until a new COLD boot SET commands currently implemented are A SET CON TABS enable tab expansion A SET CON NOTABS disable tab expansion A SET LST FTN enable FORTRAN style carriage control A SET LST LIST disable carriage control Currently FORTRAN carriage control recognizes two control characters in column 1 of the output to the LST device as having special meaning They are character meaning 1 Convert to Top of Form 0C hex 0 Suppress Linefeed at end of current line Appendix C SHOW SHOW is a simple utility which provides a replacement for the CPM intrinsic command TYPE Like TYPE the syntax is A SHOW fname SHOW will first attempt to open the file fname If successful it will display the file onto the CON device one screen at the time At the bottom of the screen SHOW will prompt more and wait for input from the CON device normally the keyboard The valid responses are lt enter gt pressing the enter key will display the next line lt space gt pressing the space bar will display the next page lt break gt pressing the break key or typing control C will return you to the A gt prompt C 10 Appendix C TIME Pickles amp Trout provides a special set of system c
19. TriSoft CP M 68K TRS 80 User s Guide Copyright 1983 84 TriSoft 1825 E 38 St Suite 202 Austin Texas 78722 512 472 0744 All Rights Reserved C68 897 rev 1 Section l N Q U A G N o c Appendices A B Table of Contents introduction Hardware Description Operating System Description Initial Installation Running CP M 68K Custom Installation Special Features Quirks Fpibles and Miscellaneous Problems and Updates Related Reading Problem Report Additional Utilities FIND LOGIN MEMTST68 SD SET SHOW TIME VT52 omitted Known BUGS Distribution Diskettes BIOS Error Messages Software Piracy The Hacker Patches ATON CP M 2 2 Compatibility Introduction 1 0 Introduction Welcome to CP M 68K for the Tandy TRS 809 Model 16 and enhanced Model II or Model 12 Combined with the existing CP M for the Z80 processor which we shall generically refer to as CP M 80 your computer now has access to a Seftware base second to none Documentation for CP M 68K consists of five manuals Four of these are from Digital Research the creators of CP M 68K These manuals discuss the use and operation of the system as well as an introduction to some of the internals of CP M 68K All of this information is relevant to ANY CP M 68K installation regardless of what company manufactured the computer or who performed the software customization This gives an indication of one of the most important fe
20. TriSoft CP M 68K will automat ically configure itself to the devices and formats now in use That means if you are now using Lifeboat CP M 2 2 for example then all of the diskette formats which it supports would still be available to you If you are using Pickles amp Trout CP M 2 2 which supports their Triswatch clock card then that card is supported under CP M 68K also Operating System Description 3 4 Memory Layout Both CP M 80 and CP M 68K are organized in memory in similar fashions see figure 3 1 At the top of memory is the operating system consisting of the CCP the BDOS and the BIOS At the bottom of memory is a small communications region and everything in between is the Transient Program Area or TPA The TPA is the region of memory where the user program resides during execution and should be as large as practical Two differences exist between the two systems First right at the bottom of MC68000 memory is a 1024 byte area which is the hardware exception table This is a special region which contains pointers to functions to be performed whenever certain abnormal or unusual conditions occur This would include such things as a reference to a memory address out of range or a divide check Or it could indicate a deliberate request by a program for action by another called a TRAP in MC68000 parlance In any event the closest 280 equivalent is buried in the communication region and not given as a separate area The se
21. XT PC 4000 0100 32B0 32B0 D2 C3 32B1 B9 60 AD SAVE 63 XMOVCPM COM iu may now use XMOVCPM to build a new ATON system which 11 have the SECTRAN anomaly removed ATON recommends the following action for the various rsions of ATON CP M 2 2 Level I 64K Floppy System Release 2 21 2 22 Get upgrade to 2 24 Release 2 23A through 2 23D Get upgrade to 2 24 Release 2 23E through 2 24B Apply patch Release 2 24C and following No action required Level II Bank Switched Floppy System Release 2 23 Get upgrade to 2 24 Release 2 24 No action required M I rnI Wr 4 All releases No action required
22. alls to access various hardware functions of the TRS 80 An example program called TIME COM is provided by them to demonstrate the use of these special calls TriSoft CP M 68K supports these spec al Pickles amp Trout calls from the MC68000 The use of these calls is explained in section 7 2 3 function 82 An example of accessing the CP M 80 calls from CP M 68K is given in the source file TIME S It is not intended to be an optimum program to do this merely a demonstration of how it can be done The executable file for this is named TIME 68K and may be invoked at the command level by entering A gt TIME The current system time will be displayed Note that the system time defaults to the time since the last power up or reset It may be set to the current time of day by the Pickles amp Trout CP M 80 command SETTIME Remember that the TIME 68K program will work correctly onl if you are running Pickles amp Trout CP M 2 2 on the Z80 side ot your computer Any other vendor implementation of CP M 80 will return garbage for the system time Appendix C vT52 VT52 is a rather simple terminal emulator for ATON Pickles amp Trout CP M 2 2 or TANDY CP M Plus Three versions are provided o VT52ATON for the ATON CP M 2 2 system o VT52PLUS for the TANDY CP M Plus system o VT52PNT for the Pickles amp Trout CP M 2 2 system You may wish to rename the one which matches your CP M 2 2 vendor to the task name VT52 COM This program p
23. atures of CP M 68K its transportability Soft ware you are now developing on the Tandy computer can be moved to any other CP M 68K based system usually without modification The other CP M 68K manual this one is from TriSoft and discusses those things specific to the installation and use of TriSoft CP M 68K on your Tandy computer Much of this information involves descriptions of the internal hard ware of the Tandy computer and how the two CP M systems CP M 68K and CP M 80 interact If you wish to skip this and go straight to the section on installation you may do so without difficulty But let us suggest that you at least give the other sections a quick look through The inform ation they contain will help you better understand the computer you are going to be spending so much time with in the coming months and will be worth the short time it takes to read CP M Is a trademark of Digital Research TRS 80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack 1 1 Introduction Many purchasers of CP M 68K are already running CP M on the 280 processor in their computer However those who are also purchasing a 2809 version of CP M from TriSoft will find enclosed an additional box This is your other CP M In it you will find an additional diskette and another set of manuals Please set aside the CP M 68K material for now You will first need to install the Z80 CP M system as described in the manual P amp T CP M 2 for the TRS 80 Model II User s
24. ault to that drive And after the initial load they need not be present at all You will need M68 COM and Z80 68K whenever you switch between systems but these can reside on other than the system diskette if necessary They would then be executed by something like A B M68 The rest of the files which were installed earlier mostly 68K type extensions are utility routines These are the same type utilities you are familiar with PIP STAT DDT and such None of them are needed on any particular disk and may be copied onto each diskette on an as needed basis or executed from a different diskette altogether A little experience with the system will show you which utilities you use heavily and which ones you may want to have only on certain diskettes Also remember that there is some overlap in the operation of certain utilities If you are really hurting for disk space and don t mind switching between CP M 80 and CP M 68K a lot you could delete one or the other set of files ED COM ED 68K DUMP COM DUMP 68K PIP COM PIP 68K STAT COM STAT 68K 2 3 Custom Installation 6 0 Custom Installation 6 1 Why Customize TriSoft CP M 68K comes configured to run on a TRS 80 MC68000 system with 128k bytes of memory and virtually an brand of CP M 80 Since Tandy includes a minimum of 178b bytes with every Model 16 or Model II 12 upgrade you should have no trouble installing CP M 68K on your system The custom installation
25. cond difference is that because the Z80 can only reference a very limited amount of memory 64k bytes the CCP region and in some cases the BDOS as well can be used by a user program as part of the TPA This has the effect of slowing down warm boot returns from the program to the CCP because it must be read back in from disk but is essential on machines with small memories and large pro grams On the MC68000 side memory is much less a problem and the time consumed in loading the CCP after each warm boot is not worth the small amount of memory saved 3 4 Operating System Description MC68000 Z80 tn high 1 BIOS 1 1 BIOS 1 memory 4 4 1 BDOS q q BDOS q 4 4 q CCP q q CCP q l 4 q 1 1 1 1 TPA 1 1 TPA 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 communication q communication qoe phra address 4 exception 1 0000 1 vectors 1 SS t address 00000000 figure 3 1 CP M Memory Layout Initial Installation 4 0 Initial Installation TriSoft CP M 68K comes on a set of six floppy diskettes each in single density single sided CP M standard format Most of the files you will be using are located on diskette 6 labeled CP M 68K Installation Diskette The rest of the diskettes may be set aside for now Also if you didn t do so earlier it would not be a bad idea to make a backup copy of diskette 6 at this
26. cy more difficult They do not make it impossible TriSoft feels that such methods are not in the best interest of either TriSoft or you the end user It is the position of TriSoft that it is not reasonable to inconve nience sometimes severely the legitimate purchaser of our products in order to afford dubious additional protection This software is protected by the terms and conditions of the license agreement and by the honor of our customers We feel that no other embedded protection is necessary With your help it will continue to be this way Warranty TriSoft CP M 68K is warranted in accordance with the terms and conditions of the LIMITED WARRANTY of Digital Research Operating System End User License Agreement Section 5 Nothing herein or expressed orally by any dealer or distributer of TriSoft CP M 68K shall alter those terms and conditions TriSoft CP M 68K has been tested in accordance with accepted procedures TriSoft asserts that their CP M 68K is a reasonable and useful single user operating system for the MC68000 processor in Tandy TRS 80 Model II Model 12 and Model 16 computers Appendix I The Hacker Patches Too Much Compa tibility One of the advantages of CP M 68K is that it can be used by someone with CP M 2 2 experience with virtually no extra training It now seems that it is so compatible that many people have trouble remembering which system they are currently in myself among them If you are in a
27. diskettes from the A drive For this situation the more traditional command i PIP B A RGi is preferable The Gi option selects the i th user number and is necessary only if more than one user directory is maintained on the disk I Note that the above problem does not exist for ATON Lifeboat or Pickles amp Trout CP M 80 8 6 Cold Boot AUTO EXECUTE The current version of TriSoft CP M 68K does not support the auto execute capability This does not effect any such capability which may be supported by your CP M 80 implementation Problems and Updates 9 0 Problems and Updates The TriSoft BIOS for CP M 68K underwent over four months of testing before it was considered ready for release The CP M 68K system itself has also undergone extensive testing by TriSoft and others Every effort has been made to provide you with a fast efficient and reliable software tool 9 1 Updates There are two reasons for updates to fix something that doesn t work right and to make something that does work perform even better TriSoft will support our customers with both kinds of updates Updates and fixes will come from two sources TriSoft and Digital Research Digital Research will send updates to TriSoft where they will be distributed to each registered TriSoft CP M 68K user It is important that we receive your registration card And if you move let us know This the only way we have to get information to you Where possible
28. e PHONE SUB which contains FIND 1 PHONE DAT Now anytime CP M 68K is running at the command level just enter A gt PHONE Smith and get back the information Smith A B 222 West llth 512 999 5555 Many types of simple database functions can be set up this way using FIND and the automatic SUBMIT facility of CP M 68K Appendix C LOGIN With the slim line drives which automatically power down and with a serial port connected to an auto answer modem the TRS 80 is quite capable of remote unattended operation Simply insert your system diskette boot the system and type l A gt STAT CON TTY and you are ready to go Unfortunately this leaves your diskette and all the files on it at the mercy of anyone who happens to dial the number LOGIN provides a small but frequently adequate amount of security for unattended Systems The prospective user who dials in is answered by the modem and gets the system s attention by typing a carriage return the lt enter gt key The system responds with a greeting message of your choice and asks the user for a Name After suppling a name the user is asked for a Password which is NOT echoed back to the user for security reasons When the user supplies a password the system checks BOTH the name and password against that established by the system owner If they match the user is allowed access If the name and password supplied by the user do not match then the user is giv
29. e in a particular drive with one of a different density or format and have not done a warm boot or have accessed a diskette on a drive and no longer want the system to consider that drive as logged in NEWDISK can be used with any CP M 80 implementation to RESET the CP M 68K disk drive status However NEWDISK can only cause density format reselection with those CP M 80 imple mentations which support density format change from the user level Should your CP M 80 be one of the few which do not support this feature see section 8 2 then you may achieve a similar result for all except the A drive by entering the Z80 and M68 command sequences Appendix C SD SORTED DIRECTORY 68K The SD 68K program provides a means of displaying a directory of user files sorted in alphabetic order It is intended as a CP M 68K counterpoint to the excellant public domain program SD written for CP M 2 x by Bruce Ratoff and modified by almost everyone including myself Although the two programs are not identical in terms of options and capabilities SD 68K will accept the most commonly used options ina form consistent with SD COM Also since the extensions are different for the two programs both may coexist on a disk one as SD COM and the other as SD 68K USE SD 68K is invoked as A SD file spec outfilel l optionlist where the items in brackets are all optional and position independent file spec standard CP M file specification
30. e number and meaning of these ports is given in the Radio Shack Model II and Model 16 Service Manuals Upon entry the second byte of DI L contains the port number to be read and has a range from 00 to FF hex Upon return the value read from the port will be in DI B the low order byte of DI L 7 2 5 Function 84 OUT output value to a port Parameters 4p 4 DIL XXX q port 1 XXX 1 out val 1 4 L This function is the complement of INP in that it outputs an 8 bit value to a designated Z80 I O port Upon entry the second byte of DI L contains a port number between 00 and FF hex The lower byte D1 B contains the 8 bit value to be output Special Features 7 2 6 Function 85 MEMRD read byte of Z80 memory Parameters 4 4 4 4 DIL 1 Z80 address q XXX q byte 1 4 4 4 4 This function is similar to INP except the contents of a byte of Z80 memory is returned Upon entry the upper word of DI L contains a Z80 16 bit address Upon return the lower byte DI B contains the 8 bit value which was read 7 2 7 Function 86 MEMWR write byte of Z80 memory Parameters 4 4 4 R DIL 1 280 address q XXX 1 byte 1 4 4 4 4 This function is the complement of MEMRD
31. en two more chances to enter the correct information If the user fails to do so within three tries then the system hangs for a preset period of time currently 30 seconds before allowing more tries This prevents a cracker with another computer from simply trying thousands of combinations per hour Setting up LOGIN is simple but involves several steps The first is establishing the LOGIN DAT file This can be created with the ED editor and consists of three lines of text The first is the greeting message the second line is the Name and the third is the Password Each of these can be up to 80 characters long and upper lower case is checked If no LOGIN DAT file is provided the default is Appendix C CP M 80 CP M 68K System greeting ANONYMOUS name GUEST password The second file which must be created is the submit file to a set the CON device to the ser al port and b bring up the LOGIN task The file to do this should be called LOGIN SUB and consists of STAT CON TTY LOGIN It is suggested that the LOGIN COM LOGIN DAT and LOGIN SUB files be hidden with the command A gt STAT LOGIN SYS Caveats There are several cautions which must be remem bered about the LOGIN program provided here First the remote user MUST restart the LOGIN task before dis connecting This is done by simply returning to CP M 2 2 and typing LOGIN at the command level But if the user does not do this then the syste
32. fer these systems as upgrades TriSoft plans to provide discounts to registered CP M 68K customers 9 3 Problem Reports TriSoft exhaustively tests every piece of software before it is shipped If you should have a problem we want to know about it and I am sure you will want to tell us Questions or simple How do I type problems can normally be handled by phone Suspected bugs or complicated problems are best handled by mail The form in Appendix B gives you an idea of the type of information we will need It is hard to send to much information The most critical Step towards solving a problem is our ability to reproduce it Send us what we need to do that If you can t wait for the mail try the phone We will do what we can But the mail is still the best bet A diskette that shows the problem plus a description of what Steps will cause it will give us the best chance of getting you a speedy solution We promise to investigate each problem report you send us If the problem involves TriSoft software we will fix it if at all possible If the problem is determined to reside in Digital Research CP M 68K code we will refer the problem to them for a solution And then we will keep after them until we get that solution But remember both TriSoft and Digital Research can only support you if you remember to return the registration card Do it Appendix A Related Reading The following books are available in computer stores
33. fixes to problems will be distributed as detailed patch instructions These can be mailed out quickly and are the fastest way of getting information to you Occasionally a fix may be of such an extensive nature that it requires a diskette for distribution In this case update diskettes will be make available at cost hopefully just a few dollars If the problem is of such a nature that it seriously impairs the usability of TriSoft CP M 68K then the update diskettes will be available at no cost We support what we sell TES 9 2 New Versions As with all active growing systems upgrade versions will be issued periodically These will originate both with TriSoft and with Digital Research and will represent significant improvement in performance and or capabilities over previous versions It is the policy of Digital Research to make these new versions available to TriSoft for a nominal fee TriSoft will offer these upgrades to 9 1 Problems and Updates existing customers at the most reasonable rate possible remember those diskettes and manuals cost money We will always strive to make available the most current revision levels as soon as they become available to us Digital Research intends to also issue new types of operating systems for the MC68000 processor These will include a concurrent capability system one user performing multiple tasks and a multi user capability system Although 1t is not the policy of Digital Research to of
34. fore the program or system is ready to accept them is called typeahead Digital Research does not support this capability in any of their earlier CP M products In spite of this several companies including Pickles amp Trout were able to create a pseudo typeahead with special code in their CP M 80 BIOS Although it did not always work cor rectly a number of programs ate the first character which was typed ahead it still was a useful feature TriSoft CP M 68K supports typeahead in version 1 2 and beyond This means you do may enter both commands and data from the CON device without waiting for the task or system to be ready This can result in a substantial improvement in effective system performance since your typing speed and the system speed can now average out each other Two small caveats should be noted with regard to typeahead First some tasks or CP M 2 2 BIOS implementations which lock out interrupts may cause loss of input characters during heavy CPU computation And second a very few programs exist which eat all characters typed while they are running These programs were designed before typeahead became popular and represent a deficiency in the program rather than the system Quirks Foibles and Miscellaneous 8 2 Diskette Density Select When most CP M 80 implementations were done for the Tandy computers Digital Research had not defined the infor mation which told the BIOS that a diskette was or was not logged i
35. he C Preprocessor will occasionally eat a line or two following a finclude declaration The workaround is to append some blank lines to the finclude occurrence This can produce some hard to track down bugs if variable declarations are lost due to the bug Conditional assembly occasionally causes loss of label immediately preceding conditional statement in the assembler 17 18 Appendix E The assembler can be made to generate code at an odd address by embedding odd byte length data in the text section The assembler will not realign its program counter to an even address The user should pad the data in the text section to an even byte boundary himself The compiler will generate an error message for struct a long x struct b char x due to the non unique member names in the structure Make them unique Appendix F Distribution Diskettes TriSoft CP M 68K is distributed to you on six single sided single density CP M standard format diskettes A description of each file on the diskettes is given in this manual or Appendix A of the CP M 68K System Guide The table below gives the general Category of software found on each diskette Diskette 1 General utility routines for CP M 68K PIP STAT etc in REL format Diskette 2 MC68000 assembler and Dynamic Debugger Diskette 3 C compiler and related routines Diskette 4 C library and C ARCHIVE utility Diskette 5 Examp
36. in that it writes an 8 bit value into a byte of Z80 memory Upon entry the value is contained in DI B and the 16 bit Z80 address is contained in the upper word of DI L 7 5 Special Features 7 2 8 Function 87 PATCH TriSoft Reserved Patch Call Parameters 4 4 4 4 DIL 1 as needed q 4 4 4 4 The PATCH function provides a means of connecting an additional M68 routine to a CP M 68K BIOS special call In general this function is not needed by the CP M 68K user 7 2 9 Function 88 REXIT release 68000 and EXIT Parameters DI L none The Release and EXIT function allows CP M 68K to continue execution while returning control of the system resources to the CP M 2 2 system This is primarily of use to those persons with LARGE COMPUTE BOUND jobs which go for substantial periods of time without performing any I O such as matrix inversion or in memory FFT computations Certain precautions MUST be followed when using this function First the 68000 task issuing the REXIT function should re establish communication by issuing a NOP special function code 81 hex Second if a diskette is to be altered while in CP M 2 2 such as by editing a file then the CP M 68K task must have closed all open files prior to issuing the REXIT then after execution of the NOP the CP M 68K task should issue a RESET DISK SYSTEM function to the BDOS code OD hex
37. ind descriptions of each of the CCP commands as well as descriptions of the format for file and device names If you are already familiar with CP M 80 then only a quick look at the CP M 68K CCP description will be needed to get you up and running Operating System Description 3 2 BDOS The Basic Disk Operating System is the actual heart of CP M It is the BDOS which keeps track of files loads data and programs and issues reads and writes to logical devices throughout the computer system It is the BDOS which deter mines to a very large degree the efficiency with which the computer will operate Further the BDOS is the primary interface between the actual computer hardware and the user program If the BDOS is logically designed and well thought out programs will be easy to write and debug If it is not then the computer will be hard to use indeed Even programs in languages in which much of the BDOS interface is hidden such as BASIC and FORTRAN are not immune but will suffer unnecessary restrictions such as only allowing a limited number of files to be open at any one time or simply taking up so much of the hardware resources such as time and memory that there is not enough remaining for many user programs to operate correctly The BDOS for both CP M 80 and CP M 68K is not fancy but it is again well designed and efficient Each provides the user program with a logical list of functions which may be performed and a simple consistent
38. le BIOS and loader BIOS implementations of interest only to those considering customization on a different hardware system Also contains TriSoft programs for customizing CP M 68K to your particular CP M 80 Diskette 6 TriSoft CP M 68K operating system and utilities in 68K format Appendix G BIOS Error Messages There are two error messages which are issued from the riSoft CP M 68K BIOS directly They are IOS ERROR disk x not supported The drive you have requested is not within the system configuration DIR C Example on a system with only two drives IOS ERROR Bad Packet A call has been made to the CP M 68K BIOS with a bad function number Following the message the bad call will be displayed as kkk XXXKX kkk xxxx O xxxx 1 vvvv Ss where XXXX ff VVVV Note that the BLOS function XXXX XXXX xxff VVVV 1 VVVV is a don t care is the BIOS function number in DO B is the value of the corresponding MC68000 data register value of DI L is the argument for the Appendix H Software Piracy Many vendors are facing increasing problems with soft ware piracy Because of this a number of vendors have felt it necessary to resort to implementing anti piracy schemes into the software and diskettes which you purchase These schemes which include diskettes which cannot be copied and software which self destructs after a certain number of copies do serve to make software pira
39. m will not be protected from the next caller Second once a user has correctly given the name and password he is in full control of the system This means he can change the LOGIN DAT file And third although a name and password is the protection used by most timesharing systems TriSoft can make no guarantees ANY protection that can be designed can be cracked Users interested in more elaborate security mechanisms might wish to investigate the excellant public domain program BYE which allows control of user directories and controls access to and execution of programs on a flexible owner controlled basis There are several extremely good Remote CP M RCPM and Community Bulletin Board CBBS packages available for the TRS 80 both commercial and public domain Appendix C MEMTST68 Tandy does not provide a memory test for the 68000 memory boards in the TRS 80 Unfortunately they also decided not to include parity detection Th s means that memory problems can often go undetected causing a good deal of frustration and lost work TriSoft provides the utility MEMTST68 to aid in the early detection of 68000 memory problems Note that this program runs under the Z80 CP M 2 2 or CP M Plus system so as to make available the entire 68000 memory for testing To execute the MEMTST68 utility simply enter A MEMTST68 The rest is basically self explainatory MEMTST68 performs a number of tests The first test checks for the amount of
40. me density and format which is the normal case causes no problem And if your CP M 80 is from Lifeboat or Pickles amp Trout then you will not see the problem anyway i 8 3 Direct Screen Updating A few CP M 80 programs which are heavily display oriented achieve extra speed by mapping the display memory directly into Z80 memory address space Wordstar is probably the major package in use on the TRS 80 business 8 2 Quirks Foibles and Miscellaneous computers which performs this function Note from the hardware description and figure of section 2 that there is no direct connection between the MC68000 processor and the Z80 memory space The result is that it is not possible for a program running under CP M 68K on a TRS 80 to perform this same trick Such programs will be able to use the screen of course but in the normal CP M defined character mode While we expect MicroPro to make Wordstar available for the CP M 68K system we do not feel that any benefit would be realized on the TRS 80 Since many users are already using Wordstar under CP M 80 we suggest they continue to do so It is our opinion that the performance of Wordstar under CP M 68K on a Tandy TRS 80 would not be significantly better than under CP M 80 on the same system 8 4 FORMAT As stated before TriSoft CP M 68K configures itself to the CP M 80 you are presently running and supports the same formats which your CP M 80 supports Digital Research lists for CP M
41. mpiler will not properly substitute a macro argument inside a quoted string if the argument is preceded by a backslash escape sequence For example define x a printf na will not expand properly Placing a space between the escape sequence and the argument fixes the problem The C compiler will not substitute a macro argument inside a quoted string if the text to be substituted contains a single quote character The C compiler will not properly handle initializations of auto variables with register variable parameters For example func a b register int a b int i a b j 12 13 14 15 16 Appendix E will not initialize the variable i to the proper value If the parameters are not declared as register the initialization will work The C compiler does not properly handle expressions involving pointers with non unique structure names The sequence struct sl fstruct s2 a b struct s2 gstruct sl b a 1 q pa a a does not properly initialize q The compiler does not properly handle byte subscript expressions involving the and operators The following sequence does not work char x 100 func char y y x x 0 A workaround is to rewrite the subscript expression so that the operation is done before or after the indexing x 0 4 y x x 0 The compiler does not properly initialize a structure which contains an array of structures T
42. mpt and you are back under the CP M 68K system That s all there is to it Remember you do not need to use the LDM68 command again unless you press RESET or power off the TRS 80 There is not much chance of problem in bringing up CP M 68K If vou did have trouble check that the following files were located on vour A diskette or hard disk CPM68 SYS CPMLDR SYS LDM68 COM M68 COM Z80 68K What did the error message say assuming you got one If you need help please give us a call 5 2 Minimizing Disk Space The CP M 68K system is quite frugal with disk space and normally runs quite well on the same diskette as CP M 80 Still you may wish to run CP M 68K froma diskette which has large data files or where you want to conserve free space for temporary files So let us examine just exactly what files MUST be where and when The only file with any specific requirements is the CPM68 SYS file This is the CP M 68K operating system proper and absolutely MUST be on the A drive when you first type M68 However once the system is booted and you have received the TriSoft greeting message it will not be needed again unless you use the LDM68 command And this normally will not occur unless you RESET or power off the Running CP M 68K Likewise the file CPMLDR SYS is read from the default drive by LDM68 which is itself an ordinary CP M 80 COM type file Both of these could be on some drive other than A and simply set the def
43. n This information is necessary for the BIOS to know when to redetermine the density and format of the diskette Every implementation we are familiar with found a way around this problem and developed some method of their own to know which diskettes has or has not been logged in Unfortunately every single company picked a different method TriSoft CP M 68K is compatible with all major CP M 80 implementations for the Tandy computers Special code has been added to the TriSoft CP M 68K BIOS to use these special methods with each CP M 80 implementation This should work well with Pickles amp Trout and Lifeboat TriSoft also conforms to the now defined standard for notification of need for density format selection and should work correctly with all future CP M 80 BIOS developments What does it mean if your CP M 80 implementation is not compatible with the Digital Research standard and not one of those for which special code has been added to compensate for that fact Not a big deal really It simply means that if you are under CP M 68K and want to swap a diskette for another of a different density or format you will need to exit and re enter CP M 68K Simply type Z80 and once you get the A gt prompt type M68 The next time you reference a drive it will be checked for proper density and format Remember you need do this only if you replace a disk ette with another of a different density or format Simply swapping diskettes of the sa
44. on the printer But in the first two cases above the commands actually issued to the hardware will be different one may be on the Centronics printer port the other may be on a serial port or each may require different handling of special character codes Further the operator of the system with no printer may want output destined for the printer to be displayed on the console instead The BIOS is the software which contains the information necessary to do each of these different things The BIOS must contain instructions necessary to operate each different peripheral device which is connected to the system as well as knowing what ports and addresses each is assigned In addition the BIOS must know about any internal hardware such as clocks and interrupts necessary to the operation of the computer The BIOS may also perform certain operations to improve the speed and efficiency of the machine such as combining several disk reads or writes into a single bigger one or making one disk drive look like several Some of these last improvements have generated a few unfortunate side effects Of the current CP M 80 implement ations for the TRS 80 Lifeboat Pickles amp Trout and ATON incompatibilities exist particularly in the areas of double density diskette formats and console screen handling TriSoft CP M 68K supports the TRS 80 in conjunction with all these implementations Since all 1 0 is handled through the Z80 under the CP M 80 BIOS
45. on the CP M 68K master diskette On the keyboard enter SUBMIT B MOVCPM68 This task will copy a number of files onto the CP M 80 bootable diskette in the A drive Although a number of utilities have the same name under both CP M systems the extensions are different i e STAT COM and STAT 68K and no conflict should occur Assuming no errors occurred in the above step then that is all there is to it You have installed CP M 68K on a bootable system diskette The next section will show you how to start CP M 68K executing and how to switch back and forth between the two systems If somehow an error did occur in step 6 look up the error in your CP M 80 manual Did you have enough disk space and directory entries on the A drive Is there an error bad spot on the disk ette in the A drive All TriSoft diskettes are top quality and are verified prior to shipping If one of them has developed a problem or been run over by a truck during delivery contact us at once We will get another one on its way to you immediately If you still can t figure out the problem give us a call Remember all you have used so far is CP M 80 You have not yet actually run CP M 68K 4 2 Running CP M 68K 5 0 Running CP M 68K 5 1 Booting CP M 68K Bringing up CP M 68K is really very simple Boot your CP M 80 system as usual using the diskette created in section 4 The screen should show the familiar A gt prompt Type LDM68 and
46. ou want to execute to the end of the Z80 command Example suspose you are under CP M 68K and wish to execute the CP M 2 2 command FOOBAR FOO1 FOO2 Then you would enter A gt Z80 FOOBAR FOOl F002 TriSoft CP M 68K would suspend momentarily CP M 2 2 would execute the program FOOBAR with file specs FOO and FOO2 then you would be returned to CP M 68K automatically One minor note of caution The auto return feature uses the SUBMIT capability of the CP M 2 2 system Since the normal submit routine provided by DRI does not allow add on submit files the command A Z80 SUBMIT FOOSUB would switch to CP M 2 2 and execute the command file FOOSUB but would not return automatically to CP M 68K This will work however with any of the several fine public domain SUBMIT replacements such as SuperSUB available from most CP M computer clubs Appendix D NEWDISK CP M 68K does not log out diskettes every time a warm boot or 9C is performed This has the advantage of greatly increasing the speed with which the A prompt is returned The only problem caused by this is that the system will some times attempt to access a diskette which has been removed from a drive NEWDISK notifies the system that a change has been made to the disk drive system Either a diskette has been removed and not replaced or the density or format of a replacement diskette has changed and no warm boot was performed The result is that each diskette when first
47. press the return key Told you it was simple didn t we There should be a small delay while the CP M 68K bootstrap loader is loaded into MC68000 memory This step needs to be performed only once per cold start That is you will not need to type the LDM68 command again unless you press the RESET switch or power off your TRS 80 Your should now see the A gt prompt once again Remember you are still under CP M 80 All you have done is load the CP M 68K bootstrap Both operating systems are now available to you To switch to CP M 68K simply type M68 and press return The first time you do this after loading the bootstrap there will be a small delay and the message should appear TriSoft CP M 68K Ver x x C 68 nnn nnnnn xxxk where x x is the current revision level and nnn nnnnn is your unique serial number This should be followed by the AD prompt as always But this time you are under CP M 68K Try it You ll find the commands are virtually ident ical Try TXPE ing a small text file Now just enter TYPE nd a return without the filename CP M 68K will prompt you for the name of the file to TYPE Running CP M 68K When you want to switch back to CP M 80 just enter at the A gt prompt level Z80 and press return You will see the ubiquitous A gt and you are under the CP M 2 2 system From now on or until you hit RESET when you switch to CP M 68K by typing M68 you should quickly see the A gt pro
48. public libraries and larger bookstores They contain information which may be of interest to the user of CP M 80 or CP M 68K The CP M Handbook Rodney Zaks Sybex 1980 MC68000 16 Bit Microprocessor User s Manual Motorola MC68000UM AD3 1982 MC68000 Cross Macro Assembler Reference Manual Motorola M68KXASM D3 1979 68000 Assembly Language Programming Gerry Kane Doug Hawkins Lance Leventhal Osborne McGraw Hill 1981 he C Programming Language Brian W Kernighan Dennis M Ritchie Be Labs Prentis Hall 1978 also of interest Two Sixteen Magazine Richard Young ed Box 1216 Lancaster PA 17603 Appendix B Problem Report Name Date Address Product Version Phone C Serial Machine description Model memory disks etc CP M 80 vendor Version Description of problem Be as specific as possible Give command sequences screen printout anything which might be of use If you have a printer try to get a copy of the screen using the 9P command State what processor program the problem occurs in Enclosures listings printouts diskettes Anything else useful KWA ay ix B lt Problem Report Name Date JO vy2 2 g Address Product 777 6 K oa VA 757 43 Version f d Phone 6 2 252 pa o Serial C 222 Machine description Model memory disks etc AzopEz 1G 23K R Sl 2 De cA 772 5 CP M 80 vendor Z Version 7 2M
49. red for the customization procedure Use the STAT utility as you did in section 4 to verify that you have this much space If 200k is not available some unused files should be erased or another disk should be used At this point it is also recommended that a backup copy of this system disk be made The copy will be useful if an error occurs during the procedure and the process must be repeated 6 2 2 SIZER Contained within the installation procedure is a program called SIZER This program modifies several files used to create or execute CP M 68K These modifications specify the desired memory size and the version of CP M 80 to be supported SIZER requires you to provide information on the following 1 CP M 80 vendor 2 MC68000 memory size 3 Memory management register values SIZER first gives you an explanation of the type of inform ation needed then requests your input SIZER presents you with a menu of supported vendors of TRS 80 CP M 80 systems Please enter the type of CP M 2 x the Z80 is using 0 4 0 Unknown Pickles amp Trout 2 Lifeboat 3 ATON 4 FMG 6 2 Custom Installation Each vendor is associated with a number Respond to the question Your CP M 2 x type 0 4 by entering the number which matches your CP M 80 vendor If your vendor is not listed in the menu then simply enter 0 for unknown The system will configure to use only those CP M 80 capabilities specifically required by Digi
50. rovides for asynchronous terminal com munication over the serial A also called SIO A RS 232 port on your TRS 80 It provides a subset of the screen handling commands available on a Digital Equipment Corp VT52 terminal For those familiar with DEC mainframes this means that such programs as PHONE and MONITOR will work The screen editor EDT will also work but is cumbersome because of the lack of a configurable keypad the one on the TRS 80 does not generate unique codes Two control functions are provided They are o Fl exit back to CP M 2 2 o F2 toggle enables printing of information received from the host computer to the LST device printer Output is buffered for slow printers No file transfer capability is included with this program Users needing more sophisticated capability including file transfer with error checking should investigate the several well known commercial terminal programs available as well as the two very popular public domain terminal programs MODEM and KERMIT Appendix C Z80 The utility Z80 provides a convenient means to switch from the TriSoft CP M 68K system to the CP M 2 2 system At the CP M 68K prompt simply type A Z80 You will exit CP M 68K and be presented by CP M 2 2 with it s A system prompt Often however you may wish to return to CP M 2 2 to execute only a single command and then return to CP M 68K Z80 provides a simple way to do this Add the CP M 2 2 command y
51. s errors and memory accesses out of the specified memory range Virtually all users will wish to take the default values provided by TriSoft CP M 68K as best for the memory management registers However you may override this default and enter your own 16 bit hexadecimal value if your special application requires it SIZER will prompt with the message Please enter value for memory region 1 Type lt ENTER gt for default value and Please enter value for memory region 2 Type lt ENTER gt for default value Any desired value other than the default should be entered as a hexadecimal number i e IF00 ADOO etc 6 2 3 Execution of the Customization Procedure Before proceeding please examine the following check list 1 Make sure that the system disk is properly backed up Once the customization process has begun the CP M 68K system on this disk will be altered Further a running CP M 68K system is required to perform the procedure If a mistake is made and the only copy of the running system is destroyed you will have to go back to sections 4 and 5 to recover 6 4 Custom Installation 2 Always place the system disk in the A drive to begin the customization process 3 Make sure sufficient disk space is available on the system disk around 200k bytes free 4 Never create a system for more memory than your computer contains Now place the system disk in the A drive Next place the TriSoft supplied diskette
52. statement following the movec instruction 4e71 is a NOP instruction The assembler gives no error message but neither linker LO68 or LINK68 will accept the file as input The assembler AS68 68K places a single character ASCII constant in the high byte of a word operand For example move w U d1 loads dl with the hex constant 5500 Of course the argument could be made that you should use a byte instruction to do single character moves The assembler AS68 68K will evaluate a symbol of the form xyz as a hex constant with value 0 If used on a single operand directive such as dc b xyz the offending statement is not flagged with an error 5 6 7 10 ll Appendix E The editor ED 68K when invoked using an output drive e g ED f le b will not create the file on the output drive The editor ED 68K Juxtapose command does not function properly when specified with a repeat count The editor ED 68K X command does not respond in a friendly manner to an invalid syntax When an invalid filename is used such as x23 t the editor prints INVALID FILENAME and exits to the operating system This obliterates any editing session in progress The C compiler generates an incorrect error message Initializer Alignment on a statement which initializes a static unsigned or float array The C compiler does not correctly handle the modulo X4 operator in constant expressions The C co
53. tal Research specifications 6 2 2 2 System Memory Size TriSoft CP M 68K may be configured for any memory size between 64k bytes and 1024k bytes Remember that this refers only to the memory available to the MC68000 and that Z80 memory should not be counted The amount of memory specified must be on a 16k byte boundary i e 64 80 96 1024k If the amount specified is not on a 16k boundary then it will be truncated to the next lower 16k boundary For example if you specify 92k as the memory size SIZER will create an 80k system The remaining 12k will not be available to the CP M 68K system but may be used by the user program SIZER prompts the user for the memory size with Please enter desired system size 64k 1024k You respond with the desired system size SIZER will accept many different formats Example 64K 64 64 0 64 0K would all produce a 64k byte system After accepting the memory size you will be notified that SIZER is Constructing an xxxK system where xxx is the memory size used 6 3 Custom Installation 6 2 2 3 Memory Management Registers The TRS 80 contains two sets of memory management registers The Tandy document Radio Shack Service Manual TRS 16 Catalog number 26 60001 2 gives a description of these registers and how they are used CP M 68K does not require memory management TriSoft CP M 68K version 1 1 supports TRS 80 memory management in that it provides detection of bus
54. tion 3 0 Operating System Description Since both CP M 80 and CP M 68K are developed by Digital Research and since both systems are intended to perform similar tasks and to respond to the user in ways that are as identical as is practical it is not surprising that the internal layout of the two systems is also quite similar Each system consists of three parta the CCP the BDOS and the BIOS 3 1 CCP The CCP is the Console Command Processor a program which is responsible for interpreting the commands which you type and causing action to be taken on those commands The CCP is the user interface in that it is this interaction with the CCP which most people think of as the operating system Further it is the quality of this user interface which people usually talk of when discussing how easy or difficult the system is to use and whether or not it is user friendly The CCP for both CP M 80 and CP M 68K is quite straightforward and easy to use The commands are short which makes for speed when typing yet mnemonic enough to be easy to remember For instance to type a file to the console the command is simply TYPE and the name of the file To display the directory of files in a particular user area the command is simply DIR A much more detailed description of the CCP is given in the Introduction to CP M Features and Facilities manual with CP M 80 or the CP M 68K Operating System User s Guide with CP M 68K There you will f
55. ytes of RAM used by the Z80 processor see figure 2 1 Note also from the same figure that although the MC68000 can talk to an almost unlimited number of I O devices through a process called memory mapped 1 0 Tandy chose to not connect any external I O devices directly to this processor Instead Tandy created in hardware a windovw through which the Z80 processor may examine and if desired alter the contents of bytes of MC68000 memory This gives the MC68000 an indirect method of accessing external I O ports and devices with the active cooperation of the Z80 The Z80 must be willing to look into the MC68000 s memory see what is desired and perform the operation itself This is actually not as cumbersome as it might seem In most applications it is actually beneficial because the Z80 now takes on some of the work which otherwise the MC68000 would have to perform itself freeing the more powerful processor for those tasks to which it is better suited PM Hardware Description o4 4 o 4 1 1 q 1 1 31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1RAM1 1 280 1 11 04 MC68000 f 1 RAM 1 1 141 q lt gt q L lt gt 1 q4for1 processorf ports processor 1 1 for 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12801 1 1 1 31 1 q 1 MC68000 1 1 111 1 1 1 q 1 1 f t0 1 1 1 1 1 1 qe 4 0 4 figure 2 1 TRS 80 Internal Structure 2 3 Operating System Descrip
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