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Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Software Design

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1. If an output file name is not specified then the default is the input file name with a strip extension 8 April 1999 CSTRIP 6 1 7 GNU Assembler 7 1 Overview The Free Software Foundation GNU assembler GAS takes source files as input and assembles them into a out format object files GAS has been modified to include support for the PALcode extensions described in the following documents e 21264 Alpha Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual e Alpha 21164PC Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual e Alpha 21164 Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual Note that GAS is the assembler for the Alpha 21164 and can also be used for the Alpha 21264 The other assembler HAL can be used only for the 21264 For information about the HAL assembler see Chapter 8 More detailed documentation about GAS is available from the Free Software Founda tion 7 2 Command Format The basic GAS command format is gt gas options input file list The following table describes the options Option Description P Automatically runs the C preprocessor standard with the operating system This gives support for C macros defines and so on o filename Specifies the name of the output object file The default output file name is a out 1 Creates a list output By default the list output is sent to stdout however this output can be piped to a file v Prints the version number 21164 Generates code for the Alpha 21164 microprocessor fa
2. Specifies the address name Specifies the entry point name The add command allows you to add an entry point for the current PVC session All additions are reflected with the show entries command However the entry file is not modified pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC add address in hex 500 name pal arith PVC show entries 1 500 PALSARITH PVC gt exit PALcode Violation Checker 14 9 PVC Commands 14 8 2 clear flag Format Parameters Description Example The clear flag command clears the specified flag type parameter clear flag flag type all Specifies that all flags are turned off or set to zero cycle count Specifies that the cycle count is set to zero dead code Specifies that code never branched to is ignored errors Specifies that errors are not reported memory usage Specifies that node and cycle usage are set to zero This flag is not used in the 21264 however you can use the cycle count flag to accomplish the same effect permutations Specifies that the number of code paths is not displayed scheduled code Specifies that the scheduled output is not displayed trace code Specifies that code is not displayed while checked warnings Specifies that warnings are not reported The clear flag command sets the specified flag type off or sets the value to zero pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to
3. refetched You can use one of the following options Option Description jmp Specifies to not push the PC onto the prediction stack The predicted tar get is PC 4 DISP 12 0 jsr Specifies to push the PC onto the prediction stack The predicted target is PC 4 DISP 12 0 ret Pops the prediction off the stack and uses it as a target co Pops the prediction off the stack and uses it as a target The PC is pushed back onto the stack The following table describes the argument for this instruction Argument Description register Specifies the register that contains the return address You must choose R31 as RA 7 4 GNU Assembler 8 April 1999 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS 7 3 4 hw mfpr hw mfpr options ra rc You can use one of the following options Option Field Description p PAL References a PAL TEMP register a ABX References a register in the Abox load and store unit 1 IBX References a register in the Ibox instruction fetch and decode unit The Alpha 21164 microprocessor family does not support any options for this instruc tion The following table describes the arguments Argument Description ra Destination Index into the appropriate internal processor register set or for the rc 21164 microprocessor family an index of the desired IPR For example to read PAL_TEMP 15 into register 3 enter this instruction hw_mfpr p 3 15 7 3 5 hw mtpr This instruction is
4. s f i v h r PVC Checks for PALcode Executable file Log Not applicable violations entry point file map file RCSV Generates an output file Source file Include file h v that can be used as an include file SREC Generates S record a a out object Motorola S record v h o format code file format sr i executable file SROM For the 21164 generates Executable file Intel Hex format v h SROM code hex 21164PC 21164 21064 SYSGEN Builds an image a a out o executable image v h e p c coff format file s stripped format ULOAD On Tru64 UNIX down ROMimagefiles load address loads a file through the serial port serial port baud rate xb XLOAD On Windows NT down ROM image files fast loads a file through the serial port 1 2 Introduction 8 April 1999 2 Installation and Setup 2 1 Overview The Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Software Design Tools are supported on Alpha systems running the Tru64 UNIX or Windows NT operating system To install the tools refer to the Alpha Motherboards Software Developer s Kit Read Me First 2 2 Tools Created or Modified Table 2 1 lists the tools that have been created or modified for the software design tools and the operating systems that currently support them Table 2 1 Tools and Supported Operating System Tool Name Description Operating System ALIST Generates a listing file from C source and its Tru64 UNIX associated assembler Windows NT
5. 164LX Motherboard Tru64 UNIX User s Manual AlphaPC 164LX Motherboard Technical Reference Manual Alpha Motherboards Software Developer s Kit Product Brief Alpha Motherboards Software Developer s Kit Read Me First Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Debug Monitor User s Guide Alpha Microprocessors SROM Mini Debugger User s Guide Order Number EC R2WOA TE EC RBDOA TE EC RBOBA TE EC RBODA TE EC R57CA TE EC R57DB TE EC R8P7B TE EC R57EB TE EC R2RZA TE EC R2ZQF TE EC R2ZPC TE EC R46WC TE EC QXQKD TE EC QERSJ TE EC QHUVG TE EC QHUXD TE Not available on website To purchase the Alpha Architecture Reference Manual contact your local sales office or call Butterworth Heinemann DIGITAL Press at 1 800 366 2665 8 April 1999 A add command 14 9 ALIST command format 3 1 entry point format 14 2 input 14 2 map file format 14 2 Alpha Microprocessor Motherboard Debug Monitor 16 1 Assembler instructions added to GAS 7 2 added to HAL 21264 8 4 Assembler programming considerations for GAS 7 6 ASTRIP command format 4 1 default extension 4 1 input 14 2 Audience ix C clear flag command 14 10 clear log file command 14 11 CLIST command format 5 1 Computed goto labels 14 5 Concatenate object files 7 6 Content overview ix Conventions of document ix CSTRIP command format 6 1 default extension 6 1 D delete command 14 12 do command 14 13 8 Ap
6. 21164 HAL 21264 Source File Source Files cpp 1 GAS Object File a out format HAL gt dis MAPCVT AN ps ALIST ASTRIP exe map a Wane N Y ent map nh entry PVC log PVC log 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 1 Generating PVC Input Files with GAS 14 3 Generating PVC Input Files with GAS Use the following steps to generate PVC input files with GAS as shown in Figure 14 1 1 To generate an object file preprocess the PALcode source file with the C prepro cessor CPP and then run GAS Or combine these two steps by using the GAS P option For example gas P o filename o filename s This produces an object file used as input for the ALIST and ASTRIP tools to pro duce the PVC input files To generate the executable PALcode image file use ASTRIP to postprocess the GAS object file This extracts the machine code instructions and strips header information The following example generates an executable file with no header nh for PVC astrip filename o filename nh To generate an entry points file use ALIST to postprocess the GAS object file The following example generates an entry points file for PVC alist e filename o gt filename ent Note Anentry points file generated by ALIST may require some editing to remove entries that are not legal PAL entry points for example local labels The legal PAL entry points are defined in the Alpha
7. Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set pal end f10000 PAL end noted PVC won t look for dead code past that address PVC show all There is no log file specified The CPU is set to 21264 The warnings flag is set The errors flag is set The PAL base is 0 The PAL end is f10000 PVC exit 14 32 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 20 show Format Parameters Description 8 April 1999 The show command displays the status or value or both of the specified show type parameter show show type all Displays file names for all selected files the current CPU type pal base pal end and any flags selected cpu Displays the currently selected CPU entries Displays all entry points from the entry file ent or entry last set with the set entry file command The first field on each output line is an entry id followed by the address and entry point name files Displays all input and output files defined such as executable entry map and log files flags Displays all flags previously set The show command displays the status or value or both of the files flags and CPU you have selected You can also display entry points valid for the current PVC session PALcode Violation Checker 14 33 PVC Commands Example pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC show all here is no log file specified
8. HFCOMP 8 April 1999 12 1 Overview 12 ICAMAT The ICAMAT tool is used for the 21264 and performs the same function that the SROM Packer performs for the 21164 it converts a stripped binary executable file into an image file suitable for loading into the Icache Additionally this command appends the Cbox information to the front of the ROM This image typically is loaded into the CPU s SROM serial port upon CPU reset 12 2 Command Format 8 April 1999 ICAMAT has the following command format gt ic4mat options cbox file exe file output file If no options are specified the default condition is to generate an instruction cache image for the Alpha 21264 with a maximum cache size of 8KB with no SROM padding The following table lists the options Option V h S 21264 l filename 21264 only a 21264 only d 21264 only b 21264 only m 21264 only p 21264 only Designation verbose help simulation 21264 list alias base address maximum address CPU pass Description Prints more information than usual Prints help text Generates simulation output Generates instruction cache image for DC21264 Generates a list file based on the Cbox file read Places Cbox register alias names instead of the standard register names into the list file Generates a text version of the output file By default a binary file is produced Icache image base address Icache ima
9. Hardware Reference Manuals specific to your CPU listed in Appendix A The file format is offset value hex pal entry point label Note that offset value is the offset from the base of the executable code For example 0000 PALSRESET 0020 PALSMCHK 0060 PALSARITH 00e0 PALSINTERRUPT To generate a description of PVC symbols derived from labels in the PAL source code file use the ALIST tool again The file name for the map file should match the file name for the nh file so that it can be called in automatically with the exe cutable file For example alist m filename o gt filename map The format of the output map file generated by the ALIST tool is label address For example pvc osf11 5000 00004298 pvc osf28 5000 1 00004430 pvc osf29 5000 2 00004488 pvc osf0 3000 000053BC pvcSosf1 3000 1 000053C0 pvc osf2 3000 2 000053D0 pvc osf3 3000 3 000053E0 14 2 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 Generating PVC Input Files with HAL pvc osf4 3000 4 000053F0 pvc osf5 3000 5 00005400 pvc osf6 3000 6 0000540C pvc osf31 84 000056F0 14 4 Generating PVC Input Files with HAL Use the following steps to generate PVC input files with HAL as shown in Figure 14 1 For complete information about HAL see the HAL V5 00 Reference Manual included in the documentation directory of the SDK CD ROM 1 Generate a exe and a lis file as shown in the following example hal o filename exe 1 filename lis filen
10. Labels are defined in the PALcode source file to allow you to specify additional infor mation to PVC Labels serve the following two functions in PVC e To suppress error messages disabling a specific PALcode restriction for a specific instruction e To specify how PVC follows a computed goto or subroutine branch The label format is PVC lt gt lt label_name gt lt gt lt num gt lt dest gt Table 14 1 describes the parts of a PVC label Table 14 1 PVC Label Format Label Part Description PVC Specifies that the label is a PVC label It must appear in all uppercase or all lowercase letters lt gt Specifies single character delimiter It must be a dollar sign label name Provides a unique name for the label This field is ignored by PVC lt num gt Specifies the label type error computed goto or a subroutine branch lt dest gt Specifies that this label is the destination of a computed goto or a subroutine branch All label examples in this document use a dollar sign as the delimiter The lt num gt field can be used to give you more detailed information about the type of label as shown in Table 14 2 Table 14 2 PVC Label Type num Field Label Type 0 1007 Error 1008 No branch 2000 3999 Computed goto 4000 gt Subroutine branch For example this label specifies a PVC label for a computed goto destination PVCSos 123 2000 1 14 5 1 Suppressing Error Messages for a Given Instruc
11. RI EP uud ri wee RE 14 1 14 3 Generating PVC Input Files with GAS oooccocccccocccoo eee 14 2 14 4 Generating PVC Input Files with HAL oooocococcccococooc eI 14 3 14 5 Kabels Tan artt Ro Bate p nac ee RO 14 4 14 5 1 Suppressing Error Messages for a Given Instruction 2 222222 seen 14 4 14 5 2 Handling Computed Gotos and Subroutine Branches 000 ee eee eee 14 5 14 5 2 1 Computed GotoSs 2 nu ee en ee ep 14 5 14 5 2 2 Subroutine Branches 22m nme eeeen hh e en 14 6 14 5 2 3 Ignoring a Branch suu na an ee den ana a ayer eee bases 14 6 8 April 1999 14 6 Starting and Running PVG ra 2 3 ne Heg RARE ea ein ke 14 7 14 7 Creating a PVC Environment 0 00000 rmn 14 7 14 8 PVG Commands o enne duh a Ne ee ere DR RARE ME ME ped eqs 14 8 14 8 1 add uiis bee ue uen Per epa RE EVER MR EE E LADEN ERR e LI s 14 9 14 8 2 clear flagre e xe coe en et ERE t E EAR eo ee Cpa ere ad 14 10 14 8 3 clear log efile o lero ee Chee RI ue REPE HEP eS 14 11 14 8 4 delete cai a RE e RR ede mee PEERS dera rte 14 12 14 8 5 OO ch roseus este nae RD ce mhi Le a pM Oe m 14 13 14 8 6 Xen A A A ed rte er ae ar 14 14 14 8 7 O dep NATU NE dnt pee cee o ea 14 15 14 8 8 A a aca c 14 16 14 8 9 QUIE fen are eee at pleat ai a estere ded lee ru ow acia 14 18 14 8 10 set code file mee a ER een TR Re Y IE ar 14 19 14 8 11 Sel CDL Li aos unit rd etes dae Go beet pate e a N pos ecu den Re tad e idees 14 20 14 8 12 Set
12. The CPU is set to 21264 he warnings flag is set he errors flag is set The PAL base is O0 The PAL end is FFFFFFF PVC show cpu The CPU is set to 21264 PVC set entry file osfpal 21264 entry PVC show entries 1 0 POWERUP 2 100 DTBM_DOUBLE_3 3 180 DTBM_DOUBLE_4 4 200 FEN 142 3F80 PAL 3F80 143 3FCO PAL 3FCO PVC show files The entry point file is osfpal 21264 entry There is no log file specified PVC show flags The warnings flag is set rhe errors flag is set PVC exit 14 34 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 15 RCSV 15 1 Overview The RCSV tool takes the RCS version of an input file and generates an output file that can be used as an include file The include file contains definitions that describe the RCS version of the input file The RCS version is used when building the SROM code 15 2 Command Format The RCSV utility command format is gt rcsv options file options input file file options output file The following table describes the options Option Designation Description h help Prints information about how to use SYSGEN v verbose Prints more information than usual An example of the RCS V utility command follows rcsv v srom s rcsv h 8 April 1999 RCSV 15 1 16 SREC 16 1 Overview The S record tool SREC produces an input file for programming SROMs with device programmers SREC generates Motorola S record output
13. alist m osfpal o gt osfpal map 8 April 1999 ALIST 3 1 4 ASTRIP 4 1 Overview The ASTRIP tool postprocesses the object file produced by GAS for input into PVC SROM and SREC This tool is used to strip header information from the object file 4 2 Command Format The basic ASTRIP command format is gt astrip options input file gt output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Prints more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use ASTRIP a Strips all sections data as well as text from the object file n number number Strips a specified number of bytes from the front of the file a number must be supplied r round Rounds the stripped file to an 8 byte boundary For example if the stripped file is 257 bytes long then the file is rounded to 264 bytes If an output file name is not specified then the default for the Tru64 UNIX operating system is the input file name with a strip extension For the Windows NT operating system the default extension is stp For example to produce an executable file format for PVC enter this command astrip osfpal o osfpal nh 8 April 1999 ASTRIP 4 1 CLIST 5 1 Overview The CLIST tool produces a listing from the coff format object file 5 2 Command Format The basic CLIST command format is gt clist options input file gt output file The following table lists the opti
14. command format 20 1 8 April 1999 Index 3
15. delay ce br S bei eiat v Rad eles Gente eae eee re eres 14 21 14 8 13 setentry file coc a EE NL UEBER CHER PE Ewa 14 22 14 8 14 SA Reni a RR dE d ES XR EUR E on hake So dede rene 14 23 14 8 15 set A A Ba Ba mek UAI ran RE 14 27 14 8 16 setilog Tile s E A A A eH 14 29 14 8 17 setmap tlle ia e eb aes Sate ait ee ae 14 30 14 8 18 setpal base woe eed ee pue a de eee Hee 14 31 14 8 19 set pal end ers leo IRR aa ke en en Dale 14 32 14 8 20 SNOW sayy LM 14 33 15 RCSV 15 1 OVerVIeW 2 2 iei paced ne WU Ue ae a Sada DA a KEE 15 1 15 2 Command Format ESL Eu na estes ena s aun tude RR UR S REA exe E ROS ete Set dat 15 1 16 SREC 16 1 Overview yis sete ede rd A pics dp Ee usted eiit e a ce 16 1 16 2 Command FORMAL nisa erret ta Xa eu br eerie queen end 16 1 17 SROM Packer 17 1 A nC e ted ec ny deci 17 1 17 2 Gommiatnd Fortmat e eei ius 17 1 18 SYSGEN 18 1 OEI OPE PERLE PETERE DC RC 18 1 18 2 Command Format it een ke san 18 1 19 ULOAD 19 1 OVervieW zs eel end Su e dvo a nlsi SAMS BA ta a 19 1 19 2 Command Format 19 1 20 XLOAD 20 1 OVerVIeW i ue eX Ree iei Ee Bet Bond Behe Las A rte e ol ee nc e ER e 20 1 20 2 Command Format uad esed ee is dd Dela OS el dis 20 1 8 April 1999 vi A Support A 1 A 2 Index Customer Support Alpha Documentation 8 April 1999 Figures 13 1 14 1 8 April 1999 MAKEROMFLFields s 10 coca acto cari LA tette ferte Dee Ed ODD A Peas MeL vestit PVC Tool Map f
16. fon ERE E 7 5 no Rr rr ia ine ahs Bat EUER 7 5 TW TOI ie ce te tcc en Gz Ec Hense de a Slacks UU Meals dice AB dede Ala 7 6 hwirel stall 2 o ea Wie ee eee xe a E ed RE 7 6 GAS and GLD Programming Considerations llle eres 7 6 8 HAL Assembler 8 1 eu CT 8 1 8 2 Command Format ecce di lla a Per Oe 8 2 8 3 21264 PALcode Assembler Instructions llle 8 4 8 3 1 ANAR e AER toes atas cmi ie OS se tollen ata II ee 8 4 8 3 2 A ene P ee ERI ara nen heran irn RR date Rot ate 8 4 8 3 3 DP EP xc 8 5 8 3 4 NWS DA laa deri ti Ln utero de is 86 8 4 MAPGMT nt E at del ar aah dancing 8 7 9 HEX32 9 1 Overview a nr uu ue iq ee eu a 9 1 9 2 COMMandiFO Mat A dais 9 1 10 HEXPAD 10 1 OVENI Wise de or eM a a ee eee cima 10 1 10 2 Command Format tii decane er ee LESE INR A etit 10 1 11 HFCOMP 11 1 OVeIVIBW is reto A nb peindre bed t detto telote t 11 1 Command Format sss ira st ehe ERR eie e Rede EROR S Date dona alana sag gets epe 11 1 12 IC4MAT 12 1 OVerVIe Wire e ee eR Sota a eS ho diet Da Lit AMA Sh he ees bc E e EAE e 12 1 12 2 Command Format 2e iet aided debile a cide a i Roe eode 12 1 13 MAKEROM 13 1 OVervVIeW Js hs rere Ey er e Ue RAM Vrai eere edi epe 13 1 13 2 ROM Header Information Fields 0 0 00 RR RR 13 1 13 3 Gommand Format re di uua a bee SIRO s cere bid 13 4 14 PALcode Violation Checker 14 1 Overview na curre the deep dea erat quiu an ML RI NNI UU eru 14 1 14 2 PVG Input Files uuo ee etre meum ea
17. information Strips header Produces a listing of disassembled code plus symbolic information Strips header GNU based assembler for 21164 and SROM code for 21264 Hudson assembler linker 21264 Generates Intel Hex32 output Adds padding to a Hex file Compresses an input file Input a out object file a out object file coff format object file coff format file Source Source Executable file a out object file System ROM file Output List file default e entry point file m PVC map file Stripped object file executable List file default e entry point file m PVC map file Stripped object file executable a out default Binary file and optional list file Intel Hex32 file hex a out default Compressed file Options v h f 8 V h n r v h f a V h n r P o l v 21164 21264 0 O L d C p D q 1 e e C s h wa nt V O v h x b v h t 21264 21164 21066 21064 Introduction 1 1 Software Design Tools Summary Table 1 1 Software Design Tools Summary Continued Tool Name Purpose Input Output Options ICAMAT Generates an Icache Stripped binary Image file 21264 21164 image file and attaches executable file 21164PC v s SROM and write once 1 a d b m chain output p h MAKEROM Builds a ROM image ROM image files o output file l c x
18. similar in form to hw mfpr except that it is writing hw_mtpr options ra rc You can use one or more of the following options Option Field Description p PAL References a PAL_TEMP register a ABX References an Abox register 1 IBX References an Ibox register The Alpha 21164 microprocessor family does not support any options for this instruc tion The following table describes the arguments Argument Description ra Source Index into the appropriate internal processor register set or for the rc 21164 microprocessor family an index of the desired IPR 8 April 1999 GNU Assembler 7 5 GAS and GLD Programming Considerations 7 3 6 hw rei hw rei This instruction generates a return from PALmode through the exception address IPR 7 3 7 hw rei stall hw rei stall This instruction is the same as hw rei except that it inhibits Istream fetch until the hw rei itself is issued This command applies only to the Alpha 21164 microprocessor family 7 4 GAS and GLD Programming Considerations If you create multiple object files that need to be linked together to build your image you want to avoid certain pitfalls The role of the linker GLD is to concatenate object files and resolve references across object files Thus if you have multiple files that require explicit placement of their code you must perform a monolithic assembly of those object files Because GAS aligns code within segments you must be
19. the type of memory access to make If not used the default is a normal virtual access unless you use the following choices p Physical access pc Physical access and store conditional type a Virtual and protection checks done using alt mode register Specifies the register to read for the memory access Like other registers in HAL this can be an absolute expression displacement Specifies an expression whose bottom 12 bits are used as the displacement value The expression must not contain any unde fined symbols and must be an absolute expression The following example shows a hardware store that specifies quadword physical access to register 1 with a displacement value of 20 decimal hw_ldq p rl 20 r2 8 6 HAL Assembler 8 April 1999 MAPCVT 8 4 MAPCVT 8 April 1999 The MAPCVT tool processes a HAL output listing file into a map file that the PAL code Violation Checker PVC can read mapcvt pvc input file output file The pvc option creates a map file that consists only of PVC labels which is the typi cal use HAL Assembler 8 7 HEX32 9 1 Overview The HEX32 tool generates an Intel Hex32 MCS86 file from a stripped executable 9 2 Command Format The basic HEX32 command format is gt hex32 options input file output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Prints more information than usual o offset Specifies image offset If input and
20. 3C3C 0x04 all Header Size Bytes 0x08 all Image Checksum 0x0C all Image Size Memory Footprint 0x10 all Decompression Flag 0x14 all Destination Address Lower Longword 0x18 all Destination Address Upper Longword 0x1C all Firmware ID 15 8 Header Rev 7 0 0x20 14 Reserved 31 24 Header Rev Ext 23 16 ROM Image Size 0x24 1 Optional Firmware ID 31 0 0x28 1 Optional Firmware ID 63 32 0x2C 1 ROM Offset 31 2 ROM Offset Valid 0 0x30 2 Header Checksum excluding this field 0x34 1 FM 05103 Al4 8 April 1999 MAKEROM 13 1 ROM Header Information Fields e Validation Pattern The first quadword contains a special signature pattern that is used to verify that this special ROM header has been located The validation pattern is OxSASAC3C3A5A53C3C e Header Size Bytes The header size is the next longword This is provided to allow for some backward compatibility in the event that the header is extended in the future When the header is located current versions of SROM code determine where the image begins based on the header size Additional data added to the header in the future will simply be ignored by current SROM code Additionally the header size 0x20 implies Version 0 of this header specification For any other size see Header Rev to determine header version Image Checksum The next longword contains the image checksum This is used to verify the integrity of the ROM Checksum is computed in the same fashio
21. 4 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set cpu 21264 Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set freq file freq log PVC do 500 Initializing 21264 dependent tables Beginning PALcode check Permutation 0 was 165 cycles long Permutation 1 was 148 cycles long Permutation 2 was 299 cycles long Permutation 3 was 283 cycles long Permutation 190 was 276 cycles long Permutation 191 was 276 cycles long not counting latencies not counting latencies not counting latencies not counting latencies not counting latencies not counting latencies Statistics for UNNAMED routine at PAL entry address 500 Highest cycle Highest ebox stall Highest ebox busy End of PALcode check 8 April 1999 count is 299 in Permutation 2 count is 117 in Permutation 2 count is 232 in Permutation 40 PALcode Violation Checker 14 27 PVC Commands Addr Addr Addr Addr Addr Addr 6754 6758 67396 Freq 1 Freq 1 Freq Al Freq 24 Freq 24 Freq 48 PVC gt exit sample output from freq log HW_MFPR HW_MFPR HW_MFPR HW_MTPR BNE HW_RET_STALL 14 28 PALcode Violation Checker R23 EV6_EXC_ADDR R4 EV6_VA_FORM R6 EV6_VA R31 EV6_IC_FLUSH R31 675 R23 scbd 7 scbd 7 scbd 7 scbd 7 0 gt 0000 0 gt 1111 99 11 14 0 gt 0001 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 16 set log file The
22. 4 7 tool map 14 1 PVC commands 14 8 add 14 9 clear flag 14 10 clear log_file 14 11 delete 14 12 do 14 13 exit 14 14 go 14 15 help 14 16 quit 14 18 set code_file 14 19 set cpu 14 20 set delay 14 21 set entry_file 14 22 set flag 14 23 set freq_file 14 27 setlog file 14 29 set map file 14 30 set pal base 14 31 set pal end 14 32 show 14 33 PVC labels computed goto 14 5 format 14 4 ignoring a branch 14 6 subroutine branches 14 6 suppressing error messages 14 4 type 14 4 PVC symbols 14 2 14 3 PVC CPU 14 7 PVC ENTRY 14 7 PVC LOG 14 7 PVC MAP 14 7 PVC PAL 14 7 Q quit command 14 18 R RCSV command format 15 1 ROM header 13 1 ROM image 13 1 8 April 1999 S set code file command 14 19 set cpu command 14 20 set delay command 14 21 set entry file command 14 22 set flag command 14 23 set freq file command 14 27 setlog file command 14 29 set map file command 14 30 set pal base command 14 31 set pal end command 14 32 show command 14 33 SREC command format 16 1 SROM format Motorola S record 16 1 SROM Packer command format 17 1 default extension 17 1 Structure of document ix Subroutine branch labels 14 6 Suppressing error messages for PVC 14 4 Symbols for PVC 14 2 14 3 SYSGEN command format 18 1 T Tool installation 2 1 Toollist 2 1 U ULOAD command format 19 1 X XLOAD
23. 8 April 1999 21264 PALcode Assembler Instructions The following table describes the arguments Arguments Description register Specifies the register to write read for the IPR access Like other registers in HAL this can be an absolute expression expression Specifies the IPR number that identifies which IPR to access The expression must contain no undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression This expression should contain both the index and the scoreboard 16 bits scoreboard optional Specifies the scoreboard bit for the IPR access The expression must contain no undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression The expression argument already contains the nor mal scoreboard bits This field is used whenever other score board bits should be OR ed in The following example shows a move to internal process register 1 specifying the IPR number and the scoreboard class hw mtpr rl EV6 1 CTL The previous example employs a PALcode definition file which defines EV6__1_CTL as x11 8 gt x10 gt which specifies x11 as the IPR number and x10 class 4 as the scoreboard This instruction is therefore equivalent to hw mtpr rl x11 8 x10 You can OR in additional scoreboard bits as shown in the example Also because the register is a 16 bit field that contains both the IPR number and the index x1188 places the register number in the correct position in the 16 bit field 8 3 3 hw retx Hardware retur
24. ASTRIP Strips header information from an a out format Tru64 UNIX executable file Windows NT CLIST Produces a listing from coff format Tru64 UNIX CSTRIP Strips header information from a coff format Tru64 UNIX executable file GAS GNU based assembler Tru64 UNIX Windows NT HAL Hudson assembler linker Tru64 UNIX Windows NT HEX32 Generates Intel Hex32 output Tru64 UNIX Windows NT HEXPAD Adds padding to a Hex file Tru64 UNIX Windows NT HFCOMP Compresses the specified input file using a Tru64 UNIX Huffman encoding algorithm Windows NT ICAMAT Converts a stripped binary executable file into Tru64 UNIX an image file suitable for loading into the Windows NT Icache MAKEROM Builds a ROM image by adding header Tru64 UNIX information and then concatenates the files Windows NT 8 April 1999 Installation and Setup 2 1 Sample Files Table 2 1 Tools and Supported Operating System Continued Tool Name Description Operating System PVC Checks for PALcode violations Tru64 UNIX Windows NT RCSV Generates an output file that can be used as an Tru64 UNIX include file Windows NT SREC Takes an arbitrary image and converts it to Tru64 UNIX Motorola S record format Windows NT SROM Embeds instruction cache initialization into Tru64 UNIX the executable data and generates Intel Hex Windows NT format SYSGEN Concatenates the specified input files into one Tru64 UNIX contiguous image Windows NT ULOAD Downloads a file through the SROM serial Tru64 UNIX p
25. Alpha chip 21264 family PVC show flags The warnings flag is set The errors flag is set PVC clear flag warnings PVC show flags The errors flag is set PVC exit 14 10 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 3 clear log file The clear log file command closes any open log file set for your PVC session Format clear log file Parameters None Description The clear log file command closes the log file All messages and output are reported to stdout the terminal screen Example PVC clear log file Log file closed 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 11 PVC Commands 14 8 4 delete The delete command causes PVC to ignore the specified entry points Format delete start entry id end entry id Parameters start entry id end entry id Specifies a range of entry points Description The delete command causes PVC to ignore all entry points specified at or between the specified start entry id and end entry id for the rest of the current PVC session The remaining entry points are renumbered Example PVC delete 100 119 14 12 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 14 8 5 do Format Parameters Description Example 8 April 1999 PVC Commands The do command executes a single entry point do entry point entry point Specifies the entry id or the entry point name as displayed when you enter the show entries command The do command executes a single entry poin
26. COMPAQ Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Software Design Tools User s Guide Order Number EC QHUWE TE Revision Update Information This is a revised document It supersedes the Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Software Design Tools User s Guide EC QHUWD TE Compaq Computer Corporation April 1999 The information in this publication is subject to change without notice COMPAQ COMPUTER CORPORATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR TECHNICAL OR EDITORIAL ERRORS OR OMISSIONS CONTAINED HEREIN NOR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM AGES RESULTING FROM THE FURNISHING PERFORMANCE OR USE OF THIS MATERIAL THIS INFORMATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND COMPAQ COMPUTER CORPORATION DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES EXPRESS IMPLIED OR STATUTORY AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WAR RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE GOOD TITLE AND AGAINST INFRINGEMENT This publication contains information protected by copyright No part of this publication may be photocopied or reproduced in any form without prior written consent from Compaq Computer Corporation O 1999 Digital Equipment Corporation All rights reserved Printed in U S A The software described in this publication is furnished under a license agreement or nondisclosure agreement The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement COMPAQ the Compaq logo the Digital logo and DIGITAL Registered in U S Patent and Trademark Office AlphaPC
27. DECchip OpenVMS and Tru64 are trademarks of Compaq Computer Corporation Windows NT is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation Other product names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective companies 8 April 1999 Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1 1 GVervieW 5 ox chou A a LI DRILL d uL eec o ee EE 1 1 1 2 Software Design Tools SUMMary o oocccccococo ren 1 1 2 Installation and Setup 2 1 OVerVIeW sc er ote s eA esc s ens RUE Doe utis En Loomis tra td ae ar athens 2 1 2 2 Tools Created or Modified gt ee RERO eer a DEO 2 1 2 3 Sample Files cuca Suse na sce tto a E det ande re 2 2 3 ALIST 3 1 SIMI ic 3 1 3 2 Command Format 2e ters e an ee ee ee eke ee en 3 1 4 ASTRIP 4 1 OVerVIGW oer WERT Puerum en iv E A Ses ie Be 4 1 4 2 Gommand Format te ce eec mea ta dida ete 4 1 5 CLIST 5 1 eu T 5 1 5 2 Command Format 2 Ge ee A es Ge ie ee ee ee s 5 1 6 CSTRIP 6 1 OVEWVIOW 43 220 A a A eh Pk ERE E 6 1 6 2 Command Format eas 2 2 4 3 epo cde a ee Ade ol eee AON BU eon gs 6 1 7 GNU Assembler 7 1 OVerVIeW ds She chee ie buds iesu LI hl EE cue eT Reb Us 7 1 7 2 Gommand Format er ante nek Re ei a vg es oe Reis we ee ed 7 1 7 3 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS anaana anaana 7 2 7 3 1 A ee ee ee S 7 2 7 3 2 O A at 73 7 3 3 IWS iaa ii ai xt p 74 8 April 1999 iii 7 3 4 7 3 5 7 3 6 7 3 7 7 4 IW INP es Street E ERU
28. Format The basic HAL command format is gt hal options output files options input files The following table describes HAL command line options Option Description o filename Specifies the name of the output binary file O filename Also specifies the name of the output binary file however the format will be in Tru64 UNIX filename Creates a list output in the specified file d filename Specifies that after parsing all the MACROS in the input files output a MACRO library file that contains only the MACRO definitions c filename Reads back in a MACRO library file the definitions created earlier using the d option p Specifies the page size to use The default is 8192 bytes 8 2 HAL Assembler 8 April 1999 Command Format Option Description D bftlall file Turns on debugging The flags are bturns on bison debug information fturns on flex debug information e t turns on internal symbol debug information e all turns on all debug information The file argument redirects the internal symbol debug information t only Other debug information is always sent to STTDERR q Runs HAL in quiet mode i filename Can be used before input file names but not needed by HAL e string Specifies a line of code to be parsed by HAL before any input files are parsed Enclose the string in double quotes if it contains spaces Note that HAL interprets this line as regular MACRO code if you use just e If y
29. Store the conditional version of the hw st instruction The lock flag is returned in RA v Virtual The effective address for the hw_st instruction is virtual 21264 only wa Virtual Alt The effective address for the hw_st instruction is virtual 21264 only Access checks use DTB_ALT_MODE IPR Note that RWC is always set to zero for the write and is not listed as an option Again the options if used must be specified in the order listed in the previous table There are two variants of the hw st instruction hw_stq p a c ra disp rb hw stl p a c ra disp rb hw_stq is an abbreviation for hw_st q quadword and hw_stl is a variant for the default longword condition GNU Assembler 7 3 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS 7 3 3 hw ret Hardware return instruction The different types affect stack prediction hw ret jmp register hw ret jsr register hw ret ret register hw ret co register The stall option is set by adding s to the hw ret instruction for example hw rets option register If stall is set the fetcher is stalled until the hw ret instruction is retired or aborted The 21264 will e Force a mispredict e Kill instructions that were fetched beyond the hw ret instruction e Refetch the target of the hw ret instruction e Stall until the hw ret instruction is retired or aborted If instructions beyond the hw ret have been issued out of order they will be killed and
30. a dependent tables Initializing 21264 dependent tables Disassembling executable Searching through map file for violation exceptions Beginning PALcode Permutation Permutation Permutation Permutation 8 April 1999 0 was 1 was 2 was 3 was check 124 124 206 206 cycles long not counting latencies cycles long not counting latencies cycles long not counting latencies cycles long not counting latencies PALcode Violation Checker 14 25 PVC Commands Statistics for powerup routine at PAL entry address count is 206 in Permutation Highest cycle 2 Highest ebox stall count is 73 in Permutation 2 Highest ebox busy count is 171 in Permutation 2 0 End of Palcode check PVC 14 26 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 14 8 15 set freq file PVC Commands The set freq file command specifies a file to contain address usage data from PVC The set freq file command opens the specified file name to collect address usage data Each line contains address usage information for one address in the following for Freq n is the number of code paths permutations to this address Format set freq file filename Parameters filename Specifies an output file name Description mat Addr xxx Freq n inst decode where Addr xxx is the PALcode address inst decode is the disassembled instruction Example pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 3
31. a single translation buffer TB miss from a double TB miss Kernel mode access checks are performed Virtual WrChk The effective address for the hw Id instruction is virtual Access checks for fault on read FOR fault on write FOW read and write protection Virtual WrChk Alt The effective address for the hw Id instruction is virtual Access checks for FOR FOW read and write protection Access checks use DB ALT MODE IPR 7 2 QGNU Assembler 8 April 1999 7 3 2 hw st 8 April 1999 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS The options if used must be specified in the order listed in the previous table For example it is illegal to list the q before the p as shown in the following example Incorrect example hw ld qp 3 42 4 Correct example hw ld pq 3 42 4 There are two variants of the hw ld instruction hw_1dg p a r v 1 ra disp rb hw_1d1 p a r v 1 ra disp rb hw_ldq is an abbreviation for hw Id q quadword and hw_ldl is a variant for the default longword condition Hardware store instruction hw st options ra disp rb You can omit options or use one or more of the following options Option Description p Specifies that the effective address is physical a Use current mode bits in ALT MODE IPR q Quadword data length c Store conditional version of HW_ST pe Physical Cond The effective address for the hw st instruction is 21264 only physical
32. age padded by 3 bytes Header Size 52 bytes Image Checksum Oxlc7d 7293 Image Size Uncomp 122032 119 KB Compression Type 0 Image Destination 0x0000000000300000 Header Version 1 Firmware ID 0 Alpha Motherboard Debug Monitor ROM Image Size 122032 119 KB Firmware ID Opt 0104009504181217 Header Checksum 0x0b8d Cat timestmp fw 0104009504181217 Version 1 4 950418 1217 13 4 MAKEROM 8 April 1999 14 PALcode Violation Checker 14 1 Overview The PALcode Violation Checker PVC tool checks assembly language code for instruction sequences that could cause unexpected results and produces warning messages that describe the violation 14 2 PVC Input Files Three input files are required by PVC e Anexecutable PALcode image exe or nh e lt A set of PALcode entry points ent or entry e A description of PVC symbols map To generate input files for the Alpha 21064 and Alpha 21164 you need to take the PALcode source and generate an object file with GAS To generate input files for the Alpha 21264 you need to take the PALcode sources and generate lis and exe files with HAL For more information about GAS see Chapter 7 For more information about HAL see Chapter 8 Figure 14 1 shows the PVC tool map for both assemblers Figure 14 1 PVC Tool Map for GAS and HAL GAS 21064
33. ain to be sent 8 April 1999 ULOAD 19 1 20 XLOAD 20 1 Overview The XLOAD tool is used on Windows NT to download a file through the serial port of your host system to the motherboard running the Alpha Microprocessors Mini Debugger 20 2 Command Format The XLOAD command has the following format DP264 gt xload input file load address console line option The full file name and the extension must be specified for the input file No extensions are implied The load address is the HEX physical address in the target memory where the image will be loaded The console line is the name of the serial line to which the target console is connected The following table explains the option Option Designation Description fast Fast Execute this command at 19200 baud The default is 9600 baud To load the file name blast exe into the motherboard s memory at address 0x4000 at 19200 baud rate type the following command DP264 gt xload blast exe 4000 coml fast The XLOAD tool will perform the necessary initialization of the Mini Debugger wait for the Mini Debugger prompt SROM and send the file with the XM command A timer displays how much time and how many bytes remain to be sent 8 April 1999 XLOAD 20 1 A 1 Customer Support URL A Support The Alpha OEM website provides the following information for customer support Description http www digital com alphaoem Contains the following links Developer
34. amel mar filename2 mar The executable PALcode image file contains machine code instructions The lis file is used by the MAPCVT tool 2 To generate an entry points file use any editor you choose and edit this file An example entry points file is included on the SDK CD ROM as ebfw palcode dp264 osfpal entry The legal PAL entry points are defined in the Alpha Hardware Reference Manuals specific to your CPU listed in Appendix A The file format is offset value hex pal entry point label Note that offset value is the offset from the base of the executable code For example 0000 PALSRESET 0020 PALSMCHK 0060 PALSARITH 00e0 PALSINTERRUPT 3 To generate a map file use the MAPCVT tool as shown in the following example mapcvt pvc filename lis filename map The pvc option creates a map file that consists only of PVC labels which is the typical use The map file is a description of PVC symbols derived from labels in the PAL source code file The format of the output map file generated by the MAPCVT tool is label address For example pvc osf11 5000 00004298 pvc osf28 5000 1 00004430 pvc osf29 5000 2 00004488 pvc osf0 3000 000053BC pvcSosf1 3000 1 000053C0 pvc osf2 3000 2 000053D0 pvc osf3 3000 3 000053E0 pvc osf4 3000 4 000053F0 pvc osf5 3000 5 00005400 pvc osf6 3000 6 0000540C pvc osf31 84 000056F0 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 3 Labels 14 5 Labels
35. ample command to set a variable under Windows NT Example command to set a variable under OpenVMS ice pvc pal exe PALcode Violation Checker 14 17 PVC Commands 14 8 9 quit The quit command terminates a PVC session Format quit Parameters None Description The quit command terminates a PVC session it has no effect on input files The quit and exit commands have the same function Example PVC quit 9 14 18 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 10 set code file The set code file command specifies the executable PALcode file Format set code file filename Parameters filename Specifies a file name that contains machine code instructions Description The set code file command reads an executable PALcode file into PVC For the 21164 and earlier CPUS this file is normally generated from the GAS object file and is postprocessed with the ASTRIP tool For the 21264 this file is generated from the HAL assembler and is postprocessed with the MAPCVT tool See Section 8 4 for more information about MAPCVT Example PVC set code file pal exe 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 19 PVC Commands 14 8 11 set cpu The set cpu command determines which set of restrictions is used for the current PVC session Format set cpu cpu name Parameters 21264 Specifies the PALcode restrictions for the Alpha 21264 microprocessor family 21164 Specifies the PALcode restrictions for
36. ation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set code osfpal 21264 exe PVC set entry osfpal 21264 entry PVC set map osfpal 21264 map PVC go PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family Initializing Alpha dependent tables Initializing 21264 dependent tables Disassembling executable Searching through map file for violation exceptions Beginning PALcode check End of PALcode check PVC quit PVC messages errors and warnings are sent to stdout in most cases the terminal screen The following example sets up a PVC log file to collect this information PVC set log file filename log If the run is successful a Run Completed message is displayed See Section 14 8 for other commands you can use during your PVC session 14 7 Creating a PVC Environment 8 April 1999 To automatically load PVC input files when you begin your PVC session set up the following environment variables though your login file if you are using Tru64 UNIX with a C shell or the Control Panel if you are using the Windows NT operating system e PVC PAL for the executable file PVC ENTRY for the entry points file PVC MAP for the map file PVC CPU for the CPU type PVC LOG for the log file For the Tru64 UNIX operating system with a C shell the environment variable command format is as follows setenv PVC ENTRY user area sub
37. be defined to indicate the path to the decompression library files decmp64 img or decmp164 img These library files contain the decompression and relocation code that will ensure that the compressed image is in the correct location before it is decom pressed HFCOMP will automatically append the proper library file to the front of the com pressed image based on the 21xxx option specified on the command line The com pressed code will then be located at offset 0x4000 from the beginning of the image For example if the Debug Monitor firmware rom cmp is loaded at address 0x300000 then the compressed code begins at 0x304000 11 2 Command Format 8 April 1999 The basic HFCOMP command format is gt hfcomp options input file output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Gives more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use HFCOMP t target Target location where decompressed image should go default 0 21064 21064 code Generate code for the DECchip 21064 default HFCOMP 11 1 Command Format Option Designation Description 21064A 21064A code Generate code for the DECchip 21064A 21066 21066 21068 Generate code for the DECchip 21066 21068 code 21164 21164 code Generate code for DECchip 21164 21164A 21164A code Generate code for DECchip 21164 21164PC 21164PC code Generate code for DECchip 21164PC 21264 21264 code Generate code for DECchip 21264 11 2
38. careful about how you use the directive to alter the location counter For example to start data at address 2000 text code 0x2000 data data If the directive is given in the second segment data then you would get the code followed by 0x2000 bytes of space followed by the data This causes the data to be off set rather than assigned to the specific address see the following example This prob lem is independent of the segment type so that if text and data were replaced with text 0 and text 1 then the results would be the same sCext code data 0x2000 data Do not rely on the align directive to align code to a page It is more reliable to use zeros to align code within a page See the Alpha Architecture Reference Manual for more details about pages and page frame numbers PFNs 7 6 GNU Assembler 8 April 1999 8 HAL Assembler 8 1 Overview The Hudson Assembler Linker HAL is an assembly language for programming the Alpha 21264 Source programs written in HAL MACRO are translated into binary code by the HAL MACRO assembler which produces a binary file and optionally a listing file HAL MACRO source programs contain a sequence of source statements The source statements may be any one of the kind shown in Table 8 1 Table 8 1 HAL MACRO Source Statements Source Statement Description Alpha native mode instructions Manipulates data and performs such functions as addition data conversion a
39. dir filename ent setenv PVC PAL user area subdir filename exe PALcode Violation Checker 14 7 PVC Commands For the Windows NT operating system the environment variable command format is as follows gt set PVC ENTRY drive user_area subdir filename ent gt set PVC_PAL drive user_area subdir filename exe An example of the Tru64 UNIX with a C shell environment variable command format follows setenv PVC ENTRY user pvc osfpal 21264 entry setenv PVC PAL user pvc osfpal 21264 exe setenv PVC MAP user pvc osfpal_21264 map oe setenv PVC CPU 21264 oe pvc When you issue the PVC command the files load automatically For example PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC show files The executable file is disks users4 user pvc osfpal_21264 exe The map file is disks users4 user pvc osfpal 21264 map The entry point file is disks users4 user pvc osfpal 21264 entry There is no log file specified PVC exit 14 8 PVC Commands This section describes the PALcode Violation Checker PVC commands The commandis are listed in alphabetical order All PVC commands can be abbreviated to the first three characters 14 8 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 14 8 1 add Format Parameters Description Example 8 April 1999 PVC Commands The add command adds an entry point to the entry point list add address name address
40. fferent operating systems Firmware ID DBM WNT SRM FSB Milo VxWorks SROM Firmware Type decimal 0 1 2 6 7 8 10 Description Alpha Motherboards Debug Monitor firmware Windows NT firmware Alpha System Reference Manual Console Alpha Motherboards Fail Safe Booter Linux Miniloader VxWorks Real Time Operating System Serial ROM Header Rev Ext The header revision for Version 1 or greater headers is determined by the sum of this field and the Header Rev field See Header Rev ROM Image Size The ROM image size reflects the size of the image as it is contained in the flash ROM See Image Size e Optional Firmware ID This optional field can be used to provide additional firmware information such as firmware revision or a character descriptive string of up to 8 characters e ROM Offset This field specifies the default ROM offset to be used when programming the image into the ROM e ROM Offset Valid The lower bit of the ROM Offset Valid must be set when the ROM Offset field is specified When no ROM Offset is specified the ROM Offset and ROM Offset Valid fields will contain zero Header Checksum The checksum of the header is used to validate the presence of a header beyond the validation provided by the validation pattern See Validation Pattern The header checksum is computed from the beginning of the header up to but excluding the header checksum field itself If there are future versi
41. from either an executable file such as a file produced by ASTRID or an a out format object file produced by GAS The Motorola S record file can also be loaded through the serial port of a motherboard with the Alpha Microprocessor Motherboard Debug Monitor load or boot commands 16 2 Command Format The SREC command format is gt srec options input file output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description v verbose Prints more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use SREC a Input file is a out format output of GAS i image Input file is image format output of ASTRIP o number Places object at specified number offset in output file Both the input_file and output_file elements are optional and if none are supplied then stdin and stdout respectively are used For example srec a artest o artest sr srec i artest exe artest sr 8 April 1999 SREC 16 1 17 SROM Packer 17 1 Overview The SROM Packer SROM tool processes an executable file such as one produced by ASTRID and packs the bits into an image using the SROM file format required by the CPU The resultant image is provided in an Intel Hex file format for programming ROMs see HEXPAD with a device programmer The SROM Packer cannot be used to generate images for the Alpha 21264 17 2 Command Format 8 April 1999 The SROM Packer has the following command format gt sr
42. g system command prompt A greater than sign and a Indicates that a command is supported in Windows NT and percent sign 296 the Tru64 UNIX operating systems Convention Definition Square brackets In a command format denote optional syntax In bit fields denote extents when used with pairs of num bers separated by a colon For example 7 3 specifies bits 7 6 5 4 and 3 In command formats indicate that if you choose more than Parentheses 25 di O one option you must enclose the choices in parentheses Boldface type Indicates commands and examples of user input Italic type Emphasizes important information indicates variables in command syntax and indicates complete titles of manuals Monospaced type Indicates an operating system command a file name or directory pathname 8 April 1999 1 1 Overview 1 2 Software Design Tools Summary 1 Introduction This document describes tools that have been modified or created for designers who develop firmware for an Alpha microprocessor With these tools you can verify your PALcode and produce data to program SROMs in Intel Hex and Motorola S record formats Table 1 1 summarizes the tools developed or modified for the software design tools Table 1 1 Software Design Tools Summary Tool Name ALIST ASTRIP CLIST CSTRIP GAS HAL HEX32 HEXPAD HFCOMP 8 April 1999 Purpose Produces a listing of disassembled code plus symbolic
43. ge maximum address EV6 pass number default 3 ICAMAT 12 1 Command Format 12 2 ICAMAT Option Designation Description 21164PC 21164PC Generates instruction cache image for DC21164PC 21164 21164 Generates instruction cache image for DC21164 21064 21064 Generates instruction cache image for DC21064 21066 21066 Generates instruction cache image for DC21066 21068 21068 Generates instsruction cache image for DC21068 Example ic4mat 21264 v 1 test list test cbox test exe test img 8 April 1999 13 MAKEROM 13 1 Overview The MAKEROM tool builds a ROM image by adding header information to the input files Each input file generates one header plus the image which is then concatenated and written to the output file These headers are used by the SROM and other software to identify an image contained in the ROM MAKEROM can also compress these input files using a simple repeating byte compression algorithm The decompression code is provided in the SROM Other improved compression techniques that embed appropri ate decompression code can also be used such as the HFCOMP tool 13 2 ROM Header Information Fields The ROM header information placed at the beginning of each ROM image contains the fields shown in Figure 13 1 Figure 13 1 MAKEROM Fields Header Revisions 0 Offset Supported 31 Validation Pattern 0OX5A5AC3C3 0x00 all Inverse Validation Pattern OxA5A5
44. ield value to 4000 or higher To associate all BSRs that go to the same subroutine as well as the RET at the end of that subroutine assign the same integer to this field Use the destination field to specify a RET For example pvc osf11 5000 00004298 pvc osf28 5000 1 00004430 pvc osf29 5000 2 000044B8 Every time PVC finds a BSR marked this way PVC pushes PC 4 onto a stack Then when PVC hits a RET that also has a label it checks the stack to make sure the top entry matches where it is and goes to that address For example pvc r 4000 bsr r10 subr bis cr sty rd tol bis 13 131 131 bis 431 631 730 pvc s 4000 bsr r10 subr halt subr mulq r1 256 r2 pvc t 4000 1 ret r31 r10 This RET goes back to the correct address both times 14 5 2 3 Ignoring a Branch To tell PVC not to follow a certain branch put a label with the num field set to 1008 at the appropriate address For example if all the CALL PAL slots jump to a routine that checks for OPCDEC and then branch to other flows and so on you are repeatedly checking OPCDEC Skipping this branch could improve execution time however because of the reduced checking this feature should only be used if it dramatically improves PVC execution time 14 6 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 Starting and Running PVC 14 6 Starting and Running PVC After you have prepared the input files you can begin your PVC session For example pvc PALcode Viol
45. instruct PVC to ignore a certain branch to optimize your PVC run 14 5 2 1 Computed Gotos 8 April 1999 When creating a label for a computed goto you need one label that designates an origin and one or more labels that designate a destination target All origin and target pairs must have the same integer between 2000 and 3999 in the num field The destination field of the label is used to designate a target for the goto For example in the map file the following is a goto origin pvc osf0 3000 000053BC The following is an example of target labels for the specified origin pvcSosf1 3000 1 000053C0 pvc osf2 3000 2 000053D0 pvc osf3 3000 3 000053E0 pvc osf4 3000 4 000053F0 pvc osf5 3000 5 00005400 pvc osf6 3000 6 0000540C In the following example register 3 r3 can have either of two target addresses 10 or 20 jsr r0 r3 halt Target addresses and code are 10 subq r4 r5 r7 20 subq r4 r6 r7 ret r3l r0 PALcode Violation Checker 14 5 Labels The following are examples of the appropriate use of labels pvc x 2000 jsr r0 pvc x 2001 pvc x 20 halt r3 01 44 02 1 pvc x 2000 1 10 subq r4 r5 r7 pvc x 2001 ret r31 r0 pvc x 2000 2 20 subq r4 r6 r7 pvc x 2002 ret r31 r0 Note that the returns are treated just like the initial jsr subroutines 14 5 2 2 Subroutine Branches To specify a label for a branch to subroutine BSR set the num f
46. ions output file The following table describes the file options File Option Description a Specifies a out file produced by GAS This is the default c Specifies Tru64 UNIX coff object file ennn Overrides or supplies entry point or base address of image The number supplied is a hexadecimal number This is required if there is no header information in the file o Specifies output file If not supplied defaults to stdout p Specifies the byte used for padding between images The default is 0x00 s Specifies stripped format file no header The following table describes the options Option Designation Description h help Prints information about how to use SYSGEN v verbose Prints more information than usual 8 April 1999 SYSGEN 18 1 Command Format 18 2 SYSGEN For example o sysgen v e8000 s osfpal dbm exe e10000 s dbm nh o dbm img sysgen system builder V3 1 Padding byte 0x00 Files are osfpal_dbm exe stripped entry 0x00008000 0 text 0 data fsb nh stripped entry 0x00010000 0 text 0 data fsb img output entry 0x00000000 0 text 0 data 00000000 00008000 00006d40 osfpal dbm exe pad base entry size 000012c0 00010000 0000d1b0 fsb nh pad base entry size Data sum 0059576E Data size 86448 0x151B0 84 42 KB This example concatenates PALcode and Debug Monitor images osfpal_dbm exe and dbm nh into a single image dbm img The file options supplied wi
47. ker 14 23 PVC Commands Example PVC PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default CPU set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set code osfpal 21264 exe PVC set entry osfpal 21264 entry PVC do powerup Initializing Alpha dependent tables Initializing 21264 dependent tables Disassembling executable Beginning PALcode check PVC PVC PVC set flag trace code PVC PVC do powerup Beginning PALcode check Checking the POWERUP routine entry point 0 0 SRL R22 62 R1 4 BR R31 10 10 BLBC R1 6640 Branch not taken from 10 14 BR R31 4000 4000 BR R1 4004 6758 BNE R31 675c Branch not taken from 6758 675C HW RET STALL R23 Permutation 2 completed normally Branch not taken from 6758 to 675C 675C HW RET STALL R23 Permutation 3 completed normally A total of 4 permutations were traced End of PALcode check Checking the POWERUP routine entry point 0 NOTE The PVC scheduler is a much simplified model of the 21264 It does partially model the Retire Reg Queue Searching through map file for violation exceptions slot and ic stages but assumes zero latency memories and caches It models iq fp ipr map and register dependent stalls but does not model br prediction stalls mb stalls or inim stalls PVC can be used to check for excessive IPR or register dependency stalls 14 24 PALcode Violation Checker 8 A
48. mily The input_file_list element is one or more input file names separated by spaces 8 April 1999 GNU Assembler 7 1 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS The following example generates an object file for PVC gas P o osfpal o osfpal s The following example generates a list output and pipes it to a file called hwrpb lis gas l hwrpb s gt hwrpb lis 7 3 PALcode Assembler Instructions Added to GAS This section contains PALcode assembler instructions that have been added to GAS for the Alpha microprocessors hw ld s hw_st e hw ret hw_mfpr e hw mtpr hw_rei gt hw_rei_stall GAS also contains additional 21264 instructions in the form of FIX and MVI exten sions to the Alpha architecture See the Alpha Architecture Handbook for more infor mation about these extensions 7 3 1 hw_ld Hardware load instruction hw_1d options ra disp rb You can use one or more of the following options Description Option p a lt 2 a VV 21264 only VW 21264 only vwa 21264 only Specifies that the effective address is physical Uses current mode bits in ALT MODE IPR Read with write check on virtual HW LD instructions Quadword data length Flags a virtual PTE fetch Physical Lock The effective address for the hw ld instruction is physical It is the load lock version of hw ld Virtual VPTE Flags a virtual VPTE fetch Used by trap logic to distinguish
49. n as the header checksum Although this field was provided with Version 0 of this header specification the checksum was not really computed until Version 1 Image Size The image size is used by the SROM code to determine how much of the system ROM should be loaded e Decompression Flag The decompression flag tells the SROM code if the MAKEROM tool was used to compress the ROM image with a trivial repeating byte algorithm The SROM code contains routines that perform this decompression algorithm Other compression decompression schemes may be employed that work independently from this one e Destination Address This quadword contains the destination address for the image The SROM code will begin loading the image at this address and subsequently begin its execution Header Rev The revision of the header specifications used in this header This is necessary to provide compatibility to future changes to this header specification Version O head ers are identified by the size of the header See Header Size For Version 1 or greater headers this field must be set to a value of 1 The header revision for Ver sion 1 or greater headers is determined by the sum of this field and the Header Rev Ext field See Header Rev Ext 13 2 MAKEROM 8 April 1999 e Firmware ID ROM Header Information Fields The firmware ID is a byte that specifies the firmware type This information facili tates image boot options necessary to boot di
50. n instruction The different types affect stack prediction hw ret register hw ret stall register hw jmp register hw jmp stall register hw jsr register hw jsr stall register hw jcr register hw jcr stall register hw xxx destregister register hint 8 April 1999 HAL Assembler 8 5 21264 PALcode Assembler Instructions The following table describes the arguments Arguments Description destregister Specifies the register in which to place the next PC Like other registers in HAL this can be an absolute expression This register is needed only if you use this alternate format If not register 31 will be the destination register Specifies the register that contains the return address Like other registers in HAL this can be an absolute expression hint optional Specifies the hint value to use with the instruction If not speci fied zero will be used You must specify destregister if you use hint The following example shows a hardware return to register 23 with the stall option specified hw ret stall r23 The 2 264 Specifications contain a complete description of stall behavior 8 3 4 hw stx Hardware store instruction hw st size type register displacement register The following table describes the arguments Arguments Description size Specifies the size of the memory access Can be T for long T2 word or q for quadword type optional Specifies
51. nd transfer of control Instructions are usually fol lowed in the source statement by operands which can be any kind of data needed for completion The Alpha instruction set is described in detail in the Alpha Architecture Reference Manual Direct assignment statements Equates symbols to values 8 April 1999 HAL Assembler 8 1 Command Format Table 8 1 HAL MACRO Source Statements Continued Source Statement Description Assembler directives Guides the assembly process and provides tools for using the instructions There are two classes of assembler directives General Assembler Directives Store data or reserve memory for data storage Control the alignment of program parts in memory Specify the methods of accessing memory sections in which a program will be stored Specify the entry point of the program or its parts Specify the way in which symbols are referenced Control the format and content of the listing file Display informational messages Control the assembler options that are used to interpret the source program Call other operating system commands to retrieve more MACRO code MACRO Directives Repeat identical or similar sequences of source state ments throughout a program without rewriting those sequences Use string operators to manipulate and test the contents of source statements More detailed documentation about HAL is available in the HAL V5 00 Reference Manual 8 2 Command
52. om options input file output file If no options are specified the default condition is to generate an instruction cache image for the Alpha 21064 with a maximum cache size of 8KB with no SROM padding The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Prints more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use SROM Packer 21164PC 21164PC Generates instruction cache image for Alpha 21164PC 21164 21164 Generates instruction cache image for Alpha 21164 21064 21068 Generates instruction cache image for Alpha 21068 21066 and default 21066 and 21064 21064 If an output file name is not specified then the default output name on a host system that runs the Tru64 UNIX operating system is the name of the input file with an srom extension For the Windows NT operating system the default extension is srm For example srom artest o artest srom SROM Packer 17 1 18 SYSGEN 18 1 Overview The SYSGEN tool concatenates the parts of an image SYSGEN arranges the specified input files into one contiguous image based on information in the file header or supplied on the command line SYSGEN also provides padding between the end of one input file and the next so that the output is what you expect without regard for the size of the input files 18 2 Command Format The SYSGEN utility command format is sysgen options file options input file file opt
53. onal address usage count file go Check all PAL addresses in entry file 14 16 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 do n exit set pal base n set flag x Show all PVC help flags No flag commands are required for The errors and warnings flags are PVC Commands Check PAL entry point at address n Terminal PVC session Offset all PAL addresses by n The default is 0 Set PVC flag x enter HELP FLAGS for a list Show files cpu type and flags set a typical PVC run set by default set flag all Set all flags errors Display restriction errors warnings Display restriction warnings and guidelines permutations Report number of code paths Scheduled code Display instructions as CPU would execute them dead code Report code that is not reached memory usage Report address and cycle usage cycle count Report permutation cycle counts trace code There is a clear flag command The show flags command will di PVC help env PVC environment variables gt set PVC PAL a pal exe gt define PVC PAL sys 1login dev 8 April 1999 setenv PVC PAL fred pvc pal Disassemble instructions for each permutation for each set flag command splay flags currently set PVC PAL Executable file pal exe PVC MAP ap file pal map PVC ENTRY PALcode entry point file pal entry PVC LOG Log file pal log PVC CPU CPU type Example command to set a variable under UNIX exe Ex
54. ons Option Designation Description V verbose Gives more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use CLIST e entry points Produces entry point output for PVC m map Produces PVC symbols from object file f full information Does not skip the zero location If CLIST is specified with no options or file information it searches the current default directory for an a out file generates a listing of that object file and sends the output to stdout The list output may be piped to an output file For example clist sample o sample lis 8 April 1999 CLIST 5 1 6 CSTRIP 6 1 Overview The CSTRIP tool postprocesses a coff format object file This tool strips header and trailer information and leaves the code and initialized data in the output file The output file can then be loaded onto the motherboard 6 2 Command Format The basic CSTRIP command format is gt estrip options input file gt output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description v verbose Prints more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use CSTRIP a Strips all sections data as well as text from the object file n number number Strips a specified number of bytes from the front of the file a number must be supplied T round Rounds the stripped file to an 8 byte boundary For example if the stripped file is 257 bytes long then the file is rounded to 264 bytes
55. ons of this header the header checksum should always be the last field defined in the header The checksum algorithm used is compatible with the standard BSD4 3 algorithm provided on most implementations of UNIX 8 April 1999 MAKEROM 13 3 Command Format 13 3 Command Format The basic MAKEROM command format is gt makerom options input file options input file o output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Gives more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use MAKEROM r offset Provides optional offset into the ROM where image is located o output file Specifies output file The following table lists input_file_options Option Designation Description laddress load Specifies destination address c compress Compresses this file Default is no compression xvalue Sets the optional firmware ID field to the specified hexadecimal value sstring Sets the optional firmware ID field to the specified string ffile file Sets the optional firmware ID field from information supplied in the specified file The file must contain either a hexadecimal value or a quoted ASCII string ifw_id Specifies the firmware type_number or type_name The following example shows the predefined firmware types makerom v iDBM ftimestmp fw 1300000 rom cmp o rom rom makerom V2 0 Output file is rom rom processing input file rom cmp Im
56. or GAS and HAL oocccccccccc hn vii 1 1 Software Design Tools Summary oococccccco nee 1 1 2 1 Tools and Supported Operating System 0ooococccccco eee 2 1 8 1 HAL MACRO Source Statements 00 0 cece eee 8 1 14 1 PVC Label Format eoo cere rm re RR debe e a Dto ec oe e 14 4 14 2 PVE Label Type i c echte id besten pere D RE E AREE DRE a dee its 14 4 viii 8 April 1999 Preface Introduction Audience This document describes the toolset used to develop Alpha microprocessor motherboard firmware The Alpha Microprocessors Motherboard Software Design Tools are for tool developers and designers who use the following Alpha microprocessors 21264 AlphaPC 264DP 21164PC AlphaPC 164SX 21164 AlphaPC 164LX Content Overview The information in this document is organized as follows e Chapter 1 is a general overview of the software design tools e Chapter 2 is an overview of the tools and it provides information about installation and sample files e Chapter 3 through Chapter 20 describe the tools created or modified for the Alpha Microprocessors Software Design Tools Kit e Appendix A contains information about customer support and associated documentation Conventions 8 April 1999 The following conventions are used in this document Convention Definition A percent sign Indicates the Tru64 UNIX operating system command prompt A greater than sign 2 Indicates the Windows NT operatin
57. ort XLOAD Downloads a file through the SROM serial Windows NT port 2 3 Sample Files The software design tools include sample files These files allow users to start up and perform sample runs on the provided tools For more details see the Read Me First doc ument supplied with your motherboard 2 2 Installation and Setup 8 April 1999 ALIST 3 1 Overview The ALIST tool produces a listing of disassembled object code and symbolic information from an a out style object file generated by GAS ALIST is also used to generate the entry point and map file for PVC 3 2 Command Format The basic ALIST command format is gt alist options input file gt output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Gives more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use ALIST e entry points Produces entry point output for PVC m map Outputs PVC symbols from object file f full information Does not skip the zero location If ALIST is specified with no options or file information then ALIST searches the current default directory for an a out file generates a listing of that object file and sends the output to stdout The list output may be piped to an output file For example alist osfpal o gt osfpal lis To produce an entry points file for PVC enter this command alist e osfpal o gt osfpal ent To produce a PVC symbols map file enter this command
58. ou use e where is an integer number of 0 or higher HAL interprets the line as a CMD_INPUT and places it into command buffer C Allows HAL to core stack dump Normally HAL catches this and just prints an error message s Specifies the starting address for the link stage This value can be up to 64 bits and if not in decimal you must give the MACRO code radix operator first If you do not use this option the default value is 0 h name Enables you to pick which Alpha CPU to assemble for For this version of HAL the only choice is EV6 Note that you can accomplish the same result by using the ARCHITECTURE directive wa Enables HAL to print warning messages if while evaluating an absolute expression it proves to be relocatable Normally HAL just files those equations and checks their values after link time to see if they differ from earlier ones If they are the same no error message is printed nt Turns off the stack trace printing normally done for each message generated by the PRINT directive When this option is not used the default is EV5 The following example generates the output file pal exe and the list output pal lis for EV6 The two source files are file mar and file2 mar hal o pal exe 1 pal lis h EV6 i filel mar file2 mar In the previous example the i option is used to indicate the input files but it is not necessary 8 April 1999 HAL Assembler 8 3 21264 PALcode Assembler Instr
59. output files are not specified then stdin and stdout are used 8 April 1999 HEX32 9 1 10 HEXPAD 10 1 Overview The HEXPAD tool uses an Intel Hex file format see SROM Packer tool in Chapter 17 to add a specific amount of padding to a file This tool can be used to fill all unused bytes in an SROM with a known value 10 2 Command Format The basic HEXPAD command format is gt hexpad options input file gt output file The following table lists the options Option Designation Description V verbose Prints more information than usual h help Prints information about how to use HEXPAD x padding size Specifies padded data size in a hexadecimal format b byte Specifies padding byte 8 April 1999 HEXPAD 10 1 11 HFCOMP 11 1 Overview The HFCOMP tool compresses the specified input file using a Huffman encoding algo rithm to produce a compressed executable image that will automatically decompress itself to the proper memory location when executed This tool is intended to allow for more optimal usage of ROM space by reducing the size of ROM images When you execute the hfcomp command the compressed files automatically decom press to the location specified by the t option If the compressed files are not loaded at their proper addresses the decompressed files will relocate to the proper address in memory when the compressed image is executed To use the hfcomp command the EB TOOLBOX environment variable must
60. pril 1999 Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle PVC Commands gt Scheduling PAL entry address 0 PERMUTATION 0 0 Addr 0 0 pipes u0 1 Addr 10 1 pipes u0 2 Addr 4000 2 3 Possibl 3 Possibl 3 Possibl 4 Possibl 4 Possibl 4 Possibl 5 Addr 4004 Permutation cycle e e e e 0 ebox stall ebox busy instruction ebox issued fbox issued squashed Statistics for Highest cycle Highest ebox stall SR L R22 62 R1 Addr 4 BR R31 10 ul not allowed BLBC R1 6640 Addr 14 BR R31 4000 ul not allowed BR DOX DOX DOX DOX DOX DOX Stall Stall Stall Stall Stall Stall LDAH count count count count count count count POWI Highest ebox busy PVC do powerup E Ri 4004 register dependency R1 hw mtpr or hw mfpr ipr dependency register dependency R1 register file write port busy hw_mtpr or hw_mfpr ipr dependency register dependency R1 register file write port busy R1 0 R1 hw mfpr or hw mtpr ipr dependency 124 2 11 6 98 86 0 12 RUP routine at pal entry address 0 count is 206 in Permutation 2 count is 73 in Permutation 2 count is 171 in Permutation 2 End of Palcode check PVC set flag cycle count Initializing Alph
61. ril 1999 Index Document audience ix conventions ix introduction ix structure of ix Documentation ordering A 1 E Entry points file 14 2 14 3 Error messages for PVC 14 4 Executable PALcode 14 2 exit command 14 14 G GAS directive 7 6 align directive 7 6 assembler considerations 7 6 assembler instructions 7 2 command format 7 1 PVC tools 14 2 GLD 7 6 GNU assembler See GAS go command 14 15 Goto labels 14 5 H HAL 21264 assembler instructions 8 4 command format 8 2 PVC tools 14 3 help command 14 16 HEX32 command format 9 1 Index 1 HEXPAD command format 10 1 HFCOMP command format 11 1 Hudson assembler See HAL Huffman algorithm 11 1 hw ld 7 2 8 4 hw mfpr 7 5 hw mtpr 7 5 hw rei 7 6 hw rei stall 7 6 hw ret 7 4 hw st 7 3 ICAMAT command format 12 1 Ignoring a branch with labels 14 6 Installing the tools 2 1 Introduction to document ix L Labels for PVC 14 4 Linker 7 6 MAKEROM 13 1 command format 13 4 map file 14 2 14 3 MAPCVT input 14 3 Motorola S record 16 1 O Overview 1 1 P PALcode assembler instructions 7 2 PALcode assembler instructions HAL 8 4 PALcode Violation Checker See PVC Index 2 PVC command format 14 7 entry points file 14 2 14 3 environment 14 7 executable files 14 3 input files 14 1 labels 14 4 map file 14 2 14 3 running of 1
62. rmation about MAPCVT Example PVC set entry file pal entry 14 22 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 14 set flag The set flag command sets the specified flag type Format set flag flag type Parameters all Specifies that all flags are set cycle count Displays the number of CPU cycles per permutation dead code Displays code that has not been executed This command can be used in conjunction with the set pal base and set pal end commands to set the boundaries for this display Specifies code never branched to errors Displays error messages This is the default memory usage Displays node and cycle usage This flag is not used in the 21264 however you can display equivalent information by using the cycle count flag permutations Displays the number of code paths through the code For example a single if then else style construct gives two paths through the code or two permutations scheduled code Displays the following information per cycle address being executed disassembly of the code being executed and the stalled cycles waiting for memory trace code Displays code as it is checked warnings Displays warning messages This is the default Description The set flag command sets the specified flag type By default errors and warnings are set and reported To display flags see the show flag command To cancel a flag see the clear flag command 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Chec
63. s Initializing 21264 dependent tables Disassembling executable Searching through map file for violation exceptions Beginning PALcode check End of PALcode check PVC quit PALcode Violation Checker 14 15 PVC Commands 14 8 8 help The help command displays basic PVC command information Format help Parameters None Description The help command displays a list of commands implemented in the current version of PVC Example pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC help PVC is primarily used to check for Alpha PALcode violations It can also be used to disassembl xecutable code set flag trace and display code as the CPU would execute it set flag scheduled code Here is a sample PVC run PVC set cpu 21264 PVC set code file pal exe PVC set entry file pal entry PVC set log file pal pvc log PVC go PVC exit For more help enter A HELP Commands HELP Flags HELP Environment variables 1j PVC help commands set cpu 21264 Check Alpha chip 21264 family set cpu 21164 Check Alpha chip 21164 family set cpu 21064 Check Alpha chip 21064 family set code file pal exe PALcode executable set map file pal map PALcode map file set entry file pal entry PALcode entry point addresses and names set log file pal log Optional Log file Use Clear log file to close set freq file pal freq Opti
64. s Area Development tools code examples driver developers information and technical white papers Motherboard Products Motherboard details and performance information Microprocessor Products Microprocessor details and performance information News Press releases Technical Information Motherboard firmware and drivers hardware compatibility lists and product documentation library Customer Support Feedback form A 2 Alpha Documentation 8 April 1999 The following table lists some of the available Alpha documentation You can download Alpha documentation from the Alpha OEM World Wide Web Internet site http www digital com alphaoem Click on Technical Information Then click on Documentation Library Title Order Number Alpha Architecture Reference Manual EY W938E DP Alpha Architecture Handbook EC QD2KC TE Alpha 21164 Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual EC QP99C TE Alpha 21164 Microprocessor Data Sheet EC QP98C TE Support A 1 A 2 Support Title Alpha 21164PC Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual AlphaPC 264DP Product Brief AlphaPC 264DP User s Manual AlphaPC 264DP Technical Reference Manual AlphaPC 164SX Motherboard Product Brief AlphaPC 164SX Motherboard Windows NT User s Manual AlphaPC 164SX Motherboard DIGITAL UNIX User s Manual AlphaPC 164SX Motherboard Technical Reference Manual AlphaPC 164LX Motherboard Product Brief AlphaPC 164LX Motherboard Windows NT User s Manual AlphaPC
65. set log file command specifies a file to contain error warning and informational messages from PVC Format set log file filename Parameters filename Specifies a file name to collect output from PVC If not specified this information is displayed on the terminal screen Description The set log file command opens the specified file name to collect message informa tion from the PVC session Example PVC set log file pal log 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 29 PVC Commands 14 8 17 set map file The set map file command specifies the PALcode map file Format set map file filename Parameters filename Specifies a file name that contains PVC symbol values If not specified PVC assumes the map file name is identical to the code file name Description The set map file command reads the PALcode map file into PVC For the 21164 and earlier CPUS this file is normally generated from the GAS object file and is postprocessed with the ALIST tool See Section 4 for more information about using the ALIST tool For the 21264 this file is generated from the HAL assembler and is postprocessed with the MAPCVT tool See Section 8 4 for more information about MAPCVT Example PVC set map file pal map 14 30 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 18 set pal base Format Parameters Description Example 8 April 1999 The set pal base command determines the base from which the PAL en
66. t pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set code osfpal 21264 exe PVC do 600 Initializing Alpha dependent tables Initializing 21264 dependent tables Disassembling executable Searching through map file for violation exceptions Beginning PALcode check End of PALcode check PVC exit PALcode Violation Checker 14 13 PVC Commands 14 8 6 exit The exit command terminates a PVC session Format exit Parameters None Description The exit command terminates a PVC session it has no effect on input files The exit and quit commands have the same function Example PVC exit 2 14 14 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 14 8 7 go Format Parameters Description Example 8 April 1999 PVC Commands The go command executes all entry points go None The go command allows PVC to begin checking your code It executes all entry points If you have created a log file informational messages from your PVC run are sent to that file otherwise they display on the screen When all entry points have been executed you receive a message that the file has completed and the PVC prompt appears pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set code osfpal 21264 exe PVC set entry osfpal 21264 entry PVC set map osfpal 21264 map PVC go Initializing Alpha dependent table
67. th the osfpal_dbm image indicate that it is based at address 8000 The file options specified with the dbm nh image indicate that it is based at address 10000 hexadecimal 8 April 1999 19 ULOAD 19 1 Overview The ULOAD tool is used on Tru64 UNIX to download a file through the serial port of your host system to the motherboard running the Alpha Microprocessors Mini Debugger 19 2 Command Format The ULOAD has the following command format gt uload input file ext options The full file name and the extension must be specified for the input file No extensions are implied The following table lists the options Option Designation Description load address Load Address Specifies the HEX physical address in the target memory where the image will be loaded serial port Serial Port Specifies the name of the serial line port to which the remote terminal is connected baud rate Baud Rate Specifies one of two possible baud rates that may be specified 9600 and 19200 The default is 19200 xb XB Executes the XB command after loading the image To load the file name pc64fsb cmp into the motherboard s memory at address 0x300000 at 19200 baud rate type the following command uload pc64fsb cmp 300000 dev tty01 The ULOAD tool will perform the necessary initialization of the Mini Debugger wait for the Mini Debugger prompt SROM and send the file with the XM command A timer displays how much time and how many bytes rem
68. the Alpha 21164 microprocessor family Description The set cpu command determines which set of PALcode restrictions is used for the current PVC session This command should be set before any go or do commands are given The default CPU is the 21264 Example PVC set cpu 21264 14 20 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 PVC Commands 14 8 12 set delay The set delay command determines the cache latency Format set delay delay value Parameters delay value Specifies the latency for bubbles and cache misses The default is 5 the maximum value is FFFFFFFF Description The set delay command determines the cache latency for cache misses Example PVC set delay 6 Cache latency noted Note The set delay command is not supported for the 21164 and 21264 CPU families It can still be issued but it will not be used 8 April 1999 PALcode Violation Checker 14 21 PVC Commands 14 8 13 set entry file The set entry file command specifies the entry list file Format set entry file filename Parameters filename Specifies a file name that contains a list of entry points Description The set entry file command reads a file containing a list of entry points into PVC For the 21164 and earlier CPUS this file is normally generated from the GAS object file and is postprocessed with the ALIST tool For the 21264 this file is generated from the HAL assembler and is postprocessed with the MAPCVT tool See Section 8 4 for more info
69. tion In some cases you may decide that your PALcode can violate a PALcode restriction without harming your code For these cases you should use labels to shut off the nor mal PVC error checking by following these steps 1 Place a label at the address of the instruction that causes the message you want to suppress 14 4 PALcode Violation Checker 8 April 1999 Labels 2 Place the label with the num field set to the error number associated with the message For example during a PVC session the following message is reported Checking the CODE routine entry point 0 KKK Error executing instruction HW_MFPR R6 ICCSR at address 4 on cycle 1 PVC 77 You can t read back from the ICCSR until 3 bubbles after writing it You determine that for this case the HW_MFPR will not harm your code so you spec ify the following label at address 4 in your PALcode source file PVC 123 77 The 123 string between the delimiters is the label name and is ignored by PVC The 77 is the num field and specifies to PVC that if error type 77 occurs at this label address then the error is not displayed 14 5 2 Handling Computed Gotos and Subroutine Branches Another use of labels is to specify how PVC follows a computed goto or a subroutine branch This information cannot be extracted statically therefore labels are required for instructions such as jump to subroutine JSR and return from subroutine RET You can also
70. try points are offset set pal base address address Specifies the new PAL base address the default is 0 The set pal base command determines the base from which the PAL entry points are offset For example if you specify that the pal base is 10000 and your entry file speci fies that pal arith is 42 then PVC looks 10042 bytes into the file for the code associ ated with pal arith Thus you could use the offset to the text the code given by ALIST as the pal base rather than strip the object produced by GAS pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34 Default Cpu set to Alpha chip 21264 family PVC set pal base 10000 PAL base noted All entry points will be displaced from that offset PVC show all There is no log file specified The CPU is set to 21264 The warnings flag is set The errors flag is set The PAL base is 10000 The PAL end is FFFFFFF PVC exit PALcode Violation Checker 14 31 PVC Commands 14 8 19 set pal end The set pal end command specifies the offset to the end of code in the executable file Format set pal end end address Parameters end address Specifies the end of code to be checked the default is FFFFFFF Description The set pal end command is the offset in the code file to the end of the code This allows PVC to predetermine where it looks for dead code code never branched to It never looks beyond pal end bytes into the code Example pvc PALcode Violation Checker V3 34
71. uctions 8 3 21264 PALcode Assembler Instructions This section contains PALcode assembler instructions for the 21264 Alpha micropro cessor 8 3 1 hw_ld Hardware load instruction hw ld size type register displacement register The following table describes the arguments Arguments Description size Specifies the size of the memory access Can be T for long T2 word or q for quadword type optional Specifies the type of memory access to make If not used the default is a normal virtual access unless you use the following choices p Physical access pl Physical access and load lock type v Virtual and VPTE access w Virtual access with read and write protection checks wa Virtual access with read and write using alt mode protection checks register Specifies the register to write for the memory access Like other registers in HAL this can be an absolute expression displacement Specifies an expression whose bottom 12 bits are used as the displacement value The expression must not contain any unde fined symbols and must be an absolute expression The following example shows a hardware load that specifies quadword physical access to register 1 with a displacement value of 20 decimal hw_ldq p rl 20 r2 8 3 2 hw_mxpr Move from to an internal process register instruction hw_mfpr register expression scoreboard hw_mtpr register expression scoreboard 8 4 HAL Assembler

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