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FLIR Infrared Thermal Imagers Resource Manual PDF

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1. sss 206 24 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 206 24 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 00 0 0 etree 208 24 3 Reflected apparent temperature 24 4 DISTANCE toe neut dance erem aus raat sot arent tU Die CES D TIU DP LE PILLE DEAE ET 24 5 Relative humidity treno dedere rere p nre ex e e a eee eee 24 6 Other parameters atn edere e xc e e vex c ra o eee sacan History of infrared technology ssssssssssssseeeeeeneenenenennennenrnntnnnre nennen 211 Theory of thermography 26 1 Introduction ou eee eee 26 2 The electromagnetic spectrum i s nennen 215 26 3 Blackbody radiatiori eec rece en eet ee rer iid 216 26 3 1 Plancks AW iuueni merecen te rete ete incedens 217 26 3 Wien s displacement law ssssseeeenene eee enne 218 26 3 8 Stefan Boltzmann s law 26 3 4 Non blackbodgy emitters 221 26 4 Infrared semi transparent materials cceceeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeaesaesateneseeseeseeeeaeeas 223 The measurement formula 0 0 cece cesesseerseerscesseesssesssesssessseeeseeeseseseecssseseecsnacsnassneseeeseeesenessaes 225 Emissivity tables cene doe ea eet e rue onmia te deve esM EERENS 28 11 Refreno Ss aeee o AE canst rures een Re tme Dn rcu eee 28 2 Important note about the emissivity tables T OBS HTADIOS EPOR Index sententie Les Ed tM B
2. pi Tim catatonia pane ap Model type IBBC LHBN 250 Phase ID Supply for Panel 8 10 Rated load 250 Fault class 2 Disconnect cable clean contact surfaces Check for connectivity between cable shoe and lead Replace any defective component Assemble according to directions with correct torque Note that load is only 18 Calculated temperature rise at 50 load would be approximately 104 C T50 T1 T2 125 45 1 6 T2 Measure taken Sign Side 1 Figure 21 10 A report example Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 185 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 21 5 1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens not only originating from the object that you are looking at but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target Most of the time electrical components are like mirrors to the infrared radiation even if it is not obvious to the eye Bare metal parts are particularly shiny whereas painted plastic or rubber insulated parts are mostly not In the image below you can clearly see a reflection from the thermo grapher This is of course not a hot spot on the object A good way to find out if what you see is a reflection or not is for y
3. Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 Ji 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron 238 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 Lead oxidized gray 22 F 0 28 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 Lead
4. 3 Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring 10764203 a1 54 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 4 Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring 10764303 a1 5 Carefully push the lens into position 10764403 a1 6 Rotate the lens 30 clockwise looking at the front of the lens 10764503 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 55 11 Handling the camera 11 8 Removing an additional infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 16 2 Infrared lens on page 96 When you have removed the lens put the lens caps on the lens immediately to protect it from dust and fingerprints Procedure Follow this procedure to remove an additional infrared lens 1 Push the lens release button lens to unlock the lens 10764603 a1 2 Rotate the lens counter clockwise 30 looking at the front of the lens 10764703 a1 3 Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring 10764803 a1 56 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 4 Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring 10764903 a1 5 Carefully push the lens cap into position 10765003
5. 171 20 4 3 National or regional building codes sss ee 171 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 173 21 1 Important note 21 2 General information ds 21 2 1 y Introduction 0 nare e eine an ect et tein 21 2 2 General equipment data einer rnnt nennt ti 21 2 3 Inspection voee Ee edad 21 2 4 Classification amp reportirig ertet nnt eie rci 21 25 Priority 21 2 0 Repair 21 2 7 Control i 21 3 Measurement technique for thermographic insp 21 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment sssssse ene 21 3 2 Temperature measurement eese nennt nennen nennen nnne 21 3 8 Comparative measurement sessi tn nter nna 21 3 4 Normal operating temperature 21 3 5 Classification of faults 21 4 Reporting inepte tenens 21 5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 0 00 0 cece ener 186 21 551 ROT CHONS cie tee eter Merten aee ee tenes dla 186 21 5 2 Solar heating 0 1 bee Hose ated oce erii bal ed Auc aeri tees Lucus 186 21 5 3 Inductive heatinig eren nente eee eene nd 187 21 5 4 Load variations a 187 21 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 188 21 5 6 Resistance variations 189 21 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another ou eee 189 21 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electric
6. 10552803 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern The white area to the left is a radiator 10552903 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern 144 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 8 Insulation deficiencies 20 2 8 1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed the air pockets can be detected during a building ther mography inspection As arule ofthumb areas with insulation deficiencies typically have higher temperatures than where there is only an air infiltration When carrying out building thermography inspections aimed at detecting insulation deficiencies be aware of the following parts in a building structure which may look like insulation deficiencies on the infrared image Wooden joists studs rafter beams Steel girders and steel beams Water piping inside walls ceilings floors Electrical installations inside walls ceilings floors such as trunking piping etc Concrete columns inside timber framed walls Ventilation ducts amp air ducts 20 2 8 2 Commented b
7. Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft 10739903 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 125 19 Application examples INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 126 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration 20 2 Typical field investigations 20 2 1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection This section gives a summary of these guidelines 20 2 1 1 General guidelines The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0 85 and 0 95 Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0 90 can be regarded as a good starting point An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further actions Always verify suspicions and findings using other methods such as con struction drawings moisture meters humidity amp temperature datalogging tracer gas testing etc Change level and span to thermally tune the infrared image and reveal more details The figure below shows the differenc
8. Field of view amp distance 10 mm 45 lens lens 10763103 a1 c 227777 S XN S x S S N SG SS WN J a Figure 17 3 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view of a 10 mm 45 lens for different target distances 10763003 a1 Focal length 9 66 mm 050 100 e soo somo 2500 soo woo m on oss 160 cem em aor cmn cone m as en oar 89 o n E eof ste sue e e470 12900 ame mm m am os 1600 2278 oror sme sorar w see e cse me rss ors mre me n see 204 aor 6 9 2095 sosr re 5 A D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 109 17 Technical data INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 110 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 18 Dimensions 18 1 Camera 18 1 1 Camera dimensions Figure 10760403 a1 49 mm 1 93 96 9 mm 3 81 22 8 mm
9. 25 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters 1311 ft An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it was possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos flask used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be devel oped during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying torpedo guida
10. August 2 2007 241 28 Emissivity tables Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 260 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 242 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 RD 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished
11. Laser rules and regulations Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer Alaser warning symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera 10743603 a1 WAVELENGTH 635 nm MAX OUTPUT POWI THIS PRODUCT COMPLIES WITH 21 CFR 1040 10 AND 1040 11 EXCEPT FOR DEVIATIONS PURSUANT TO LASER NOTICE NO 50 DATED JULY 26TH 2001 Wavelength 635 nm Max output power 1 mW This product complies with 21 CFR 1040 10 and 1040 11 except for deviations pur suant to Laser Notice No 50 dated July 26th 2001 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 25 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 1 Toolbars 8 1 1 Measurement toolbar NOTE The measurement toolbar becomes visible when you push the Measure button and select Advanced You use the measurement toolbar to set up measurement tools in the advanced mode or when editing a saved image in the archive mode To navigate on the toolbar use either the joystick or the stylus pen Figure 10760803 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above You select this toolbar button to do one or more of the following Move measurement tools Remove measur
12. Image capacity This table gives information on the approximate number of images that can be saved on SD Memory Cards Card size No voice annotation Incl 30 seconds voice annotation Procedure To save an image without previewing briefly push the Preview Save button Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 63 12 Working with images 12 4 Opening an image General When you save an image it is stored on the SD Memory Card To display the image again you can recall it from the SD Memory Card Procedure Follow this procedure to open an image Push the Archive button to open the most recently saved image If you want to open another image do one of the following 1 Move the joystick upwards This will display the images as thumbnails 2 Select the image you want to open by using the joystick 3 Push the Select button to open this image Move the joystick left right This will display the next previous image in the full image mode NOTE To leave archive mode push the Archive button 64 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images 12 5 Adjusting an image manually General An image can be adjusted automatically or manually These two modes are indicated in the top right corner of the screen by the letters A and M You use the A M button to switch between these two modes Example 1 This figure shows two in
13. Move the joytick up down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color to be displayed Push the joystick to confirm Push the Measure button to leave the main menu The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature exceeds the set tempera ture level Setting up a Follow this procedure to set up an isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature low temperature falls below a preset value isotherm Push the Measure button On the menu select Detect low temperature Push the joystick three times Move the joytick up down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color to be displayed Push the joystick to confirm Push the Measure button to leave the main menu The screen will now display an isotherm color when the temperature falls below the set level 74 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms Setting upa Follow this procedure to set up an isotherm color that is displayed when the camera humidity isotherm detects an area where there may be a risk of humidity in a building structure Setting up an insulation isotherm Push the Measure button On the menu select Detect humidity Push the joystick twice Use the joystick to set the following parameters a Rel humidity limit The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in a b
14. Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 240 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black T 0 90 1 Paper black dull y 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark iT 0 84 1 Paper coated with black Ji 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN
15. The differential pressure caused by temperature differences the so called chimney effect airtightness differences of air at different temperatures means that there is a negative pressure in the building s lower part and a positive pressure in the upper 156 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography part At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same see the figure on page 158 This differential pressure may be described by the relationship Ap gxp xh 1 2 Pa 1 Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa 9 81 m s Air density in kg m Thermodynamic air temperature outdoors in K Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K Distance from the neutral zone in meters If p 1 29 kg m density of air at a temperature of 273 K and 100 kPa this pro duces T Ap x 13x h 1 E T a With a difference of 25 C 77 F between the ambient internal and external tem peratures the result is a differential pressure difference within the structure of about 1 Pa m difference in height 3 28 Pa ft Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 157 20 Introduction to building thermography 10552003 a1 Figure 20 5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal tem
16. ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor which is completely hidden within the wall 10555803 a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 141 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 7 Air infiltration 20 2 7 1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building a negative pressure of 2 5 Pa can be expected When this negative pressure leads to cold air entering the building structure due to deficiencies in building insulation and or building sealing we have what is called air infiltration Air infiltration can be expected at joints and seams in the building structure Due to the fact that air infiltration creates an air flow of cool air into e g a room it can lead to substantial deterioration of the indoor climate Air flows as small as 0 15 m s 0 49 ft s are usually noticed by inhabitants although these air flows may be difficult to detect using ordinary measurement devices On an infrared image air infiltration can be identified by its typical ray pattern which emanates from the point of exit in the building structure e g from behind a skirting strip Furthermore areas of air infiltration typically have a lower det
17. w Lw Identify the critical defect area A Provisionally this is set at one thousandth or 0 1 of the total surface area Ac A 1000 f A lt A the building as a whole can be considered to have reasonably contin uous insulation 20 3 8 7 Reporting Reports should certificate a pass fail result comply with customers requirements and as a minimum include the information required by BSEN 13187 The following data is normally required so that survey can be repeated following remedial action Background to the objective and principles of the test Location orientation date and time of survey A unique identifying reference Thermographer s name and qualifications Type of construction Weather conditions wind speed and direction last precipitation sunshine degree of cloud cover Ambient temperatures inside and outside before at the beginning of survey and the time of each image Air temperature and radiant temperature should be recorded Statement of any deviation from relevant test requirements Equipment used last calibration date any knows defects Name affiliation and qualifications of tester Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 169 20 Introduction to building thermography Type extent and position of each observed defect Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations Reports should be indexed and archived by thermographers
18. 87 text annotation 84 customer support 4 D data technical 97 decks 136 defect probable 174 defective parts 174 defects classification of 176 deficiencies insulation 145 150 247 Index E definition of dew point 162 detection moisture 129 deviations 161 Dewar James 214 dew point definition of 162 digital photo taking 82 disruption sources of 151 distance 107 108 109 192 explanation 209 disturbance factors distance 192 object size 193 rain 192 snow 192 wind 191 draft 125 E education 5 171 effects of checking 150 testing 150 electromagnetic spectrum 215 electronic waste 5 emissivity 195 data 231 explanation 205 tables 231 equipment data general 174 excess temperature 181 external leaks 129 extreme infrared band 215 F facades commercial amp residential 134 factors disturbance distance 192 object size 193 rain 192 snow 192 wind 191 far infrared band 215 faults classification 182 faulty contact in socket 122 field of view 107 108 109 FLIR Systems copyright viii history 197 ISO 9001 viii legal disclaimer viii patents viii patents pending viii postal address viii continued product warranty viii quality assurance viii quality management system viii request for enhancement 4 RFE 4 trademarks viii warranty viii formulas Planck s law 217 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 220 Wien s displacement
19. EN August 2 2007 83 14 Annotating images 14 3 General Definition of label and value Differences between a text annotation and an image description 84 Adding a text annotation A text annotation can be saved in an infrared image Using this feature you can an notate images using a file with predefined text strings This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting a large number of similar objects The idea behind using text annotations is to avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually The concept of text annotation is based on two important definitions label and value The following examples explains the difference between the two definitions Label examples Value examples Company Company A Company B Company C Building Workshop 1 Workshop 2 Workshop 3 Section Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Equipment Tool 1 Tool 1 Tool 3 Recommendation Recommendation 1 Recommendation 2 Recommendation 3 Text annotations and image descriptions differ in several ways A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems and the information cannot be retrieved by other vendors software An image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software Thestructure of a text annotation relies on information pairs label and value while an image description does not An image descripti
20. It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T _ can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW Se TW Lr W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU gb Se Ug r U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 226 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 27 The measurement formula 1 1 1 Us U rg Ug U atm ET ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 27 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T pj i e a voltage that can
21. Outdoor thermography is only used to obtain reference measurements of larger facade surfaces In certain cases e g where the thermal insulation is very bad or where there is an internal positive pressure outdoor measurements may be useful Even when investigating the effects of installations located within the building s climatic envelope there may be justification for thermographic imaging from outside the building The following conditions are recommended The air temperature difference within the relevant part of the building must be at least 10 C 18 F for a number of hours before thermographic imaging and for as long as the procedure takes For the same period the ambient temperature difference must not vary by more than 30 of the difference when the thermo graphic imaging starts During the thermographic imaging the indoor ambient temperature should not change by more than 2 C 3 6 F For a number of hours prior before thermographic imaging and as long as it con tinues no influencing sunlight may fall upon the relevant part of the building Negative pressure within the structure 10 50 Pa When conducting thermographic imaging in order to locate only air leaks in the building s enclosing sections the requirements in terms of measuring conditions may be lower A difference of 5 C 9 F between the inside and outside ambient temperatures ought to be sufficient for detecting such defects To be able to detect ai
22. Try to work on the safe side by coming closer than 9 meters 30 ft At 7 8 meters 23 26 ft your measurement should be correct 196 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 22 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces four major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1965 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems and the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics 10722703 a1 Figure 22 1 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT InfraCAM from 2006 Weight 0 55 kg 1 21 Ib including the battery The company has sold more than 40 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing pl
23. eden tee necare 130 20 2 3 8 Commented building structures 131 20 2 3 4 Commented infrared images 132 20 2 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential fa ades 134 20 2 4 1 General information idee teer teet ee 134 20 2 4 2 Commented building structures sssseeeee 134 20 2 4 3 Commented infrared images sssssssee 136 20 2 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies ssss 196 20 2 5 1 General information 196 20 2 5 2 Commented building structures 137 20 2 5 3 Commented infrared images 139 20 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks sse 139 20 2 6 1 General information 2 1 t dh et tette tai 139 20 2 6 2 Commented infrared images sss 140 20 2 7 AI infiltration oie rete reete tenet e e inde eit 142 20 2 7 1 General information 142 20 2 7 2 Commented building structures 142 20 2 7 8 Commented infrared images 144 20 2 8 Insulation deficiencies iege entente etie ode dette 145 20 2 8 1 General information peto tee ete lees 145 20 2 8 2 Commented building structures ssseee 145 20 2 8 3 Commented infrared images sse 147 20 8 Theory of building science 149 20 8 4 General information 14
24. or any other legal theory Copyright FLIR Systems 2007 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This manual must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents This product is protected by patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending One or several of the following patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending apply to the products and
25. 0 90 106 mm O 77 mm 3 03 md 169 mm 6 65 32 mm 1 26 Optical axis Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 111 18 Dimensions 18 1 2 Camera dimensions continued Figure 10760503 a1 201 mm 7 91 35 mm 1 38 125 mm 4 92 112 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 18 Dimensions 18 1 3 Camera dimensions continued Figure 10760603 a1 Optical axis 35 mm 39 mm 106 mm 4 17 1 38 1 54 125 mm 4 92 90 4 mm 3 56 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 113 18 Dimensions 18 1 4 Figure 114 Camera dimensions continued with 30 mm 15 lens 10762703 a1 121 07 mm 4 77 125 mm 4 92 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 18 Dimensions 18 1 5 Camera dimensions continued with 10 mm 45 lens Figure 10762603 a1 135 19 mm 5 32 a 125 mm 4 92 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 115 18 Dimensions 18 2 Battery Figure 10602103 a2 e E E N e N amp e E E o 5 41 3 mm 1 63 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it 116 Publ No 1558792 Rev
26. 7 Mounting an additional infrared lens ssssssssseseeneeneennennenenennnnnnnns 54 11 8 Removing an additional infrared lens sssssssseesseeeneennenennntnnns 56 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Xi 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 xii 11 9 Attaching he S nshielq ote re ite ere dee ure osten Ives 58 11 10 Using the laser pointer rre time tete trt Breda s 60 Working with Images deett ee LAE ERE A esta 61 12 1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus 61 12 2 Previewing an image 62 12 3 Saving an image we 68 12 4 Openirnig an image eene te htt tete ride AON edd eec de ats 64 12 5 Adjusting an image Manually ssssseenn nnne 65 12 6 Hiding overlay graphics tone de eee ice ah eee met 68 12 7 Deleting an image Nisshe aaa E Meer sous 69 12 8 Deleting all images eee eee eee e aa a paedahe ae 70 Working with measurement tools and isotherms sssssss eee 72 13 1 Setting up measurement tools essent tete atenta teta tna ta thats 72 13 2 Setting up measurement tools advanced mode sss 73 13 3 Setting up isotherms 13 4 Removing measurement tools eee ei reae 76 13 5 Moving measurement tools cette eain decre as 77 13 6 Resizing areas glo peores terrens tede areca ree epo Pg Ma eee
27. ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect the higher the quality of the inspection But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled It is therefore common practice that a person responsible for the equipment is present during the inspection 21 2 3 Inspection The preparation of the inspection should include the choice of the right type of report Itis often necessary to use complementary equipment such as ampere meters in order to measure the current in the circuits where defects were found An anemometer is necessary if you want to measure the wind speed at inspection of outdoor equipment Automatic functions help the IR operator to visualize an IR image of the components with the right contrast to allow easy identification of a fault or a hot spot It is almost impossible to miss a hot spot on a scanned component A measurement function will also automatically display the hottest spot within an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 1071270323 Figure 21 1 An infrared and a visual image of a power line isolator When the fault is clearly identi
28. Figure 10759103 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Tripod mount 1 4 20 Release button for the cover to the connector bay Cover for the connector bay Release button for the battery compartment cover Cover for the battery compartment 22 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts 7 4 Battery condition indicator General The battery has a battery condition indicator Figure 10715703 a3 Explanation This table explains the battery condition indicator Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes The power supply or the stand alone battery charger is charging the battery The green light is continuous The battery is fully charged The green light is off The camera is using the battery instead of the power supply Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 23 7 Camera parts 7 5 General Figure 24 Laser pointer The camera has a laser pointer When the laser pointer is on you can see a laser dot approximately 40 mm 1 57 in above the target This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens 10759203 a1 40 mm 1 57 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts WARNING CAUTION NOTE Laser warning label
29. In the opposite case with most of the leaks on the leeward side the internal pressure falls Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 155 20 Introduction to building thermography 10551903 a1 v 2047 0 01 2 V 90 ne 0 65 0 47 4 0 65 0 43 0 77 0 50 0 60 T 0 72 M v 30 0 18 0 63 0 45 0 45 0 39 0 11 Figure 20 4 Stress concentration factor C distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities v relative to a building Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ ated locations In thermography such variations can have a clear effect on the mea surement results It has been demonstrated experimentally that the differential pressure on a facade exposed to an average wind force of about 5 m s 16 3 ft s will be about 10 Pa Mechanical ventilation results in a constant internal negative or positive pressure depending on the direction of the ventilation Research has showed that the negative pressure caused by mechanical extraction kitchen fans in small houses is usually between 5 and 10 Pa Where there is mechanical extraction of ventilation air e g in multi dwelling blocks the negative pressure is somewhat greater 10 50 Pa Where there is so called balanced ventilation mechanically controlled supply and extract air this is normally adjusted to produce a slight negative pressure inside 3 5 Pa
30. Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 236 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 ED 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 T 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 100 y 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 iT 0 78 0 82 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 iT 0 89 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 Ji 0 80 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 Ji 0 88 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 237 28 Emissivity tables
31. One SD Memory Card Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 41 10 External devices and storage media 10 1 Connecting external devices Figure 10759303 a2 rcd Explanation This table explains the figure above To connect a headset to the camera to record and listen to voice comment use a headset cable and this socket To connect a video monitor to the camera use a CVBS cable a composite video cable and this socket To connect a computer to the camera to move images and files to and from the camera use a USB Mini B cable and this socket To connect an external USB device to the camera use a USB A cable and this socket 42 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 10 External devices and storage media 10 2 Inserting SD Memory Cards Figure 10759503 a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to insert an SD Memory Card Open the rubber cover that protects the card slot Push the SD Memory Card firmly into the card slot until a clicking sound is heard Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 43 11 11 1 NOTE General SEE 44 Handling the camera Charging the battery You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camerafor the first time You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning
32. Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography used value of 0 196 of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations This represents one square metre in every thousand 20 3 8 4 4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system The trained thermographer will recognise account for and report on the variation of emissivity and reflectivity of the surfaces under consideration 20 3 8 4 5 Measuring area of the defects Measurement of defect area can be performed by pixel counting in the thermal anal ysis software or most spreadhseet packages provided that the distance from camera to object is accurately measured probably using a laser measurement system the target distance should take into account the IFOV of the imaging system any angular change between the camera and the object surface from the perpen dicular is accounted for Buildings consist of numerous construction features that are not conducive to quan titative surveys including windows roof lights luminaries heat emitters cooling equipment service pipes and electrical conductors However the joints and connec tions between these objects and the building envelope should be considered as part of the survey 20 3 8 5 Conditions and equipment To
33. SUE Ee Esas 78 13 7 Changing object paramelers 2 reete denen eee aa de 79 Annotating images ccna eee eee eee eee siete bpegees 81 144 Adding digital photo ere ER eo ET eR 82 14 2 Adding a Voice ahinotatiori erre RO ee EE AELA EERE parE 83 14 39 Adding a text annotatloln eret Neo ORT UI 84 14 4 Adding an image description 87 14 5 Adding a sketch 88 14 6 Adding an image marker rrt rient tr rede tasa pe PR n iD Reemi 89 Changing settings 91 15 1 Changing image settings 91 15 2 Changing regional settirigs ertet tette e ee i tee tees 92 15 3 Changing camera settings idee tote ce reete e o E CHE E s 93 Cleaning the camera 2 id pede eese cece wee cease decane eire ve da a deuda ae 95 16 14 Camera housing cables and other items sessssssseeeeeeeeneeen 95 16 2 Infrared eris 23m te pene vete Se dea dee deca t dt ca Der READER ini 96 Technical data Dimensions 18 1 Camera 18 4 1 Camera dimierisi nis i eei einen eden ete ette 111 18 1 2 Camera dimensions continued sesssssssseeeeeeeeneen enne 112 18 1 3 Camera dimensions continued sessssssssseseeeeeeeeeen nennen enne 113 18 1 4 Camera dimensions continued with 30 mm 15 lens seser 114 18 1 5 Camera dimensions continued with 10 mm 45 lens 115 18 2 Battery oe 116 18 3 Stand alone battery ch
34. Start Guide Follow this procedure to get started right away Charge the battery for four hours Insert the battery into the camera Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the top of the camera Push the On Off button to turn on the camera Set the correct object temperature range Aim the camera toward your target of interest Use the Focus button to focus the camera Push the Preview Save button to save the image To move the image to a computer do one of the following Removethe SD Memory Card and insert it into a card reader connected to a computer Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini B cable Move the image from the card or camera using a drag and drop operation Section 11 1 Charging the battery on page 44 Section 11 2 Inserting the battery on page 48 Section 10 2 Inserting SD Memory Cards on page 43 Section 11 4 Turning on the camera on page 52 Section 15 1 Changing image settings on page 91 Section 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms on page 72 Section 10 1 Connecting external devices on page 42 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 9 4 Quick Start Guide INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 10 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 5 List of accessories General This section contains a list of accessories that you can purchase for your camera The accessories includ
35. Suite 125 Burlington ON L7L 5K2 CANADA Phone 1 800 613 0507 ext 30 Fax 905 639 5488 E mail IRCanada flir com Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Beijing Representative Office Rm 203A Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100600 PRG Phone 86 10 8532 2304 Fax 86 10 8532 2460 E mail beijing flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Office Room 6311 West Building Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road South Shanghai 200020 PRC Phone 86 21 5466 0286 Fax 86 21 5466 0289 E mail shanghai flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Guangzhou Representative Office 1105 Main Tower Guang Dong International Hotel 339 Huanshi Dong Road Guangzhou 510098 PREG Phone 86 20 8333 7492 Fax 86 20 8331 0976 E mail guangzhou flir com cn Web www flirthermography com FRANCE FLIR Systems 10 rue Guynemer 92130 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 1 41 33 97 97 Fax 33 0 1 47 36 18 32 E mail info flir fr Web www flirthermography com GERMANY FLIR Systems Berner Strasse 81 D 60437 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com GREAT BRITAIN FLIR Systems 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4AQ UNITED KINGDOM Phone 44 0 1732 220
36. T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor 244 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 Water frost crystals 10 iT 0 98 Water ice covered with O T 0 98 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 thick Water snow T 0 8 Water snow 10 T 0 85 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 samples Wood planed 20 T 0 8 0 9 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 dry Wood plywood untreat 20 SW 0 83 ed Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 245 28 Emissivity tables polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 246 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Index A Index A about FLIR Systems 197 absolute humidity 161 accuracy 5 adding image description 87 address viii air infiltratio
37. T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 iT 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiOz 64 Al0O3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 di 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 234 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T
38. achieve best results from a thermal insulation survey it is important to consider the environmental conditions and to use the most appropriate thermographic technique for the task Thermal anomalies will only present themselves to the thermographer where temper ature differences exist and environmental phenomena are accounted for As a mini mum the following conditions should be complied with Temperature differences across the building fabric to be greater than 10 C 18 F Internal air to ambient air temperature difference to be greater than 5 C 9 F for the last twentyfour hours before survey External air temperature to be within 3 C 5 4 F for duration of survey and for the previous hour External air temperature to be within 10 C 18 F for the preceding twentyfour hours In addition external surveys should also comply with the following Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 167 20 Introduction to building thermography Necessary surfaces free from direct solar radiation and the residual effects of past solar radiation This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey Ensure all building surfaces to be inspected are dry Wind speed to be less than 10 metres second 19 5 kn As well as temperature there are other environmental conditions that should also be
39. an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Wy Wy Ey Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have py l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 222 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 26 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2
40. an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE m EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting X Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Table of contents 10 11 Warnings amp Cautloris 22 ein ciara ata atiende eee De e De ico re deeds 1 INGUGE 10 USER mE M ta oad ae eee tele Nala uel 4 Important note about this manual sssssssseee eee 7 QuickStart Guide ise eae ane edge ed oen bett ird 9 List of accessorles cede eie dece e te dee eurn eek die e ERE E d a Rea 11 A note abo t ergonomics cere ere Een ERR HERI Er eite ditas 14 Camera p rts 1o a TRAER Wenn WAGES Eee o er de eet du to ev I e Hed 7A Viewot the Tear EIER Te MIGWORTNC TOM secret terere AEE NAAS T9395 Miew of the bottom sid 2 neuere eer crt amitti rtr trie it cendi 7 4 Battery condition indicator 7 5 Wide Toolbars and work areas isenana p i a p apaa nnne nnne nnne nnn 8 1 Brelo oke la E E A T E E E 8 1 1 Measurement toolbar 8 1 2 Documentation toolbar msiri iingie ai a a a 8 1 3
41. and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 216 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 26 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 26 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 26 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the
42. be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Taf and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object t
43. capacity to store heat than the surrounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depend ing on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 10739503 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 121 19 Application examples 19 2 General NOTE Figure 122 Faulty contact in socket Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the Socket and can result in an electrical fire A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from difference in load The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has r
44. compensating for the radi ation from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera This property of the object is called reflectivity Object distance i e the distance between the camera and the object of interest Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature ofthe air between the camera and the object of interest Relative humidity i e the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the object of interest If you are unsure about the values the following are recommended Atmospheric temperature 20 C 69 F Emissivity 0 95 Object distance 1 0 m 3 3 ft Reflected apparent temperature 20 C 69 F Relative humidity 50 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 79 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object parameters globally Push the Measure button On the menu select Parameters Push the joystick Go to the parameter that you want to change using the joystick Push the joystick Move the joystick up down to change the value Push the joystick to confirm Push the Measure button to leave the menu NOTE Ofthe five parameters above emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important to set correctly in the camera You can also change object parameters from the Measure menu SEE ALSO For more information about parameters and how to cor
45. country to country For that reason the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country Also in many countries carrying out electrical inspections requires formal qualification Always consult national or regional electrical regulations 21 2 General information 21 2 1 Introduction Today thermography is a well established technique for the inspection of electrical installations This was the first and still is the largest the largest application of ther mography The infrared camera itself has gone through an explosive development and we can say that today the 8th generation of thermographic systems is available It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Thermography in conjunction with vibration analysis has over the latest decades been the main method for fault diagnostics in the industry as a part of the preventive maintenance program The great advantage with these methods is that it is not only possible to carry out the inspection on installations in operation normal working condition is in fact a prerequisite for a correct measurement result so the ongoing production process is not disturbed Thermographic inspection of electrical installations are used in three main areas Power generation Power transmission
46. extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction v may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 221 26 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by
47. for creating the report page shown below is called ThermaCAM Reporter It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems A professional report is often divided into two sections Front pages with facts about the inspection such as Who the client is for example customer s company name and contact person Location of the inspection site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents Inspection pages containing IR images to document and analyze thermal properties or anomalies Identification of the inspected object a What is the object designation name number and so on a Photo a IR image When collecting IR images there are some details to consider Optical focus Thermal adjustment of the scene or the problem level amp span Composition proper observation distance and viewing angle Comment a Is there an anomaly or not a Is there a reflection or not a Use a measurement tool spot area or isotherm to quantify the problem Use the simplest tool possible a profile graph is almost never needed in electrical reports 184 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603 a3 THERMOGRAPHY INSPECTION Date 2005 10 10 FLIR tor Sign SYSTEMS FLIR Systems AB Contract 1708
48. form of a thermal resistance or a coefficient of thermal transmittance U value for the various parts of the building However the stated thermal resistance values rarely provide a measure of the actual energy losses in a building Air leakage from joints and connections that are not airtight and insufficiently filled with insulation often gives rise to considerable deviations from the designed and expected values Verification that individual materials and building elements have the promised prop erties is provided by means of laboratory tests Completed buildings have to be checked and inspected in order to ensure that their intended insulation and airtightness functions are actually achieved In its structural engineering application thermography is used to study temperature variations over the surfaces of a structure Variations in the structure s thermal resis tance can under certain conditions produce temperature variations on its surfaces Leakage of cold or warm air through the structure also affects the variation in surface temperature This means that insulation defects thermal bridges and air leaks in a building s enclosing structural components can be located and surveyed Thermography itself does not directly show the structure s thermal resistance or air tightness Where quantification of thermal resistance or airtightness is required addi tional measurements have also to be taken Thermographic analysis of buildings relies
49. of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck color temperature The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction The process that makes heat spread into a material continuous adjust A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection The process that makes hot air or liquid rise difference temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values dual isotherm An isotherm with two color bands instead of one emissivity emissivity factor The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 201 23 Glossary Term or expression Explanation estimated atmospheric transmission external optics filter FOV FPA graybody IFOV image correction internal or external Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured A material transparent only to some of the infrared waveleng
50. on certain prerequisites in terms of temperature and pressure conditions across the structure Details shapes and contrasts in the thermal image can vary quite clearly with changes in any of these parameters The in depth analysis and interpretation of thermal images therefore requires thorough knowledge of such aspects as material and structural properties the effects of climate and the latest measuring techniques For assessing Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 149 20 Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements e g by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body 20 3 2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work There are certain factors involved in assembling the various components and building elements that can have a considerable impact on the final result The effects of transport handling and storage at the site and the way the work is done cannot be calculated in advance To ensure that the intended function is actually achieved verification by testing and checking the completed building is required Modern insulation technology has reduced the theoretical heat requirement This does mean however that defects that are relatively minor
51. re quirement in the Building Regulations therefore enabling the qualified thermographer to issue a pass or fail report 20 3 8 3 Background information Thermography can detect surface temperature variations as small as 0 1 K and graphic images can be produced that visibly illustrate the distribution of temperature on building surfaces Variations in the thermal properties of building structures such as poorly fitted or missing sections of insulation cause variations in surface temperature on both sides of the structure They are therefore visible to the thermographer However many other factors such as local heat sources reflections and air leakage can also cause surface temperature variations The professional judgement of the thermographer is usually required to differentiate between real faults and other sources of temperature variation Increasingly thermo graphers are asked to justify their assessment of building structures and in the ab sence of adequate guidance it can be difficult to set definite levels for acceptable or unacceptable variation in temperature The current Standard for thermal iamging of building fabric in the UK is BS EN 13187 1999 BS EN 13187 1999 Thermal Performance of Buildings Qualitative de tection of thermal properties in building envelopes Infrared method ISO 6781 1983 modified However this leaves interpretation of the thermal image to the professional expertise of of the thermographer and pr
52. resulted in standing water between the structural concrete deck and the plaza wearing surface 20 2 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 20 2 6 1 General information Water from plumbing leaks can often lead to severe damage on a building structure Small leaks may be difficult to detect but can over the years penetrate structural walls and foundations to a degree where the building structure is beyond repair Using building thermography at an early stage when plumbing breaks and leaks are suspected can lead to substantial savings on material and labor Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 139 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 6 2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks amp leaks Infrared image Comment 10555503 a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured 10555603 a1 Water from plumbing leak was found to have mi grated farther than originally anticipated by the contractor during remediation techniques of cutting back carpet and installing dehumidifiers 140 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment ee The infrared image of this vinyl sided 3 floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri
53. set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous pro cedure 3 Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample 4 Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even 5 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 6 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 8 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 208 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 24 Thermographic measurement techniques a Write down the emissivity Please note the following Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 24 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is
54. the case for the major ity of pitched roofs it must be strongly built to support the accumulated weight of both roof structure and any snow ice and rain Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 129 20 Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection expert knowledge is not necessary There is a large number of different design principles for low slope com mercial roofs both when it comes to material and design and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all If additional information about a certain roof is needed the architect or contractor of the building can usually supply the relevant information Common causes of roof failure are outlined in the table below from SPIE Thermosense Proceedings Vol 371 1982 p 177 Poor workmanship Roof traffic Poor design Trapped moisture Materials Age amp weathering Potential leak locations include the following Flashing Drains Penetrations Seams Blisters 20 2 3 2 Safety precautions Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof preferably three or more Inspect the underside of the roof for structural integrity prior to walking on it Avoid stepping on blisters that are common on built up bitumen and gravel roofs Have a cell phone or radio availab
55. to 8 m s 16 knots There are however cases when you have to inspect even if the wind is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably higher temperature at a lower wind speed The empirical cor rection factor can be listed Wind speed m s Wind speed knots Correction factor The measured overheating multiplied by the correction factor gives the excess tem perature with no wind that is at 1 m s 2 knots 21 6 2 Rain and snow Rain and snow also have a cooling effect on electrical equipment Thermographic measurement can still be conducted with satisfactory results during light snowfall with dry snow and light drizzle respectively The image quality will deteriorate in heavy Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 191 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured 21 6 3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters 66 ft away from this faulty connec tion The distance was incorrectly set to 1 meter 3 ft and the temperature was me
56. very clear excess temperature Actually the operating temperature of the left phase is 68 C 154 F that is quite a substantial temperature whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of 86 C 187 F This means an excess temper ature of 18 C 33 F that is a fault that has to be attended to quickly For practical reasons the normal expected operating temperature of a component is taken as the temperature of the components in at least two out of three phases provided that you consider them to be working normally The most normal case is of course that all three phases have the same or at least almost the same temperature The operating temperature of outdoor components in substations or power lines is usually only 1 C or 2 C above the air temperature 1 8 F or 3 6 F In indoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the bottom image as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating temperature taken from the two cold phases is 66 C 151 F The faulty phase shows a temperature of 127 C 261 F which has to be attended to without delay 21 3 5 Classification of faults Once a faulty connection is detected corrective measures may be necessary or may not be necessary for the time being In order to recommend the most appropriate action the following criteria should be evaluated Load during th
57. which is the approximate dew point 20 3 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity UK example 20 3 8 1 Credits This Technical Note was produced by a working group including expert thermogra phers and research consultants Additional consultation with other persons and or ganisations results in this document being widely accepted by all sides of industries The contents of this Technical Note is reproduced with kind permission from and fully copyrighted to United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA 162 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel 44 0 1604 630124 Fax 44 0 1604 231489 20 3 8 2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment applications software and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate As the technology has gradually become integrated into mainstream practises a correspond ing demand for application guides standards and thermography training has arisen The UKTA is publishing this technical note in order to establish a consistent approach to quantifying the results for a Continuity of Thermal Insulation examination It is in tended that specifiers should refer to this document as a guide to satisfying the
58. with measurement capabilities Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 2 Notice to user For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature Disposal of 10742803 a1 electronic waste As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environ mentally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details Training To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com oa Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 2 Notice to user INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 3 Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice N Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 3 Important note about this manual INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 8 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 4 Procedure SEE Quick
59. 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 iE 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 235 28 Emissivity tables Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 ii 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2
60. 0 2 m 0 66 ft focus limit 10 mm 45 lens Focal 9 66 mm 0 380 in length 10 mm 45 lens Spatial 2 45 mrad resolution IFOV 10 mm 45 lens F num 1 3 ber 10 mm 45 lens Size 38 4 x 47 mm 1 51 x 1 85 in Length x Diameter 10 mm 45 lens Camera 135 2 x 201 0 x 125 0 mm 5 32 x 7 91 x 4 92 in size L x W x H with 45 lens pointing forward 10 mm 45 lens Weight 0 105 kg 0 231 Ib incl two lens caps 106 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data Field of view and 10763103 a1 distance 30 mm 15 lens lens c m N SG SS WN SS SS Zi Figure 17 1 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view of a 30 mm 15 lens for different target distances 10762803 a1 Focal length 30 38 mm Resolution 320 x 240 pixels Field of view in degrees 15 0 oe eee of one em Em ser ers pss e an sor senso smer e oes sae se cmm cem eon 8 oe cse see e 8 D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of vi
61. 011 Fax 44 0 1732 843 707 E mail sales flir uk com Web www flirthermography com HONG KONG FLIR Systems Room 1613 15 Tower 2 Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Rd Shatin N T HONG KONG Phone 852 27 92 89 55 Fax 852 27 92 89 52 E mail flir flir com hk Web www flirthermography com ITALY FLIR Systems Via L Manara 2 20051 Limbiate MI ITALY Phone 39 02 99 45 10 01 Fax 39 02 99 69 24 08 E mail info flir it Web www flirthermography com JAPAN FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK Nishi Gotanda Access 8F 3 6 20 Nishi Gotanda Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 141 0031 JAPAN Phone 81 3 6277 5681 Fax 81 3 6277 5682 E mail info flir jp Web www flirthermography com SWEDEN FLIR Systems Worldwide Thermography Center P O Box 3 SE 182 11 Danderyd SWEDEN Phone 46 0 8 753 25 00 Fax 46 0 8 753 23 64 E mail sales flir se Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Corporate headquarters 27700A SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Phone 1 503 498 3547 Web www flirthermography com USA Primary sales amp service contact in USA FLIR Systems USA Thermography Center 16 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862 USA Phone 1 978 901 8000 Fax 1 978 901 8887 E mail marketing flir com Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations 70 Castilian Dr Goleta CA 93117 3027 USA Phone 1 805 964 9797 Fax
62. 1 805 685 2711 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations IAS Facility 701 John Sims Parkway East Suite 2B Niceville FL 32578 USA Phone 1 850 678 4503 Fax 1 850 678 4992 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com
63. 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 JT 0 02 0 03 Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 1 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 F 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 Ji 0 76 0 70 Slag boiler 1400 1800 Ji 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 500 T 0 35 18 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 243 28 Emissivity tables Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 Ji 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 3H 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300
64. 20 Macedonio Melloni 212 Marsilio Landriani 211 Max Planck 217 measurement comparative 180 temperature 178 measurement formula 225 measurement situation general thermographic 225 measuring conditions 159 measuring season 159 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 mechanical ventilation 156 Melloni Macedonio 212 middle infrared band 215 moisture amp water damage 121 moisture detection 129 commercial amp residential facades 134 decks amp balconies 136 low slope commercial roofs 129 plumbing breaks amp leaks 139 mold 128 monospace 4 movement air 151 N near infrared band 215 Nobili Leopoldo 213 non blackbody emitters 221 normal operating temperature 181 0 object size 193 opening image 64 operating temperature normal 181 overheating 189 oxidized socket 123 P packing list 11 parts camera battery condition indicator 23 parts defective 174 patents viii patents pending viii photo taking 82 Planck Max 217 plumbing breaks 139 postal address viii power connector 104 pin configuration 104 preparation 175 pressure dynamic 154 static 154 total 154 pressure conditions 153 priority repair 176 probable defect 174 product warranty viii Q quality assurance viii 249 Index R quality management system viii R radiation power terms emission from atmosphere 226 emission from object 226 reflec
65. 20 3 8 7 1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on Access to the surface Buildings where both the internal and the external surfaces are obscured e g by false ceilings racking or materials stacked against walls may not be amenable to this type of survey Location of the thermal insulation Surveys are usually more effective from the side nearest to the thermal insulation Location of heavyweight materials Surveys are usually less effective from the side nearest to the heavyweight material The purpose of the survey If the survey aims to show risk of condensation and mould growth it should be internal Location of glass bare metal or other materials that may be highly reflective Surveys are usually less effective on highly reflective surfaces A defect will usually produce a smaller temperature difference on the outside of a wall exposed to external air movement However missing or defective insulation near the external surface can often be more readily indentified externally 170 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 4 Disclaimer 20 4 1 Copyright notice Some sections and or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow ing organizations and companies FORMAS The Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Stockholm Sweden I
66. 25 g IEC 60068 2 29 Vibration 2 g IEC 60068 2 6 Safety Camera weight incl bat tery Battery weight Camera size L x W x H Battery size L x W x H Power supply and parts containing radio transmitters EN UL CSA 60950 1 0 88 kg 1 94 Ib 0 12 kg 0 26 Ib 106 0 x 201 0 x 125 0 mm 4 17 x 7 91 x 4 92 in with built in lens pointing forward 91 8 x 41 3 x 26 2 mm 3 61 x 1 63 x 1 08 in Battery charger size L x WxH Tripod mounting 80 2 x 97 8 x 46 5 mm 3 16 x 3 85 x 1 83 in without battery UNC 1 4 20 Material Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 a Polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene PC ABS Thixomold magnesium Thermoplastic elastomer TPE 105 17 17 Technical data IR lenses ional 30 mm 15 lens Field of 15 x 11 3 optional view FOV 30 mm 15 lens Close 1 2 m 3 93 ft focus limit 30 mm 15 lens Focal 30 38 mm 1 196 in length 30 mm 15 lens Spatial 0 82 mrad resolution IFOV 30 mm 15 lens F num 1 3 ber 30 mm 15 lens Size 24 3 x 58 mm 0 96 x 2 28 in Length x Diameter 30 mm 15 lens Camera 121 1 x 201 0 x 125 0 mm 4 76 x 7 91 x 4 92 in size L x W x H with 15 lens pointing forward 30 mm 15 lens Weight 0 092 kg 0 203 Ib incl two lens caps 10 mm 45 lens Field of 44 9 x 33 7 view FOV 10 mm 45 lens Close
67. 4 Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 210 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 25 History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 25 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass that gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by repeating Newt
68. 9 20 8 2 The effects of testing and checking 150 20 8 8 Sources of disruption in thermography sessssseeneenn 151 20 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks sss 153 20 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building seeees 153 20 3 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season ou eee eee etree eee eneee 159 20 8 6 Interpretation of infrared images 159 20 3 7 Humidity amp dew point 161 20 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity 161 20 3 7 2 Definition of dew point 162 20 8 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation contin ity UK example ordres ene eee ns 162 20 3 8 1 Credits iens eoa ainoa cen Lem use te dudit ped LUE 162 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 xiii 21 22 xiv 20 3 8 2 lasted WW T 163 20 3 8 3 Background information 163 20 3 8 4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies 164 20 3 8 5 Conditions and equipment w 167 20 3 86 Gu urvey and analysis eret e tel eres 168 20 3 8 7 RE DOMING ae 169 20 4 DISCIANIMOR ove ret ete tent I decane re meget He cava naeccavnadcncusuesvenievedsnennasveteiiede 171 20 41 Copyright Holl ce etre ee ee Dee eene reete et deerit 171 20 4 2 Training amp certification
69. Battery operating time Charging system Power management Approximately 4 hours at 25 C 77 F ambient temperature and typical use Use the combined power supply amp battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside or outside the camera a Use the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery Automatic shut down and sleep mode after a time period that the user can set AC operation Voltage Start up time from sleep mode Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 AC adapter 90 260 VAC input 12 V output to camera 11 16 VDC Instant on 103 17 Technical data Pin configuration for power connector 104 10763403 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data Environmental data Physical data Operating temperature range 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Storage temperature range 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Humidity operating and storage IEC 68 2 30 24 h 95 relative humidity 25 C to 40 C 77 F to 104 F EMC Magnetic fields Encapsulation Bump EN 61000 6 2 2001 Immunity a EN 61000 6 3 2001 Emission a FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Emission EN 61 000 4 8 Test level 5 for continous field Severe industrial environment Camera housing and lens IP 54 IEC 60529 Transport case IP 65 IEC 60529
70. Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies Structural drawing Comment iste i i Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet leading to leakage during rain mE s No flashing at deck to wall connection leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation 137 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement SECURITY RISK 10554903 a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall SECURITY RISK 138 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 5 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies Infrared image Comment 10555303 a1 Improper flashing at balcony to wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex 10555403 a1 A missing composite drainage plane or medium on a below grade parking garage plaza deck structure
71. Figure 26 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 26 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 26 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 223 26 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7 10 7 A When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient o
72. Image marker toolbar ott eee e d eid aaa aeaa a aaea ud 8 1 4 Voice annotation toolbar mcn tme ceteri ice teal 8 2 lujo erii cap 8 2 1 Malt jene 8 2 2 oketch WOMK Area ree a pere tse Pr ee et pe e SR eda de 8 2 3 Text annotation and image description work area 8 2 4 Operation mode area ge s rci e ne seve aces ru DR e re ites Navigating the menu system sssssssssseeeeeneeeneeeeneenne nennen enne nnns 39 External devices and storage media ssssssssssssee eene 41 10 1 Connecting external devices 10 2 Inserting SD Memory Cards eite nte ede ARA AERE dde Handling th cam ra Em 44 11 4 Charging the batary Grrr n e mta ite eene eee rede EE 44 11 1 14 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera sisisi idikia ikiia aaia pii pcd 45 11 1 2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera ssssssssenn eene 46 11 1 8 Using the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery 47 11 2 Anserting the Dattery cerei reddent qe bein eer eic 48 11 3 Removing the Daltety uere eei eren genere dele d eder e d 50 11 4 Turning on the camera su 52 11 5 Tumino oft Hie cameras oce deer nece redde ene eoe e eere ido exor 52 11 6 Adjusting the angle of lens esses retn treten tnnt n eterne tates 53 11
73. N August 2 2007 14 Annotating images 14 4 Adding an image description General An image description is a brief textual description that is saved in an infrared image The image description can be retrieved from the image file using software from other companies Differences Image descriptions and text annotations differ in several ways between a text annotation and an image description A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems and the information cannot be retrieved by other vendors software An image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software The structure of a text annotation relies on information pairs label and value while an image description does not An image description file can have virtually any information structure Procedure Follow this procedure to add an image description To preview an image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second This will display the documentation toolbar Move the joystick left to select the text annotation toolbar button Push the joystick to display the text annotation and image description work area For information about the work area see section 8 2 3 Text annotation and image description work area on page 34 Select the image description tab using the joystick This will display a keyboard on the screen Type your image description by tapping t
74. Power distribution that is industrial use of electrical energy The fact that these controls are carried out under normal operation conditions has created a natural division between these groups The power generation companies measure during the periods of high load These periods vary from country to country Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 173 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected whether they are hydroelectric nuclear coal based or oil based plants In the industry the inspections are at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper ation Thus repairs are made when the operation is stopped anyway However this seems to be the rule less and less which has led to inspections of the plants under varying load and operating conditions 21 2 2 General equipment data The equipment to be inspected has a certain temperature behavior that should be known to the thermographer before the inspection takes place In the case of electrical equipment the physical principle of why faults show a different temperature pattern because of increased resistance or increased electrical current is well known However it is useful to remember that in some cases for example solenoid
75. Reference manual User s manual Be wal Benutzerhandbuch k zik nyv Ka Publ No Revision 1558792 a239 Language English EN Issue date August 2 2007 eee Manual co MUS Oy Fell l tk ruksanv ThermaCAM B360 ThermaCAM B400 ThermaCAM T360 ThermaCAM T400 Felha etenim e Warnings amp Cautions Notice to user Important note about this manual Quick Start Guide List of accessories A note about ergonomics Camera parts Toolbars and work areas Navigating the menu system External devices and storage media Handling the camera Working with images Working with measurement tools and isotherms Annotating images Changing settings Cleaning the camera Technical data Dimensions Application examples Introduction to building thermography Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations About FLIR Systems Glossary Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography The measurement formula Emissivity tables Index m N N Heference manual ELIR SYSTEMS Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products h
76. T TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE m NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT ISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON FLIR Systems AB No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW FLIR Systems AB SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL FLIR Systems AB BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Disassembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassemble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation m SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is
77. TC Infrared Training Center Boston MA United States Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services Inc Randleman NC United States Professional Investigative Engineers Westminster CO United States United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA 20 4 2 Training amp certification Carrying out building thermography inspections requires substantial training and experience and may require certification from a national or regional stan dardization body This section is provided only as an introduction to building thermography The user is strongly recommended to attend relevant training courses For more information about infrared training visit the following website http www infraredtraining com 20 4 3 National or regional building codes The commented building structures in this chapter may differ in construction from country to country For more information about construction details and standards of procedure always consult national or regional building codes Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 171 20 Introduction to building thermography INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 172 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration Electrical regulations differ from
78. When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode 204 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 24 Thermographic measurement techniques 24 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 24 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is ameasure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that
79. a measurements take measurements of the temperature and enter this value in the camera t is recommended that there is a difference in pressure between the outside and the inside of the building structure This facilitates the analysis of the infrared images and reveals deficiencies that would not be visible otherwise Although a negative pressure of between 10 and 50 Pa is recommended carrying out the inspection at a lower negative pressure may be acceptable To do this close all windows doors and ventilation ducts and then run the kitchen exhaust fan for some time to reach a negative pressure of 5 10 Pa applies to residential houses only 128 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Adifference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10 15 C 18 27 F is recommended Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure e g a facade that is to be inspected from the inside The sunlight will heat the facade which will equalize the temperature differences on the inside and mask deficiencies in the building structure Spring seasons with low nighttime temperatures 0 C 32 F and high daytime temperatures 14 C 57 F are especially risky 20 2 2 About moisture detection Moisture in a building struct
80. a1 6 Rotate the lens 30 clockwise looking at the front of the lens 10765103 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 57 11 Handling the camera 11 9 Attaching the sunshield General You can attach a sunshield to the camera to make the LCD screen easier to see in sunlight Procedure Follow this procedure to attach the sunshield to the camera 1 Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top of the screen 10765203 a1 2 Pushthe front part of the sunshield into position Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches 10765303 a1 3 Carefully hold together the two rear wings of the sunshield 10765403 a1 58 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 4 Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen and then release your grip Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches 10765503 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 59 11 Handling the camera 11 10 Figure Procedure NOTE 60 Using the laser pointer 10760303 a1 Follow this procedure to use the laser pointer To turn on the laser pointer push and hold the laser pointer button To turn off the laser pointer release the laser pointer button The laser pointer may not be enable
81. a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 18 Dimensions 18 3 Stand alone battery charger Figure 10602203 a3 80 2 mm 3 16 46 5 mm 1 83 97 8 mm 3 85 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 117 18 Dimensions 18 4 Stand alone battery charger with the battery Figure 10602303 a3 8 Y E E o 8 mi 97 8 mm 3 85 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it 118 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 18 Dimensions 18 5 Infrared lens 30 mm 15 Figure 10762503 a1 lt 24 3 mm 0 96 58 mm 2 28 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 119 18 Dimensions 18 6 Infrared lens 10 mm 45 Figure 10762403 a1 38 4 mm 1 51 47 mm 1 85 120 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 19 19 1 General NOTE Figure Application examples Moisture amp water damage It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in frared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc tion property and partly because it has a different thermal
82. al installations 191 21 61 Wilid nee tede ei et eee e esed ed nece cde 191 21 6 2 R im and SHOW asc eee ere ae i eed ede e E EUR s 191 21 6 3 Distance to object 192 21 6 4 Object size 193 21 7 Practical advice for the thermographer 195 21 71 From cold to hot es eese Her entente PELLI e 195 2147 2 Bain ShoW OrIS uice ice ten tene ei nette e ne a ded 195 21 7 9 T EMISSIVITY i d ee e eh Mesi Maggi atte EL Ue eH LO ui 195 21 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature sesssssseeeeeeneeneneenn tnter tnnt 196 21 7 5 Object too faraway dn boe eie ee e Mt teneis 196 About FLIR Syste MS Aeee e o Lope euren desinere ee secte de Peu de Ree a Vea e a 197 22 4 More than just an infrared camera sssssssssssseseeeeeeneeennenneetnenrtnenrttenna 198 22 2 Sharing our knowledge eo tee ee deer dee denies gerer deri guess 22 3 Supporting our customers 224 A few images from our facilities ssessseeeeeeeneeetne netten ttn tnnt 199 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 23 24 25 26 27 28 Glossary eee ege Mte e Le deseri eiecti eei b ete Lee Lt eer oed 201 Thermographic measurement techniques sssssssseeeen eene 205 24 1 Introduction eee gere dea eem cedere eni di gena gea eo i de oc deed ek ce DL e DIR ERE 205 24 2 Emissivity 24 2 4 Finding the emissivity of a sample
83. ange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 218 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 26 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 26 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 219 26 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 26 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 26 3 3 Stefan Boltzm
84. ann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W b oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to max is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 220 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 26 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 26 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 26 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an
85. ants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distribu tors support our international customer base Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 197 22 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 22 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling al
86. are not very good for this purpose One of the best tapes for this purpose is Scotch electrical tape for outdoor and sub zero conditions Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 195 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction Do it in this way set the emissivity to 1 0 Adjust the camera lens to near focus and looking in the opposite direction away from the object save one image With the area or the isotherm determine the most probable value of the average of the image and use that value for your input of reflected apparent temperature 21 7 5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the object seen by one single element of the detector Example 25 degrees cor respond to about 437 mrad If your camera has a 120 x 120 pixel image IFOV be comes 437 120 3 6 mrad 3 6 mm m and your spot size ratio is about 1000 3 x 3 6 292 1 This means that at a distance of 9 2 meters 30 2 ft your target has to be at least about 0 1 meter or 100 mm wide 3 9
87. arger 117 18 4 Stand alone battery charger with the battery ssssssssssseeeeeneennennn 118 18 5 Infrared lens 80 mm 15 iniecta e ies e RC eid 119 18 6 Infrared lens 10 mm 45 iic eene ea ente de n te RC este 120 Application examples terre mereri rere i eig eee ep ra ca a e rne 121 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 19 1 Moisture amp water damage sssssssssseeeeeeeene teen NENA nae TEKAVEC aa CENSI 121 19 2 Faulty contact in socket 122 19 3 Oxidized socket 19 4 Insulation deficiencies 124 19 57 Draft c ER 125 20 Introduction to building thermography ssss enn 127 20 1 Important T10l6 eiue eee ien aed tene ee en ee ee ess e ues 127 20 2 Typical field investigations J L deine epa d 127 20 2 41 Guidelines 20 2 1 1 General guidelirgs ices tur hirret at e d t 127 20 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damages m 20 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies 128 20 2 2 About moisture detection sssssssssssseeeeeeee ener 129 20 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 00 0 cece eee 129 20 2 3 1 General information iecit iot 129 20 2 3 2 Safety precautions
88. arily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 215 26 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 26 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 26 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered
89. asured to 37 9 C 100 2 F The measurement value after changing the distance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a higher class of seriousness So the distance setting must definitely not be neglected 10714403 a3 34 3 C 342c 30 30 25 25 19 6 C gt 19 1 C Figure 21 18 LEFT Incorrect distance setting RIGHT Correct distance setting The images below show the temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 1071450323 ARO1 653 C game ARD1 8LB C o Sic BOC ARDt ub ARO t Du ARO 643 C Figure 21 19 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 798 192 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The measured average temperatures are from left to right 85 3 C 185 5 F 85 3 C 185 5 F 84 8 C 184 6 F 84 8 C 184 6 F 84 8 C 184 6 F and 84 3 C 183 7 F from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F The ther mograms are taken with a 12 lens The distances are 1 2 3 4 5 and 10 meters 3 7 10 13 16 and 33 ft The correction for the distance has been meticulously set and works because the object is big enough for correct measuremen
90. ave been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort
91. bably essentially hotter Another reason for underestimating the temperature of an object is bad focusing It is very important that the hot spot found is in focus See the example below 10717403 a2 61 4 C 61 4 C 60 B 40 40 20 20 18 1 C 18 1 C Figure 21 5 LEFT A hot spot in focus RIGHT A hot spot out of focus In the left image the lamp is in focus Its average temperature is 64 C 147 F In the right image the lamp is out of focus which will result in only 51 C 124 F as the maximum temperature Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 179 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 3 3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used which is based on comparison of different objects so called measurement with a reference This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern A normal temperature pattern means that current carrying components have a given operation temperature shown in a certain color or gray tone on the display which is usually identical for all three phases under symmetrical load Minor differences in the color might occur in the current path for example at the junction of two different materials at i
92. bar On the documentation toolbar select the El cons button and push the joystick Do one of the following a To take the digital photo push the Preview Save button To go back to infrared mode push the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 14 Annotating images 14 2 Adding a voice annotation General A voice annotation is an audio recording that is saved in an infrared image The voice annotation is recorded using a microphone headset connected to the camera The recording can be played back in the camera and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems Procedure Follow this procedure to add a voice annotation To preview an image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second This will display the documentation toolbar On the documentation toolbar select the voice annotation E toolbar button using the joystick Push the joystick This will display the voice annotation toolbar Record the voice annotation Make sure the microphone headset is con nected to the camera For information about the toolbar buttons on the voice annotation toolbar see section 8 1 4 Voice annotation toolbar on page 29 To save the voice annotation and close the voice annotation toolbar select OK and push the joystick On the documentation toolbar select Save and push the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH
93. but at important locations e g leaking joints or incorrectly installed insulation can have considerable conse quences in terms both of heat and comfort Verification tests e g by means of ther mography have proved their value from the point of view both of the designer and the contractor and of the developer the property manager and the user For the designer the important thing is to find out about the function of various types of structures so that they can be designed to take into account both working methods and functional requirements The designer must also know how different materials and combinations of materials function in practice Effective testing and checking as well as experiential feedback can be used to achieve the required development in this area The contractor is keen on more testing and inspection in order to ensure that the structures keep to an expected function that corresponds to established require ments in the regulations issued by authorities and in contractual documents The contractor wants to know at an early stage of construction about any changes that may be necessary so that systematic defects can be prevented During construction a check should therefore be carried out on the first apartments completed in a mass production project Similar checking then follows as production continues In this way systematic defects can be prevented and unnecessary costs and future problems can be avoided This chec
94. change one or more of the aforementioned settings Push the Setup button Go to the Camera tab Select the setting that you want to change Push the joystick Move the joystick up down to select a new value Push the Setup button to confirm the change and leave the setup mode Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 93 15 Changing settings 94 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 16 16 1 Liquids Equipment Procedure CAUTION Cleaning the camera Camera housing cables and other items Use one of these liquids a Warm water a A weak detergent solution A soft cloth Follow this procedure to clean the camera housing cables and other items Soak the cloth in the liquid Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid Clean the part with the cloth Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 95 16 Cleaning the camera 16 2 Liquids Equipment Procedure WARNING CAUTION 96 Infrared lens Use one of these liquids 96 isopropyl alcohol a A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol Cotton wool Follow this procedure to use a liquid to clean the infrared lens Soak the cotton wool in the liquid Twist the c
95. ciated with the natural variation in U values along warm sur faces of a structure is considered slight under normal conditions Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 151 20 Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours The temperature pattern is usually asymmetrical During thermography and when interpreting an infrared image comparison infrared images can provide valuable information for assessment The sources of disruption in thermography that occur most commonly in practice are the effect of the sun on the surface being thermographed sunlight shining in through a window hot radiators with pipes lights directed at or placed near the surface being measured air flows e g from air intakes directed at the surface the effect of moisture deposits on the surface Surfaces on which the sun is shining should not be subjected to thermography If there is a risk of an effect by sunlight windows should be covered up closing Venetian blinds However be aware that there are building defects or problems typically mo
96. ctive measurement tools On the menu select the measurement tool that you wish to move This will display a submenu On the submenu select Move and push the joystick This will make the measurement tool turn blue You can now move the measurement tool using the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 77 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 13 6 Resizing areas Procedure Follow this procedure to resize an area Push the Measure button On the menu select Advanced This will display the measurement menu Select the E toolbar button This will display a menu listing all currently active measurement tools On the menu select the area This will display a submenu Onthe submenu select Resize and push the joystick This will create resiz ing handles for the area You can now resize the area using the joystick 78 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 13 7 General Types of parameters Recommended values Changing object parameters For accurate measurements you must set the object parameters This procedure describes how to change the parameters The camera can use these object parameters a Emissivity which determines how much of the radiation originates from the object as opposed to being reflected by it Reflected apparent temperature which is used when
97. d characteristic shapes in the cooled surface area Measured temperature differences between the structure s normal surface temper ature and the selected cooled surface area a Continuity and uniformity of the isotherm curve on the surface of the structure In the camera software the isotherm function is called Isotherm or Color alarm de pending on camera model 160 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image Section 20 2 Typical field investigations on page 127 shows examples of interpreta tions of infrared images When taking infrared images of the same building the infrared images from different areas should be taken with the same settings on the infrared camera as this makes comparison of the various surface areas easier 20 3 7 Humidity amp dew point 20 3 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity Humidity can be expressed in two different ways either as relative humidity or as absolute humidity Relative humidity is expressed in percent of how much water a certain volume of air can hold at a certain temperature while absolute humidity is expressed in perce
98. d in all markets Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images 12 1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus Procedure To adjust the infrared camera focus do one of the following Push the focus button left for far focus Push the focus button right for near focus Briefly push the focus button toward the camera button to autofocus NOTE It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 61 12 Working with images 12 2 General Procedure SEE ALSO 62 Previewing an image In preview mode you can add various types of annotations to the image before you save it You do this by using the documentation toolbar that is automatically displayed when you preview an image In preview mode you can also check that the image contains the required information before you save it to the SD Memory Card To preview an image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second For more information about the documentation toolbar see section 8 1 2 Docu mentation toolbar on page 27 For more information about adding annotations see section 14 Annotating im ages on page 81 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images 12 3 Saving an image General You can save one or more images to the SD Memory Card
99. diation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 230 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 28 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tninga
100. duction at the right time or at the right cost can also be impor tant goals for a maintenance group The information provided by the infrared survey can be used to improve the repair efficiency as well as to reach the other goals with a calculated risk To monitor the temperature of a known defect that can not be repaired immediately for instance because spare parts are not available can often pay for the cost of in spection a thousandfold and sometimes even for the IR camera To decide not to repair known defects to save on maintenance costs and avoid unnecessary downtime is also another way of using the information from the IR survey in a productive way 176 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as itis practically possible It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica tion of defects If a defect shows a high temperature and is in a critical situation it is very common that the repair personnel expect to find a highly corroded component It should also come as no surprise to the repair crew that a connection which is usually healthy can give the same high temperatures as a corroded one if it has come loose These misinterpretations are quite common a
101. dure to change the temperature scale level Make sure that the camera displays a live infrared image To do this select Camera mode using the Mode button and the joystick Make sure that the camera is in the manual adjustment mode This is indi cated by the letter M in the top right corner of the screen If not push the A M button once To change the temperature scale level move the joystick up down Note that this changes both the minimum and maximum scale level temperature by the same amount Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale span Make sure that the camera displays a live infrared image Make sure that the camera is in the manual adjustment mode This is indi cated by the letter M in the top right corner of the screen If not push the A M button once To change the temperature scale span move the joystick left right Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 67 12 Working with images 12 6 General Procedure 68 Hiding overlay graphics Overlay graphics provide information about an image You can choose to hide overlay graphics incrementally in steps To hide overlay graphics in steps push the Info button Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images 12 7 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images from the SD Memory Card Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an ima
102. e Procedure Follow this procedure to add an image marker To preview an infrared image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second On the documentation toolbar select the x toolbar button using the stylus pen On the image marker toolbar select the MB ober button using the stylus pen For information about the image marker toolbar see section 8 1 3 Image marker toolbar on page 28 To create an image marker draw a line in the image The arrowhead will be created at the end of the line that you draw To save your image marker select OK On the documentation toolbar select Save and push the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 89 14 Annotating images 90 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 15 Changing settings 15 1 Changing image settings General On this tab you can change the following image settings a Color palette i e how the infrared image is colored A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image Object temperature range i e the temperature range used for measuring objects You must change the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the object you are inspecting Procedure Follow this procedure to change one or more of the aforementioned settings Push the Setup button Go to the Image tab Select the set
103. e less sometimes you need to use the camera even under rain showers or splashes Protect your camera with a simple transparent polyethylene plastic bag Correction for the attenuation which is caused by the plastic bag can be made by adjusting the object distance until the temperature reading is the same as without the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External optics transmission entry 21 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will not find the value in tables Use optical black paint that is Nextel Black Velvet Paint a small piece of the material you are working with The emissivity of the optical paint is normally 0 94 Remember that the object has to have a temper ature which is different usually higher than the ambient temperature The larger the difference the better the accuracy in the emissivity calculation The difference should be at least 20 C 36 F Remember that there are other paints that support very high temperatures up to 800 C 1472 F The emissivity may however be lower than that of optical black Sometimes you can not paint the object that you are measuring In this case you can use a tape A thin tape for which you have previously determined the emissivity will work in most cases and you can remove it afterwards without damaging the object of your study Pay attention to the fact that some tapes are semi transparent and thus
104. e DM Lc aca ti ee 247 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 XV xvi Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 1 Warnings amp Cautions WARNING This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause in terference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interfer ence when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference a Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition a Ifthere is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this Do not continue to charge the battery if i
105. e are stabilizing weights through which a high current is running These metal weights which are made of a slightly magnetic material will not conduct any current but are exposed to the alter nating magnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 21 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are the norm in electric utilities When looking for overheated places it is easy to compare the three phases directly with each other for example cables breakers insulators An even load per phase should result in a uniform temperature pattern for all three phases A fault may be suspected in cases where the temperature of one phase differs considerably from the remaining two However you should always make sure that the load is indeed evenly distributed Looking at fixed ampere meters or using a clip on ampere meter up to 600 A will tell you Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 187 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003 a3 57 2 C 33 8 C 28 27 9 C 20 0 C Figure 21 14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other The one in the middle is colder than the others Unless two phases are faulty and o
106. e between a thermally untuned and a thermally tuned infrared image 10552103 a2 21 7 C E 20 18 16 14 9 Figure 20 1 LEFT A thermally untuned infrared image RIGHT A thermally tuned infrared image after having changed level and span 21 7 C r 20 r15 10 0 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 127 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of the building material It may also change the surface temperature of building mate rial due to evaporative cooling Thermal conductivity is a material s ability to conduct heat while thermal mass is its ability to store heat Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold rather it may be used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed Mold requires temperatures between 4 C to 38 C 40 F to 100 F nutrients and moisture to grow Humidity levels above 5096 can provide sufficient moisture to enable mold to grow 10556003 a1 Figure 20 2 Microscopic view of mold spore 20 2 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies For very accurate camer
107. e measurement Even or varying load Position of the faulty part in the electrical installation Expected future load situation Is the excess temperature measured directly on the faulty spot or indirectly through conducted heat caused by some fault inside the apparatus Excess temperatures measured directly on the faulty part are usually divided into three categories relating to 10096 of the maximum load 182 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 5 C 9 F The start of the overheat condi tion This must be carefully monitored gt 30 C 54 F Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 5 30 C 9 54 F Developed overheating It must be repaired as soon as possible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 183 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 4 Reporting Nowadays thermographic inspections of electrical installations are probably without exception documented and reported by the use of a report program These programs which differ from one manufacturer to another are usually directly adapted to the cameras and will thus make reporting very quick and easy The program which has been used
108. ea near the anomaly on the inside and the outside of the fabric Together with the temperature of the anomaly a threshold level can be set dependent on these temperatures using the critical surface temperature factor These arguments do not obviate the need for the thermographer to beware of re flections of objects at unusual temperatures in the background facing the building fabric surfaces The thermographer should also use a comparison between external faces facing different directions to determine whether there is residual heat from solar gain af fecting the external surfaces External surveys should not be conducted on a surface where T Tso on the face is more than 10 greater than Tsi Tso on the north or nearest to north face For a defect that causes a failure under the 0 75 condition of IP17 01 the critical surface factors are 0 78 on the inside surface and 0 93 on the outside surface The table below shows the internal and external surface temperatures at an anomaly which would lead to failure under IP17 01 It also shows the deterioration in thermal insulation that is necessary to cause this Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 165 20 Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in C Inside surface temperature in C Outside surface temperature in C Surface facto
109. ecommendation 1 Recommendation 2 8 mm 9 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 OK button You select this button to confirm and save the text annotation 2 Tabfor the text annotation work area to select from pre defined strings 3 Tab for the image description work area to enter the freetext mode using the stylus pen 4 Filename indicator for the text annotation file 5 Text annotation label 6 Text annotation value 7 Submenu displaying additional text annotation values 8 Keyboard button You select this button to go to the keyboard and enter text using the stylus pen 34 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas 9 Clear button You select this button to clear the selected tab from all input data SEE ALSO For information about adding a text annotation to an infrared image see section 14 3 Adding a text annotation on page 84 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas Figure This figure shows the image description work area 10765703 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above OK button You select this button to confirm and save the text annotation Tab for the text annotation work area to select from pre defined strings Tab for the image description work area to enter the free text mode using the stylus pen Pre
110. ect the X toolbar button This will display a menu on which you can select the type of isotherm you want to use To create a spotmeter select the iia toolbar button and push the joy Stick To create an area select the IBlicoba button and push the joystick SEE ALSO For more information on isotherms see section 13 3 Setting up isotherms on page 74 For more information on the measurement toolbar see section 8 1 1 Measure ment toolbar on page 26 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 73 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 13 3 Setting up isotherms General You can make the camera display an isotherm color when certain measurement conditions are met The following isotherms can be set up a An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature rises above a preset value Anisotherm color that is displayed when a temperature falls below a preset value Anisotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects an area where there may be a risk of humidity in a building structure a An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an in sulation deficiency in a wall Setting up a high Follow this procedure to set up an isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature temperature rises above a preset value isotherm Push the Measure button On the menu select Detect high temperature Push the joystick three times
111. ected temperature than areas where there is only an insulation deficiency This is due to the chill factor of the air flow 20 2 7 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures where air infiltration may occur Structural drawing Comment 10552503 a2 Insulation deficiencies at the eaves of a brickwall y house due to improperly installed fiberglass insu lation batts y p The air infiltration enters the room from behind the P cornice 142 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Air infiltration in a concrete floor over crawl space due to cracks in the brick wall facade The air infiltration enters the room beneath the skirting strip 143 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 7 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred Infrared image Comment 10552703 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern
112. ed March 8th 1980 For more information about Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface see Lars Muller s book Helvetica Homage to a Typeface and the following sites m http www ms studio com articles html m http www helveticafilm com The following file identities and file versions were used in the formatting stream output for this manual 20235103 xml a20 20235203 xml a20 20235303 xml a15 20236703 xml a34 20237103 xml a8 20238703 xml b7 20250403 xml a16 20254903 xml a41 20257003 xml a26 20257103 xml a14 20257303 xml a20 20273203 xml a11 20273903 xml a4 20275203 xml a10 20278303 xml a7 20279803 xml a4 20281003 xml a1 20283703 xml a3 20283803 xml a3 20283903 xml a3 20284003 xml a4 20284103 xml a4 20284203 xml a4 20284303 xml a3 20284403 xml a3 20284503 xml a3 20284703 xml a3 20284803 xml a3 20284903 xml a5 20285003 xml a2 20285103 xml a3 20285203 xml a3 R110 rcp a3 config xml a5 252 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 BELGIUM FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60 62 B 2600 Berchem BELGIUM Phone 32 0 3 287 87 11 Fax 32 0 3 287 87 29 E mail info flir be Web www flirthermography com BRAZIL FLIR Systems Av Antonio Bardella 320 CEP 18085 852 Sorocaba S o Paulo BRAZIL Phone 55 15 3238 8070 Fax 55 15 3238 8071 E mail paul verminnen flir com br E mail flir flir com br Web www flirthermography com CANADA FLIR Systems 5230 South Service Road
113. ed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays lronically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be restricted to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the nex
114. ed in the transport case depends on the camera model and customer configuration Contents Part number 12 VDC power cable with cigarette 1910490 lighter adapter Additional infrared lens 10 mm 45 1196725 Additional infrared lens 30 mm 15 1196724 Battery 1196398 Battery charger 1196474 Camera pouch 1124545 Documentation CD ROM including 1124640 reference manuals in multiple lan guages application guides etc Lens cap for infrared camera 1196818 Microphone headset 1910489 Neck strap 1124544 Power cord One of the following EU 1910400 a USA 1910401 Great Britain 1910402 Australia 1910464 Power supply 1910399 SD Memory Card 256 MB 1910473 Stylus pen 1196795 Sunshield 1123970 USB cable 1910423 User manual 1558790 Video cable 1910582 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 5 List of accessories NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice 12 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 5 List of accessories INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 13 6 General NOTE Figure SEE ALSO 14 A note about ergonomics To prevent strain injuries it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correc
115. ement tools Turn on and turn off alarms only for spotmeters and areas Set alarm levels only for spotmeters and areas Isotherm toolbar button You select this toolbar button to set up different types of isotherms The isotherm command colors all pixels with a temperature above below or between one or more preset temperature levels Spotmeter toolbar button You select this toolbar button to create a spotmeter Area toolbar button You select this toolbar button to create a measurement area Object parameters toolbar button You select this toolbar button to change object parameters Setting the correct object parameters is important if precise measurement results are required 26 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 1 2 Documentation toolbar NOTE The documentation toolbar becomes visible when you preview an image or when you edit an image from the image archive To preview an image push and hold down the Save button for more than one second To navigate on the toolbar use either the joystick or the stylus pen Figure 10760903 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Delete image toolbar button You select this toolbar button to discard the image that you are previewing Add markers toolbar button You select this tool to add arrow markers to points of interest in an infrared image The arrow marker will be saved in
116. emperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tro 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 227 27 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Uo 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uopj Ui we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier mig
117. ere there is moisture on a surface there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees There is risk of surface condensation at major thermal bridges and insulation defects Significant disruptions of the kind described here can normally be detected and eliminated before measuring If during thermography it is not possible to shield surfaces being measured from disruptive factors these must be taken into account when interpreting and evaluating the results The conditions in which the thermography was carried out should be recorded in detail when each measurement is taken 20 3 4 Surface temperature and air leaks Defects in building airtightness due to small gaps in the structure can be detected by measuring the surface temperature If there is a negative pressure in the building under investigation air flows into the space through leaks in the building Cold air flowing in through small gaps in a wall usually lowers the temperature in adjacent areas of the wall The result is that a cooled surface area with a characteristic shape develops on the inside surface of the wall Thermography can be used to detect cooled surface areas Air movements at the wall surface can be measured using an air velocity indicator If there is a positive pressure inside the building being investi gated warm room air will leak out through gaps in the wall resulting in locally warm surface areas a
118. esulted in local temperature increase 10739603 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 19 Application examples 19 3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed oxides may occur on the sockets contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase NOTE A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material 10739703 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 123 19 Application examples 19 4 General NOTE Figure 124 Insulation deficiencies Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulati
119. ew size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 107 17 17 Technical data Field of view and distance 18 mm 25 lens lens built in 108 10763103 a1 c 227777 S XN S x S S N SG SS WN J a Figure 17 2 Relationship between the field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives examples of the field of view of a 18 mm 25 lens for different target distances 10762903 a1 Focal length 18 04 mm Resolution 320 x 240 pixels Field of view in degrees 25 0 o 200 soo 000 soo sooo wee v em om oo 222 aaa no cum us m or oss or 100 a sa ee w2 m em cof sae se eo sese mm sm aa ose 1600 2278 oror sme sorar w ee sas Rer rar eem cm of me 8 ss 100 210 sas 1090 carie cm s 8 D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data
120. example swimming pools internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances 20 3 8 4 2 Alternative method using only surface temperatures There are strong arguments for basing thermographic surveys on surface temperatures alone with no need to measure air temperature Stratification inside the building makes reference to air internal temperatures very difficult Is it mean air temperature low level high level or temperature at the level of the anomaly and how far from the wall should it be measured Radiation effects such as radiation to the night sky make use of of external air temperature difficult It is not unusual for the outside surface of building fabric to be below air temperature because of radiation to the sky which may be as low as 50 C 58 F This can be seen with the naked eye by the fact that dew and frost often appear on building surfaces even when the air temperature does not drop below the dewpoint t should be noted that the concept of U values is based on environmental temper atures on each side of the structure This is neglected by many inexperienced analysts The two temperatures that are firmly related to the transfer of heat through building fabric and any solid are the surface temperatures on each side Therefore by referring to surface temperatures the survey is more repeatable The surface temperatures used are the averages of surface temperatures on the same material in an ar
121. fied and the IR thermographer has made sure that it is not a reflection or a naturally occurring hot spot the collection of the data starts which will allow the correct reporting of the fault The emissivity the identification of the component and the actual working conditions together with the measured tempera ture will be used in the report In order to make it easy to identify the component a visual photo of the defect is often taken 21 2 4 Classification amp reporting Reporting has traditionally been the most time consuming part of the IR survey A one day inspection could result in one or two days work to report and classify the found defects This is still the case for many thermographers who have chosen not to use the advantages that computers and modern reporting software have brought to IR condition monitoring Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 175 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection which is certainly of great impor tance but also the possibility to normalize the over temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions An over temperature of 30 C 86 F is certainly a significant fault But if that over temperature is valid for one component working at 100 load and for another at 5096 load it
122. flir se For technical support visit http flir custhelp com To submit a question to the technical support team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowl edgebase for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards FLIR Systems regularly issues software upgrades and service releases on the support pages of the company website http www flirrnermography com To find the latest upgrades and service releases make that sure you select USA in the Select country box in the top right corner of the page This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera This notice only applies to cameras
123. frared images of cable connection points In the left image a correct analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto adjust the image You can analyze this cable in more detail if you change the temperature scale level change the temperature scale span In the left image the image is auto adjusted In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object Onthe temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levels were changed 10577503 a2 8 8 amp 40 1 C A automatic M manual Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 65 12 Working with images Example 2 66 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line In the left image the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum temperature of 26 0 C 14 8 F In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator This makes it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator 10742503 a3 639 C 60 40 20 o 20 26 0 C A automatic 66 2 C 60 50 40 30 20 193 C M manual Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images Changing temperature the scale level Changing temperature the scale span Follow this proce
124. from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 205 24 Thermographic measurement techniques 24 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 24 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 24 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 24 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 24 2 1 Reflection source 206 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN Augus
125. g images Procedure Follow this procedure to add a text annotation To preview an image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second This will display the documentation toolbar Move the joystick left to select the text annotation toolbar button Push the joystick to display the text annotation and image description work area If the SD Memory Card contains a valid tcf file the text annotation labels will be displayed as a list For information about the work area see section 8 2 3 Text annotation and image description work area on page 34 Move the joystick up down to select a text annotation label Push the joystick This will display a submenu listing all available text anno tation values for that label On the submenu move the joystick up down to select the value you want to use You can also select the keyboard button at the bottom of the sub menu if you want to create a value from scratch Push the joystick This will close the submenu and the value you selected will now be displayed to the right of the text annotation label Repeat Steps 4 to 7 for any other text annotation labels that you want to include in your text annotation Select the OK button at the bottom of the screen and push the joystick On the documentation toolbar select Save and push the joystick The text annotation is now saved in the image file 86 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH E
126. ge Push the Archive button Do one of the following Move the joystick left right to select the image you want to delete then go to Step 5 below a Move the joystick upwards to display the images as thumbnails then go to Step 3 below Select the image you want to delete by using the joystick Push the joystick to open the image Push the joystick to display a menu On the menu select Delete image by using the joystick Push the joystick to confirm Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 69 12 Working with images 12 8 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the SD Memory Card Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images Push the Archive button Push the joystick to display a menu On the menu select Delete all by using the joystick Push the joystick to confirm 70 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 12 Working with images INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 71 13 13 1 General Procedure NOTE SEE ALSO 72 Working with measurement tools and isotherms Setting up measurement tools To measure the temperature you use one measurement tools or several This section decribes how you set up a spotmeter or an area Follow this procedure to set up a spotmeter or use an area Push the Measure button On t
127. he keyboard buttons using the stylus pen Select the OK button at the bottom of the screen and push the joystick The image description is now saved in the image file On the documentation toolbar select Save and push the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 87 14 Annotating images 14 5 Adding a sketch General A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the infrared image using the stylus pen You can use the sketch feature to mark areas of interest write down comments and dimensions etc Procedure Follow this procedure to add a sketch To preview an infrared image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second On the documentation toolbar select the A toolbar button using the stylus pen This will display the sketch work area For information about the work area see section 8 2 2 Sketch work area on page 32 In the sketch work area draw your sketch using the stylus pen You can change pen color and erase your sketch using the eraser To confirm your sketch and leave the sketch work area select OK On the documentation toolbar select Save and push the joystick 88 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 14 Annotating images 14 6 Adding an image marker General An image marker is a line with an arrowhead pointing to an area of interest in an in frared imag
128. he menu select one of the following commands using the joystick a Measure spot Measure area Push the joystick to confirm the choice For the area tool you must also set if the maximum or minimum temperature should be displayed Push the Measure button to leave the menu The temperature of the mea surement tool is displayed in the top left corner of the screen The area inside the center of the spotmeter must be covered by the object of interest to display a correct temperature For accurate measurements you must set the object parameters See section 13 7 Changing object parameters on page 79 You can also set up measurement tools using the advanced mode allowing more complex setups For more information see section 13 2 Setting up measurement tools advanced mode on page 73 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 13 2 Setting up measurement tools advanced mode General You can use the advanced mode to set up measurement tools This mode allows you to combine several tools and to place them arbitrarily on the screen Procedure Follow this procedure to set up a measurement tool using the advanced mode Push the Measure button On the menu select Advanced Push the joystick This will display a measurement toolbar at the bottom of the screen Do one or more of the following To create an isotherm sel
129. he wind direction The portion of the dynamic pressure that becomes a static pressure on the surface Pstat is determined by what is known as a stress concentration factor G Pitat pv 2 If p is 1 23 kg m density of air at 15 C 59 F this gives the following local pressures in the wind flow 2 2 pu v w SOXA EX P stat 2 1 63 Pa 154 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 10551803 a1 1 Figure 20 3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects ventilation and internal external temperature difference 1 Wind direction T Thermodynamic air temper ature outdoors in K T Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K If the whole of the dynamic pressure becomes static pressure then C 1 Examples of stress concentration factor distributions for a building with various wind directions are shown in the figure on page 156 The wind therefore causes an internal negative pressure on the windward side and an internal positive pressure on the leeward side The air pressure indoors depends on the wind conditions leaks in the building and how these are distributed in relation to the wind direction If the leaks in the building are evenly distributed the internal pressure may vary by 0 2 para If most of the leaks are on the windward side the internal pressure increases somewhat
130. ht limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 228 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 27 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F At Refl 0 6 Atm Refl 0 8 Figure 27 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tem 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 229 27 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 0 8 Figure 27 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere ra
131. ifferently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder ln 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 232 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 28 Emissivity tables Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 Ji 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 233 28 Emissivity tables Brick fireclay 1000
132. in the occupied zone with normal air temperature normal air movements in the occupied zone but a room temperature that is too low substantial radiated heat exchange with a cold surface It is difficult to assess the quantitative effects of testing and checking a building s thermal insulation Investigations have shown that defects found in the thermal insulation and airtightness of buildings cause heat losses that are about 20 30 more than was expected Monitoring energy consumption before and after remedial measures in relatively large complexes of small houses and in multi dwelling blocks has also demonstrated this The figures quoted are probably not representative of buildings in general since the investigation data cannot be said to be significant for the entire building stock A cautious assessment however would be that effectively testing and checking a building s thermal insulation and airtightness can result in a reduction in energy consumption of about 1096 Research has also shown that increased energy consumption associated with defects is often caused by occupants increasing the indoor temperature by one or a few de grees above normal to compensate for the effect of annoying thermal radiation towards cooled surfaces or a sensation of disturbing air movements in a room 20 3 3 Sources of disruption in thermography During thermography the risk of confusing temperature variations caused by insulation defects with those asso
133. is displayed on the Screen Follow one of these procedures to charge the battery Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera Use the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery For information on how to charge the battery see the following sections Section 11 1 1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera on page 45 Section 11 1 2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera on page 46 Section 11 1 3 Using the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery on page 47 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 11 1 1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera NOTE For brevity the combined power supply and battery charger is called the power supply below Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside the camera Open the battery compartment lid Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery Connect the power supply mains electricity plug to a mains socket Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the batte
134. is obvious that the latter will reach a much higher temperature should its load increase from 5096 to 10096 Such a standard can be chosen by the plant s circum stances Very often however temperatures are predicted for 100 load A standard makes it easier to compare the faults over time and thus to make a more complete classification 21 2 5 Priority Based on the classification of the defects the maintenance manager gives the defects a repair priority Very often the information gathered during the infrared survey is put together with complementary information on the equipment collected by other means such as vibration monitoring ultrasound or the preventive maintenance scheduled Even if the IR inspection is quickly becoming the most used method of collecting in formation about electrical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider The priority of repair should therefore not be a task for the IR camera operator in the normal case If a critical situation is detected during the inspection or during the classification of the defects the attention of the maintenance manager should of course be drawn to it but the responsibility for determining the urgency of the repair should be his 21 2 6 Repair To repair the known defects is the most important function of preventive maintenance However to assure pro
135. isture problems that only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun For more information about moisture detection see section 20 2 2 About moisture detection on page 129 A hot radiator appears as a bright light surface in an infrared image The surface temperature of a wall next to a radiator is raised which may conceal any defects present For maximum prevention of disruptive effects from hot radiators these may be shut off a short while before the measurement is taken However depending on the con struction of the building low or high mass these may need to be shut off several hours before a thermographic survey The room air temperature must not fall so much as to affect the surface temperature distribution on the structure s surfaces There is little timelag with electric radiators so they cool down relatively quickly once they have been switched off 20 30 minutes Lights placed against walls should be switched off when the infrared image is taken During thermography there should not be any disruptive air flows e g open windows open valves fans directed at the surface being measured that could affect the surfaces being thermographed 152 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces e g as a result of surface condensation have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature Wh
136. k is of benefit both to manufacturers and to users Forthe developer and the property manager it is essential that buildings are checked with reference to heat economy maintenance damage from moisture or moisture infiltration and comfort for the occupants e g cooled surfaces and air movements in occupied zones 150 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised requirements in terms of the building s thermal insulation and airtightness For the individual buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems The effects of testing and checking a building s insulation and airtightness are partly physiological and partly financial The physiological experience of an indoor climatic environment is very subjective varying according to the particular human body s heat balance and the way the indi vidual experiences temperature The experience of climate depends on both the indoor air temperature and that of the surrounding surfaces The speed of movement and moisture content of indoor air are also of some significance Physiologically a draft produces the sensation of local cooling of the body s surface caused by a excessive air movements
137. k the bat tery 10760003 a2 50 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 4 Pull outthe battery from the battery compartment 10760103 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 51 11 Handling the camera 11 4 Procedure 11 5 Procedure 52 Turning on the camera To turn on the camera push and release the On Off button Turning off the camera To turn off the camera push and hold down the On Off button for more than 0 2 second Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 11 6 Adjusting the angle of lens General To make your working position as comfortable as possible you can adjust the angle of the lens Figure 10760203 a1 Procedure To adjust the angle tilt the lens up or down Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 11 7 Mounting an additional infrared lens NOTE Do nottouch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens If this happens clean the lens according to the instructions in section 16 2 Infrared lens on page 96 Procedure Follow this procedure to mount an additional infrared lens 1 Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap 10764003 a1 2 Rotate the lens cap 30 counter clockwise looking at the front of the lens 10764103 a1
138. l users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 22 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 22 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 198 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 22 About FLIR S
139. law 218 forums 4 FOV 107 108 109 G general equipment data 174 glossary 204 graybody 222 guidelines air infiltration 128 general 127 insulation deficiencies 128 moisture detection 128 mold detection 128 water damage 128 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 216 H heating inductive 187 solar 186 heat picture 213 Herschel William 211 history FLIR Systems 197 infrared technology 211 humidity absolute 161 relative 161 l identification 177 image opening 64 image description adding 87 indicators battery condition 23 inductive heating 187 infiltration air 142 infrared images commented 132 136 139 140 144 147 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 248 Index J infrared images continued interpretation of 159 infrared semi transparent body 223 infrared technology history 211 inspection 175 insulation cable 174 insulation deficiencies 124 145 150 internal leaks 129 interpretation of infrared images 159 irregularities 161 ISO 9001 viii italic 4 J James Dewar 214 Josef Stefan 220 K Kirchhoff Gustav Robert 216 L Landriani Marsilio 211 Langley Samuel P 214 aws Planck s law 217 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 220 Wien s displacement law 218 eaks 139 external 129 internal 129 egal disclaimer viii ens cleaning 96 Leopoldo Nobili 213 ist packing 11 oad variations 187 ow slope commercial roofs 129 Ludwig Boltzmann 2
140. lbar To navigate in the area use either the joystick or the stylus pen To draw the sketch use the stylus pen 10762203 a1 Canvas You draw your sketch in this area using the stylus pen OK button You select this button to confirm the sketch and leave the sketch mode Clear button You select this button to clear the whole canvas Pen button You select this button to enable the pen Eraser button You select this button to enable the eraser Color palette You select this color swatch to switch between colors Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas SEE ALSO For information about adding a sketch to an infrared image see section 14 5 Adding a sketch on page 88 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 33 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 2 3 Text annotation and image description work area NOTE The text annotation and image description work area becomes visible when you add a text annotation or an image description to an infrared image You do this from the documentation toolbar To navigate in the area use either the joystick or the stylus pen Figure This figure shows the text annotation work area 10765603 a2 M DirA English tcf Building 5 Room Room 3 e _ 6 Recommendation 7 R
141. le in case of emergency Inform local police and plant security prior to doing nighttime roof survey 130 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 3 3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Structural drawing Comment Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct 10553703 a2 Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof access hatch Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 131 20 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain which may lead to local leakage around the channel Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof outlet 20 2 3 4 Commented infrared images How do you find wet insulation below the surface of the roof When the surface itself is dry including any gravel or ballast a sunny day will warm the entire roof Early in the evening if the sky is clear the roof will begin to cool down by radiation Because of its higher thermal capacity the wet insulation will stay warmer longer than the dry and will be visible in the inf
142. lor The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed span The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value spectral radiant emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um temperature range temperature scale thermogram The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 203 23 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode
143. mage of a fusebox where the maximum temperature is displayed The maximum temperature in the area is 62 2 C 144 0 F The spot meter shows the exact location of the hot spot The image can easily be stored in the camera memory The correct temperature measurement depends however not only on the function of the evaluation software or the camera It may happen that the actual fault is for example a connection which is hidden from the camera in the position it happens 178 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment It might be so that you measure heat which has been con ducted over some distance whereas the real hot spot is hidden from you An example is shown in the image below 10717603 a3 TLAC E 70 E L o E a 33 6 C Figure 21 4 A hidden hot spot inside a box Try to choose different angles and make sure that the hot area is seen in its full size that is that it is not disappearing behind something that might hide the hottest spot In this image the hottest spot of what the camera can see is 83 C 181 F where the operating temperature on the cables below the box is 60 C 140 F However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is pro
144. n 142 air movement 151 airtightness 151 assessment correct 174 B balconies 136 bands extreme infrared 215 far infrared 215 middle infrared 215 near infrared 215 battery charging 44 battery charger 45 46 47 battery condition indicator 23 behavior temperature 174 blackbody construction 216 explanation 216 practical application 216 breakers 174 breaks plumbing 139 building codes national 171 regional 171 building science 149 building structures commented 131 134 137 142 145 C cable insulation 174 cables cleaning 95 calibration 4 camera cleaning 95 turning off 52 turning on 52 camera parts battery condition indicator 23 case transport 11 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 cavity radiator applications 216 explanation 216 certification 171 charger battery 45 46 47 charging battery 44 checking effects of 150 classification 175 177 182 cleaning camera 95 lens 96 commented building structures 131 134 137 142 145 commented infrared images 132 136 139 140 144 147 comments 4 commercial fagades 134 commercial roofs low slope 129 conditions cooling 188 measuring 159 pressure 153 wind 156 connectors power 104 control 177 conventions typographical italic 4 monospace 4 semibold 4 UPPERCASE 4 cooling conditions 188 copyright viii correct assessment 174 courses 5 171 creating image description
145. n 2 Commercial amp residential facades 20 2 4 1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential facades Being able to provide a physical illustration ofthe moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost effective than large intrusive test cuts 20 2 4 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial and residential facades Structural drawing Comment Pelting rain penetrates the facade due to badly executed bed joints Moisture builds up in the masonry above the window Pelting rain hits the window at an angle Most of the rain runs off the window edge flashing but some finds its way into the masonry where the plaster meets the underside of the flashing 134 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Rain hits the facade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion Rain splashes on the facade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption which eventu ally leads to frost erosion Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 135 20 Introducti
146. n the target At this stage you can use the joystick to adjust the temperature levels for the fusion image For example you can set the temperature levels so that one temperature span is displayed for the infrared image and one for the digital photo Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 37 8 Toolbars and work areas INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 38 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 9 Navigating the menu system 10763703 a1 10763603 a1 Figure Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera a Using the stylus pen to navigate the menu system left Using the joystick to navigate the menu system right You can also use a combination of the two In this manual it is assumed that the joystick is used but most tasks can also be carried out using the stylus pen Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 39 9 Navigating the menu system INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 40 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 10 External devices and storage media General You can connect the following external devices and storage media to the camera A power supply Avideo monitor A computer to move images and other files to and from the camera a An external USB device such as a USB keyboard or USB memory stick a A headset to record and listen to voice comments
147. n the infrared image object parameters 202 A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity ambient temperature distance etc Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 23 Glossary Term or expression Explanation object signal A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an reference temperature reflection relative humidity IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Percentage of water in the air relative to what is physically possible Air temperature dependent saturation co
148. n to reset to 1x zoom factor Push the A M button or the Preview Save button to confirm the zoom factor and leave the zoom state a Panning Push to enter the zoom state Push the joystick to enter the pan state Use the joystick to pan over an image Push the joystick to confirm the pan position and leave the pan state 4 Stylus pen Note Push the stylus pen firmly into its holder when not in use 5 Camera button The camera button has the following functions On live images Switch between the infrared camera and the digital camera On live fusion images Switch between fusion and infrared imagery Switching between fusion and infrared imagery enables you to accurately focus the infrared image 6 Joystick The joystick has the following functions a In live infrared manual mode and in still infrared mode a Push up down to adjust the level a Push left right to adjust the span n menus in dialog boxes and in the image archive a Push up down or left right to navigate Push to confirm choices Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 7 Camera parts A M button The A M button has the following functions Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes Pushand hold down for more than one second to perform a non unifor mity correction a In still infrared mode Switch user focus between the documentation toolbar and the tem
149. nce An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two world wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military in terest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems based around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began
150. ncreasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each other The inserted isotherm actually shows less than 2 C 3 6 F temperature difference between the phases Different colors are usually the result if the phases are carrying an unsymmetrical load This difference in colors does not represent any overheating since this does not occur locally but is spread along the whole phase 10713203 a3 Figure 21 6 An isotherm in an infrared image of a fusebox A real hot spot on the other hand shows a rising temperature as you look closer to the source of the heat See the image below where the profile line shows a steadily increasing temperature up to about 93 C 199 F at the hot spot 180 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303 a4 46 6 C 45 22 8 C Figure 21 7 A profile line in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 21 3 4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot it is necessary to know its operating temperature that is its normal temperat
151. nd risk putting in doubt the relia bility of the infrared survey 21 2 7 Control A repaired component should be controlled as soon as possible after the repair It is not efficient to wait for the next scheduled IR survey in order to combine a new inspec tion with the control of the repaired defects The statistics on the effect of the repair show that up to a third of the repaired defects still show overheating That is the same as saying that those defects present a potential risk of failure To wait until the next scheduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the repair work brings other advan tages to the performance of the repair crew itself When a defect still shows overheating after the repair the determination of the cause of overheating improves the repair procedure helps choose the best component suppliers and detect design shortcomings on the electrical installation The crew rapidly sees the effect of the work and can learn quickly both from successful repairs and from mistakes Another reason to provide the repair crew with an IR instrument is that many of the defects detected during the IR survey are of low gravity Instead of repairing them which consumes maintenance and production time it can be decided to keep these defects under control Therefore the maintenance perso
152. ne because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 224 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 27 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated came
153. nnel should have access to their own IR equipment It is common to note on the report form the type of fault observed during the repair as well as the action taken These observations make an important source of experi ence that can be used to reduce stock choose the best suppliers or to train new maintenance personnel Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 177 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 21 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations 10712803 a4 31 8 C 30 26 24 2 C Figure 21 2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of 61 C 142 F whereas the one to the left is maximum 32 C 90 F and the one in the middle somewhere in between The three images are different inasmuch as the tem perature scale enhances only one fuse in each image However it is the same image and all the information about all three fuses is there It is only a matter of setting the temperature scale values 21 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 10712903 a3 TEL 60 7 C De 60 SP01 62 2 C T 40 22 0 C Figure 21 3 An infrared i
154. nt or through wear of the mate rial for example decreasing spring tension worn threads in nuts and bolts even too much force applied at mounting With increasing loads and temperatures the yield point of the material is exceeded and the tension weakens The image to the left below shows a bad contact due to a loose bolt Since the bad contact is of very limited dimensions it causes overheating only in a very small spot from which the heat is spread evenly along the connecting cable Note the lower emissivity of the screw itself which makes it look slightly colder than the insulated and thereby it has a high emissivity cable insulation The image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect ofthe wind and it is likely that the overheating would have shown a higher temperature if mounted indoors 1071420323 5 0 C 34 5 C 37 1 C 19 5 C Figure 21 16 LEFT An infrared image showing bad contact due to a loose bolt RIGHT A loose outdoor connection exposed to the wind cooling effect 21 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another Sometimes overheating can appear in a component although that component is OK The reason is that two conductors share the load One of the conductors has an in creased resistance but the other is OK Thus the faulty component carries a lower load whereas
155. nt water by weight of material The latter way to express humidity is common when measuring humidity in wood and other building materials The higher the temperature of air the larger the amount of water this certain volume of air can hold The following table specifies the maximum amounts of water in air at different temperatures Figure 20 6 A Temperature in degrees Celsius B Maximum amount of water expressed in g m3 at sea level Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 161 20 Introduction to building thermography Figure 20 7 A Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit B Maximum amount of water in gr ft3 at sea level Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft3 of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr 20 3 7 2 Definition of dew point Dew point is the temperature at which the humidity in a certain volume of air will condense as liquid water Example The relative humidity of a certain volume of air at a temperature of 30 C 86 F is 40 96 RH Amount of water in 1 m 35 31 ft of air at 30 C 30 44 x Rel Humidity 30 44 x 0 40 12 18 g 187 96 gr In the table above look up the temperature for which the amount of water in air is closest to 12 18 g This would be 14 0 C 57 2 F
156. o decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 1 Warnings amp Cautions INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 3 2 Typographical conventions Comments and questions Technical support User to user forums Software updates Calibration Accuracy 4 Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Make a report of errors that you find as well as your suggestions for new revisions Send an e mail to documentation Q
157. o go back to the beginning of the recording OK toolbar button You select this toolbar button to confirm and save the previously recorded voice comment Time indicator X Y seconds where X elapsed recording time and Y total recording time Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 29 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 2 8 2 1 Figure Explanation 30 Work areas Main work area 10760703 a1 1 3 RRR 4 Measure Spot Measure Area e 5 Detect high temperature Detect low temperature x 6 Detect Insulation i Detect Humidity Advanced E e 7 Parameters This table explains the figure above Measurement results table in C or F depending on the settings Measurement menu To open and close this menu push the Measure button Indicator for the automatic adjustment mode or the manual adjustment mode A M Spotmeter Temperature scale Measurement area Limit indicator for the temperature scale Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 31 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 2 2 NOTE Figure Explanation 32 Sketch work area The sketch work area becomes visible when you add a sketch to an infrared image You do this from the documentation too
158. o the image Marker toolbar button You select this toolbar button to create a marker Tap gently on the toolbar button using the stylus pen and then draw a line on the image OK toolbar button You select this toolbar button to confirm any markers you have added to the image before leaving this work mode Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 1 4 Voice annotation toolbar NOTE The voice annotation toolbar becomes visible when you record or listen to a voice comment You do this from the documentation toolbar To navigate on the toolbar use either the joystick or the stylus pen Some buttons have more than one function and the symbols on the buttons will change depending on the context Figure 10763803 a2 Explanation This table explains the figure above Discard recording toolbar button You select this toolbar button to delete a voice comment that you have made Adjust volume toolbar button You select this toolbar button and move the joystick up down to adjust the volume when you play back voice comments Start stop recording toolbar button You select this toolbar button to start and stop the recording of a voice comment Start stop playback toolbar button You select this toolbar button to start and stop the playback of a previously recorded voice comment Go to beginning toolbar button You select this toolbar button t
159. on Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 320 x 240 pixels 97 17 17 17 Technical data Image presentation Measurement Digital camera Laser pointer 98 Display Display type Color depth Built in display 3 5 in 820 x 240 pixels Touch screen LCD 16 k colors Display aspect ratio Object temperature range Accuracy Digital camera resolution 3 2 Subject to camera model 2 C 3 6 F or 2 of reading 1 3 Mpixels 1280 x 1024 pixels built in Digital camera focus Fixed focus Digital camera aspect ratio 5 4 Digital camera image frequency 10 Hz Digital camera color depth Video lamp Classification 24 bits on a GretagMacBeth ColorCheckerChart with an illumination of 10 lux 1000 cd Class 2 Laser type Semiconductor AlGalnP diode laser Laser power Laser wavelength Note 1 mW 635 nm red The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data Data communication interfaces USB purpose USB standard USB connector type Audio purpose Audio connector type Video purpose a USB A External USB devices a USB Mini B Data transfer to and from PC USB 2 0 full speed 12 Mbps a USB A connector a USB Mini B connector Microphone headset connection for voice annotati
160. on s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other thermometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 211 25 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 25 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating effect continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel reveal
161. on of images 4 pole 3 5 mm jack Composite video output Video standard CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Video connector type 4 pole 3 5 mm jack Storage media Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 SD Memory Card 99 17 17 Technical data Pin configuration for USB Mini B connector 100 10763203 a1 12345 3 Configuration 5 V out USB USB N C Ground Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data Pin configuration 10763503 a1 for microphone headset connector Configuration Mic return Headphone Mic in Headphone Pin configuration 1076350s a1 for video connector Configuration Audio right Ground Video out Audio left Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 101 17 Technical data Pin configuration for USB A connector 102 10763303 a1 Configuration 5 V in USB USB Ground Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Technical data Power system Battery type Battery voltage Battery capacity Rechargeable Li lon battery 7 2V 2200 mAh at 20 C to 25 C 68 F to 77 F
162. on deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu lation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insulation air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different characteristic appearance in the infrared image 10739803 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 19 Application examples 19 5 General NOTE Figure Draft Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceiling trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and ventilation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below
163. on file can have virtually any information structure Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 14 Annotating images Valid file format The valid file format for a text annotation is tcf A tcf file is a text file with one of the following two encodings a ANSI encoding supported in ThermaCAM Reporter a UTF 8 encoding not supported in ThermaCAM Reporter This encoding must be used for all languages outside the ISO 8859 1 Latin 1 encoding e g Japanese or Cyrillic To create a tcf file write your text using a text editor e g Notepad on PCs save the file with ANSI or UTF 8 encoding The file must have the suffix tcf add or edit the filename as appropriate You can also use the text annotation editor in Therma CAM Reporter to create text annotations Maximum number The maximum number of characters in a tcf file is 512 characters per label and of characters value respectively Example markup This is an example markup structure of a tcf file The words between angled structure brackets are labels and the words without angled brackets are values Company Company A Company B Company C Building Workshop 1 Workshop 2 Workshop 3 Section Equipment Tool 1 Tool 2 Tool 3 Recommendation Recommendation 1 Recommendation 2 Recommendation 3 oaaoaaaoaoiiuuuln ln ee Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 85 14 Annotatin
164. on to building thermography 20 2 4 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial amp residential facades Infrared image Comment 10554703 a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte rior living space 10554803 a1 Moisture migration into drywall from capillary drive and interior finish components from inadequate clearance and slope of grade from vinyl siding facade on an apartment complex 20 2 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies 20 2 5 1 General information Although there are differences in design materials and construction decks plaza decks courtyard decks etc suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as low slope commercial roofs Improper flashing inadequately sealed membranes and insufficient drainage may lead to substantial damage in the building structures below Balconies although smaller in size require the same care in design choice of mate rial and workmanship as any other building structure Since balconies are usually supported on one side only moisture leading to corrosion of struts and concrete re inforcement can cause problems and lead to hazardous situations 136 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 5 2
165. or features described in this manual Designation Status China Application 00809178 1 China Application 01823221 3 China Application 01823226 4 China Design Patent 235308 China Design Patent ZL02331553 9 China Design Patent ZL02331554 7 China Pending 200530018812 0 EPC Patent 1188086 EPO Application 01930377 5 EPO Application 01934715 2 EPO Application 27282912 EU Design Patent 000279476 0001 France Patent 1188086 viii Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Designation Status Germany Patent 60004227 8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM 057692 International Design Patent DM 061609 Japan Application 2000 620406 Japan Application 2002 588123 Japan Application 2002 588070 Japan Design Patent 1144833 Japan Design Patent 1182246 Japan Design Patent 1182620 Japan Pending 2005 020460 PCT Application PCT SE01 00983 PCT Application PCT SE01 00984 PCT Application PCT SE02 00857 PCT Application PCT SE03 00307 PCT Application PCT SE 00 00739 Sweden Application 0302837 0 Sweden Design Patent 68657 Sweden Design Patent 75530 Sweden Patent 518836 Sweden Patent 522971 Sweden Patent 524024 U S Application 09 576266 US Application 10 476 760 U S Design Patent 466540 U S Design Paten
166. otton wool to remove excess liquid Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Donotclean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 17 Disclaimer Imaging and optical data Detector data Technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice Field of view FOV 25 x 18 75 Close focus limit 0 4 m 1 31 ft Focal length 18 04 mm 0 710 in Spatial resolution IFOV Lens identification F number Thermal sensitivity NETD 1 36 mrad Automatic 1 3 lt 0 08 C lt 0 14 F 30 C 86 F Image frequency Focus Electronic zoom Subject to geographical region a 9Hz a 30Hz Automatic or manual Subject to camera model 1 8x Continuous interpolating zooming on im ages 1 2x Continuous interpolating zooming on im ages Panning Detector type Panning over zoomed in images Focal plane array FPA uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7 5 13 um Resoluti
167. ou to move Look at the target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you do it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details is not possible The object in the images below has painted areas which are well suited for temperature measurement The material is copper which is a very good heat conductor This means that temperature variation over the surface is small 10717503 a2 J ase 2350 2 2 2 18 18 ise 165e Figure 21 11 Reflections in an object 21 5 2 Solar heating The surface of a component with a high emissivity for example a breaker can on a hot summer day be heated up to quite considerable temperatures by irradiation from the sun The image shows a circuit breaker which has been heated by the sun 186 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803 a3 12 5 C 10 7 6 C Figure 21 12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 21 5 3 Inductive heating 13 7 C 1 8 C Figure 21 13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals this has in some cases caused serious fires This type of heating occurs in magnetic material around the current path such as metallic bottom plates for bushing insulators In the image above ther
168. ovides little guidance on the demarcation between acceptable and unacceptable variations Guidance on the appearance of a Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 163 20 Introduction to building thermography range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging Infrared Thermography Handbook Volume 1 Principles and Practise Norman Walker ISBN 0903132338 Volume 2 Applications A N Nowicki ISBN 090313232X BINDT 2005 20 3 8 3 1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation areas of thermal bridging and compliance with Building Regulations should include the following Thermal anomalies Differentiate between real thermal anomalies where temperature differences are caused by deficiencies in thermal insulation and those that occur through con founding factors such as localised differences in air movement reflection and emissivity Quantify affected areas in relation to the total insulated areas State whether the anomalies and the building thermal insulation as a whole are acceptable 20 3 8 4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies A thermographic survey will show differences in apparent temperature of areas within the field of view To be useful however it must systematically detect all the apparent defects assess them against a predetermined set of criteria reliably discount those anomalies that are not real defects evaluate
169. perature 1 Neutral zone 2 Positive pressure 3 Negative pressure h Distance from the neutral zone in meters The position of the neutral zone may vary depending on any leaks in the building If the leaks are evenly distributed vertically this zone will be about halfway up the building If more of the leaks are in the lower part of the building the neutral zone will move downwards If more of the leaks are in the upper part it will move upwards Where a chimney opens above the roof this has a considerable effect on the position of the neutral zone and the result may be a negative pressure throughout the building This situation most commonly occurs in small buildings In a larger building such as a tall industrial building with leaks at doors and any windows in the lower part of the building the neutral zone is about one third of the way up the building 158 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 3 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible The imaging process is therefore carried out indoors i e where a building is heated the structure s warm surfaces are exam ined
170. perature scale Measure button The Measure button has the following functions In live infrared mode Push to display hide the measurement menu In still infrared mode Push to display hide the measurement toolbar Info button The function of the Info button is to display different levels of information on the screen 10 Setup button The function of the Setup button is to display hide the setup mode In the setup mode you can change image settings camera settings and regional settings 11 Archive button The Archive button has the following functions a Push to open the image archive Push to close the image archive 12 13 14 Mode button The function of the mode button is to display hide the mode selector On Off button The On Off button has the following functions a To turn on the camera push the On Off button To turn off the camera push and hold down the On Off button for more than 0 2 second The On Off button is also a power indicator that shows when the camera is on Hand strap 18 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 19 7 Camera parts 7 2 View of the front Figure 10759003 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above 1 Laser pointer button The laser pointer button has the following func
171. phy 215 thermograph 213 thermographic measurement techniques introduction 205 thermographic theory 215 thermometrical spectrum 212 thermos flask 214 trademarks viii training 5 171 transport case 11 turning off camera 52 turning on camera 52 typographical conventions italic 4 monospace 4 semibold 4 UPPERCASE 4 U updates Software 4 UPPERCASE 4 user to user forums 4 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 Index V V variations load 187 resistance 189 ventilation mechanical 156 WwW WARNING 1 warranty viii waste 5 Wien Wilhelm 218 Wilhelm Wien 218 William Herschel 211 wind 191 wind conditions 156 wind speed 175 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 251 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML visit the following site m http www w3 org XML Readers interested in the history amp theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites m http www gla ac uk staff strategy information socarcpj m http www renater fr Video 2002ATHENS P DC History plan htm A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface Max Miedinger was born December 24th 1910 in Z rich Switzerland and di
172. r from IP17 01 Critical external surface temperature factor after IP17 01 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance mm Local U value W m K UKTA TN1 surface factor UKTA TN1 surface factor outside Notes to the table 1 Values of surface resistances taken from ADL2 2001 are Inside surface 0 13 m2K W Outside surface 0 04 m K W These originate from BS EN ISO 6946 BN EN ISO 6946 1997 Building components and building elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method Thermal insulation used here is assumed to have a conductivity of 0 03 W m K 3 The difference in temperature between an anomaly and the good areas is 1 2 de grees on the outside and 4 1 degrees on the inside 4 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for internal surveys is Fsi Tsia Ts0 Tsi Tso where Tia internal surface temperature at anomaly Tso external surface temperature good area T internal surface temperature good area 5 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for external surveys is Fso Tsoa Tsi Tgo Tsi where Toa external surface temperature at anomaly N 20 3 8 4 3 Selecting maximum acceptable defect area The allowable area of defect is a quality control issue It can be argued that there should be no area on which condensation mould growth or defective insulation will occur and any such anomalies should be included in the report However a commonly 166
173. r leaks certain requirements must however be made with regard to the differential pressure about 10 Pa should be sufficient 20 3 6 Interpretation of infrared images The main purpose of thermography is to locate faults and defects in thermal insulation in exterior walls and floor structures and to determine their nature and extent The measuring task can also be formulated in such a way that the aim of the thermography is to confirm whether or not the wall examined has the promised insulation and air tightness characteristics The promised thermal insulation characteristics for the wall according to the design can be converted into an expected surface temperature dis tribution for the surface under investigation if the measuring conditions at the time when the measurements are taken are known Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 159 20 Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures com prising both defect free structures and structures with in built defects Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 20 2 Typical field investi gations on page 127 If infrared images of structural sections taken during field measurements are intended for use as comparison infrared images then the
174. r med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 28 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used by caution 28 3 Tables Figure 28 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 0 67 9 70 SW dull Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 231 28 Emissivity tables Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 T 0 05 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 Aluminum polished plate 100 P 0 05 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 iI 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 d
175. ra output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 T Wien 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 27 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource ON short distance generates a camera output signal Us ource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 225 27 The measurement formula U CW source Tara or with simplified notation U ource CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Topj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the temperature T is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation
176. rared imager see photos below The technique is partic ularly effective on roofs having absorbent insulation such as wood fiber fiberglass and perlite where thermal patterns correlate almost perfectly with moisture 132 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations common in many single ply systems are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Infrared image Comment 10554003 a1 Moisture detection on a roof recorded during the evening Since the building material affected by moisture has a higher thermal mass its temperature decreas es slower than surrounding areas 10554103 a1 Water damaged roofing components and insula tion identified from infrared scan from the under side of the built up roof on a structural concrete tee deck Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding sound areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect 10554203 a1 Daytime survey of built up low slope commercial roof Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding dry areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 133 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 4 Moisture detectio
177. rectly set emissivity and re flected apparent temperature see section 24 Thermographic measurement tech niques on page 205 80 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 14 Annotating images General This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using annotations The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image such as conditions photos sketches where it was taken and so on SEE Section 14 1 Adding a digital photo on page 82 Section 14 2 Adding a voice annotation on page 83 Section 14 4 Adding an image description on page 87 a Section 14 3 Adding a text annotation on page 84 Section 14 5 Adding a sketch on page 88 Section 14 6 Adding an image marker on page 89 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 81 14 Annotating images 14 1 General Procedure 82 Adding a digital photo When you save an infrared image you can also add a digital photo of the object of interest This digital photo will automatically be associated with the infrared image which will simplify post processing and reporting in for example ThermaCAM Reporter Follow this procedure to take a digital photo To preview an image push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second This will display the documentation tool
178. rongly lowering the reading In the above case where we have a point shaped object which is much hotter than the surroundings the temperature reading will be too low 1071470323 g J0511 04 BIHP Figure 21 21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided 194 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera you will discover small things that make your job easier Here are ten of them to start with 21 7 1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at 5 C 41 F To continue your work you now have to perform the inspection indoors If you wear glasses you are used to having to wipe off condensed water or you will not be able to see anything The same thing happens with the camera To measure correctly you should wait until the camera has become warm enough for the condensation to evaporate This will also allow for the internal temperature compensation system to adjust to the changed condition 21 7 2 Rain showers If it starts raining you should not perform the inspection because the water will drasti cally change the surface temperature of the object that you are measuring Neverth
179. round the locations of the leaks The amount of leakage depends partly on gaps and partly on the differential pressure across the structure 20 3 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building The most important causes of differential pressure across a structural element in a building are wind conditions around the building the effects of the ventilation system temperature differences between air inside and outside thermal differential pres sure The actual pressure conditions inside a building are usually caused by a combination of these factors The resultant pressure gradient across the various structural elements can be illustrated by the figure on page 155 The irregular effects of wind on a building means that in practice the pressure conditions may be relatively variable and complicated Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 153 20 Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow Bernoulli s Law applies pv p constant 2 where Air density in kg m Wind velocity in m s Static pressure in Pa and where 2 pu ee 9 p denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure The total of these pressures gives the total pressure Wind load against a surface makes the dynamic pressure become a static pressure against the surface The magnitude of this static pressure is determined by amongst other things the shape of the surface and its angle to t
180. ry condition indicator is continuous SEE ALSO For information about the battery condition indicator see section 7 4 Battery con dition indicator on page 23 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 45 11 Handling the camera 11 1 2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera NOTE For brevity the combined power supply and battery charger is called the power supply below Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is outside the camera Put the battery on a flat surface Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery Connect the power supply mains electricity plug to a mains socket Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition indicator is continuous SEE ALSO For information about the battery condition indicator see section 7 4 Battery con dition indicator on page 23 46 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 11 1 3 Using the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to use the stand alone battery charger to charge the battery Put the battery in the stand alone battery charger Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand alone battery charger Connec
181. s over heating is natural and does not correspond to a developing defect In other cases like the connections in electrical motors the overheating might depend on the fact that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 21 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 189 Defective parts of electrical equipment can therefore both indicate overheating and be cooler than the normal healthy components It is necessary to be aware of what to expect by getting as much information as possible about the equipment before it is inspected The general rule is however that a hot spot is caused by a probable defect The temperature and the load of that specific component at the moment of inspection will give an indication of how serious the fault is and can become in other conditions Correct assessment in each specific case demands detailed information about the thermal behavior of the components that is we need to know the maximum allowed temperature of the materials involved and the role the component plays in the system Cable insulations for example lose their insulation properties above a certain tem perature which increases the risk of fire In the case of breakers where the temperature is too high parts can melt and make it impossible to open the breaker thereby destroying its functionality 174 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239
182. shiny 250 T 0 08 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 Lime T 0 3 0 4 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 Magnesium pow T 0 86 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 239 28 Emissivity tables Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 JT 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1
183. so Ts Tsi The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature above this threshold Images of anomalies must be captured in such a way that they are suitable for analysis The image is square to any features of the wall or roof 168 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged Interfering sources of infrared radiation such as lights heat emitters electric conductors re flective elements are minimised The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used but the key stages are as follows Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies Use a software analysis tool to enclose the anomalous area within the image taking care not to include construction details that are to be excluded Calculate the area below the threshold temperature for internal surveys or above the threshold temperature for external surveys This is the defect area Some anomalies that appeared to be defects at the time of the survey may not show defect areas at this stage Add the defect areas from all the images A Calculate the total area of exposed building fabric This is the surface area of all the walls and roof It is conventional to use the external surface area For a simple shape building this is calculated from overall width length and height A 2h L
184. spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula Ihe x 10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 217 26 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 26 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 26 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Aus 3 T um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to or
185. structure s composition the way it was built and the measurement conditions at the time the infrared image was taken must be known in detail and documented In order during thermography to be able to comment on the causes of deviations from the expected results the physical metrological and structural engineering pre requisites must be known The interpretation of infrared images taken during field measurements may be de scribed in brief as follows A comparison infrared image for a defect free structure is selected on the basis of the wall structure under investigation and the conditions under which the field mea surement was taken An infrared image of the building element under investigation is then compared with the selected infrared image Any deviation that cannot be ex plained by the design of the structure or the measurement conditions is noted as a suspected insulation defect The nature and extent of the defect is normally determined using comparison infrared images showing various defects If no suitable comparison infrared image is available evaluation and assessment are done on the basis of experience This requires more precise reasoning during the analysis When assessing an infrared image the following should be looked at Uniformity of brightness in infrared images of surface areas where there are no thermal bridges Regularity and occurrence of cooled surface areas e g at studding and corners Contours an
186. surement tools and isotherms 13 4 NOTE Removing spotmeters and areas Removing isotherms 76 Removing measurement tools The easiest way to remove a measurement tool is to select another menu command on the measurement menu However if you wish to remove all measurement tools you must follow the procedures in this section Follow this procedure to remove a spotmeter or an area Push the Measure button On the menu select Advanced This will display the measurement menu Select the v toolbar button This will display a menu listing all currently active measurement tools On the menu select the measurement tool that you wish to remove This will display a submenu On the submenu select Remove and push the joystick Follow this procedure to remove an isotherm Push the Measure button On the menu select Advanced This will display the measurement menu Select the A toolbar button This will display a menu listing all currently active isotherms On the submenu select Off and push the joystick Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 13 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 13 5 Moving measurement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to move a measurement tool Push the Measure button On the menu select Advanced This will display the measurement menu Select the E toolbar button This will display a menu listing all currently a
187. t 21 6 4 Object size The second series of images below shows the same but with the normal 24 lens Here the measured average temperatures of the blackbody at 85 C 185 F are 84 2 C 183 6 F 83 7 C 182 7 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 4 C 181 1 F and 78 4 C 173 1 F The last value 78 4 C 173 1 F is the maximum temperature as it was not possible to place a circle inside the now very small blackbody image Obviously it is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 oe B 8 o 780 C o amp 54 Sc Figure 21 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 24 lens The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size which gives correct temperature measurement This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys tems cameras The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695 The spot meter has an opening in its middle more easily seen in the detail to the right The size of the object has to be bigger than that opening or some radiation from its closest neighbors which are much colder will come into the measurement Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 193 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well st
188. t This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera Please note the following Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position a When you hold the camera make sure that you support the camera housing with your left hand too This decreases the strain on your right hand 10758503 a1 10758603 a1 10758803 a1 10758703 a1 Section 11 6 Adjusting the angle of lens on page 53 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 6 A note about ergonomics INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 15 7 7 1 Figure Explanation Camera parts View of the rear 10758903 a1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 This table explains the figure above 1 Touch screen LCD 2 Cover for SD Memory Card slot Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts 3 Zoom button The zoom button has the following functions on live images Pushto enter the zoom state a Use the joystick to zoom into or out of an image Push the zoom button once again to reset to 1x zoom factor Push the A M button the joystick or the Preview Save button to confirm the zoom factor and leave the zoom state The zoom button has the following functions on still images Zooming Push to enter the zoom state Use the joystick to zoom into or out of an image Push the zoom button once agai
189. t 2 2007 24 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings a Emissivity 1 0 Doy 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 l Figure 24 3 1 Reflection source Please note the following Using a thermocouple to measure reflecting temperature is not recommended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 24 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 207 24 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 24 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil Step 2 Determining the emissivity Action Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and
190. t 483782 US Design Patent 484155 U S Patent 5 386 117 U S Patent 5 637 871 U S Patent 5 756 999 U S Patent 6 028 309 U S Patent 6 707 044 U S Patent 6 812 465 U S Patent 7 034 300 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 LNENNNNNL KL NN EULA Terms m You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved a IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE INSTEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license m You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE m NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND FLIR Systems AB HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUF FICIEN
191. t century until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930s 212 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 25 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 25 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing 3 meters 10 ft away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye John Herschel also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 25 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 213
192. t does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an ex plosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous CAUTION a Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun for a long period of time This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless specified otherwise in the technical data section High temperatures can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer a Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket a Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other
193. t the power supply mains electricity plug to a mains socket Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition indicator is continuous SEE ALSO For information about the battery condition indicator see section 7 4 Battery con dition indicator on page 23 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 47 11 Handling the camera 11 2 Inserting the battery NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert it Procedure Follow this procedure to insert the battery 1 Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it 10759603 a1 2 Open the cover to the battery compartment 10759703 a1 3 Push the battery into the battery compartment until the battery locking mechanism engages 10759803 a1 48 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 11 Handling the camera 4 Close the cover to the battery compartment 10759903 a1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 49 11 Handling the camera 11 3 Removing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery 1 Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it 10759603 a1 2 Open the cover to the battery compartment 10763903 a1 3 Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unloc
194. taken into account when planning a thermographic building survey External inspec tions for example may be influenced by radiation emissions and reflections from adjacent buildings or a cold clear sky and even more significantly the heating effect that the sun may have on surface Additionally where background temperatures differ from air temperatures either inter nally or externally by more than 5 K then background temperatures should be mea sured on all effected surfaces to allow surface temperature to be measured with suf ficient accuracy 20 3 8 6 Survey and analysis The following provides some operational guidance to the thermographic operator The survey must collect sufficient thermographic information to demonstrate that all surfaces have been inspected in order that all thermal anomalies are reported and evaluated Initially environmental data must be collected as with any thermographic survey in cluding Internal tempetarture in the region of the anomaly External temperature in the region of the anomaly Emissivity of the surface Background temperature Distance from the surface By interpolation determine the threshold temperature to be used For internal surveys the threshold surface temperature Tsia is Tsia fgi T si Tso Tso The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature below this threshold For external surveys the threshold temperature Tsoa is Tsoa fso T
195. ted emission from ambient source 226 radiation sources relative magnitudes 229 230 radiators cavity radiator 216 graybody radiators 222 selective radiators 222 rain 192 195 reflected apparent temperature 196 explanation 209 reflections 186 relative humidity 161 explanation 209 relative magnitudes radiation sources 229 230 releases service 4 repair priority 176 report 175 reporting 175 184 request for enhancement 4 residential facades 134 resistance variations 189 RFE 4 roofs low slope commercial 129 S safety precautions 130 Samuel P Langley 214 science building 149 season measuring 159 semibold 4 semi transparent body 223 service releases 4 shutting down camera 52 Sir James Dewar 214 Sir William Herschel 211 snow 192 software updates 4 solar heating 186 solenoids 174 sources of disruption 151 spectrum thermometrical 212 speed wind 175 stand alone battery charger 47 250 starting camera 52 Stefan Josef 220 stopping camera 52 support technical 4 surface temperature 153 switching off camera 52 switching on camera 52 T taking digital photo 82 technical data 97 technical support 4 temperature excess 181 normal operating 181 reflected apparent 196 209 temperature surface 153 temperature behavior 174 temperature measurement 178 temperature variations 151 testing effects of 150 text annotation creating 84 theory of thermogra
196. the fresh one has to take a higher load which may be too high and which causes the increased temperature See the image Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 189 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303 a3 181 C 15 10 5 48 C Figure 21 17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar 190 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations distur bance factors such as wind distance to object rain or snow often influence the measurement result 21 6 1 Wind During outdoor inspection the cooling effect of the wind should be taken into account An overheating measured at a wind velocity of 5 m s 10 knots will be approximately twice as high at 1 m s 2 knots An excess temperature measured at 8 m s 16 knots will be 2 5 times as high at 1 m s 2 knots This correction factor which is based on empirical measurements is usually applicable up
197. the infrared image Add sketch toolbar button You select this toolbar button to add a freehand sketch to an infrared image The sketch will be linked to the infrared image Add voice annotation toolbar button You select this toolbar button to add a voice annotation to an infrared image The voice annotation will be saved in the infrared image Add text annotation toolbar button You selectthis toolbar button to add text annotations and or image descrip tions to an infrared image Text annotations and image descriptions will be saved in the infrared image Add digital photo toolbar button You select this toolbar button to add a digital photo to the infrared image The digital photo will be linked to the infrared image Save toolbar button You select this toolbar button to save the infrared image after you have added any of the previous five annotations If you have opened an image from the image archive this toolbar button says Close instead of Save Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 27 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 1 3 NOTE Figure Explanation 28 Image marker toolbar The image marker toolbar becomes visible when you add an image marker You do this from the documentation toolbar To navigate on the toolbar use either the joystick or the stylus pen 10762303 a2 You select this toolbar button to move and remove any markers you have previously added t
198. those that are real defects and report the results to the client 20 3 8 4 1 Selection of critical temperature parameter The BRE information Paper IP17 01 Information Paper IP17 01 Assessing the Effects of Thermal Bridging at Junctions and Around Openings Tim Ward BRE 2001 pro vides useful guidance on minimum acceptable internal surface temperatures and appropriate values of Critical Surface Temperature Factor fopsi The use of a surface temperature factor allows surveys under any thermal conditions to show areas that are at risk of condensation or mould growth under design conditions The actual surface temperature will depend greatly on the temperatures inside and outside at the time of the survey but a Surface Temperature Factor fps has been devised that is independent of the absolute conditions It is a ratio of temperature drop across the building fabric to the total temperature drop between inside and outside air For internal surveys fg Ts T9 T Te T internal surface temperature T internal air temperature T external air temperature 164 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography A value for fons of 0 75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper end usage is not a factor considered in testing for Continuity of Insulation or Thermal Bridging However when considering refurbished or extended buildings for
199. ths Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens Focal plane array A type of IR detector An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso lution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value manual adjust A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance i
200. ting that you want to change Push the joystick Move the joystick up down to select a new value Push the Setup button to confirm the change and leave the setup mode Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 91 15 Changing settings 15 2 Changing regional settings General On this tab you can change the following image settings Language a Date format YY MM DD MM DD YY DD MM YY Time format 24 h or AM PM Set date and time Distance unit meters or feet Temperature unit C or F Video format PAL or NTSC Procedure Follow this procedure to change one or more of the aforementioned settings Push the Setup button Go to the Regional tab Select the setting that you want to change Push the joystick Move the joystick up down to select a new value Push the Setup button to confirm the change and leave the setup mode 92 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 15 Changing settings 15 3 Changing camera settings General On this tab you can change the following settings a Camera lamp On Off a Display intensity High Medium Low Click sound On Off Alarm sound On Off Auto power off Off 3 min 5 min 10 min 20 min USB mode Network disk Mass Storage Device a Remember camera mode Yes No Calibrate touch pad Resetto default settings Procedure Follow this procedure to
201. tions a Push the laser pointer button to turn on the laser pointer Release the laser pointer button to turn off the laser pointer 2 Preview Save button The save button has the following functions Push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second to preview an image At this point you can annotate the image with a digital photo a text annotation a voice annotation image markers etc Briefly push the Preview Save button to save an infrared image in the infrared camera mode without previewing Briefly push the Preview Save button to save a digital photo in the digital camera mode without previewing 3 Focus button The focus button has the following functions Move the Focus button left for far focus Move the Focus button right for close focus Briefly push the Focus button to autofocus Note It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing 20 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts Protective edge for the focus button Attachment point for the neck strap Video lamp Digital camera lens Release button for additional infrared lenses Laser pointer 10 Infrared lens 11 Lens cap for the infrared lens NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 7 Camera parts 7 3 View of the bottom side
202. to be lifted in the middle of the 1950s and viable thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 214 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 26 Theory of thermography 26 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 26 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D 2 3 4 10 nm 1mm 10mm 10m 100m 1km 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 26 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitr
203. to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553403 a1 Improperly installed fiberglass batts in a suspend ed ceiling Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 147 20 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 148 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 3 Theory of building science 20 3 1 General information The demand for energy efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times Developments in the field of energy together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments have resulted in ever greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems Defective insulation and tightness in highly insulated and airtight structures can have a great impact on energy losses Defects in a building s thermal insulation and airtight ness do not merely entail risk of excessive heating and maintenance costs they also create the conditions for a poor indoor climate A building s degree of insulation is often stated in the
204. uilding structure For example mold will grow in areas where the relative humidity is less than 10096 and you may want to find such areas Rel hum limit The current relative humidity at the inspection site Atm temp The current atmospheric temperature at the inspection site Push the joystick to confirm each choice Push the Measure button to leave the main menu The screen will now display an isotherm color when the relative humidity exceeds the set level Follow this procedure to set up an isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulation deficiency in a wall Push the Measure button On the menu select Detect insulation Push the joystick twice Use the joystick to set the following parameters Inside temp The temperature inside the building you are inspecting Outside temp The temperature outside the building you are inspecting Thermal index The accepted energy loss through the wall Different building codes recommend different values but typical values are 60 80 for new buildings Refer to your national building code for recommenda tions Push the joystick to confirm each choice Push the Measure button to leave the main menu The screen will now display an isotherm color when the the camera detects an area with an energy loss higher than the set value Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 75 13 Working with mea
205. uilding structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures with in sulation deficiencies Structural drawing Comment 10553203 a2 MM Insulation deficiencies and air infiltration due to improper installation of insulation batts around an electrical mains supply This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 145 20 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing 10553103 a2 Comment Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in side of the ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image 146 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts creating an air pocket on the outside of an inclined ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 20 Introduction to building thermography 20 2 8 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies Infrared image Comment 10553303 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due
206. ure can originate from several different sources e g External leaks such as floods leaking fire hydrants etc a Internal leaks such as freshwater piping waste water piping etc Condensation which is humidity in the air falling out as liquid water due to conden sation on cold surfaces Building moisture which is any moisture in the building material prior to erecting the building structure Water remaining from firefighting As a non destructive detection method using an infrared camera has a number of advantages over other methods and a few disadvantages Advantage Disadvantage The method is quick The method only detects surface temperature The method is a non intrusive means of investi differentials and can not see through walls gation The method can not detect subsurface damage The method does not require relocation of the i e mold or structural damage occupants The method features an illustrative visual pre sentation of findings The method confirms failure points and mois ture migration paths 20 2 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 20 2 3 1 General information Low slope commercial roofing is one of the most common roof types for industrial building such as warehouses industrial plants machinery shops etc Its major ad vantages over a pitched roof is the lower cost in material and building However due to its design where snow and ice will not fall off by itself as is
207. ure if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment As the direct measurement will give the absolute temperature which must be con sidered as well as most components have an upper limit to their absolute tempera tures it is necessary to calculate the expected operating temperature given the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambient temperature It is always higher than the am bient temperature Excess temperature overheating the temperature difference between a properly working component and a faulty one The excess temperature is found as the difference between the temperature of a normal component and the temperature of its neighbor It is important to compare the same points on the different phases with each other As an example see the following images taken from indoor equipment 10713403 a4 81 7 C 80 r 70 60 Figure 21 8 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 1 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 181 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713503 a4 122 1 C 1 N 0 1 o 0 60 462 C Figure 21 9 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 2 The two left phases are considered as normal whereas the right phase shows a
208. used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 24 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 24 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 50 96 24 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmission i e the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 209 2
209. verheated this is a typical example of a very unsymmetrical load The temperature spreads evenly along the cables which indicates a load dependent temperature increase rather than a faulty connection The image to the right shows two bundles with very different loads In fact the bundle to the right carries next to no load Those which carry a considerable current load are about 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 21 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 38 8 C 30 5 C Figure 21 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a number of cables are bundled together it can happen that the resulting poor cooling of the cables in the middle can lead to them reaching very high temperatures See the image above The cables to the right in the image do not show any overheating close to the bolts In the vertical part of the bundle however the cables are held together very tightly the cooling of the cables is poor the convection can not take the heat away and the cables are notably hotter actually about 5 C 9 F above the temperature of the better cooled part of the cables 188 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 21 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 21 5 6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins Some common reasons are described below Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joi
210. view window for the image description Keyboard Clear button You select this button to clear the selected tab from all input data SEE ALSO For information about adding an image description to an infrared image see section 14 4 Adding an image description on page 87 36 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 8 Toolbars and work areas 8 2 4 Operation mode area NOTE The operation mode area becomes visible when you push the Mode button To navigate in the area use either the joystick or the stylus pen Figure 10765803 a1 1 2 3 aa oU Camera Simultaneous Fusion Explanation This table explains the figure above Camera mode This is the most commonly used operation mode of the camera If you select this mode and briefly push the Preview Save button an infrared image of your target of interest is saved to the SD Memory Card If you push and hold down the Preview Save button for more than one second the documentation toolbar will be displayed Simultaneous snapshot mode If you select this mode and briefly push the Preview Save button the camera will automatically save a digital photo at the same time as it saves the infrared image Fusion mode If you select this mode and briefly push the Preview Save button the camera will merge the live infrared image with a live digital photo This can make it easier to analyze the image and locate faults and anomalies i
211. with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet a Do not make holes in the battery with objects Do not hit the battery with a hammer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it Do not put the batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 1 1 Warnings amp Cautions Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature locations Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not use the battery if when you use charge or store the battery there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can als
212. ystems 22 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 22 2 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 22 3 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 199 22 About FLIR Systems 10401503 a1 Figure 22 4 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration 200 Publ No 1558792 Rev a239 ENGLISH EN August 2 2007 23 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras A transmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity

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