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SimaPro Tutorial The `Wood example`

1. Metals Product stages Others System descriptions Waste types i el Impact assessment Le Method Energy eves Transport Reports Interpretation Interpretation Document Links Use Forms Scnpts Others Vanables General data Literature references DOI Weighting Substances Step 5 select Heat gas under Heat B250 296 items Figure 15 Entering data on the avoided emissions e Step 4 e Step 5 e Step 6 e Step 7 26 SimaPro 5 1 Building mat Chemicals Glass Ceram Paper Board Plastics Processing Waste scenario waste treatment E Incineration Landfill Recycling wood example ES t Step 4 click under avoided products Guided tour wil Guided tour wil E Edit waste treatment process Il7ndfill of wooden shed 2 i Documentation Input output Gysh m description landfill of wooden shed kg open fre fuelled by shed kg cil wooden shed woe tk Known outputs to techng Name si Heatgas B250 0 E phere Avoided products Unit Low value 7 Select a product Processes Material Energy Elect B250 Heat 6250 Others ne Heat coal B250 Heat diesel B250 Heat gas B250 Substitution al Waste treatme Find Cut off rules System bound Cancel Boundary with Time period Geography Technology Representativeness Multiple output allocation Transpe Aicessing Use Thermal energ
2. 1 Introduction in to the tutorial 1 1 The goal of this tutorial LCA is a skill you learn by doing Therefore in this tutorial we aim to provide you your first experiences with LCA and SimaPro by taking you through a simplified example Of course you need to know some basic theory and concepts These are described in the User manual chapter 1 to 5 This tutorial is written under the assumption that you understand the basic concepts as inventory impact assessment and for instance system boundaries and allocation In the tutorial we will of course use these terms but we will not provide too many explana tions The aim of the tutorial is thus to become acquainted with the way you can develop an LCA in SimaPro and it is not about LCA theory Going through this tutorial requires about 2 hours However you can take more time to experiment with other assumptions with refinements etc To run the tutorial you need to have a demo version or a registered version of SimaPro 5 1 and up Please be aware that if you have a demo version you can only save processes 16 times This should be enough to run this tutorial unless you save processes more than once 1 2 The example Let us assume you want to make an LCA of a simple wooden shed produced to be used in a private garden The shed is made of just two materials wood and some steel for the nails and other metal parts There is no packaging We also assume there is no wood preservation o
3. J Faro Jle Ile ns we Re Category aa ne acids Raw g 23 27 x adohyes Raw g Al Vater alloys Raw Y Show amounts or ATOS m7 characterised values per Sort on Substance with click on heading impact category of selected method Fe 1 2 a 4 J G f 5 auskan materials Raw B Water Ba Water benzene AN BOD Water branches left in the forest Solid Cd Soil Cd Water Cd An chemical waste Solid chlonne Soil 2 05 chromium compounds Raw 100 71 Cl later a 1A 4nalvzing 1 p We cycle lite of the shed Methoct Eco indicator 99 H 7 Europe EI 99H74 Eco ndcaor 39 H Europe El 93 H A PR Consultants 46 130 1 28 399 360 625 30 2 rig ba 30 6 BETTEN EN Figure 30 Inventory LCI result screen The LCI screen has many different features In fact you can also use it to show characterized results 6 2 LCIA results Apart from using the tree we can use the LCIA results button DR while you have selected the life cycle of the shed to get a graph as below In this graph we see the characterization result and a specification of the production of the simple shed in blue and the waste scenario of the shed in yellow It shows that the production is dominating in some impact category while the end of life is dominating others It also shows that there is no data on land use which is of course strange as forests do need land For simplicity we left this out but obviously the damage to l
4. Representativeness DOI Weighting 3 Unspecified T Unknown x Mixed data x Data from a specific process and company x Average from a specific process x Average from processes with similar outputs x Average of all suppliers Theoretical calculation Multiple output allocation DOI Weighting 11 Unspecified Unknown x Not applicable x Physical causality Socio economic causality Substitution allocation DOI Weighting 11 Unspecified F Unknown x Not applicable x Actual substitution x Substitution by close proxy similar process x Substitution by distant proxy different process Waste treatment allocation DOI Weighting 11 Unspecified T Unknown x Not applicable x Closed loop assumption x Full substitution by close proxy similar process l Cut off rules DOI Weighting 3 x Unspecified x Unknown x Not applicable x Less than 1 physical criteria Less than 5 physical criteria x Less than 1 socio economic I Less than 5 socio economic x Less than 1 environmental relevance Less than 5 environmental relevance System boundary DOI Weighting 4 Unspecified F Unknown First order only primary flows x Second order material energy flows including operations T7 Third order including capital goods Boundary with nature DOI Weighting 11 Unspecified F Unknown Data based on input output tables Estimate
5. SimaPro Tutorial The Wood example SimaPro Tutorial The Wood example PRe Consultants B V Mark Goedkoop November 2002 product ecology consultants Report version 1 0 All rights reserved This report or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form without previous authorisation from PR Consultants PR PR Consultants bv Plotterweg 12 3821 BB Amersfoort the Netherlands Phone 033 4555022 Fax 033 4555024 e mail info pre nl web site www pre nl I 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Contents Introduction in to the tutorial The goal of this tutorial The example Preparation for data entry and goal amp scope Starting A registered version of SimaPro Starting from the SimaPro demo version Starting the wood example project Goal and scope Production of the planks needed Entering process 1 felling the tree Process 2 Sawmill planks Waste treatment and waste scenarios Some Backgrounds Waste treatment record for landfill A waste treatment record for the open fire waste scenarios The product life cycle The assembly product stage The product life cycle Analysing some of the results Inventory LCI results LCIA results Inspecting the complete network Sensitivity analysis Contribution analysis Inspecting the details Final remarks Interpretation Further learning 2h 24 25 28 28 33 33 36 38 38 38 hO 4O il 43 hh hh hh
6. resources Step 2 double click in the blue field a list of predefined resources is presented Step 3 select wood from the list you can do this by scrolling but also by typing wo SimaPro will immediately search for the closest match If wood would not be present in the list you can use the New button to create a new resource however in this example we leave this button Step 4 when you found wood press Select or select by double clicking Step 5 enter the amount as 1 25 ton or 1250 kg the difference between input and output will be waste from branches 7 New material process Step 4 click Documentation Input output System description select button Step 5 enter amount and unit 7 Select a raw material x Mame Amount Unit C Select LEINEN water drinking for prace kg Bl water process kg New Known outputs to technosphere Avoided prpducts water sea for cooling kg Name Amount Ufit Find water see for processin kg water surface for coolinc kg Cancel Step 2 double click here PRE ee eee water well for cooling kg Known Inputs Tom naire resource Name A m water well for processin kg Step 3 Select wood by wood fabura kq 5 typing Ww elas a Lu and o Known inputs from technospher terialstuels 402 items Mame Amount it owvalue High value Commen Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat Step 1 click in the white Name Amount Unit tw field to get a
7. Description Libraries DOI Requirements Processes Product stages System descnptions waste types Step 1 go to methods and select other method Interpretation Document Links Forms Scripts Variables Literature references DOI Weighting Substances Unit conversions Units Quantities Step 2 select normalisation set Project CML 1992 Methods CML 2 baseline 2000 Methods Eco madng tor 35 Methods Eco m4icator 99 E Methods Ec mdcator 99 H Methods co mdcator 99 Methods Ecopoints 97 CH Methods EDIP UMIP 96 Methods EDIP UMIP 96 resources only Methods EPS 2000 Methods Normalisation W eighting set d the Netherlands 1997 West Europe 1995 World 1995 World 1990 Step 3 click select This method is an update from the CML 1992 method This version is based on the spreadsheet version 2 02 September 2001 as published on the CML web site and replaces the preliminary version The CML 2 baseline method elaborates the problem onented midpoint approach The CML Guide provides a list of impact assessment categories grouped into Obligatory impact categories Category indicators used in most LEAs B Additional impact categories operational indicators exist but are not often included in LCA studies 10 items 1 item selected Figure 32 Selecting an alternative impact assessment method 6 3 Inspecting the complete network We can get a complete view by lowering the cut of to zero while
8. Known inputs from technosphere materials fue Mame Known inputs from technosphere electricity he 135 items Name x Multiple output allocation x Boundary with nature 5 Steel Wood Use Step 5 click select Impacts of chain sawing per unit of time relatievely old data amount D items selected Amount Unit ow value kan Step 6 VE ENGE enter amount 3 minutes Emissions to air Figure 5 Outputs Step 1 double click Entering inputs from other processes in this case the chain saw Here we repeat the basic procedure by starting to double click in the last of the three input fields electricity and heat as the use of the chain saw will not add to the mass balance of this process Instead of a list of predefined resources you get a view in to the list of already available process outputs The chainsaw process has been defined in the processing section under wood In this case there is only one process in this subcategory If you would not know if and where a process is in the datasets you could use the find button to locate the process In the lower part of the selection screen you can see the data quality indicators All indicators are green except for the period Apparently this process is older than we defined in the data quality profile Later we shall see how important this deviation will be The process is specified with time hours as a unit We need to input the average time needed t
9. OT en m open fire fuelle Inci Total waste Jcenaro for sheds Emission compartment Total of all compartments 2 93 0 00 coalETH Raw 5 TE B 3 8 crude oil ETH Raw Pt 0 00126 0 00 lignite ETH Raw Pt natural gas val Raw Pt 0 000172 0 00 pot energy hydropower Raw Pt Used and used by processes grey means below cut off Eco indicator 99 H Europe El 99 H A Figure 36 split screens SimaPro 5 1 43 SimaPro 5 1 hs Final remarks Interpretation The real art of making an LCA lies in the interpretation of the results In the interpretation section of the tutorial with wood example we have tried to provide an example of how you could write an interpretation The text boxes refer to the issues mentioned in the ISO 14043 standard as obligatory points that need to be addressed The key question is whether your LCA results are sufficiently reliable to base a conclusion on Further learning As you will discover there are still many more features in SimaPro that have not yet been explained For instance we have not yet discussed the use of disposal scenarios disassemblies and reuse The coffee machine demo has a ready made example on how to use these Other issues we did not discuss were the maintenance of the general data section the file import and export facilities We suggest you use the reference manual or the help file to explore these features In spite of these limitations we believe that whe
10. as described earlier What has been realised now All wood that enters this record is send to the landfill of wooden shed treat ment All metals with the waste type ECCS steel is send to the landfill of ECCS steel waste treatment and all metals with the waste type tin plate is sent to the landfill for tinned steel All other materials are sent to the waste treatment Unspecified SimaPro 5 1 30 4 4 2 Waste scenario for the woodstove Please repeat the previous actions and create a record as below For the steel we use already predefined records Here we have used the 1995 version Buwal also provided a 2000 version Of course these waste treatments are not really representative for an open fire but as the amount of steel is low for the time being this is acceptable A File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help lels Ble al 2 hl Alm u Be Documentation Input output System description Products Waste specification Hame Amount Low value High value Categor open fire for shed 1 dko O 10 woodexampe Inputs nown inputs from technosphere materials fuels Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Known inputs from technosphere electicityheat Name Armaunt Unit Low value High value Comment Outputs Materials and or waste types separated from waste stream Waste scenario treatment Matenal w aste type Allocation Comment open fire fuelled by shed wood CES Incin ECCS steel 1995625098 ECCS steel
11. fuels Truck 16t 6250 Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Emissions to air Name CO2 non fassil Enacimme ka makar Figure 17 Entering transport and some emissions You could also specify some remaining waste under solid emissions but if we assume that all the wood will be decomposed we do not have to do this as there will be no remaining waste on the long term Some practitioners do also register the 1 kg of landfilled waste because they want to report the short term waste problem The choice is up to you You can now document the record using the documentation tab as we have described before There is now one new data quality indicator Waste treat ment allocation Here you can specify that we do indeed use full substitution Data Quality Indicators Time period 2000 2004 Geography Europe Western Technology Average technology Representativeness Average from processes with similar outputs Waste treatment allocation Full substitution by distant proxy different process Cut off rules Hot applicable System boundary Second order matenal energy flows including operations Boundary with nature Hot applicable Figure 18 the data quality indicators for this waste treatment You can close the process and check the tree or network again SimaPro 5 1 27 4 3 Waste treatment record for the open fire In case of the open fire the wast
12. Again for simplicity we assume that this landfill has collection system for methane and that 31 of this methane is used as fuel Some backgrounds Describing the waste scenarios When we analyse this scenario we will see that we need to split the waste in different routes The first split is between 40 burning in open fires and 60 landfills A second split is between the wood and the nails Although we cannot assume that the consumer will indeed take out the nail for our modelling purpose it is very useful as steel behaves differently than wood when it is burned As we explained above we will use the so called waste types to make this split In landfill a similar split should be made but for now we ignore this SimaPro has a powerful tool to model such splits the Waste Scenario The waste scenario can be used as a generic splitter and a waste type specific splitter wood and nails However before we model these we should also discuss how we model the emissions form the waste Describing the impacts of waste treatments Waste scenarios only describe where the waste flows go and not the emissions that come form the waste treatment To describe these SimaPro has another type of box under the inventory menu the Waste Treatment A waste treat ment record contains data on the emissions from for instance a waste incine rator or a landfill For this example we need the waste treatments e waste treatment that describes
13. Di S slale A 2 id emissi B xi Documentation Input output System description Amen New aluminium scrap Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat asbestos Mame Amount Unit bilge oil waste Find Chain saming 3 min CH bulk waste _ Step 1 double click Outp Calciumfluoride cardboard Emissions to cathode iron ingots Name Amount Unit L cathode loss Step 2 select chemical waste branches and Emissions to water chemical waste inert press select Name Amount Unit chemical waste regulated chromium compounds Emissions to sail coal ash Name Amount Unit construction waste cooper fol Solid emissions 77 items Unit Lowers Sra gt Non material emissions Name Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Step 3 specify amount Known outputs to technosphere Waste and emissions to treatment Name Amount Unit Low value High wale Waste treatment Comment 4 Figure 6 Entering an environmental impact in this case the waste SimaPro 5 1 15 SimaPro 5 1 16 3 1 3 Quick feedback inspect the tree or network Now we have entered the data we can press the fh button to get a first look at the network we have created You do not have to save the process at this time simply press the button while the planks process is being edited The screen will look like the figure below File Edit Analyse Tools window Help olal alo lele a BAL AL ul vel ne Networ
14. Life cycle Inventoy H Disposal scenario Step 3 select new to rocesses H d get an empty assembly MEUSE Product stages 10 x System descriptions fE 9 New assembly product stage Waste types Impact assessment Name Comment Methods simple shed simple wooden Unpainted shed of 2 by 2 meters Reports Materials Assembles Dl Unit Comment Interpretation Document Links Processes Script Forms Script T DA Step 4 enter a name and comment anables General data Literature references DG Weighting Substances Unit conversions Units Quantities items items selected Figure 24 Creating an Assembly and defining the name SimaPro 5 1 33 SimaPro 5 1 3h In the next figure we will link the assembly to the plank process Please note that in step 5 where you click in the white square under materials subassem blies you get the choice between entering materials and sub assemblies This shows that you can also create subassemblies which is very useful for more complex designs For instance we could create a separate sub assembly for a window or for a door a floor or if you want for a table all with different specifications File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help lee als slale Bl Alul ul mel i Explorer E Product stages Description Assembly Libraries Others DOI Requirements A gt Lite cycle Inventory H Disposal scenario Paar H Disassembly Product stages Reuse S
15. SimaPro 5 1 e 22 o 3 1 8 Inspecting the tree Like in the previous record we can now quickly inspect the network by pressing the hl button the following screen will appear after it gave a warning that not all processes fit in the screen a Fie Edt Analyse Toole window Help ll lal a lel AHMA Network tree 11218 Irne 10 1 este inresa crabnhrahnn 1 herk Sales fe e ee alal Heal dese a i ach Elec B250 fon urarii NEL l L LE fa Ele tivity from o 250 JU 1 ls HI 0 216 MI 06 75 M ETC G Full name JED kay of the process 3 click on it Figure 12 Inspecting the result of your modelling after entering the chainsaw process SimaPro automatically calculates a cut off to suppress processes that contri bute very little to the overall result Typically only 12 processes are shown however you can change that default in the options setting in the tool menu To determine the relevance it uses the impact assessment method that you have currently selected and the level setting Of course the cut off only affects the display not the results Please feel free to experiment with the cut off setting The top process is the Planks process In fact SimaPro could have taken another name as sawdust and bark but as a default it takes the first product you specify Below the Planks you see the felled tree the transport and the electricity The electricity is split up in different types of power plant
16. the databases 3 2 Process 2 Sawmill planks Our next aim is to define the sawmill process where logs are turned into planks bark and sawdust In order to do that we have to create a new pro cess This is done in the same way as described above so while in building materials select new and again an empty process record will appear e This process will convert the felled trees into three products 1 Planks about 50 of the output 2 Sawdust about 40 of the output 3 Bark about 10 of the output e Some remaining wood 250 kg is used within the sawmill process to dry the wood This drying process will result in some emissions to air e Furthermore we will enter the transport needed between the place of felling and the sawmill Like in the case of the chainsaw we will link a process describing the environmental load of a truck to the sawmill process Finally we shall enter the electricity use in the sawmill also using an already predefined process record describing electricity production 3 1 7 Describing the three outputs waste types and allocation percentages The fact that the sawmill has three outputs creates an allocation problem The environmental load of the felling the transport and the sawmill itself must be allocated over three different outputs planks sawdust and bark In this example we shall use the mass as an allocation basis This means that 50 of the environmental load will be allocated
17. the show chart button e Step 3 Adjust the cut off to decrease the amount of processes that is shown in your chart In the figure below you can see that the burning of the shed in open fire places contributes most to the total impact of the life cycle followed by the production of planks processes in the sawmill Avoiding energy production with natural gas gives a relative large environmental benefit File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help nlj eJ 811 bl Alul u wie Indicator Single score fo 4 E Step 1 Select Category Chart of Mocess product stage Process contribution Total of all grocesses Step 2 Press the show chart button 0 239 0 234 0 207 OO E un Step 3 Adjust the cut off Total BB open fire fuelled by she _ Planks B snatill of wooden shed Heat diesel 8250 LJ Tin plate 20 scrap BER Electricity from oil B25C _ Heat petrol 8250 WB Electricity from coal B2 ij Electricity from gas BE Electricity from lignite B Ij Heat gas 8250 C Remaining processes Analyzing 1 p life cycle life of the shed Method Eco indicator 99 H Europe El 99 H 4 single score Eco indicator 99 HJ Europe El 99 HA PR Consultants Figure 35 Overview of the complete life cycle presented as a network all processes shown cut of zero SimaPro 5 1 42 6 6 Inspecting the details Finally we will show one of the most advanced features of the network repre sentation the split screen By pressing the approp
18. ton kilometre tkm One ton kilometre means the transport of one ton over 1 kilometre or 1 kg over 1000 km or any other combination that has the same product of distance and weight In this case 1 25 ton is transported over 200 km so you should enter 250 tkm as quantity Electricity can be entered in the same way We suggest you take the UCTPE electricity record The UCTPE is the European organization of electricity producers so this record has average European data You will find this record at the bottom of the list under Electricity B250 Different data sources estimate the sawing energy at about 150 kWh per ton output so you can specify 150 kWh SimaPro 5 1 20 As explained the emissions from transport and electricity are already in the process records you made the links to However the emissions for burning of 250 kg wood for drying must still be added Please add e 450 kg CO2 non fossil e 2 9 kg CO e 540 g dust PM10 e 500 g NO2 e 100 g SOx The resulting record should look like the figure below top of the record not shown Documentation _Input output lanks 50 fks o 50 wood Building mat Sawdust 400 a Mas jo 40 Wood Buidngmat Bark 100 kg Mass 0 10 Wood Building mat Felled tree 125 ton 0 0 O ruck 28t B250 250 tm 3 a Electricity UCPTE B250 sso kwh NO2 dust PM o o Figure 11 Entering the emissions form the combustion of some of the wood residues for drying SimaPro 5 1 21
19. x Not applicable x Full substitution by distant proxy different process 7 Partial substitution physical basis for cut off x Agricultural production is part of production system PA Consultants _ Partial substitutions socio economic basis for cut off Agricultural production is part of natural systems CML 2 baseline 2000 World 1990 SimaPro 5 1 l0 Figure 1 Overview of data quality setting used in this example 3 Production of the planks needed In this chapter we discuss how you can actually enter data in the Inventory section of SimaPro We will concentrate on the production of the sawn planks needed for the shed For the steel data we will use existing data in the SimaPro database In chapter 4 the end of life scenario and its associated impacts will be described In chapter 5 we will model the complete life cycle 3 1 Entering process 1 felling the tree The first process describes the felling of the tree Before we can enter the data we will have to collect the data In this example we will provide you the following data e About 1 25 ton of wood is felled to produce a tree trunk of 1 ton the rest branches and tops is left in the forest We assume these do not cause emissions as they are part of the natural processes in the forest In a full LCA this assumption should be analysed better of course We use a chainsaw for felling the trees The chain saw data provided in the example are speci
20. your word processor if required You may the arrow keys to run through the description menu 2 4 2 Libraries In this section you can predefine which libraries you want to use for this project Libraries are a special type of project They are intended to be used as a resource that you can use in all your projects They are not intended to be edited In case you need to edit an item that is in a library you can copy the item to your project After that you can edit the item In this way you keep your libraries untouched for other projects In this project we only need the Buwal database and the Methods database Keep the selection as it is if you select additional libraries or deselect the Buwal or Methods database you may run into difficulties in the next chapter 2 1 Data Quality Requirements In the Data Quality Requirements section you can fill in specific parameters related to the project we want to create These requirements are namely time geography type allocation and system boundaries these terms refer to methodological choices that need to be made in the goal and scope of each LCA The purpose of these indicators is to help you to understand to what extent the data from libraries is consistent with the requirements of your own project Once you have set these data quality indicators see figure below later you will see that each process in the library will get a field with a colour that depends on the mis match be
21. 291 items 4 Figure 14 SimaPro 5 1 25 Step 3 select the waste type Wood and click waste type do not use select CU gu ad i DD Ao b Eee 3 items Z Entering the input to a waste treatment process and specifying for which waste type this process is valid e Step 1 Go to waste treatment and take the wood example category click on the New button on the right hand side to create a new and empty process e Step 2 Enter the name of the waste scenario landfill of wooden shed Please note that this is the name referring to the input and not to the output of the process Enter 1 kg as amount of this sheet In a waste treatment the input determines the use of the process Now double click under Def material waste type to get another selection box Here you define for which waste types this process is valid As the name suggest you can also choose to make this waste type only valid for one particular material e Step 3 Define select wood from the list of already defined waste types You will note that our processes plank sawdust and bark will appear in the right hand screen indicating that these processes are defined with the waste type wood As explained under step 2 you may also choose to select planks instead of the waste type wood File Edit Analyse Tool Window Help Explorer Goal and scope Processes Description Et Material Libraries DOI Requirements Fuels
22. 50 0 00262 0 956 0 207 0 0898 0 0 0751 0 00565 0 239 0 058 1 91 0 0083 kg 0 000335 kg Petrol B300 Oil light B300 2kg 2 01E4 m Tin plate 20 Passenger car B250 0 326 0 00224 6 1E 5 Figure 33 Overview of the complete life cycle presented as a network all processes shown cut of zero 6 4 Sensitivity analysis One may wonder if it is justified to take into account such environmental benefits and in fact this is not so clear Some people will argue that you should not allocate the benefit of collecting the methane to the landfill but to the system that uses the landfill gas In that case we may not subtract the benefit of the gas It is always very useful to make some kind of sensitivity analysis of the results to investigate the impacts of such an assumption The purpose is to identify important choices and analyse what would be the result if choices would have been made differently In the figure below we have recalculated the tree putting the figure for avoided natural gas in the waste treatment record for SimaPro 5 1 4O SimaPro 5 1 whl the landfill to zero see paragraph 4 3 In the recalculated figure below we see that there are no gains in the landfill anymore and that the total environmental load specified in the life cycle box is significantly higher You can experiment with different assumptions and recalculate the results 1p life of the shed 8 83 ip 202 kg simple shed
23. Amount Unit Comment Interpretation main builing material Interpretation Tin plate 20 scrap B250 as approximation for the nails and other metal pieces used Document Links Processes Amount Wlgit Comment da Passenger car B250 10 km NS transport by car between hardwareshop and home cripts Variables RN Step 10 enter amount of steel Literature references for nails and other metal parts DOI weighting Substances Unit conversions Units Quantities Step 11 Enter transport distance between shop and home 2 items 1 item selected Figure 26 Finalizing the assembly SimaPro 5 1 35 You cannot set data quality specifications in an assembly So after step 11 you can save and close the assembly Inspecting the network To get an overview of what you just have been modelling we suggest you press the hal button to present the network SimaPro will give you a warning that not all processes are shown It calculates a cut of level in such a way that only the 12 most important processes are made visible The processes that contribute less than that level are not shown although their contribution counts in the result of course You can still see the planks but the felling of the tree and the chain saw are not visible If you adjust the cut of you can make these visible too In the figure below the line thickness is set to express the environmental load of the flow in this case also expressed as eco indicator score You can tog
24. EM pal a Nez 4 A sl a gt 1p life of the shed 6 42 Ip simple shed 3 93 200 kq 2 kq Planks Tin plate 20 scrap B250 0 492 108 MJ Electricity UCPTE 6250 0 616 Heat diesel B250 0 956 Figure 29 Lifecycle 202 kg Waste cenario for 2 99 121 kq Landfilling of shed 0 113 120 kg landfill of wooden shed 0 115 468 MJ Heat gas Eco indicator 99 H Europe El 99 H A Inspecting the results of your modelling the life cycle overview 14 nodes visible of 28 Name Contribution Total 80 8 ka Subprocess 0 open fire for shed Used by 0 0k open fire The open fire is clearly PERE the most dominant process Negative score green bar expressing the environmental gain of avoiding natural gas 6 Analysing some of the results 6 1 Inventory LCI results So far we have analysed the tree as an intermediate check of our work Now we Will discuss a few of the other outputs We only show a few of the many possibilities and we suggest you experiment yourself If in doubt about the meaning of a screen press F1 to get online help To get the inventory results select the life cycle product stage and click the analyse button my and click the LCI results tab File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Diels Bele El Bl Alli BIEL Select LCI results Network Tree LOIA Profle LEI Resuks Process contribution Checks 170 01 Emission comoartmernt Indicator Supstence
25. Step 2 Click under assembly and link to the assembly enter 1p one piece as amount Comment waste scenario that splits waste ow Step 3 Click under waste disposal Additional life cycles Number Comment scenario and select waste scenario A Select a disposal scenario or a waste scenario process x E Product stages and processi Mm Lg Trac Da Disposal scenario Landfling of shed Guided tour with wood ex gg El Waste scenario open fire for shed ka Guided tour with wood ex B250 avoided waste scenario for sheds Guided tour with wood ex 4 oo modern scen Others gt El In wood example Time period substitution allocation Eon Geography Waste treatment allocation Technology Cut off rules Eee v Representativeness y System boundary Multiple output allocation Boundary with nature View 14 items 1 item selected Figure 28 Life cycle of the shed here the assembly is linked to the end of life Inspecting the process structure Now we can get a complete overview over the life cycle and we can see the end of life scenario by pressing the tree or network button Again not all processes are shown but we can clearly see the assembly blue and the life cycle yellow and the disposal part SimaPro 5 1 36 File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help S alal slee alil Kal mw Bel Tree LCIA Profile LCI Results Process contribution Checks SimaPro 5 1 37 Sx Allsinae score r CS gt
26. System description The third tab at the top of the process record is called system description In this example it is not used and in fact not needed System models are used when a process record does not describe a single Unit process but a combi nation of unit process a so called system For example the Steel processes in the Buwal database describe the complete steel production process in a single record while in fact the steel production process contains many unit processes By presenting this data much of the transparency within the pro cesses is lost To partially compensate that the System description provides about the way the process was built We suggest you inspect some of these system descriptions in the Buwal or other databases at a later stage Again this information is not needed here as we are building unit processes 3 1 6 Saving data Press the button with the small diskette symbol to safe the data you have entered You can now close the process record window in the normal way You will get back to the process index and you will see that felled tree process is now stored under building materials Important message for users of the SimaPro 5 1 demo version In this example you will need to create and store new processes and product stages After installing a demo version you can only save 10 changes After saving lo times the demo can still be used to view results but there is no way to add or edit data in
27. a 28 ton Truck is used that is loaded for 50 because the return trip will be empty 1 File Edit Analyse Tools Window Hel 7 Select a product gt gq __ E Processes Name Unit_ waste type Project DOI E Material Delivery van lt 3 tkm BUWAL250 Documentation Input output System descrip Building mat Passenger car B km BUWALZSD Chemicals Truck 16t B250 tkm BU WAL250 ee Fuels Truck 26t B250jtkm EUW L260 i prGlasseLeram f Truck 40tB250 tkm BUWALZ5O Known outputs to technosphere Products and B Metals Hame Amount pe Others Paper Board Plastics Step 3 select 28 ton truck Energy observe comment on loading Transport Step 2 expand transport index and select road X Time period Substitution allocation F Show Dal Geography Waste treatment alloca E Processing Technology Cut off rules Use v Representativofiess y System boundary Multiple outp t allocation Boundary with nature specifications Known inputs from nature resources Name mount Road transp by diesel truck 28t per tonne km average load 50 Known inputs from technasphere materials fue Source ESU ETHZ 1994 Production of fuels is included Name Amount Felled tree 1 25 198 items 1 item selected Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat Name Amaunt Lit Low value Fa value Comment Step 1 double click here Figure 10 Entering the transport data The transport process is specified as
28. also be shown in the listing of the processes in the explorer It is useful to add some characteristics that help you to understand the exact contents of the record Please enter the data as presented below 7 New material process Documentation Inputfoutaut system description Project Guided tour with wood exam Category SimaPro 5 1 TE Created an 2411 2002 Last update on 2411 2002 Frocess type Process Identifier testi 05050700007 Name Tree felling Time period Geography Technology Representativeness Data Quality Indicators 1995 1999 Europe Western Average technology Average from a specific process Multiple output allocation Not applicable Substitution allocation Not applicable Cut off rules System boundary Boundary with nature Less than 1 environmental relevance second order m teri l energy flaws including ape Agricultural production is part of natural systems Date 2411 2002 Record The writer of this quided tour example Generator Your name Gener l reference and sources Literature Reference Comment Collection metho Data collected from literature Data treatment No special treatments erticatian not done Comment This process describes tree cutting in a forrestin Western Europe the assumprion is that the forest management is done according to sustainability standards such as FSC criteria Figure 8 Documentation of the felled tree process 3 1 5
29. and use should have been entered in the felling a tree example SimaPro 5 1 38 SimaPro 5 1 39 You can also view your results using another method To change to a new method follow the three steps in the screen below We suggest you try different methods and see if these would lead to different conclusions The SimaPro database manuals give you an overview of the characteristics of the methods File Edit Analyse Tools window Help sael Network Tree LCIA Profile Characterisation Damage Assessment Tip double click on column for further specification Carcinogen Resp Resp Climate organics inorganics change BB simple shed C waste scenario for she Normalisation Select LCIA results tab _ Perimpact category Single score Negative score for resource depletion natural gas S 100 Minerals Fossil fuels Radiation Ozonelayer Ecotoxicity Acidificatio Land use n Eyjan Currently selected method Analyzing 1 p life cycle life of the shed Method Eco mdcator 99 H Europe El 99 HA 7 characterisation Figure 31 Results of the characterisation step all impact scores are displayed on a 100 scale the colours indicate the contribution of production and waste If you want to change a method always copy the method to your project first and make the changes in the copied version This will keep your libraries clean Fie Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Di alal sele
30. by shed ka us New Incineration x eee Seni v Time period Baba al eography Y Waste treatme Known inputs from technosphere materials fuels Recycling T sbnology Cut off rules Find Hame Amount Url wood example Repretsptativendss x System bound Mittsartsut Allocation Boundary with Cancel Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat Name Amount Uni Step 3 go to Waste treatment and wood example to select the landfill waste a Step 2 click here J5 ieme treatment for the shed Materials and or waste type separated from waste stream waste scenario treatment ON Material waste t Allocation Comment landfill of wooden shed Waste streams remaining after separation Waste scenaro treatment Allocation amp Comment Step 4 select waste type wood and add 100 Indicating all wood goes to this waste treatment Figure 20 Entering the name and one of the outputs of a waste scenario In the same way we can now enter the destination of the metal parts An unfortunate complexity is that in the Buwal library two waste types for steel are used one for ECCS steel and one for tinned steel As we have not yet decided which steel will be used it is safe to include both steels As a rule it is better to include all waste fractions but in this example we will stick to using only wood and the two steels We do not have to predefine a waste treatment for the steel as that is already available in the Buwal lib
31. cation of waste or by products SimaPro has an avoided products option If you enter a certain amount of natural gas here SimaPro will subtract the emissions and resource use associated with the production of natural gas In ISO terms this principle is referenced to as expansion of system boundaries see chapter 3 of the user manual for some more explanation Waste treatment record for Landfill Waste treatment records can be found at the bottom of the inventory processes menu The way to create them and enter data is quite similar to making material processes Please enter the data as presented in the figure below On the following page the step by step procedure step 1 2 and 3 is presented Window Help Step 2 a new waste treatment will appear type name and double click under waste type Palaun un Dar Name El Material Building mat i Chemicals 7 New waste treatment process H Fuels Documentation Input output Syzfem description Glass Ceram PERDRE Men CEE Others Paper Board Plastics Energy Transport Processing Use Waste scenario Waste treatment i i x H Incineration Landfill Others Waste type Cancel Recycling H z wood example Substitution Products waste specification Name Amount Unit Known outputs to technosphere Avoided products Name Amount Unit Low value High walue I example under Waste treatment and click New
32. d Light version you cannot create your own projects A project has 4 different sections see the menu on the left side 1 Goal and scope Here you describe the purpose of the project and you can set your preferred data quality standards for the project 2 Inventory here you enter and edit your data as we shall see in the next chapter 3 Impact assessment here you can edit enter and select impact assessment methods 4 Scripts Here you define wizards like user interfaces for the less experienced users The step by step menu of the introduction to SimaPro and the guided tour with coffee are examples of this feature 2 4 Goal and scope The initial stage in LCA is to go through the Goal amp Scope Definition namely define all the practical details related to the project It might seem a short and easy step however it is highly important since aspects defined in this step appear in all stages of the LCA and are relevant to the product life cycle In this example in order to keep our focus on how entering data and building up new processes in a SimaPro can be executed we have defined these para meters in advance so that they are already filled in Please take some time to see how this is done 2 4 1 Description Under the description tab you find information on the goal and most important choices The text fields refer to the obligatory issues you need to describe according to ISO 14041 You can cut and paste these texts to
33. d close this record You will note that suddenly the number of process has become 4 as all the three outputs appear as a separate mate rial while in fact they refer to the same process SimaPro 5 1 23 SimaPro 5 1 e 24 4 Waste treatment and waste scenarios oI L 1 1 4 1 2 We have created the model for the production now it is time to look at the end of life and develop a waste scenario For many commonly used materials SimaPro has more or less standard data but for this tutorial it is useful to develop your own simplified scenario for post consumer waste Although we have not defined the shed itself it will only contain two materials 1 The planks we have defined in the previous chapter 2 Steel parts like nails screws and other metal construction parts This means that the waste model should at least contain data on the end of life of both wood and steel This tutorial is not aiming to be sophisticated in any way but just complex enough to show the main features The characteristics of the scenario are as follows e 40 of the wood is burned in open fires at peoples home In this case we assume a zero contribution to room heating As such stoves are very inefficient and in fact cause large energy losses when the stoves are not working properly due to the uncontrolled ventilation through the chimneys Of course in a real LCA this issue deserves further attention e 60 of the wood is dumped in a modern landfill
34. e treatment is a bit easier to enter We assume no useful by products that result in avoided emissions If the open fireplace would be replaced by a well designed wood stove we should model the Savings on the central heating as an avoided product Please fill in a new record as in the example below The airborne emissions come from the Dutch emission registry not all emissions are entered File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help oje mal slala l a Bl Alm u Bel Documentation Input output System description Mame Det maternal waste type amount Irit Ol yale High value ategor ommen a open fire fuelled by shed wood kg cd empl Known outputs to technosphere Avoided products Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment known Inputs from nature resources Name Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Known inputs from technosphere matenals fuels Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Outputs Emissions to air Hame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment C02 montos T2 CO ma a A o NMOS 1275 o NMC Nor methane Volatile Organic Substances Pas 0 mg PAH Poly Aromathic Hydrocarbons particulates PMI 25 jo PD refers to particle size NO Figure 19 Entering the data for the open fire place You can now also document this record as we have done in the earlier processes 4 4 Waste scenarios Now we have the waste t
35. enario treatment Material Waste po B250 avoided open fire for shed New modern scen 4 Waste streams remaining after separation Others Ti Waste scenaro treatment Allocation Con oe wood example Landfilling of shed E Waste treatment open fre for shed CE period Substitution all View G ography Waste teatme x Jechnology of Cut off rules Find J Representativeness System bound Step 3 add two waste scenario s se nt A and add percentages Cancel 97 items 1 tem selected Figure 23 entering the waste scenario that splits the waste over landfill and open fire places In step 2 we add the transport between the home and the municipal waste collection point The mass specified in the top line refers to the inputs from technosphere such as in this case the car Please note that in step 3 of this scenario we do not specify any waste types We just added percentages to specify how the waste is divided over the diffe rent treatments You can now enter the documentation of the process as described earlier You cannot get an overview of the waste scenario with a tree SimaPro does not know yet which materials will be in the waste stream We first have to define the life cycle and the input to the waste stream After we defined the life cycle we can see the structure SimaPro 5 1 32 5 The product life cycle Now we have seen how process trees are built up in SimaPro We created a process tha
36. fied as impact per hour In this example we use a produc tion rate of 25 ton of wood per hour which means that for 1 25 ton We need 3 minutes of chainsaw input Of course we could also have entered the amount of fuel for the sawing energy if this would be available Now follow the three steps which are also shown in the figure below 1 Step 1 click on Processes in the explorer screen 2 Step 2 click on building material because wood is used to construct a shed 3 Step 3 Press new and a new and empty process record will appear Explorer loal and scope Description i io New ihr ans ildi DAI Requirements i Chemicals Eli Insentnny l Fucls Tonene Glass Ceram Wirte Product stag Metals 5 descripti Others St 3 Spem acripliore e res Sen waste Wipes L Faper Board p p Flashes Impact css ment z Methni A Ener Used ty a F1 Transport Reporte ST Processing Interpretation Uac fe Show LILI Intorprotabon F t i g z a spcclficallons lee EA E Step 2 Select building material Script Scripts Warsblee Stites Saath ara ere llann ie Step 1 Select processes re Literatune reference PT Gera el genre ey a DOI Weighting dam e mature URZAA Unt conversions Iris Quantic Juan 267 items O items selected Figure 2 Creating your first new and empty process sheet SimaPro 5 1 Il SimaPro 5 1 12 3 1 1 Entering process outputs products Figure 3 see be
37. gle this function on or off using the indicated button File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help BO tkm Truck 28t B250 0 806 101 MJ Heat diesel B250 0 652 Figure 27 200 kg 2 kg Planks 3 28 15 8 MJ Electricity from coal B250 0 207 hlalu uj ele Ss Q singe score r RS fe pal AES 22 12 Ip simple shed 3 33 12 nodes visible of 16 Contribution Total Subproces 0 1E4 m Passenger car B250 0 162 Tin plate 20 scrap B250 1 492 Used by 0 108 MJ Electricity UCPTE B250 23 4 MJ Heat petral B250 0 117 11 6 MJ Electricity from ail B250 6 42 MJ Electricity from lignite B250 0 0751 Electricity from gaz B250 0 0598 E co indicator 35 H Europe El 99 HA IPR Consultants Inspecting the result of your modelling Note that not all processes are shown 5 2 The product life cycle The product life cycle is created in the same way as an assembly Only three steps are needed Step 1 open a new life cycle and add a name Step 2 make a link to the assembly A life cycle can only contain one assembly Step 3 make a link to the waste scenario A life cycle can only contain one waste scenario or one disposal scenario File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Step 1 type name Name Comment feof the shed Assembl Amount Unit Comment simple shed Lo bP one piece of the shed assmebly is linked into the lifecycle Processes Amount Unit Re
38. ield to get new line Figure 3 Entering the process output The next product input line Known outputs to technosphere avoided products can be ignored as there are no such products see also paragraph 4 2 where this option will be used in the landfill process 3 1 2 Entering inputs The next section describes the inputs to the process see the figure below We will enter data about the amount of wood we will extract form the forests Note that there are three lines in the record where you can specify inputs 1 Known inputs from nature resources Here you can list the resources that are directly taken from the natural resources In this case the wood that is extracted from the forest In a process that describes mining the ore or metal input would be described here Al data you enter here will be included in the inventory result table 2 Known inputs from technosphere materials and fuels Here you enter inputs that come from other industrial processes and not from nature 3 Known inputs from technosphere electricity and heat This field has the Same purpose We suggest you specify all inputs with a mass unit in the field under point 2 and all others under this field This will help you keeping track of the mass balance Input from nature resources The sequence below is the sequence that is generally used in all fields except for the output fields Step 1 create a new line by clicking under known inputs from nature
39. incineration record that describes a municipal waste incinerator ig taken 33 proxy Incin Tin plate 1995 25098 Tin plate 100 N incineration record that describes a municipal waste incinerator it taken 33 proxy Waste streams remaining after separation Waste scenario treatment Allocation Comment Unspecified G O Figure 22 the waste scenario for the woodstove You can now enter the documentation of the process as described earlier 4 4 3 Waste scenario for splitting waste stream Finally we develop a waste scenario that splits the waste stream in two 1 40 is used in open fires 2 60 is send to the landfill This waste scenario is relatively easy to make just follow the steps in the figure below SimaPro 5 1 3l File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Dsl S e 4 Bl Alm u Gel Documentation Input output System description Step 1 enter name and amount Waste specification Hame Amount Lt Low value High value Categor Comment waste scanario for sheds 1o ko CC CCC III Known inputs from technosphere materials fuels Step 2 add some transport assuming the user Name Amount Unit will drive 10 km with a car to transport 200 kg to the municipal waste collection point Known inputs from technosphere electricityheat Mame Amount Unit Passenger car B250 A ee E El Processes Name 7 Unit Project Materials and or waste types separated fram waste El Waste A A Landfiling of shed kg Guided t Waste sc
40. is figure the total weighted Eco indicator score is used but you can also select alternatives like using the climate change impact category indicator result You can experiment with this setting as much as you want If you have selected another impact assessment method that does not have a single score SimaPro will choose one of the impact categories to be displayed You can return to the process sheet by closing the window with the tree 3 1 4 Documenting a process Now use the documentation tab In the documentation tab you can specify all types of characteristics of this process record The figure below provides an example of how such documentation for this specific record could be entered Please note the following characteristics e The Name of the process is not the name that you will find in the list with processes SimaPro uses the outputs as you specified on the other tab as a label In fact the name of the process is only there for your own reference e Under Data Quality indicators there are 8 fields you can use to characterize the record SimaPro will match the information you provide here with the Data Quality indicators set in you project goal and scope see paragraph 2 1 If the match is perfect the process will get a green label if one or more mismatches occur a yellow orange or red label will be presented In the figure below the appropriate settings have been entered e The comment field in the bottom will
41. k 3 Tree LCIA Profile LCI Results Process contribution Checks er Zoom in or out in or out Ge Single score x ru amp EEE 1 Line Ute og tar LP st 2 I Now in Fail network Felled tree Cha flows in mode 0105 tine PE ER thickness 4 nodes visible of 4 Name PO Display of Contribution single scores Total please try i Subprocess 0 Flow other settings Used by 0 Flow Total 0 00134 kg u Currently Oil light B300 selected Relative contribution to the load 608 0 000244 E Figure 7 Inspecting the result of your modelling the felled tree is linked to the chain saw and the chain saw appears to be linked to fuel and lubrication oil inputs As you can see the top process the felled tree gets an input from the chain Sawing process we have entered On its turn the chain saw process had two inputs one for the fuel production and one for the lubricating oil production As you can see by entering links between processes you can build up comple te trees You can also play around using zooming options and other features We will not discuss all the features of this screen but mention a few The small bar graphs in the processes and the line thickness display the contribution to the total environmental load How this load is calculated depends on the impact assessment method that is currently selected see bottom of the screen and on which level the method is used In th
42. l steels will have similar impacts By using a standard waste type label we avoid the task of making specific waste scenarios for every material that is added to the database As we will explain you do not have to use the waste types if you consider these are too coarse You can indeed also develop a waste scenario for a specific material SimaPro 5 1 I9 Waste types do not always have to be specified Only materials that are specified in the description of the assembly or subassembly need to have a waste type The felled trees do not need a waste type as the consumer will not dispose of felled trees but of planks and perhaps sawdust or bark Another example if a consumer disposes of a plastic bag SimaPro needs to know that this plastic belongs to the waste type plastic or more specific polyethylene SimaPro does not have to take into account that this material was oil before it was turned into plastic The oil that went into the plastic does not have to have a waste type However if in doubt always try to specify the waste type because it will never harm As we shall see SimaPro checks each time a calculation has been added if materials that should have a waste type specification indeed have that specification Adding electricity transport and emissions Energy and transport are added in the same way as the felled tree We will assume a transport distance of 200 km between the felling and the sawmill and we will assume that
43. low shows the top section of the screen that appears At the top there are three tabs giving access to the three different parts of the process record For now use the middle tab input output Follow the four steps shown in this figure 1 Double click on the white field under the known outputs to technosphere Products and co products section and a new line will appear 2 Enter the text Felled tree in the section under Name Jump to the next field by using the enter or tab key 3 Enter the figure 1 under Amount 4 Double click in the field under unit and choose ton by using the pull down option SimaPro can convert units so it understands that you now have just entered an output of 1 ton of felled trees If you would have liked to use cubic meters this is also possible but in that case you should first change the quantity from Mass to Volume You can ignore the high and low volume This version of SimaPro does not use these fields yet In the next chapter we shall also explain the percentage under allocation and the waste type For now you can ignore these 7 New material process zu D2 x Documentation Input output System description gt DE ME step 3 Type output amount Known outputs to technosphese Froducts and co Amount Quanti Low value High value Allocation waste type Felled tree o o 00 not defined Step 4 Select unit Low value High value Co Step 1 Click on white f
44. n outputs by clicking three times on the white field e Step 2 type in the names of the three outputs e Step 3 enter the allocation percentages in the figure above this is done according to the mass you can also use the economic allocation e Step 4 click under the waste type column and select wood below the purpose is explained e Step 5 click under Materials and fuels A selection box will appear from which you can select the felled tree This is the record we made in the previous paragraphs If you cannot find it use the Find button Please note that we do NOT fill in anything under resources the extraction of wood from the forest is already taken into account in the feeling tree process and should not be repeated it would result in a double count You can also see that we put in 1 25 ton while the felling of the tree was defined for one ton SimaPro will automatically multiply all inputs by 1 25 so you do not need to pay attention to this The use of waste types In step 4 you were instructed to set the waste type to wood Waste types can be seen as a label that is added to a material output As we will see later these labels are used in the post consumer waste scenarios It helps SimaPro to recognise which emissions are to be allocated to a material that is incine rated or landfilled The idea behind this concept is that in principle all woods have more or less similar emissions in the waste phase Similarly al
45. n you have followed this tutorial you have the basics for making your own LCA in SimaPro LCA is typi cally a skill you acquire in a learning by doing mode so by experimenting and trying to improve The basic references for this continued learning are in e The user manual e The database manuals e The help file press F1 to get help Furthermore PR and some of its partners provide courses at regular intervals Please check the PR website As was sometimes mentioned there is not a single way to make an LCA Much depends on your goal ambition and data availability In general we advise to start with a simple LCA first and make refinements later We wish you success creating your first LCA product ecology consultants
46. new line Figure 4 Entering the inputs form nature resource depletion SimaPro 5 1 13 SimaPro 5 1 hs Analyse fe File Edit Mame Felled tree Tools n s mlaj slaja Documentation Input output System descrip Known outputs to technosphere Products and Inputs from technosphere materials fuels The chain saw needed to cut the tree has already been predefined in the project We can thus enter this as an input from technosphere This means that the chain saw process is linked to the process we are creating This has the benefit that all emissions and resources needed to operate the chain saw are in that specific record and we do not have to re enter all emissions in the record Window Hel E X Er Processes Name Unit Waste ty Project EI Material Chain sawing hr Guided tour with wo i Building mat Chemicals New i Fuels z Glass Ceram Metals Amount i Others 1 Paper Board View Step 4 Select chain sawing note the red x for time period this data is too old Step 2 expand processing category i Plastics E Energy H Transport Processing Cardboard gt Known inputs from nature resources Mame Amount Glass I Mon Ferro i Others xX Time period x Geography Technology vf Substitution allocation aste treatment alloca af oe off rules M Show DAI specifications wood a Paper y System boundary Plastics 1 35 x Representativeness
47. o fell 1 25 ton of a tree The estimate from the wood company is that this is on average 3 minutes or 0 05 hours Again you can use the unit conversion and enter 3 minutes Entering emissions and other outputs The lowest part of the screen is used to specify emissions and wastes There are six different sections 1 Emissions to air Emissions to water Emissions to soil usual to express leaching Non material emissions like radiation noise etcetera Solid emissions or wastes in solid form especially intended to monitor the volume or mass of waste any leaches and emissions from the wastes should be specified in the other categories 6 Emissions from this process only to treatment ok Ww N The last category is a very powerful feature You can specify emissions and wastes that are treated in some form of waste treatment or for instance flue gas purification In this way you can describe very precisely how production wastes are handled In this example we shall only specify the solid waste flow from branches that remain in the forest As stated the emissions from the chain saw are already specified in the chain saw record and should not be specified here again this would result in a double count The procedure to specify the waste is the same as in the case of resources It is illustrated with the 3 steps in the figure below In a similar way you could add other emissions File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help
48. r paint there are no windows no doors and there is no heating or lighting It s just a simple shed There are three basic parts in this modelling exercise 1 In order to model this we need to enter some processes that describe the environmental impact of cutting a tree and sawing planks in a sawmill For simplicity we do what you may never do that is to ignore the impact of woodcutting on the biodiversity in the wood For the steel used in the shed we shall use some data already available 2 Another important part is to describe the end of life of the shed For that we will demonstrate some of the unique and advanced features in SimaPro to model waste scenarios In this example we will use the assumption that 40 of the wood is burned in open fireplaces at peoples home and that 60 is landfilled in a modern landfill 3 Once we have developed the production and the end of life scenarios we will develop the specification of the shed the assembly and the life cycle During the modelling we will of course encounter some methodological issues However these will not be thoroughly analysed here We refer to the User guide chapters 1 to 5 for further information The data we use for this LCA are not the best and most representative available and they are by no means complete The purpose is to exercise and not to provide you with data SimaPro 5 1 7 SimaPro 5 1 8 2 2 2 2 2 3 Preparation for data entry Sta
49. rary The following figure shows how you can enter the rest of the data SimaPro 5 1 29 File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Dell mal ele HE Bl Alm uw Ble Documentation Inpuat output System description Step 5 add a link to landfill of tinplate you can find this under waste treatment landfill Comment Landiling of shed tf fa o do uodeimpe 1 Step 6 specify waste type and add 100 Step 7 add a link to landfill of ECCS steel pon u CL a e ed you can find this under waste treatment landfill L____ Li fasssion dan Step 8 specify waste type and add 100 Materials and or waste types separated from waste stream MateriaPAfaste type Waste scenario treatment Alle landfill of wooden shed wAY A oz all material with waste type wood goes to landfill wooden shed Landfill Tin plate B250 1335 Ja plate TE all material with waste type timplate goes to landfill tinplate Landfill ECCS steel B250 1998 ECCS steel all material with waste type eccs steel goes to landfill eccs Waste streams remaining after separation Waste scenario treatment Allocation Comment Unspecified All materials that do not belong to one of the waste types go to a waste treatment unspecified beware this waste treatment has no emissions Step 9 add a link to unspecified you can find this under waste treatment others Figure 21 Entering the other outputs of the waste scenario You can now enter the documentation of the process
50. reatments we can specify the waste scenarios The scenarios describe how much of the waste goes to which treatment We need three scenarios 1 One for landfill 2 One for the open fire 3 One that splits up the waste between open fire and landfill SimaPro 5 1 28 4 4 1 Waste scenario for landfill As mentioned above in real life the material send to landfill is not split However for the modelling it is very useful to use a waste scenario as a splitter to ensure wood is sent to the waste treatment for wood while nails and other metal parts are sent to an already predefined waste treatment for steel Go to Waste scenarios in the processes menu and subcategory wood example and click new to get an empty waste treatment record now we can fill in the data Step 1 enter the name of this scenario and the amount Step 2 click in the one but lowest white square as indicated in the figure below Step 3 select the landfill waste treatment we just created Step 4 select the waste type wood as we have done before and enter 100 The data we just entered will be interpreted as follows All wood coming into this waste scenario is send to the waste treatment record landfill of wooden shed Dee als lale alal Bl All u Bel m description Step 1 enter name and amoum x E Processes Name ie Uni H Waste scenario landhill of wooden shed kg EN Landfiling of shed EEE lin e Waste treatment open fire fuelled
51. riate button you can open a new screen in which you can get all results of the process you select in the tree The content of that screen is determined by the process box you click on In the figure below the waste treatment for the open fireplace is selected You can now see the contents of that record although you cannot edit the LCI results the TLCI results the contribution analysis and the status of the data quality indicators for the screen In the figure we present the LCI results as characterized results in this case as total indicator score However you can also select other impact category indicators or present the LCI results in original form El File Edit Analyse 5 eles alae Selected process blue rim re screen button Network Tree LEIA Profile LCI Results Process contribution Checks Gx Q fSinae score r I Ft 200 kg 2 kg j 121 kg Plank Tin plate 20 Landfilling of fi f M T T anke in plate 20 andfilling o open fire for scrap B250 B250 shed shed Penn a En En 0 113 2 94 Qt mi 80 kg Marne open fire for shed landfill of open fire er wooden shed fuelled by Contribution fo jo Es Total 2 34 42 4 z View LEIA Profile LCI Results Process contribution DOI specification LCI expressed as subprocess 2 indicator points Total 2 94 open fire fuelled by shed 2 93 al compartments Single score x score lncin Tin plate 1995 B2501 0 00438 Category Skipunused Default units
52. rting a registered version of SimaPro Upon start up SimaPro will prompt you to open a project Select the Tutorial with the wood example from the list and press the open button Please ignore the following paragraph Starting from the SimaPro demo version As long as you do not have entered the license code provided by PRe SimaPro will run in demo mode In this mode you can still run this example SimaPro allows you to save processes 16 times The example requires you to save 9 processes You still have 7 spare saves to correct errors or to perform a sensitivity analysis After 16 times you are still able to run the demo and view the results but there is no way to make changes re installing the demo will not help When you start the demo it will ask you to register or run in demo mode Choose demo Next it will ask you which version of SimaPro to use Choose the analyst version After that it will ask you to run the guided tour with the coffee machine or the wood example Choose the wood example and read the welcome message Go to the File menu and select Open project select the Tutorial with wood example from the list and press the Open button Now follow the instructions in paragraph 2 3 Starting the wood example project SimaPro organizes all the data you enter into projects This is very useful if you run more than one LCA project as you can keep all data separate By the way in the Demo an
53. s Hint depending on the zoom level and resolution of your monitor you may not be able to see the full name of the processes If you click on a process the full name will appear on the right hand side of the screen 3 1 9 Documentation You can finish the record by entering the documentation File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help Dee la db Ale Ba A in ni Be Documentation Inputfoutput System description Created an 3041142002 Last update on 30 11 42002 Process type Unit process Process identifier testio lt 08060700006 Name awmil Data Quality Indicators Time period 2000 2004 Geography urope Western Technology verage technology Hepresentativeness verage from processes with similar outputs Multiple output allocation Physical causality Substitution allocation Hot applicable Cut off rules L ese than 1 environmental relevance system boundary Second order matenalenergy flows including operations Boundary with nature Not applicable Date 24 11 2002 Record the writer of this guided tour example Generator your name General reference and sources Literature Reference Comment Collection method Data collected from literature Data treatment No special treatment Verification not done Comment production of planks sawdust and bark from felled tree s in Europe Includes transport and drying allocation based on mass Figure 13 Entering the documentation of the chainsaw process Now you can save an
54. t describes the impacts of making planks On the other hand we prepared waste treatments and scenarios The next step is to describe the product and its life cycle SimaPro uses a different type of record to describe products and lifecycles the so called product stages The product stages do not contain environmental information but the refer to processes like the one we defined In this tutorial tour we will use 2 out of the 5 available product stages e The assembly is used to describe the shed e The life cycle describes the use and links to the waste scenario The three other product stages are not explained here they are useful if you want to define relatively complex disassembly and reuse scenarios 5 1 The assembly product stage The following steps show how to enter the following data e The shed is made of 200 kg planks e About 2 kg of steel parts are used for nails etc e The consumer picks up the wood with his or her private car and drives on average 5 km to and 5 from the shop we disregard the possibility that other things are purchased on the same trip which would require some form of allocation All 11 steps needed to create the assembly are specified in the following figures Fie flit Beckie Teslis tisdsn hals p nid Step 1 click product stages I Step 2 select Others under Assembly Explorer Goal and scope E Product stages Name Proiect Description Er Assembly Liararies Others DOI Requrements
55. the emissions from the stove when the wood is burned e waste treatment that describes the emissions from the stove if steel nails are burned if any e waste treatment that describes the emissions from the landfill 4 1 3 The positive impacts of some waste treatments 4 2 File Edit i Explorer Goal and scope Description Libraries DQ Requirements Pre Product stages System descriptions Waste types Methods Reports Interpr tation Document Links Forms Scripts Variables General data Literature references moms Step 1 select wood Analyse Tools Di S saje El Processes Wood in a landfill will slowly decompose and form methane and CO2 in the first 150 years About 20 will not decompose and form a final weight The methane part about 56 can form a potentially high impact on global warming as the release of 1 kg contributes over 20 times as much to climate change as the release of 1 kg CO2 For this reason landfills are being equipped with a methane collection system In this example we assume that 53 of the methane that is formed in the landfill is collected of which 31 is used as fuel and 22 is burned without useful application This figure is the average for Switzerland and can be con sidered as relatively high By using the methane as fuel we may assume less conventional energy is needed In this case we assume that less natural gas is burned To model the useful appli
56. to the planks 40 will be allocated to the sawdust and 10 to the bark An alternative solution would be to use the value of the three products as an allocation basis As wood will generate about 80 of the value with sawdust generating about 20 while the bark will create virtually no value the alloca SimaPro 5 1 18 tion percentages would be 80 for the planks and 20 for the sawdust fe Fils Edit Analyse Tools window Help olele wla lelel HE Kal u tel Di Ta Step1 create 3 lines Step 2 enter Step 3 enter and type output names amounts allocation percentage Kno AW OLD Mame Quantit Low value High walke Allocation 4 Waste type Categor Planks o eo 7 ka Mass Wood Building mat Sawdust 400k Mass 0 0 Wood Buldingmat Bak tks 10 Wood Building mat Known outputs to cotta Avoided products Name Amount Unit Low value High value Comment a Step 4 select Hint Click in white ee waste type field to create line P Know rl Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Known inputs From tezhnosphere materials fuels Mame Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Feledtee ton S Step 5 click under material fuels and Known inputs from technosphere electricity heat select felled tree Name Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Outputs 4 Figure 9 The three outputs of the sawmill and the input of felled trees The procedure is now as follows e Step 1 create three lines under know
57. tween the data and the desired properties There are four colours to indicate to which extent a process matches your project requirements Green colour shows that the material or process chosen is applicable to your project yellow is quite matching orange is less close and finally red means that although useable the process or material is beyond your project requirements see for example processes material chemicals SimaPro 5 1 9 Time period DOI We Unspecified IT Unknown Mixed data 2010 and after 2005 2009 Ix 2000 2004 Ix 1995 1999 T 1990 1994 T 1985 1989 fr 1980 1984 Before 1980 In the wood example project we have already entered the desired data quality as indicated in the overview below We will not go into detail about the reasons for each setting Please refer to the User manual chapter 3 for some more explanation of this concept Geography DOI Weighting 1 Unspecified T Unknown x Mixed data x Europe Westem Europe Eastern North America South and Central America Asia former USSR Asia Japan I Asia Korea Asia Middle East Asia South East I Asia China Asia Indian region Africa Australia Oceans M Arctic regions T World Technology DOI Weighting 3 Unspecified T Unknown x Mixed data T Worst case Outdated technology x Average technology x Modem technology F Best available technology Future technology
58. waste scenario for 4 89 3 93 200 kg 2kg 2 01E4 m 121 kg 80 8 kg Planks Tin plate 20 Passenger car Landfilling of open fire for scrap B250 B250 shed shed 3 28 0 492 0 326 1 79 2 94 250 kg 108 MJ 47 MJ Felled tree Electricity Heat petrol B250 1 2kg O8k landfill of Landfill Tin open fire Incin Tin plate wooden shed plate B250 fuelled by 1995 B250 98 1 79 ps 0 00438 0 00164 UCPTE B250 0 616 0 234 18 8 MJ 7 99 MJ Electricity from Electricity from coal B250 gas B250 0 956 0 207 0 0898 114 MJ Heat diesel Electricity from lignite B250 0 0751 Electricity from uranium B250 0 00565 Electricity from hydropwr oil B250 0 17 7 MJ 0 239 8 42 MJ 43 5 MJ 11 6 MJ Electricity from Petrol B300 0 0083 kg Oil light B300 0 000335 kg 0 00224 6 1E 5 Figure 34 Complete overview over the life cycle now without the assumption that natural gas will be avoided because methane is collected 6 5 Contribution analysis Another way of getting an overview of the results is by using the function contribution analysis This feature will help you to get an overview of processes that contribute most to the impact of your life cycle To make a contribution analysis select your life cycle and click the analyse button CR or if you are presently in the inventory screen simply click on the contribution analysis tab e Step 1 Select the tab Process contribution e Step 2 Click
59. y from 1 m3 of gas Includes detailed emission data on heat production from gas in Europe including production and transport of 198 items 1 item selected 4 Click under Known outputs to technosphere avoided products A selection box will appear Select Heat gas under Energy Heat B250 0 07 kg methane is used for energy production Given the density of methane 0 72 kg m3 0 097 m3 gas is avoided which equals 3 9 MJ energy see comment box in the Buwal sheet for Heat gas and the amount of energy produced enter in materials fuels the transport for the distance between the municipal waste collection centre and the landfill 16t truck To transport 1 kg over 20 kilometres we need a transport amount of 0 001 ton x 20 km 0 02 ton kilometre now enter the emission of the methane that is not collected 0 1 kg and the total CO2 0 54 kg El File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help lee als lele Ze hl alu u Bel Documentation Input output System description Waste specication Name Def materal waste type mount Unit Low value High value Categor Comment landfil of wooden shed Wood 1 kg 0 0 wood example Known outputs to technosphere Avoided products Name Amount Unit Low value High value Comment Heat gas B250 EC CS CS CS S O Inputs Known inputs from nature resources Name Amount Step 6 enter transport between the municipal collection point and landfill 20 km Known inputs from technosphere materials
60. you have figure 29 on the screen You can produce a figure as below by setting the desired zoom level parts of the tree may be outside the screen and use the copy command under Edit or the Export command under File The BMP format works best with most softwarepackages We are now able to analyse all processes from cutting the tree to the disposal processes The small thermometers give the contribution to the environmental load The line thickness also indicates the total environmental load flowing between processes Red means an environmental load green means a negative environmental load or in fact an environmental benefit In this case the en vironmental load for the collection and application of the methane from this modern landfill is an environmental benefit 1p life of the shed 6 92 1p 202 kg simple shed waste scenario for sheds 3 93 scrap B250 0 492 250 kg 50 tkm 108 MJ 7 MJ 120 kg 1 2kg 80 kg 0 8 kg Felled tree Truck 28t B250 Electricity Heat petrol landfill of Landfill Tin open fire Incin Tin plate UCPTE B250 B250 wooden shed plate B250 fuelled by shed 1995 B250 98 0 00262 0 806 0 616 0 234 i 0 00164 2 93 0 00438 45s 114 MJ 18 8 MJ 7 99 MJ 17 7 MJ 8 42 MJ 43 5 MJ 11 6 MJ 2 4 tkm 468 MJ Chain sawing Heat diesel Electricity from Electricity from Electricity from Electricity from Electricity from Electricity from Truck 16t B250 Heat gas B250 B250 coal B250 gas B250 hydropwr B250 lignite B250 uranium B250 oil B2
61. ystem descriptions E New assembly product stage Mame Comment simple wooden unpainted shed of 2 by 2 meters click here Matenals Assemblies Amount Unit to get this Step 8 click select TP Dee Processes Amount Unit Comment Forms Oo Select a material process or an assembly E Er Materials and assemblies Name Unit waste ype Project DAI Step 6 select Assembly Bark kg Wood Guided tour with wc EN building under l i Others Felled tee ton not defined Guided tour with we D material E Material Planks Wood Guided tour with wi LI b Building mat Saw dust kg Wood Guided tour with we ER AL ee a Chemicals Unit conversions i Fuels Units i Glase Ceram production of planks sawdust and bark from felled tree s in A Europe Includes transport and drying allocation based on Quantities H Metals mass a 117 items 1 item selected Z O items items selected Figure 25 Entering the link to the planks File Edit Analyse Tools Window Help lS ef alal Bl Alm u le Explorer a 215 x E Product stages ame T s Step 9 enter amount of planks Ne Libraries Others DG Requirements l Life cycle Disposal scenario 3 ace Disassembly Product stages H Reuse Copy System descriptions Edit assembly product stage simple shed e lol x Waste types Impact assessment Comment Methods shed ene simple wooden unpainted shed of 2 by 2 meters Reports MaterialsAssemblies

SimaPro Tutorial The `Wood example`

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