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Guide to Localization of Open Source Software

1. lt F gt lt f gt lt G gt lt g gt lt H gt lt h gt lt I gt lt i gt lt J gt lt j gt lt K gt lt k gt lt L gt lt I gt lt M gt lt m gt lt N gt lt n gt lt O gt lt o gt lt P gt lt p gt lt Q gt lt q gt lt R gt lt r gt lt S gt lt s gt lt T gt lt t gt lt U gt lt u gt lt V gt lt v gt lt W gt lt w gt lt X gt lt x gt lt Y gt lt y gt lt Z gt lt z gt END LC_CTYPE PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software LC_CTYPE used in ne_NP LC_CTYPE copy i18n END LC_CTYPE b LC_COLLATE This category is related to sorting and is assumed to be the most complicated among all the locale categories Collation of Unicode strings follow the standard ISO IEC 14651 International string ordering and glibc locale is based on this standard Given below is the sample of the LC_COLLATE LC_COLLATE sample order_start forward backward UNDEFINED IGNORE IGNORE LOW space LOW space LOW lt a gt lt a gt lt a gt lt a acute gt lt a gt lt a acute gt lt a grave gt lt a gt lt a grave gt lt A gt lt a gt lt A gt lt A acute gt lt a gt lt A acute gt lt A grave gt lt a gt lt A grave gt lt ch gt lt ch gt lt ch gt lt Ch gt lt ch gt lt Ch gt lt s gt lt s gt lt s gt lt eszet gt lt s gt lt s gt lt eszet gt lt eszet gt ord
2. 1 4 5 Encodings and Localization 1 4 6 Fonts and Output Methods 1 4 7 Characters and Glyphs sss 1 4 8 Bitmap and Vector TAO Methods metas ere ERU HEREIN ee DRM e eH ERES 4 1 4 10 Input Methods 5 een dob a e neg ie da a ea EE ERE 4 1 4 11 eee 1 4 12 Basic Steps for Linux Localization 1 5 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING wu eeecessescesseesseeeseessecaecsaceaeceaeceseesseeeseesscecsaesecesenecaeceaeeeaeesaeenae 5 LOCALE DEVELOPMEN T ccsssssssssssscssssssssecssscsssssnssecssscsssssssesssscusssessesssscusssssssesossssasssessesosssessessssscasssssersoes 6 2 1 INTRODUCTION meranen p ARs EE PR 22 LOCALE NAM ING bep tie cni iei oi cbe roov E aa b 2 3 LOCALE AND APPLICATIONS wu cccccssssssccssssseeceesssscececesssceccecsssseeceesssseeceeessseeceeesseeeceeesseecceesaeeecesesseeceeenaees 2 4 BASICS STEPS OF LOCALE DEVELOPMENT 2 5 GLIBC LOCALE DEVELOPMENT docnit T dtes Dao e eite E gel en a tebe QT ERA 2 6 GLIBC EOCALE SUBMISSION ices indie recreate coin E VeL De PEEL cocks ER C ERR Ie P oL EUER Fey ve vh e 2 7 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING s iere eri devia DO E C D E UE FCR PRENDE RENDERING AND RENDERING ENGINES cccsssccssscccsscccesscccsssccesscccesscccsscccesscccesscccsscecesscccsssccesscccessceesss 17 3 1 HU
3. Line msgid GNOME is the main message to translate Line msgstr is the translatedmessage so after translation this example will be src 01 main c 500 msgid GNOME msgstr AAA Fuzzy translations If the translator is not sure about the translation then s he can mark the translated string as fuzzy so that the file when converted to machine readable MO Form ignores the strings being marked as fuzzy eg src 01 main c 500 fuzzy msgid GNOME 2 2 msgstr NAA 2 2 Managing the version of PO Files The version of the PO files must match with the version of the application itself In order for the application interfaces to be displayed fully in the local language the PO files and the applications versions should conform to each other For example if one is doing the translation of Gedit application and if he picks the file for version 2 10 then he has to use this translation in the Gedit 2 10 version Once the exact version of file obtained the translation can be initiated 40 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Conversion of PO Files Some applications do not provide PO files or they don t use gettext format for the message translation and localization To work with such files there is a translation tool named translation toolkit which has the features for format conversion from different formats to PO format and viceversa For instance the docbook xml file can be converted
4. wait until X is locked PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software foriint 2345678910 do if f tmp XO lock then break Sleep 1 fi done for i in SXSERVER do killall TERM i 2 dev null amp amp echo X Server shut down amp amp break done fi echo Rebooting disabled just to be sure for now echo Use reboot or halt to shutdown your computer halt exec reboot Generate the main module i Run apt get clean Before creating the main module if you want to save space on the CD you can remove the deb files that are used to install the pacakges This will remove the deb files of the folder var cache apt archives ii Exit the chroot environment Type exit iii Execute module builder mainmodule mylivecd mainmod mymainmodule mod Base Module and Customization Base module customization and modification is useful if you want to add your language on the Live CD boot menu changing images adding modified icons etc 1 Extract the base module i mkdir basemodule ii extract_compressed_fs mylivecd base morphix gt tmp morphix iso iii mount o loop tmp morphix iso basemodule iv cd iso Rp basemodule vi umount iso 2 Adding Language for the Live CD i Change lang us to lang xx in every grub entry of the file Imylivecd boot grub menu Ist By default this will boot Live CD to your language locale ii Adding Language to the Supported Language men
5. Chapter 6 Translation Aspects in Localization Bal Krishna Bal Pawan Chitrakar Srishtee Gurung Shiva Pokharel shiva mpp org np Chapter 7 GNOME Localization Pawan Chitrakar Chapter 8 Mozilla Suite Localization Basanta Shrestha Chapter 9 Mozilla FireFox Localization Basanta Shrestha Chapter 10 Openoffice Org Localization Subir Bahadur Pradhanang Prajol Shrestha prajol mpp org np Chapter 11 Linux Distribution Developement for Localization Paras Pradhan Chapter 12 Developement of Internationalized Applications Dibyendra Hyoju dibyendra mpp org np Chapter 13 Building Free Open Source Software FOSS Communities Bal Krishna Bal Subir Bahadur Pradhanang Chapter 14 Localization Project Management Techniques Expertiences of Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya under the PAN Localization Project Srishtee Gurung 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ies even 1 1 1 WHATCIS EOCATIZAOTION 7 eiie O m eter 1 1 2 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE DECIDING TO LOCALIZE A 2 1 3 WHY IS LOCALIZATION IMPORTAN che T ERR Eh Resa 2 1 4 LOCALIZATION KEY CONCEPTS 1 4 1 etn te rie ere EE EE 1 4 2 Character Sets and Encoding 1 43 SingleByte and MultiByte Encodings 1 44 Different Encoding Systems
6. Hunspell can give a suggestion fan in the suggestion table NOTE It is very useful to define replacements for the most typical one character mistakes too with REP you can add higher priority to a subset of the TRY suggestions suggestion list begins with the REP suggestions and the replacement table can be used for a stricter compound word checking forbidding generated compound words if they are also simple words with typical faults see the option CHECKCOMPOUNDREP 7 MAP number of map definitions MAP string of related characters We can define language dependent information on characters that should be considered related i e nearer than other characters not in the set in the affix file aff by a character map table With this table Hunspell can suggest the right forms for words which incorrectly choose the wrong letter from a related set more than once in a word For example a possible mapping could be for the German umlauted versus the regular u the word Fr hst ck really should be written with umaluted u s and not regular ones MAP 1 MAP u Options for compounding 1 BREAK number of break definitions BREAK character or character sequence This option defines break points for breaking words and checking word parts separately It is useful for compounding with joining character or strings for example hyphen in English and German or hyphen and n dash in Hungarian Dashes are often bad break points for tokenization
7. lt message gt lt message gt lt source gt Hello World lt source gt lt translation type unfinished gt lt translation gt 133 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt message gt lt message gt lt source gt Quit lt source gt lt translation type unfinished gt lt translation gt lt message gt lt context gt lt context gt lt name gt QLabel lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Quit lt source gt lt translation type unfinished gt lt translation gt lt message gt lt context gt lt context gt lt name gt QPushButton lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Hello World lt source gt lt translation type unfinished gt lt translation gt lt message gt lt context gt lt TS gt lt translation type unfinished gt states that the translation of the string is still incomplete Between two opening lt translation gt and closing lt translation gt tag we can put the translation of the given string manually 11 Open the ne NP ts file with QT Linugist by providing following command linguist ne_NP ts Here we are opening QT Linguist to load the ne NP ts translation file After translation of each string in the ts file mark each string as finished 12 After translation the ne_NP ts file will look like this IDOCTYPE TS gt lt TS gt lt context gt lt name gt Form1 lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Form1 lt source
8. First locate where the jar files for English are They will most probably be in the usr lib mozilla chrome folder For making jar files of your language mozilla translator uses these jar files of english en US jar en win jar en unix jar en mac jar and US jar as templates Take a note of where these files are located Run mozilla translator java jar mt502 jar Goto File Manage Products Add Fill in the fields as shown in this screen shot Applications Actions es Thu Jan 6 10 48 Qi a 5 5 File Import Export Basic Information Platform neutral Platform specefic Platforms windows Name Unix Regional Jar file jusr lib mozilla chrome en unix jar Choose Jar file lib illa ch us j Jusr lib mozilla chrome US jar Type ux Custom files cancel ean ECEETH 5 BN ok cancel Figure 7 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator When all the files have been added the final screen should look like this 59 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software nepali mozilla 1 7 jusr lib mozilla chrome en US jar usr lib mozilla chrome US jar Figure 8 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator Go to File Update Products Chrome View screen is displayed Select the columns as shown in the following screen shot Click on ok You wi
9. MULTI WILDCARD CHAR The key strokes to split input string SPLIT KEYS quoteright H The key strokes to commit the convert result to client COMMIT KEYS space The key strokes to forward the inputed string to client FORWARD KEYS Return The key strokes to select candidiate phrases SELECT KEYS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The key strokes to page up the lookup table PAGE UP KEYS Page Up The key strokes to page down the lookup table PAGE DOWN KEYS Page Down END DEFINITION Begin Table data BEGIN TABLE A o g x Ot gt 0x200c 5 gt A OU Na O gt oc wn ve PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 9 v o amp in wo m 7S PR amp 29 Pos wt 5 Bice Mie 1 arc ES BOE de pop p von oo novo 8Gamnmouur ve io0nnu255 s g8Go0o oo0 DOS nax E W E c 29 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software p 3 r d 5 5 t a u 3T 8 w x y T z X 8 Ox200d il 44 PHRASES a gt 53 D sm G amp 8 M 5 N Q dq 8 8 55 T occ W X Y Z 55 q 43 END TABLE 3 Converting the table into binary format and installing scim make table myinput txt b o myinput bin mkdir p usr share scim tables cp myinput bin usr share scim tables Please refer to following page for more information on creating new table data http
10. PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 4 GNU Linux and Fonts 4 1 Introduction In Chapter 1 we briefly discussed fonts In this Chapter we will further deal with different types of fonts font systems in GNU Linux and general instructions for installing fonts We also list the font resources and font development tools Lastly we deal with Openoffice Org fonts As evident from the discussion in Chapter 1 the primary prerequisites for Localization are encoding of the script of the language in Unicode development of Unicode compatible fonts etc Basically fonts are classified as 8 bit True Type Font which is limited to 256 glyphs out of which only 200 are usable 16 bit Unicode true type font covering Unicode range supporting 65000 glyphs Open Type for advanced typography in which GSUB GPOS tables are used for complex scripts like Indic 4 2 Types of fonts In Chapter 1 we briefly talked about Bitmap and Vector fonts Here we add a few others in the category of the two fonts and briefly introduce them 4 9 b BitMap fonts These are matrices of dots Two types of bitmap fonts exist a bitmap printer fonts eg pk b bitmap screen fonts for use in X windows and console eg bdf pcf Vector Outline fonts a Type1 fonts These fonts are devised by adobe and are supported by adobe s postscript standard Distributed as afm adobe font metric or pfm postscript fonts for windows and outline file as pfb pri
11. get dz charset The final step is to modify the locale file for your language country by making sure that the LC COLLATION section of the file looks like lt LC_COLLATION gt lt Collator default true unoid charset gt lt CollationOptions gt lt TransliterationModules gt IGNORE_CASE lt TransliterationModules gt lt CollationOptions gt lt LC_COLLATION gt All the locale files are located in the i18npool source localedata data directory Including your language in the build environment In order to include your language in the build environment the language code as defined in http 110n openoffice org languages html must be included in the list specified in file solenv inc postset mk 10 8 i Sample of the file completelangiso af ar bg ca cs cy da de el en US eo es et eu fi fr gl he hi IN hu it ja kn IN ko It ms nb ne nl nn ns pl pt pt BR ru sk sl sv th tn tr zh CN zh TW zu Adding Support for using native numbers For a script that is new to to OpenOffice org things such as Unicode code points of the digits in the script separation characters etc have to be included so the numbers in that script can be used in Calc or for numbered lists The following files need to be modified in order to add support for native numbers separation characters etc in OpenOffice org 10 8 i e if8npool source nativenumber data numberchar h if8npool source nativenumber nativenumbersupplier cxx In the first file changes needed a
12. o level5S 0 0 52 debconf debian po 0 0 10 Up to date 2006 05 22 23 53 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt shyamkrish menu_po 0 0 0 Up to date 2006 05 18 06 24 0545 Shiva Prasad Pokharel pokhare menu_po sections 0 0 42 Up to date 2006 05 23 00 10 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt shyamkrish shadow_po xorg_debian_po 0 0 0 Up to date 2006 05 24 17 414 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt shyamkrish 1 mm 41 i a 5 cene amp rege tin 7 URLs 7 KBab kban 7 KBab 3 Larp TT Figure 2 Catalogue manager in KBabel Project Settings This is yet another important feature of Kbabel With the help of this informative window we can set the path of the PO and POT files One just needs to choose Project gt Configure from the main menu In the window that pops up after having chosen Project gt Configure we may set several attributes like identity of the translator his her email id name of the target language plural forms of translation etc 35 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software vn OO HW s 6 wm 15 14 43 KBabel 5 File Edit Go Project Dictionaries Bookmarks Tools Settings Help 4 p es E l ABC le Eri Configure KBabel a Information About You and Translation Team x Identity Name Shiva Pokharel 1 ur m x Localized name Debian Installer Translation Email pokharelshivaghotmail com Eull la
13. 110n status gnome org The Primer Localization of Free Open Source Software Anousak Souphavanh and Theppitak Karoonboonyanan 52 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 8 Mozilla Suite Localization 8 4 Introduction In this Chapter we begin with a short introduction about Mozilla Next we will talk about Mozilla localization basics and the Mozilla Localization framework A detailed discussion on the Mozilla Suite Localization Steps followed by an overview of the available translation tools Similarly the issue regarding complex text and Mozilla is also dealt with in this chapter Other information on Mozilla in this chapater includes Building Mozilla Suite from Source Mozilla Plug ins and Known Issues References for further reading are listed at the end of the chapter 8 2 About Mozilla Mozilla is a free open source cross platform Internet suite Mozilla suite bundles Internet browser Mail client Composer Address book and IRC chat client Its development was initiated by Netscape Communications Corporation Mozilla Suite works on multiple platforms like Linux Unix Microsoft Windows and Mac OS Most of the Mozilla Code has been written in C Other language used include Javascript XUL CSS HTML etc Apart from being an Internet Suite Mozilla is also a framework that allows developers to create cross platform applications Evolution History The information on the evolution history of Mozil
14. 8 8 REFERENCES FOR PURTHER READING etre ON SE n devs CORO a canes RR RETO 70 MOZILLA FIREFOX LOCALIZATION cccssscssssssssssssssssssssssssssesesssscsssssssesssscsssessssessscsssessssesssscsasssseseseees 71 9 1 INTR OD UG TION E OC OE te ERO RI ER IR SH 9 2 FIREFOX LOCALIZATION 9 3 COMPLEX TEXT AND MOZILLA FIREFOX eene eene nennen enne e nnne tenete nente nnns enne nnns 75 9 4 TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF MOZILLA FIREFOX eee nennen enne 75 9 5 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING c ccccccsssssscceesssceecessssceeceesssececcessseeeecesssaeeeceessseeecceesseeeecesssaeeeeesenae 76 OPENOFFICE ORG LOCALIZATION cccsssssssssssssscssssssesesssssssssssssecssscsssessesesssscssssssessssescsasessessssssasesesseseeee 77 10 1 INTEODUGTION 32 555 Mss ttbi setas b attis aceites 10 2 STEPS FOR OPENOFFICE ORG 10 3 DEVELOPING OPENOFFICE ORG LOCALE AND COLLATION 10 4 TRANSLATION WORKS exotic oce ee t aet t E EE e evo Seger aks epe ie 10 5 BUILDING LOCALIZED OPENOFFICE ORG IN DEBIAN GNU LINU X BASED 94 10 6 SPELL CHECKER OPENOEFIGCE OR Gravatar revo vera yere Fa a ev eds Konrad cag ee geek r e
15. Choosing the input method and creating keyboard mappings Rendering engines rendering engines need to be updated if necessary Translation Localization of applications like OpenOffice org Gnome Desktop Mozilla Suite etc for supporting local language support UD 1 5 References for Further Reading a The Localization Industry Primer LISA The Localization Industry Standards Association 233 Edition 2003 Available on http www lisa org interact LISAprimer pdf b http www lisa org products primer c The Primer Localization of Free Open Source Software Anousak Souphavanh and Theppitak Karoonboonyanan d How to Guide for Localization by International Open Source Network and Center for Development of Advanced Computing Mumbai Draft for Feedback Edition Published October 2004 e http hepalinux org docs I10nhowtoguide pdf PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 2 Locale Development 2 1 Introduction In Chapter 1 we have briefly touched upon the general introduction of locales and the actual need of locales in localization In this Chapter we will mainly focus on the technical aspects related to locale development It is evident from the information on locales in Chapter 1 that every language has its own locale In this regard one needs to note that many localized softwares are dependent on locales For example gnome desktop sort utilities etc As noted earlier a locale is built using th
16. ISO8859 14 ISCII DEVANAGARI UTF 8 The remaining structure of the data file will be as shown below entry num_mean pos syn1 mean syn pos mean syn1 syn The fields in the remaing part are delimited by a pipe and can be described as below For the first line FIELD DESCRIPTION entry All lowercase versions of the word that is being described for the synonym num mean The number of different meanings of the entry Indirectly it also indicates the remaining number of lines For the second line FIELD DESCRIPTION pos The Parts of Speech or other meaning specific descriptions of the word being described syn1 mean The meaning of the word which could be a synonym syn2 The synonym of the word having the same meaning The fields for the remaining lines of a word is the same as in the second line This type of entry has to be made for each word which should be in the thesaurus The data file that was given above as an example can be interpreted as the file is encoded in ISO8859 1 and consists of the word simple which has 9 different meanings and each meaning having it s part of speech and at least one synonym if present following on the same line MyThes software by default has files for English which could be looked into as a reference MyThes uses the data file to store the words along with it s synonym meaning and part of speech Along with MyThes a perl program th gen id
17. Ixpi bin chrome ne win jarh Ixpi bin chrome ne unix jar Ixpi bin chrome ne mac jar Ixpi bin chrome NP jar Ixpi install js Now from the xpi folder run following command zjar cvf ne NP xpi Testing the XPI After you have packed the jar files and made it is very important that you check if the XPI is installable Sometimes during the process of translation and file format conversion permission of files get altered and XPI eventually fails to get installed Often the XPI does not get installed when the user doesn t have enough permission to write in the chrome folder in such cases you will have to execute mozilla as root and install XPI To install just open the XPI file in the browser If XPI is ok it will ask to restart the browser In case of error in translation mozilla prompts you with the file name that contains the error There usually is Xul file with the same file name and you can open that particular file in the browser and check the error A dtd file is used by a xul file with the same name E g abSelectAddressesDialog xul uses the strings placed in abSelectAddressesDialog dtd To open this file type the following url in the address bar in the mozilla browser chrome messenger content addressbook abSelectAddressesDialog xul Submitting Once the XPI has been made mozilla org can make your work publicly available from their ftp site http ftp mozilla org pub mozilla org mozilla I10n lang For
18. MISC localedata_hi_IN cxx V MISC localedata_ne_NP cxx MISC localedata_hr_HR cxx and also the following file for CTL languages with around 16 entries i18npool source localedata data localedata_others map getAllCalendars ne NP getAllCurrencies ne NP getAllFormats ne NP getCollationOptions ne NP getCollatorimplementation ne NP getContinuousNumberingLevels ne NP getFollowPageWords ne NP getForbiddenCharacters ne NP getlndexAlgorithm ne getLCInfo ne NP getLocaleltem ne NP getOutlineNumberingLevels ne NP getReservedWords ne NP getSearchOptions ne NP getTransliterations ne NP getUnicodeScripts ne NP Collation is the sorting order of strings of characters The following files have to be modified for the inclusion of collation data 10 8 1 This file has to be created in the source for your langauge i18npool source collator data xx_charset txt where xx corresponds to a two letter code for your language In addition it could also be a four letter code 80 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software for a language for instance zh_TW for traditional Chinese charset Please refer to the section Developing OpenOffice org Locale and Collation for more on the development of collation The second step is to modify the file i18npool source collator data collator_data map A line similar to the following in bold should be added for your language get_km_charset get ne charset
19. and Summary as appropriate write a short and precise description for the issue and hit the Submit issue button you will be asked if you want to attach a file and the type of the file Attach the locale file and submit it This is all what you need to do while submitting a locale file Collation mechanism in OpenOffice Org The following file related to the collation sequence has to be created in the source in the location 10 8 1 i18npool source collator data xx_charset txt This above file contains one or more reordering sequences with a syntax of the style Need to add that the file should be in UTF 8 format To know exactly how the collation mechanism works please refere to the following document which explains in detail the tailoring syntax and philosophy http icu sourceforge net userguide Collate Customization html 92 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 10 4 Translation works Translation strings for OpenOffice org The translation of OpenOffice org consists of the OpenOffice org software itself and the help files There are about 25 000 messages to be translated with additional 43 000 messages in the help files 10 8 n All the the standard PO portable objects file format Translation Tools There are a variety of translation tools available for both GNU Linux and Windows environment Some of the widely used translation tools are 1 Kbabel 2 POEdit Web based translation tool
20. because compounds with dashes may contain invalid parts too With BREAK Hunspell can check both sides of these compounds breaking the words at dashes and n dashes BREAK 2 BREAK BREAK n dash 105 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software with these rules the breaking becomes recursive so foo bar bar foo and foo foo bar bar would be valid compounds Note COMPOUNDRULE is better or will be better for handling dashes and other compound joining characters or character strings BREAK should be used if one wants to check words with dashes or other joining characters COMPOUNDRULE has handled only the last suffixation of the compound word till date 2 COMPOUNDRULE number_of_compound_definitions COMPOUNDRULE compound pattern This optioin enables the user to define custom compound patterns with a regex like syntax The first COMPOUNDRULE is a header with the number of the followng COMPOUNDRULE definitions Compound patterns consist ofcompound flags and star or question mark meta characters A flag followed by a matches a word sequence of 0 or more matches of words signed with this compound flag A flag followed by a matches a word sequence of 0 or 1 matches of a word signed with this compound flag Note and meta characters work only with the default 8 bit character and the UTF 8 FLAG types COMPOUNDRULE flags haven t been compatible with the COMPOUNDFLAG COMPOUNDBEGIN etc compound flags yet
21. http www freshmeat net http www sourceforge net Research report on creating a bootable Live CD Paras Pradhan Basanta Shrestha Subir B Pradhanang Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Nepal we row are wa 130 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 12 Development of Internationalized Open Source Applications 12 1 Introduction In this Chapter we begin with a brief introduction on Internationalization following which we deal with developing QT based applications and localizing them We have tried to give detailed information on developing and localizing QT based applications References to links for further reading are provided at the end of the chapter What is Internationalization Internationalization is defined as a process of developing a software product whose core design is not based on a particular locale Hence it should potentially handle all targeted linguistic and cultural variations such as text orientation date time format currency accented and double byte characters sorting etc within a single code base Another necessary step to prepare a product for localization is separating all message strings in text files 12 3 b The distinction between internationalization and localization is subtle but important Internationalization is the adaptation of products for potential use virtually everywhere while localization is the addition of special features
22. include lt qapplication h gt include form1 h int main int argc char argv QApplication app argc argv creates a object of Qtranslator class without parent QTranslator trans 0 Load a file ne_NP qm trans load ne NP loads the translation ne NP qm Adds a translation from ne NP qm to the pool of translation used by the program app installTranslator amp trans QObject connect amp button SIGNAL clicked amp app SLOT quit app show display the form return app exec V end main Open the project file and add the line TRANSLATIONS ne NP ts at the end of file TEMPLATE app LANGUAGE C CONFIG qt warn_on release SOURCES main cpp FORMS form1 ui unix UI DIR ui MOC DIR moc OBJECTS DIR obj TRANSLATIONS ne_NP ts Open the terminal and go to the QT Project directory 1 Provide the following command to generate the translation file ne_NP ts lupdate qtproj1 pro lupdate reads a Qt pro project file finds the translatable strings in the specified source header and Qt Designer interface files and produces or updates the ts translation files listed in the project file pro file The generated ne NP ts will look like IDOCTYPE TS gt lt TS gt context lt name gt Form1 lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Form1 lt source gt lt translation type unfinished gt lt translation gt
23. lt LC_SEARCH gt lt SearchOptions gt lt TransliterationModules gt IGNORE_CASE lt TransliterationModules gt lt SearchOptions gt lt LC_SEARCH gt lt LC_INDEX gt In this section you need to provide Enumeration and Scripts e Character range for indexes AZAAO e Abbreviation used for the following page singular o p S Crp e Abbreviation used for the following pages plural o pp ss Crp Unicode Script Sample of this section LC INDEX IndexKey phonetic false default true unoid alphanumeric gt A Z lt IndexKey gt lt UnicodeScript gt 0 lt UnicodeScript gt lt UnicodeScript gt 1 lt UnicodeScript gt lt FollowPageWord gt p lt FollowPageWord gt lt FollowPageWord gt pp lt FollowPageWord gt lt LC_INDEX gt lt LC_CALENDAR gt In this section you need to provide Days of the week Months of the year i e Gregorian Calendar Specific Information e Days of the week o Gregorian Calendar Short and Long names of days of the week Sun Sunday Mon Monday Tue Tuesday Wed Wednesday Thu Thursday Fri Friday Sat Saturday e Months of the year o Gregorian Calendar abbreviated and full names of months of the year Jan January Feb February Mar March Apr April May May Jun June Jul July Aug August Sep September Oct October Nov November 87 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Dec December Gregorian Calend
24. use these flags on different words 3 COMPOUNDMIN num This defines the minimum length of words in compound words The default value is 3 letters see Example of compounding 4 COMPOUNDFLAG flag Words signed with COMPOUNDFLAG may be in compound words except when word shorter than COMPOUNDMIN Affixes with COMPOUNDFLAG also permits compounding of affixed words For example affix file COMPOUNDFLAG X dic file 2 foo X bar X With this resource foobar and barfoo also are accepted words This has been improved upon with the introduction of direction sensitive compounding i e lexical features can specify separately whether a base can occur as leftmost or rightmost constituent in compounds This however is still insufficient to handle the intricate patterns of compounding not to mention idiosyncratic and language specific norms of hyphenation 5 COMPOUNDBEGIN flag This option makes the flagged words or with a signed affix be the first elements in compound words see Example for compounding 6 COMPOUNDEND flag This option makes the flagged words or with a signed affix the last elements in compound words see Example for compounding 7 COMPOUNDMIDDLE flag This option makes the tagged words or with a signed affix the middle elements in compound words see Example for compounding 106 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 8 ONLYINCOMPOUND flag Suffixes signed with ONLYINCOMPOUND f
25. www scim im org development contribute how to create a new ime in about 15 minutes with scim and scim tables 30 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 4 Installing already available Input Method data tables If the input method data table for your language has already been uploaded into scim upstream and is available in debian you can simply install the package as apt get install scim tables additional This package contains IM data tables for non CJK languages Currently it supports Arabic Nepali Russian Thai Vietnamese Bengali Gujrati Hindi etc Using SCIM Create a file etc X11 Xsession d 95scim_start and export following environment touch etc X11 Xsession d 95scim start vi etc X11 Xsession d 95scim start export XMODIFIERS im SCIM export GTK IM MODULE xim usr bin scim d Execute any program and hit cntrl space to activate scim input 5 3 References for Further Reading http hektor umcs lublin pl mikosmul computing articles custom keyboard layouts xkb html http www charvolant org doug xkb html xkb html http www openi18n org subgroups im iiimf whitepaper whitepaper html http packages debian org unstable utils scim gtk2 immodule http www scim im org a0 0 8 0 3l PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 6 Translation Aspects in Localization 6 1 Introduction In this Chapter we deal with an important part i e th
26. 10 1050000 words According to our experience a translator on an average translates maximum 1060 words per day working seven hours a day Therefore one translator working 6 days a week can translate 1060 26 27 560 words per month Other factors governing the human resource estimation are e Level of experience of translators e Familiarity with the Linux Operation system e Deciding on the version of GNOME As newer and stable version of GNOME gets released on an average 2000 strings are added So the translated files need to be revisited to accommodate the new strings in the files Therefore translation is an ongoing process unless the decision to stick to one particular version is finalized We had started translation from GNOME 2 6 and we have come up all the way to GNOME 2 14 e 20 time of translator effort goes on testing and quality checking e 10 effort getting used to the terms in the glossary and training with the translation tool Translation team structure e Translation Manger 1 e Translation Team leader 1 e Translators 4 For the Natural Language Processing unit A full time linguist and a developer would be able to complete the Nepali Spell checker of 24 500 root words and Nepali thesaurus of about 6 000 words in about 6 months However other issues that could affect are 1 Lexicon Building 2 Whether an automated tool is available for lexicon building 3 Whether the framework for the development of the Spe
27. Hence we create an ISO image of our Live CD Linux distribution to burn it to the CD Use the command below to generate the iso file mkisofs pad l r J v V Live CD b boot grub iso9660 stage1 5 c base boot cat no emul boot boot load size 4 boot info table hide rr moved o mylivecd iso mylivecd Burning the ISO There are many tools to burn the ISO image to the Live CD Command line tool cdrecord and GUI based tools like gnomebaker K3B are recommended tools Using cdrecord to burn the ISO e Check your CD Writer s information cdrecord scanbus dev ATAPI Here note the scsibus in which you CDRW is connected e Supposing 0 0 0 is the scsibus in which your CDRW is connected Use the following command if you want to erase your CDRW cdrecord dev ATAPI 0 0 0 blank fast Finally burn the ISO using the following command cdrecord dev ATAPI 0 0 0 mylivecd iso Testing ISO using QEMU QEMU is free software written by Fabrice Bellard that implements a fast processor emulator allowing a user to run one operating system within another one In our case we can test our Live CD ISO without burning it to the CD See below how to use QEMU to run Live CD iso in the buildmachine e Open alinux terminal from the Gnome Desktop Rum qemu cdrom mylivecd iso 11 5 References for Further Reading http www morphix org http www debian org http www linuxdevcenter com Linux Man Pages http www kernel org http www gnu org
28. IIIMP to access input methods of the IIIM server This is independent of the operating system C OJIIIMSF IHM server framework acts as agent and provides the IM services to IIIMCF using IIIMP IIIMF can handle one to many symbols mapping i e a single keystroke can produce a compound character Creating a keyboard layout for IIIMF 24 a Install iiimf binary and development packages using source files or using distribution packages The following example will show you how to install iiimf in Debian GNU Linux system Run as root apt get update amp amp apt get install iiimf b The input methods are stored in usr lib im locale There are directories for different locales there is one called UNIT which is a Unicode table based input method It is similar to keymaps but is more flexible in the sense that you can assign any string of characters to any sequence of keystrokes Inside UNIT dir you will see directories for languages which have files like HINDI data inscript data GUJARATI data inscript data etc In this directory create a new folder with your language name as NEPALI HINDI Shift to the newly created directory and create a directory named data in it C Create a file named myinput txt In this file we will do the actual key mapping The file should look like the following e c d PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software HANZI codetable input table Description Locale Name
29. Style Sheet formats the look and feel XFLY DTD The dtd file holds the string which is displayed in the user interface These strings are the ones which are to be localized while localizing In the example above there are two instance of xfly dtd file The xfly dtd file inside the folder en US holds the English string while the one inside ne NP contains the translated string Now when following command is executed mozilla chrome chrome xfly contents uilocale en US The xfly xul file gets the strings i e english from the xfly dtd file inside the locale en US folder and displays the content on the widget and when executing mozilla chrome chrome xfly contents uilocale ne NP the xfly xul file gets the strings i e Translated ones from the xfly dtd file from the locale ne NP folder and displays on the widget Hence the interface is localized 8 3 8 Mozilla Suite Localization Steps Registration Before considering thelocalization of any application one should always check if somebody else has already started the localization work If not then you may start off by registering yourself in order to prevent duplication of the same work Check to see if somebody has already registered for localization of the intended product For Mozilla Application Suite you need to check http www mozilla org projects I10n mlp status html For Firefox http wiki mozilla org L 10n Localization Teams For Thunderbird http www mozilla
30. System The CVS implements a version control system it keeps track of all work and all changes in a set of files typically the implementation of a software project and allows several potentially widely separated developers to collaborate CVS has become popular in the open source world CVS is released under the GNU General Public License An important component of Source Configuration Management SCM it has a similar role to the free software RCS PRCS and Aegis packages While CVS stores individual file history in the same format as RCS it offers the following significant advantages over RCS 6 5 b t can run scripts which you can supply to log CVS operations or enforce site specific polices Client server CVS enables developers scattered by geography or slow modems to function as a single team The version history is stored on a single central server and the client machines have a copy of all the files that the developers are working on Therefore the network between the client and the server must be 32 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software up to performing CVS operations such as checkins or updates but need not edit or manipulate the current versions of the files Clients can perform all the same operations which are available locally In cases where several developers or teams want to maintain their own version of the files because of geography and or policy CVS s vendor branches can import a v
31. U0936 gt lt U0941 gt lt U0915 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0936 gt lt U0928 gt lt U093F gt lt U0020 gt Full weekday names A day lt U0906 gt lt U0907 gt lt U0924 gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0938 gt lt U094B gt lt U092E gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U092E gt lt U0919 gt lt U094D gt lt U0917 gt lt U0932 gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U092C gt lt U0941 gt lt U0927 gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U092C gt lt U093F gt lt U0939 gt lt U0940 gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0936 gt lt U0941 gt lt U0915 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0936 gt lt U0928 gt lt U093F gt lt U092C gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U0020 gt 13 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 14 Abbreviated month names b abmon lt U091C gt lt U0928 gt lt U092B gt lt U0947 gt lt U092C gt lt U092E gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U094D gt lt U091A gt lt U0905 gt lt U092A gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U093F gt lt U092E gt lt U0947 gt lt U091C gt lt U0942 gt lt U0928 gt lt U091C gt lt U0941 gt lt U0932 gt lt U093E gt lt U0905 gt lt U0917 gt lt U0938 gt lt U0947 gt lt U092A gt lt U094D gt lt U091F gt lt
32. are referred to as milestones and are released frequently Eg SRC680_m175 The official website for OpenOffice org project is www openoffice org and for more information about OpenOffice org please refer to 10 8 f Historical Background Sun Microsystems acquired StarDivision the original author of the StarOffice suite in 1999 and released StarOffice 5 2 in 2000 Beginning with 6 0 StarOffice software has been built using the OpenOffice org source APIs file formats and reference implementation The development of OpenOffice org is sponsored by Sun and that it is the primary contributor of code to OpenOffice org For details about the Historical Background please refer to 10 8 f Licenses OpenOffice org uses LGPL GNU Lesser General Public License for the source code 10 8 g For details please visit http www openoffice org license html In order to contribute code to the project you must submit the Joint Copyright Assignment JCA form This form jointly assigns copyright over your work to yourself and to Sun Microsystems Details are available on the Contributing page http contributing openoffice org programming html ijca 10 2 Steps for OpenOffice Org Localization As OpenOffice org is an Open Source project much of the work depends on the contributions of the volunteers from all around the world The contributions need not be only in the form of development of Source code but can be in the form of localizat
33. asking questions and getting answers Internet Relay Chat IRC channels are also available for most FOSS Projects where people can consult with each other regarding their respective problems Wikis are equally an important medium for sharing the knowledge Other important mediums of active communication and contribution include Concurrent Versioning System CVS and SubVersion SVN for the management of the source code The error submitting tool or BugZilla is important tool for filing bugs patches issues and so on FOSS communities may be created both locally and globally For instance in terms of celebrating the Software Freedom Day SFD on 16 September communities could be moderated both in the national and international level In the local level if there are organizations working under FOSS Projects they could take 136 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software the initiative for creating a platform of common interaction Talk programs could be conducted to which more and more organizations educational institutions and other stakeholders could be involved This creates a base for the development of a Free and Open Source Community 13 6 Efforts in building FOSS Communities in South Asia Although locally there may be several groups and communities formed in the different countries of South Asia lately there has been some talks as to how individual country FOSS groups and communities could be assembled under one
34. be displayed In an extreme case the file will crash while compiling and may take time to correct the errors Generally faulty strings are translated strings with some arguments missing or have errors in syntax Such errors can be corrected without much effort However there may be a situation where strings are shown as faulty even when they seem to be correct from every aspect In such a case some time should be dedicated to looking for possible errors in the file that caused the faulty strings 6 5 References for Further Reading a The Primer Localization of Free Open Source Software Anousak Souphavanh and Theppitak Karoonboonyanan http www non gnu org cvs Principles of translation http www completetranslation com principles htm A how to on translating GNOME applications http developer gnome org projects gtp l10n guide Specific rules about how to write translation http developer gnome org documents style quide locale 5 html http docs kde org development en kdesdk kbabel http 110n kde org tools http www i18nguy com TranslationTools html o YS row a cma 44 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 7 Gnome Localization 7 1 Introduction In this Chapter we discuss different aspects of Gnome Localization involving the Gnome Desktop Environment and its components the localization frameworks the issues of Gnome versions gettext tools official gno
35. charsetTitles Cyrillic Wind Cyrillic Wind charsetTitles Baltic ISO 8 Baltic ISO 8 D netError dtd charsetTitles Western ISO Western ISO D appstrings prop charsetTitles Hindi sunD Hindi SunD GB nsWebBrowserP amp A charsetTitles Arabic Lang Arabic Lang O nsHelperAppDlg 7 charsetTitles Cyrillic 8 Cyrillic 8 D nsHel DI j charsetTitles Ukrainian Ukrainian perAppDIg charsetTitles Chinese Chinese 3 nsProgressDialag charsetTitles Armenian A Armenian A D nsProgressDialog charsetTitles User Defined User Defined charsetTitles Arabic Wind Arabic Wind charsetTitles Arabic ISO Arabic ISO z charsetTitles Western B Western IB 8 manage pr BI C Figure 9 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator B 4 Fe mozilla trar Ell root amp gatev root gatev BG Mozillatrans Applications Actions ea Thu Jan 6 11 01 EE BDOLDODO utilityOverlay dtd Help editor dtd Help EditorlmageMa Help pippki dtd Help certManager cdtd Help pref validation Help navigator dtd Help m Changed linkToolbar dtd Help Changed SearchDialog dtd Help Changed i istDi p m Changed Changed Changed Changed DEAE Changed o
36. common umbrella The email group forum bytesforall_floss yahoo com is one of such initiatives It is a network to link Free Libre and Open Source Software FLOSS or FOSS advocates in South Asia with an intention of building regional links and specially encouraging localisation efforts in this populous part of the planet which can really benefit from the power of free as in freedom software This is a sub group of the wider BytesForAll Network Currently some of the major FOSS Communities working in the group include BytesForAll Fredrick Noronha South Asia FOSSFP Pakistan Sarai India NepaLinux MPP Nepal etc 137 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 14 Localization Project Management Techniques Experiences of Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya under the PAN Localization Project 14 1 Introduction Project management is one of the crucial aspects of the Localization or any other project this guide would have remained incomplete without discussing the managerial approaches software development cycle and general strategies adopted In this Chapter we share some of the experiences of the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya the Nepal Component of the PAN Localization Project in terms of Localization Project Management 2004 2006 14 2 Localization Project Management For the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya team the task of producing a Nepali Linux Distribution within a time span of two years was a big challenge primarily because it w
37. converting dtd and properties files to po format and po2moz is used to convert it back to dtd amp properties format These commands are provided by package translate toolkit Installing Translate Toolkit Download translate toolkit from http translate sourceforge net releases tar xzf translate toolkit 0 8rc5 tar gz cd translate toolkit 0 8rc5 su c setup py install Apart from the two above mentioned commands it also provides number of other useful commands like pocount pomerge etc Gathering Localizable Resources 66 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software The following commands need to be followed for gathering the localizable resources mkdir localization cp usr lib mozilla chrome en US jar localization cp usr lib mozilla chrome en unix jar localization cp usr lib mozilla chrome en mac jar localization cp usr lib mozilla chrome en win jar localization cp usr lib mozilla chrome US jar localization Converting Files to PO format moz2po The following commands need to be followed for converting Files to PO format cd localization unzip en US jar mv locale locale_orig moz2po i locale_orig o locale po Translation All the localizable resource files dtd and properties are converted to dtd po and properties po respectively Import the folder locale po in Kbabel or other tools and start the translation Converting PO files back to Original format po2mo
38. different rendering engines available we will give a brief introduction of Pango and ICU along with their features Other rendering engines like Gecko will be dealt with in Chapter 8 and 9 under Mozilla Suite and FireFox Localization We do not give details on rendering and rendering engines as they do not relate to our expertise The links for further reading on rendering and rendering engines are provided at the end of the Chapter which can be referred to after having gained an idea of the topic through the information provided 3 2 Rendering The glossary developed as per the Unicode Standard Version 3 defines the term rendering as the process of selecting and laying out glyphs for the purpose of depicting characters on display devices Rendering internationalized text is often assumed to be a simple matter of dealing with fonts however it entails several complications This is justified by a number of languages like Arabic and Hebrew which are written from right to left instead of from left to right In order for the text in these languages to appear on the screen properly the rendering process needs to be able to deal with that ordering The situation is made even more complicated by the fact that text in these languages usually consists of a mix of right to left and left to right text numbers foreign words So a complicated reordering process is needed between the in memory representation and the actual drawing process One more compli
39. fd 3B BR aie ete Tii eed 3 2 RENDERING 5 anti 3 3 RENDERING ENGINES 3312 TEU Dy IBM monco ERR RR EP Es GI ERE HR BS Bats 3 4 BASIC STEPS FOR TEXT RENDERING 3 5 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING GNU LINUX AND LO CES 4 1 INTRODUCTIO Ns talit iR e te a bitu 4 2 TYPES OF FONTS 4 3 FONT aea Era LEESE SEERE aSo eNom Saarien sesona ideas 4 4 INESE EA IBE Gi BOI E AE EEAS ote ce e t EO HB EE ATE edited 4 5 FONT SELECTION 4 6 FONT RESOURCE N SEEE A SE E E E E EE 4 7 FONT DBEVELOPMENT TOOES e Ne 4 8 OPENOFFICE ORG 5 4 9 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING INPUT METHODS FOR LINUX sccciscccsvcccssscisssscsssstcccoveassevcessstessevccssussssustescsvecsceeassaveesvevessevedssuscs stetsassvedsssstessseses 23 5 1 INCER OIDU CT LOIN sede secs cece eet tette ate EEEE 5 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INPUT METHODS S21 xkb Keyboard Layout for X11 ee o RR RERO NUR bo teeta 52 2 TIMP taste stavo era tnde cadre dn ee deed tee CIMA kt 5 3 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER 6 10 TRANSLATION ASPECTS IN LOCAL
40. given in identity settings z for setting timezone numeric offset as specified 37 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software by system settings The lower group covers encoding options for PO files when saving If you work on the KDE project you should be aware that at least PO files must be UTF 8 encoded in KDE Alternatively you can select the encoding corresponding to your locale If for some reason you do not want to accidentally change the current PO file encoding turn on Keep the encoding of the file Remember The encoding correspondig to your locale might not be suitable sometimes So KBabel may not be able to handle them But UTF 8 is always supported by GNU gettext Spell Check With this feature enabled spell checking is possible in Kbabel This also aids the translators while translating Note that you must install an appropriate dictionary for your language Check your ispell or aspell distribution to find out if you have one CVS operations from within KBabel As listed in the general features of Kbabel another outstanding feature is the inbuilt support for CVS operations Once the working copy of the translation files is checked out and the path to the directory of files pointed in the Project Settings by right clicking on any of the files in the Catalogue Manager Window one will generally see the contextual menu as shown above But while saying so it is assumed that both the CVS server an
41. gt Numbering type tab To change these styles the necessary changes have to be done in this part of your locale file 10 8 k lt LC_NumberingLevel gt NumberingLevel NumType 12 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 12 Prefixz Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 4 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 4 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 34 Prefixz Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 34 Prefixz Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 2 Prefix Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 2 Prefix Suffix gt lt LC_NumberingLevel gt If you want to use numbers in the script of your locale you need to use NumType 12 For more information please see the file offapi com sun star style NumberingType idl It is a litle more complicated to use the letters of the script instead of numbers equivalent to using A B C D in English We have to define the style first only after which the letters included in the lt IndexKey gt of the locale file will be used Using letters requires patching a few files 10 8 i In the file offapi com sun star style NumberingType idl you need to add a new line with a new number including something like this Numbering in Nepali alphabet letters Qsince OOo 2 0 1 j const short CHARS_NEPALI 34 82 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software in which the number is the n
42. institutional follow up to all the activities carried out in the past decade With the Centre established the MPP also hopes to support the research works carried out by different individuals and institutions in order to develop a strong NLP base in Nepal NepaLinux Team Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya PAN Localization Project Enabling local language computing is essential for access and generation of information and also urgently required for development of Asian countries PAN Localization project is a regional initiative to develop local language computing capacity in Asia It is a partnership sampling eight countries from South and South East Asia to research into the challenges and solutions for local language computing development One of the basic principles of the project is to develop and enhance capacity of local institutions and resources to develop their own language solutions The PAN Localization Project has three broad objectives To raise sustainable human resource capacity in the Asian region for R amp D in local language computing To develop local language computing support for Asian languages To advance policy for local language content creation and access across Asia for development Human resource development is being addressed through national and regional trainings and through a regional support network being established The trainings are both short and long term to address the needs of relevant Asian community In par
43. it is likely that there is I10n folder for your language in the central CVS server In that case you will have to make your 10 structure manually Make folders in different levels so that it is an exact matche to the one you downloaded here I10on nl If your locale is available in CVS then you can skip this section After the folders have been created copy the contents into the newly created folder as follows Copy everything under deerpark mozilla browser locales en US into deerpark I10n ab CD browser Populate other folders in the same way respectively mozilla browser locales en US deerpark mozilla dom locales en US deerpark mozilla editor ui locales en US deerpark mozilla extensions reporter locales en US deerpark mozilla mail locales en US deerpark mozilla netwerk locales en US deerpark mozilla other licenses branding firefox locales en US deerpark mozilla security manager locales en US deerpark mozilla toolkit locales en US 110n ab CD browser deerpark I10n ab CD dom deerpark I10n ab CD editor ui deerpark I10n ab CD extensions reporter deerpark I10n ab CD mail deerpark I1 O0n ab CD netwerk deerpark I10n ab CD other licenses branding firefox deerpark I10n ab CD security manager deerpark I10n ab CD toolkit Now translate everything under deerpark mozilla I1On ab CD Almost all localizable resource files are located inside the chrome folder Translation can be done folder by folder T
44. lt U0068 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0073 gt lt U0025 gt lt U004E gt lt U00 25 gt lt U0054 gt END LC_ADDRESS j LC_TELEPHONE Specifies the standard way of writing telephone numbers ne_NP Sample LC_TELEPHONE tel_int_fmt 15 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt U002B gt lt U0025 gt lt U0063 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0061 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U006C gt lt U0020 gt int prefix lt U096F gt lt U096D gt lt U096D gt ENDLC TELEPHONE k LC MEASUREMENT Specifies default measurement unit Sample used in ne NP LC MEASUREMENT measurement 1 END LC MEASUREMENT 2 6 Glibc Locale Submission After the development of locale you have to submit it to the glibc main stream following the URL http sourceware org buqzilla For this you would need to create a new account login and start the process using NEW link under Actions Then you will need to choose glibc link under Enter Bug and continue the process 2 7 References for Further Reading http publibn boulder ibm com doc_link en_US a_doc lib files aixfiles Locale Definition htm http www opengroup org pubs online 7908799 xbd locale html http www khmeros info tools http www it46 se localegen QOoOcD ware rea 16 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 3 Rendering and Rendering Engines 3 1 Introduction In this Chapter we briefly introduce the term rendering Among the
45. lt U0950 gt lt U0951 gt lt U0952 gt 10 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt U0953 gt lt U0954 gt lt U0964 gt lt U0965 gt lt U0966 gt lt U0967 gt lt U0968 gt lt U0969 gt lt U096A gt lt U096B gt lt U096C gt lt U096D gt U096E lt U096F gt lt U0970 gt order_end END LC_COLLATE c LC_MONETARY This deals with the format to show monetary numbers currency symbols etc LC_MONETARY This is the POSIX locale definition for the LC_MONETARY category int_curr_symbol currency_symbol mon_decimal_point mon_thousands_sep mon_grouping 1 positive_sign A negative sign int frac digits 1 p cs precedes 1 p sep by space 1 n cs precedes 1 n sep by space 1 p sign posn 1 n sign posn 1 END LC_MONETARY LC_MONETARY used in ne_NP is as follows LC_MONETARY int_curr_symbol lt U004E gt lt U0050 gt lt U0052 gt lt U0020 gt currency_symbol lt U0930 gt lt U0942 gt mon decimal point lt U002E gt mon thousands sep lt U002C gt mon grouping 3 2 positive sign lt U002B gt negative sign U002D int frac digits 2 frac digits 2 p cs precedes 1 p sep by space 1 n cs precedes 1 n sep by space 1 comma or period columns 11 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 12 p_sign_posn 1 n_sign_posn 1 END LC_MONETARY d LC_NUMERIC Specifies number format position of decimal digit sep
46. mozilla org pub mozilla org mozilla releases mozilla1 7 5 source copy it into 000 src moz download and remember to configure with enable build mozilla e Use pre built libraries e Get the files from http tools openoffice org moz_prebuild 680 e Place LINUXGCCl inc lib runtile zip into 000_src moz zipped Don t use the libraries By using the disable mozilla switch for configure you waive the extra functionality e Perl Modules e Archive Zip It is used for packing image lists eventually for further zipping needs XML Parser It is used for expat based parser for the new XML based build lists To install a perl module 10 8 r Start the CPAN module perl MCPAN e shell CPAN is the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network a large collection of Perl software and documentation Note that CPAN is also the name of a Perl module CPAN pm which is used to download and install Perl software from the CPAN archive 10 8 1 If this is the first time you use this module you have to answer some questions for this module Just follow the directions on your screen This will get you into cpan shell For example if you want to install the Archive Zip module cpan install Archive Zip Typing help gets you some online help cpan gt help And typing quit quits the module cpan gt quit For details please visit http wiki services openoffice org wiki CPAN_install 95 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source So
47. of GNOME raid 43 2 GNOME Components de Hb re e RR SERES 73 3 Localization Framework in GNOME 7 3 4 Localizable Components of GNOME 7 3 5 GNOME versions and Localization eese eene entente rhet reennenn ERR 7 3 6 Translation Verification and Proof Reading esee 7 3 7 Submitting Translated Files to GNOME Mainstream 7 3 8 GNOME Localization Status Page 7 3 Viewing GNOME Desktop in the Native Language Gineak 7 4 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING eese nennen nennen nnne nnn nennt e nens ennt senes enne nensis nnn MOZILLA SUITE LOCALIZATION 53 8 1 INTRODUG TION I COSI SU SG 8 2 ABOUT MOZZIEEA x cer d END Pa eee 8 3 MOZILLA PRODUCT LOCALIZATION 6 3 1 Basic information 6 3 2 Localization framework 6 3 3 Mozilla Suite Localization Steps cirenean nnna ni aa eee ne AE a RO teen 54 8 3 4 TranslationsTOOls o str rie E EEA e arce uie ire ie aee iser a EE EEE E E N 8 4 COMPLEX TEXT AND MOZILLA 8 5 BUILDING MOZILLA SUITE FROM SOURCE icecccssssssssscesssscescscesssscescecsssescescescssessesseseeseeecsseseeseeseeserecsss 68 8 6 MOZILLA PLEUG INS ee eee e he 70 8 7 SOME KNOWN ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED oisseeccsssssssssessssecssssecesseccsssecesseecsssecesssecsessecsssecessseceseeeseecesaes 70
48. or agreements for all computing systems in the world Software developers need such conventions to conform to prevent disorders Therefore standardization should be the very first step for any type of software construction 1 5 c To start localization it is a good idea to study related standards and use them throughout the projects Nowadays many international standards and specifications have been developed to covermost of the PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software languages of the world Important organizations on standardization include 1 5 c a ISO IEC JTC1 International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission Joint Technical Committee 1 b Unicode Consortium http www unicode org Free Standards Group http www freestandards org 1 4 2 Character Sets and Encoding Every language is characterised by a set of characters A character is a basic element of a text Characters are used to form larger textual units like words 1 5 d In mathematical terms the character set defines the set of all characters used in a language In order to store characters used in human languages in a computer we need to store them in a way the computer understands Since computers deal only with numbers it is necessary to devise some kind of mapping whereby a particular character corresponds to a particular number This mapping in other words is often known as character encoding Appli
49. patchfile diff in the directory where the file to be patched exists and the patchfile diff is the file to be patched When you are done with the file create an issue in the Localization L10n project and submit a patch for the file The way to submit an issue for the I10n project in openoffice org website is 10 8 i go to http www openoffice org and login to the site if you are already registered that is then go to My issues on the left navigation menubar and click on New choose 110n as the component after that one select the version subcomponent as code Issue type as PATCH and Summary as appropriate write a short and precise description for the issue and hit the Submit issue button you will be asked if you want to attach a file and the type of the file Attach the patch and submit it This is all what you need to do while submitting a patch The above procedure also applies to other patches but the only thing that might vary is the component part Adding new language to the file i18npool inc i18npool lang h Entries for most of the languages are already there in this file In this file LANGID s can be found for most of the languages Sample of the file define LANGUAGE MONGOLIAN 0x0450 define LANGUAGE MONGOLIAN MONGOLIAN 0x0850 define LANGUAGE NEPALI 0x0461 define LANGUAGE NEPALI INDIA 0x0861 define LANGUAGE NORWEGIAN 0x0014 The LANGID s which are defined by Microsoft can be found at http msd
50. punct upper lt A gt lt B gt lt C gt lt D gt lt E gt lt F gt lt G gt lt H gt lt gt lt J gt lt K gt lt L gt lt M gt lt N gt lt O gt lt P gt lt Q gt lt R gt lt S gt lt T gt lt U gt lt V gt lt W gt lt X gt lt Y gt lt Z gt lower lt a gt lt b gt lt c gt lt d gt lt e gt lt f gt lt g gt lt h gt lt i gt lt j gt lt k gt lt I gt lt m gt lt n gt lt 0 gt lt p gt lt q gt lt r gt lt s gt lt t gt lt u gt lt v gt lt w gt lt x gt lt y gt lt z gt digit lt zero gt lt one gt lt two gt lt three gt lt four gt lt five gt lt six gt lt seven gt lt eight gt lt nine gt space lt tab gt lt newline gt lt vertical tab gt lt form feed gt lt carriage return gt lt space gt cntrl lt alert gt lt backspace gt lt tab gt lt newline gt lt vertical tab gt lt form feed gt lt carriage return gt lt NUL gt lt SOH gt lt STX gt lt ETX gt lt EOT gt lt ENQ gt lt ACK gt lt SO gt lt SI gt lt DLE gt lt DC1 gt lt DC2 gt lt DC3 gt lt DC4 gt lt NAK gt lt SYN gt lt ETB gt lt CAN gt lt EM gt lt SUB gt lt ESC gt lt IS4 gt lt IS3 gt lt IS2 gt lt IS1 gt lt DEL gt punct lt exclamation mark gt lt quotation mark gt lt number sign gt lt dollar sign gt lt percent sign gt lt ampersand gt lt apostrophe gt lt left parenthesis gt lt right parenthesis gt lt a
51. task and cannot be managed with common localization tools and scripts There are a number of tools scripts available for the Localization of Mozilla based products Mozilla Translator Mozilla Translator is the easiest tool for localization of mozilla suite and thesame may be used for localization of Mozilla Firefox But due to huge changes in the locale structure in firefox Mozilla Translator is becoming increasingly less appropriate because of the extra work that has to be done manually Build Requirements 9 4 f A recent POSIX Shell gcc 3 2 or hgher g 3 2 or higher Perl 5 6 or higher CVS 1 11 or higher needed for CVS build only gtk2 or gtk 1 2 0 QT and plain xlib configure options are available but they are not well tested or supported libXt devel for X1 1 Intrinsic h X11 Shell h libIDL 0 6 3 or higher libIDL devel 0 6 3 or higher libORBit libORBit devel zip 2 3 or higher En eLLLUL Ka SS 75 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software m freetype 2 1 0 or higher n fontconfig 0 pkgconfig 0 9 0 or higher MozPOTools MozPOTools is yet another tool that you can always use for any mozilla product localization You have to convert mozilla s native resource file format to GNU PO format and use the available translation tool like KBabel When the translation is done change the resource file format back to mozilla s native rdf and properties format Command m
52. tools openoffice org Developing environment The developer establishes a software development environment in accordance with the requirement specification If a system is developed in multiple builds establishing the software development environment in each build should be interpreted as a means to establishing the environment needed to complete that build Standardization of character set keyboard layout locale fonts are mandatory hence these need to be prepared and must be readily available before the development starts Similarly requirements of testing tools compilers need to be identified before hand Project Management Environment A yearly schedule of meetings and review dates can be decided on at the initial stage Milestones need to be set Proper scheduling of task deliverables for completing certain amount of work to producing reports need to be decided upon A baseline document on each of the unit needs to be laid down In other words it would be fitting to have individual project management activities for Linux Unit Translation Unit and NLP Unit respectively Moreover it would be convenient to have different meetings and review schedules for each of these units However one monthly meeting of all the units would result in rendering effective communication and appropriate solutions Proper documentation of assigning of works work breakdown structure and organizational chart has to be produced Even though man hour estimation may
53. ttf usr share fonts truetype ii Run fc cache f iii Verify using fc list Note that the font folder where you copy the fonts should be reachable by the X server This behavior can be modified using the files inside etc fonts and etc X11 XF86Config 4 or letc X11 Xorg conf 3 Translations Adding translated files is dependent on the type of packages that are localized Here we will cover adding translations for the software packages that are localized using the gettext internationalization library Note that the package version and the package from which the translated file is extracted should be the same i Copy the files cp mo usr share locale xx LC MESSAGES 4 Input Methods This section will cover how to use xkb or scim input methods i XKB Copy your developed xkb file 1 cp f xx usr X11R86 lib X11 xkb symbols pc 2 cp f files xx usr X11R6 lib X11 xkb symbols Add the following lines to usr X11R6 lib X11 xkb rules xorg xml or lusr X11R6 lib X11 xkb rules xfree86 xml file While adding the following lines check for already present layout sections You can insert your section somewhere following the alphabetical order of the countries layout lt configltem gt lt name gt xx lt name gt lt description gt XX lt description gt lt configltem gt lt variantList gt lt layout gt If your xkb file is already submitted to the official xkb main stream there is no need perform the above steps i
54. type handling and setting the mouse properties are all handled by the Control Center You also may add your own configuration dialogs d Panel The Panel refers to a generic term used to describe a particular control interface between the user and the desktop environment Typical example of a panel would be a bar at the bottom of the screen with a menu from which users can launch applications the GNOME Menu a button bar with buttons representing launch targets as well as running applications A clock or an email notification program also may serve as panel applets Multiple panels also exist in the form of a full size panel across the bottom of the screen and a smaller panel running down on the right side of the screen In addition panels can also be set to auto hide or can be manually slid in and out of view with a button on each end The panel works in communication with the Session Manager Typical cases include notifying about the session managed applications to shut down as the users log out and shut down GNOME All changes need to be reacted by the panel dynamically For example if the GNOME Menu has been changed by the user taking the help of a menu editor the panel needs to be notified in order to properly re construct its GNOME Menu instantly without the need to completely restart the panel to get the changes in the GNOME Menu e Desktop Icons and File Manager A comfortable and an appealing interface is a very important part
55. very risky unless an on line viewing and monitoring provision is maintained 6 4 7 Testing and Verification This process is about carefully scanning detecting and implementing remedial measures to the errors found in the targeted text However it needs to be noted that soemtimes the source strings may be faulty themselves and could mislead translators to bring a completely different meaning in the text The testing and verification can be divided into two phases a Phasel In this phase the following list of actions should be implemented 1 Checking all the User Interface cases It depends on the level of menus and sub menus we would be required to check Linguistic competence like correct spelling and writing grammatically correct sentences Ensuring whether all the interface elements have come out in the target language or not Target language translation not fitting into the Ul elements Menus Sub Menus Tool bar Reporting of bugs All the anomalies or errors should be recorded in a file as bugs and submitted to the translation manager A sample of the bug report form is shown below in table 2 oom b Phase Il A much more rigorous translation testing should be conducted at this phase Any deviation from the conformance as dictated by the guidelines should immediately be reported to the translation manager 43 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software GUI String where the bug was String where the bug
56. while doing text selection Printing problems While printing Devanagari characters from mozilla the text is not rendered as it is seen on the screen This problem still remains to be solved in mozilla and firefox during the time of writing this guide 8 8 References for Further Reading Since we will be discussing Mozilla FireFox Localization in the next Chapter and as Mozilla Suite and Mozilla FireFox are almost similar references for further reading for Chapters 8 and 9 is provided collectively at the end of Chapter 9 70 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 9 Mozilla FireFox Localization 9 1 Introduction In this Chapter we will discuss Mozilla FireFox Localization We have decided to dedicate a separate chapter on Mozilla FireFox Localization as the previous Chapter on Mozilla Suite Localization does not include just a browser but much more than that which covers the Mozilla Web Composer Mozilla mail client Mozilla browser etc At the end of this Chapter references for further reading are provided applicable both for Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 About FireFox Firefox is a free open source web browser Firefox is becoming increasingly popular because of its availability for all popular platforms like Linux Mac OS X and MS windows Besides being cross platform it is small fast and easy to use The main advantages offered by Firefox over conventional browsers are a Tabbed browsing b Pop up blocke
57. 0 00 10 00 e List o 8 amp b c a b c e Date o 19 02 2006 19 02 2006 19 02 2006 e ime o 12 30 12 30 12 30 e Miliseconds 84 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software o 1 12 secs 1 12 secs 1 12 secs e Day of Week Long name o When using long date format as in Wednesday March 12 2023 The separator after Wednesday is e Day of Week Number o When using long date format as in Wednesday March 12 2023 The separator after 12 is e Month Long name o Wednesday March 12 2023 The month separator after March is one space e Year o When using four digits instead of two Quotation Marks e Quotation Start e Quotation End e Double Quotation start e Double Quotation end You also need to provide TimeAM and TimePM and the Measurement System metric US UK Sample for this section LC lt Separators gt lt DateSeparator gt lt DateSeparator gt lt ThousandSeparator gt lt ThousandSeparator gt lt DecimalSeparator gt lt DecimalSeparator gt lt TimeSeparator gt lt TimeSeparator gt lt Time100SecSeparator gt lt Time100SecSeparator gt lt ListSeparator gt lt ListSeparator gt lt LongDateDayOfWeekSeparator gt lt LongDateDayOfWeekSeparator gt lt LongDateDaySeparator gt lt LongDateDaySeparator gt lt LongDateMonthSeparator gt lt LongDateMonthSeparator gt lt LongDateYearSeparator gt lt LongDateYearSeparator gt lt Separators gt lt M
58. 8n html Sample of this section lt LC_TRANSLITERATION gt lt Transliteration unoid LOWERCASE_UPPERCASE gt lt Transliteration unoid UPPERCASE_LOWERCASE gt 90 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt Transliteration unoid GNORE_CASE gt lt LC_TRANSLITERATION gt lt LC_MISC gt In this section you need to provide the Reserved Words e Reserved Words True False Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Above Below O Sample for this section lt LC_MISC gt lt ReservedWords gt lt trueWord gt true lt trueWord gt lt falseWord gt false lt falseWord gt full name full name full name full name abbreviation abbreviation abbreviation abbreviation lt quarter1Word gt 1st quarter lt quarter1 Word gt lt quarter2Word gt 2nd quarter lt quarter2Word gt lt quarter3Word gt 3rd quarter lt quarter3Word gt lt quarter4Word gt 4th quarter lt quarter4Word gt lt aboveWord gt above lt aboveWord gt lt belowWord gt below lt belowWord gt lt quarter1Abbreviation gt Q1 lt quarter1 Abbreviation gt lt quarter2Abbreviation gt Q2 lt quarter2Abbreviation gt lt quarter3Abbreviation gt Q3 lt quarter3Abbreviation gt lt quarter4Abbreviation gt Q4 lt quarter4Abbreviation gt lt ReservedWords gt lt LC_MISC gt lt LC_NumberingLevel gt In this section you need to prov
59. 98 10 7 THESAURUS IN OPENOFFICE ORG uicececcccsccsssscsssssesssscessescessscesssscecseccsssececsseceessscsssecesssecessesesssesecstecsnseees 111 10 8 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER 113 11 LINUX DISTRIBUTION DEVELOPMENT FOR LOCALIZATION e eee eee eoe eee see enoseensus 114 11 1 INTERODU GTION 5 5 eot at qn ore te ed 114 11 2 LINUX DISTRIBUTION 53 nra aane oin canes P EY Reka e PEE 114 11 3 LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS AND LOCALIZATION wuicccssccsssscsssssessssceessecessececssscsesssesssecesssseessssessecessteessseees 115 11 4 DEVELOPMENT OF A LIVE CD LINUX DISTRIBUTION eerte eene nennen nennen rese nnne 116 11 5 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER 130 12 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONALIZED OPEN SOURCE 131 12 1 INVER OD U G TION ECC 131 12 2 DEVELOPING AND LOCALIZING QT BASED APPLICATIONS esee nne 131 12 3 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING cccccssssscceesssccccessseccccesssececcessscececesssaeeeccessneeecceenseeeccessseeeeeens 135 13 BUILDING FREE OPEN SOURCE S
60. At present there are az AZ hu HU TR tr specific codes in Hunspell for further information please have a look in the source code 5 AF number of flag vector aliases AF flag vector Hunspell can substitute affix flag sets with a natural number in affix rules alias compression Let us take an example to make it clear with an alias compression let us take the dictionary dic file which has the following lines 3 hello try 1 work 2 NOUN Then the AF definitions in the affix file will be SET UTF 8 TRY esianrtolcdugmphbyfvkwzESIANRTOLCDUGMPHBYFVKWZ AF2 AFA AF AB Now comparing the dictionary file with the dict1 dic file given previously we can see that the dictionary file has been replaced by numbers 1 and 2 rather than placing B and AB This also shows that the AB can be compressed to a single number 2 This could be quite helpful to compress the aff and dic files If the affix file contains the FLAG parameter one needs to define it before the AF definitions 6 AM number of morphological description aliases AM morphological description Hunspell can also substitute morphological descriptions with a natural number in the affix rules alias compression through this option Options for suggestion 1 TRY characters Hunspell can suggest right word forms when the typed one differs from the bad form by one TRY character The parameter of TRY is case sensitive This option has already been discussed in the beginning of
61. BSD and other Unix SCIM also is a development platform to make input method development easier 5 3 c SCIM is highly modular It consists of 4 basic modules each provided by different packages Listed below are the package names and their brief module descriptions 5 3 e a SCIM SCIM is the core package which provides the fundamental routines and data types This package contains the main binary scim and other support programs it provides a common platform for various modules to be plugged in It also includes a set of programs and modules of its own b SCIM GTK2 immodule This is the GTK 2 input method module with scim as backend This means if GTK_IM_MODULE is set to use scim this package is responsible for making gtk application eg gedit firefox to use scim as input module by default This input method should work within all GTK 2 x platforms including gtk x11 c SCIM modules socket This package provides the socket modules for SCIM d SCIM tables additional This package contains data tables for several languages Steps for SCIM installation in Debian GNU Linux 26 1 Install SCIM core packages apt get update apt get install scim apt get install scim gtk2 immodule Note This will also install package scim modules socket apt get install scim modules tables Note The above package provides scim make table binary which we will use in the example below to create a new input method data table 2 C
62. DCHARS compound settings and fogemorpheme for Arbeit SFXAY 3 SFX A 0 s UPX SFX A 0 s VPDX SFX A 0 O WXD SFXBY2 SFX B 0 O UPX SFX B 0 O VWXDP a suffix for Computer SFXCY 1 SFX C 0 n WD for forbid exceptions Arbeitsnehmer FORBIDDENWORD Z dash prefix for compounds with dash Arbeits Computer PFX Y 1 PFX 0 JP 108 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software decapitalizing prefix circumfix for positioning in compounds PFX D Y 29 PFX D A a PX A PFX D PX PFX D Y y PX Y PFX D Z 2 PX Z Example dictionary 4 Arbeit A Computer BC W Arbeitsnehmer Z Accepted compound compound words with the previous resource Computer Computern Arbeit Arbeits Computerarbeit Computerarbeits Arbeitscomputer Arbeitscomputern Computerarbeitscomputer Computerarbeitscomputern Arbeitscomputerarbeit Computerarbeits Computer Computerarbeits Computern Not accepted compoundings computer arbeit Arbeits arbeits ComputerArbeit ComputerArbeits Arbeitcomputer ArbeitsComputer Computerarbeitcomputer ComputerArbeitcomputer ComputerArbeitscomputer Arbeitscomputerarbeits Computerarbeits computer Arbeitsnehmer 109 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Other options 1 CIRCUMFIX flag Conditional affixes implemented by a continuation class are not enough for circumfixes because a circumfix is one affix in morph
63. FormatCode gt 0 lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt FormatElement msgid PercentFormatskey1 default true type short usage PERCENT_NUMBER formatindex 8 gt lt FormatCode gt 0 lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt lt FormatElement msgid PercentFormatskey2 default true type long usage PERCENT_NUMBER formatindex 9 gt lt FormatCode gt 0 00 lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt FormatElement msgid CurrencyFormatskey1 default true type short usage CURRENCY formatindex 12 gt lt FormatCode gt CURRENCY 0 CURRENCY 0 lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt lt FormatElement msgid CurrencyFormatskey2 default false type medium usage CURRENCY formatindex 13 gt lt FormatCode gt CURRENCY 0 00 CURRENCY 0 00 lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt lt FormatElement msgid DateFormatskey1 default true type short usage DATE formatindex 18 gt lt FormatCode gt M D YY lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt lt LC_FORMAT gt lt LC_COLLATION gt Please refer to the Collation section for more detailed information on this lt LC_COLLATION gt lt Collator default true unoid alphanumeric gt lt CollationOptions gt lt TransliterationModules gt IGNORE_CASE lt TransliterationModules gt lt CollationOptions gt lt LC_COLLATION gt 86 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt LC_SEARCH gt Sample of this section
64. IZATION ccscsssssssssscssssssssesssscssssssesesssscsssssesessssesesssessssssesessseeseeee 32 6 1 3 pacc o e EE E ED Me RU DE EON REIN E PU enitn 6 2 TRANSLATION 6 3 REQUIREMENTS OF THE TRANSLATION MANAGER 6 3 1 Concurrent Versioning System esses esee entente nennen tenete tete nnene trennen tnnt ne nne ne trennen nnne 6 32 Translation Tools is eet o raices t 6 3 3 PO File Format sss 6 3 4 Standard Glossary for Translation 6 4 TRANSLATION PROCESS MANAGEMENT cary araara eaa ERE EAEE EE 6 4 1 Forming the Translation Team 6 4 2 Human Resource Estimation esses 6 4 3 Orientation and Training to the Translation Team 6 4 4 Orientation to the Translation Team Regarding Translation Guidelines ese 6 4 5 Making the Translation Team Familiar with the Translation Environment 6 4 6 Translation Monitoring and Tracking 07 Testing Gnd Verification e etre eri ea ire sie 6 5 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING eene tnnnninetn enne tntn sena E A aint teen GNOME 45 7 1 INTRODUGCTIGONS 7 E HEREIN ee RO PN RO Pert REUS 45 7 2 WHAT IS X WINDOW SYSTEM AND WINDOW MANAGERS s sssssssessesestssesistrentstsststssesenesrenesrseenenesreneness 45 73 ABOUT GNOME ote e o e EE T AV EU 7 3 1 Stable Releases
65. Linux Distribution Linux distribution is a Unix like system comprising of software components such as the GNU Linux kernel and assorted free open source and possibly proprietary software There are currently over three hundred Linux distribution projects in active development their respective distributions being revised and improved A Linux Distribution can be derived from another Linux distribution by the necessary customizations to the original ones Some of the most popular Linux Distributions are Debian GNU Linux Red Hat Linux Fedora Core SuSe Linux Knoppix Distributions are developed and supported by communities or commercial companies Debian GNU Linux for example is supported by the community It is up to the user which one to use either commercial or the other Distributions are developed according to their usage For example desktops servers routers multimedia clusters etc So one may choose the distribution according to his her need Distributions are normally segmented into packages each package holding a specific application or service This is achieved with the aid of the package management system A package management system is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing upgrading configuring and removing software packages from a computer Some of the popular package management tools are rpm dpkg etc Few of the different Linux distributions available today are Hard Disk based distributions L
66. Localization of Open Source Software 7 3 6 Translation Verification and Proof Reading Basically the file from GNOME that has to be translated is in the PO format Please refer to PO format in Chapter 6 on Translation with msgid and msgstr The msgid will have the string in ENGLISH and msgstr will have the translation in the native language The po file will be available for almost all the packages or application that is included in GNOME A major part of localizing GNOME and its applications is translating the PO files Verification of the translated strings in terms of the meaning conveyed is vital once the translation process is complete Besides consistency in the translation must be checked rechecked and verified so that a word e g File does not get translated into different forms in the Native Language Translators can use various editors for the translation work In our case we chose KBabel Please refer to the Chapter 14 under the section Translation Tools for a detailed information on KBabel Proof Reading is yet another vital part of translation Spelling errors make the user interface unpleasant unattractive and inefficient so must be handled with great care Preferably a linguist or someone with a sound linguistic knowledge would need to be involved in proof reading Consulting individual words in strings from hundred of files is tedious and hectic For this reason freely available applications handling the Unicode input
67. NU gettext tool for PO files including plural forms and Qt Linguist catalogs 14 Multiple views of the same file possible 15 Spell checking facility available 16 17 18 19 oc 0cMNKN oo Syntax highlighting Word count facility Automatic file header updates Automatic translation generation by the system on the basis of the database formed by the system out of already translated terms known as Fuzzy Translation Support for easy insertion of tags and URLs Validation and highlighting of tags and XML entities Automatic syntax check with msgfmt when saving and in cases of errors Has inbuilt support for running CVS operations 20 21 22 23 eo SES a Among the several features of Kbabel listed above the automatic translation generation needs explaining Kbabel maintains a dictionary of the already translated terms in English with their counterpart translations in the target language While doing so it scans all files and folders or directories which contain the translated strings As a result of the scan a dictionary of translated terms is maintained Kbabel with the help of this dictionary facilitates rough or exact translation thus minimizing the time required for translation The translation obtained by such means could be word to word rather than being contextual and at times require some post editing Catalogue Manager Catalog manager is yet another facility within Kbabel It lists all the PO files alo
68. OFTWARE FOSS COMMUNITIES eee eere enn noon 136 13 1 IN TRODUGTION need tetra od d oie a oe a dtd detecte ere ed oid 136 13 2 WHAT IS A FOSS COMMUNITY uic ccccccccsssscesssscesssscessscessescessscesssecssssscssscesssscsesscesssecessesesesesessseceesesesseees 136 13 3 WHAT DOES A FOSS COMMUNITY 136 13 4 WHY BUIDD A FOSSCOMMUNITY3 oie pto co e tun Fee OE rit a eni Fa Ree C e VERE d 136 13 5 HOW TO BUILD A FOSSCOMMUNJIEETY 15 icai ctv eria ens p ev e RA Ria eL eria ot 136 13 6 EFFORTS IN BUILDING FOSS COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH ASIA eee ener ener 137 14 LOCALIZATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES EXPERIENCES OF MADAN PURASKAR PUSTAKALAYA UNDER THE PAN LOCALIZATION PROJECT 4 e eene ee eee eene eene 138 14 1 INTRODUGTION auod a HE OH 135 14 2 LOCALIZATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT oreroraa ee e aE V eie einir otira 138 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 1 Introduction This Localization Guide comprises of fourteen chapters with an overview about localization basics in the first chapter followed by locale development in Chapter 2 which deals with the experiences collected by the Nepal Component Team while working for the Nepali Language The rendering issue vital to local
69. PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software NepaLinux Team Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Nf IDRC 3 CRDI BEEN Canada www mpp org np www idrc ca Published by Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Lahore Pakistan on Behalf of Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Kathmandu Nepal Copyrights International Development Research Center Canada Printed by Walayatsons Pakistan ISBN 978 969 8961 02 2 This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre IDRC Ottawa Canada administered through the Centre for Research in Urdu Language Processing CRULP National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences NUCES Pakistan Preface The release of NepaLinux 1 0 in December 2005 by Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya was a major breakthrough for software localization in Nepal The open source nature and no licensing cost of NepaLinux provided a viable alternative to more costly proprietary software in Nepali This localization work was based on existing open source distributions in Linux While the open source movement has provided free open and easy access to the source code accelerating localization development the need to document the processes involved has also become equally important to trigger further localization for under resourced languages This Linux localization guide is a compilation of the ex
70. PL www gnu org for details This is a placeholder adapted for the HeavyGUI mainmodule Place actions to be started on initialisation of your MainModule in here USER USERNAME WINDOWMANAGER gnome session INSTALLED no XSERVER XFree86 PATH bin sbin usr bin usr sbin usr X1 1R6 bin usr local bin load the config s generated by our basemodule XMODULE f etc sysconfig xserver amp amp etc sysconfig xserver f etc sysconfig morphix all amp amp etc sysconfig morphix all echo MainModule loaded f etc sysconfig xserver amp amp etc sysconfig xserver f etc sysconfig morphix all amp amp etc sysconfig morphix all f etc sysconfig keyboard amp amp etc sysconfig keyboard f etc sysconfig i18n amp amp etc sysconfig i18n 123 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 124 export LANG COUNTRY CHARSET f etc sysconfig keyboard amp amp etc sysconfig keyboard Set default keyboard before interactive setup n KEYTABLE amp amp loadkeys q KEYTABLE n amp amp consolechars f CONSOLEFONT Try to find and load a drm module for this graphics card ripped from Knopper s xsession if n XMODULE J then for i in lib modules kernel drivers char drm do case i in XMODULE modprobe XMODULE esac done fi stringinfile case cat 2 in 1 return 0 esa
71. Resolved Application found was found y n ENG NEP gedit Save this file wrgeren HNE gedit Columns to the left TUS Table 2 Sample of the bug report form List of Bugs Given below is a list of bugs or errors that the targeted or the translated text may have It will be a good idea to record these types of bugs in a file and distribute it to the translators in the testing phase 1 Untranslated English Strings in UI elements 2 Non Fitting Translated Strings in Ul elements 3 Inconsistent meaning of a term 4 Spelling Errors in Strings 5 Forceful Translation of English strings into Nepali which ought to be left in English 6 Honorific Language Usage 7 Non Contextual Translation Reviewing the Translation Peer reviews turn out to be best suited for reviewing translation This approach is effective in that one can find bugs and errors in files completed by others also it creates healthy competition among the translators This process in our case took almost 2096 of the translation time Corrective actions need to be taken after finding the errors in the translation Two translators could do the correction in the files One of the most important factors that can affect the reviewing phase is the faulty strings in the file Translation files need to be free of faulty strings as much as possible otherwise translated strings may not come in the User Interface element or only partial translation may
72. U004E gt lt U005D gt lt U002E gt lt U002A gt yesstr lt U0059 gt lt U003A gt lt U0079 gt lt U003A gt lt U0079 gt lt U0065 gt lt U0073 gt lt U003A gt lt U0939 gt lt U094B gt nostr lt U004E gt lt U003A gt lt U006E gt lt U003A gt lt U006E gt lt U006F gt lt U003A gt lt U0939 gt lt U094B gt lt U0907 gt lt U0 928 gt END LC_MESSAGES g LC_PAPER Specifies standard paper width and height Sample used in ne_NP LC_PAPER height 297 width 210 END LC_PAPER h LC_NAME Specifies the standard format to write name Sample used in ne_NP LC_NAME name_fmt lt U0025 gt lt U0070 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0074 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0067 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0074 gt lt U0025 gt lt U006D gt lt U0025 gt lt U0074 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0066 gt name gen lt U091C gt lt U094D gt lt U092F gt lt U0942 gt name mr lt U0936 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U0940 gt lt U092E gt lt U093E gt lt U0928 gt lt U094D gt name mrs lt U0936 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U0940 gt lt U092E gt lt U0924 gt lt U0940 gt name miss lt U0938 gt lt U0941 gt lt U0936 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U0940 gt salutation fmt lt U0928 gt lt U092E gt lt U093A gt lt U094D gt lt U0915 gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt END LC NAME i LC ADDRESS Specifies the standard way of writing Address Sample used in ne NP 96 Wf YN 96h s N T postal_fmt lt U0025 gt lt U0066 gt lt U0025 gt lt U004E gt lt U0025 gt
73. U0905 gt lt U0915 gt lt U094D gt lt U091F gt lt U0928 gt lt U094B gt lt U092D gt lt U0947 gt lt U0921 gt lt U093F gt lt U0938 gt lt U0947 gt Full month names B mon lt U091C gt lt U0928 gt lt U0935 gt lt U0930 gt lt U0940 gt lt U092B gt lt U0947 gt lt U092C gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U0941 gt lt U0905 gt lt U0930 gt lt U0940 gt lt U092E gt lt U093E gt lt U0930 gt lt U094D gt lt U091A gt lt U0905 gt lt U092A gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt lt U093F gt lt U0932 gt lt U092E gt lt U0947 gt lt U091C gt lt U0942 gt lt U0928 gt lt U091C gt lt U0941 gt lt U0932 gt lt U093E gt lt U0908 gt lt U0905 gt lt U091 7 gt lt U0938 gt lt U094D gt lt U0924 gt lt U0938 gt lt U0947 gt lt U092A gt lt U094D gt lt U091F gt lt U0947 gt lt U092E gt lt U094D gt lt U092C gt lt U0930 gt lt U0905 gt lt U0915 gt lt U094D gt lt U091F gt lt U094B gt lt U092C gt lt U0930 gt lt U0928 gt lt U094B gt lt U092D gt lt U0947 gt lt U092E gt lt U094D gt lt U092C gt lt U0930 gt lt U0921 gt lt U093F gt lt U0938 gt lt U0947 gt lt U092E gt lt U094D gt lt U092C gt lt U0930 gt Equivalent of AM PM am pm lt U092A gt lt U0942 gt lt U0930 gt lt U094D gt lt U0935 gt lt U093E gt lt U0939 gt lt U094D gt lt U0928 gt lt U0905 gt lt U092A gt lt U0930 gt lt U093E gt lt U0939 gt lt U094D gt lt U0928 gt Appropri
74. Your Locale Name Layout Name YourLayoutName Encode UTF 8 UsedCodes abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890 8 _ s D gt WildChar MaxCodes 1 Function_Key PageUp PageDown BackSpace Options KeyByKey_Mode ON Helplnfo_Mode ON AutoSelect_Mode ON KeyPrompt_Mode ON SelectKey_Mode Number Single S where x a single character typed by your desired input method Phrase q y where y a character formed by pressing two or more than two characters using desired input method Note that in the above file Section Single is a mapping of single keys to single characters Section Phrase is a mapping of a single key to multiple characters conjunctsmay be inserted Save the file inside the folder UNIT common There are binaries bin2txt and txt2bin Run it as follows assuming you are in usr lib im locale UNIT common txt2bin myinput txt YOURLANGUAGENAME data myinput data 5 Then add an entry in UNIT sysime cfg for your language like xx XX myinput common ctim so YOURLANGUAGENAME Using IIIMF input a Open xterm b Export GTK IM MODULE iiim Run gedit swriter etc Press ctrl o and Type 25 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 5 2 3 SCIM Smart Common Input Method platform SCIM provides user friendly full featured input method user interface for POSIX style operating systems including Linux Free
75. ad F5 295 Up to date 2006 04 27 18 36 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt atk propertie B Check Syntax Ctri y 1177 Up to date 2006 05 15 20 28 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt amp atk gnome 2 Statistics Ctr S 532 Up to date 2006 05 15 21 14 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt amp libbonobo gne Validation gt 107 Up to date 2006 04 27 20 18 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal amp libbonoboui g Commands gt 113 Up to date 2006 04 27 20 24 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt K ibgnome gno Cos wem niri 522724 28 16 40 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt V libgnomecan 1 29 18 19 0545 Jaydeep Bhusal lt zay Commit libgnorneui griorrie z rie v tak 5 09 18 06 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt us pm extra 0 t FA fifth toe FA gnucash2 0 4 IIO i Show Diff o S Figure 4 CVS operations from within KBabel 6 3 3 PO File Format The PO File is Portable Object file where the translatable strings are placed This file contains some information about the file and its author and contact information This file is divided into two parts one being the header where the information about file and author copyright language and team information is placed and other being message strings which is the one to be actually translated Every PO has a header containing the copyright information charset package name etc An example of a blank header is shown below SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE Copyr
76. ake qmake reads the pro file and configures the current project It generates the Makefile which will later be used by make process make reads pro and compiles the project using c compiler and builds a binary qtproj1 ne_NP qm will now be used by our application To execute the application provide the following command qtproj1 Now the application will load the translated file ne_NP qm and will look like fig 17 Tee arpiint TACHI SDUIN pae refeisr Figure 18 Example of the interface in Nepali 12 3 References for Further Reading a http www digitalfanatics org projects qt tutorial b http doc trolltech com 3 3 c http www remedy com customers dev_community UserExperience glossary htm d http en wikipedia org wiki Software localization 135 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 13 Building Free Open Source Software FOSS Communities 13 1 Introduction In this Chapter we talk about building Free Open Source Software FOSS communities We start with a brief introduction on FOSS communities Later we will discuss the role of an FOSS community the necessity for building such communities and ways of building them Finally we briefly highlight some of the efforts in building FOSS communities in South Asia 13 2 What is a FOSS community A set of people in general sharing the same idea that Free and Open Source Software FOSS should be promot
77. an be done using mozilla Translator as well as MozPOTools Building a Localized Firefox Build using CVS By default Firefox source tree pulls and builds only the English en US localized files To build Firefox in another language you must pull locales of your language from CVS and pass the special option while compiling If your locale is not available in CVS then you can manually create your locale directory structure matching the locale directory structure of the other language Pulling FireFox Source Code Firefox 1 5 code name Deer Park and locale code nl has been taken as example Always use password anonymous 71 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software mkdir deerpark cd deerpark cvs d pserver anonymous cvs mirror mozilla org cvsroot login cvs d pserver anonymous cvs mirror mozilla org cvsroot co r FIREFOX 1 5 RELEASE mozilla client mk cd mozilla make f client mk checkout MOZ CO PROJECT browser Note Check http developer mozilla org en docs CVS Tags to find out which branch should be selected Pulling Locale The following operations in central CVS server of Mozilla have to be performed to pull the locale cvs logout cd cvs d pserver anonymous cvs mirror mozilla org I10n login cvs d pserver anonymous cvs mirror mozilla org I110n co r FIREFOX_1_5 RELEASE 1 Creating a new locale If no one else has initiated the localization for your language
78. and mozilla XFT or c extending the CTL functionality to XFT back end itself Here in this guide a patch made by Mr Jungshik Shin has been used to extend CTL functionality to XFT back end 8 5 Building Mozilla Suite from Source Build Requirements 9 4 f 1 Arecent POSIX Shell gcc 3 2 or higher g 3 2 or higher Perl 5 6 or higher CVS 1 11 or higher needed for CVS build only gtk2 or gtk 1 2 0 Gtk devel libXt devel for X11 Intrinsic h X11 Shell h libIDL 0 6 3 or higher 0 libIDL devel 0 6 3 or higher 1 libORBit 2 libORBit devel 13 zip 2 3 or higher 14 freetype 2 1 0 or higher 15 fontconfig 16 pkgconfig 0 9 0 or higher Mozilla Source Download The Mozilla Source may be downloaded from the following link http ftp mozilla org pub mozilla org mozilla releases mozilla1 7 src Patch Download Download the patch from the following location This patch from Jungshik Shin re uses the shapers to extend CTL functionality to XFT backed http bugzilla mozilla org attachment cgi id 152102 Note that later versions of mozilla might not need to be patched 68 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Applying the Patch The following commands have to be run to apply the patch tar jxvf mozilla source 1 7 tar bz2 cd mozilla rename the patch to ctl patch and copy it into the mozilla folder mv attachment cgi id 152102 ctl patch patch NpO i ctl patc
79. anging the translation of a given term as frequent changes in the translation part of the glossary might result in inconsistent translation and confusion among the end users of localized software However there has to be periodical addition of terms making the glossary development a continuous and an evolving process In the year 2005 a glossary of 2 300 technical terms was translated from English to Nepali The initiative of this work was taken by Nepali Language in Information Technology steering committee NLIT formed under High Level Commission for IT for National Standardization a body formed under the then His Majesty s Government Ministry of Science and Technology Nepal It has already been felt that the existing glossary is insufficient in terms of its word coverage as works on software localization gather momentum Necessary homework is currently being done by Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya for supplementing the already existing glossary In addition proposals for changing the translation currently being used in the glossary is also being worked out 6 4 Translation Process Management 6 4 4 Forming the Translation Team It might be surprising but experiences collected have shown that in under developed countries where the translation profession has not taken much appeal among the people it is a challenging job to hire competent and professional translators Hiring competent translators for the software localization adds a few more challe
80. annot be specified here For example cntrl lt alert gt lt backspace gt lt tab gt lt ESC gt punct Specifies punctuation characters However alpha upper lower digit space or xdigit cannot be specified here For example punct lt exclamation mark gt lt quotation mark gt lt dollar sign gt lt colon gt lt backslash gt X graph All printable characters excluding space character If not specified all characters defined by alpha upper lower digit xdigit and punct are automatically included in this category Cntrl characters cannot be specified here print All printable characters including space character If not specified all characters defined by alpha upper lower digit xdigit and punct are automatically included in this category Cntrl characters cannot be specified here xdigit Hexadecimal digit characters For example xdigit lt zero gt lt nine gt lt A gt lt F gt lt a gt lt f gt blank Defines blank characters For example blank lt space gt lt tab gt PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software charclass For example toupper lt a gt lt A gt lt z gt lt Z Given below is a sample of the LC_CTYPE LC_CTYPE sample LC_CTYPE The following is the POSIX locale LC_CTYPE alpha is by default upper and lower alnum is by definition alpha and digit print is by default alnum punct and the space graph is by default alnum and
81. anslating the help files 10 8 i The directory where the files for different languages are located is helpcontent2 source auxiliary The contents of the en US directory should be copied to a directory of your iso name and the files have to be localized Special attention should be given to the fonts defined in the css files as they mark the script that will be used in the help If the first font in the lists does not contain your script then the help will not be displayed correctly 10 3 Developing OpenOffice Org Locale and Collation Note Most of this section has been based on 10 8 k and 10 8 I Locale in OpenOffice org Programs that are localized to many languages tend to place all the data related to a language or to a country region in a file called a LOCALE for that culture OpenOffice org requires that you place all the cultural data for your language region in a file that has a format specific to OpenOffice org This file is an XML file that is plain text utf 8 if your language requires it It can be edited with any plain text editor 83 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software All locale files are located in the i18npool source localedata data directory Eg ne NP xml en US xml etc The file name of the locale file in OpenOffice Org always uses both the language code and the country code language code in small letters and country code in capital letters separated by an underscore not a hyphe
82. ar en unix jar ne mac jar NP jar Listed below are the file types that we will come across while unpacking the above mentioned jar files These are the files that actually hold the localizable strings and are needed to be translated into required language dtd Files Text files UTF 8 encoded A DTD file contains a list of entities that need to be localized The DTD files have most of the localizable 55 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software strings in Mozilla suite A part of a dtd file is shown below openCmd label Open Web Location gt lt LOCALIZATION NOTE throbber url DONT TRANSLATE gt throbber url http www mozilla org In the sample above openCmd label is the entity and its value Open Web Location is what needs to be localized translated Where translation need not be done the author of the file has added a comment DONT TRANSLATE as shown in 2 line of the above sample Note that these documents are UTF 8 encoded Hence you ll either need a text editor which is able to save the file in UTF 8 once modified or you will have to convert it back to UTF 8 afterwards Actual translations are usually done using appropriate tools like kBabel and not by directly editing the file in text editors properties Files These are text files with escaped Unicode encoded The properties Files contain strings that are accessed by Javascript C a
83. ar Specific Information BC Before Christ Short and Long names for BC AD Anno Domini Short and Long names for AD First day of the week In a calendar indicate what is the first day of the week sun mon tue wed thu fri sat e Minimum number of days in first week of the year o The number of days of a week that must reside in the beginning of a year to make a week the first week of the year 1234567 Sample of this section lt LC_CALENDAR gt lt Calendar unoid gregorian default true gt lt DaysOfWeek gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt sun lt DaylD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Sun lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Sunday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt mon lt DaylD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Mon lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Monday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt tue lt DayID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Tue lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Tuesday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt wed lt DaylD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Wed lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Wednesday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt thu lt DayID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Thu lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Thursday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt DayID fric DayID lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Fri lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName
84. arators Example LC_NUMERIC This is the POSIX locale definition for the LC_NUMERIC category decimal point lt period gt thousands sep grouping 1 END LC_NUMERIC Sample used in ne_NP is as LC_NUMERIC decimal point lt U002E gt thousands sep lt U002C gt grouping 3 END LC NUMERIC e LC TIME This category is related to the formatting of date and time information The following keywords are used in this category copy abday Abbreviated week names as sun mon day Full spelling of week names Sunday Monday abmon Abbreviated month names as Jan Feb mon Full spelling of month named as January February am pm Represent AM and PM d f fmt Standard date and time format d fmt Standard date format t fmt Standard time format t fmt ampm time Specifies 12 hour clock format that includes the am pm value Example of LC TIME LC TIME This is the POSIX locale definition for the LC_TIME category Abbreviated weekday names a abday lt S gt lt u gt lt n gt lt M gt lt o gt lt n gt lt T gt lt u gt lt e gt lt W gt lt e gt lt d gt lt T gt lt h gt lt u gt lt F gt lt r gt lt i gt lt S gt lt a gt lt t gt Full weekday names A day lt S gt lt u gt lt n gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt M gt lt o gt lt n gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt T gt lt u gt lt e gt lt s gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt W gt lt e gt
85. arkers gt lt QuotationStart gt lt QuotationStart gt lt QuotationEnd gt lt QuotationEnd gt lt DoubleQuotationStart gt lt DoubleQuotationStart gt lt DoubleQuotationEnd gt lt DoubleQuotationEnd gt lt Markers gt lt TimeAM gt AM lt TimeAM gt lt TimePM gt PM lt TimePM gt lt MeasurementSystem gt US lt MeasurementSystem gt lt LC_CTYPE gt lt LC_FORMAT gt In this section you need to provide Date format Currency format MS Locale Identifier LCID and Percentage e Default order of Year Month and Date o Choose the most common order of Day Month and Year in a date e Decimal places o Number of decimal digits used with the currency e Currency format for positive values o Position of symbol space between symbol and digits e Currency format for negative values 85 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software o Position of symbol and minus sign space between symbol and digits MS Locale Identifier LCID e Percentage short o Without using decimals 0960 96 e Percentage long e When using decimals Sample for this section LC FORMAT replaceFrom CURRENCY replaceTo 409 gt FormatElement msgid FixedFormatskey1 default true type medium usage FIXED_NUMBER formatindex 0 gt lt FormatCode gt General lt FormatCode gt lt FormatElement gt FormatElement msgid FixedFormatskey2 default true type short usage FIXED_ NUMBER formatindex 1 gt lt
86. as being done for the first time and everything had to be done almost from scratch Achieving something on such a big scale requires careful planning from the management side In the following section we describe the management approaches adopted in due course of the accomplishment of the Project Management Approaches Project management is all about controlling the five variables cost time scope quality and risk An assortment of the traditional approaches with flexible project management techniques are what must be followed for planning execution and delivering outputs for such a project According to the project deliverables we divided the localization team in three units namely Linux unit Translation unit and Natural Language Processing unit The rest of the document will be devoted to the measures employed for accomplishing the deliverables in each unit The management of the project was divided into the following stages a Preparing for the necessary prerequisites of localization b Project Planning c Project Execution d Project Monitoring e Project Completion Prerequisites for localization One of the prerequisites of localization is Standardization as mentioned in the earlier chapters of this guide A national level policy on standardization needs to be initiated if localization for a particular language has never taken place In case of the Nepali language attempts were made to localize smaller applications like date
87. ase of openoffice as the glibc locale is not used the development of a separate locale is required To simplify matters provided that you intend to use just Gnome Desktop Gnome GTK based applications and OpenOffice org office suite only then the development of glibc and OpenOffice org locales are sufficient 2 4 Basics Steps of Locale Development Locale development involves the following basic procedures a Gathering the standardized locale information for the specific country b Developing the Locale Definition File c Submitting the developed locale in the main stream 2 5 Glibc Locale Development In the following section we describe the glibc locale development for the country Nepal The information presented can be refered to by other countries for their own locale development However we do not claim the information to be complete It is advisable to refer to the resources listed at the end of this chapter for further reading As noted earlier the locale definition file has some predefined sections in it which must be defined in conformance with the standardized locale information of a particular country Below we explain PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software each section illustrating the case of Nepal and the Nepali language thus named as ne_NP a LC_CTYPE This category begins with LC_CTYPE and ends with END LC CTYPE It defines character classification and specifies characters that are alphanum
88. ate date and time representation 96 WY WB 96d 96l 96M 96S p Z gt optional EX 2004 November 01 11 30 40 PM d t fmt lt U0025 gt lt U0059 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0042 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0064 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0049 gt lt U003A gt lt U0025 gt lt U0 04D gt lt U003A gt lt U0025 gt lt U0053 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0070 gt lt U0020 gt Appropriate date representation 96 WY B d 96A d_fmt lt U0025 gt lt U0059 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0042 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U0064 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0025 gt lt U004 1 gt lt U0020 gt END LC_TIME f LC_MESSAGES This category is related to the language in messages which the software outputs This category is used for gettext For more detailed information on gettext please refer to Chapter 7 GNOME localization Sample of LC_MESSAGES This is the POSIX locale definition for the LC_MESSAGES category yesexpr lt circumflex gt lt left square bracket gt lt y gt lt Y gt lt right square bracket gt PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software noexpr lt circumflex gt lt left square bracket gt lt n gt lt N gt lt right square bracket gt yesstr yes nostr no END LC_MESSAGES ne_NP Sample of LC_MESSAGES yesexpr lt U005E gt lt U005B gt lt U0079 gt lt U0059 gt lt U005D gt lt U002E gt lt U002A gt noexpr lt U005E gt lt U005B gt lt U006E gt lt
89. ation Testing Research Study Installation Testing Analysis Linguitics analysis Other Testing Risk Assessment Quality assessment Maintenance Unit Testing Choosing the correct version and Localization Testing downloading tar ball or from CVS Implementation Compiling and building Checking for dependencies Design and Analysis Figure 21 Spiral Life Cycle Model for Linux and NLP development Creating an Environment Translation Initiation Before initiation the translation tools need to be installed and checked All translation files need to be downloaded and all pot files need to be changed in the po files For proper management of these files and the translation process a CVS needs to be setup The set up needs to be such that files are centrally located General guidelines for translation need to be formed And training document for the translators needs to be prepared Translation tool Kbabel Document Library There is a need of a Master library for all the programs documents reports manual specifications reference documents and correspondence for the project Documents for tracking and monitoring and controlling during all the phases of the software development process need to be kept Templates forms and minutes need a place to be stored Software documents files need to be stored A document identifying 141 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software conventions needs to be formalized Document
90. ause you to break out in a nasty rash Build It Testing z Gettina Involved with Mozilla dE ER aA 59 EL La A I Terminai F mozilla MozillaT chrome B Getting D e Software Figure 12 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator 63 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Click on ok Check to see that ne unix jar has been created Repeat the above steps for ne win jar ne mac jar and NP jar Applications Actions ge Thu Jan 6 13 26 LJ Mozillatranslator Version 5 02 W E File Import Export Edit Advanced Help Chrome view for ne NP charsetTitles properties Edit selected phrase Edit Image file File Text Original Text Transl Text Current Keep 9 7 nepali mozilla 1 7 B Export Jar C Platform neutral Choose Locle 71 global 9 CI MT default Locale Cid D File Jusrjlib mozilla chrome ne unix jar Choose printdialog prop display Name Amei arista 3 css properties Aur xbl properties printing properti Preview URL Po C layout _errors prd version D netError dtd 3 appstrings prop Export nepali mozilla 1 7 gt gt unix Cancel Armenian A Armenian A User Defined User Defined charsetTitles Arabic Wind Arabic Wind charsetTitles Arabic ISO Arabic ISO dcharsetT
91. awe File Save File Properties Properties Properties Properties Properties Properties Properties i Properties Properties P Figure 11 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator 62 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Check to see that the ne NP jar file has been created You have to repeat the above process for making rest of the files by appropriately selecting in the Export Field ne unix jar is shown in the screen shot below Applications Actions ea Thu Jan 6 14 39 Qi e Getting Involved with mozilla org Mozilla 2x E File Edit View Go Bookmarks Tools Window Help ES v QA X at 35 9 http www mozilla org start M a Search c 4 Home xf Bookmarks mozilla org mozillaZine mozdev org mozilla search mozilla iS co 2 ys Products Support Store Developers About prx c nT X A Installation finished After a BROWSER RESTART you should be able to select to use this locale via Edit gt Preferences Category Appearance gt Languages Content Module Owners So if you re not running the latest milestone we could use your help testing either that or the latest nightly build Hacking Be warned that nightly builds are development software and Get the Source there is no guarantee that they won t fry your processor insult your mother or c
92. c return 1 Check if there isn t a background in tmp for minimodule Actually this should be done for each initscript too as it would make them adaptable for minimodules if e tmp background png J then BGIMAGE tmp background png else BGIMAGE morphix background png fi etc init d cupsys start amp mount avF o ro t nonfs nosmbfs noncpfs noproc if SINSTALLED no then Setting up our handy dandy console shells thanks to popular demand ripped from Knopper s knoppix autoconfig while true do bin bash gt dev tty2 2 gt amp 1 dev tty2 done amp while true do bin bash gt dev tty3 2 gt amp 1 dev tty3 done amp while true do bin bash gt dev tty4 2 gt amp 1 lt dev tty4 done amp while true do bin bash gt dev tty5 2 gt amp 1 dev tty5 done amp while true do bin bash gt dev tty6 2 gt amp 1 dev tty6 done amp echo allowed users anybody gt gt etc X11 Xwrapper config echo nice_value 10 gt gt etc X11 Xwrapper config echo xsetbg fullscreen BGIMAGE amp gt gt etc X1 1 xinit xinitrc echo xsetbg fullscreen BGIMAGE amp gt gt home USER xinitre echo xsetbg fullscreen BGIMAGE amp gt gt home USER xsession echo exec WINDOWMANAGER gt gt etc X1 1 xinit xinitrc echo exec WINDOWMANAGER gt gt home USER xinitrc echo exec WINDOWMANAGER gt gt home USER xsession su c exec usr bin X11 startx USER
93. cation related to theArabic language is the varying shape of each character depending upon the actual occurrence of the character whether at the beginning of the word in the middle of the word at the end of the word or by itself In this context the right glyph needs to be selected depending upon the situation The languages of South Asia often known as complex text languages also require special attention In these languages the characters making up a syllable interact in complex ways to produce the final rendered form This can involve reordering combining characters to make ligatures that appear very different from the original character and stacking multiple glyphs on top of each other vertically Similarly a group of characters interact with each other known as a cluster in some of the languages which follow the Devanagari script All these facts need to be addressed fully for the proper rendering of the texts in these languages Other issues like line breaking algorithms being used for the rendering process would require specific linguistic information of the language in terms of implementation This is because languages of East Asia or Thailand as opposed to English do not use white spaces at all 3 3 Rendering Engines 3 3 1 Pango Pango is a library which provides an open source framework for layout and rendering of the internationalized text Having used Unicode for all of its encodings it aims to support output in all of the major
94. cations developed for internationalisation take into consideration the support required for representing the character sets of various different languages Similarly when localizing a software into a specific language the application should take into consideration an encoding scheme that can represent characters of the target language The first step in representing the human language in the computer is to identify the characters in the language and collect all of them to form a set of characters called the Character Repertoire Once the Character Repertoire is formed the next step is to define an encoding scheme which maps each character in the Character Repertoire to a unique integer the mapping being the encoding Encoding schemes refer to this unique integer as the code point or encoded values 1 5 d 1 4 3 SingleByte and MultiByte Encodings Encodings are classified as SingleByte or MultiByte 1 5 d SingleByte encoding schemes use a single byte to represent each character They are regarded as the most efficient encodings available They take least amount of space and are easy to process because one character is represented by one byte 7 bit encoding and 8 bit encoding schemes come under this category A 7 bit encoding scheme can define up to 128 characters and normally support a single language A 8 bit encoding scheme can define up to 256 characters and generally support a group of related languages MultiByte encoding schemes use multipl
95. cations and localizing them is also included The issues on building Free and Open Source Software FOSS communities have been addressed briefly in Chapter 13 The localization guide concludes with a general overview of the Localization Project Management Techniques gained by the Nepal Component of the PAN Localization Project in chapter 14 The final judgement to the quality of the Localization Guide rests with the readers We do not claim this to be a complete guide to localization however in terms of writing the guide we have tried to provide the information on the specified topics to the best of our knowledge and expertise 1 1 Whatis Localization The widely accepted definition of localization defines it as the process of adapting translating and customizing a product software for a specific market Hence this involves dealing with a specific locale or cultural conventions By locale we generally understand convents such as sort order keyboard layout date time number and currency format To many of us localization might seem identical or similar to translation However the process of localization is much broader than simply translation In this context it would be highly relevant to put forward the definition of localization by the Localization Industry Standards Association LISA As per LISA localization is defined as the process of modifying products or services to account for differences in distinct markets Hence in order
96. ce on a drive This is also called guided partitioning If you do not want to autopartition choose Manually edit partition table from the menu If you choose guided partitioning you will be able to choose from the following schemes as shown in the table below TAM Minimum 5T Partitioning scheme space Created partitions All files in one partition 600MB swap Desktop machine 500MB nome swap Multi user workstation 1GB lhome usr var tmp swap Table 5 Schemes for guided partioning If you select Manually edit the partition table you need to create at least a Linux ext3 partition and a Linux swap Partition To make a new partition a Select the FREE SPACE entry and press Enter 117 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 118 b Choose Create a New Partition c Use any size you may wish But since we are installing the system for the development of the Live CD more disk space will be more comfortable to work with Hence we choose 15 0 GB d Next choose Primary following with the Beginning option Note that if you have other operating system installed already you may have to choose Logical partition also Reading more on Disks and partitions is highly recommended e By default the Debian installer will choose the ext3 file system for the created partition and automatically selects the mount point as f Linux ext3 partition is created and as per t
97. cond condition is that the last character of the word must end in y If we have a dictionary file dic as shown below 1 supply D marry D and the rule given above in our affix file then Hunspell will be able to show that the words supply marry supplied and married are all correct by dropping the y and adding ied To make more combinations with the dictionary file and affix file we could look at the dictionary file dic1 dic and affix file affix1 aff given above With the two files we could figure out that Hunspell would detect hello try tried work worked rework and reworked as correct words The above examples show a single stripping of affixes Hunspell allows us to strip another one The twofold suffix stripping is a significant improvement in handling of immense number of suffixes that characterize agglutinative languages Consider the example given below Affix file SFXY Y 1 SFX Y0s PLUR SFX X Y 1 SFX X 0 able Y ABLE Dictionary file drink X VERB Correct Words drink drinkable drinkables In the dictionary file the word drink has the flag X indicating the rule named X in the affix file will be applied to it resulting into drinkable In the rule named X in the affix file you will notice a Y this indicates that after the application of the rule X go to the rule named Y and further apply the rule resulting into drinkables 102 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Softwa
98. conversion and so on However fonts and keyboard layout had become the major hurdle in the process Fonts were all developed in ASCII encoding scheme with devastating results Data processing was impossible with such fonts and more over each font had its own keyboard layout This resulted in the confusion for the users as they had to learn different styles of typing corresponding to different fonts Localization and language computing seemed to be a far fetched dream due to these hurdles A major change came through when Unicode consortium proposed an encoding scheme for all the languages After Devanagari the writing script of the Nepali language found a place in the scripts supported by Unicode the Nepali character set was standardized Later Nepali Unicode fonts were developed based on this scheme Unicode fonts brought a sense of excitement to the users Now searching sorting even calculation became possible Keyboard drivers for Unicode font were developed in parallel with font development Even though Unicode fonts have their own keyboard layouts users became keen on using Unicode fonts because it incorporated both the traditional Nepali keyboard layout and the new Romanized keyboard layout The Romanized keyboard driver became popular because as the name suggests most the Nepali character were mapped to similar phonetic English characters With the development of Unicode fonts and keyboard layouts MPP along with other software corporat
99. cular language the capability of the input device and so on Consider typing English characters from a normal keyboard and from a mobile phone keypad Again think of languages with huge character set like the CJK the input turns out to be complicated even from the normal keyboard Hence it is understandable that analysis and design are important stages in the input method development First and foremost all the characters required for input should be figured out This should include digits and punctuation marks Once the decision on the required input characters has been finalized then the input scheme may be formulated whether the characters be matched one by one with the available keys or some combination or conversion is required for dealing with multiple keystrokes to input some characters After deciding the input scheme the next step is designing the keyboard layout While designing the keyboard layout special attention should be given to make it easy and comfortable for the typists From this view the general principle is putting the most frequently used characters in the home row followed by the upper and the lower rows In case the upper case and lower case concepts do not exist for a certain language rarely used characters are generally placed in the shifted positions PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software In terms of implementation of the input method there are two major steps required First the descript
100. d but with different options to extract the translations This is how the merging can be done 000_src gt localize m I ne f GSI_ne sdf where m is the merge mode is the comma separated languages f is the filename of the language specific GSI SDF file For more options 000 src gsicheck help 97 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Building a full build With the environment created to build the entire suite all that is required is to run dmake from the top level directory This will take more than 12 hours depending upon the available resources 000 src dmake Similarly the build all inside the instsetoo native directory is equivalent to the dmake command in the root of the source directory cd ooo src cd instetoo native build all Built packages will be in different directories in o0oo src instsetoo native unxIngi6 OpenOffice deb install depending on the built language s But note that the en US language will always be built by default even if you don t specify it when configuring To clean up a previous build you have to delete all the output directories 000 src rm rf unxIngi6 pro To rebuild a module or build each module individually you will have to use the build tool and then the deliver tool will copy all created binaries libraries etc into the solver tree 000 src module build 000_src module gt deliver Please refer to 10 8 r for
101. d QT application 1 Start up Qt Designer to invoke the Qt Designer New Open dialog This dialog contains three tabs once you start up Qt Designer 2 Select C project and provide a project name for example qtproj1 pro in directory qtproj1 C projects are saved as pro files which include the information Qt Designer needs to manage projects Click File New or press Ctrl N to invoke the New File dialog Create a Push Button in the form with name pushButton1 and text Quit Create a Text Label in the form with name textLabel1 and text Hello World The form will look as shown below in fig 16 amp Figure 16 Form in the Qt Designer 6 Click Edit Connections to invoke the View and Edit Connections dialog Use this dialog to view and edit signal and slot connections To add a new connection click the New button Specify the Sender as pushButton1 Signal as Clicked Receiver as Form1 and Slot as close Edit Slots Cancel Figure 17 View and Edit Commections 7 Right click the form and select the source Click yes when it confirm to create ui h file Code Sample for form1 ui h void Form1 init pushButton1 gt setText QPushButton tr Quit textLabel1 gt setText QLabel tr Hello World 8 Click File New C Main File to invoke the Configure Main File dialog 132 10 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Code sample for main cpp
102. d client application is installed respectively in the server machine and the local machine of the translator Kbabel has the inbuilt support for popular CVS operations like update and commit In order to bring into effect the changes made in the working copy of the file to the one in the CVS repository we first run the command update and then commit On the consecutive launching of the application Kbabel the updated information on the files would be depicted in the catalogue manager 38 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software File Edit Go Markings Project Tools Settings Help RE en le el ne M Fuzzy Untranslated Lge CVS Status Last Revision Last Translator aj U Up to date 09 i Pawan Chitrakar lt pa wy vte 0 I2 ne e yelp gnome 2 14 ne 0 184 Up to date 2006 05 09 20 43 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal e zenity gnome 2 14 ne 0 118 Up to date 2006 05 09 20 45 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal 8 58 dev 0 3715 e at spi HEAD ne 0 2 Up to date 2005 11 27 09 05 0545 Jaydeep Bhusal lt zay e atk gnome 2 Open Ctri o 122 Up to date 2006 04 26 22 52 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt e gail HEAD ne Open in New Window Ctrl Shift 0 103 Up to date 2005 11 29 18 00 0545 Jaydeep Bhusal lt zay O gconf gnome 461 Up to date 2006 04 26 22 42 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal lt glib glib 2 10 Toggle Marking Ctrl M 128 Up to date 2006 04 27 00 00 0545 Shyam Krishna Bal anome vfs gr Relo
103. d for Mozilla Suite can be downloaded from the following location http www mozilla org releases Alternatively you may download the latest mozilla source and compile it yourself But this is only recommended if you explicitly want some option to be enabled in the build A very good example for this is a case where mozilla has to be built with CTL Complex Text Layout enabled so that complex text like Devanagari can be rendered Building mozilla from source will be discussed later in Building Mozilla Suite from Source Latest mozilla source can also be downloaded from the above location Working on Files Chrome Files In Mozilla most Ul resources are located in the chrome folder of the install directory The original localization files are packaged as en US jar contains nearly all the UI language resources en win jar contains all the Windows specific UI resources en unix jar contains all the Unix specific Ul resources and en mac jar contains all the Mac OS specific UI resources US jar contains all the regional contents URLs resources Orso Nw Localizing mozilla technically means adapting the above mentioned 5 files for your desired locale based on the above 5 files for English That is to say we have to extract and translate the translatable resources of en US jar and package it back with a new name ab CD jar For example for Nepali language spoken in Nepal one will have to prepare following files ne NP jar ne win j
104. d testing phases The purpose of these reviews is to provide management with the progress of the development and translation activities moreover it checks the fulfillment of requirements Timely technical and management reviews can help the team to take corrective action in time Development review has to be done by the technical team and translation review should be done by translation manager The review will have to focus on in process and final software products even for the report that will be generated after completion of each phase of the development cycle In the review process technical solutions need to be proposed identifying the short and long term risks Experience with the translation shows that time management is the main risk factor as the strings with each new release of Linux component increase by 20 Hence keeping the size of the translation team the same and expecting to complete the translation on time without considering the above is very risky Project Completion This stage covers the preparation of the deliverables such as software application reports papers manuals Making the software application ready for the user needs qualification testing of the software Preparing the environment for the testing needs to be established For these developers should participate in developing and recording test preparation test cases and test procedures to be used for system quality check The testing has to be conducted in the host
105. dd options with system png usr ac add options with system jpeg usr ac add options disable mailnews ac add options disable composer ac add options disable Idap ac add options enable postscript ac add options disable installer ac add options enable xprint ac add options enable crypto ac add options enable strip libs ac add options enable canvas ac add options enable svg ac add options enable svg renderer cairo ac add options enable system cairo ac add options enable mathml ac add options disable tests ac add options disable gtktest ac add options disable debug ac add options enable xft ac add options enable optimize pipe w ac add options with system zlib usr ac add options without system nspr ac add options enable xinerama ac add options enable extensions default ac add options disable pedantic ac add options disable long long warning ac add options enable single profile ac add options disable profilesharing ac add options enable gnomevfs ac add options disable installer ac add options disable updater ac add options enable chrome format flat ac add options enable ui locale nl Option topsrcdir browser config mozconfig sources the parameters given in the file deerpark mozilla browser config mozconfig 73 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR topsrcdir ffbuild enables yo
106. dicates that sequence of 4 affix entries are needed to properly store the affix information Table 3 Affix file information The remaining lines describe the unique information for the 4 affix entries that make up this affix All the fields in the remaining line are the same fields in the second line are described below 101 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Field Name Description 1 SFX indicates that this is a suffix PFX indicates a prefix 2 D this is a name for the suffix it represents which should be unique for every different suffix or prefix entry 3 y the string of chars to strip off at the end before adding affix a 0 here indicates the NULL string and in case of PFX the chars are stripped off at the beginning of the word 4 ied the string of affix characters to be added at the end of the word a 0 here indicates the NULL string and in case of PFX the chars are added at the beginning of the word 5 aeiou y the conditions which must be met before the affix can be applied which represents a regular expression a dot means there is no condition Table 4 Affix file information contd Field 5 might be confusing Since this is a suffix field 5 tells us that there are 2 conditions that must be met The first condition is that the character next to the last character in the word must NOT be any of the following a e i o or u The se
107. do not add extensions to the name like dic aff etc For Hunspell the line starting from DICT is the only line required The other two lines are required for the hyphenation and thesaurus Writing the Dictionary and affix files for HunSpell All of the examples in presented in this section have been based on the documentation of Hunspell 10 8 a for better understanding Hunspell needs two files as mentioned earlier to check the spelling A dictionary file dic contains a list of words one per line The first line of the dictionary except personal dictionaries contains the approximate word count for optimal hash memory size Each word may optionally be followed by a slash and one or more flags which represent affixes or special attributes Default flag format is a single usually alphabetic character A possible dictionary file dict1 dic could be as shown below 3 hello try B work AB NOUN In the above dictionary file the first line has the number 3 which gives the optimal hash memory size and the number of words which are hello try and work The first word hello does not have any flag The word try has one flag which is separated by a back slash The flag B points to a rule named B in the affix file Similarly in the next line the word work and it s field AB are separated by a The flag AB points to the rule name A and rule name B in the affix file Hunspell also has an optional morp
108. ds message catalogue combining many message PO files Merges PO files to retrive unique messages msgconv Converts character encoding of message in PO file like latin1 to utf 8 msginit 48 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Initializes a message catalogue file Creates a new PO file initializing the meta information with values from the user s environment msguniq Unifies duplicate translations in a translation catalog Finds duplicate translations of the same message ID msgcmp Compares two Uniforum style message catalogue PO files to check that both contain the same set of msgid strings msgfmt Generates binary message catalog from textual translation description Compiles message catalogue in binary format to use with application msgmerge Merges message catalogue PO file with the new and updated message template POT file 7 9 4 Localizable Components of GNOME The GNOME Desktop Environment comprises of developer libraries and set of applications In order to have the GNOME Desktop Environment fully localized translation of the menus desktop files and mime type files alone is not sufficient In addition some application specific files as well as the core libraries of GNOME gtk glib gconf libgnome libgnomegui libbonobo libgnomecanvas etc all need to be translated and localized Among some of the main applications of GNOME are gdm login window gedit text editor evolution mail clien
109. e i mkisofs R U V morphix P Morphix cache inodes nobak pad basemodule gt tmp morphix iso ii create_compressed_fs tmp morphix iso 65536 gt mylivecd base morphix Extra Modification and Customization a Themes and Icons Gnome uses themes to alter the appearance of buttons scrollbars list elements to customize the appearance of windows You can download themes for Gnome from Websites like _http www gnome look org and extract them to the folder mainmodule usr share themes or modify the existing ones in the folder mainmodule usr share themes As with themes gnome also uses gnome icons themes for the desktop icons Download icons themes eg from gnome look org to the folder mainmodule usr share icons or modify the existing ones Check for the mainmodule usr share pixmaps folder for the default icons that are used by the Gnome Desktop b Changing the Distribution name and other texts that are displayed while booting the Live CD and pressing F2 e gunzip mylivecd boot miniroot gz e mount o loop mylivecd boot miniroot iso e Check the file iso linuxrc and do the necessary changes For example To change the distribution name change DERIVATIVE yourdistrbutionname e umount iso e gzip mylivecd boot miniroot c Changing Default username The Live CD boots to GUI using the username morph To change the username follow the steps below e Edit the file basemodule etc init d morphix start and basemodul
110. e 138 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software houses initiated the works on localization working in close collaboration with the National level of committee for standardization a sub body of the High Level Commission for Information Technology HLCIT The latter is headed by Hon Minister of Nepal and is an apex government body formed with the objective of providing crucial strategies direction and helping to formulate appropriate policy responses for development of ICT sector in Nepal A Steering committee Nepali Language in Information Technology was formed under the HLCIT to deal with the issues on standardization This committee has already standardized the glossary of 2600 words Nepali character set keyboard layout locale and collation sequence Project Planning The MPP localization team was divided into three different working units respectively the Linux Unit Translation Unit and the Natural Language Processing Unit A detailed overview of the work force division is presented in the figure below Nepali localization process Linux Unit Translation Unit NLP Unit Research Report Research report Research Report GNOME Translation Nepali Lexicon Openoffice org Glossary Nepali Spell checker m Mozilla suite Nepali Thesaurus Multimedia applications Live CD Manual Graphics Figure 19 Nepali Localization work force division Estimating the reso
111. e NP jar locale ne NP necko locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP communicator locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP editor locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP mozldap locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP pipnss locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP pippki locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP navigator locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP cookie locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP wallet locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP content packs locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP help locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP p3p locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP autoconfig locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP messenger locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP messenger smime locale install url jar resource chrome ne unix jar locale ne NP global platform locale install url jar resource chrome ne unix jar locale ne NP navigator platform locale install url jar resource chrome ne unix jar locale ne NP communicator platform locale install url jar resource chrome NP jar locale NP editor region locale install url jar r
112. e X applications witha convenient interface to the FreeType font rastarizer and X rendering extension It uses fontconfig library to select fonts and X protocol to render them 4 4 Installing Fonts The following section looks at the instructions required for installing fonts in the three different font systems X11 core fonts system X font server and Xft font system respectively Using the X11 core fonts system a mkdir usr local share fonts truetype b copy fonts to the directory just created by the above command c mkfontscale usr local share fonts truetype d mkfontdir usr local share fonts truetype Here are the commands mkfontdir creates fonts dir file making the current directory a font directory mkfontscale is used for indexing all the fonts using font scale file mkfontdir cannot recognize scalable fonts without indexing so this should be used first Using X font server a Add font path to etc X11 fs config b ii Restart font server Using Xft font system Fontconfig installs fonts in a set of well known directories including Xfree86 directories and also in theuser s home directory as fonts Run fc cache after copying fonts You can use fc list to view all the installed usable fonts 4 5 Font Selection When an application requests a particular font X system searches in all of the directories in the font path one at a time until it finds the best match for it It selects true type fonts over bitmap and unscalable bitma
113. e bytes to represent a single character These schemes are either a fixed or variable number of bytes to represent a character A fixed width multibyte encoding scheme uses a fixed number of bytes to represent every character of its Character Repertoire A variable width multibyte encoding scheme uses one or more bytes to represent a single character 1 4 4 Different Encoding Systems There are various encoding systems in use today Since detailed information about them is easily available we simply list them below ASCII Base64 CODE PAGES ISO 8859 1 UCS defined by ISO 10646 Unicode UTF 32 UTF 16 UTF 8 UTF 7 UCS 2 and UCS 4 S 1 4 5 Encodings and Localization Encoding in localization plays a major role as the input and output text in a localized software would need the encoding information for data processing Similarly string processing and display also requires encoding information For example if the encoding used is not understood by the rendering engine any text will appear as gibberish 1 4 6 Fonts and Output Methods Provided that the character set and encoding of a script are defined the first step to enabling it onto a 3 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software system is to display it Rendering text on screen requires some resource to describe the shapes of the characters i e the fonts and some process to render the character images as per script conventions The proc
114. e etc init d knoppix autoconfig of the base module In this file change username morph to username newusername 127 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 128 e Change morph to newusername in file oasemodule etc passwd e Change the user in the file passwd and group file of miniroot gz i gunzip mylivecd boot miniroot gz ii mount o loop mylivecd boot miniroot iso iii Change user morph to newusername in the files iso etc passwd and iso etc group iv umount iso gzip mylivecd boot miniroot Refer to the section base module customization and modification to extract and generate the base module d Setting password for the newusername After changing the default username to newusername the password should be set to the newusername Steps to set the password are e Copy the binary mkpasswd to your base module cp mkpasswd basemodule usr bin e Replace chroot mnt main useradd m USERNAME s bin bash chroot mnt main useradd s bin bash USERNAME with the following lines chroot mnt main useradd m USERNAME s bin bash p usr bin mkpasswd USERNAME chroot mnt main useradd s bin bash USERNAME p usr bin mkpasswd USERNAME in the file basemodule etc init d morphix start This will set the password same as the username Refer to the section base module customization and modification to extract and generate the base module e Set the root password After the Live CD star
115. e locale definition file In Linux the locale definition file is part of the Glibc package Installation of the Glibc package copies almost all of the Linux locale definition files created across the globe in the local computer which can be later used to build locale For example the Nepali locale developed and submitted is named ne_NP which denotes Nepali Language for the country Nepal 2 2 Locale Naming The general naming convention of a locale is as follows lang territory codeset modifier A brief explanation follows lang 2 letter language code as defined in ISO 639 1988 Three letter language code is defined in ISO 639 2 which is used in the absence of the two letter version The ISO 639 2 Registration Authority at Library of Congress has a complete list of language codes territory 2 letter country code as defined in ISO 3166 1 1997 You can get these codes from the ISO 3166 Maintenance agency codeset Character set used modifiers Optional and is meant to be used for adding more information to the locale by setting options Options are separated by commas Ex fr_CA ISO 8859 1 denotes French language spoken in Canada and the character set being used as defined by the ISO 8859 1 2 3 Locale and Applications Individual applications may require separate locales to be developed To cite an example since Gnome or Gtk based applications use glibc library the locale for glibc should be developed However in the c
116. e to be performed 1 2 3 Start spadmin as mentioned in step 1 of Adding Fonts Click Fonts Select the fonts you want to delete from the list that will appear from the dialog box out of all the fonts that are added to OpenOffice org and click Delete Note You can delete only the fonts that have been added for OpenOffice org c Renaming Fonts In order to rename the fonts that have been added for OpenOffice org the following steps have to be performed 1 Start spadmin as mentioned in step 1 of Adding Fonts 2 Click Fonts 3 Select the fonts that you want to rename and click Rename 4 Enter a new name in the dialog that appears In cases where the font contains several names these names will come up as suggestions in the combo box where you can enter the new name 5 Click OK Note This is especially useful for fonts that contain several localized names In order to rename several fonts one dialog appears for each selected font 4 9 References for Further Reading a b c 22 http www openoffice org FAQs fontguide html http documentation openoffice org online help htmlhelp text shared guide spadmin html http nepalinux org docs I1 Onhowtoguide pdf PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 5 Input Methods for Linux 5 1 Introduction In Chapter 1 we briefly introduced Input Methods We discussed the crucial parts of the design and implementation of the Input Method In thi
117. e translation aspects of Localization We will give a brief overview of translation then discuss the requirements of the translation manager which covers Concurrent Versioning System CVS translation tools PO file conversion tools etc Later we move to the essence of Glossary Development for translation and translation process management In the translation process management we will discuss issues like team formation orientation and training of the translation team testing and verification etc References to links for further reading are given at the end of the chapter 6 2 Translation Overview Translation is a very important aspect of localization This involves translating messages in programs including menus dialog boxes button labels error messages etc thus being an immediate means for bringing the software to the local users who are not familiar with English This task can be done once the output methods and fonts are ready otherwise the translated messages become useless Input methods if available also help ease the translation process There are many message translation frameworks available but the general concepts are the same Messages are extracted into a working file to be translated and compiled into a hash table When the program executes it loads the appropriate translation data as per locale Messages are quickly looked up for translated version for use in the outputs Translation is a labor intensive task It takes
118. eading 1 numbered paragraphs etc In subsequent levels other lines it is important to say how many levels of headings will be named in this specific number For example if we are defining the numbering of level 3 Heading 3 the ParentNumbering could be 0 in which case only one number will be shown or could be 1 two numbers will be shown as in 1 1 or 2 in which case we will have numbers of the style 1 1 1 Sample of this section lt LC_OutLineNumberingLevel gt lt OutlineStyle gt lt OutLineNumberingLevel Prefix NumType 4 Suffix BulletChar 0020 BulletFontName ParentNumbering 0 LeftMargin 0 SymbolTextDistance 50 FirstLineOffset 0 gt lt OutLineNumberingLevel Prefix NumType 6 Suffix BulletChar 2022 BulletFontName StarSymbol ParentNumbering 0 LeftMargin 200 SymbolTextDistance 50 FirstLineOffset 0 gt lt OutlineStyle gt lt LC_OutLineNumberingLevel gt lt Locale gt OpenOffice org Locale submission When you have completed works with the locale definition file you need to create an issue in the Localization L10n project and submit a patch for the locale file To submit an issue go to http www openoffice org and login to the site if you are already registered that is then go to My issues on the left navigation menubar and click on New choose I10n as the component after that one select the version subcomponent as code Issue type as ENHANCEMENT
119. ease roughly once every six months The latest stable version of GNOME as per March 2006 was 2 14 For a detailed list of stable releases of GNOME starting from version 1 0 please refer to 7 4 d 7 3 2 GNOME Components Given below is a general overview of the different components of GNOME a Display Manager The GNOME Display Manager GDM is a sophisticated XDM replacement It is an entirely new implementation of XDMCP the X Display Manager Control Protocol and associated functionality It consists of four separate parts 1 small daemon 2 graphical login program 3 host chooser 4 configurator The GDM implements a rich feature set required for managing local and remote displays With this manager one can login to the remote computer and use the GNOME Desktop Window as if running in the local computer b File System GNOME interacts well with the the Linux File System Among the popular file types and operations that it handles include VFS Mime types Metadata etc Files are managed and stored in different formats and different file systems like ext2 reiserfs fat32 etc in GNOME c Control Center GNOME uses the Control Center to customize the users desktop environment according to it s preferences The user may set his her preferences of the GNOME environment making use of some 46 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software configuration dialog boxes For instance the desktop s background color mime
120. ebian is a widely used distribution of free software developed by the joint efforts of volunteers from around the world It consists of a lot of basic tools of the operating system from the GNU project and supports the common computer architectures like x86 Power PC etc Debian GNU Linux is the basis for several other distributions including Knoppix Ubuntu Linux linspire etc Debian is also supported by donations made available by the Software in the Public Interest a non profit umbrella organization for free software projects Debian is also well known for its package management system especially APT the Advanced Packaging Tool APT simplifies the process of installing and removing software on Debian systems by automating the retrieval the configuration the compiling sometimes and the installation of software from APT sources Lots of Debian derivatives exist today Debian Derivatives are subsets of Debian which are configured to support a particular target group out of the box For example Debian aimed for science Debian aimed for schools etc In our case NepaLinux which is also a Debian Based Linux Distribution is targeted specially towards Desktop users in the Nepali Language Popular Debian Derivatives are e DebianGIS a CDD for Geographical Information and Earth Observation Systems e Debian Junior For children e Debian Med For Medical e DebianNeo Debian Stable for newbies e Skolelinux built by the DebianEdu project aimed
121. ebsite 116 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software http www debian org CD It depends on the user which one to use either CD image DVD images or other available options The easiest route for most people will be to use a set of Debian CDs So in this document we will be considering the Debian Sarge Distribution that can be downloaded from the url http cdimage debian org debian cd current i386 iso cd There are altogether 14 CDROM iso files which can be burnt to the blank CDs using GnomeBaker cdrecord or Nero CD burning utility For setting up the build environment download first 2 iso named debian testing i386 binary 1 iso and debian testing i386 binary 2 iso The number of iso version and codename can subjected to change later The name and version used in this guide is the one released at the time of writing this guide You can get more information regarding releases on the site http www debian org releases Installing Debian Sarge Basic Steps for installing Debian Sarge from the CD images are described below Making the system bootable from CD In order to install Debian in your computer you need to boot the computer with the Sarge first CD Follow the steps below to make the system bootable from the CD a As the computer starts press the keys to enter the BIOS utility Often it is the Delete key However consult the hardware documentation for the exact keystrokes b Find the boot sequence in t
122. ed by a single language module dealing with a single direction either left to right or right to left If the font size and style is also set for the text the items are further sub divided into pieces of the same font category b Boundary resolution In this step textual boundaries such as word boundaries and line breaks are determined for each item The boundary resolution is handled by the function pango break c Shaping Characters are taken within each item which are later converted into glyphs The pango shape function is used for this purpose d Line breaking The results of shaping and boundary resolution are used to choose where to break lines that need to be wrapped However pango shape might need to be used further in case breaking lines involves dividing items e Rendering Rendering is the result of the shaping and line breaking process which is a set of glyph strings a list of glyphs from the font along with positioning information for each glyph Libpangox is used for rendering X fonts and libpangoft2 for rendering True type and postscript fonts via the free type library 18 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 3 5 References for Further Reading a Pango internationalized text handling Owen Taylor Red Hat Inc b Research report for rendering Nepali in Linux Paras Pradhan Pawan Chitrakar Minal Koirala Sarin Pradhan and Srishtee Gurung Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Nepal 19
123. ed can be termed as a FOSS Community A Foss Community may comprise of developers FOSS advocates experts end users etc This Community is assumed to be actively involved in interaction on FOSS issues both formally and informally through emails and internet formal meetings and discussions gatherings etc 19 9 What does a FOSS Community do A FOSS Community acts as an information center for answering to the queries and problems on Free Open Source Software Besides FOSS Communities can also facilitate the conducting of awareness campaigns and trainings on FOSS In addition it can also be a common forum for filing bugs and correspondingly discussing and providing the bug fixes Hence a FOSS Community has a wide sphere of activities for involvement 13 4 Why build a FOSS Community Despite the gradual increase in the popularity of FOSS in the recent years one of the bottlenecks in the wide usage of the FOSS is lack of adequate technical support FOSS Developers are basically enthusiasts and volunteer programmers who spend no time preparing proper documentation on the software they develop Besides they also do not see reason to document things they know or regard simple enough to be understood by their partner programmers This has had a negative impact on the potential users of FOSS People tend to shy away from using FOSS because they find the proprietary ones richly furnished with the required documentation Besides in terms of installa
124. eference to menus and buttons like EDIT matches the term used in the localized operating system 18 Try to get the translation work reviewed by at least two translators independently 6 4 5 Making the Translation Team Familiar with the Translation Environment The newly recruited translation team members should be made familiar with the translation environment For this he she has to be trained in the following a General concepts of CVS b Training with the translation tools c Concept of the Standard Glossary to be followed Our experience has shown that a new translation team member will get trained best and be familiar with the system if he she undergoes a two weeks to a month s training by translating some sample translation strings Specific feedbacks from the lead translator or the translation team manager at this period will be highly beneficial 6 4 6 Translation Monitoring and Tracking Translation monitoring and tracking is indeed a tedious job for the translation manager Periodical meetings may be used for updating the status of the translation activity However greater efficiency will be achieved by taking the help of the CVS and the translation tools like KBabel which takes the log of the exact amount of work done by a perticular translator by date The fact that translation would require close monitoring and tracking it is advisable that the works be conducted in the same organization Decisions of outsourcing may be
125. er_end LC COLLATE in ne NP The standardized collation for the Nepali language is implemented in ne NP locale definition file The sample of LC COLLATE category defined in ne NP is like the one presented below LC COLLATE collating element lt ksha gt from lt U0915 gt lt U094D gt lt U0937 gt collating element tra from lt U0924 gt lt U094D gt lt U0930 gt collating element lt jna gt from lt U091C gt lt U094D gt lt U091E gt order start forward lt U0901 gt lt U0902 gt lt U0903 gt lt U0905 gt lt U0906 gt lt U0907 gt PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt U0908 gt lt U0909 gt lt U090A gt lt U090B gt lt U090F gt lt U090E gt lt U0913 gt lt U0914 gt lt U0915 gt lt U0916 gt lt U0917 gt lt U0918 gt lt U0919 gt lt U091A gt lt U091B gt lt U091C gt lt U091D gt lt U091E gt lt U091F gt lt U0920 gt lt U0921 gt lt U0922 gt lt U0923 gt lt U0924 gt lt U0925 gt lt U0926 gt lt U0927 gt lt U0928 gt lt U092A gt lt U092B gt lt U092C gt lt U092D gt lt U092E gt lt U092F gt lt U0930 gt lt U0932 gt lt U0935 gt lt U0936 gt lt U0937 gt lt U0938 gt lt U0939 gt lt ksha gt lt tra gt lt jna gt lt U093C gt lt U093D gt lt U093E gt lt U093F gt lt U0940 gt lt U0941 gt lt U0942 gt lt U0943 gt lt U0947 gt lt U0948 gt lt U094B gt lt U094C gt lt U094D gt
126. eric numeric punctuation hexadecimal blank control characters etc The following keywords are used inside LC CTYPE copy This specifies the name of the existing locale from which the definition of this category has to be copied If this is specified no other keywords can be used For example copy i18n refers to the default definition upper Upper case letter characters Cntrl digit punct or space characters cannot be specified here For example upper lt A gt lt B gt lt Z gt lower Lower case characters Cntrl digit punct or space characters cannot be specified here For example lower lt a gt lt b gt lt z gt alpha All letter characters Cntrl digit punct or space characters cannot be specified here For example alpha A a lt z gt digit All the digit characters For example digit lt zero gt lt one gt lt two gt lt six gt alnum All the alphanumeric characters Alpha and Digit category are included automatically Cntrl punct or space characters cannot be specified here For example alnum lt A gt lt B gt lt one gt space All whitespace characters Characters specified with the blank keyword must be specified Cntrl alpha upper lower graph digit xdigit characters cannot be specified here For example space lt tab gt lt newline gt lt carriage return gt lt space gt cntrl All control characters Alpha upper lower digit graph punct print space or xdigit c
127. ersion from another team even if they don t use CVS and then CVS can merge the changes from the vendor branch with the latest files if desired Unreserved checkouts allowing more than one developer to work on the same files at the same time CVS provides a flexible modules database that provides a symbolic mapping of names to components of a larger software distribution It applies names to collections of directories and files A single command can manipulate the entire collection CVS servers run on most unix variants and clients for Windows NT 95 OS 2 and VMS are also available CVS will also operate in what is sometimes called server mode against local repositories on Windows 95 NT For getting acquainted with basic CVS installation and commands please refer to Essential CVS Jennifer Vesperamen available at www oreilly com catalog cvs From the above it is understandable that CVS installation and usage is the first requirement for any translation manager With the help of CVS multiple translators from the translation team may check in and check out from a single central CVS repository devised for translation files directory Logs and revision history of individual files can be well maintained This helps to keep track of the actual amount of work done by each translator In addition to this the work distribution can also be managed and monitored efficiently In case of file loss in the local machines considerable amounts of wo
128. esource chrome NP jar locale NP navigator region locale install url jar resource chrome NP jar locale NP communicator region locale install url jar resource chrome NP jar locale NP global region locale install url jar resource chrome NP jar locale NP messenger region Now run the following command and check the localized Interface mozilla uilocale ne NP Packaging XPI XPI Definition XPI stands for cross platform installer and is pronounced as zippy 9 4 d XPI is a technology used by Mozilla products for installing extensions to add functionality XPI is nothing but an archive of files Along with other jar files a XPI typically contains a Javascript install js file which extracts and copies files to specified locations In more recent 5 the install script has been replaced by a chrome manifest and a RDF file install rdf Creating 57 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Mozilla Translator can create language pack XPI itself Those using MozPOTools can archive all the jar files along with install js file using jar command to generate XPI To get install js file download and extract langenus file downloadable from http ftp mozilla org pub mozilla org mozilla releases mozilla1 7 windows XPl Note replace mozilla1 7 with the appropriate version Maintain the following folder structure and then create archive to generate Ixpi bin chrome ne NP jar
129. ess is called the output method 1 5 c 1 4 7 Characters and Glyphs A font is a set of glyphs for a character set A glyph is an appearance form of a character or a sequence of characters It s important to understand the concepts of characters and glyphs For some scripts a character can have more than one variation depending on the context In that case the font may contain more than one glyph for each of those characters On the other hand the concept of ligatures such as in English also allows some sequence of characters to be drawn together This introduces another kind of mapping from more than one character into a single glyph 1 5 c 1 4 8 Bitmap and Vector Fonts Generally there are two methods of describing fonts bitmaps and vectors While bitmap fonts describe glyph shapes by plotting the pixels directly into a two dimensional grid of determined size vector fonts describe the outlines of the glyphs with line and curves Both the font types have their own pros and cons Since bitmap fonts are designed for a particular size the quality of bitmap fonts always drops when scaled up Such a problem does not apply to vector fonts From this perspective vector fonts seem to be a good choice But at the same time vector fonts have poor display in low resolution devices such as computer screens to which bitmap fonts are better alternatives 1 4 9 Output Methods An output method is a general procedure for drawing texts on
130. ext editor like vi gedit etc deb http ftp debian org debian sarge main contrib non free deb http security debian org sarge updates main contrib 4 Run apt get update 5 Now install the packages of your choice 120 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Here we install xfree86 or xorg X server x window system X libraries a set of fonts group of basic X clients and utilities etc and gnome desktop xfree86 is an implementation of the x window system It is a free and open source software under the XFree86 License version 1 1 It is developed by the XFree86 Project Inc The XOrg Server is the official reference implementation of the x window system It is a free and open source software released under MIT License X11R6 7 0 The first version of the X Org Server was forked from xfree86 4 4 RC2 The immediate reason for the fork was a disagreement with the new license for XFree86 4 4 final as several disagreements among the contributors surfaced prior to the split When the fork was created changes were folded in from X11R6 6 creating a common codebase Many of the previous XFree86 developers have joined the X Org Server project Debian sarge repositories have xfree86 packages Hence we consider xfree86 in this document Run apt get install xserver xfree86 or xserver xorg Opt Y Run apt get install x window system Note that after you install x windows by using the above commands you need to make sure tha
131. ext one after the last that you find in the file For instance the number 34 is the next number after the last one 33 in this case that you find in the file In the file i18npool source defaultnumberingprovider defaultnumberingprovider cxx you need to include an entry of the type case CHARS NEPALI Icl formatChars table Alphabet ne sizeof table Alphabet ne sizeof sal Unicode number 1 result break in DefaultNumberingProvider makeNumberingString and then include a line of the type style NumberingType CHARS NEPALI NULL LANG CTL in the correct position in static const Supported NumberingType aSupportedTypes Note that the last element is LANG defining the language as CTL this will appear in the menus only if CTL is activated here you can also use LANG CJK or LANG ALL Finally you have to define the table of permitted characters table Alphabet ne in the file i18npool inc bullet h with a block such as static sal Unicode table Alphabet ne 0x0915 0x0916 0x0917 0x0918 0x0919 0x091A 0x091B 0x091C 0x091D 0x091E 0x091F 0x0920 0x0921 0x0922 0x0923 0x0924 0x0925 0x0926 0x0927 0x0928 0x092A 0x092B 0x092C 0x092D 0x092F 0x0930 0x0932 0x0935 0x0936 0x0937 0x0938 0x0939 Getting the Help contents in your script In order to have the help contents of OpenOffice org in your script if other than Latin it is necessary to localize some stylesheets besides tr
132. f Nepali language in the build which could of course be any other language Here Nepali is used as an example A number of options can be used with the configure script Type the following command config office configure help to display a list of options After running the configure script change to tcsh shell 000 src tcsh The next step is to create the dmake make utility needed for the OpenOffice org build 000 src bootstrap Now source the above created configuration file to set all the environment variables 000 src source LinuxIntelEnv Set Preparing Localization Tools Building transex3 module first 10 8 q The transex3 module is required to build first in order to build the tools for merging the translations into the source code If this module is not built first then the build would have to be performed twice for the localized builds To build transex3 module 96 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 000 src cd transex3 transex3 gt build all transex3 gt deliver The required localization tools for OpenOffice org are built after the transex3 module is built It is a good practice to check the GSI SDF file created for your language It can be done with the gsicheck command The gsicheck command e checks the syntax of tags in GSI Files and SDF Files e checks for inconsistencies and malicious UTF8 encoding e checks tags in Online Help Commonly gsicheck is used
133. for schools e Knoppix e Mepis Linspire e Gnoppix e Morphix 11 3 Linux Distributions and Localization The idea behind the development of the Linux distribution by the localizers is to install all the localized and related software in one CD or DVD For this kind of Linux distributions most preferred type of Linux distribution is a Live CD or a Live DVD which can run directly without installing in the Hard disks This will help the community with a single source of all the localized applications and users do not have to deal with the complexity of the manual installation of localized applications and tools Some of the applications that a typical Live CD or Live DVD Linux distribution includes Unicode Support Language and Culture Locales Different types of Input Methods Open type and true type fonts Localized Desktop Localized Icons and themes Localized Office suite and Internet browsers Spell Checkers Thesaurus Many more applications 115 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software The following section will guide you in developing a Localized Live CD Linux distribution based on the popular Debian GNU Linux and Morphix Live CD Linux distribution 11 4 Development of a Live CD Linux Distribution This section will cover the following topics regarding the development of the Live CD Linux Distribution e Setting up the Build Environment e Creating the Main Module consisting of Localized Desktop In
134. for use in a specific locale 12 2 Developing and localizing QT based applications Introduction to QT Qt Toolkit is a cross platform graphical widget toolkit for the development of GUI programs It is extensibly used in the K Desktop Environment The producer of Qt is the Norwegian company Trolltech formerly known as Quasar Technologies Extended version of the C programming language is used by Qt At the same time bindings exist for Python Ruby C Perl and Pascal It runs on all major platforms and has extensive internationalization support In addition to this there are also various non GUI features like SQL database access XML parsing thread management and a unified cross platform API for file handling 12 3 c QT Open Source download can be found at http www trolltech com products qt downloads Open Source Edition download is available for the following platforms e Qt Windows Open Source Edition e QUX11 Open Source Edition e Qt Mac Open Source Edition Why use QT Because QT is Comprehensive Cross Platform Easy to Use Robust amp Open Source 12 3 d e Qt is a comprehensive development framework that includes an extensive array of features capabilities and tools that enable development of high performance cross platform rich client and server side applications e Using Qt delivers true platform independence code once and deploy anywhere Targeting a new platform demands little more than a simple recompi
135. from http xml apache org xalan j index html and add these to the compilation classpath e Perl 5 Practical Extraction and Report Language Perl is optimised for scanning arbitrary text files and system administration It has built in extended regular expression matching and replacement a data flow mechanism to improve security with setuid scripts and is extensible via modules that can interface to C libraries e tcsh Itis an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell csh Although the build can be started in bash all the scripts in the build system are actually csh scripts zip and unzip Archiver and De archiver for zip files respectively General Polygon Clipper library gpc A flexible and highly robust polygon set operations library for use with C applications To get gpc files Go to http www cs man ac uk aig staff alan software and download the required file Unpack the tarball like this unzip gpc232 zip You should have the files gpc c and gpc h in src external gpc by doing as follows gpc232 ooo SRC680 m MILESTONE src external gpc Ant Apache Ant is a Java based build tool To install Apache Ant e Go to http ant apache org and download the required package e Then unzip the file like this unzip apache ant 1 6 2 bin zip e Mozilla libraries Some Mozilla libraries are needed You can choose one of the following three options Build the libraries e Get the source from http ftp
136. ftware Getting the source code There are two options to get the source code 1 Downloading the source code tarball a http download openoffice org 2 0 0 source html For example OOo 2 0 0 src tar gz in case of the 2 0 stable release b Unpack the tarball as follows tar zxvf OOo 2 0 0 src tar gz cd Ooo 2 0 0rc3 src Note This will be 000_src from now on 2 Checking out the code from cvs as anoncvs if you don t have a username and password a cvs d pserver anoncvs anoncvs services openoffice org cvs login Just press enter when prompted for the password b cd 000_src cvs d pserver anoncvs anoncvs services openoffice org cvs co r OpenOffice 2 0 0 OpenOffice Setting up the build environment and generating the build tools The configure script which is used to check prepare the build environment checks all the requirements such as software hardware and system requirements for the build and creates a configuration file called LinuxIntelEnv Set This configuration file is used to set all necessary build environment variables The environment variables CC and CXX should point to c and c compiler if the compiler running has a non standard name or location export CC your path to gcc export CXX your path to g To run the configure script first go to the config office directory and run the configure script 000 src cd config office config office configure with lang ne The with lang option is for the inclusion o
137. ges 1 2 Factors to be Considered while Deciding to Localize a Software The following factors need to be considered before deciding whether or not to localize a software a Nature and Scope of the Software Product The applicability of the software product in the local market needs to be taken into consideration If the software has inapplicable features in the local context one has to initially add the required features before translating it b Size of the Target Market and Audience The size of the target market and audience also plays a major role in the localization especially to individuals and commercial companies working in the field of localization c Length of the Product Life Cycle and Anticipated Update Frequencies This issue also needs to be taken into consideration as unnecessarily lengthy product life cycles and high or low update frequencies also adversely effect the general usability of the software d Competitor Behavior The demand of any product in the market primarily depends upon the competitiveness it can offer as opposed to it s alternatives Hence this factor also needs to be taken into consideration e Market Acceptance Hand in hand with the analysis of the available features in the software before localizing it one also has to take into consideration whether the software retains the quality of being accepted by the market in terms of qualitative service or not f National or International Legislation This i
138. gt translation ART Aaret HAVANT lt translation gt lt message gt lt message gt lt source gt Hello World lt source gt lt translation gt lt translation gt lt message gt lt message gt lt source gt Quit lt source gt lt translation gt lt translation gt lt message gt lt context gt lt context gt lt name gt QLabel lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Quit lt source gt lt translation gt deq ajas translation gt lt message gt lt context gt lt context gt 134 13 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt name gt QPushButton lt name gt lt message gt lt source gt Hello World lt source gt translation AA PR SWR translation lt message gt lt context gt lt TS gt After adding the equivalent localized string of the English string ne_NP qm can be generated by clicking File Release An alternate way to generate ne_NP qm is by giving the following command lrelease qtproj1 pro Irelease reads a Qt pro project file and produces the qm files used by the application one for each ts translation source file listed in the project file Translation file ts file is a human readable file but cannot be used to load a translation unless it is compiled to qm file The qm file format is a compact binary format that provides extremely fast lookups for translations To compile the QT project enter the following command qmake m
139. gt lt r gt Equivalent of AM PM p AM PM am_pm lt A gt lt M gt lt P gt lt M gt Appropriate date and time representation c 96a ob e H M S WY d t fmt lt percent sign gt lt a gt lt space gt lt percent sign gt lt b gt space percent sign e space percent sign H colon percent sign M colon percent sign2 S space percent sign Y 2 Appropriate date representation 9ox Ym d y d fmt lt percent sign gt lt m gt lt slash gt lt percent sign gt lt d gt lt slash gt lt percent sign gt lt y gt Appropriate time representation X H M S t fmt lt percent sign gt lt H gt lt colon gt lt percent sign gt lt M gt colon percent sign S Appropriate 12 hour time representation 260 Y l M S Y p t fmt ampm lt percent sign gt lt I gt lt colon gt lt percent sign gt lt M gt lt colon gt percent sign S percent sign p END LC_TIME Sample of LC_TIME used in ne_NP locale definition file is as follows LC_TIME Abbreviated weekday names a abday lt U0906 gt lt U0907 gt lt U0924 gt lt U0020 gt lt U0938 gt lt U094B gt lt U092E gt lt U0020 gt lt U092E gt lt U0919 gt lt U094D gt lt U0917 gt lt U0932 gt lt U0020 gt lt U092C gt lt U0941 gt lt U0927 gt lt U0020 gt lt U092C gt lt U093F gt lt U0939 gt lt U0940 gt lt U0020 gt lt
140. gt Friday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt Day gt lt DaylD gt sat lt DaylD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Sat lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt Saturday lt DefaultFullName gt lt Day gt lt DaysOfWeek gt lt MonthsOfyY ear gt lt Month gt 88 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt MonthID gt jan lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Jan lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt January lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt MonthlD feb MonthID lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Feb lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt F ebruary lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt mar lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Mar lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt March lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt apr lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Apr lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt April lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt may lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt May lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt May lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt jun lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Jun lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt June lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt jul lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Jul lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultF
141. guide Besides we can also use the text editor tools openoffice and gedit as translation tools for small translation works In the following section we discuss different features of Kbabel as a translation tool Kbabel is being used as 33 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software a translation tool for the localization works at the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Nepal mainly because it is OpenSource and furnished with a rich set of features essential for the translators Translating with Kbabel Kbabel has different features that assist the translation work 6 5 f User friendly user interface Automatically searches fuzzy or translated strings Suggests a list of possible translations for a string Performs checks on syntax and spell check thus maintaining the format of the file Handles Unicode encoded files without any problem Help files on using individual features of Kbabel are available Statistics of translated messages untranslated messages fuzzy translations are displayed on the status bar Keeps track of the modifications incurred in the file thus keeping the record of the last modification date 9 Powerful navigational features allowing the translator to move forward or backward or even to a particular string 10 Drag and drop support 11 Font configuration support for the message editor 12 Tips or aids as comments for contextual translation of the strings 13 Supports G
142. h The following 2 files are patched a mozilla configure in b mozilla gfx src gtk nsFontMatricsXft cpp Once the patching is successful you are ready for compilation Generating build environment export MOZILLA OFFICIAL 1 export BUILD OFFICIAL 1 export MOZ INTERNAL LIBART LGPL 1 Preparation for compilation Prepare for compilation with following options configure enable mathml enable crypto enable xft enable default toolkit gtk2 disable ctl enable optimize O2 disable debug disable tests without system nspr without system zlib without system jpeg without system png without system mng disable xprint disable freetype enable pango Compilation Compilation involves the following make After build is successful execute and check the rendering by visiting site mozilla dist bin mozilla If the rendering is satisfactory go ahead with the preparation of the mozilla installer as mentioned in the following section Generating the Mozilla Installer The following commands have to be run for generating the Mozilla Installer cd mozilla XPInstall packager unix perl deliver pl you will get erroran complaining about not finding the mozilla installer bin file To eliminate this error download a mozilla installer from mozilla com unzip it and copy this particular file mozilla installer bin to the following folder mozilla XPInstall wizard unix src2 Run the perl script again The mozilla i
143. he above examples we wrote single characters like D A B etc For English language the number of affix rules are less so the characters from A to Z will cover the number of rules Other languages like Nepali may have more affix rules which will not be covered by these single characters The num value sets the decimal number flag type Decimal flags numbered from 1 to 65535 and in flag fields in the dictionary file dic they are separated by commas FLAG num command sets numerical flags separated by comma as shown in the example below FLAG num SFX 65000 Y 1 SFX 65000 0 s 1 Dictionary example foo 65000 12 2756 There is yet another syntax for giving flags in the affix and dictionary files FLAG long command sets 2 character flags FLAG long SFX Y1Y 1 SFX Y10s 1 Dictionary record with the Y1 Z3 F flags 103 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software foo Y1Z3F The default type is the extended ASCII 8 bit character UTF 8 parameter sets UTF 8 encoded Unicode character flags The long value sets the double extended ASCII character flag type However the UTF 8 flag type doesn t work on ARM platform 3 COMPLEX PREFIXES This option sets the twofold prefix stripping but single suffix stripping for agglutinative languages with right to left writing system 4 LANG langcode The language code can be set through this option In Hunspell language specific codes can be enabled by LANG code
144. he process using MozPOTools is shown below cd deerpark I10n mv ab CD ab CD orig moz2po i ab CD orig o ab CD po In the command above ab CD orig is the original folder under I10n folder and ab CD po is the new folder that will be created 72 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software After the command has been successfully executed check to see if dtd and properties files have been converted to dtd po and properties po respectively Now open the ab CD_po folder in translation tools like kbabel and start translating If you just want to see the translation process open any po file in editors like gedit and translate a few strings After the translation is done convert the po files back to mozilla native format as follows po2moz i ab CD_po o ab CD t ab CD orig I ab CD Here ab CD is the new folder to be created ab CD orig folder works as A template folder ab CD indicates locale code Preparation for building Create a file named mozconfig firefox as follows and copy it into the mozilla folder topsrcdir browser config mozconfig mk add options MOZ_OBJDIR topsrcdir ffbuild ac add options prefix usr ac add options mandir prefix share man ac add options infodir prefix share info ac add options enable default toolkit gtk2 ac add options with default mozilla five home usr lib firefox ac add options enable pango ac add options with user appdir mozilla ac a
145. he requirement Linux swap has also to be created So Select the FREE SPACE entry and press Enter once again g Choose Create a New Partition Linux swap partition size must be double the size of the physical RAM of the computer For example have 256 MB of RAM so i decided the Linux Swap partition to be 512 MB Hence provide the size which best suits your case h Repeat step d Under Partition settings Press Enter on the menu Use as Select swap area and press Enter Now run Done Setting up Partition Press Enter on Finish partitioning and write changes to disk menu Finally Click Yes to Write the changes to disk xara lt Base Installation process starts from this point and after the installer will prompt you whether to Install the Grub boot loader in the master boot record Choose Yes After writing Grub to the master boot record the installer will eject the CD Then press Continue This will restart the machine and boot into the new installed system But note that this is not the end of the installation and only half way to the completion Now the Welcome Screen appears Choose OK Choose a Hardware clock set to GMT yes b Time Zone Your Zone C root password any strong password d re type password password you typed just a step before e Full name for the new user Firstname Lastname f Username for the new user Firstname or any other preferred g Password for
146. he same terms Maintaining a glossary of terms would ensure that you don t use multiple terms to refer to the same thing As far as possible avoid creating new terms Try to find out a standard body for your language to get terms 9 The gettext is a good package with tools for internationalisation managing different versions of the application etc If you do not know about gettext it would be a good idea to learn about it from different sources 10 Avoid word to word translation and try to perform sense to sense translation This means that the translator should always bear in mind the intended meaning in the source language 11 The translator should take care to produce the intended overall effect with the appropriate tone by making the right choice of words 12 Be sure not to use terms that are jargon or slang 13 Do not use terms that have several meanings DUO or E eo 42 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 14 Do not use the same words for different meanings 15 Person and number should be retained wherever possible in translation so that singular does not change to plural and third person statements do not change to first or second person statements 16 In some cases a sentence would be highly compressed in English but would run into 2 or 3 sentences when translated Such sentences need special attention In such cases word to word translation would cause problems 17 Be sure that the r
147. he setup utility It s location depends on your BIOS but you are looking for a field that lists the drives Common entries on IDE machines are C A cdrom or A C cdrom C is the hard drive and A is the floppy drive c Change the boot sequence setting so that the CD ROM is first Usually the Page Up or Page Down keys cycle through the possible choices d Save your changes Instructions on the screen tell you how to save the changes on your computer Booting Debian Sarge from the first CD and Continuing the Installation e Turn on your computer and insert the Debian Sarge first CD in your CDROM Drive e Type linux26 and press Enter to Boot Using linux26 option will install the 2 6 x series kernel into the System and simply pressing Enter will install 2 4 x series Kernel Here we will use linux26 option e Choose Language English Country or Region United States Keymap American English e f the Configure the Network screen appears Press Continue and select Do not configure the network at this time We are installing Debian just from CDs so its OK to proceed without configuring the network Note that if your computer is connected to the network and your network is DHCP enabled network the screen will not appear e Next type any name like Buildmachine when prompted for the Hostname e The Partition disks screen appears now First you will be given the opportunity to automatically partition either an entire drive or free spa
148. here are languages whose character sets are not covered by the standard 8 bit encoding too For example Nepali and a lot of African languages have non latin or extended latin characters Even in the Hungarian language with its standard ASCII character set ISO 8859 2 problems arise when dealing with foreign words like ngstr m or Moli re as the characters and are not part of ISO 8859 2 98 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software When these words combine with inflections containing characters only in ISO 8859 2 like elative bo l allative to or delative ro with double acute they result in words like Angstr mro or Moli re to l which can not be encoded using any single ASCII encoding scheme These problems related to 8 bit ASCII encoding have long been figured out by proponents of Unicode Unfortunately switching to Unicode e g UTF 16 encoding will require a great deal of code optimization and also have an impact on the efficiency of the algorithm The D m lki algorithm used in checking affixing conditions utilizes 256 byte character arrays which would grow upto 64k with Unicode encoding Since online affixing for a richly agglutinative language can easily have several hundreds of such arrays in the case of the standard Hungarian resources this number is ca 300 or more since redundant storage of structurally identical affix patterns improves efficiency switching to Unicode would incu
149. hing ready to transform your PO files to GSI SDF OpenOffice org format file using the following command 10 8 p po2oo i po o GSI ne sdf t en US sdf ne where ne is the ISO code for your language ne if the language is Nepali en US sdf is one of the GSI SDF files used for generating POT files po is the name of the directory with PO files and GSI ne sdf is the final GSI SDF file that can be used with localize tool to merge into the source The final GSI SDF file should be submitted as an issue to OpenOffice org to be included in the official source 10 5 Building Localized OpenOffice org in Debian GNU Linux Based Systems Building OpenOffice org is a big challenge in the sense that it is time consuming and that there are lots of modules inside OpenOffice org to be compiled Though the compilation time varies for different systems with different configurations compiling in GNU Linux based systems takes more than 12 hours in a system with high resources For any questions or suggestions comments related to development and building you should write to the dev openoffice org mailing list This part of the localization guide describes the process to build localized OpenOffice org on GNU Linux And the GNU Linux distribution that has been used is a Debian based Linux system Note ooo src will denote the directory in which the source code of OpenOffice org is stored Build requirements 10 8 r Hardware requirements Intel Pentium I
150. hological description field There is a similar optional field in the dictionary file separated by tabulator word flags morphology We define a simple resource with morphological informations Dictionary file drink X VERB The VERB informs us that the word drink is a verb 100 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software The affix file consists of the rules that will add affixes to the words which are present in the dic file As mentioned earlier the flag which is usually a character in the dictionary file points to these rules To clarify the concept of the affix file consider the following example of an affix file affix1 aff SET UTF 8 TRY esianrtolcdugmphbyfvkwzESIANRTOLCDUGMPHBYFVKWZ REP 2 REP f ph REP ph f PFX A Y 1 PFXAOre SFXBY2 SFX B 0 ed y SFX By ied y An affix is either a prefix or a suffix attached to root words to make other words For example supply gt supplied by dropping the y and adding an ied the suffix or work gt rework by simply adding re An affix file aff may contain a lot of optional attributes For example the first line consisting of SET specifies the character set used for both the dictionary file and the affix file should be all uppercase The above affix file example defines UTF 8 character encoding TRY in the second line sets the change characters for suggestions It is used in building suggestions for misspelled words for example the
151. hrome ne NP jar Hcd Now open the file chrome manifest and replace all entries of nl and nl jar with ne NP and ne NP jar respectively Open the file install rdf Change em id em name and em contributer entry to match your specification DO NOT edit anything under em targetApplication Now generate ne NP xpi as follows jar cvf ne NP xpi Installing Execute firefox and open this newly created ne NP xpi file and install it Restart firefox to see the localized interface You might have to execute Firefox with firefox uilocale ne NP sometimes 9 3 Complex Text and Mozilla FireFox Mozilla and mozilla firefox use their own rendering engine for font rendering Firefox built with CTL support is able to render indic scripts Firefox binaries supplied by fedora core 4 and Ubuntu Linux are compiled with CTL So executing firefox with environment MOZ_ENABLE_PANGO 1 in these distros will render indic script Firefox official builds will have CTL integrated by default only around the beginning of 2007 9 4 j Pango is not turned on by default in firefox official builds because Latin texts are rendered better by mozilla s default rendering engine rather than pango Besides enabling pango also increases the application s executing time Complex Text Rendering in Firefox is much more satisfactory than in Mozilla Suite 9 4 Tools Available for the Localization of Mozilla FireFox Localization of Mozilla based products is a specific
152. i SCIM Install scim pacakges e apt get install scim e apt get install scim gtk2 immodule e apt get install scim tables xx OR apt get install scim tables additional Use this command only if the scim keyboard layout mapping table is submitted to the official scim main stream If not submitted you can copy your mapping binary table file to the location usr share scim tables iii 122 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Install iiimf packages e apt get install iiimf htt csconv e apt get install iiimf htt xbe iiimgcf libiiimcf2 libiiimpO iiimf htt server If the iiimf keyboard mapping table is not submitted to the official iiimf main stream use the following steps Create a folder with your country name mkdir p usr lib im locale UNIT LANUAGE data Copy the binary file cp yourlayout data usr lib im locale UNIT COUNTRY data Add the following to usr lib im locale UNIT sysime cfg xx XX yourlayout common ctim so LANGUAGE 5 Adding the necessary scripts i Create a locale gen file under etc and add your ane en US locale entry Example of locale gen file Here ne NP is the locale for Language Nepali and Country Nepal en US ISO 8859 1 en US UTF 8 ne NP UTF 8 ii mkdir morphix cdrom cdrom MorphixCD floppy iii Create a file inside morphix named init sh Copy paste the following lines to it bin sh Module dependent initscript copyleft 2003 Alex de Landgraaf G
153. ide the Numbering styles for paragraphs Please refer to Adding support for numbering in local language numbers and letters section for more on this Sample of this section lt LC_NumberingLevel gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 4 Prefix Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumT ype 4 Prefix Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 4 Prefix Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumT ype 2 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 0 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 1 Prefix Suffix gt NumberingLevel NumType 1 Prefix Suffix gt lt NumberingLevel NumType 3 Prefix Suffix gt lt LC_NumberingLevel gt If you want to use numbers in the script of your locale you need to use NumType 12 lt LC_OutLineNumberingLevel gt 91 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software In this section of the locale file you have to define what styles will be included in OpenOffice org Writer in Format gt Bullets and Numbering gt Numbering type tab Each lt OutlineStyle gt block in the locale file defines one of the 8 squares in this page Each block has five lines defining the first five levels of heading The first line of a block for example will define how paragraphs with style Heading 1 will be numbered including number style and characters to be placed before and after the number if some bullet characters should be used the left margin of H
154. ight C YEAR THE PACKAGE S COPYRIGHT HOLDER This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package FIRST AUTHOR lt EMAIL ADDRESS gt YEAR fuzzy msgid msgstr Project Id Version PACKAGE VERSION POT Creation Date 2003 05 01 13 15 0200 n PO Revision Date YEAR MO DA HO MI ZONE n Last Translator FULL NAME lt EMAIL ADDRESS gt n 39 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Language Team LANGUAGE lt LL li org gt n MIME Version 1 0 Content Type text plain charset CHARSET n Content Transfer Encoding 8bit n Header for Nepali translation Nepali Translation Project Copyright C YEAR THE PACKAGE S COPYRIGHT HOLDER This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package FIRST AUTHOR lt EMAIL ADDRESS gt YEAR msgid msgstr Project Id Version Gnome 2 10 n POT Creation Date 2006 02 01 13 15 0200 n PO Revision Date 2006 02 01 13 15 0200 n Last Translator Jyotsana Shrestha lt jyotsana mpp org np gt n Language Team Nepali lt info mpp org np gt n MIME Version 1 0 Content Type text plain charset UTF 8 n Content Transfer Encoding 8bit n After the header information the actual message strings starts It is paired with msgid and msgstr as an example shown below src 01 main c 500 msgid GNOME msgstr The line src 01 main c 500 is the message id and the location where it occurs
155. ill tend to get stuck with a three letter one For languages spoken in more than one country a translation specific to a country will be followed by an underscore and the two letter country code capitalized This can further be appended with an at sign and more qualifying information For now you need to know that language codes typically look like ne Nepali or ne NP Nepali used in Nepal or ne IN Nepali used in India Language code is used to identify your localization for example in the form of locales and files Once you have your code you can start translating The language code will be defined in the GNOME Locale Please refer to Chapter 2 for detailed information on Locale and Locale Development For the GNOME Desktop Environment to be displayed in a particular language the locale selected has to match with the language being employed for the translation For example the locale ne NP and the translation in the Nepali language in the case of Nepal Different versions of GNOME will have different number of strings to be translated Generally the latest version will have more and older version lesser strings to translate Similarly the number of applications that have to be translated will also vary upon the versions While undertaking the translation of any version of GNOME one has to take note of the version number as translation work for one version may not necessarily work for another version 49 PAN Localization Guide to
156. in module If you want to use your own created splash screen first create the image in png format 450x200 in size and copy it in the folder mainmodule usr share images desktop base Then follow the steps listed below Let the filename of the newly created image be mysplash png chroot mainmodule cd etc alternatives rm desktop splash In s usr share images desktop base mysplash png desktop splash exit Create the main module by refering to Main Module Construction section i Changing the default Background of the Gnome Desktop If you want to use your own background for the Gnome Desktop create an image which is 1600x1200 in size of png file format and copy it to the folder usr share images desktop base of the main module Let s say the name of the background image you created is mybackground png Then the following steps listed below should be followed chroot mainmodule cd etc alternatives rm desktop background In s usr share images desktop base mybackground png desktop background exit See the Main Module Construction section to create the main module Live CD Directory Structure Before generating a final ISO for your Live CD the minimal mandatory directories are base boot and mainmod If you look inside the folder mylivcd which is generated from the Base ISO you can see many folders A general overview of the functionality of those folders is given below base Folder that contains the base module which detec
157. instead of professional translators the management ends up hiring enthusiasts with basic computer skills a good grasp of English as well as satisfactory knowledge of the target language 6 4 2 Human Resource Estimation Yet another challenging job for the translation manager as the exact number of human resource required for translation can hardly be objective The stastical measure of the required translator may be achieved by looking at the number of strings required for translation and the average number of strings translated by a translator on an average per day Experiences have shown that the increased number of translators does not necessarily help accomplish qualitative translation on time Rather qualified and competent manpower though small in number may effectively complete the work in time and without the necessity later on to spend several hours for verification Hence the human resource estimation has to be subjective rather than objective 6 4 3 Orientation and Training to the Translation Team First and foremost the translation team has to become familiar with the standard glossary of terminologies that they would be following throughout the translation process This implies that the standard glossary is a pre requisite for starting up any translation work for software localization in order to to produce consistent translation from all those involved in the translation process Without a common standard the translation may lack unifo
158. ion and others So in order to contribute first register in the OpenOffice org official site and then join the dev I10n openoffice org mailing list The next step is to check whether your language is listed in the http I10n openoffice org languages html If it 77 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software already exists then you can contact the lead for that particular language and express your interest in contributing If not then you can write to the dev lI10n openoffice org list and express your interest in initiating the contribution in the form of translation Adding new language to OpenOffice org source Certain files which are given below need to be modified in order to incorporate new language into OpenOffice org 10 8 i Modification of files becomes much easier and faster when patches are created submitted and applied Patch is the difference between the original file and the new changed file When creating a patch you make a copy of the original file eg lang h and change the new copied file The diff command is used between the original or the old one and the new one 10 8 j The syntax of the diff command is diff u oldfile newfile gt patchfile The extension of the file can be either diff or patch For instance in our case diff u lang h lang new h gt lang h diff where u is for unified diff format The simplest way to use the patch is to use the command patch po
159. ion of the keyboard layout has to be created looking at the available keyboard maps after which one has to write the input method module based on the keyboard map The input method module developed may be plugged into the system to be used 1 4 11 Locales Locale is a term introduced by the concept of internationalization I18N in which generic frameworks are made so that software can adjust its behaviors to the requirements of different native languages cultural conventions and coded character sets without modification or re compilation 1 5 c Locales describing particular cultures are defined within such frameworks Under such arrangement users when configuring their systems find their locales picked up in the respective applications Provided the locale definition file internationalized applications may easily accomplish functions specific to a particular locale of any country Hence the only thing required for an internationalized software to support a new language or culture is creating a locale definition for the specific language and filling up the required information The most interesting part is that things work perfectly without changing the actual source code For more detailed information on locales refer to Chapter 2 Locale Development 1 4 12 Basic Steps for Linux Localization As evident from the above information on localization the basic procedures for Linux Localization are as follows Creating locales Font development
160. itles Western IB jWestern IB root gatev root gatev pM Mozillatrans reddundent Ei us Figure 13 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator 64 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Applications Actions cea Thu Jan 6 11 27 iq 7 File Import Export Choose Locale Text that appear mo 1 ET Fija Jusr lib mozilla chrome ne NP jar Choose Text Origi I H display Name eft Author Hed WES RAST Help Help Preview URL Help Help Version PLAN Help Help Select platforms and regions Help Product Help nepali mo Help i Help Help Help Help Help Save File Save File Properties Properties Properties Properties i Properties Figure 14 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator Now when all 5 jar files have been created you have to make a XPI to be able to install through the browser XPI file is the combination of jar file and a install js java script file Note ne NP xpi ne NP jar ne unix jar ne mac jar ne win jar NP jar install js Go to export gt install Fill the fields as show in the following screen shot Click on ok Now check and see if the ne NP xpi file has been created Now Install the XPI in
161. ive CD Linux distributions Embedded Linux distributions Floppy based Linux distributions Diskless terminal Linux distributions Handheld PDA Linux distributions Flash Disk based Linux distributions Hard Disk based Linux Distributions This type of Linux distribution is the most common type Distribution The method of installing Linux is by 114 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software booting from a CD that contains the installation program and installable software The CD can be burned from a downloaded ISO image purchased alone for a low price or can be obtained as part of a box that may also include manuals and additional commercial software The most popular Red Hat Linux falls into this category Live CD Linux distributions Live CD based Linux distribution has the operating system kernel scripts and software stored on a bootable CD or DVD that can be run directly from the CD or DVD drive without installing into permanent memory such as a hard drive It runs with the help of Ramdisk A Ramdisk is a virtual solid state disk that uses a segment of active computer memory Ramdisk provides a role typically functioned by hard drives A live CD does not alter the current operating system or files without a user s intervention The system returns to its previous OS state when the live CD is ejected and the computer is rebooted Morphix and Knoppix are the most popular Live CD Linux Distributions Debian GNU Linux D
162. ization is dealt with briefly in Chapter 3 A brief discussion in Chapter 4 about font technology and usage of fonts in GNU Linux is followed in Chapter 5 by the different types of input methods available in Linux and the required procedures for their development Chapter 6 discusses different aspects of translation a major activity in localization as well as the requirements of the Translation Manager the translation process management human resource estimation required for translation and translation tools The next four Chapters 7 8 9 and 10 are dedicated to the details of localization of applications viz Gnome Desktop Mozilla Suite OpenOffice org Mozilla FireFox and OpenOffice org respectively starting from general introduction historical information the localization components and frameworks tools required for localization procedures for building from source to the submission of the files to official sites In Chapter 10 we deal with OpenOffice org as well as discuss the development and implementation of the Spell Checker and Thesaurus for non English languages Chapter 11 deals with the localization of Linux Distribution different types of Linux Distributions and the development of the Live CD Debian based Linux Distribution In Chapter 12 the development of Internationalized Open Source Applications and a brief overview on internationalization in terms of software development is discussed An overview on developing QT based Appli
163. l PA recommended e 256 MB RAM highly recommended e 4 Gb free disk space add approximately 2 Gb to build with with lang ALL option Software requirements glibc 2 1 x or higher The GNU C Library It contains the standard libraries that are used by nearly all programs on the system This package includes shared versions of the standard C library and the standard math library as well as many others Timezone data is also included e gcc The GNU C compiler It is a fairly portable optimized compiler for C e g The GNU C compiler It is a fairly portable optimized compiler for C e The X11 development libraries and header files should be installed These should be in place with most GNU Linux distributions e PAM Pluggable Authentication Module It should come with most GNU Linux distributions The development package must be installed for your distribution e JDK 1 3 1 or JDK 1 4 2 It is to be noted that not just the JRE Java Runtime Environment but the SDK Software Development Kit is also needed JDK 1 5 0 is supported starting from milestone m158 e Toinstall JDK 1 4 2 e Goto http java sun com j2se 1 4 2 and download the required package 94 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software e Then execute the file like this j2sdk 1_4 2 02 linux i586 bin e If you are building with JDK 1 3 1 you need to download crimson jar from http xml apache org crimson and xalan jar and xml apis jar
164. l component MPP s focus has been on reducing the distance prevalent among the general Nepali people and computers due to the language barrier MPP released the NepaLinux 1 0 which was enthusiastically taken up by the users MPP is presently working on improving and refining the existing release by incorporating user feedbacks Work is also underway to localize handheld devices like the PDA and mobile devices into Nepali due to be released in December 2006 through this project In the second phase of the PAN Localization Project MPP plans to develop the Nepali Optical Character Recognition system and deploy the existing NepaLinux system to the end users Natural Language Processing NLP applications like the Spell Checker for Nepali Grammar Checker for Nepali Machine Translation System for Nepali Optical Character Recognition System for Nepali Text to Speech System for Nepali are also slowly emerging However Nepali continues to be an under resourced iii language in terms of the NLP tools and linguistic resources required for conducting the computational linguistics Work is underway to build these resources Another factor that requires urgent attention is the dearth of NLP experts with adequate knowledge and expertise in language computing MPP plans to establish a National Language and Technology Centre in Nepal which would serve as a common ground for conducting research and development in Nepali Language Computing and also provide the
165. la covered below in this section has been based on 9 4 c Mozilla as a project was the continuation of the Netscape Communicator as an open project In January 23 1998 Netscape made an announcement that it would give away the source code for its Netscape Communicator suite This announcement came as a huge surprise even to the Open Source community never before had a major software company opened up its proprietary code Netscape however couldn t release this code under GNU GPL license because the source code also included many third party components and the owner of these components didn t want to give away their code It was decided that a new license would be written to release this source code On 31 March 1998 Netscape finally released the source and named it Mozilla They released it under a newly made Mozilla Public License MPL The Netscape Public License NPL under which the commercial version of Netscape Netscape Communicator is released is almost identical to MPL except that the NPL includes amendments granting Netscape some additional rights All the source code for Mozilla is available under the Mozilla Public Licenses which are accepted as free software licenses by the Free Software Foundation 8 3 Mozilla Product Localization 8 3 1 Basic information The Mozilla user interface is composed of several XML files These pages are rendered by the layout engine at runtime 9 4 a Mozilla user interface is contained in reso
166. lag may be only inside compounds Fuge elements in German fogemorphemes in Swedish ONLYINCOMPOUND flag also works with words see Example for compounding 9 COMPOUNDPERMITFLAG flag This option allows the prefixes at the beginning of compounds suffixes are allowed at the end of compounds by default Affixes with COMPOUNDPERMITFLAG may be inside compounds see Example for compounding 10 COMPOUNDFORBIDFLAG flag Suffixes with this flag forbid compounding of the affixed word 11 COMPOUNDROOT flag COMPOUNDROOT flag signs the compounds in the dictionary Now it is used only in the Hungarian language specific code 12 COMPOUNDWORDMAX number This option sets the maximum word count in a compound word Default is unlimited 13 CHECKCOMPOUNDDUP This option forbids word duplication in compounds eg foofoo 14 CHECKCOMPOUNDREP This option forbids compounding if the usually bad compound word may be a non compound word with a REP fault This is useful for languages with compound friendly orthography 15 CHECKCOMPOUNDCASE This option will forbid upper case characters at word bound in compounds see Example for compounding 16 CHECKCOMPOUNDTRIPLE This option forbids compounding if the compound word contains triple letters eg or xo oof There is a bug in this option i e the missing multi bytecharacter support in UTF 8 encoding works only for 7 bit ASCII characters 17 CHECKCOMPOUNDPATTERN number of checkcompo
167. languages Pango can work on top of multiple display systems including traditional X fonts or client side OpenType fonts The architectural and design features of Pango are characterized by the following 3 5 a a Unicode is used as a common character set throughout the system b Itis modular in terms of design The code specific to each language is contained in a separate dynamically loaded module This has several benefits Firstly it reduces the amount of code that is contained in the main library Secondly it allows modules for specific languages to be developed and distributed by teams familiar with those languages instead of tying the development of support for a particular language to the release cycle of the core system c Pango language module is divided into pieces the language module and the shaper module 17 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software The Language module takes into consideration system independent rendering the same tasks needs to be performed whether using Xfonts to draw to the screen drawing into an off screen buffer in some other fashion or printing to paper The Shaper module takes into consideration system dependent rendering this deals with the positioning of the glyphs with respect to each other d Pango has an abstract class named Pango Font which determines overall metrics of a font metrics for an individual glyph and finds out which Unicode characters a fo
168. le for the language together with the dic file The dic file is a list of words along with a group of characters which refer to the affixes found in the aff file This saves space because instead of including all forms of a word for example drink drinking drinks drunk the dic file will include the word once and the references to the affixes in the aff file allow the 99 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software construction of all the other forms It is not enough to copy the files for a language into the folder As there could be a many numbers of languages there would be a considerable overhead if the dictionaries for every language are automatically loaded Hence only those languages listed in the dictionary Ist file are loaded The file dictionary Ist can be edited with a simple text editor 10 8 6 The dictionary Ist has the following format as shown below zdictionary Ist for OOo DICT ne NP ne NP THES ne NP th ne NP HYPH ne NP hyph ne NP end of the dictionary Ist The indicates the commented lines in the file Each entry in the list has the following space delimited fields Field 1 Entry Type DICT spellchecking dictionary HYPH hyphenation dictionary THES thesaurus files Field 2 Language code from Locale en or de or ne Field 3 Country Code from Locale US or GB or NP Field 4 Root name of file s for the corresponding field 1 ne NP or hyph en US or th ne NP
169. le of a single source code base e Qtdevelopers only have to learn one API to write applications that run almost anywhere e thas been tested by worldwide commercial and open source application developers over different platforms and compilers forming the foundation for high performance resource intensive applications e Open Source edition is available under the GPL license Open source benefits include an active open source developer community contributes to the ongoing development of Qt while complete code transparency allows Qt developers to see under the hood customizing and extending Qt to meet their unique needs Prerequisites for developing localized applications using QT The following prerequisites must be at hand in order to develop the localized QT application 12 3 d 131 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 1 Qt Designer is a powerful GUI layout and forms builder enabling rapid development of high performance user interfaces with native look and feel across all supported platforms 2 Qt Linguist is a set of tools designed to smoothen the internationalization workflow Using Qt Linguist development teams can outsource the translation of applications to non technical translators increasing accuracy and greatly speeding the localization process 3 Input Method for providing local language Input method to localize the application You need to follow the following steps to develop the localize
170. like this SRC_ROOT gt gsicheck c I GSI ne sdf where c is to add context to error message i e to print the line containing the error is the ISO language code or numerical 2 digits identifier of the source language The default is en US Use empty string or none to disable source language dependent checks And of course the last one is the filename of the language specific GSI SDF file For more options SRC_ROOT gt gsicheck help Removing existing language specific translations from source If the translation has not been merged into the source previously then this step can be ignored Only if some translation exists in the source are you required to remove existing language specific translations from the source code Your need to remove the lines which contain the language specific translations from all the localize sdf files 10 8 q The localize sdf files are those files which contain the translations for all the languages and into which the translations are merged which is explained in the next section 000 src for localize in find name localize sdf gt do gt grep v ne localize gt localize tmp gt mv f localize tmp localize gt done Merging the latest translations to source After the removal of all the translations for a specific language the next step is the merging of the latest translations to source before starting the actual build 10 8 q The same localized tool can be use
171. ll Checker and the Thesaurus for a particular language exist in openoffice 4 The difficulty level of integrating spell checker and thesaurus for a particular language in Openoffice org Project Execution Every software corporate house implements this stage with some variations however the typical combination would be defining the problems evaluating the alternatives choosing a path and then implementing it Performing these project activities requires a decision to be made about the framework for software developmental process Localization being different from conventional software development does not necessarily follow the conventional method of software development A bit of tweaking with the model may be required Localization process requires iterative building and testing from the early phase For this reason spiral model seems to best fit the practice Hence the spiral life cycle model for software development was adopted The spiral life cycle models for the translation and the Linux and NLP units are shown in figures 19 and 20 below respectively 140 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Research Study of various translation tools Glossary Development Quality assessment Uploading the po files in official site Changing po to mo file Translation Testing Translation Linguistic Testing Committing to CVS Contextual checking Figure 20 Spiral Lifecycle model for translation Integr
172. ll get following screen Now you are ready to do the translation There is an option in the Mozilla translator that will list all the redundant strings together Hence you can simply translate one and copy paste the rest For this goto Edit gt Redundant Strings and click on ok on the next dialog box You will get the following screen 60 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Applications Actions Thu Jan 6 13 12 MozillaTranslator File Import Export Edit Advanced Help Chrome view for ne NP charsetTitles properties Edit selected phrase Edit Image file ajs File Text Original Text Transl Text Current C3 nepali mozilla 1 7 71 charsetr ties corn Off 73 Platform neutral charsetTitles Greek ISO Greek ISO 9 E global charsetTitles Vietnamese Vietnamese 74 z charsetTitles East Asian East Asian 9 CI MT defautt charsetTitles Turkish BM Turkish IBM D3 charsetTitles prq charsetTitles Chinese Sim Chinese Sim CA global strres prg charsetTitles Hebrew Ma Hebrew Ma Q printdialog prop charsetTitles Cyrillic Ukrai Cyrillic Ukrai charsetTitles Baltic Windo Baltic Windo D css properties charsetTitles Chinese Tra Chinese Tra 3 xbi properties charsetTitles Korean UHC Korean UHC D printing properti charsetTitles Chinese Sim Chinese Sim O layout_errors pre
173. lt d gt lt n gt lt e gt lt s gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt T gt lt h gt lt u gt lt r gt lt s gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt F gt lt r gt lt j gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt lt S gt lt a gt lt t gt lt u gt lt r gt lt d gt lt a gt lt y gt Abbreviated month names b PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software abmon lt J gt lt a gt lt n gt lt F gt lt e gt lt b gt lt M gt lt a gt lt r gt lt A gt lt p gt lt r gt lt M gt lt a gt lt y gt lt J gt lt u gt lt n gt lt J gt lt u gt lt I gt lt A gt lt u gt lt g gt lt S gt lt e gt lt p gt lt O gt lt c gt lt t gt lt N gt lt o gt lt v gt lt D gt lt e gt lt c gt Full month names B mon lt J gt lt a gt lt n gt lt u gt lt a gt lt r gt lt y gt lt F gt lt e gt lt b gt lt r gt lt u gt lt a gt lt r gt lt y gt lt M gt lt a gt lt r gt lt c gt lt h gt lt A gt lt p gt lt r gt lt i gt lt I gt 5 lt M gt lt a gt lt y gt lt J gt lt u gt lt n gt lt e gt lt J gt lt u gt lt I gt lt y gt lt A gt lt u gt lt g gt lt u gt lt s gt lt t gt lt S gt lt e gt lt p gt lt t gt lt e gt lt m gt lt b gt lt e gt lt r gt lt O gt lt c gt lt t gt lt o gt lt b gt lt e gt lt r gt lt N gt lt o gt lt v gt lt e gt lt m gt lt b gt lt e gt lt r gt lt D gt lt e gt lt c gt lt e gt lt m gt lt b gt lt e
174. me action The X server s job is to provide the low level support to the window manager On the other hand window managers are responsible for icon title bars and behavior of windows for applications handling input and mouse gestures clicks etc apart from the responsibility for fixing window positions The window could be a terminal window called an xterm where the user is supposed to run standard Unix commands or it could be an X client application like the xcalc calculator a web browser or an Emacs session or even more complex programs 7 3 About GNOME GNOME stands for GNU Network Object Model Environment The desktop environment is one of the measures to put a user friendly working environment on top of UNIX and UNIX like operating systems such as Linux GNOME which is developed as a Free Software offers a reasonably complete developer toolkit and application infrastructure and in addition to that an end user working environment The user interface elements are similar to the windowing environments that have been in use since the early eighties with the classic Window Icon Mouse Pointer WIMP paradigm For detailed information on the history and relevant background information on GNOME please refer to 7 4 d 7 3 1 Stable Releases of GNOME Each component included in the GNOME project has its own version number and release schedule In this regard module maintainers co ordinate their efforts to create a full GNOME stable rel
175. me site for submission of the translated files etc References to useful links for further reading are included at the end of the chapter 7 2 What is X Window System and Window Managers X Window System The X Window System which is commonly known as X11 or X is the standard windowing system in the Unix world It was developed in the mid 1980s at MIT as Project Athena The original purpose of the system was to allow users of the then emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations irrespective of the workstation s operating system or the hardware As the source code to write X is available it has become the standard layer for the management of graphical and input output devices and for developing both local and remote graphical interfaces on almost all Unix Linux and Unix like operating systems The interesting feature of X windowing system is that it allows a graphical terminal user to get access to the remote resources on the network as if they were accessible locally to the user Running a single module of the software called the X server is all that is required for this purpose The software running on the remote machine is called the client application X s network transparency protocols allow the separation of the display and input portions of any application from the remainder of the applications and the service is available to any number of remote users For detailed information on the historical and relevant backgrou
176. minimize the impact of internationalization on program sources hence keeping this impact as small and hardly noticeable as possible Internationalization has better chances of succeeding if itis minimal or at least appears to be so when observing program sources The Translation Project also uses the GNU gettext distribution as a vehicle for documenting its structure and methods This goes beyond the strict technicalities of documenting the GNU gettext properly By doing so translators will find in a single place as far as possible all they need to know for properly doing their translating work Also this supplemental documentation might also help programmers and even curious users in understanding how GNU gettext is related to the remainder of the Translation Project and consequently have a glimpse of the big picture Technical aspects of GNU gettext Messages in the program s source code are put in a short macro that call a gettext function to retrieve the translated version At program initialization the hashed message database corresponding to LC MESSAGES locale category is loaded Then all messages covered by the macros are translated by quick glances at the program execution Therefore the task of translation is to build the message translation database for a particular language and get it installed in appropriate place for the locale With that preparation the gettext programs are automatically translated as per locale setting witho
177. misspelled word agg will have a suggestion egg by substituting the a with an e The characters in the string should be listed in order or according to the character frequency highest to lowest The suggestions produced using the TRY option differs from the bad word with a single English letter or an apostrophe A good way to develop this string is to sort a simple character count of a word list REP sets a replacement table for multiple character corrections in suggestion mode The first line that consists of REP informs that there are two entries for the REP option With these REP definitions Hunspell can suggest the right word form when the misspelled word contains f instead of ph and vice versa for example if we write fase it can suggest the right word phase PFX and SFX defines prefix and suffix classes named with affix flags The affix file is space delimited and case sensitive So we can interpret the affix file s rule lines as follows SFXDYA SFXD 0 d e SFXD y ied aeiou y SFXD O ed ey SFXD O ed aeiou y In the first line there are four fields whose description are given in the table below Field Name Description 1 SFX indicates that this is a suffix PFX indicates a prefix 2 D this is a name for the suffix it represents which should be unique for every different suffix or prefix entry or the name for the prefix when PFX is present 3 Y indicates it can be combined with prefixes cross product 4 in
178. more details on building OpenOffice org 2 x 680er series under GNU Linux Building Localized Language Packs As for building localized language packs for different languages the following steps have to be performed src cd instsetoo_native util 000 src dmake ooolanguagepack Built language packs will be in src instsetoo native unxlngi6 pro OpenOffice languagepack deb install 10 6 Spell Checker in OpenOffice Org History Spell checker is an important component of the OOo Initially the available Spell checker in OOo was MySpell Only recently from OOo 2 0 2 MySpell has been replaced by HunSpell which is a Hungarian spell checker written by L szl N meth because of its better performance and support to non latin characters Character Encoding Issues The problems of 8 bit encodings covered in this section is based on the documentation of Hunspell 10 8 a Myspell uses the 8 bit ASCII character encoding which is a major deficiency when it comes to scalability Even with languages like Hungarian which has a standard ASCII character set ISO 8859 2 MySpell fails to allow a full implementation of Hungarian orthographic conventions For instance the symbol n dash is missing from this character set contrary to the fact that it is not only the official symbol to delimit parenthetic clauses in the language but also can be in compound words as a special big hyphen MySpell uses 8 bit encoding tables but t
179. n 10 Click Forward and then Apply button 11 Next Click the DNS tab and type the DNS server IP address of hostname Consult your network administrator for the DNS information 12 Click Add and Press OK DOO OUR Upgrading the System The installed Debian System can be upgraded to the latest version by using the Debian online repositories This is not mandatory but recommended Following are the basic steps required to upgrade the system a Add the following lines to the etc apt sources list file using your favorite text editor like vi gedit etc deb http ftp debian org debian sarge main contrib non free deb http security debian org sarge updates main contrib b Run apt get update c Nowupgrade your system using apt get dist upgrade In this process the apt tool will download all the necessary packages and may ask question while configuring those You can use the default ones or make the choice that suits your system d Restart the system Installation of the required tools for building and customization of the Live CD Tools required to a build Live CD debootstrap debootstrap bootstraps a basic Debian system into the target folder from the debian mirror After debootstrap the downloaded debian system will only contain the basic minimal packages Install debootstrap using the following command apt get install debootstrap cloop tools Compressed loopback device or cloop is mostly used as a convenient way to compress conven
180. n and with an xml extension Locale Developement Earlier the locale file had to be created manually with the help of a template file the template file being en US xml But this process has been made much easier with Locale Generator which is a web based tool to support creation of locale files Please visit http www it46 se localegen for the above purpose The first part of the locale contains Locale File Specific Information such as e Filename version e OpenOffice org DTD Version A sample of this part lt xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 gt IDOCTYPE Locale SYSTEM locale dtd Locale versionDTD 2 0 allowUpdateFromCLDR yes version 1 2 gt The default values for this part need not be modified The locale file is divided into the following sections lt LC_INFO gt In this section you need to provide the Language Specific Data e Language Code Available in ISO 639 e Language Name e Country Code Available in ISO 3166 Capital letters e Country Name Sample of this section lt LC_INFO gt lt Language gt lt LanglD gt en lt LangID gt lt DefaultName gt English lt DefaultName gt lt Language gt lt Country gt lt CountrylID gt US lt CountryID gt lt DefaultName gt United States lt DefaultName gt lt Country gt lt LC_INFO gt lt LC_CTYPE gt In this section you need to provide Separators and Quotation Marks Separators e Thousand o 1 000 1 000 1 000 e Decimal o 1
181. n Chitrakar lt pchitrakar gmail com gt ne po Updated Nepali Translation Please note the format of the comments 3 Overwrite the old file in the central GNOME CVS with the new and updated ne po file The file which has been translated locally 4 Commit the changes cvs commit m Updated Nepali Translation 50 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 7 3 8 GNOME Localization Status Page The Gnome status for the translation can be viewed in the gnome localization status page The url address is http 110n status gnome org On this page you can browse by language name language code This covers two major section a Developer Library Section b Desktop Section The status page provides information on the translated strings of the files For Example in the Desktop section for Nepali Language the translation status looks as in the figure shown below GNOME s GUI messages translation statistics Wes E FAUST RAR E FAV MJAG SENT 8 c E C3 e ao http li10on status gnome org gnome 2 14 ne deskto Getting Started Kl Latest Headlines M6Gmail Fwd PAN Locali helpMent Yahoo Mail The best w MSN Hotmail Rr gnome 2 14 release Nepali team desktop gro top gt qnome 2 14 gt ne gt desktop gt groups module ipath branch trans developer libs bug buddy bug buddy po gnome 2 14 165 desk
182. n a multi wildcard will be appended at the end of inputing string automatically AUTO WILDCARD FALSE If true then the result string will be committed to client automatically This should be used with AUTO SELECT TRUE AUTO COMMIT TRUE If true then the inputed string will be automatically splitted during inputing AUTO SPLIT FALSE If true then the phrases frequencies will be adjusted dynamically DYNAMIC ADJUST FALSE If true then the preedit area will be filled up by the current candidate phrase automatically AUTO FILL FALSE If true then the lookup table will always be shown if there is any candidate phrase Otherwise the lookup table won t be shown unless the user requires it by moving the pre edit caret left ALWAYS SHOW LOOKUP FALSE Enable full width punctuation property USE FULL WIDTH PUNCT FALSE Use full width punctuation by default DEF FULL WIDTH PUNCT FALSE Enable full width letter property USE FULL WIDTH LETTER FALSE Use full width letter by default DEF FULL WIDTH LETTER FALSE HHE The maxmium length of a key MAX KEY LENGTH 1 Valid input chars VALID INPUT CHARS 27 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 28 abcdefghijkImnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890 ff 90 amp DIS Single wildcard char can have multiple chars SINGLE WILDCARD CHAR Multi wildcard char
183. n installable language pack It is not always necessary to compile firefox to localize it One can also create language pack xpi only and localize firefox Po2moz is the proper way to generate language pack xpi but our attempt to do so was unsuccessful Instead xpis for locales may be used which are available in mozilla or created automatically and put in mozilla org A manual process of generating xpi locally is shown here This will give an insight into xpi structure and its working In the example below a new xpi ne NP xpi will be generated with the help of already available xpis en US xpi and nl xpi en US xpi will be used as template for extracting localizable resource while nl xpi will to used to create xpi directory structure Follow the exact steps below Lines with are the actual command to be issued mkdir enxpi mkdir nlxpi cd enxpi download en US xpi from http ftp mozilla org pub mozilla org firefox releases 1 5 linux i686 xpi en US xpi cd nlxpi download nl xpi from http ftp mozilla org pub mozilla org firefox releases 1 5 linux i686 xpi nl xpi cd enxpi unzip en US xpi 74 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software cd bin chrome unzip en US jar locale folder will be created mv locale en US locale ne NP now translate everything under the folder locale jar cvf ne NP jar locale cd nlxpi unzip nl xpi rm nl xpi cd chrome rm nl jar cp enxpi bin c
184. n microsoft com library default asp url library en us intl nls 238z asp Note The location and name of the file tools inc lang hxx has changed to i18npool inc i18npool lang h from previous OOo source Creating a unique back and forth mapping between the LANGID and its ISO names in the file i18npool source isolang isolang cxx Sample for the file 78 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software LANGUAGE_MARATHI mr IN LANGUAGE_KONKANI kok IN LANGUAGE_NEPALI ne NP LANGUAGE NEPALI INDIA ne IN LANGUAGE ORIYA or IN Note The location and name of the file tools source intntl isolang cxx has changed to i18npool source isolang isolang cxx from previous OOo source Modifying the file svx source dialog langtab src Add an entry for your language in the file svx source dialog langtab src to see your locale in the listbox of locales Although English US and German Entries have to be provided this might not be needed in the future Sample of the file lt Manipuri LANGUAGE MANIPURI gt lt Marathi LANGUAGE MARATHI gt lt Nepalesisch Nepal LANGUAGE NEPALI gt lt Nepalesisch Indian LANGUAGE NEPALI INDIA gt lt Manipuri LANGUAGE MANIPURI gt lt Marathi LANGUAGE MARATHI gt lt Nepali Nepal LANGUAGE NEPALI gt lt Nepali India LANGUAGE NEPALI INDIA gt Defining default font
185. n the Nepali Language It has been working in the field of software localisation and Nepali Language Computing since the year 2000 MPP s involvement in computing began with the Pustakalaya s decision to electronically catalogue its collections nearly a decade ago Since the available technology a number of Nepali fonts like Preeti JagHimali Kanchan etc lacked data processing capabilities as well as had inconsistencies in the keyboard mappings and layout there was no alternative other than to develop a standard keyboard input method for Nepali It was against this backdrop that MPP undertook the Font Standardization Project supported by the United Nations Development Project and the Ministry of Science and Technology A direct outcome of the project was the two keyboard drivers Nepali Unicode Romanized and the Nepali Unicode Traditional developed by MPP This solved the problems of data processing constraints and the inconsistencies of keyboard mapping that existed for the Nepali language To continue the work initiated in Nepali Language Computing MPP collaborated in the PAN Localization Project 1 in the year 2004 PAN Localization a multinational project developed for the purpose of enabling local language computing capacities in South and Southeast Asia Supported by the International Development and Research Centre IDRC Canada it is being run simultaneously in ten countries of South and Southeast Asia with MPP representing the Nepa
186. n the Unicode values Refer to the above picture for creating the layout c Save it and copy it to usr X11R6 lib X11 xkb symbols pc and usr X11R6 lib X11 xkb symbols Then add the following lines to usr X11R6 lib X1 1 xkb rules xorg xml or 23 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software usr X11R6 ib X11 xkb rules xfree86 xml file lt layout gt lt configltem gt lt name gt xx lt name gt lt description gt yy lt description gt lt configltem gt lt variantList gt lt layout gt Where xx language code and yy Any Description Note that in xkb only one to one keystrokes and character mappings can be achieved but not the combination of three characters to a single keystroke Instead use scim or iiimf for these kinds of purposes d Using xkb On the top panel 1 Right click the mouse Click Add to Panel 3 Click Keyboard Layout Indicator 4 Click the ADD button 5 Right click the added icon 6 Click Open keyboard preferences 7 Click the Layout tab 8 Select FullLanguageName from available layouts 9 Click ADD and Close 10 Open any text editor applications and type 5 2 2 IIIMF is the framework that is directed towards platform independence when entering input texts It has three major components 5 3 d a IIIMP IIIM protocol is a platform independent protocol window system independent and language independent b IIM client framework uses
187. nd Mozilla Complex Text Language Complex Text Layout languages or CTL languages are languages whose writing systems require complex transformations of text Devanagari Thai Hebrew are example of the languages which require complex text For further information on Complex Text Languages refer to 9 4 1 67 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Gecko Layout Engine Gecko is an open source web browser layout engine mostly used by Mozilla and Netscape browsers For further information on Gecko Layout Engine please refer to 9 4 m Gecko NGLayout XPFE Rapter are the key words that we generally come across while talking about Layout Engines used by mozilla All these words generally refer to the Layout Engine or Gecko Gecko is the word generally used by Netscape Here are a few things that gecko provides 9 4 f Layout engine and complementary browser components Parsing for various document types HTML XML CSS Advanced rendering capabilities to browser Image rendering library Networking library Font library Security library Cache management system s zecooocs oa Complex Text Rendering in Mozilla Mozilla official builds are compiled without enabling CTL support Complex text like Devanagari can only be rendered when mozilla is compiled with CTL support Enabling CTL support in mozilla builds can be done in number of ways such as a enabling pango shaper to render the text or b using ICU
188. nd information on X Windowing System please refer to 7 4 b The X Client Server Model and Network Transparency X with it s unique feature of allowing applications to run on a network server and rendering the output on to a desktop machine was very significant in the 1980s and 1990s In the first days of X the widely used X terminals were dedicated X Window hardware The terminal accepted input rendered output but did not perform application processing X works on a client server model X server communicates with various client programs accepting requests for graphical output windows and sending back user input from keyboard mouse or touchscreen The communication protocol between server and client operates network in a transparent manner The client and the server may run on the same machine or on different ones possibly with different architectures and operating systems without any incompatibility problem They can even communicate securely over the Internet through an encrypted network session For Example In order to make a remote client display to a local server the user will typically telnet or ssh to the remote machine via the terminal window commanding it to display to the user s machine e g export DISPLAY user s machine 0 on a remote machine running bash then start the client The client will then connect to the local server and the remote application will display to the local screen and accept input from
189. nd possibly other scripting or component files A part of properties file is show below openButtonLabel Open chooseFileDialogTitle Choose File existingNavigatorWindow Existing Navigator window The string on the right side of the equal symbol is to be translated Again localization notes and comments are often useful to explain what the string s usage in the UI is or a particular behavior the localizer should follow working on them Some Files contain symbols like s or 1 s InstallFile Installing s ReplaceFile Replacing s They will be substituted at runtime by relevant words Place them in your strings as they make sense in the whole sentence typing them exactly as found originally rdf Resource Description Framework Files Text files UTF 8 encoded if not otherwise specified Each folder within chrome ab CD contains a copy of contents rdf file This acts as a manifest file which sits within a package and interacts with Mozilla s chrome directory There is not much to change in this file just change the chrome name en US to ab CD HTML and XHTML UTF 8 encoded Help contents are usually in html or xhtml format One can directly open dtd properties file and start translating using any text editor capable of saving contents in UTF 8 format But this is only good for testing and getting ideas on mozilla localization For actual localization you will need to use dedicated tools like Kbabel or Mozilla Translator Transla
190. nding or character encoding Hunspell interfaces Ispell like terminal interface using Curses library Ispell pipe interface OpenOffice org UNO module Hunspell s code base comes from the OOo MySpell The main features of Hunspell spell checker and morphological analyzer are as listed below 10 8 a 1 Ithas Unicode support first 65535 Unicode character 2 Morphological analysis can be done in custom item and arrangement style 3 Max 65 535 affix classes and twofold affix stripping for agglutinative languages like Azeri Basque Estonian Finnish Hungarian Nepali Turkish etc 4 It supports complex compounding for example Hungarian and German 5 It supports language specific algorithms for example handling Azeri and Turkish dotted i or German sharp s 6 It can handle conditional affixes circumfixes fogemorphemes forbidden words pseudoroots and homonyms 7 thas been released under GPL LGPL MPL tri license Hunspell consists of language files for different language specific territory It requires two files in order to define the language that it is spell checking The first file is a dictionary containing words for the language and the second is an affix file that defines the meaning of special flags in the dictionary Every locale language for a specific territory can have files for HunSpell These files are located together in one folder openofficefolder share dic ooo The spell checking is done using the aff fi
191. nformation of the file every time it is saved The header normally keeps information about the date and time the file was last updated the last translator who worked on the file etc You can choose which information you would want to update from the Fields to update by checking the checkboxes available If you want to add additional fields to the header you can edit the header manually by choosing Edit gt Edit Header in the editor window Checking the syntax of the file when saving Check this to automatically check syntax of file with msgfmt tool when saving a file You should keep this 36 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software validation enabled unless you know what you are doing If you do not want to touch some fields in a PO file header or want to force updating of specific fields there are five checkboxes which control this revision date PO file language text encoding last translator name charset If a field does not exist it is appended to the header If you want to add other information to the header you have to edit the header manually by choosing Edit gt Edit Header in the editor window Deactivate Update header when saving above if you don t want to have the header updated For date and time of the header field PO Revision Date you can choose one of the formats Default Local Custom Warning An error generation is very certain if the same file is tried for getting access simultaneously by more
192. ng with their stastistical and other properties On the basis of the information displayed regarding the files the translator can then decide whether further work on the respective files is required or not 34 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 7 sime QC 12 4 s 3 QJ WT 15 14 38 KBabel Catalog Manager File Edit Go Markings Project Tools Settings Help O 9 t gs wx Name Fuzzy Untranslated Total CVS Status Last Revision Last Translator 53 Message Catalogs Alevell 0 0 1489 8 2 0 0 730 198 level3 0 0 1063 amp aptitude po 0 0 1006 Up to date 2006 06 12 16 434 0545 Shiva Pokharel pokharelshiva amp console common debian po 0 0 26 Up to date 2006 05 25 15 26 0545 Shiva Pokharel pokharelshiva amp dictionaries common debian po 0 0 28 Up to date 2006 05 22 20 36 0545 Mahesh Subedi lt submanesh hi localization config_debian_po 0 0 2 Up to date 2006 05 22 20 38 0545 Mahesh Subedi lt submanesh hi xdebconfigurator_debian_po_templ 0 0 1 Up to date YEAR MO DA HO MI FULL NAME lt EMAIL ADDRESS gt 58 level4 0 0 1324 apt po 0 0 512 Up to date 2006 06 12 14 35 0545 Shiva Pokharel lt pokharelshivaG debconf po 0 0 71 Up to date 2006 05 17 18 03 0545 Mahesh Subedi lt submanesh hi dpkg_po 0 0 741 Up to date 2006 06 12 17 58 0545 Shiva Pokharel lt pokharelshiva
193. nges to the market as noted below a It is not conventional translation and hence the knowledge of a general translator would not suffice The translator to be involved in software localization should be aware of the computing terminologies used in the English language and also should know the equivalent counterpart in the target language b The translator to be involved in software localization has to be somebody comfortable using software tools preferably in the Linux Operating System Besides he she should also have some basic concepts on Linux commands to be able to work on the terminal c Prior knowledge or basic concepts of Concurrent Versioning System CVS as a groupware for file sharing and revision control would be highly preferable 41 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software As per the practical experiences collected a combination of a qualified translator with all or at least some of the the technical expertise as listed above is a rare fact Often potential candidates for translators are people from the computer science background with some interest and expertise in the target language but again people from this sphere are not interested in the translation profession This profession is taken to be not matching their qualification which is indeed misleading Having said this the only option left for managers is to compromise in the qualification and skills of the translators to be hired Not surprisingly
194. nglish is quite handy for communication between developers maintainers and users around the globe At the same time a considerable portion of the population is less comfortable with English and would prefer to work in their respective native language This has been made possible by the Translation Project For this a translation framework is required for translating the software manuals and documentations in English in the local language GNU gettext Translation Framework The translation framework most commonly used in FOSS is GNU gettext 7 4 h GNU gettext is an important tool or framework for localization as it is an asset on which we may build many other steps It is an integrated set of tools and documentation for programmers translators for making world ready software which can be localized and translated to local languages Specifically the GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provide a framework within which other free packages may produce multi lingual messages These tools include 47 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software A set of conventions about how programs should be written to support message catalogs A directory and file naming organization for the message catalogs themselves A runtime library supporting the retrieval of translated messages A few stand alone programs to message in various ways the sets of translatable strings or already translated strings GNU GetText is designed to
195. nguage name Nepali Language code Spelling E Language mailing list info mpp org np E 4 Timezone GMT Source o Number of singular plural forms 2 j RX Miscellaneous GNU plural form header L Source Translation List F nplurals 2 plural n 1 Lookup 2 x Folders Require plural form arguments in translation 2 Folder Commands Help Defaults Current 0 Total 0 Fuzzy 0 Untranslated 0 INS RW Line 1 Col 1 Jal reg i Lin 3 rei s i cont TERRE Figure 3 Project settings in KBabel There is also a timezone field to track your last modified time for PO files You can specify it as character sequence like GMT time This information is used when updating file headers You can find the options that control what fields in the header should be updated in the Save section of the Preferences dialog Number of singular plural forms in Kbabel translation For GNU gettext tool plural forms may be formulated as below nplurals 2 plural n 1 For KDE number of plural forms could be 1 or 2 or it could even be 3 according to the patricular language pattern Saving and updating your translated work in Kbabel This lets you set the save options for files auto save time setting header updates etc Among these update of header in PO file is the crucial part when working in CVS Update header when saving Check this button to update the header i
196. not be accurate it is always good to have some metrics to measure it with An important aspect of project management is to track changes in the requirements specifications and the resulting changes in strategies of management activities A proper change control management needs to be constructed Our experience has shown that it is wise to be flexible with the dates in the research phase For example with the Nepali spellchecker component it was decided in the initial phase that a new application would be built and integrated in openoffice org However during the research phase we realized that integrating a separate Spell Checker in the openoffice org would consume more time than anticipated Therefore we had to search for other alternatives and it was the Hunspell which saved us a great deal of time Consequently the strategy for Nepali spell checker development had to be changed Project Monitoring Project activities need close monitoring on weekly or adhoc basis Once the baseline document is ready for each activity progress can be measured by comparing the work completed against the plan Identifying and resolving risks at the earliest possible prioritizing the tasks and evaluating the work load of each team member and other related developmental and translation actions and schedules An update form can be used to record the progress on these activities Joint technical and management reviews can be conducted for research development an
197. nstaller tar gz will be available in the following location mozilla installer sea 69 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Generating mozilla tar gz The following commands need to be run in order to generate mozilla tar gz cd mozilla XPInstall packager make The mozilla tar gz mozilla i686 pc linux gnu tar gz is created in the mozilla dist folder 8 6 Mozilla Plug ins Adding Flash Plug in Download install flash player 7 linux tar gz from macromedia com Unpack it install flash player 7 linux is created Navigate to this directory and from the command line type flashplayer installer Follow the process and provide the installation path for Mozilla To verify that the plug in has been installed restart Mozilla and choose Help gt About Plug ins from the browser menu Adding Java VM Plug in Install JRE or JDK Make a link as follows ln s usr lib PATH TO JAVA FOLDER jre plugin i386 ns610 gcc32 libjavaplugin oji so usr local mozilla plug ins To verify restart Mozilla and choose Help gt About Plug ins from the browser menu You can also verify by opening up the following site http java sun com applets other TumblingDuke index html 8 7 Some known issues to be addressed Display problems Mozilla built using the above CTL patch solved the rendering problem but still there are a few small problems like a inconsistent spacing between the characters b cursor movement
198. nt covers PangoXfont subclass is used for handling Xfonts e Pango Layout object is the higher level abstraction class which is initialized with a block of Unicode text attributes for the text font family size color line width line spacing indention etc Pango layout deals with interactive editing also such as cursor movement with arrow keys etc 3 3 2 ICU by IBM ICU International Components for Unicode is the set of C C and java libraries for Unicode support Before ICU was the internalization API of JDK 1 1 and later on it turned out to be the most advanced Unicode i18n support ICU supports the most current version of the Unicode standard It produces the same results across various platforms without sacrificing performance The features of ICU are characterised by the following 3 5 b Handles Unicode text Has the Locale and Resource Bundle packed Supports language sensitive collation and searching Supports Normalization case conversion and script transliterations Has the features for the representation of comprehensive locale data Supports MultiCalendar and time zone Has the features for formatting and parsing of time date numbers currency etc 2 e2o29c 3 4 Basic Steps for Text Rendering Text rendering basically involves the following steps 3 5 a a Itemization In itemization the input text is divided into Unicode strings which are analyzed and broken into items Each item is handl
199. nter font binary or pfa printer font ascii The outline file contains all the glyphs and the metric file contains the metrics b Type 3 fonts These fonts are distributed similar to type 1 but are not supported by X They are only supported by the Postscript standard c Type 42 fonts These fonts are the same as true type fonts in addition to the headers that enable them to be rendered by a postscript interpreter d Open Type Fonts OTF font format is an extension of TTF adding support for postscript font data OTF is developed jointly by Microsoft and Adobe As withTTF fonts OTF fonts allow the handling of large glyph sets using Unicode encoding 4 3 Font Systems in GNU Linux Xfree86 includes two independent font systems a Core X11 font system This system previously could only handle bitmap fonts but it can now support scalable fonts like Type1 Speedo TrueType and OpenType Xfree86 has a font path and font servers where it searches for fonts Example Font path In file etc X11 XF86Config 4 or etc X11 xorg conf file and written as FontPath usr lib X11 fonts misc Font Server In file etc X11 XF86Config 4 or etc X11 xorg conf and written as FontPath Unix 7100 which looks for the path etc X11 fs config file 20 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software b X freetype interface library for font system ie Xft Xft provides client side font API for X applications They were written to provid
200. nux Distribution We have primarily focused on Debian GNU Linux Linux Distributions and Localization have also been dealt with Next we also discuss the development of a Live CD Linux Distribution References for further reading are provided at the end of the chapter About Linux Linux is an operating system initially created by Linus Torvalds in the early 90s Since then thousands of developers worldwide have contributed to its development and have also been supported by major corporations as IBM Novell HP etc Linux is the name of the core kernel which has all the functionality of an operating system The kernel at the heart of all Linux systems is developed and released under the GNU and its source code is freely available to everyone Linux is also popularly known as Gnu Linux It is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development It is this kernel that forms the base around which a Linux operating system is developed and we call this the Linux Distribution The distribution consists of several GNU applications and tools Some of the most popular Linux distributions are RedHat Debian SuSe etc Since Linux and some of the distributions are released under GNU and are open Source we can modify and redistribute them A wide range of applications for Linux are developed and used today in various sectors The main reasons for the popularity of Linux applications are it s low cost flexibility and stability 11 2
201. nvolves the licensing issues distribution and redistribution rights related to the software 1 3 Why is Localization Important Research has shown that the lack of availability of information in the locally understandable language is the main reason for the slow progress in Information and Communication Technology ICT sector by most of the underdeveloped countries In today s age access to ICT plays a major role in the overall development of a country it has become a challenge to bridge the digital divide caused by the language barrier Even having learnt English one has to pay hundreds of dollars to license foreign software or take to widespread software piracy to gain access to ICT The solution to all these is using the localized Free Open Source Software FOSS 1 4 Localization Key Concepts 1 4 4 Standardization Standardization is one of the baselines to be followed in localization Standardization deals with certain universally accepted standards that need to be followed so that two developers from any part of the globe could interact through the application developed without having to meet in person Standardization becomes applicable in almost everything specific to the language for instance a standard glossary of terms for translation a standard keyboard layout for input system a standard collation sequence order for sorting and other data processing a standard of fonts etc Hence standards provide ultimate contracts
202. o m oo Oo Help Help Save File cr File downloadProgr Save File Save File printdialog dtd Properties Properties bookmarks dtd Properties Properties messenger dtd Properties Properties DOLDOOOLB Figure 10 Screenshot of the Mozilla Translator 61 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Now goto File gt Update once again In following the steps above if some times you don t get the screen as expected try Update Product Now we are ready to produce jar file of our own eg ne NP jar ne unix jar etc For this go to Export gt Jar File Fill the values as shown in the screen shot Be careful while giving the version number If the version is not correct there will be problem while installing the XPI in the browser If you are making XPI for 1 7 gt put 1 7 1 7 x gt put 1 7 1 8 gt put 1 8 1 8a1 gt put 1 8 Applications Actions cea Thu Jan 6 11 26 14 File Import Export Edit Advanced Help port Choose Locale Locale ne NP Help Help File Jusr lib mozilla chrome ne NP jar Choose Help pref valid Help display Name navigator Help linkToolba Help unum Help Preview URL i Help Help Version Help Help Export Help S
203. of a complete desktop environment This is handled by Nautilus which provides the desktop icons and file system windows for GNOME Common operations such as Open Delete Copy Move can be performed by using the appropriate mouse button Similarly changing the desktop icons and permission of files is also possible A variety of Views tree icon and listview as well as file searching and selection are some of the other features available in the GNOME file system windows Drag and Drop is also fully supported f Session Management GNOME adopts session management to handle logging in and logging out The states of programs are saved and restored providing a mechanism for the user to take snapshots of their desktop In addition the window behavior and customized menus are also maintained g Window Managers Interaction between the X server and its clients is redirected through the window manager For instance whenever an attempt to show a new window is made the query or request made is redirected to the window manager for taking note of the initial position of the window Apart from this the Window Manager also handles input and mouse gestures clicks etc For GNOME Metacity is the default window manager Enlightment and Sawfish used to be the previous window managers for GNOME before Metacity was implemented 7 3 3 Localization Framework in GNOME English is the language usually used for programming and documentation A common language like E
204. of the project documenting effective processes results and recommendations Countries and languages directly involved in the project include Afghanistan Pashto and Dari Bangladesh Bangla Bhutan Dzongkha Cambodia Khmer Laos Lao Nepal Nepali Sri Lanka Sinhala and Tamil and Pakistan which is the regional secretariat The project started in January 2004 and will continue for three years supporting a team of seventy five resources across these eight countries to research and develop local language computing solutions The project will be going into a second phase extending the scope of partnership countries and research focusing on deploying the local language technology to the end users The second phase of the project will continue till 2010 Further details of the project its partner organizations activities and outputs are available from its website www PANL 10n net Contributors of the Guide Editing Bal Krishna Bal bal mpp org np Chapter 1 Localization and Localization key concepts Bal Krishna Bal Chapter 2 Locale Development Paras Pradhan Subir Bahadur Pradhanang paras mpp org np subir mpp org np Chapter 3 Rendering and Rendering Engines Paras Pradhan Pawan Chitrakar pawan mpp org np Minal Koirala Sarin Pradhan Srishtee Gurung srishtee mpp org np Chapter 4 GNU Linux and Fonts Subir Pradhanang Chapter 5 Input Methods for Linux Paras Pradhan Basanta Shrestha basanta mpp org np
205. ology We also need CIRCUMFIX option for correct morphological analysis circumfixes obligate prefix suffix combinations superlative in Hungarian leg prefix AND bb suffix nagy nagyobb legnagyobb legeslegnagyobb great greater greatest most greatest CIRCUMFIX X PFX A Y 1 PFXA 0 leg X PFX B Y 1 PFX B 0 legesleg X 53 SFX C 0 obb COMPARATIVE SFX C 0 obb AX SUPERLATIVE SFX C 0 obb BX SUPERSUPERLATIVE Dictionary 1 nagy C MN Correct Words nagy nagyobb legnagyobb legeslegnagyobb 2 FORBIDDENWORD flag This flag assigns the forbidden word form Because affixed forms are also forbidden we can subtract a subset from set of the accepted affixed and compound words 3 KEEPCASE flag This option forbids uppercased and capitalized forms of the words signed with KEEPCASE flags Useful for special ortographies measurements and currency often keep their case in uppercased texts and writing systems eg keeping lower case of IPA characters Note With CHECKSHARPS declaration words with sharp s and KEEPCASE flag may be capitalised and uppercased but uppercased forms of these words may not contain sharp s only SS See germancompounding Example in the tests directory of the Hunspell distribution 4 LEMMA PRESENT flag Generally there are dictionary words as lemmas in output of morphological analysis Sometimes dictionary words are not lemmas but affixed not real s
206. oma e Making the Data files for MyThes The thesaurus depends entirely upon the data file which should be provided The program is very simple which implements binary search The format of the data file is simple The example that is presented in this section is taken from the data layout file of the MyThes thesaurus 10 8 d A top portion of the data file which includes one word entry for simple is shown below ISO8859 1 simple 9 adj simple elemental ultimate oversimplified simplistic simplex simplified unanalyzable undecomposable un complicated unsophisticated easy plain unsubdivided adj lelementary uncomplicated unproblematic easy adj bare mere plain adj childlike wide eyed dewy eyed naive naif adj dim witted half witted simple minded retarded PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software adj simple unsubdivided unlobed smooth adj plain noun herb herbaceous plant noun simpleton person individual someone somebody mortal human soul ee The general format for the data file is assimple as shown above In this file there should be no binary data and lines should end in a n and not in a carriage return or a line feed The first line of the file data file is the encoding that the file uses Encodings that are recognized by MyThes are listed as below ISO8859 1 508859 2 ISO8859 3 508859 4 508859 5 508859 6 ISO8859 7 508859 8 5086859 9 ISO8859 10 KOI8 R CP 1251
207. org projects I10n mlp otherproj html tthunderbird 54 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Registration and Localization Process for Mozilla Suite 1 7 for locale code ne NP is shown below Registration Requirements a Your locale code The locale code is usually assigned in ab CD format The first two characters ab represent the language and the second two characters CD represent the Country Name For Nepali language spoken in Nepal it would become ne NP For French language spoken in Canada it is fr b A valid email address An email address is needed to subscribe to the mailing list Registration Steps a Goto page http www mozilla org projects I10n registration html and subscribe to the mailing list dev I10n llists mozilla org or to its newsgroup mirror mozilla dev I10n b File a bug in Bugzilla From the above page file a bug in bugzilla Details should be as follows Product Mozilla Localizations component Registration amp Management Build Identifier This identifies the exact version of product you are using This is the line beginning Mozilla 5 0 in Help About Details Provide the following details the product you want to localize e g Mozilla Suite the language country code e g ne NP your contact details name e mail web page if available e g Basanta Shrestha basanta mpp org np www mpp org np Downloading Mozilla Build The latest official buil
208. organization Testing should fulfill all the requirements provided in the requirement specification document Following are the different types of testing employed while qualifying the end product NepaLinux in our case 142 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 1 Usability testing Since this Nepali Linux distribution has targeted the desktop users making this product user friendly was the first priority Features like auto mount easy installation were added and tested thoroughly 2 Hardware detection testing This distribution was tested on different configurations of hardware 3 Localization testing This testing was performed in order to check whether the system fails after loading the translated file Preparing the build of the software Localization includes choosing the application library routines etc Hence it becomes necessary to keep track of the correct version of these applications libraries and routines that will be packaged in the final product Even the correct versions of manuals reports translations files need to be recorded Preparing the user manual The developers and the translators prepare the user manual A framework needs to be worked out for the manual development The user manual may also include installation manual 143
209. output devices It converts text strings into sequences of properly positioned glyphs of the given fonts With English the character to glyph mapping is straightforward but when it comes to other scripts of greater complexity output methods are more complicated Traditional font technologies do not store the information required for handling the complex scripts in the fonts itself Owing to this the output methods bear the burden In contrast OpenType fonts function according to the rules stored in the fonts This makes the task for the output methods relatively easier as all that is required is the capability to read and apply the rules Different output methods exist for different implementations In case of X Window for more details on X Window refer to chapter 7 GNOME Localization the output method is the X Output Method XOM A separate module called Pango is used for GTK Output method is handled by some classes as far as Qt is concerned OpenType fonts are now widely supported by modern rendering engines So basically OpenType fonts may be used with OpenType tables that describe rules for glyph substituions and positionings But if TrueType or Type 1 fonts are used an output method capable of processing and typesetting characters of the particular script is needed 1 4 40 Input Methods Many factors need to be considered relating to design and implementation of the input method This involves the size of the character set for a parti
210. owing command to extract it cpio i lt mylivecd boot grub message iv Modify the background pcx v Create the message file from the message folder a cd message b Is cpio o gt mylivecd boot grub message While modification the specification of background pcx image should be exactly as below a A pcx format file b 640x503 Resolution c Size not exceeding 35KB d 14 Color Image vi Boot Splash Images Customization BootSplash Images of the Live CD refers to the images that are displayed while the Live CD boots The current base module uses 6 images So create your own 6 images and replace the existing ones Find the steps for the modification e gunzip mylivecd boot miniroot gz e mount o loop mylivecd boot miniroot iso 126 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software e Bootsplash images resides under iso bootsplash images Replace them with the new ones umount iso gzip mylivecd boot miniroot File name pl ia Resolution y vee 21KB 1024x768 silent 1024x768 jpg 22KB 1024x768 silent2 1024x768 jpg 35KB 1024x768 silent3 1024x768 jpg 88KB 1024x768 silent4 1024x768 jpg 84KB 1024x768 silent5 1024x768 jpg 91KB 1024x768 Table 6 Specification of the images to be used 4 Generating the Base Module after Customization After modification and making the necessary changes you need to create the modified base module Use the steps below to do the sam
211. oz2po is used to change the format to po format and po2moz is used to change it back to rdf format Commands like pomerge and pocount are useful commands that come along with others when installing translate toolkit MozLCDB MozLCDB is a Tool made for localization of various Mozilla Gecko based products Besides Firefox this tool can conveniently be used for localization of Thunderbird Mozilla and Netscape This tool can be used for both CVS and downloaded ZIP language packs 9 4 k 9 5 References for Further Reading http www mozilla org projects I10n mlp chrome html http I1 Onzilla mozdev org http docs mandragor org files Misc Mozilla applications en mozile mozdev org 0 6 docs WWW mozileDevelopment html http www mozilla org projects I10n mlp tools html http developer mozilla org en docs Linux Build Prerequisites http developer mozilla org en docs Gecko FAQ http www mozilla org support firefox faq http www mozilla org projects firefox I10n index html http blacksapphire com firefox rtl http www moztw org tools mozlicdb http en wikipedia org wiki Complex Text Layout languages http en wikipedia org wiki Gecko layout engine E zecooozs Sr I 3 76 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 10 OpenOffice Org Localization 10 1 Introduction In this Chapter we will talk about OpenOffice Org Localization OOo We begin with a short introduction about OpenOffice O
212. pali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt lt prop gt lt prop oor name CTL_TEXT oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Nepali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt 79 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt prop gt lt node gt Points to remember while defining the default fonts for your language 10 8 i the fonts have to be separated by semi colon character e the internal name of the fonts should be used the one that appears on the font menu when selecting the fonts in OpenOffice Org or any other program and not the name of the file that contains the font though their names might have spaces this is not a problem just include them while entering different fonts do not put spaces before or after the signs nor at the beginning or the end of the font list Making the required changes when including locale and collation files The following files have to be modified for the inclusion of locale data 10 8 k Please refer to the section Developing OpenOffice org Locale and Collation for more on the development of locale and collation Sample of the file i18npool source localedata localedata cxx he IL Icl DATA OTHERS he hi IN Icl DATA OTHERS hi ne NP Icl DATA OTHERS ne kn IN Icl DATA OTHERS kn ta IN Icl DATA OTHERS ta i18npool source localedata data makefile mk MISC localedata_he_IL cxx
213. periences of the Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya localization team while they worked on the localization of Debian and Morphix based GNU Linux Distribution in Nepali Special attention has been given in making the content useful to those undertaking the localization work for the first time for other languages in their respective languages Illustrations in most cases are based on the works in the Nepali language However information about the basic steps and procedures for localization has been made as generic as possible in order to ensure that any language may fit into the description provided During the preparation of this guide a large number of resources invaluable to both beginners and experts of localization have been consulted References have been provided for further reading for these topics We would like to acknowledge G Karunakar of SARAI and IndLinux Javier Sola of the Khmer OS initiative Jaldhar Vyas Suyash Shrestha for their advice and help during the development of NepaLinux 1 0 Our acknowledgements are also due to networks like bytesforall debian org etc This work has been made possible through the support of National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences NUCES Pakistan and Pan Asia Networking PAN program of International Development Research Center IDRC Canada Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya MPP and the PAN Localization Project MPP a non profit institution is principally an archive house of published materials i
214. ps over bitmaps and so on 4 6 Font Resources Below we have listed the links to some useful font resources a Free fonts http cgm cs mcgill ca luc fonts html b TrueType Indic fonts from NCST indix http www ncst ernet in projects indix download shtml OpenType Unicode Indic fonts for Debian GNU Linux http packages debian org testing x1 1 ttf indic fonts 4 7 Font Development tools Below we have listed the links to some of the useful font development tools a Fontforge http fontforge sourceforge net b GNU font editor http www gnu org software gfe gfe html c Fontlab http www fontlab com 4 8 Openoffice Org Fonts Next we look at the basics required for dealing with fonts in Openoffice Org Changing the user interface font 4 9 a 21 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software To change the user interface font go to Tools gt Options gt OpenOffice org gt Fonts check the Apply Replacement Table check box replace the font Andale Sans UI with the desired font Note You will probably have to write Andale Sans Ul manually into the Font field please choose one of the fonts from the dropdown list box for the Replace with entry and press the OK button Installing Fonts 4 9 b The number of fonts vary in OpenOffice org depending on the type of the document being used The reason being that not all of the fonts can be used in every ca
215. put Methods etc e Base Module Modification and Customization adding Language option on the boot menu using customized Images tweaking etc e Generating the ISO to burn on CD Morphix and Debian Gnu Linux for the Live CD Morphix is a modular Linux distribution based on Knoppix Morphix uses the Live CD features of Knoppix but it is more modular Different modules can be combined on a CD for varying purposes making Morphix a sort of Live CD construction kit For example a Morphix CD can contain a normal base system and use the Localized Gnome Desktop as a module Other modules can be constructed for other specific purposes such as a firewall a rescue disk a basic office suite etc A base module can be considered as a core image of the Live CD and a main module is a compressed image containing the software applications In this section we will look at the steps required for creating a Morphix and Debian GNU Linux for the Live CD For this we need to download the Morphix base module and create a Main Module consisting of Gnome Desktop using Debian Repositories A Debian repository is either anftp or httpd source which contains software packages There are different methods of creating a Main Module for the Live CD One popular method is to use the Debian repositories Basically there are 5 Debian Repositories 1 Stable This repository is the latest official release of the Debian GNU Linux distribution This is stable and well tested soft
216. r c Live bookmarks d Extension mechanism for adding functionality Evolution History Firefox was developed by the Mozilla Corporation Because of the popularity of firefox firefox development has become the main focus of the Mozilla Foundation Firefox is developed as a division of browser only from Mozilla Application Suite But please note that Firefox cannot be considered as standalone mozilla browser The user interface in Firefox differs from mozilla browser in many ways For example customizable toolbars are the features that mozilla browser does not have 9 4 h Firefox has become one of the most downloaded free and open source application Please refer to http en wikipedia org wiki Mozilla_Firefox for further information Differences between FireFox and Mozilla Mozilla Application Suite also known as SeaMonkey and Mozilla Firefox are both products of the Mozilla Corporation The prime difference between the two is that Firefox is just a browser whereas Mozilla Suite is the collection of the following 5 components 1 Navigator gt Browser 2 Mail amp Newsgroups gt Mail Client 3 Composer gt Web Page Designer 4 Address Book gt Address Manager 5 IRC Chat gt Internet Relay Chat Client 9 2 FireFox Localization Firefox Localization is similar to Mozilla suite localization as firefox also use the same localizable resource file format as Mozilla Suite that is dtd and properties So localization of Firefox c
217. r countries lacking their own 8 bit ASCII character set Recently L szl N meth the creator of Hunspell provided a patch for MyThes to support unicode This patch could be patched to MyThes if versions of OOo older than 2 0 2 were present In versions OOo 2 0 2 and above the patch has been automatically integrated into OOo The creation of this patch has been a milestone in the internationalization 118n of MyThes because non latin languages now can be integrated into the thesaurus of OOo Thesaurus implementation in Ooo MyThes is a very simple thesaurus This thesaurus does not only provide information on synonyms but also meanings and theparts of speech of a word The main features of MyThes are listed below 1 It is written in C to make it easier to interface with Pspell OpenOffice AbiWord etc It is stateless as no static variables are used and should be completely reentrant with no ifdefs It compiles with ansi pedantic and Wall with no warnings making it quite portable It uses a simple perl program to read the structured text file and generate the index file which contains the index needed for binary searching It is very simple with lots of comments The main smarts are in the structure of the text file that makes up the thesaurus data 6 It comes with a ready to go structured thesaurus data file for en US extracted from the WordNet 2 0 data 7 The source code has a BSD license and no advertising clause B
218. r high resource costs Nonetheless it is clear that trading efficiency for encoding independence has its advantages when it comes to a truly multi lingual application In this regard recently a memory and time efficient Unicode handling has been implemented In non UTF 8 character encodings Hunspell works with the original 8 bit algorithms but this time with UTF 8 encoded dictionary and affix file Hunspell uses a hybrid string manipulation and conditional checking to support Unicode which are as listed below I Affixes and words are stored in UTF 8 While analyzing they are handled mostly in UTF 8 and for conditional checking and suggestion they are converted to UTF 16 Il D m lki algorithm is used for storing and checking 7 bit ASCII ISO 646 conditional characters and sorted UTF 16 lists of other Unicode characters with conditional patterns IIl Hunspell supports only the first 65 536 character Basic Multilingual Plane of the Unicode Standard till date Different Spell Checker Formats in OpenOffice Org Kevin Hendriks started MySpell written in C to integrate various open source spelling checkers into the OpenOffice org build For more information on MySpell please refer to 10 8 g As MySpell has been replaced by Hunspell from OOo 2 0 2 we will not go in details about MySpell Hunspell is a spell checker and morphological analyzer library It has the ability to handle languages with rich morphology and complex word compou
219. re In the affix file optional morphological description fields could also be present separated by tabulator as in the dictionary file Rule morphology Below is an example of a simple affix file with morphological informations Affix file SFX XY 1 SFX X 0 able ABLE The morphology can indicate that the rule named X is for adding the affix able to the words Till now we have had a general overview of the affix and dictionary files and their working mechanisms Using only the above format will work just fine for Hunspell to check for misspelled words but there are many other options in Hunspell that will help make a better spell checker for languages especially if the language is complicated and if the above format is insufficient to define the language Below are other options to define such a language The options and their respective explanations are based on the documentation of HunSpell 10 8 a Choose options that would define your language efficiently GENERAL OPTIONS The heading of each option is the syntax in which it should be kept in the affix file 1 SET encoding This option allows you to set the character encoding of words and morphemes in both the affix and dictionary files Possible values for the encoding are UTF 8 1808859 1 1808859 10 I808859 15 KOI8 R KOI8 U microsoft cp1251 ISCII DEVANAGARI 2 FLAG value This option allows you to set the flag type The flag type is the type of the name of the rule In t
220. re something like this static const sal_Int16 NumberChar he 28 static const sal Int6 NumberChar ne 29 static const sal IntG NumberChar dz 30 0x0020 0x05D0 0x05D1 0x05D2 0x05D3 0x05D4 0x05D5 0x05D6 0x05D7 0x05D8 Hebrew 0x0966 0x0967 0x0968 0x0969 0x096A 0x096B 0x096C 0x096D 0x096E 0x096F Nepali OxOF20 OxOF21 OxOF22 OxOF23 OxOF24 OxOF25 OxOF26 0xOF27 OxOF28 OxOF29 Dzongkha 0x0000 Hebrew 0x0000 Nepali 0x0000 Dzongkha 81 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software for decimal character 0x0000 Hebrew 0x0000 Nepali 0x0000 Dzongkha 0x0000 Hebrew 0x0000 Nepali 0x0000 Dzongkha for separator character In the second file you need to include your script in both the natnumiLocales and natnum1 arrays static const sal Char natnum1Locales zh CN zh_TW ja ko he ar th hi or mr bn pa gu ta te kn ml lo bo my km mn It is suggested to send in a single patch that covers changes to these two files If this is already done then you can for example format cells in Calc by using NatNum1 Adding support for numbering in local language numbers and letters The number lists in OpenOffice org Writer can be used in local language numbers instead of Latin numbers This defined styles in OOo Writer can be found in Format gt Bullets and Numbering
221. reating a new Input Module Data Table Create a file named myinput txt The fileshould look like this and can be divided into 2 sections e TABLE DEFINITION Entries like table name language code locale amp author name are defined TABLE DATA Character mapping is done in this section File header must not be modified This file must be encoded into UTF 8 This files tries to implement the Traditional keyboard layout modified by MPP for PAN Project SCIM_Generic_Table_Phrase_Library_TEXT VERSION_1_0 Begin Table definition BEGIN_DEFINITION An unique id to distinguish this table among others Use uuidgen to generate this kind of id UUID 16f49d28 677b 4ac7 a93c 9f714b070a5a A unique number indicates the version of this file For example the last modified date of this file This number must be less than 2432 SERIAL_NUMBER 20051103 ICON usr share scim icons Nepali png PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software The default name of this table NAME Traditional HHE The local names of this table NAME ne NP Supported languages of this table LANGUAGES ne NP The author of this table AUTHOR Harkhe lt harkhe gmail com gt Prompt string to be displayed in the status area STATUS_PROMPT NP If true then the first candidate phrase will be selected automatically during inputing AUTO SELECT TRUE If true the
222. regular expressions might aid in finding and replacing one or more spelling errors in multiple files Once verified and proof read the translation must be tested in the real applications and checked if the formatted strings show up correctly in terms of the essential grammar structure For instance Nepali follows the SOV Subject Object Verb sentence pattern as opposed to ENGLISH which follows the SVO Subject Verb Object sentence pattern For this purpose it is advisable to arrange for opening two applications one using the English user interface and the other with the user interface in the native language A comparative look would determine the changes to be made 7 3 7 Submitting Translated Files to GNOME Mainstream Once the po file is translated verified and tested in the application itself the file has to be submitted in the GNOME CVS so that the new release of GNOME will have the translated strings incorporated Following are the steps required for submitting the translated files to GNOME 1 The following two CVS commands download the two files ChangeLog and ne po in the local machine from the GNOME central CVS cvs checkout modulename po ChangeLog cvs checkout modulename po ne po 2 Assuming that you have translated the ne po file Next you need to add comments in ChangeLog Name lt email gt ne po Updated Nepali Translation Here ne po referes to Updated Nepali Translation po File For example 2006 01 01 Pawa
223. rg followed by the procedures required for OpenOffice Org Localization We then move to the development of the OpenOffice Org localeand the collation sequence After giving a general overview of the translation process We will also talk about the Spell Checker and Thesaurus Development under the OpenOffice Org framework General procedures for building localized OpenOffice Org in Debian GNU Linux based systems are also discussed References to important links for further reading are provided at the end of the Chapter About OpenOffice Org OpenOffice org OOo is an office productivity suite comprising of a word processor Writer a spreadsheet application Calc presentation software Impress etc It supports a variety of file formats and not only does it work with OpenDocument standard from OASIS it also works with file formats like that of Microsoft Office 10 8 f OpenOffice org is available in a number of languages with the number increasing with the support of the community It runs on a number of operating systems such as GNU Linux Solaris Mac OS X Windows etc There are two major versions in OpenOffice org till now e OpenOffice org 1 1 x 645er series e OpenOffice org 2 x 680er series The build instructions and the localization steps for OpenOffice org 1 1 x and 2 x are different This guide discusses how to go about localizing and building the 2 x series The developmental versions in between the major and minor versions
224. rk as submitted in the previous submissions can be retrieved This is extremely important as there is always the risk of file or data loss because of system failure or unexpected crashes 6 3 2 Translation Tools Several translation tools for all platforms either windows linux or others are available on the web Some of them can be downloaded for free while others demand some amount of money to be paid for downloading Free open source translation tools relate to the first category while proprietory translation tools relate to the latter catagory A list of translation tools and their respective characteristics is given below S No Tools free non free ae Online Offline Plateform dependency 1 Pootle Free GNU GPL Online N A 2 Rosetta Non free Online N A 3 Kartouche Free GNU GPL Online N A 4 KBabel Free GNU GPL Offline Widows Linux 5 poEdit Free Offline Widows Linux 6 Attesoro Free GNU GPL Offline Linux 7 passolo Free GNU GPL Offline Windows 8 IniTranslator Free GNU GPL Offline Windows 9 GTranslator Free GNU GPL Offline Linux 10 LocFactoryEditor Free GNU GPL Offline Mac OS Table 1 List of translation tools and their respective characteristics Source http www i18nguy com TranslationTools html From the table above Kbabel Gtranslator poEdit LocFactoryEditor are po file editors For more information on the po file format please refer to the po file format section of this
225. rmity and consistency leading to unproductive work 6 4 4 Orientation to the Translation Team Regarding Translation Guidelines Translation is the most important aspect in localization Metalanguage works or works that discuss language could be very difficult to translate Comic texts can also be very difficult to translate Translating the messages and menus in an application is a heavy budget process and inaccurate translation would result in making the application unusable in that particular language In short translation should be complete grammatically correct and should be terminology consistent Below are some suggested guidelines which should be followed during the translation process 6 5 c d e 1 First of all find out if someone is already working on your language If so contact them to get assistance for translating the commonly used terms 2 The translator should be very well acquainted with both the source and target languages 3 The translator should also be aware of the context of translation For example in the sentence Sita made him a duck the word duck can be translated only if the context is understood Such issues will come up when you are translating multiple paragraphs of texts Join a mailing list You can use this to discuss translation of difficult words It would be a good idea to create a website to tell people about your work keep glossaries etc You should make sure that your translation consistently uses t
226. s chapter we will concentrate on the three different input methods available for Linux viz xkb iiimf and scim References to some important links on input methods are provided at the end of the chapter for further reading 5 2 Different Types of Input Methods 5 2 1 xkb Keyboard Layout for X11 The X Window System used on most Unix like systems today uses X Keyboard Extension xkb for translating keystrokes into character codes While creating the xkb layout for a particular language we have to map symbols according to the layout of the keyboard as illustrated below This input method can be used in any type of applications that are based on X as Gtk based applications Qt based applications etc 5 58 58 H 52 ns 5 118 Figure 1 Keyboard layout for mapping the symbols Steps to create a new layout This section will guide you on how to create a new xkb input Execute the steps below to create a new keyboard layout a Create a file named using your language code For eg ne in case of Nepali Language b The content of the file would be similar to the one below partial default alphanumeric_keys xkb_symbols basic name Group1 FullLanguageName key lt ADO1 gt 0x1000920 This defines that key ADO1 ie Q key has 2 letters the second letter can be used by pressing the shift key while typing which are denoted by their respective Unicode values Like wise for every key you need to assig
227. s for your language In order to define default fonts for your language you need to modify a file called officecfg registry data org openoffice VCL xcu 10 8 i In this file you need to define the fonts which by default will be used on the user interface of the localized applications such as wordprocessor spreadsheet presentation etc Not only the user interface but also the default font to be used in the document can be defined in the file Definition of the font default table for any language requires the modification of the file officecfg registry data org openoffice VCL xcu A node or a block similar to the following should be added for the language you would like to define the default fonts node oor name ne oor op replace gt lt prop oor name Ul_SANS oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Nepali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt lt prop gt lt prop oor name CTL_DISPLAY oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Nepali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt lt prop gt lt prop oor name CTL_HEADING oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Nepali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt lt prop gt lt prop oor name CTL PRESENTATION oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Nepali Kalimati Samanata Sans lt value gt lt prop gt lt prop oor name CTL_SPREADSHEET oor op replace oor type xs string gt lt value gt Lohit Ne
228. s like Pootle Rosetta Entrans are also becoming increasingly popular as they allow people spread across different places to contribute to the translation process For detailed information on the translation tools please refer to Chapter 13 Tools for Localization under Translation tools Prerequisites for Translation We will discuss the different prerequisites for translation below Downloading the POT files and the GSI files The first step in the translation of OpenOffice org is the downloading of the POT files and the GSI file which can be found at 10 8 m http ftp linux cz pub localization OpenOffice org devel POT Here you will find the latest tarred version of the POT files The downloaded file consists of the pot files and the en US version of the GSI SDF file which would later be needed for the creation of the language specific OpenOffice org format file called GSI SDF file after the completion of the translation Please note that the same GSI SDF file will be needed later when converting the po format files to the language specific GSI SDF file Installing Translate Toolkit It is a toolkit to convert various translation formats such as gettext based po formats OpenOffice org formats and Mozilla formats This makes it possible to stay in one format across all your localization It consists of tools to help process and validate localizations etc 10 8 0 The toolkit can be downloaded from the following location http
229. se In the case of HTML document or in online layout only those fonts that are available on the screen are offered whereas in the case of text document only those fonts are shown which can also be printed On the other hand in the case of spreadsheets and drawings all of the fonts that can be either printed or shown on the screen can be used a Adding Fonts In order to integrate additional fonts in OpenOffice org the following steps need to be performed 1 2 3 4 5 8 Go to the lt OOo_install_path gt program directory and start spadmin by entering spadmin Click Fonts The dialog lists all the fonts added for OpenOffice org The fonts can be added with the Add button whereas they can be removed with the Remove button When you click Add the Add Fonts dialog will appear Enter the directory from which you want to add the fonts by pressing the button and selecting the directory from the path selection dialog or by entering the directory directly Select the fonts you want to add from the list of fonts that appears from this directory In order to add all the fonts click Select All You can either copy the fonts in the OpenOffice org directory for cases when data medium is not always available such as CD ROM the fonts must be copied or create only the symbolic links with the Create soft link only check box By clicking OK the fonts will be added b Deleting fonts In order to delete fonts the following steps hav
230. stable than the one which can be downloaded from the autobuilds For those who need the latest kernel with the latest packages are recommended to use the ISO from the autobuilds Otherwise use the ISO from the morphix download section Extracting the Base ISO The Base ISO can be mounted to some folder and all the contents can be copied to a folder The following steps need to be followed mkdir iso mount o loop basemod 2 6 15 2006 05 17 0015 iso iso Where basemod 2 6 15 2006 05 17 0015 iso is the downloaded file from morphix autobuilds mkdir mylivecd cd iso cp Rp mylivecd umount iso 5 e2o29c Main Module Construction The Main Module is a compressed image consisting of software packages like Gnome Desktop Office applications etc In this section we will create a main module for our Live CD which is considered as a major task 1 First debootstrap the base system to some folder mkdir mainmodule debootstrap sarge mainmodule Instead of sarge you can use etch or sid whichever you like while debootstraping Since sarge is very stable it is the one that is highly recommended 2 Chroot to the folder mainmodule Chroot is an operation which changes the root directory Root directory is the first or top most directory in a hierarchy chroot mainmodule 3 Make entry for the apt sources Here we will use the Debian sarge repositories Add the following lines to the etc apt sources list file using your favorite t
231. sterisk gt lt plus sign gt lt comma gt lt hyphen gt lt period gt lt slash gt lt colon gt lt semicolon gt lt less than sign gt lt equals sign gt lt greater than sign gt lt question mark gt lt commercial at gt lt left square bracket gt lt backslash gt lt right square bracket gt lt circumflex gt lt underscore gt lt grave accent gt lt left curly bracket gt lt vertical line gt lt right curly bracket gt lt tilde gt xdigit lt zero gt lt one gt lt two gt lt three gt lt four gt lt five gt lt six gt lt seven gt lt eight gt lt nine gt lt A gt lt B gt lt C gt lt D gt lt E gt lt F gt lt a gt lt b gt lt c gt lt d gt lt e gt lt f gt blank lt space gt lt tab gt toupper lt a gt lt A gt lt b gt lt B gt lt c gt lt C gt lt d gt lt D gt lt e gt lt E gt lt f gt lt F gt lt g gt lt G gt lt h gt lt H gt lt i gt lt I gt lt j gt lt J gt lt k gt lt K gt lt I gt lt L gt lt m gt lt M gt lt n gt lt N gt lt o gt lt O gt lt p gt lt P gt lt q gt lt Q gt lt r gt lt R gt lt s gt lt S gt lt t gt lt T gt lt u gt lt U gt lt v gt lt V gt lt w gt lt W gt lt x gt lt X gt lt y gt lt Y gt lt z gt lt Z gt tolower lt A gt lt a gt lt B gt lt b gt lt C gt lt c gt lt D gt lt d gt lt E gt lt e gt
232. t metacity window manager nautilus file explorer and gnome desktop menus on the desktop It also has various applications for audio video file viewers including gpdf gv etc CD writing desktop theme selection printing etc GNOME also includes office tools like gnumeric spreadsheet dia diagram editor planner etc After the translation of a minimum number of files of gnome desktop menus panel and some associated packages like nautilus and printing libraries the GNOME desktop would start appearing in the local language 7 3 5 GNOME versions and Localization GNOME programs are designed in such a way that they may be localized as per the needs of a particular location This applies for instance to printed pages in America appearing in a different size from printed pages in Europe weather temperatures being displayed according to Fahrenheit and Celsius scales in different places and the language seen in programs as per the user s native language Translation is a major part of the localization process The translators take sentences in the original English supply the appropriate translation and add the file containing this information to the GNOME CVS repository so that the next release of the software contains the new language To begin with you will need to find out what your language code is This is a two or three letter code More popular languages will tend to have two letter codes whereas more obscure languages w
233. t the folder tmp has sticky bit on and looks like drwxrwxrwt If not you can use the following commands to change the permission chown 1777 tmp R iv Install Gnome Desktop using apt get install gnome desktop environment After the installation of the packages the system will ask some questions for configuration for which you can use the default options 6 Installing other additional packages apt get install xscreensaver apt get install pcmcia cs 7 Adding up Locales Fonts Translations and Input Methods This section guides you how to install locales fonts translated files and different types of input methods for our localized distribution 1 Locales i Install the locale package using apt get install locales ii Remove the previous old one if exist rm rf usr lib locale xx XX where xx Language code amp XX Country code iii Copy the UTF 8 gz file to tmp cp usr share i18n charmaps UTF 8 gz tmp iv gunzip the UTF 8 gz file bin gunzip d tmp UTF 8 gz v Copy the locale file to tmp cp xx XX tmp Note that if your language locale is already listed at glibc you can find it under lusr lib locale vi Run lusr bin localedef i tmp xx XX f tmp UTF 8 usr lib locale xx XX vi Check using locale a vii Removing the files 1 rm rf tmp UTF 8 2 rm rf tmp xx XX 121 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 2 Fonts i Copy your open type unicode fonts cp fontname
234. tWeek gt 1 lt MinimalDaysInFirstWeek gt lt Calendar gt lt LC_CALENDAR gt lt LC_CURRENCY gt In this section you need to provide the Currency details for your locale e Bank code o Three letter code in capitals Currency symbol Currency name Localized name of currency singular Decimal places o Number of decimal digits used with the currency Sample for this section lt LC_CURRENCY gt Currency default true usedInCompatibleFormatCodes true gt CurrencyID2 USD CurrencyID lt CurrencySymbol gt lt CurrencySymbol gt lt BankSymbol gt USD lt BankSymbol gt lt CurrencyName gt US Dollar lt CurrencyName gt lt DecimalPlaces gt 2 lt DecimalPlaces gt lt Currency gt lt LC_CURRENCY gt lt LC_TRANSLITERATION gt This section is used to specify character conversion algorithms Languages that use Latin characters do use upper to lowercase conversion algorithms such as the ones mentioned in this file Some languages such as Japanese Chinese or Korean have complicated transliteration schemes Specific transliteration could be used but it has not been used in other scripts before Transliteration procedures need to be written before they are included here If your language is not Chinese Korean or Japanese just leave this as it is and if it is one of them then it has already been done If you really want to do transliteration please look into http 110n openoffice org i8n framework HowToAddLocalelnl1
235. tems and virtual stems In this case lemmas real stems need to put into morphological description and forbid not real lemmas in morphological analysis 110 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software adding LEMMA_PRESENT flag to dictionary words 5 NEEDAFFIX flag This flag signs virtual stems in the dictionary Only affixed forms of these words will be accepted by Hunspell Except if the dictionary word has a homonym or a zero affix NEEDAFFIX works also with prefixes and prefix suffix combinations 6 WORDCHARS characters WORDCHARS extends the tokenizer of Hunspell command line interface with an additional word character For example dot dash n dash numbers percent sign are word characters in Hungarian see Example for compounding 7 CHECKSHARPS SS letter pair in uppercased in German words may be upper case sharp s B Hunspell can handle this special casing with the CHECKSHARPS declaration see also KEEPCASE flag in both spelling and suggestion 10 7 Thesaurus in OpenOffice Org History MyThes is a thesaurus made by Kevin Hendricks This thesaurus has the facility to provide a words meaning and synonym but not it s antonym which a thesaurus should be able to provide MyThes was made specially to provide OOo with a thesaurus It is the first thesaurus for OOo and is still being used with some enhancements from the OOo community Originally it did not support UTF 8 encoding which was a big setback fo
236. than one translator Further if attempted to multiple commit to a single file it will result in a conflict Hence it is recommended that one person works exclusively on a single file The work could also be locally saved in the local computer Later through a user friendly interface the locally saved copy may be committed to the CVS server Important You should keep the default setting to Default The two other settings make the generated PO file not a standard GNU gettext PO file so this should be avoided Default is the format normally used in PO files Locale is the format specific to your country Custom lets you define your own format where you can use the following format strings Year Setting ranges between 00 to 99 HY ranges between 0001 to 9999 Month Setting 9om sets months as 01to 12 format 9of sets months as 1 to 12 format b h sets months as Jan to Dec format Day Setting 90 is for day of the year setting in 001 to 366 format d is for day of the month setting in 01 to31 format 908 is for day of the month setting in 1 to31 format 908 is for weekday abbreviation setting in Sun to Sat format Hour Setting H sets hours as 00 to 23 format k sets hours as O to23format 96i sets hours as 1 to 12 format 961 sets hours as 01 to 12 format 9op is for AM or PM setting Minute Second Timezone setting 90M for setting minutes 00 to 59 format 908 for setting minutes 00 to 59 format Z for setting timezone
237. the SpellChecker section of this guide and placing both the dat and idx file in the same directory where the dictionary Ist is placed e References for Further Reading http sourceforge net docman display_doc php docid 29374 amp group_id 143754 http lingucomponent openoffice org READ ME file of MyThes http lingucomponent openoffice org MyThes 1 zip data layout txt file of MyThes http lingucomponent openoffice org MyThes 1 zip http en wikipedia org wiki Myspell http about openoffice org http Awww openoffice org license html http www it46 se localegen http www khmeros info tools localization of openoffice 2 0 html http www khmeros info tools how to patch html http www khmeros info tools openoffice locale htm http www khmeros info tools Collation in ooo 2 0 html http www khmeros info tools o02 0 program translaltion html http ne openoffice org stats http translate sourceforge net http Awww khmeros info tools translate html http ftp linux cz pub localization OpenOffice org devel build build http tools openoffice org dev_docs build_linux html http wiki services openoffice org wiki CPAN install E zeocooocs c E I 0 5 20002353 113 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 11 Linux Distribution Development for Localization 11 1 Introduction In this Chapter we deal with the Live CD based Li
238. the chapter 2 NOSUGGEST flag Words that have been signed with NOSUGGEST flag are not suggested This flag may come in handy for vulgar and obscene words The flag should be an English character 3 MAXNGRAMSUGS num This option sets the number of n gram suggestions Value 0 switches off the n gram suggestions 4 NOSPLITSUGS 104 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software This option disables the split word suggestions For instance if the word into is not in the dictionary and we type into then hunspell will give in to in the suggestion list To prevent such type of suggestions this option is used 5 SUGSWITHDOTS With this option Hunspell adds dot s to suggestions if the input word terminates in dot s Not for OpenOffice org dictionaries because OpenOffice org has an automatic dot expansion mechanism 6 REP number_of_replacement_definitions REP the replacement We can define language dependent phonetic information in the affix file aff by a replacement table First REP is the header of this table and one or more REP data line follows it With this table Hunspell can suggest the right forms for the typical faults of spelling when the incorrect form differs by more than 1 letter with the right form For example a possible English replacement table definition to handle misspelled consonants is shown below REP 4 REP f ph REP phf REP k ch REP chk for the misspelled word phan
239. the local input devices Alternatively the local machine may run a small helper or program to connect to a remote machine and start the desired application Working with X Window System and Window Managers X Window by itself only generates borderless windows in fixed screen locations A window manager is required to add borders and buttons and enable the users to resize and move the windows on screen The default X window manager is the Tabbed Window Manager twm However more than three dozen others have been used including AfterStep Blackbox and Enlightenment The KDE and GNOME user interfaces for Linux use Kwin and Metacity respectively as their window managers 45 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software When the X Window System is run the X server manages the display based on requests received from the window manager Hence the window manager is in itself an X client which has the responsibility for managing the appearance behavior and placement of windows on the screen X itself does not have any role in determining the appearance of the screen or what users are allowed to do with windows That is the job of the window manager For example some window managers roll up the window into the title bar like rolling up a window shade when double clicked in a window s title bar This process is referred to as shading Other window managers maximize the window to fill the desktop area as a response to the sa
240. the new user any strong password h re type password for the new user password you used for the new user Use a PPP connection to install the system No After following the above steps the Apt configuration screen appears APT is the mechanism Debian uses to manage and install software packages We are installing from CDs so insert the CD 1 and select the cdrom method and press Ok on the next Screen This will scan the inserted CD and put information of packages of the CD Afterwards apt will ask you to Scan another CD Just opt yes and all the CDs that you have will be scanned Press OK on the next screen Then it will ask you to insert the CD 1 Insert the CD 1 and press Enter The necessary packages will be installed in this phase Debian Software Selection screen will appear now Press Space bar to select deselect your choice Here we will choose the Desktop Environment option for our purpose and then press OK Selecting this option will install a Debian Sarge system with a Gnome Desktop Environment which will be more than enough for our Live CD development task If the installer prompts the questions answer them which best suits your system or use the default options In most of the cases default option should work except while answering the choice for the mouse configuration you need to use PS2 if ps2 mouse is connected to your PC The installation process will take some time at this stage depending on the config
241. this put the XPI file somewhere from where mozilla people can download and send an email to the mailing list mlp staff mozilla org about this Your XPI will be uploaded to mozilla org 8 3 4 Translation Tools Available Translation Tools Some common tools used for mozilla localization are listed below 9 4 e Among these tools Mozilla Translator and MozPOTools are discussed in detail MozExpTool e L10NZilla Mozilla Translator MozPOTools MozExpTool MozExpTool is a Visual C based project It is designed to address the localization and leveraging the need of languages in single byte charsets MozExpTool allows you to create text files we call them glossaries from dtd xul files which can be given to 58 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software translators When the translators have finished their translations you can re import them into the dtd xul files L10NZilla L10NZilla is a tool based on MySQL Java and PHP It allowsthe user to perform localization work using a browser It offers the possibility of having a centralized maintenance of your translated resources Mozilla Translator Mozilla Translator is a localization tool for Mozilla and other XUL based Application It is based on Java You can download the latest Mozilla Translator from http sourceforge net projects moztrans The latest version of Mozilla Translator during the time of writing this guide is 5 03 Requirement JAVA SDK
242. time to translate the huge number of messages Hence it is always done by a group of people When forming a team make sure all members are using consistent languages over all parts of the programs It is a good idea to work together in a closely discussed forum and build the glossary database collected from the settled decisions Sometimes however you will need to run the program to see the context surrounding the message in question to find proper translation or investigate the source code in case of conditional messages such as error messages Literally translating message by message without running the program can often result in incomprehensible messages Like other FOSS development activities translation is a long term commitment New messages are usually introduced in every new version Even though you have completed all messages in the current version be sure to check for any new messages again in the new release It is important to note that there is usually a string freeze period before the final release when no new strings are allowed in the code base and hence the time slot is allocated for translators 6 5 a 6 3 Requirements of the Translation Manager The next section discusses requirements a Translation Manager would need to manage the translation process 6 3 4 Concurrent Versioning System The URL link en wikipedia org wiki CVS defines CVS as the Concurrent Versions System CVS It is also known as the Concurrent Versioning
243. tion and troubleshooting too they find plenty of people to turn to who can easily fix their problems as opposed to FOSS applications Usage of FOSS applications still remain feasible and accessible to only a limited number of Linux Unix masterminds Such a scenario if not counterchecked by the FOSS supporters will increase the divide and inaccessibility of the general users to the enormous benefits of FOSS Building a FOSS Community could be the first initiative to provide a solution to this problem As the FOSS Community grows up the technical support required for the deployment of FOSS becomes more feasible and more accessible to the general masses 13 5 How to build a FOSS Community There are various ways of building a FOSS Community The most common of them being the member of Linux User Groups LUGs GNU Linux User Groups GLUGs Free Software User Groups FSUGs BSD User Groups BUGs In addition to this these user groups also may be created locally under someone s initiative for some local purpose Usually people from the same city or country form a team and thus create a group These people meet regularly and organize various meets or events like installfests thus providing the technical help and support to the local people One way to give continuity to the groups is by maintaining the mailing lists where people can ask questions provide answers to them and make comments or suggestions and so on Online forums are equally popular for
244. tion using MozPOTools Translating using MozPOTools involves a very clever technique of converting mozilla style file format dtd 56 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software amp poperties to GNU s gettext style po files for translation Once the files have been converted to po format translators have the freedom to use any translation tools they prefer MozPOTools collection of many commands including moz2po po2moz pomerge pocount are available in the package called translate toolkit Using common tools like Kbabel is a bit more complicated than using the dedicated Mozilla Translator but the latter provides the following benefits over using Mozilla Translator i Work can be divided among translators ii Gives an overall idea of jar file XPI Profile Default Profile Default includes user profile template files which are used when a new profile is created It resides inside the defaults profile country code folder The localization is optional Copying Registering the new packages Copy all newly prepared set of jar files into the chrome folder of mozilla installation Now make mozilla chrome aware of this This can be done manually by adding the following line in the file mozilla chrome installed chrome txt Note This is done automatically by install js file when installing XPI locale install url jar resource chrome ne NP jar locale ne NP global locale install url jar resource chrome n
245. tional file systems onto LiveCDs Cloop is a module for the Linux Kernel The module image that is used on the Morphix Knoppix based or some other Live CDs uses cloop system for the compression A compression ratio of about 2 5 1 is common for software While building the module for the LiveCD cloop tools must be installed Use the steps to install cloop tools a apt get install cloop utils b apt get install cloop src morphing tools A number of command line tools and scripts are provided in order to create the modules for the Live CD Basic steps to install morphing tools is 119 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software a Add deb http www morphix org debian to your etc apt source list b apt get update c apt get install morphing tools Note that if the installation of morphing tools failed due to dependencies you can only install morphix modulebuilder Use the following command to install it apt get install morphix modulebuilder Downloading the Base ISO A base module can be referred as a heart of the Live CD When we download the base ISOs we can find the base module by mounting the downloaded ISO Two flavours of Base ISOs can be downloaded Downloading the Base ISO from the morphix website downloads URL http www morphix org Downloading from the Daily autobuilds URL http www morphix org autobuilds base The base ISO that can be downloaded from the morphix website is considered more
246. tner countries resource and organizational development is also carried out by their involvement in development of local language computing solutions This also caters to the second objective The research being carried out by the partner countries is strategically located at different research entry points along the technology spectrum with each country conducting research that is critical in terms of the applications that need to be delivered to the country s user market Moreover PAN Localization project is playing an active role in raising awareness of the potential of local language computing for the development of Asian population This will help focus the required attention and urgency to this important aspect of ICTs and create the appropriate policy framework for its sustainable growth across Asia The scope of the PAN Localization project encompasses language computing in a broader sense including linguistic standardization computing applications development platforms content publishing and access effective marketing and dissemination strategies and intellectual property rights issues As the PAN Localization project researches into problems and solutions for local language computing across Asia it is designed to sample the cultural and linguistic diversity in the whole region The project also builds an Asian network of researchers to share learning and knowledge and publishes research outputs including a comprehensive review at the end
247. to PO format by using xml2po tool and then translated using PO translation tools like KBabel after which the translated file may be converted back to xml format with the po2xml tool Likewise the translation tool contains different features for converting PO to other formats and other formats to PO Some of formats possible for conversion are as listed below ts po moz po for mozilla suite formats sdf po for openoffice formats 6 3 4 Standard Glossary for Translation One of the prime issues concerning translation in localization is the glossary development Without the glossary development translators would be facing a hard time in maintaining a consistent translation throughout the project as with multiple translators working in the team multiple translation variants are bound to come up In order to develop a glossary first and foremost widely used technical terms most of them being computer related should be collected from different sources Then the collected glossary terms have to be provided the translation The translated glossary of terms has to be approved by an authorised body preferably representing the Government The approval should be preceeded by formal discussion and consultations among multiple stakeholders like the linguists enterpreneurs scientists technical experts grammarians and so on While developing the glossary it must be properly researched in the sense of providing the translation This is to prevent ch
248. to have rightly called a software being localized in the truest sense it should provide the local look and feel while working with it This involves input support in the software proper display of the input text the support for date currency and time for a particular local language and locality In practice this means that localization needs to address three main issues 1 5 a a Linguistic Issues This essentially covers the translation of a product s user interface and documentation b Content and Cultural Issues This relates to adapting the information and functionality in products as per the norms acceptable to the local audience Issues like the necessity of designing and developing specific software as per the locally accepted norms and regulations in terms of preference over colors graphics icons etc is generally taken into consideration under content and cultural issues c Technical Issues While rendering support for local languages and content there are certain issues that need to be addressed in localization Handling bi directional texts requires some extra effort in design and engineering For example the Arabic script as compared to Roman or Latin Similarly the fact that Far Eastern languages require twice the disk space as is required for English where each character also PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software needs to be considered while dealing with the localization of software in these langua
249. to the browser Open the browser Go to file gt open file choose the ne NP XPI if the XPI gets installed successfully you will get the following screen 65 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Now close the browser and open it again The translated interfaces will appear as follows 3i amp file usr share nepalinux index html j AE Wre L mozilla org mozillaZine mozdev org Figure 15 Localized Mozilla Nepali Browser Creating Glossary File for further amendments Translation is a tedious job and mistakes are almost unavoidable Mozilla Translator provides you with a special feature of saving your work in a file called Glossary zip and retrieving the work later when necessary so that modifications can be made easily For this you need to save the Glossary in Mozilla Translator Backup the following two files which are located in the same directory as your mt40x jar file 1 Glossary zip 2 mozillatranslator properties Later to retrieve the translation in Mozilla Translator copy the two above files in the folder where mt40x jar exists and make a new folder cache inside that folder Execute mozilla translator as usual java jar mt502 jar Now make the changes and make a new Glossary zip for further changes MozPOTools Localizable resource files dtd amp properties are converted into po files and translated using common translation tools e g Kbabel moz2po command is used for
250. top dasher dasher po gnome 2 14 200 deskbar applet deskbar applet po gnome 2 14 eel eel po gnome 2 14 52 eog eog po gnome 2 14 187 epiphany epiphany po gnome 2 14 844 evince evince po gnome 2 14 mec evolution evolution po gnome 2 14 4489 levolution data server levolution data server po gnome 2 1 4 846 Figure 5 GNOME localization status page 7 3 9 Viewing GNOME Desktop in the Native Language After translation is complete and locale is set to the native language the GNOME Desktop interface will show up in native langauge This provides the user with the desktop and other applications in their native language A screenshot of the localized GNOME Desktop in the Nepali Language is shown below 51 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software 17 45 qp Masney masneyb gftp org Sea Ae AAT TUTTI WE eens Fra We Uer weet WA aaae http www gftp org mr urn aq ga Figure 6 Localized Gnome desktop in Nepali 7 4 References for Further Reading a Linux in a Nutshell fourth Edition A Desktop quick reference Ellen Siever Stephen Figgins Aaron Weber b http www answers com topic history of the graphical user interface C http en wikipedia org wiki X11 d http en wikipedia org wikii GNOME desktop e http www gnome org f http www fifi org cgi bin man2html usr share man man1 gnome 1 gz 9 http
251. translate sourceforge net In order to install it you can use the following sequence of commands tar zxvf translate toolkit 0 8rc5 tar gz cd translate toolkit 0 8rc5 Jsetup py install Generating PO files from POT files The downloaded POT file has to be converted into a PO file first in order to start the translation 10 8 p First untar the file tar zxvf OpenOffice org SRC680_m lt MILESTONE gt POT tar gz Then use the command pot2po from the translate toolkit to get the PO files pot2po i pot o po where pot is the directory containing pot files and po is the resulting directory containing po files with OpenOffice org s own directory structure pot2po help on the command line will list all the options 93 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software It is also to be noted that the same command with different options can be used when upgrading from one milestone or version to another since the newer milestone can have added words for translation Translation activity The next step is the translation itself As already mentioned above there are quite a number of translation tools available Translation can done using any of the tools like KBabel POEdit etc After the completion of all translations the po files should be converted to OpenOffice org format i e to GSI SDF file which is explained below Generating the final GSI SDF file from po files With the translation completed you have everyt
252. ts and configures your hardware and contains your standard kernel modules boot Contains the init ramdisk grub menu and kernel copy If you place files in this directory they will be copied over to the root of your filesystem of the Live CD mainmod Contains main modules minimod Contains mini modules Mini module is a module that does only one task For example you can create a mini module of the package nmap and place in this directory Doing this you can use namp in your Live CD without installing it into the main module Refer to the morphix wiki http www morphix org wiki to know 129 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software more about mini modules and see how to create them deb If deb debian packages are placed in this directory they will be installed at boot time of the Live CD exec If you place files in this directory they will be executed at the boot time Note You can delete all files from the mylivecd folder But it is highly recommended to put the Live CD license file and MD5 checksum of the Live CD in this folder Use the following command to generate the MD5 check sum of your Live CD after copying main module base mod and other required files to the mylivecd folder find mylivecd type f exec md5sum V awk print 1 r sort md5sum gt mylivecd md5sums Creating the ISO image An ISO image iso is an informal term for a disk image of an ISO 9660 file system
253. ts and ready to use in some cases you need the password of root e chroot mainmodule e passwd root e Type the password e umount mainmodule This will set the new password for root Refer to the section Main Module Construction to extarct and generate the Main Module f Hostname modification Hostname is used to either set or display the current host or domain name of the system This name is used by many of the networking programs to identify the machine The default hostname is Morphix See below to change to a new one e Edit the basemodule file basemodule etc init d knoppix autoconfig Change hostname Morphix to hostname newname e Replace the existing hostname in the file Base module file basemodule etc hostname with the newname e Change Morphix to newname in the Base module file basemodule etc hosts See the section base module customization and modification to extract and generate the base module PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software g Changing the Distribution name while your Live CD is going to be halt or reboot Check the file basemodule etc init d knoppix halt and replace MORPHIX with your YOURDISTRIBUTIONNAME Refer to the section base module customization and modification to extract and generate the base module h Using your own Gnome splash screen While the Gnome Desktop starts a splash screen is displayed This image resides in the folder usr share images desktop base of the ma
254. u list Add the following lines to Imylivecd boot grub lang Ist title Morphix YourLanguage kernel cd boot vmlinuz ramdisk size 100000 noapic acpi off apm power off vga 791 splash silent initrd miniroot gz quiet BOOT_IMAGE morphix lang xx 125 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software initrd cd boot miniroot gz iii Change lang us to lang xx in every grub entry of the file Imylivecd boot grub options Ist This will boot the Live CD to your language even if you use submenu options to boot the CD Note You can also change the labels eg Morphix to your own eg NepaLinux by editing the files under mylivecd boot grub iv Add the following lines to the file basemodule etc init d knoppix locales at proper locations COUNTRY XX where XX Country code in small letters LANG xx XX KEYTABLE us XKEYBOARD us KDEKEYBOARD dev CHARSET UTF 8 Additional KDE Keyboards KDEKEYBOARDS us dev TZ Continet City 3 Grub Boot Image modification Grub boot Image here refers to the first background image which is in blue and white image displayed when we boot from the CD You can modify the existing image to a new image Gimp is highly recommended tool for this modification Find the steps below to modify the image i Create a directory to work mkdir message ii cd message iii The image resides in the file mylivecd boot grub message Since it is cpio archive we use the foll
255. u to build firefox with an objdir This option facilitates in building firefox in a directory deerpark mozilla ffbuild other than the source directory itself thus preventing the source folder from contamination ac add options enable pango forces firefox to use pango engine for advanced font rendering ac add options enable ui localeznl builds localized firefox build To pass this option to build a localized Firefox you must have your I10n CVS folder next to the mozilla folder E g deerpark mozilla and deerpark l10n nl Now we are ready to build a localized firefox build Set environment as follows export MOZCONFIG deerpark mozilla mozconfig firefox Note Always provide full path here Building Run the following command for building make f client mk build all Executing Checking build option When the build is successful execute firefox from objdir In our case deerpark mozilla ffbuild dist bin firefox Check the exact version of firefox from Help menu Type about buildconfig in the address bar to examine compilation option And also check if thecomplex text has been rendered correctly by visiting some bilingual sites Generating a tarball of localized firefox build Now in order to obtain a tarball of the build run the following commands cd deerpark mozilla ffbuild XPInstall packager make The tarball firefox 1 5 nl linux i686 tar gz will be created under deerpark mozilla ffbuild dist folder Generating a
256. ullName gt July lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt aug lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Aug lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt August lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt sep lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Sep lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt September lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt Month ID gt oct lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Oct lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt October lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt nov lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Nov lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt November lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt Month gt lt MonthID gt dec lt MonthID gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt Dec lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt December lt DefaultFullName gt lt Month gt lt MonthsOfY ear gt 89 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software lt Eras gt lt Era gt lt EralD gt bc lt EralD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt BC lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt BC lt DefaultFullName gt lt Era gt lt Era gt lt EralD gt ad lt EralD gt lt DefaultAbbrvName gt AD lt DefaultAbbrvName gt lt DefaultFullName gt AD lt DefaultFullName gt lt Era gt lt Eras gt lt StartDayOfWeek gt lt DayID gt sun lt Day lD gt lt StartDayOfWeek gt lt MinimalDaysInFirs
257. undpattern definitions CHECKCOMPOUNDPATTERN endchars beginchars 18 This option forbids compounding if first word in compound ends with enchars and next word begins with beginchars 19 COMPOUNDSYLLABLE max syllable vowels This option is needed for special compounding rules in Hungarian First parameter is the maximum syllable number that may be in a compound if words in compounds are more than COMPOUNDWORDMAX Second parameter is the list of vowels for calculating syllables 20 SYLLABLENUM flags This option is usually required for special compounding rules in Hungarian Example for compounding Example Affix file 107 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software This example is for German compounding set language to handle special casing of German sharp s LANG de_DE compound flags COMPOUNDBEGIN U COMPOUNDMIDDLE V COMPOUNDEND W Prefixes are allowed at the beginning of compounds suffixes are allowed at the end of compounds by default prefix root affix Affixes with COMPOUNDPERMITFLAG may be inside of compounds COMPOUNDPERMITFLAG P for German fogemorphemes Fuge element Hint ONLYINCOMPOUND is not required everywhere but the checking will be a little faster with it ONLYINCOMPOUND X forbid uppercase characters at compound word bounds CHECKCOMPOUNDCASE for handling Fuge elements with dashes Arbeits dash will be a special word COMPOUNDMIN 1 WOR
258. uration of you PC While installation the process may ask you the required CDs so insert the right CD if prompted After the completion of the packages installation few configurations will be remaining for finishing the entire process Choose General Type of Mail configuration no configuration at this time Choose Yes and the installer will ask where to have administrative email sent This will normally be your own user account or email address Finally Gnome Login Prompt will appear Use the cerated user name and password to login to the PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software gnome desktop This completes the Debian Sarge Installation and Now you can log in to your new Debian system Network Configuration Build machine needs numerous packages to be download for the development of the Live CD Hence we will configure our build machine to access the Internet with the following steps Steps 1 Login to the system using the account created at the install time 2 Go to Applications gt System Tools gt Networking 3 It will ask the Administrator Password This is the root password that was created at the install time So use the root password Click Forward Check Ethernet or any other possible media Select Manual or Automatic If you select Manual insert IP address netmask and Gateway address Consult your network administrator for the information 8 Click Forward 9 Check Apply and active connectio
259. urce files and are kept separate from the Mozilla core binary Mozilla uses XUL language pronounced zool XML based User interface Language for storing these UI layout The XUL file produces the User Interface Layout while strings to be displayed on it come from the separately placed dtd and properties file 8 3 2 Localization framework The following directory structure will help you to get a general idea of how different resource files work together in mozilla to give localized interface It shows the format structure generally followed when a new component xfly is added to mozilla This is the minimum structure that has to be maintained in order to add a new component and be able to localize it An Example of Directory Structure of mozilla component is as shown below 9 4 c 53 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software MOZILLA CHROME XFLY CONTENT XFLY XUL XFLY JS CONTENTS RDF LOCALE EN US XFLY DTD CONTENTS RDF NE NP XFLY DTD CONTENTS RDF SKIN XFLY CSS CONTENTS RDF XFLY XUL In the directory structure above the xfly xul file is the most important file This file creates the actual application s widget Let us assume that xfly as a xml based hello world program which produces a small box and displays Hello World in it Note xul pronounced zool is XML based User interface Language XFLY JS Javascript creates the functionality for a Mozilla based application XFLY CSS Cascading
260. urces One of the most important factors that influence the cost and time is the correct estimation of human resources We cannot however ignore the fact that with the first attempt at localization correct estimation can not be done beforehand in the initial phase of the project Accurate estimation can only be done after execution of all three units for at least a month Moreover correct estimation also depends on factors discussed below For the Linux unit defining the scope of the tasks will greatly help in providing a correct estimation of human resources required Since the project intention was to produce Nepali Linux distribution for desktop users we needed to provide the sources to the Desktop Environment GNOME office package openoffice org internet mozilla suite graphics designing GIMP and other applications Studying building and testing of these various components requires at least three full time working persons For the Translation unit number of translation strings defines the estimation of the translation man hour Metrics used for calculating the human resource requirement for translation for the Nepali language were as follows 139 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software Calculate the total strings to be translated 105000strings One string on an average contains 10 to 15 words Multiplying total strings with 10 will give the approximate total number of words to be translated 105000
261. ut a touch in source code 7 4 h GNU gettext also provides tools for creating the message database There are three kinds of files in the process e POT Portability Object Template file This is a file in human readable form to be used as template for the PO file where only the english msgid string are available e PO Portability Object file This is a file in human readable form for the translators to work with It is named so because of its plain text nature which is portable to other platforms e MO Machine Object file This is a hashed database for machine to read It is the final format to be loaded by the gettext program Note that there are other translation frameworks in commercial Unixes and their MO files are not compatible You may also find some GMO files as immediate output gettext Tools gettext is a package which contains tools for extracting strings from source files into translatable format turning those strings into a list which can be translated updated and later converted into a format the computer can use Someone from your localization team as many as possible really needs to be familiar with these tools The following commands or utility tools are available with gettext Framework msggrep The msggrep program extracts all messages of a translation catalog that match a given pattern or belong to some given source files msgunfmt Converts binary mo file to human readable po file format msgcat Buil
262. ware which changes only if major security or usability fixes are incorporated Presently Sarge is a codename for the Debian stable distribution 2 Testing Testing repository contains packages that are intended to become part of the next stable distribution and are less stable as compared to the packages from the stable repository Testing does not get the timely security updates from the security team Currently Etch is the codename for the testing distribution 3 Unstable Unstable area contains the most recent packages in Debian Once a package has met our criterion for stability and quality of packaging it will be included in testing Unstable is also not supported by the security team Sid is the current codename of the unstable repository 4 Woody Woody is considered as the obsolete Debian stable release It was the stable version from July 19th to June 6th 2005 when Sarge took over 5 Experimental The experimental repository is the part of Debian where the most bleeding edge and the unstable software is being soaked before it will be robust and tested at least to be able to get into the unstable repository Setting up the Build Environment Build environment is the system in which we are actually undertaking all the distribution development Following are the detailed steps to setup a build environment Downloading Debian GNU Linux Different flavors of Debian like sarge etch or sid CD DVD images can be downloaded from the w
263. x pl is shipped This program is used to generate a file that will help index the words in the data file for MyThes The proper way to run the program is by executing the following 112 PAN Localization Guide to Localization of Open Source Software command in the terminal cat th_en_US_new dat th_gen_idx pl gt th_en_US_new idx In the above command th_en_US_new dat is the name of the data file that the user creates The file name that the program th gen idx pl generates is th en US new idx The name of the dat file and the idx file must be same This command should be executed from the terminal and the directory from where the pl program is executed should be where both the dat file and the pl file exists The idx file that is generated will look as shown below ISO8859 1 1 simple 10 The first line indicates the encoding of the file The second indicates that there is only one word entry and the next line indicates that the word simple in the dat file is after 10 bytes from the beginning of the file After this information MyThes will start to read the information on the word from the location mentioned in bytes The complicated portion is over if both the dat and idx file have been generated The only part remaining is letting the OOo know where the files for MyThes is present This is done by making an entry into the dictionary Ist file which is present in the Ooo_directory share dict ooo folder as mentioned in
264. z The following command is used to convert PO files back to Original format po2moz i locale po o locale t locale orig I ne NP Note Here locale po is the folder where all the translation has been done locale is the output folder which will be created locale orig is used as template folder and ne NP is language code Packing the Work Generating jar Rename the folder name from locale en US to locale ne NP and make jar file mv locale en US locale ne NP jar cvf ne NP jar locale The above steps have to be repeated for all the en unix jar en mac jar en win jar and US jar files Before continuing with the other 4 jar files you might want to take a backup of locale po folder in case you need to make some changes in the translation Building XPI The following commands need to be run to build mkdir p XPI bin chrome cp localization ne NP jar XPl bin chrome cp localization ne unix jar XPl bin chrome cp localization ne mac jar XPI bin chrome cp localization ne win jar XPI bin chrome cp localization NP jar XPI bin chrome cp download install js Refer to Creating XPI in previous section to download appropriate version of install js file cd XPI jar cvf ne NP XPI Please note the trailing in above command The language pack is ready now To check open the file in Mozilla and restart the browser Examine the localized Interface 8 4 Complex Text a

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