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1. bo b PCOVER 1 100 PCOVER 7 where COVG increment in herb shrub cover at age t and PCOVERh predicted herb shrub cover at age t 1 Douglas fir parameters Douglas fir parameters are predicted by means of a modified exponential function that is the product 4 of two types of equations The first type see equa tions la and 2a defines potential growth as a constant or gradually declining proportion of previ ous year tree size i e Douglas fir trees are approach ing exponential rates of growth In the absence of competition hardwood cover 0 and herbs shrubs suppressed models 1 and 2 predict that Douglas fir growth will equal potential growth i e equations 1b or 2b 1 G a PG b SIZE 1 a exp c PCOVER d HERB b G la PG OZE 2 a exp c PCOVER d HERB b where G increment in Douglas fir size at age t a b c d regression coefficients PGavg the average annual rate of growth for a Douglas fir parameter in the ab sence of competing vegetation at site i SIZE Douglas fir size at age t 1 and HERB the indicator variable for herb shrub suppression If hardwood cover 0 and herbs shrubs are not sup pressed HERB 1 otherwise HERB 0 Model form 1 was found to be the best de scriptor of height growth Harrington et al in press In the development of diameter growth and cover g2. As annual increments are predicted for each variable cumulative values are displayed in successive lines of the table until the plantation age is 10 years If pre harvest hardwood data have been en tered plantation age is set at 3 years and initial hard wood cover is predicted as described in the section Hardwood Parameters p 3 To distinguish simula tions when repeat runs of PSME are performed the program displays a stand number at the top of each output screen In the first run the stand number is 1 successive runs are numbered consecutively Douglas fir Size Distributions Below the table of growth predictions are his tograms and percentage values showing the size dis tributions of Douglas fir saplings at stand age 10 years Figure 6 This information can be used to determine the percentage of Douglas fir saplings in a given stand that have or have not high potential for becom ing crop trees In Figure 6 for example the percent age of trees in height class 1 0 4 ft gives a measure of the proportion of the stand that has high probabil ity of mortality from stand competition In addition size distribution data from the out put file PSME DAT see the section Summary Files p 12 can be read by a computer and with addi tional programming a list of individual trees can be created for export to programs such as SYSTUM I Powers et al 1989 enabling a user to project stand development after the firs
3. displays 8 Are you going to enter pre harvest hardwood basal area B or post har vest hardwood cover C Enter B or C followed by lt cr gt If B is selected values for basal area and stem density of the pre harvest hardwood stand are re quested and plantation age is set to 3 years PRE HARVEST HARDWOOD BASAL AREA Enter basal area for ONE species z tanoak 30 sq ft acre madrone 30 sq ft acre chinkapin 30 sq ft acre Enter the basal area BA in square feet per acre for the dominant hardwood species tanoak ma drone or chinkapin in the pre harvest stand See the section Data Collection p 5 for criteria for determining the dominant species if more than one is present Use the down arrow key to move the cursor for input of madrone or chinkapin data Limits for the input value are O to 200 Note defaults in parentheses The next screen asks for stem density Tanoak has been selected in the example PRE HARVEST HARDWOOD DENSITY Enter density for tanoak 500 stems acre Enter number of stems per acre for the domi nant hardwood species tanoak madrone or chinkapin in the pre harvest stand Limits are 0 to 3 000 If C is selected the percentage of cover of the post harvest i e sprout origin hardwood stand is re quested POST HARVEST HARDWOOD COVER Enter cover 3 for ONE species 25 4 madrone 25 3 c
4. 6 8 230 1 TABLES or 2 COVER vs AGE or 3 DIAM vs AGB or CR END F Douglas fir qo T Tanoak H Herbs amp shrubs F Douglas fir Figure 7B If 3rd year hardwood cover was set at zero hardwood cover is not plotted The third graph gives Douglas fir stem diameter plotted against plantation age Figure 7C The maximum diameter that can be plotted is 5 inches if the pre dicted diameter exceeds this values gt 5 is displayed in the upper right margin of the graph The user may start a new stand simulation or end the current series of simulations by striking lt cr gt to produce the following prompt Do you want to do another simulation N Answer Y to return the program to the point for entering the type of hard wood data Answer N to return to the BASIC prompt Ok then type SYSTEM lt cr gt to return to DOS Summary Files As PSME calculates the table of growth predictions for a given simula tion the model automatically writes or appends two ASCII files PSME OUT and PSME DAT to the floppy or hard disk drive being accessed As shown in Figure 8 PSME OUT provides a readable sum mary of a given series of model simula tions including the input value for each parameter and the table of growth pre dictions Note that information for suc cessive simulations i e stands is sepa rated by a blank line Figure 7 Output screens showing plots against stand age of the param eters
5. A hardwood and Douglas fir height B hardwood herb shrub and Douglas fir cover asterisk indicates two observations at same point PSME DAT contains all of the infor mation of PSME OUT written in com and C Douglas fir stem diameter Also displayed in the right margin of the graph are the level of herb and shrub suppression and the pre harvest basal area and stem density of the hard wood stand If post harvest cover has been entered pre harvest information is not displayed Percentage of crown cover of the given hard wood herbs and shrubs and Douglas fir are plotted against plantation age in the second graph 12 puter readable FORTRAN data formats Figure 9 Thus PSME output can be read easily by statistical packages such as SAS or SYSTAT facilitating additional analyses For a given simulation size distribution data for Douglas fir height and diameter is provided in PSME DAT only when stand age is 10 years Because terminating and re invoking PSME causes the model to write over existing PSME OUT and PSME DAT files the user must rename or print these files to retain a record of simulation results STAND NUMBER HARDWOOD SPECIES PRE HARVEST BA PRE HARVEST DENSITY x DOUGLAS FIR CROWN WIDTH 8 DOUGLAS FIR DENSITY 435 6 HERBS SHRUBS NOT SUPPRESSED PSME STAND GROWTH PREDICTIONS STAND NUMBER HEIGHT R HARDWOOD 4 7 Variable Stand number Hardwood species tan mad or chi P
6. at stand age 3 years or for pre harvest stand information on hardwood basal area and stem density to provide tabular and graphical output of the development of the Douglas fir hardwood and herb shrub components through stand age 10 years It also predicts frequency distributions of Douglas fir height and stem diameter at 10 years PSME can be run on any IBM compatible microcomputer hard disk not necessary with a copy of a BASIC interpreter such as GW BASIC This user s manual provides software for PSME information on model installation and application and techniques for collecting input data Asan affirmative action institution that complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Oregon State University supports equal educational and employment opportunity without regard to age sex race creed national origin handicap marital status or religion Forestry Publications Office Oregon State University Forest Research Laboratory 225 Corvallis OR 97331 5708 Address Correction Requested Non Profit Org U S Postage PAID Corvallis OR 97331 Permit No 200
7. explain its greater competitive effect on Douglas fir growth Harrington et al in press BA ft acre gt 50 50 100 D STEM z pensry O w no acre 1000 Pel gt 40 N Q N z a i p 9 10 a N AN TANOAK MADRONE CHINKAPIN SPECIES Figure 1 Cover of 3 year old stands of tanoak madrone and chinkapin predicted with pre harvest basal area BA at 50 and 100 ft per acre and with stem density at 500 and 1 000 stems per acre TANOAK MADRONE A fo Q o oO oO oO 10TH YEAR COVER N te 10 30 50 10 30 50 3RD YEAR COVER Figure 2 Cover of 10 year old stands of tanoak and madrone predicted with 10 percent 30 percent and 50 percent cover in the 3rd year 2 Post harvest height development of hardwood sprout clumps is directly related to the size of the parent tree before harvest Tappeiner et al 1984 However PSME simulations show that varying the pre harvest hardwood basal area 50 or 100 ft2 acre and stem density 500 or 1 000 stems acre results in only minor differences in average height 10 years af ter harvest Figure 3 The average height of madrone is almost 40 percent greater than that predicted for tanoak or chinkapin nN ea BA ft2 acre 50 100 STEM DENSITY O no acre 1000 amp N o a o H A O Lu x oc lt wW A T le a TANOAK MADRONE SPECIES CHINKAPIN Figure 3 Height of 10 y
8. for a given site perform the following calculations to determine hardwood basal area Nan COUNT N BA BAFxh BAgy BAF X Non BA 100 x BA BAgy where n average number of stems counted for species i COUNT number of stems of species i counted at sample point j N number of sample points Nat average number of hardwood stems counted for all species COUNT gy number of hardwood stems counted at sample point j BA basal area ft2 acre of species i BA total basal area ft acre of hard woods and BA percentage of the hardwood basal area in species i 5 Determine which species occupies more than 66 percent of the total hardwood basal area For PSME assume that BA is the estimated basal area for the dominant hardwood species 6 Perform the following calculations to deter mine stem density for the dominant hardwood spe cies Ak COUNT N STF BAF x k 2 x 12 mh ny STF Ntotal n where k an integer value for dbh in 7 average number of counted stems of dbh k COUNT total number of counted stems of dbh k at sample point j STF stand table factor for a tree of dbh k 5 a a eS nm number of stems per acre of dbh k and Notai Stem density no stems acre Post harvest data Data from regeneration surveys can be used with PSME to estimate subsequent plantation devel opment We recommend the followi
9. in the equations for PSME see the section Description of Growth Equations p 3 it is important that the model not be used to make growth predictions be yond plantation age 10 years In developing PSME we assumed that exponential increases in Douglas fir size occur during early stand development Such growth accelerations however are sustained only briefly and generally are followed by constant or gradually declining rates of tree growth Herb shrubt cover 15 Enter the percentage of total cover for herb and shrub species Limits for the input value are 0 to 100 The value entered for herb shrub cover does not affect the predicted rate of Douglas fir growth Have herbs amp shrubs been suppressed N Enter Y for yes if herb and shrub cover has been reduced significantly as a result of a vegetation management treatment otherwise enter N or lt cr gt The response to this question does not affect predic tions of Douglas fir growth unless either pre harvest basal area and stem density or post harvest cover of hardwoods is zero For more explanation see the section Douglas fir Parameters p 4 Douglas fir height 1 5 ft Enter the average height ft of Douglas fir in the plantation Limits for the input value are 0 1 to 16 Douglas fir stem diameter 0 3 in Enter the average stem diameter inches at 6 in height of Douglas fir in the plantation Limits for the input value are 0 1
10. monitored Hughes et al 1990 Harrington et al in press The competitive effects of chinkapin cover on Douglas fir growth were not evaluated but because chinkapin is similar to tanoak in canopy structure and growth form it is assumed here to have the same rate of cover growth and same competitive effect on Douglas fir growth PSME requires values for either pre harvest basal area and stem density or post harvest i e sprout origin cover of the dominant hardwood spe cies associated with planted Douglas fir The model also requires values for total herb and shrub cover and for the average height stem diameter crown width and density of Douglas fir seedlings The output is an estimation of average stand parameters for ages 3 to 10 years and of Douglas fir height and stem diameter distributions at 10 years along with graphic displays of height cover and Douglas fir diameter plotted against stand age The model automatically writes pa rameter predictions to two files 1 a text file that provides a visual record of model simulations and 2 a computer readable ASCII file that facilitates using the model predictions as input for other Douglas fir growth simulators The BASIC computer code is not included in this user manual but model users have access to the code from the computer disk that is included Model Behavior and Guidelines Appropriate use of PSME to predict develop ment of young stands requires an understanding of
11. the principles upon which the model is based This section discusses basic aspects of the model behavior and provides general guidelines Prediction of Development of Young Stands Because current year growth of Douglas fir is inversely related to the amount of hardwood cover in the previous year see the section Douglas fir Param eters p 4 the rate at which hardwood cover devel ops is a principal factor affecting the Douglas fir growth trajectory We recommend that three or more simulations of PSME be run for each Douglas fir plan tation that is being considered for a vegetation man agement treatment For example current values for initial hardwood parameters i e pre harvest or post harvest variables could be varied by 0 50 and 100 percent so that differences in the predicted 10 year sizes and size distributions of Douglas fir can be evalu ated In each series of simulations the potential for hardwood recovery should be varied according to the amount expected 1 year after a given treatment In PSME simulations high pre harvest values for hardwood stem density produce larger values for 3rd year hardwood cover than do high values for basal area Figure 1 although maximum values for 3rd year hardwood cover occur when both stem den sity and basal area are high From a given level of 3rd year hardwood cover PSME predicts that tanoak or chinkapin has more rapid cover development than madrone Figure 2 which may
12. OR 3 2 A0D000305830952 HEO F76 tal Publication 21 x April 1991 2 san Leap Planning with PSME A Growth Model for Young Douglas fir and Hardwood Stands in Southwestern Oregon Timothy B Harrington John C Tappeiner II Thomas F Hughes Arlene S Hester OR HEO F76 2 4Sp3 21 c 3 Planning with PSME FOREST RESEARCH LAB College of Forestry Oregon State University The Forest Research Laboratory of Oregon State University was established by the Oregon Legislature to conduct research leading to expanded forest yields in creased use of forest products and accelerated economic development of the State Its scientists conduct this research in laboratories and forests administered by the University and cooperating agencies and industries throughout Oregon Research results are made available to potential users through the University s educational programs and through Laboratory publications such as this which are directed as appropriate to forest landowners and managers manufacturers and users of forest products leaders of government and industry the scientific community and the general public The Authors Timothy B Harrington is research associate Department of Forest Science College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis John C Tappeiner Il is professor and Arlene S Hester is research assistant Department of Forest Resources College of Forestry Oregon State University Thomas F Hughes now resea
13. OV ZCOV N COVar COVai N COV 100 x COV COV y where COV average cover for species i COV cover for species i at sample point j COVay average cover for hardwoods COVay total cover for hardwoods at sample point j and COV percentage of the hardwood cover in species i 9 Determine which species occupies more than 66 percent of the total hardwood cover For PSME assume that COV is the estimated cover value for the dominant hardwood species 10 Calculate the following stand averages for input values for PSME COV COV N HT HT N DIAM DIAM N CW CW N fir 200x gt COUN Tiir N COV average cover for herbs shrubs COV cover for herbs shrubs at sample point j HT average Douglas fir height ft HT Douglas fir height ft at sample point h DIAM average Douglas fir stem diameter in DIAM Douglas fir stem diameter in at sample point j Douglas fir crown width ft at sample point j CW average Douglas fir crown width ft CW Nfr average Douglas fir density no acre and COUNT number of Douglas fir within the plot at sample point j Software Installation Designations used in this publication lt Ctrl gt lt cr gt A computer key labeled Ctrl The carriage return or lt Enter gt key In line prompts for user input are in boldface type Other pr
14. STEMNOBO by typing RUN lt cr gt If you type SYS TEM lt cr gt the program will return you to DOS with out saving the new values for STEMNOBO 6 If you wish to save a new version of PSME with the edited values for STEMNOBO type SAVE PSME lt cr gt including the quotation marks after the BASIC prompt Ok Output Data After PSME has calculated the table of growth predictions for a given simulation the user may start a new stand simulation or review any screen output At the bottom of each output screen is a menu for selecting the kind of output desired e g see Figure oe ee BOO OO ES i Ee eat ODW 5 0 4 4 ZO 5 5 4 9 0 2 0 5 6 4 6 7 Diameter En E stand class in of stand 60 8 a oe Figure 6 Butea a screen howtos a table of stand growth predictions and information on Douglas fir size distribu tions Stand Growth Predictions The first line in the table of stand growth pre dictions Figure 6 gives the initial values entered for Douglas fir hardwood and herb shrub variables at the initial plantation age In the example post harvest tanoak cover was initialized at 25 percent and default values were selected for the remaining variables PSME calculates Douglas fir cover by multiplying the density value by the cover value for a tree of average crown width Hardwood height not an input vari able is predicted by the method described in the section Hardwood Parameters p 3
15. YOwnonwana 5 4 5 8 3 0 0 2 Figure 8 Example of a summary file produced by PSME OUT 13 Literature Cited BELL J F and J R DILWORTH 1989 Log scaling and timber cruising Oregon State University Book Stores Inc Corvallis HARRINGTON T B 1989 Stand development and in dividual tree morphology and physiology of young Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii in asso ciation with tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus Ph D thesis Oregon State Univ Corvallis 185 p HARRINGTON T B J C TAPPEINER Il and T F HUGHES In press Predicting average growth and size distributions of Douglas fir saplings in compe tition with sprout clumps of tanoak or Pacific madrone New Forests HARRINGTON T B J C TAPPEINER Il and J D WALSTAD 1984 Predicting leaf area and biomass of 1 to 6 year old tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus and Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii sprout clumps in southwestern Oregon Canadian Jour nal of Forest Research 14 209 213 HOWARD K M and M NEWTON 1984 Overtopping by successional Coast Range vegeta tion slows Douglas fir seedlings Journal of For estry 82 3 178 180 HUGHES T F J C TAPPEINER Il and M NEWTON 1990 Relationship of Pacific madrone sprout 14 growth to productivity of Douglas fir seedlings and understory vegetation Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5 20 24 IVERSON R D and M NEWTON 1980 Large Doug las fir seedlings perform best on Oregon co
16. astal sites Western Forest Research Center Interna tional Paper Co Lebanon Oregon Technical Note 55 9 p OPALACH D R G WAGNER B D MAXWELL J H DUKES jr and S R RADOSEVICH 1990 A growth model for young Douglas fir stands progress report 2 CRAFTS Technical Report De partment of Forest Science Oregon State Univer sity Corvallis 54 p POWERS R F M W RITCHIE and L O TICKNOR 1989 SYSTUM 1 simulating the growth of young conifers under management P 101 115 in A De cade of Forest Vegetation Management Proceed ings Forest Vegetation Management Conference Eureka CA TAPPEINER J C Il T B HARRINGTON and J D WALSTAD 1984 Predicting recovery of tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus and Pacific madrone Ar butus menziesii after cutting or burning Weed Science 32 413 417 Harrington T B J C Tappeiner Il T F Hughes and A S Hester 1991 PLANNING WITH PSME A GROWTH MODEL FOR YOUNG DOUGLAS FIR AND HARDWOOD STANDS IN SOUTHWESTERN OREGON Forest Research Laboratory Oregon State University Corvallis Special Publication 21 14 p PSME Plantation Simulator Mixed Evergreen is a computerized growth model for predicting development of Douglas fir plantations under specific initial levels of competition from tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus Hook and Arn Rehd Pacific ma drone Arbutus menziesii Pursh and chinkapin Castanopsis chrysophylla Dougl A DC and from herb shrub vegetation in
17. e computer displays the BA SIC prompt Ok Type SYSTEM lt cr gt SSSS SSSSSSSS EEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEREE MM MM MM EE S MM MM EE SSS SESSE MM MM MM MM ESSSE EEEEEEEEEEEE lt cr gt to continue Input Data Figure 5 is a generalized flowchart of the se quences of operations in PSME Techniques for mea suring the variables are described in the section Data Collection p 5 In a series of prompt statements PSME requests the values required to run the pro gram Either capital or lower case letters are accepted Each value entered must be followed by lt cr gt The default value is entered by lt cr gt alone Default val ues appear in parentheses at the end of each prompt statement Individual or groups of prompt statements are followed by the request Continue Y Answer N to enter a new value Y or lt cr gt to continue the program TYPE OF ENTERC POST HARVEST ENTER COVER CONTINUE ENTER PLANTATION AGE ENTER HERB SHRUB COVER HERBS we SUPPRESSED ENTER eee eat HEIGHT ENTER coer ehh DIAMETER ENTER DOUGLAS FIR CROWN WIDTH ENTER DOUGLAS FIR DENSITY CONTINUE DO ANOTHER SIMULATION Figure 5 Flowchart of the sequence of input and output operations in PSME Hardwood Data The program is initialized by entering values for either of two types of hardwood competition pre harvest basal area or post harvest cover The screen
18. ear old stands of tanoak mad rone and chinkapin predicted with pre harvest basal area BA at 50 and 100 ft per acre and with stem den sity at 500 and 1 000 stems per acre In PSME the predicted average growth of Douglas fir in the current year is proportional to the average size in the previous year thus the predicted growth trajectories for stands having different average sizes will diverge with time PSME predicts that hardwood cover limits herb and shrub cover such that they reach maximum de velopment in the model when hardwood cover is zero Large increases in Douglas fir growth are pre dicted after the removal of hardwoods especially when herbs and shrubs are suppressed If hardwoods are not removed suppression of herbs and shrubs does not affect the prediction of Douglas fir growth The following are general guidelines to be con sidered when making estimations of young stand de velopment with PSME e For rough estimates of the effect of manual cut ting of hardwoods or of other treatments on the growth of associated Douglas fir a stand should EEE be inventoried one growing season after treat ment see the section Data Collection p 5 e Effective site preparation and planting of large Douglas fir stock can produce larger seedlings at later stand age Iverson and Newton 1980 Howard and Newton 1984 and should be con sidered when planning with PSME because the average size of the seedlings strongly in
19. efficients and AGE 3 years after parent trees are burned or cut The crown width of the mean sprout clump is converted to the percentage of cover per acre that it would represent and this value is multiplied by the number of hardwood trees per acre n STEMNOBO to produce an estimate of 3rd year cover Hardwood height is predicted as HT b AVGBA AGE 2 where HT predicted height ft of the mean sprout clump at age t If post harvest cover is entered in PSME hard wood height is predicted with these values for AVGBA ft T B Harrington and J C Tappeiner unpublished data tanoak 0 2452 n 513 madrone 0 4974 n 341 chinkapin 0 1801 n 54 Increment in hardwood cover is predicted with an equation derived from a monomolecular model form Harrington et al in press This model assumes that the intrinsic rate of hardwood cover growth k b b PCOVER increases linearly with the square of previous year cover COVG bo b PCOVER 1 7 100 PCOVER where COVG increment in hardwood cover at age t and PCOVER predicted hardwood cover at age t 1 Herb shrub parameters Increment in herb and shrub cover is predicted with a model form similar to that for hardwood cover This model assumes that the intrinsic rate of growth of the herb shrub cover k bg b PCOVER 1 declines linearly with increasing amounts of previous year hardwood cover COVGh
20. ersity Forest Research Laboratory 225 Corvallis Oregon 97331 5708 Please indicate author s title and publication number if known Planning with PSME A Growth Model for Young Douglas fir and Hardwood Stands in Southwestern Oregon Timothy B Harrington John C Tappeiner II Thomas F Hughes Arlene S Hester OR HEO F76 2 4Sp3 21 G 3 Planning with PSME Contents 1 Introduction 1 Model Behavior and Guidelines 1 Prediction of Development of Young Stands 3 Description of Growth Equations 3 Hardwood Parameters 4 Herb Shrub Parameters 4 Douglas fir Parameters 5 Data Collection 5 Pre Harvest Data 6 Post Harvest Data 7 Software Installation 7 Hard Disk 7 Floppy Disk 8 Input Data 8 Hardwood Data 9 Douglas fir and Herb Shrub Data 10 Modification Site Qualities 10 Modification Hardwood Constants 11 Output Data 11 Stand Growth Predictions 11 Douglas fir Size Distributions 11 Plots of Stand Development 12 Summary Files 14 Literature Cited Introduction In southwestern Oregon growth of Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb Franco var menziesii has been shown to be inversely related to the level of associated hardwood cover Hughes et al 1990 Harrington et al in press Because the stocking and size of tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus Hook and Arn Rehd or Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii Pursh in a pre harvest stand determine their post harvest rates of cover development future levels of hard
21. fluences their growth trajectory e Pre harvest stands with high hardwood stem den sity or high stem density and basal area will have rapid development of cover after harvest that will be highly competitive with associated Douglas fir seedlings e Because of a more rapid rate of cover develop ment and higher leaf area index Harrington et al 1984 stands dominated by tanoak and perhaps chinkapin should have higher priority for vegeta tion management treatment than stands domi nated by madrone e Average height development of hardwoods is not strongly influenced by pre harvest levels of basal area and stem density Figure 3 but height de velopment of individual hardwood sprout clumps is directly related to parent tree size Tappeiner et al 1984 thus large hardwood trees should be noted before harvest so that the planting arrange ment and subsequent management of individual Douglas fir seedlings can be adjusted e Herb and shrub cover reaches its maximum after hardwood removal and can have substantial com petitive effect on Douglas fir growth therefore treatments for minimizing hardwood cover should be accompanied by subsequent control of herbs and shrub to be most effective e Suppression of herbs and shrub probably will not increase Douglas fir growth if a significant amount of hardwood cover remains Description of Growth Equations The following is a brief description of the equa tions used for predicting t
22. he stand growth param eters Derivations for some of the equations and asso ciated values for the regression coefficients are given in Harrington et al in press Hardwood parameters When pre harvest basal area and stem density are entered in PSME plantation age is initialized at 3 years and 3rd year cover is estimated with the follow ing equations The mean basal area per single or multi stemmed hardwood tree is calculated as AVGBA BA n STEMNOBO where AVGBA average basal area ft at breast height 4 5 ft per single or multi stemmed tree BA hardwood stand basal area ft acre n hardwood stem density no stems acre and STEMNOBO stem number the average number of stems of dbh gt 1 inch per tree single or multi stemmed for hardwood spe cies i The following values for STEMNOBO were de termined from a random sample of sprout clumps in which parent tree stumps were counted only if their estimated dbh was gt 1 inch T B Harrington and J C Tappeiner unpublished data tanoak 1 5975 n 236 madrone 1 3263 n 95 chinkapin 1 2857 n 35 The crown width of a 3 year old sprout clump originating from a hardwood tree having the deter mined mean basal area is calculated with the model form T B Harrington and J C Tappeiner unpublished data CW bo AVGBAb1 AGE 2 where CW predicted crown width ft of the mean sprout clump at age 3 years bo b bz regression co
23. hinkapin 25 Enter the percentage of cover for the single hardwood species in the post harvest i e sprout ori gin stand Use the down arrow key to move the cursor for input of madrone or chinkapin data Limits for the input values are 0 to 100 Douglas fir and Herb Shrub Data Because the data upon which PSME is based were collected one growing season after the various levels of hardwood cover were established we recom mend that input for Douglas fir size reflect the 1st year growth response expected after vegetation man agement treatment We observed that 1 year after complete removal of hardwoods and herbs shrubs stem diameter of Douglas fir exceeded that for trees growing among untreated vegetation by 25 percent however there was no such response in height growth Harrington 1989 Hughes et al 1990 For responses to the following requests for in put enter values that are appropriate for the specific Douglas fir plantation being considered for vegeta tion management treatment If pre harvest hardwood variables have been entered use values for the Doug las fir variables that correspond to those for a 3 year old plantation Douglas fir plantation age 3 yr Enter the number of growing seasons since the Douglas fir seedlings were planted PSME will round non integer values for plantation age to the nearest whole number Limits for the input value are 3 to 9 Although age is not a driving variable
24. in yr 18 5577 n 270 Diameter in 2 yr 1 2503 n 270 Cover yr 4 8457 n 270 These values are also given on line 420 in the BASIC code for PSME The following commands can be used to edit PGavyg Making PSME adaptable to different site quali ties Terminate the program by holding down lt Ctrl gt and striking lt Break gt The program responds with the BASIC prompt Ok Type EDIT 420 lt cr gt The program gives a list ing of line 420 in the following order average growth rate for Douglas fir height in yr diameter squared in eas and cover yr 420 MAXHRATE 18 5577 MAXDRATE 1 2503 MAXCRATE 4 8457 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the appropriate location on line 420 change values for MAXHRATE MAXDRATE or MAXCRATE as desired and follow changes with lt cr gt Average rates of po tential growth for Douglas fir can be estimated for a given site from measurements of nearby progeny test sites or experimental areas in which competing veg etation has been removed Run the program with the new values for PGavg by typing RUN lt cr gt If you type SYSTEM lt cr gt the program will return you to DOS without saving the new values for PGayg If you wish to save a new version of PSME with the edited values for PGavg type SAVE PSME lt cr gt including quotation marks after the BASIC prompt Ok The new version of PSME can be given other file 10 names such as PSME1 by substit
25. ng procedures for estimating the post harvest data required to run PSME however estimates can be obtained by other plantation survey methods 1 From a given sample point mark the boundaries of a circular plot with a radius of 8 33 feet 1 200 acre 2 Visually estimate the cover to nearest 5 per cent not to exceed 100 percent for each hardwood species Group hardwood cover by species so that the dominant species cover gt 66 percent in a given stand can be determined 3 Visually estimate the total cover for herb shrub species to the nearest 5 percent not to exceed 100 percent 4 Locate the Douglas fir seedling nearest the plot center position a height pole at stem base on the uphill side of the seedling measure the total height of the tallest living shoot to the nearest 0 1 foot 5 With calipers measure stem diameter 6 inches above the ground to the nearest 0 1 inch If stem deformities occur at that point e g swelling associated with a lateral branch move the point of measurement slightly 6 Determine crown width at its maximum point i e near the base by averaging two measure ments to the nearest 0 1 ft taken at right angles to each other 7 Count the number of Douglas fir seedlings having a mainstem within the plot boundary 8 When a representative number of sample points have been measured for a given site perform the following calculations to determine the dominant hardwood species C
26. ompts and program output are screened PSME is written in GW BASIC 3 1 With a BASIC interpreter such as GW BASIC EXE BASICA EXE or BASIC EXE the program will run on any IBM compat ible microcomputer A hard disk is not required All graphic output in the computer screens is produced with the extended ASCII character set see the MS DOS user manual Information on the screen can be sent directly to a printer connected to the computer for hard copy However a printer that emulates an IBM graphics printer is required for exact reproduc tion of the screens The steps that follow describe how to install and run PSME Either lower or upper case letters can be used to enter commands or values Hard Disk 1 At the DOS prompt make a subdirectory for PSME by entering the command MD PSME lt cr gt Change to this subdirectory by entering CD PSME lt cr gt PPPPPP 2 Insert the disk containing the file PSME BAS into the A floppy disk drive and type COPY A C lt cr gt This copies the program to the PSME subdirectory on hard disk C 3 To load and execute PSME type GWBASIC PSME lt cr gt BASIC PSME lt cr gt or BASICA PSME lt cr gt depending on the name of the BASIC interpreter Consult your user manual to determine the name of the BASIC interpreter that is resident on your computer The com puter should now display the title screen for PSME Figure 4 4 To terminate the program hold do
27. rch analyst Office of Community College Services Oregon State Board of Education Salem was research assistant Department of Forest Science Oregon State University at the time this work was completed Legal Notice This document and associated software were prepared as part of a project under the auspices of Oregon State University Neither Oregon State University nor any person acting on behalf of such a makes any warranty or representation express or implied with respect to the accuracy completeness or usefulness of any information product or process disclosed b claims that the use of any information or method disclosed in this report does not infringe privately owned rights or c assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of or for damages resulting from the use of any information apparatus or method disclosed in this report Disclaimer The mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use Acknowledgment Financial support for this research was provided by the U S D I Bureau of Land Management and U S D A Forest Service under the auspices of the Southwest Oregon Forestry Intensified Research FIR program Grant no PNW 85 422 The authors appreciate the field assistance of Mr R J Pabst To Order Copies Copies of this and other Forest Research Laboratory publications are available from Forestry Publications Office Oregon State Univ
28. re harvest hardwood basal area ft2 Pre harvest hardwood stem density No acre Douglas fir crown width ft Douglas fir density i No acre Herb shrubs suppressed YES or NO Stand age yr Douglas fir height ft Hardwood height ft Douglas fir cover Hardwood cover Herb shrub cover Douglas fir diameter in i height class 1 height class 2 height class 3 height class 4 height class 5 height class 6 diameter class 1 diameter class 2 diameter class 3 diameter class 4 diameter class 5 diameter class 6 HH R 5 4 0 5 9 2 5 9 i 10 6 6 DOUGLAS FIR SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AT AGE 10 YEARS HT CLASS DIA CLASS 0 A P Q I l4 E 1 2 60 8 12 g 2 3 23 12 16 3 4 16 20 F 4 5 20 oF Ouanna WNE y 5 3 3 3 4 6 9 2 srRaAnNOoOC OC amp STAND NUMBER 2 HARDWOOD SPECIES mad PRE HARVEST BA 30 PRE HARVEST DENSITY 500 DOUGLAS FIR CROWN WIDTH 8 DOUGLAS FIR DENSITY 435 6 HERBS SHRUBS NOT SUPPRESSED PSME STAND GROWTH PREDICTIONS STAND NUMBER HEIGHT COVER AGE IR ae is i Figure 9 FORTRAN data formats for reading PSME DAT 0 3 R 5 3 21k 3 2 25 6 0 29 10 0 35 x i Ni A 15 3 40 9 10 12 22 0 47 10 I2 131 30 1 55 2 DOUGLAS FIR SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AT AGE 10 YEARS HT CLASS DIA CLASS 0 4 z 0 1 4 8 1 2 8 12 2 3 12 16 3 4 16 20 A ee 20 5 10 N
29. rowth models the potential growth function given in 2a was the best descriptor PSME predicts incre ment in diameter squared with model form 2 and then converts cumulative values of diameter squared to diameter For predicting Douglas fir cover develop ment PSME converts values for density and average crown width into initial percentage values for cover per acre When the indicator variable HERB denotes 0 percent hardwood cover and no suppression of herb shrub vegetation herb shrub cover reaches maximum development and competitive effect Hughes et al 1990 Harrington et al in press In creases in Douglas fir growth after suppression of herbs and shrubs were detected only in the absence of hardwoods Harrington et al in press a Weibull functions were used to predict the pro portion of Douglas fir saplings represented in each of six size classes for height and stem diameter In the research upon which PSME was based hardwood competition was found to cause positive skewing in size distributions of Douglas fir Harrington et al in press Data Collection Pre harvest data Measurements of hardwood basal area and stem density that are to be used as input for PSME can be taken during pre harvest timber cruises or stand examinations We suggest using either variable radius or fixed area plots for estimating hardwood basal area and stem density Since tanoak Pacific madrone and chinkapin are often multi s
30. southwestern Oregon It uses values for cover of competing vegetation and average size of Douglas fir seedlings at stand age 3 years or for pre harvest stand information on hardwood basal area and stem density to provide tabular and graphical output of the development of the Douglas fir hardwood and herb shrub components through stand age 10 years It also predicts frequency distributions of Douglas fir height and stem diameter at 10 years PSME can be run on any IBM compatible microcomputer hard disk not necessary with a copy of a BASIC interpreter such as GW BASIC This user s manual provides software for PSME information on model installation and application and techniques for collecting input data Harrington T B J C Tappeiner Il T F Hughes and A S Hester 1991 PLANNING WITH PSME A GROWTH MODEL FOR YOUNG DOUGLAS FIR AND HARDWOOD STANDS IN SOUTHWESTERN OREGON Forest Research Laboratory Oregon State University Corvallis Special Publication 21 14 p PSME Plantation Simulator Mixed Evergreen is a computerized growth model for predicting development of Douglas fir plantations under specific initial levels of competition from tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus Hook and Arn Rehd Pacific ma drone Arbutus menziesii Pursh and chinkapin Castanopsis chrysophylla Dougl A DC and from herb shrub vegetation in southwestern Oregon It uses values for cover of competing vegetation and average size of Douglas fir seedlings
31. t 10 years See Harrington et al in press for details Plots of Stand Development PSME produces graphic output of the develop ment of stand parameters through plantation age 10 years As noted previously screen information from PSME can be sent directly to a printer by holding down lt Shift gt and striking lt PrtSc gt A printer that emulates an IBM graphics printer is required for exact depictions of the screens Because ASCII characters are used in the display of graphs resolution is limited to the width of an individual character An asterisk is plotted if two or more observations are located in the same position on a given graph The first graph produced by PSME is a display of height values for Douglas fir and the given hard wood species plotted against plantation age Figure 7A The maximum height that can be plotted is 20 feet If predicted height exceeds this values gt 20 is displayed in the upper right margin of the graph If 3rd year hardwood cover has been set at zero hard wood height will not be shown 11 coe Cover we ZH wWH lt O0 s 2 4 AGE 8 10 1 TABLES or 2 RT vs AGE or 3 DIAM vs AGE or CR END g DOUGLAS F IR STEM DIAMETER VS AGE FOR STAND 1 VQHMNSH SH DOA PH o ny RON E 8 10 1 TABLES or 2 HT vs AGE or 3 COVER vs AGE or CR END FeDouglas fi oT Tanoak herbs amp shrubs not suppressed Se ere pate SO AGE
32. temmed PSME contains for each spe cies the value STEMNOBO average number of stems per tree for estimating hardwood stem density see the section Hardwood Parameters p 3 This en ables the user to inventory only the number of stems per plot rather than the number of stems per tree in each plot The latter count may be used to make predictions from pre harvest variables more site spe cific see the section Modification Hardwood Con stants p 10 The following instructions are based on the principles of variable plot sampling that are described in detail by Bell and Dilworth 1989 1 Use a wedge prism with a small 10 15 basal area factor BAF to determine which stems are to be included in the given variable radius plot With the prism located immediately over the sample point sight each surrounding hardwood stem through the prism at breast height 4 5 ft starting from a north erly direction Count a given stem if the two images it produces overlap or touch 2 Because PSME simulates stand development with only one hardwood species tanoak Pacific madrone or chinkapin determine which species oc cupies more than 66 percent of the hardwood basal area in a given stand Group stem counts from the variable plot prism sample by species 3 Measure the diameter at breast height 4 5 ft of each counted stem to the nearest inch 4 When a representative number of sample points have been measured in this way
33. to 4 Douglas fir crown width 0 8 ft Enter the average crown width ft of Douglas fir in the plantation Limits for the input value are 0 1 to 10 Douglas fir density 436 trees acre Enter the number of Douglas fir seedlings per acre The default value in parentheses corresponds to a square spacing of 10 ft x 10 ft Limits for the in put value are 0 1 to 600 Statements such as the following then appear listing the current input values for Douglas fir and herb shrub parameters In this example default values were selected Douglas fir plantation age 3 yrs Herb shrub cover 15 Herb amp shrubs suppressed N Douglas fir height 1 5 ft Douglas fir diameter 3 in Douglas fir crown width 8 ft Douglas fir density 435 6 trees acre Modification Site Qualities The Douglas fir parameter PG is the aver age annual rate of growth during 1983 1989 at site i following complete removal of hardwoods and sup pression of herbs and shrubs see the section Doug las fir Parameters p 4 This parameter was included in the Douglas fir growth models to account for dif ferences in site quality among the three study sites Its incorporation allowed potential differences in the competitive effects of tanoak and madrone to be esti mated after adjustments were made for inherent dif ferences in site quality The following values for PGayg averaged across the three sites are used in PSME Height
34. uting the desired text within the quotation marks Modification Hardwood Constants PSME divides pre harvest stem density of hard woods by STEMNOBO average no stems tree to predict the number of hardwood trees per acre see the section Hardwood Parameters p 3 Predic tions of 3rd year hardwood cover generated from pre harvest data can be improved by estimating site specific values for STEMNOBO and including these in the BASIC code for PSME as follows 1 At each sample point in the pre harvest in ventory see the section Data Collection p 5 record by species three to five counts of the number of stems per tree Count only the stems having a dbh gt 1 inch If both single and multi stemmed trees are present include both in the sample Average the counts of stems per tree for the dominant hardwood species to provide a site specific estimate of STEMNOBO 2 While in PSME terminate the program by holding down lt Ctrl gt and striking lt Break gt The pro gram responds with the BASIC prompt Ok 3 Type EDIT 380 lt cr gt The program will give the following listing of line 380 380 STEMNOBO 1 1 5975 STEMNOBO 2 1 3263 STEMNOBO 3 1 2857 4 Change the values to your estimate of STEMNOBO by using the arrow keys to move the cursor to the appropriate location on line 380 tanoak STEMNOBO 1 madrone STEMNOBO 2 chinkapin STEMNOBO 3 5 Run the program with the new values for
35. wn lt Ctrl gt and strike lt Break gt To restart after terminating type RUN lt cr gt S PPPPPPP PPP PPP Version 1 0 Apri 1991 Timothy B Harrington 3 John C Tappeiner E EEEEEEE EE Thomas F Hughes EE T FP Hughes EEEEE lt osu For Sci Dept EEPEEEE Fundamental FIR Program EEn Programming by Arlene S Hester Figure 4 The title screen for PSME 5 To return to DOS first terminate the pro gram as described above The computer displays the BASIC prompt Ok Type SYSTEM lt cr gt Floppy Disk 1 Insert the disk containing the BASIC inter preter into the A drive Type A lt cr gt Invoke the BA SIC interpreter by typing either GW BASIC lt cr gt BASICA lt cr gt or BASIC lt cr gt depending on the ver sion of BASIC Consult your user manual to deter mine the name of the BASIC interpreter that is resi dent on your computer The computer loads the BA SIC interpreter and responds with the prompt Ok 2 Insert the disk containing the file PSME BAS into the B drive and type with the quotation marks LOAD B PSME lt cr gt The computer displays the BA SIC system prompt Ok Type RUN lt cr gt The com puter should now display the title screen for PSME Figure 4 3 To terminate the program hold down lt Ctrl gt and strike lt Break gt To restart the program type RUN lt cr gt 4 To return to DOS terminate the program as previously described Th
36. wood competition can be estimated for planted Douglas fir Tappeiner et al 1984 Such information may be used to set priorities and schedules for vegetation management of Douglas fir plantations Computerized growth models have proved to be powerful and flexible tools for forecasting the de velopment of young forest stands under different types of competition In the Pacific Northwest simu lators of individual tree growth of young conifers are being developed Powers et al 1989 Opalach et al 1990 with the objective of providing stand table in formation for input into older stand models such as DFSIM and ORGANON The computer model presented here was de veloped to provide a simple technique for predicting and comparing general stand characteristics of plan tation grown Douglas fir under various levels of hard wood competition Plantation Simulator Mixed Ever green PSME Version 1 0 provides estimates of 10 year development of stands composed of Douglas fir seedlings growing with a hardwood species tanoak Pacific madrone or chinkapin Castanopsis chrysophylla Dougl A DC and understory vegeta tion herbs and shrubs PSME is based on data from three studies in the Forestry Intensified Research FIR program in which tanoak or madrone crown cover age in 2 3 or 4 year old Douglas fir plantations was reduced to different levels with herbicides and subse quent growth responses of the stands from 1983 to 1989 were
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