Guidelines for compilation of neotectonic faults, folds and fault sources
Contents
1. GEM GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE MODEL working together to assess risk Guidelines for compilation of neotectonic faults folds and fault SOUFCES Report produced in the context of the GEM Faulted Earth Version 2 0 June 2013 N Litchfield B Wyss A Christophersen_ R Thomas K Berryman P Henshaw P Villamor t GNS Science GEM Foundation Guidelines for compilation of neotectonic faults folds and fault sources GEM Faulted Earth Deliverable 4 Develop a moderated registration required web portal for geologist upload of active fault trace and seismic source data Version 2 0 Author N Litchfield B Wyss A Christophersen R Thomas K Berryman P Henshaw P Villamor Date June 2013 The views and interpretations in this document are those of the individual author s and should not be attributed to GEM Foundation With them also lies the responsibility for the scientific and technical data presented The authors do not guarantee that the information in this report is completely accurate The contents of this report are licensed under the creative commons CC BY ND license This report may be freely reproduced provided that it is presented in its original form and that acknowledgement of the source is included Citation Litchfield N Wyss B Christophersen A Thomas R Berryman K Henshaw P Villamor P 2013 Guidelines for compilation of neo2. but note that if the length is manually changed then the calculated length area and magnitude attributes will become incompatible The attributes cannot be edited but if they are incompatible with independent data e g recurrence interval from field data then some of the earlier entered information e g traces fault attributes should be edited or different sections could be combined Fault sources can be exported 3 2 6 Optional step Site observations Observations collected at a particular site e g a trench site where a slip rate or single event displacement has been obtained can be entered once a section has been created step 2 section 3 2 2 The site location can either be drawn on the map or uploaded the latter is not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 The attributes are grouped into four forms Observations Events Observations Displacement Observations Slip Rates Observations Fault Geometry which correspond to boxes 4 on Figure 2 1 Site observations can be edited or deleted 25 To draw a site Figure 3 16 e Expand the appropriate Observations form in the concertina e Select the draw button and draw a site point on the map A window will pop up on the map e Enter attributes all are optional e Attributes can also be edited by selecting the modify button on the Observations form and then the edit button on the bottom left corner of the window which pops up Figure 3 17 e To t
3. Hame 7 5 iF sar ia Masui Lower saragane dept e Join sections d aa i A i z 3 a Fau Sources Form ae ars Fike Fe aah acetal ses BEGY Si WV ig Map data Fii ke Tim oo Bk eS om WEotqu Pre Historical Ea Marker Age yrs Recurrence nie Age of last mov Compledby na Contributed by Created at date Overal compete Faut Section na Strike Surtnce Dip Episodic Bahmi Oo Avi Riodiniga Lapiaz 100 3 000 D lt 1 000 Taria Gorraler Lim n Faut 20 Nicola Lichieki David Heron 2012 04 12 hariu Horth Nicola Litchfiekt Russ vanDissen 2012 04 10 hariu South 4 fi ser i Powered by Ganhode 1 7 Need Help Help For Developers Figure 3 13 Join sections to form a fault To enter fault attributes Figure 3 14 e Expand the Faults form in the concertina Click on the modify button e Select a fault from the map not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 or the Faults table in the grid e Click on the edit button at the bottom left of the pop up window on the map e Enter compulsory attributes in the summary table e Optional attributes can be entered by clicking on the more fields button at the base of the pop up window e Save 23 Welcome to FaultedEarth Geotede Mozilla Firefox k Welcome to FautedE arti GeoNode EE https fpletform candbo openqueke aglon oma f aulted_earth html Googe E Ei OPENQUAKE observati
4. The neotectonic fault and fold components blue and green boxes contains the detailed field observations and derived attributes for neotectonic faults and folds This component is similar to reviewed neotectonic fault and fold databases middle column of Table 2 1 Fault sources yellow box are simplified faults with key attributes for seismic hazard modelling This component is similar to reviewed fault source databases right column of Table 2 1 2 2 2 Database levels compulsory and optional attributes A key database design philosophy of the neotectonic fault and fold component of the database is that it is multi levelled with summary tables boxes 2 8 B and G on Figure 2 1 stored at upper levels and additional attributes boxes 4 7 and D F on Figure 2 1 stored at lower levels This serves several purposes 1 reducing the number of attributes in individual tables to a manageable level 2 facilitating prioritisation of attribute compilation to key attributes for seismic hazard analysis see next paragraph and 3 grouping together similar attributes to ease searching The summary tables 2 8 B G include some of the key attributes needed for seismic hazard analysis Since this GEM Faulted Earth database is designed primarily for input into seismic hazard models entering these key attributes are designated compulsory The compulsory attributes are marked with a red asterisk on Figure 2 1 Many of the compulsory attributes also req
5. Need Metp Heip Far Developers nttps aipha piatform openquake org data upioads Figure 3 5 Upload a Shapefile base map layer To add metadata Figure 3 6 e After uploading GeoTIFFs and Shapefiles you will be asked to add more metadata information to the uploaded files e Scroll down to display and enter all information I geoncde weington region tau fae SO eT Cece Cire A EATA Ti Gh cooow B impovplanemepengakeong iai OPENQUAKE SO Editing details for l geonode wellington_region_faultsand_roads Pom Wellangtos Regeon bashs a Bsiz TEE 2 iieii if Daie Type Pubbcsioa Canes Abaanect Figure 3 6 Add Metadata to a new base map layer 16 To display an uploaded map Figure 3 7 e Return to the tool by choosing the capture drop down menu and selecting Active faults e Expand the Layers form e Select the green icon located at the upper left corner of the screen below the word Layers and add your layer Figure 3 7 Display an uploaded base map layer in the map window 3 2 Guidelines for entering new data The following instructions are laid out in what are considered to be typical workflows of someone likely to be a geologist entering new neotectonic fault data and creating new fault sources The compulsory steps Traces Sections Faults Fault Sources are outlined first followed by the optional step of compiling site o
6. 35 iji 4700 2 000 5 000 es 136485 Langridge etal 23 Las Lomas treme o zii EE 2 000 3 000 O 21 000 13495 J720 mierda basura 15 bench dal rno Bead 1435 3 Trinchera Santa a 507 tosiess 54 a Powered by Geohode 1 2 Need Heip Help For Developers Figure 3 16 Draw a site and enter site observations To upload a site Figure 3 17 e Expand the appropriate Observations form in the concertina e Click on the import button and upload a GIS shapefile not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 e To review or edit attributes select on the modify button on the Observations form e Select the edit button on the bottom left corner of the window which pops up 26 e To tie the site to a section select the section name Fault Section ID from a drop down menu Note optional attributes can be entered by clicking on the more fields button at the base of the pop up window JEM ki l English ii i i Faults Form i re ri mE Se ar e 44 a pal Observations Events Observations Dalocenent Oeservatina Sip Rates Observations Fouk Geometry aces Fouk Seton Summary Fouts Fot Sarees Minimum Recum Maximum Recur Preferred Recur Minimum Age ot Maxum Age o Proferred Age o Historical Eartqu Pre Historical Eo Marker Aga yrs Recurrence inte Age ot inst mov Scale 587 102 2 000 5 000 1 000 13455 27280 O00 5000 300 3
7. A E E E EA ATE 4 1 Introduction GEM the Global Earthquake Model is a global collaboration that brings together state of the art science national regional and international organizations and individuals with the aim to build a uniform independent standard to calculate and communicate earthquake risk worldwide GEM has commissioned a number of Global Component projects to define standards and assemble databases one of them is GEM Faulted Earth with the mandate to establish a Global Database of Neotectonic Faults Folds and Fault sources Two major tasks of the GEM Faulted Earth project are 1 the design of a database schema This report and Thomas et al 2012 and 2 the design of a web based tool for entering fault fold and fault source data into the database hereafter referred to as the fault compilation tool This report provides an overview of the design philosophies of the database and the web tool for compiling new fault data and fault sources This report is divided into three parts 1 Introduction 2 Database design process philosophies and structure and 3 Fault compilation tool The Introduction aims to provide context as to how the GEM Faulted Earth database fits into other components of GEM and how the database contributes to the earthquake risk calculations It also outlines the scope and the limitation of the guidelines Section 2 explains the database design process philosophies and structure describes the
8. A Iv PEST Oe WP Seri vende wsns ea E EEEE E E EE EE EAA N EEA N V BM WEVA OIC E NGI eer E E E E A EE E E 1 1 1 How do fault data contribute to earthquake risk calculations ccccsssseccccsessecceccaeecececseeseceeseaeneees 1 1 2 Scope and limitations of this report snuvassrasenssaisaerasorasonscavoaneaserdnasdadonweasoxseawecubanedebarsearocedansntiaxeasensedenounad 2 2 Database design process philosophies and structure sssssseesssseesesrerssrressrrresrrerssrrresreresereessrerssrereseereseeresss 3 2 1 Datapase desin PROCS SS eiennenn AEA E E EE EEE AEEA 3 2 2 Database design philosophies and structure ccccccccccssssecceceeeseccccseessececeeeeeceessuaaeceessaeaeeeeesseaeeeeees 4 22 1 Database COMPONENTS siirre arre inro ren OTEA 6 2 2 2 Database levels compulsory and optional attributes sosseenessseenssssseersssserresssreresssreressseeress 6 2 2 3 Neotectonic faults traces sections faults sesesssssssssssssesssessssrssrrsrrsrrssrssrseresssersereesreserssee 7 2 2 4 Neotectonic folds blind faults 2 0 eee ccccccccscssssseeecccccsaeeesecccceesseeeseeeceeeessaeesseeeeeeessaeeaeeeeeseneas 8 2 2 5 Automatic derivation or calculation Of fault SOUICES cccccccccsssesseeeccceceeaeeseeeceeeessuaaseeeeeeseeeas 8 2 2 0 Data completeness Ta CeOKs dares aerconcieiaeesiorsecnriaroastcioresdutipornedeciemeanmenns E E 9 Ld UNE O aA A T A A E e 9 3 Fault CORON ACI ON COO afc etecetstecatita
9. Events Observations Deplacsnent Obnervebiont Sip Rates Observations Fouk Geometry Tr Aseimic sip factor 1 1 oO WEortqu PreHistorical Ea Marker Age yrs Recurrence inte Ageotisstmov Compiled by ne Confrinus Seic slp completeners 7 Ramon Zuniga br save candh 4 More tekis al Manso Echaverry Robert Langidgs IFES Triuno F Mingis Libch fieetol Wieireu Ti ecole Lichtekd Mohaka Faut Powered by GeoNode 1 7 Need Help Help Eor Developers Figure 3 14 Enter fault attributes 3 2 4 Step 4 Fault sources A fault source is created generated from a fault The fault source comprises a 2D polygon a 3D polygon projected to the ground surface with automatically populated or calculated attributes calculations for magnitude and recurrence interval are described in the Data Dictionary Litchfield et al 2013 Fault source attributes cannot be edited see section 3 2 5 To generate a fault source Figure 3 15 e Expand the Faults form in the concertina e Select a fault from the Faults table in the grid e Click on the generate button A Fault source generated information window should appear e To view the fault source polygon select the fault source from the Fault Sources table in the grid 24 cto Falte di arth Groode Mozilla Firefox Layers Observations Events Form Observations Displacement Form Observations Sip Rates Form Observations Faut Geometry Form Traces
10. development of the database as well as the database itself Section 3 describes the fault compilation tool developed to upload consistent attributes of the neotectonic faults and folds Section 3 is a user manual for fault data compilation and includes an example of the most likely workflow of input of new data and screen shots of the tool 1 1 How do fault data contribute to earthquake risk calculations Damaging earthquakes usually occur on pre existing faults and in many cases like the San Andreas Fault in California or the Wellington Fault in New Zealand the fault is visible in the landscape and much work has been done to estimate fault attributes such as its slip rate and recurrence interval of surface rupture In other cases a fault scarp cannot be observed on the surface but folding of the landscape allows deduction of a blind fault Sometimes earthquakes occur where there was previously no surface expression indicating the presence of a fault e g the 2010 Darfield Earthquake Christchurch New Zealand The GEM Faulted Earth Database of Neotectonic Faults Folds and Fault Sources covers the first two cases compiling data from observations on the surface A fault database will rarely include the third case and therefore can never be the 1 Neotectonic faults and folds are those that have been active in the current tectonic regime of a region This period of time will vary from region to region Longer periods of time are required to character
11. 1 2 Need Help Helg For Developers Figure 3 12 Edit section attributes 3 2 3 Step 3 Faults Sections need to be combined together to form a fault Even if a fault only consists of one section the section needs to be joined to create a fault Faults can be edited deleted or exported To join sections to form a fault Figure 3 13 e Expand the Fault section summary form in the concertina e Select sections from the map not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 or the Fault Section Summary grid e Enter a fault name e Click on the join button A Fault created information window should appear 22 Welcome to FaultedEarth z hore Firefox Be Eat yen Hary pokmis Ios Hep amp E tetps iplatform sandbox openquakeorgiog platform2 fauited_earth hired OPENQUARE ee Layers Search for a location E TEE EEE a Observations Events Form Hg S BE F i Fa Observations Displacement Fon 5 1 fe i Fe hl x A Observations Sip Rates Form Seg a Observations Fault Geometry Form Traces Form Fauk Section Summary Form Search Mody a modiy A Mectettonic faut R section From the table below press either the shift or cti 1em X ys ra pet to select the Sections you would lke to Jon into Sas SVE ee Fi Prriired Upper Selemaganic Sepiii t t eiei A e Upper seismogenic depth completeness 7 Meriter tonic Faut Mohaka Fault Miran Lower meemogens depth i
12. 38 1912 4700 2000 3 000 eax 13H S000 3500 2000 aon 3456 2 000 3 000 Q f 000 es Pie Powered by GeoNode 1 2 Need Help Help For Developers Figure 3 17 Upload a site and edit site observations 27 REFERENCES Document References Litchfield N Berryman K Stein R Willis M 2011 Inventory of existing fault databases and data attributes GEM Faulted Earth Available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts Litchfield N Thomas R 2013 Bulk upload of national and global databases GEM Faulted Earth available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts Litchfield N Berryman K Thomas R 2013 Data Dictionary GEM Faulted Earth Available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts McCalpin J P 2009 Paleoseismology International Geophysics Series 95 Academic Press Inc Sand Diego USA Thomas R 2012 GEM Faulted Earth database XML interchange Available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts Thomas R Litchfield N Christophersen A 2012 GEM Faulted Earth database design Available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts Yeats R 2012 Active faults of the world Cambridge University Press Cambridge England Yeats R S Sieh K Allen C R 1997 The Geology of Earthquakes Oxford University Press New York USA
13. Form Fault Section Summary Fann Faults Forn af Search lor a bocsi w re 2 4 ma Y r E 4 ki s c i Search Select a fault from the gid below then use the mod button bo create a simple geometry that wil be used to create a fault source polygon fault geometry ee Once fault has the required attributes and sinpkied geometry select a fault from the grid and use the generate button to caltulate a fault source Generate Fault ED Source i Select a Fault form from the grid below then cick Export to downoad i __ Expat Fault Sources Form Aa a Map dita 00 Woogte at of Ure ey Observations Events Observations Displacement Observations Sip Rates Observations Fault Geometry Traces Fauit Section Summary Faults Fault Sources TAgeo Prefered Age o Historical Enrtqu Fre HestoricaiEs Marker Agetyrs Recurrence inte Ageoi iani mov Compdedbyi ne Gontribkutedby Created at date Overal compi faui id Foul rame i Micoa Lilet fies Russ Van Deer H E Dhari Faul gt PW 10 Plasentia Marisol Echaverry 13 Prueba Robert Langbdgs D Bicla Libhieid al Powered by Geohode 12 Need Heip Heip For Developers Figure 3 15 Generate a fault source 3 2 5 Step 5 Review fault sources The fault source attributes should now be reviewed The fault source polygon can be edited by editing individual vertices in the map window by clicking modify and then edit
14. Observations Displacement Observations Sip Rates Observations Fault Geometry Traces Fut Section Summary Fauks Faut Sources Scale C Accuracy C Naes Name C _ Location Method ae sew WALT Cee ep uina aj 136495 272990 Matana Este 3 Sharp teature 68247 136495 Matema central 1 Sharp feature 34124 68247 Matame central 2 Sharp testure 34124 68247 Matama central 3 Concealed 68247 136495 Matama certral 4 Bedrock extension ail 34124 68247 Mateare noroeste Google Earth Surtace trece 545979 1091958 Mohaka Faut GoogeEarih Surtace trace J Powered by GeoNode 1 2 Need Help Help For Developers Figure 3 11 Join traces to form a section To edit fault section attributes Figure 3 12 e Expand the Fault Section Summary form in the concertina e Click on the modify button e Select a section from the map not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 or the Fault Section Summary table in the grid for which a pop up window will appear on the map note to move this form around the screen the pin button on the top right needs to first be selected e Click on the edit button on the bottom left corner of the pop up window e Enter compulsory attributes in the summary table e Optional attributes can be entered by clicking on the more fields button at the base of the pop up window e Save 21 Welcome to FaultedEartl GeoNode Mozilla Firefox o 4 hitps iplatform sandbe openquake org og lati orm sl aubed eart
15. _map Who can eda thes data 0 ot eirt Srowne Any regetered sser SLD cle s ie outore Sonne Only the folowing users or groups Abstract Topegaphe map of Welington Q 4 Who can manage and ede tes data v Powered by Geolioge 12 Need Help Help For Developers Figure 3 4 Upload a GeoTIFF base map layer To upload a Shapefile map layer Figure 3 5 e Browse for your file and open shp file e A list of file uploads are automatically displayed browse and open corresponding dbf shx prj optional sld optional files e Select Upload e Note that you can limit the access to this file to selected users in the Permissions box EGET ions uyer Geonooe ees bros aipre olattorn openquake org cara uoioea C 8 Googie P A De j Add data Permissions Who can riew ant Gownioad his data Cootiose can inpor CeoTIFF ans Snapetie cata Toinpon s pAapetie ryt pict A fie nam he ste O Anyone ttecnuon Vou mi Den te prometes to pek Pe cher componere Mes P Any vaghtered war Only users nho can edt Tele Welington regon Saul ines an roads Who can odit thes data D Veelingterfaut Trares3 ty donre Ary RES uer Op Welngtorfat Tace do Drese Orly the following users or groupe 9a Wale gran mt Traco ate wrar Q w g PRE Waelingtort kat TR o4 ene Who Cam manage and eda thes data O Ai ne se sanct amp ski tie S opuong Dosse Abat Welington regen faot ines and roads i Powered dy Gootit 13
16. abase attributes shows that many are common to all databases particularly fault source databases Thus these common as well as region specific attributes must be included in the GEM Faulted Earth database Specific features of some databases were also briefly discussed and result in recommendations such as using a web map display such as the DISS database and the need to include subduction zones and mid ocean ridge transforms as a separate type of fault source These key findings were then used to design the GEM Faulted Earth database The next step was to develop a preliminary database design and to test it with example data The first version of the database was developed at the Earth Observatory of Singapore by Nicola Litchfield and Mary Anne McKittrick and it was tested on New Zealand and Southeast Asia data as examples of faults with abundant and limited data attributes respectively From there the design was an iterative process of design testing and feedback The database structure was circulated among the authors of this report and other members of the GEM Faulted Earth consortium with particular mention of Mary Anne McKittrick Mudrik Daryono Afroz Shah EOS Singapore Dan Clark Geoscience Australia Roberto Basili INGV Kathy Haller Ned Field Gavin Hayes USGS A final important component of the design process was development of the fault compilation tool described in section 3 The concurrent development of the tool resulte
17. as a dotted line As well as geomorphic expression the other attributes entered for traces are a name the scale at which it was mapped the location method generally the type of map on which it was captured e g Google Earth and notes Sections are faults or portions of faults that have particular attributes e g slip rate dip recurrence interval age of last movement and are represented in map view by one or more traces Figure 2 2 Sections are typically geographically or geomorphologically distinct separated from other sections by step overs or by changes in geometry strike dip dip direction The size of step overs between sections is not defined in this database but sections should not be shorter than 5 km Multiple attributes can be stored for sections boxes 2 and 4 in Figure 2 1 and site specific attributes observations boxes 2 and 4 at sites located in box 3 in Figure 2 1 can also be linked to a section Faults are those that can rupture the ground surface in a single maximum magnitude earthquake Faults consist of one or more sections and are represented in map view by one or more traces Figure 2 2 For example if a fault is composed of two sections it is also made up of all the traces for each of those two sections Figure 2 2a Only summary attributes are stored for faults box 8 on Figure 2 1 If a fault is only comprised of one section then the section and fault summary attributes will be identical If a fau
18. bservations 3 2 1 Step 1 Traces This step involves either drawing or uploading importing traces and describing for each the scale and geomorphological features spatial data attributes which are being mapped Editing and deleting traces is also described and traces can be exported as a zipped shapefile To draw a trace Figure 3 8 e Expand the Traces form in the concertina e Select the draw button and draw a new trace on the map Double click to finish 17 e Enter compulsory attributes in the pop up window that appears in the map The scale and accuracy attributes are automatically populated from the current map scale once the user selects these attributes e Optional attributes Notes Location Method can be entered by selecting the more fields button at the base of the pop up window e Select the save button at the base of the pop up window E ar i oo i org ees ndei sath i 5 Ri awaj OPENQUAKE S i a Oss t f Dima ots Porn Na i we Li E F i si ka reser mga rmi are a deer F 7 Aa d Fis Ciner E in ar reo Pees Poe a P ie j a F al F F E aa 2 n Search to hay mend om rept Compe OF may ne Dai a ca bom Fe gd ice hen chek Emot t dma f gari Updo fae kom hat Late belive pe otha Pe Se a co ho mt fe aces you ecu Be fo ri Frio a EaR Section ay Core Sector Meare ian
19. d in a number of changes to the database design which was useful in conceptualising how the database is to be populated in practise The tool was developed by the GEM Foundation and so we would like to acknowledge others who contributed to the project including John Tarter who was involved in the early stages Table 2 1 Existing databases consulted in the design of the GEM Faulted Earth database Litchfield et al 2011 Geographic location Neotectonic fault and fold database Italy Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources USA Quaternary fault and fold database New Zealand New Zealand active fault database Japan Active fault database of Japan Andean Countries Map and Database of Quaternary Deformation for Andean Countries Taiwan Taiwan active fault database Afghanistan Afghanistan fault database Euro Mediterranean European database of active faults and seismogenic sources Middle East Middle East database of active faults and seismogenic sources Limited active fault attributes 2 2 Database design philosophies and structure Fault source database Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources National Seismic Hazard Map National Seismic Hazard Model Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station Taiwan active fault database Afghanistan seismic source database European database of active faults and seismogenic sources Middle East database of active faults and seismogenic sources The conceptual database structur
20. d maximum value The minimum and maximum values are inferred to represent a 95 level of confidence For compulsory attributes all three of the preferred minimum and maximum values are required 3 Fault compilation tool 3 1 Introduction and tool overview A web based fault compilation tool has been developed primarily for the purpose of entering new data into the GEM Faulted Earth database The tool is designed for entering data for individual neotectonic faults and folds and then deriving a fault source from an individual fault or fold Traces for an individual section can be uploaded as a GIS shapefile but the tool is not designed for bulk upload of multiple fault and fold datasets which are uploaded into the GEM Faulted Earth database separately Thomas 2012 Litchfield et al 2013 At the time of writing May 2013 the tool has only been developed for input of neotectonic faults and fault sources i e neotectonic folds are not included in the current version v1 12 11 Therefore the remainder of this report only describes the currently available components The following sections are accompanied by screen shots of the current May 2013 version 1 12 11 of the tool with features described denoted by red circles or ovals 10 3 1 1 Access and login The fault compilation tool hereafter referred to as the tool resides in the OpenQuake platform https platform openquake org The OpenQuake platform is still under development c
21. e grid tables More detailed descriptions of the tool features are contained in the user instructions in the section 3 2 3 1 4 Adding and uploading base layers The default base layers contained in the tool are Google Earth maps but other maps GeoTIFF and Shapefile can be added by clicking on the add layers button at the top of the Layers form and selecting from the drop down list The tool automatically re projects maps in projections other than WebMercator Google Other maps in the format of Shapefile and GeoTIFF files can also be uploaded at https platform openquake org data and clicking Upload a new Layer Figure 3 3 13 oo beer Cams Carre Sa nai e e e OPENQUAKE aaa Search Figure 3 3 Upload a base map layer To upload a GeoTIFF map layer Figure 3 4 e Browse for your file e Enter a title and brief description Abstract e Select Upload e Note that you can limit the access to this file to selected users in the Permissions box 14 ECET voos 1ye cence aaa ee mpral tonn epenquaice ceg da C liig Googie P A D OPENQUAKE Paar Change password Log out al Iter SNS ne i i Add data Who Cat na and Gownined the data Geohiode can impon Geo TF anc Stuapetie cata To import a shapetite Arpi pock ts Sie wen me sho Anyone PANEN Vou wil Ren we prom etes to pce Re Mer Component ties Ary segetered user Orly users who can oct Tete Wellngten_tepo
22. e resulting from the above process is shown in Figure 2 1 As noted in section 1 2 this is not the technical structure of the database which is described by Thomas et al 2012 Instead it shows the general concepts of the main components spatial data and attribute tables linkages black and red arrows and workflow red arrows of entering data into the database In this section we describe the overall design philosophies and structure Folds Name Anticline Syncline Monocline Episodic behaviour yes active yes inactive no pref min max km Anticline Syncline or Monocline pref min max Axial plane dip direction NW Limb d a Axial traces Limb dip direction NW SE P R Plunge ony Join traces into a fold Plunge direction NE Growth rate vertical pref min max Growth rate horizontal pref min max Displacement a Op Marker age pref min max Age of last movement pref min max Recurrence interval years Overall completeness 1 2 3 o0r4 Compiled by name Contributed by name Last updated date Notes ia Limb tilt rate kyr kyr C UY Blind faults Name Fault yes active yes inactive no pref min max km Upper seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 ae seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 trike at Dip pref min max 1 2 3 or 4 Dip direction 1 2 3 or 4 Location method Scale c Accuracy Geo
23. eceessuaueecessauaeecessaaaeeeeees 15 Figure 3 7 Display an uploaded base map layer in the map WINKOW c csssseccecseesseceeceeeseeceeeeaeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeees 16 cA Le ojo i om e E S ene een or E en ere ee E ec ere E 17 Figure 3 9 Upload eS cadashatets retains tard tote ord octet ute Sioa hcg ra a EE EA AN Ai E aeaa 18 Figure 3 10 Edit or delete Mate cane ee ee a ee ee een R a 19 Figure 3 11 Join traces to form a SECTION cccccccccssssecceccessecccecaeseecccseuseceessaaseceeesaaeecesssuaaeeeessuaaeeeessaeaeeseeees 20 Figure 3 12 Edit section attributes neice EEE E E OEE Ei 21 Figure 3 13 Join sections to form a fault vssuissnchcsurescacnwvandrmcaiesdedosdacssioeabeddaasebpesnusavenbosnadibiinteabanlesiesisdveontiddeweanedan 22 Figure 3 14 Enter fault attributes 2 csascassdrnasscedswossssddsavasedanennsedtaaedansasenesadbaatenesaenesadbansdneidenseaToassavaiaeakineduadtaveds 23 Figure 3 15 Generate a fauli SOUR Ce parneriai n a E nea ouauhane avaenenies 24 Figure 3 16 Draw a site and enter site observations ssssseeesssserressrreresssreresssrrresssreresssreresssrrressseeresssereeee 25 Figure 3 17 Upload a site and edit site observations sssssssesssssssssreeressssssrrrrressssserrresssssreerressssserereessssseeeee 26 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2 1 Existing databases consulted in the design of the GEM Faulted Earth database Litchfield et al P a i E PEIN A E EE SEEN E AE A A E sat E ANE cae E EAR AEAT A I A A
24. fee Pauly Porm Paul bare Pore Oies Everts Diosma apiri a ioe iter mya vaip met 1 ho haat Dea ao Emin ie tn ae EEA Biik A iwi e E Ta tag aS mar miai ER fa ep T aherrraiiess trace ITA haa Disa pi Artum F ie T ae L fa a ale Otwe ie 4 Len tan oe Oo ele om Pe pari oo a nagy Leg L brima tia Cari dired face of a reer or eel fag reser mapay eg LAA eras photog pin i Dalej ewp ejej oe aie egy adie fui p eae the aad oe fee hag remedy eager ia g LD mmia photog aps L Pap heats wel dired dardi feats je g ladie urp Sapp os ete raj ja j AT r hate iie erh y 4 ipay pe lee r p Gate a o ange eet Ayee of caddies irrg Si L eto niman iee cote of a rea fet y a hd Pe Biris Pasture Bibs de ry re eaa Geel haa ees par eg AT e aiye Leti ai agpbhre face meped n jhe imid o om ryr i a M res T Corcaied imej ken bred Gert depoi parga ther Pe leet fl youre eg am o ater E he trace hp popia prenn of the feu ot ad fe veered bee offer chet meets Tha sete Wer fe eet pen yor bo dapi Hea fly e map eee l J ed ira Hi a ee ee 10 pote Fe popie Tp re Tar F ied sow Poseered by Gegtiods L Neset Heip bet for Driana Figure 3 8 Draw a trace Traces can be uploaded individually or as multiple traces which comprise one section To upload traces Figure 3 9 e Expand the Traces form in the concertina e Select the upload but
25. h Aimi OPENQUAKE Compded by name C Faut Section name C Mrinum Upper seismogenic depth C Maximum Upper seismogenic depth C Pretarred Upper seismogenic depth C Upper seismogenic depth completeness C Mirren Lower seismogenic depth C Maximum Lower seismogenic depth Preterred Lower setsmogeric depth C Lower seismogenic depth completeness C Mrimum Dip C Maximum Dip C From the table below press either the Shift or cti to selact the Sections you would ike to Join into a Fault i CRECI Ua Preterred Dip C Join sections Join pata carne Dip direction Dip direction completeness Mrimum Strike sip rate mmyr C Manor Strike sip rate mmvyr C Preferred Sirke sip rate menyr C Mrinum Vertical sip rate mm yr C Maximum Vertical sip rate mm yr C Faults Form Preferred Vertical sip rate meyrt C Fouk Sources Form yt adp cata o20 12 bogte Tani gt Ute Sip type Sip type completeness Asetrrec silp tector 0 1 C Pre Historical Ea Marker Age yrs Recurrence inte Ageotiastmov Compiled by na Cortriuted by p seismic sip completeness C Avith Rodrigo 100 lt 1 000 0 lt 1 000 Taria Gonzalez Walter Montero Nicole Litchfield DavidHeron Save canc More fiekis Nicols Lichfield Russ Van Disser Observations Events Observations Displacement Observations Sip Rates Observations FauR Geometry KI Powered by GeoNode
26. ie the site to a section select the section name Fault Section ID from a drop down menu Note optional attributes can be entered by clicking on the more fields button at the base of the pop up window Welcome to FaulbedEarth Geotode Mozilla Firefox amp ED hita orm sa openquaks orgiog plsi oma f sulted earth himi OPE N QUAKE lachfield Change password Log am Layers 1 Search tor a locator m Pt ae 44 EE Observations Events Form l fom Seach for key ward in motes Create or ES site observation rr f Te cs A gt is 4 pre T pa Upload a Site Upload ha Daa ees aaron Observation ae ee P Faut Secon Dr Sie Feature Minimum Fiecurrenne interwal yt Maximum Recurrence interval yt AIDED cowe cance 2 Less feis Observations Displacement Form P Observations Sip Rates Form i Observations au Geometry Form g Tacer Form ail Pa Faults Form 1G Faut Sources Form zE tae E Tarne DEF Observations Events Observations Dieplacement Observations Sip Rates Gheervetions Fouk Geometry Traces Fault Section Summary Fouls Fiuk Sources 1Ageof Madmum Agso Preferred Ago Histwicnl Eartqu FreHistoricalEa Maker Age ys Fecurrenceinte Age ol lesi mov Scabs Accuracy C hotas Foul Section Dri Ste Feaiure 7 GazaT 138495 8 Cerro Palos tren iji 2 000 5 000 a1 ote 135435 272500 Langridge etal 2 30 Boshi Grande tr
27. ise fault activity in low strain rate regions complete input into seismic hazard modelling and consequently risk calculations To define seismic sources for input into seismic hazard modelling other data is required such as instrumental earthquake catalogues historical seismicity and strain rates from geodetic measurements GEM has other global components to compile those data and it is in the process of developing an interactive tool Hazard Modellers Toolkit to define the input to the open quake hazard engine Figure 1 1 shows a conceptual diagram of the integration of GEM global components using the Hazard Modellers Toolkit Source Geometry Point Polyline Polygon Surface Observed Seismicity Instrumental Historical l Uncertainties 4 Aleatory amp Epistemic a Term Ge logical Slip e Uncertainties seismogenic Source d Aleatory amp Epistemic iy A Model Geodetic Strain Uncertainties a4 Aleatory amp Epistemic Figure 1 1 Schematic diagram of the Hazard Modeller s Toolkit M Pagani pers comm 2013 The GEM Faulted Earth database is the Paleoseismic Long Term Geological Slip component 1 2 Scope and limitations of this report These guidelines describe the GEM Faulted Earth database design process philosophies and structure and presents a user manual for the fault compilation tool For information on earthquake geology mapping fault and folds in the field and characterising active fault
28. lt is comprised of two or more sections the fault summary attributes are a composite of the section summary attributes as defined by the user 2 2 4 Neotectonic folds blind faults In order to convert folds into fault sources for seismic hazard analysis this database makes the assumption common in many seismic hazard models that all anticlines and monoclines are the surface expression of blind faults As a result there is a requirement to define a blind fault polygon which will become the fault source polygon and blind fault attributes box G in Figure 2 1 The blind fault attributes are similar to the summary section box 2 in Figure 2 1 or fault attributes box 8 in Figure 2 1 Folds cannot be composed of sections in this database 2 2 5 Automatic derivation or calculation of fault sources Another key design philosophy is that most of the fault source attributes yellow box on Figure 2 1 are derived from fault box 8 or blind fault box G attributes or are calculated from other attributes those marked with a blue c in the yellow box For example dip is derived from neotectonic fault or blind fault dip and width is calculated from upper and lower seismogenic depth and dip The purpose of this is to ensure 1 formulas are used consistently 2 any changes made to neotectonic fault or fold attributes are also reflected in the fault source and 3 there is an audit trail of where the fault source attribute comes from An impo
29. morphic expression Notes References Slip type Reverse etc 1 2 3 or 4 Vertical slip rate pref min max aniye Calculations slip ra pref min max m r l Net slip rate pref min max mm yr 1 2 3 or 4 Blind fault polygons Displacement aM Fold attribute Recurrence interval pref min max years descriptions Aseismic slip factor 0 1 1 2 3 or 4 Age of last movement AD BC or yr BP c Overall completeness 1 2 3 0r4 Compiled by name Contributed by name c Last updated date Notes oa Sites 4 References a Additional References attributes rE Fault sections Scale Accuracy Site feature Notes Notes Fault sources Name Fault Tectonic region TVZ etc c Length Faults Name Name Episodic behaviour yes active yes inactive no pref min max km Episodic behaviour yes active yes inactive no Length pref min max km Upper seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 Length pref min max km Upper seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 Lower seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 Upper seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 Lower seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 c Width km Lower seismogenic depth pref min max km 1 2 3 or 4 Strike as c Area Kem T Strike al e ay reer s 3 or 4 C jei ti Dip pref min max 1 2 3 or 4 races Dip pref mi
30. n max 1 2 3 or 4 ip direction 1 2 3 or aicuiations Dip direction 1 2 3 of 4 lane tise i RAAN Dip direction ATOE Join 1 or more Downihrow side S WE or NW ote Sip ypo Reverso otc 1 2 3 or 4 Downthrown side N S W E or NW ete ip everse etc 1 2 3 or c Net slip rate pref min max 1 2 3 or 4 ee ee Sea Slip type Reverse etc 1 2 3 or 4 sections into a fault Vertical slip rate pref min max mm yr c Maximum magnitude J Vertical slip rate pref min max mm yr Strike slip rate pref min max mm yr c Recurrence interval pref min max years Strike slip rate pref min max mm yr Net slip rate pref min max mm yr 1 2 3 or 4 Aseismic slip factor 0 1 1 2 3 or 4 c Net slip rate pref min max mm yr 1 2 3 or 4 Aseismic siip factor 0 1 1 2 3 or 4 Age of last movement yr BP Aseismic slip factor 0 1 1 2 3 or 4 Displacement pref min max m Overall completeness 1 2 3 0r4 Displacement pref min max m Recurrence interval pref min max years Compiled by name Recurrence interval pref min max years Age of last movement pref min max yr BP Contributed by name Age of last movement pref min max yr BP Overall completeness 1 2 3 0r4 Last updated date Overall completeness 1 2 3 0 4 Compiled by name Compiled by name Contributed by name Location method name date Scale date o c Accuracy Ni ry Geomor
31. nd fault source are entered and edited in maps and tables after selecting yy tl yy te yy tl yy tl one of a series of buttons draw upload modify delete join generate export 3 1 3 Tool layout The tool consists of three main components Figure 3 2 1 Concertina left hand side 2 Map window right hand side 3 Grid bottom Wek grt ik eoode Mozilla Firefox Be ER yev Hoy mais Tos Heb Wr weceretoroutedtathi cectiode al BD betes fiplatiicrm cendbex openquake orgloe platioemz fguted earth html e Hp co F OPENQUAKE EE ares samen tor a tocaten wiOs 22 lt f Foe Bye a Sj Overtays ont aM Ste Observations Faut Geometry il al F Sie Observations Sip Rate F Ste Observations Displacerent Lal Site Observations Events F Traces al F Neolectora Sections al FF Meotectonic Faut GF Faut Source a iBase Layers G Openstreethian LE Google Hybrid DEC Googie Terrain Concertina e pbi Observations Events Form Observations Displacement Form Observations Sip Rates Form Observations Faulk Geometry Form Traces Form Fault Section Sumenary Form Feuks Form Faulk Sources Form SEITA fe ae a ka Observations Events Observations Displacement Observations Sip Rates Observations Faut Geometry Traces Fault Section Summary Faults Faut Sources Minimum Recut Maximum Recur Preferred Recur Mi
32. nimum Age ot Maxmun Agee Preferred Age o Historical Eartgu Pre Historical Ea Marker Age yrs Recurrence inte Age ct iast mov Scale t 34173 277880 BEHT Grid 1912 2 900 lt 5 000 0 1000 135495 2000 6000 3600 3 1912 amo 2 000 5 000 eam o s000 3500 300 n 3486 2000 500 0 1000 138495 a E b f Powered by GaoNode 1 21 Need Help Help Eor Developers Figure 3 2 Layout of the tool with the three main panels labelled in red 12 The concertina consists of a series of forms which can be expanded and subcontracted by either clicking on the form heading or using the or symbols in the top right corner of each form The Layers form controls the layers visible in the map window and these consist of 2 groups These are 1 Overlays the GEM Faulted Earth database map layers Traces and site observations are the only map layers that users can manually draw or edit the remaining layers are automatically derived by joining traces or sections or by calculations generating fault sources 2 Base layers map layers to facilitate drawing or displaying data The default map layers are Open Street Map and Google Hybrid and Terrain but additional map layers can added or removed by selecting the add layer and remove layer buttons at the top of the layers form see also section 3 1 5 The Traces Fault section summary Observation Events Observation Displacement Observation Slip Rates Ob
33. ons fault 21 Mtchiield Change password Log ow Gs t nen Wake Observations Events Form F TE C Compiled by mame cy Nicola Litchfield Observations Displacement Form co amp Fout name 7 Wiosna F nut Observations Sip Rates Form Mina Upper seicineqenic depth i Diserv tions Foui Geometry Form Mandmun Lipper seismogenic depth Traces Form Preferred Upper seismogenic depth 7 g Fault Section Summary Form Lipper setemnogersc depth complehensss 1 PUER Minimum Lower seismogenic depth C 12 Become Lower Semogene damh i 14 Search Preferred Lower seismogenic depth i 15 porte een Le eo metres 2 wi be used to cregaeei Te e pogon pinima Dip 7 7 Edit a smedfied Maxdrrarn Dip a0 fault geometry sential dics its Once a fault has the required atinbutes and simplified geometry select a fault fromthe gid Cip completeness t 1 R panna button to caloulate a fault Dip direction ic 45 Generate Fault Generate TA Op E z Source Minimum Stribe sip rabe mm yr 0 4 Select a Fault form from the gid below then chok Macdmurn Strike sip rate mary t amp Export to downoad it Preferred Strike sip raie imeni C 5 Export Minimum Vertical slip rete mmr C 01 Maximum vertical sip rate meter 0 03 Prefered ertioal sip rate mmur t 02 HAT e ie Pare Sip type ct Dextral Faut Sources Form io Map data aco tS eogte Thums at Use ge Sip type completeness 1 1 Observations
34. oolkit M Pagani pers comm 2013 The GEM Faulted Earth database is the Paleoseismic Long Term Geological Slip COMPONENT cecceceeeeeeeeeees 2 Figure 2 1 The GEM Faulted Earth conceptual database StructUre cccccccccccccssssseececcceseeeeseeeccceessaeaaeeeeeeeeeeas 5 Figure 2 2 Schematic maps showing the relationship between traces sections faults and fault sources in the GEM Faulted Earth database The red arrows show the workflow from compiling detailed traces to defining fault sources for seismic hazard modelling A Neotectonic faults consisting of more than one section and trace B Neotectonic faults consisting of one SECTION ANd ONE trace ceeeccceeeeseecceeeeeeeees 7 Figure 3 1 Accessing the tool on the OpenQuake WeDSItE ccccccccssssececcceesecccecaeseeceeeeeaeeceesueaeeeeeseeaeeeeeees 10 Figure 3 2 Layout of the tool with the three main panels labelled in red ccccessecccccsesseeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 11 Figure 3 3 Upload a Dase map AY OF arcacoscten tesa astvootin cea antaeesnntvcate started admin ante 13 Figure 3 4 Upload a GeoTlFF base map layer sssscccccsssececcceeeeccecsusseccessuaecceeseueeceessueueecesseaaeeceeseuaeeeeeeas 14 Figure 3 5 Upload a Shapefile base Map layer ccccccccsssssecccccesseccccceeeecceseeaeccessaasecceessuaeceesseaaeeeessueaeeeeeees 15 Figure 3 6 Add Metadata to a new base map layelr cccssssscccccsssscccceeesseccccceeseecessauus
35. phic expression a Notes N Fault source polygons Fault Slip rates Displacement Events geometry Slip type Strike H V ratio Vertical displacement Recurrence interval Surface dip Rake Horizontal displacement Recurrence interval category Dip direction Vertical slip rate Dip displacement Marker age Downthrown side Strike slip rate Net displacement Historical earthquake Dip slip rate Displacement category Pre historical earthquake Slip rate category Marker age Age of Last Movement category l Marker age Total displacement 4 y Legend Episodic behaviour Length U and Fault plane Aseismic slip oe Event Name descriptions descriptions L seis depth geometry Slip type amp slip rate factor description os descriptions descriptions descriptions descriptions descriptions Name description gt p Neotectonic fold components Synopsis PE Location Additional attributes 1 Neotectonic fault components Y Y v Y Y Y References References References References References References References References re General workflow steps gt Optional steps Note Notes Compulsory Calculated Notes Notes Notes Note Notes Note Version 1 2 1 1 2 3 0r4 Data completeness factors Figure 2 1 The GEM Faulted Earth conceptual database structure 2 2 1 Database components The database has three main components 1 Neotectonic faults blue boxes 1 8 on Figure 2 1 2 Neotectonic folds green boxes A G and 3 Fault sources yellow box
36. portant design philosophy is that neotectonic faults are stored in three components traces sections and faults The purpose of this is to facilitate the simplification of often complex active fault data into fault sources for seismic hazard modelling Thus detailed locations of faults are stored as traces which are grouped together into sections with attributes such as slip rate and dip Faults are defined as those that could rupture the ground surface in a single maximum magnitude earthquake and can consist of one or more sections Faults are then further simplified into fault sources and ultimately seismic sources for input into a seismic hazard model Figure 1 1 The workflow from traces to sections faults and ultimately fault sources is shown by the red arrows in the conceptual database structure in Figure 2 1 and in map view in Figure 2 2a Traces sections and faults are described in more detail below and it is important to note that in the fault compilation tool it is necessary to first define all of traces sections and faults before a fault source can be generated This is still the case even if a fault consists of just one section and trace Figure 2 2b od s ew Figure 2 2 Schematic maps showing the relationship between traces sections faults and fault sources in the GEM Faulted Earth database The red arrows show the workflow from compiling detailed traces to defining fault sources for seismic hazard modelling A Neo
37. rtant implication of this is that if automatically derived or calculated fault source attributes are not consistent with other data then the only way to alter these attributes is to alter either 1 neotectonic fault or fold attributes or 2 change the length of the fault source through different combinations of fault sections For example if the fault source recurrence interval calculated from displacement divided by slip rate is significantly shorter than the recurrence interval derived from field data then a higher value could be obtained by decreasing the slip rate or increasing fault length e g by combining more sections or both 2 2 6 Data completeness factors An important requirement in the database is an assessment of the quality of data or level of knowledge of some of the key attributes This is quantified as a data completeness factor a relative number from 1 to 4 1 being the highest which are assigned to seven compulsory neotectonic section fault and blind fault attributes An overall data completeness factor is then calculated as a combination of the individual data completeness factors with a higher weighting given to the slip rate data completeness factor 2 2 7 Uncertainties As well as an assessment of the quality or level of knowledge it is important to quantify uncertainties of numerical attributes such as dip and slip rate These uncertainties are stored in the form of a preferred value accompanied by a minimum an
38. s for seismic hazard analysis we refer to textbooks such as those by Yeats et al 1997 McCalpin 2009 and Yeats 2012 The technical design of the database is described by Thomas et al 2012 The attributes of the database are described in detail in a data dictionary Litchfield et al 2013 The fault compilation tool is designed for input of individual faults and folds and the creation of individual fault sources Some limited uploading of existing data is included including upload of spatial data base maps traces and sites Upload of large databases such as national active fault databases are undertaken separately using an XML schema Thomas 2012 Litchfield and Thomas 2013 2 Database design process philosophies and structure 2 1 Database design process The first step in the design of the GEM Faulted Earth database was a review of existing publicly available regional or national databases Litchfield et al 2011 Databases reviewed are listed in Table 2 1 Key findings included that many databases can be classified as either 1 neotectonic fault and fold or 2 fault source databases Table 2 1 although some more recent databases DISS SHARE EMME do contain some data of both These recent databases reflect a growing recognition that for seismic hazard modeling purposes a combined database is desirable and this is an important design concept of the GEM Faulted Earth database section 2 2 Comparison of existing dat
39. section Figure 3 11 e Expand the Traces form in the concertina e Select 1 or more traces from the map not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 or the Traces table in the grid e Enter aneotectonic section name e Click the join button A Fault Section created information window should appear 20 edi arth Ge OPENQUARE ee es Layers i Search tor a location x 3 me 2320 lt Tt Observations Events Form Er f Observations Displacement Form i J Observations Sip Rates Form a gt lt y a p Observations Faut Geometry Form ia T Aj D A E3 sirin p l ET 4 Rg i pu Era sa Z Search for key LE FA pi j 7 ta Ae word in notes Pan ee eS E K observations_trace 225 Create or modify a g6 Draw D many 4 A A LA e y nore trace a its e f 3 ge 5 ir Scale C Select a Trace from the grid below then click a ry ae b W 3 Export to download it Ce a eee i Accuracy C Uh tS E E oe Name C Senn DORES a y 7 Upload a trace Upload Le tee DEE A Geomorphic Expression C From the table below press either the Shift or cti to select the Traces you would like to join into a Fault Section Neotectonic Mohaka Fault Fede S Edt QB Dete A More fields 7 197 P a mn iii a Aot F ze R a pe M N Z G 23 Fault Section Summary Form Faults Form r PANT wer A Fouk Sources Form Map cats 020170 Tamms E S Observations Events
40. servation Fault Geometry Faults and Fault Sources forms are the GEM Faulted Earth database forms and contain the operational buttons draw modify join etc They are ordered in the order of a typical workflow section 3 2 An additional Legend form can be displayed by selecting the show legend button at the top This form describes the symbols used for the GEM Faulted Earth database layers The map window is where the spatial data can be displayed and edited Layers can be turned on and off by selecting the tick boxes on the Layers form Attribute tables also pop up in the map window and help windows appear in the map window when an attribute is selected in the attribute tables These are descriptions of each attribute derived from the Data Dictionary Litchfield et al 2013 Along the top of the map window are a series of tools including search for a location get feature info measure and various zoom tools In the map window you can also pan by dragging and dropping zoom in using the slider on the left hand side or hold the shift key and draw a box surrounding the area you want to zoom to The grid displays the contents of the GEM Faulted Earth database attribute tables These cannot be edited attributes are edited in pop up windows in the map window but can be used to select individual traces sections faults etc They can be sorted by attribute and search functions in the concertina highlight rows in th
41. tectonic faults folds and fault sources GEM Faulted Earth available from www nexus globalquakemodel org gem faulted earth posts ABSTRACT This report provides an overview of the GEM Faulted Earth neotectonic fault fold and fold source database and guidelines for compiling new data into a web based fault compilation tool The report briefly describes the database design process and the development philosophies The design philosophies include the use of multiple levels compulsory and optional attributes a hierarchical structure traces sections faults the conversion of folds to blind faults the use of automatic calculations of fault sources data completeness factors and the treatment of uncertainties The fault compilation tool has been designed for input of individual fault sections or folds and site specific data Guidelines for using the tool are presented as a series of illustrated steps in a workflow starting at entering traces through to generating fault sources along with an additional optional step of entering observations at specific sites Keywords neotectonic fault neotectonic fold fault source database TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT secon EIE woreatsien araigeatea onan enceinaventeaaaetansnteacuionnacatsen abun esteronantieasmienesinntieweeaucnencvennnerdrenateacieuenentseadeantteactenss ji TABLE OF CONTEN Wy Spectators EEE AEA E EEN OON EEN ENEA E E NN ON aed NANE jii HS Ve AGURE Sorrera r AA AE E E A A A E E AE AAAA
42. tectonic faults consisting of more than one section and trace B Neotectonic faults consisting of one section and one trace Traces are the locations of where faults are interpreted to rupture the ground surface They may be represented by a distinct fault scarp with a particular geomorphic expression or may be inferred surface locations based on geophysical imaging of a fault at depth For example immediately after a ground surface rupture a fault is likely to be represented by a sharp scarp but with time the scarp is likely to be eroded or possibly buried by younger deposits e g tephra or alluvium In the latter case the existence of a trace can be inferred and classified as having a geomorphic expression of concealed Furthermore because erosion and burial are unlikely to be uniform along a fault the expression of originally geographically distinct traces may also vary along strike For example an originally sharp scarp may now be eroded at one end In this database this would be mapped as two traces with different geomorphic expressions A trace in this database is therefore defined as one with a particular geomorphic expression This serves two main purposes 1 to indicate the uncertainty of the location of a fault on the ground surface and 2 to determine the display of traces on a map For example a sharp scarp may be displayed as a solid line whereas an eroded scarp may be displayed as a dashed line and a concealed fault
43. ton in the concertina e Browse to locate a zipped shapefile in the correct format e Select upload At the time of writing May 2013 the upload function is not working correctly and a shapefile template cannot be downloaded Titel elie e j Figure 3 9 Upload traces To edit or delete traces Figure 3 10 e Expand the Traces form in the concertina e Click on the modify button e Select the trace from the map not working correctly in tool v1 12 11 or Traces table in the grid A trace can also be selected using the Search for key word in notes function in the Traces form e Click on the edit or delete buttons on the base of the pop up window e Modify attributes move or delete trace vertices on the map e Save 19 We fio T IS arth Ceuenee hefle feo i alf Ej fe Da few e p Jee Ee ete ue et a ee kd OPENQUAKE ae Figure 3 10 Edit or delete traces 3 2 2 Step 2 Sections Traces need to be combined into a neotectonic section before section summary attributes can be compiled Even if a section only consists of one trace the trace needs to be joined to create a section Site observations optional step section 3 2 6 can also be entered before creating a section but if they are to be associated with a section then the section needs to be defined first Sections can be edited deleted or exported To join traces to form a
44. tscid ie ei ctetacetal Sa ahemres E en ataciel ie mid Sina NE 9 3 1 Introduction ANC tool OVEFVIEW cccccccccccssessseeecccccseaesseeececessaeesseeeeeeeessueesseeeeeeessaeasseeecesessauaaeeeceeeeaas 9 Sided Access and login ncrs nA EEE AE a 10 3 1 2 Tool d sign philosophy scacscscvascasscsvnsscsvarowsssaveanvasvaneuseassencede casonweaneanvanscbioonvesvenadanesseanbarsusquaeusveacens 10 eo TOON VOUE eea a T E T EE E EE E E E T E EE 11 3 1 4 Adding and uploading base layers cccccccssssseccccceesecccccaeeseccesseeseeeeeseuaseceeseueueceeesaaaseceessaageees 12 3 2 Guidelines for entering new data ssssseessssserrssssreresssrrresssreresssrrresssrrreessrrressssrreesssreressereeesseeeresses 16 py aed Pam 9 A E E E e A A AA AE A AE AAE E A E A A N 16 Daud Step Z SEON vs canegncisneanepusiconspanicnusapeaseanepeceseaenusioonanpescnesapesseanepedesenenusionnanpedonesapesseonepeeesonenusenrsoness 19 3 23 Step 3 Faults aim swpatsamsatndtsomanantisamannnaisemisondinamanenitocanwon tain sundurninantaumavndvenisaniwimasinlvsnigontaipialoumeenisiand 21 324 Sep Fault SOU CE eonan e aa a aa aa A E Naane 23 329 SLED 5 REVIOW fault SOUTCES crniiin a h EN a 24 3 2 6 Optional step Site observations ssssssssseseessssecesssseccsssseccsssseccsssseecrssseecessseecosssesersssescesssseeeess 24 REFERENCE Sainer E EIEE AAE AEE E E E 27 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 1 Schematic diagram of the Hazard Modeller s T
45. uire a data completeness factor green numbers 1 4 on Figure 2 1 described in section 2 2 6 Any attributes not marked with a red asterisk are optional These include some summary attributes e g episodic behaviour strike downthrown side axial plane dip boxes 2 B additional attributes for neotectonic fault sections and folds boxes 4 7 and D F and site observations Site observations are attributes which have been collected at a specific site and can include any of the attributes in the summary tables 2 B and the additional attribute tables 4 7 D F Although these additional attributes are not required for seismic hazard assessment they useful for a variety of other purposes such as documenting the number and uncertainties in observations to derive key attributes e g slip rate It should be noted that the fault compilation tool has a slightly different structure to that shown in Figure 2 1 In general it includes multiple forms and tables that broadly match to the upper level summary tables 2 8 B G fault sources as well as traces 1 A and the site observations 3 C A key difference however is that when these tables are first opened they only show the compulsory fields Optional fields including boxes 4 7 and D F can then be shown by expanding the table after selecting a more fields button The tool structure is described further in section 3 2 2 3 Neotectonic faults traces sections faults Another im
46. urrently v1 12 11 and this report is based on httos platform sandbox openquake org A user needs to be logged in to access the tool so a username and password are required which can be obtained by request from the GEM Foundation Once logged in the tool can be accessed by clicking on the CAPTURE drop down menu and selecting Active Faults Figure 3 1 I Welcome to gem GeoNode Mozilla Firefox i le xi File Edt Wew History Bookmarks Tools Help a Welcome to gam GeoNode httos jplstform openquake org C sk Google Pa f j 32 N litchfield Change password Log out OME EYY CALCULF CAPTURE EXPLOR Powered by GeoNode 1 2 Need Help Help For Developers httos platform openquake org oq platform2 fauked_earth html Figure 3 1 Accessing the tool on the OpenQuake website 3 1 2 Tool design philosophy The general design philosophy of the tool is a bottom up or detailed to summary process red arrows on Figure 2 1 1 Draw or upload a series of fault traces 2 Optional addition of site observations 3 Join traces into a section and enter compulsory summary attributes 11 4 Optional addition of additional attributes 5 Combine sections into a fault and enter compulsory summary attributes 6 Derive a fault source The tool layout is described in section 3 1 2 but in general the five main fault components traces fault section site observations fault a
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search