INGEDE Method 11 (July 2012)
Contents
1. and then dewater the froth Determine the amount of the overflow oven dry according to ISO 4119 and use this amount to calculate the flotation yield 5 13 2 Voith Delta 25TM The air supply has to be set to approx 7 l min Use the supplier s calibration sheet to find the corresponding point on the scale The other parameters are flotation period 12 min suspension temperature approx 45 C consistency approx 0 8 at the beginning with 180 g oven dry pulp During the flotation process add the necessary amount of 45 C warm water several times in order to maintain the level of the aerated suspension in the cell In case of low foaming tendency increase the level in order to guarantee the overflow of foam After the flotation period switch off the air supply Use dilution water to bring down any rejects from the overflow into the collecting tank and then dewater the froth Determine the amount of the overflow oven dry according to ISO 4119 and use this amount to calculate the flotation yield 5 13 3 Other laboratory flotation cells Use flotation parameters and conditions similar to the standard conditions applied during the laboratory treatment of deinked recycled pulps The flotation should run until the status of hyperflotation is reached Set the flotation time in order to get maximum luminosity and ink elimination 5 14 Specimen preparation For undeinked pulp two filter pads and for deinked pulp two filter pads and two laborator2. should therefore be stored in a water bath whose temperature can be controlled accord ingly It is also possible to heat part of the dilution water to a considerably higher temperature by means of a hot water heater and successively add cold dilution water until the desired temperature has been reached It is not advisable to separately heat the individual stock solutions dilution water chemical stock solution peroxide solution 5 8 Preparation and dosing of chemicals The standard formulation is as follows Table 1 Standard deinking recipe Chemical Dosage related to oven dry paper Sodium hydroxide 0 6 100 Sodium silicate 1 8 1 3 1 4 g cm Hydrogen peroxide 0 7 100 Oleic acid 0 8 extra pure Only if the pH is either too low or too high after pulping or if it is too low before flotation the dosages of sodium hydroxide and of sodium silicate have to be adapted see 5 10 Make sure that the chemicals are dosed with a relative tolerance not exceeding 1 It is useful to prepare a total amount of 2 stock solution which will be sufficient for 5 tests Dissolve 6 g sodium hydroxide in deionised water heat slightly to approx 60 C and proceed by adding 8 g oleic acid Stir until the solution is clear then add 18 g sodium silicate and fill up with deionised water to 2 litres The formation of soap reduces the alkalinity 0 114 sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralise the ole
3. 202 Hobart pulper 0 8 Oleic acid c 15 t 20 min T 45 C Defibration m 200 g Speed 2 aD aD 5 0 5 Water bath 50 60 min T 45 C Undeinked pulp 2 Filter pads Flotation cell Voith Delta as example Flotation c 0 8 3 z lt ja Deinked pulp m 180g 2 Filter pads 2 Handsheets 2 Membrane filters Figure 3 Procedure for testing deinkability with standard deinking recipe INGEDE Method 11 Page 5 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test 5 1 Sampling The printed samples used in the tests must not be split up The minimum amount of each printed sample is 250 g oven dry 5 2 Identification Each print product is designated by its title publishing house issue date product category printing method and paper grade if available Determine the ash content of the paper sample Weigh the complete printed product After weighing remove any inserts and non paper compo nents from the printed product to determine their share in the total mass of the product 5 3 Separation of adhesive applications To allow the sticky forming potential of the printed product to be assessed independently separate all evident adhesive applications from the paper mark them according to their use and store them separately Glued backs of magazines or catalogues shall be separated according to INGEDE Method 12 5 4 Accelerated ageing Place the samples in a warming cabinet for accelerate
4. INGEDE Method 11 Assessment of BB Print Product Recyclability INGEDE International July 2012 1 Association of y Deinkability Test Deinking indus 13 Pages Introduction The good recyclability of printed products is a crucial feature for the sustainability of the graphic paper loop It belongs to the focal work of INGEDE to safeguard and improve recyclability One of the measures is to provide tools for the assessment of the recyclability in the two aspects e Deinkability e Screenability of adhesive applications Therefore a set of methods has been developed to simulate the common operating conditions of relevant process steps in an industrial deinking plant under standard conditions in a laboratory scale This allows estimating the relative challenge a printed product means to a deinking plant Deinking plants producing deinked pulp for newsprint publication and other printing and writing papers predominantly use paper for recycling with a significant content of mechanical pulp based grades These papers usually are deinked in an alkaline environment This is meant by the term common operating conditions Printed paper products recovered by household collec tion together with newspapers and magazines are also treated under these common operating conditions This method has been developed for the assessment of the deinkability of individual printed products 1 Scope This INGEDE Method describes a procedure to evalu
5. ate the deinkability of printed paper pro ducts by means of alkaline flotation deinking It can be used for any kind of printed paper product 2 Terms and definitions Deinked Pulp DP e Pulp consisting of printed products deinked according to this method Undeinked Pulp UP e Pulp consisting of printed products disintegrated mechanically with added deinking chemicals prior to flotation INGEDE Method 11 Page 2 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test 3 Principle Flotation is the most widely used technology for ink removal in the paper recycling process This INGEDE Method in a laboratory scale defines the essential steps of the flotation deinking process pulping and flotation In order to simulate the average age of paper recovered from households an accelerated aging step is part of the procedure Special care was taken to define a procedure without the need to test unprinted paper The whole laboratory procedure is shown in Figure 3 The deinkability is assessed by three quality parameters of the deinked pulp and two process parameters Quality parameters e Luminosity e Colour shade e Dirt specks in two different size categories Process parameters e Ink Elimination e Filtrate darkening INGEDE Method 11 Page 3 Deinkability Test Assessment of Print Product Recyclability 4 Equipment and auxiliaries 4 1 Equipment Warming cabinet with free or forced
6. d ageing at 60 3 C for 72 hours Accelerated ageing of the samples is necessary because the storage of the papers for recycling can influence their deinkability These accelerated ageing conditions correspond to 3 6 months of natural ageing 5 5 Breaking up of samples Accelerated aged samples are torn into pieces of about 2x2 cm and acclimatised A part of the acclimatised samples is used to determine the moisture content according to ISO 287 with at least one sample of about 50 g minimum Based on the obtained results calculate the appropri ate air dry weight of the samples which corresponds to the oven dry weight prescribed 5 6 Weighing the samples After homogenising the samples by hand weigh out samples of 200 g oven dry 5 7 Preparation of dilution water During laboratory treatment of the printed products 5 9 to 5 13 use only water which has been treated to obtain the prescribed hardness values To obtain the desired water hardness add calcium chloride dihydrate CaCl 2 H20 in de ionised water until the concentration of calcium ions reaches 3 21 mmol l equivalent to 472 mg l This is equivalent to 128 mg Ca2 I If tap water is used this shall be mentioned in the test report indicating the respective hardness INGEDE Method 11 Page 6 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test During sample preparation a constant temperature of 45 C should be maintained The dilution water
7. flow mass Fibre Yield 1 Ashp 1 Ash p Fibre Yield Yield Where Ashpp Ash content of deinked pulp in decimal Ashyp Ash content of undeinked pulp in decimal e g 0 03 INGEDE Method 11 Page 11 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test 6 Report The following should be recorded in the test report Identification of print product as to name publishing company date of issue product category print process and paper quality ash content Mass related proportion of supplements and non paper material in Number and type of adhesive applications pH after pulping before and after storage and before flotation Chemical dosage for pulping Ash content of undeinked and deinked pulp Flotation yield in Fibre yield in Overflow Mass Meoth Overflow stock consistency C otn Luminosity Y of deinked pulp L a and b of deinked pulp Ink elimination IE799 in Ro yp R pp at 700 nm Alternatively to IE799 the ink elimination using ERIC values lEgric may be determined Filtrate darkening AY of the deinked pulp sample filtrate Dirt particle area of deinked pulp in mm m in two categories with the dirt particle area gt 50 um and the dirt particle area gt 250 um Deviations from the conditions stipulated for this test method if applicable e g pulping device specification of the laboratory flotation cell conditions of flotation Any further optical characteris
8. ic acid In addition prepare 100 ml hydrogen peroxide solution for each test using deionised cold water 5 9 Defibration Fill the Hobart pulper with the prescribed sample quantity 200 g oven dry Take 400 ml of chemicals solution and fill up to a total volume of 1233 ml with appropriately heated dilution water Add this deinking liquor into the vessel and run the Hobart pulper for some seconds Then stop it brush down any scrap of paper from the vessel wall Repeat this step as often as necessary After the first stop add the peroxide solution 100 ml The stock consistency is now 15 Immediately after disintegrate the stock for 20 min at approx 45 C using rotor speed 2 To maintain a constant temperature and avoid splashing losses cover the vessel during disinte gration for example with a suitably sized tight fitting plastic lid see Figure 2 INGEDE Method 11 Page 7 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test 5 10 pH after defibration At the end of pulping measure the pH For a precise measurement of the pH after pulping it is necessary to create a small amount of filtrate by pressing out a pulp sample The target pH is 9 5 Using the standard formulation from chapter 5 8 the permitted range of pH is 9 5 0 5 If the pH is beyond this range the sample has to be discarded and the test repeated with an adapted dosage of chemicals If the pH is too low after pulping the dosage of s
9. odium hydroxide has to be increased In case of too high pH both sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate have to be reduced by the same ratio The minimum dosage of sodium hydroxide is 0 2 Beginning with a non standard chemical formulation while not proving to be in the range with the standard formulation the accepted pH is 9 5 0 2 Figure 4 describes the procedure when starting with standard or non standard chemical formula tion Dosage standard _ Dosage standard Proceed with test Sena Proceed with test Figure 4 pH tolerances INGEDE Method 11 Page 8 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test ANNEX A describes a method to pre test the pH after storage with a smaller sample amount It gives an idea whether a too low or too high pH has to be expected This principle of pre testing is applicable also with other chemical dosages but does not compensate the original defibration with 200 g oven dry pulp The requirements of pH tolerances must be fulfilled regardless the pre test result 5 11 Storage The amount of pulp needed for the subsequent treatment steps depends on the quantities required for the final handsheet and filter pad formation see 5 14 Stock quantities of 12 g oven dry undeinked UP and approx 15 g oven dry deinked pulp DP are needed in minimum Stock losses will vary depending on the print products used and can amount up to 50 during flotation Store the amoun
10. r if the cell has big metal parts After some minutes pour out the heating water and fill in first some of the prepared dilution water of 45 C to prevent the concentrated pulp from staying in dead corners later Add the diluted sample into the flotation cell Fill up with dilution water and proceed as the instructions of the flotation cell describes The starting point for the flotation time is when the air supply is started The process time is set in the following instructions for the recommended flotation cells For other cells the process should run until the status of hyperflotation is reached INGEDE Method 11 Page 9 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test 5 13 1 PTS flotation cell Use the following settings for flotation air supply rate 60 l h stirrer speed in suspension 1200 min flotation period 10 min suspension temperature approx 45 C consistency approx 0 8 at the beginning with 12 g oven dry pulp During the entire flotation process use the scraper to remove the froth without stock if possible Collect the skimmed off flotation rejects in a tank Continually add dilution water to compensate for the drainage keeping the suspension level constantly up at the edge of the overflow for the duration of the flotation After a flotation period of 10 min switch off the air supply and the stirrer Use dilution water to bring down any rejects from the overflow into the collecting tank
11. riteria for the pH after pulping and before flotation were added After gaining some experience procedures related to the pH criteria were added to this version INGEDE Method 11 Page 13 Deinkability Test Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Annex A Testing the pH of a smaller sample amount In case of not having a sufficient amount of sample paper for repeating the disintegration test a small amount of your sample beforehand Use 20 g oven dry sample pour in 40 ml of the pre heated standard chemical formulation and fill up to 123 ml with preheated dilution water Prepare 10 ml of the peroxide solution Disintegrate the sample with a dispersing device e g hand blender laboratory dispersing machine stop after some seconds and add the prepared peroxide solution Then disintegrate until the sample is pulped Store the pulp at 45 C for 20 minutes and determine the pH Contact INGEDE e V International Association of the Deinking Industry Office Gerokstr 40 74321 Bietigheim Bissingen Germany Tel 49 7142 7742 81 Fax 49 7142 7742 80 E Mail office ingede org www ingede org
12. t of stock required for subsequent treatment for 60 min in a water bath at 45 C and 5 consistency The dilution water has been brought to a temperature of 45 C and to the desired level of hardness Measure the pH before and after the storage time The pH can be measured with reasonable accuracy in the pulp at storage consistency However it is recommended to measure the pH before and after the storage in a filtrate without fibres in order to increase the accuracy of the measurement This filtrate can be generated by pressing a small cullender onto the surface of the pulp The pH electrode can then be dipped into the filtrate which forms inside the cullender 5 12 Dilution After storage the stock samples must be diluted with 45 C warm water to terminate any chemi cal reaction before the treatment continues Use tap water for the UP sample For the pulp sample to be deinked use water that has been brought to a temperature of 45 C and to the desired level of hardness The consistency after this dilution should be around 1 it can be the consistency required for flotation Measure the pH At flotation consistency it should be equal or higher than 7 5 provided that the defined range of the pH after pulping is met If the pH before flotation is below 7 5 discard the sample and repeat the test with a higher dosage of sodium hydroxide Start the flotation before preparing the UP specimens 5 13 Flotation Heat up the cell with hot wate
13. tics of undeinked and deinked pulp yielded as well as their respec tive filtrate quality may also be noted in the test report 7 References 7 1 Cited Standards and methods INGEDE Method 1 Test sheet preparation of pulps and filtrates from deinking processes INGEDE Method 2 Measurement of optical characteristics of pulps and filtrates from deinking processes INGEDE Method 12 Assessment of the recyclability of printed paper products Testing of the fragmentation behaviour of adhesive applications ISO 287 Paper and board Determination of moisture content of a lot Oven drying method INGEDE Method 11 Page 12 Deinkability Test Assessment of Print Product Recyclability ISO 1762 Paper board and pulps Determination of residue ash on ignition at 525 C ISO 4119 Pulps Determination of stock concentration ISO 5263 1 Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration ISO 5269 2 Pulp Preparation of laboratory sheets for physical testing Part 2 Rapid K then method Literature and other related documents European Recovered Paper Council Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Score User s Manual March 2009 www paperforrecycling eu 7 3 Sources This method has been published for the first time in 2001 A major revision was done in 2007 according to the definitions made in INGEDE Project 85 02 CTP PMV PTS European Deink ability Method In 2009 c
14. ventilation or with air turbulence according to ISO 287 Analytical balance up to 1 000 g with an accuracy of at least 0 001 g Analytical balance up to 3 000 g with an accuracy of at least 0 1 g Hobart pulper N 50 available from Hobart GmbH Use the type of stirrer and a compara ble cover shown in the following figures Additionally it is possible to install a revolution counter which stops the device automatically Ronni Figure 1 Stirrer for the Hobart pulper Figure 2 Cover for the Hobart pulper Temperature controlled water bath Heating plate equipped with magnetic stirrer or commercial grade hot water heater Laboratory flotation cell references PTS cell Voith Delta 25 Plastic scraper in case of PTS cell Beakers Muffle furnace which can be adjusted to an incineration temperature of 525 C pH measuring system with an accuracy of 0 1 points If different equipment is used this has to be mentioned in the test report 4 2 Chemicals Sodium hydroxide NaOH pro analysis CAS 1310 73 2 Sodium silicate 1 3 1 4 g cm 38 40 B Hydrogen peroxide H203 e g 35 Oleic acid C gH3 0 extra pure CAS 112 80 1 e g Merck Article No 1 00471 Calcium chloride dihydrate CaCl 2 H20 CAS 10035 04 8 INGEDE Method 11 Page 4 Assessment of Print Product Recyclability Deinkability Test Procedure Print product Standard deinking recipe 0 6 NaOH 1 8 Sodium silicate l 0 7 H
15. y hand sheets are required to permit an optical evaluation In addition two membrane filter specimens are prepared from the filter pad filtrate of the deinked pulp so as to be able to assess filtrate quality INGEDE Method 1 is used to prepare the specimens INGEDE Method 11 Page 10 Deinkability Test Assessment of Print Product Recyclability 5 15 Analysis The following optical characteristics of air conditioned filter pads laboratory sheets and filtrate filters are determined using INGEDE Method 2 e Luminosity Y of deinked pulp L a b colour coefficients of deinked pulp Ink elimination IE7zo9 and or IEeRic Filtrate Darkening AY of deinked pulp Dirt particle area A of deinked pulp Measure the stock consistency to maintain required conditions e g for storage and flotation Use the filter pads of stock consistency measurements to determine the ash content of un deinked and deinked pulp in accordance with ISO 1762 In order to calculate yield values overall yield and fibre yield make sure to measure the feed and the overflow of the flotation Maintain the correct amount of oven dry pulp for the flotation process The flotation yield is calculated as follows Yield Overall yield Cup Myp C ron M from Cyp Myp Yield 100 Where Cyp in g kg stock consistency of undeinked pulp Myp in kg feed amount flotation undeinked pulp Crroth IN g kg stock consistency of overflow Meroth IN kg over
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