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1. project supervisory committee without whose assistance the publishing of this guidance would not have been successful Special thanks also go to all CCTV security and law enforcement specialists for sharing their literature and invaluable assistance MINIMALUS REIKALAVIMAI VIESUJU ERDVIU VIDEO STEBEJIMO SISTEMOMS Kestutis Grazelis Dainius Barkauskas Pavel Laptev Kristi Targamaa Mareks Smilga Santrauka U daros grandin s kamer tinklo toliau sutrumpintai CCTV angl closed circuit television sistema u fiksuota video med iaga yra puikus rodym altinis kuris naudojamas teismuose ir teis saugos institucijose visame pasaulyje Analogin televizij pakeitus skaitmenine CCTV sistemos u fiksuota video med iagos vis da niau tampa rodym altiniu Ekspertin praktika rodo kad iuo metu vie osiose erdv se diegtos CCTV n ra pakankamai geri rodym altiniai Labai da nai tariamasis neigia savo dalyvavim nusikaltime o CCTV sistemos u fiksuota video med iaga nepakankamai atspindi tariam j identifikuojan ius po ymius veido bruo ai tatuiruot s apranga ma inos tipas ma inos registracijos numeris ir t t Da nai d l nepakankamos personalo kompetencijos gali kilti klaid gautos video med iagos prie i roje ir atk rime Tai gali pa eisti CCTV sistema gaut video med iag suma inti jos pradin kokyb ar sugadinti video med iagos vientisum visi ie elementai neleid ia gaut i CCTV
2. the software should allow the simultaneous display of all camera views or the camera views selected by the user the software should have a video playback speed control including forward and reverse frame by frame viewing the software should maintain the original aspect ratio for the exported videos and single frames the software should allow the saving of frames as bitmap pictures with additional information time date camera identifier etc This information should be shown separately and not overlay the image the software should have a video search function and an export function according to the date and time the software should have an authenticity check option for exported video files Motion detection The system may have incorporated motion detection functionality along with a movement activated light functionality If the camera is triggered the recording rate is increased to a faster rate in the region of 12 to 25 fps and additional lighting is turned on The triggers can be external system elements e g PIR sensors motion detection within the camera CCTV system or interaction by an observer 2 2 Digital Video Recorder DVR A digital video recorder is a stand alone unit capable of saving images to a hard disk There are literally hundreds of DVR manufacturers now with a wide variety of products and features many specializing in solutions by size location lighting conditions or
3. Monitor detect purpose camera Observation purpose camera Recognition purpose camera Identification purpose camera The captured footage provides you with an overall impression about the chain of events which direction the suspects came from where they headed after the security incident how long they were on your territory and what they did before entering it A reasonable amount of detail of the subject person or car is seen on the captured image with some context to their activity by monitoring the area around them Clear recognition of a vehicle s license number plate from the captured image Clear recognition of facial features if the subject is located in the centre of the captured image Close up view of the subject s face allowing experts to clearly see the distinctive facial features of the suspect birthmarks tattoos scars eye colour etc Video resolution 640 x 480 pixels or higher 704x576 720x576 1920x1080 Codec MPEG 4 Part 10 AVC H 264 Bit rate For H 264AVC 1 2 Mbps For MPEG4 Part 2 2 4 Mbps For MPEG2 3 6 Mbps Frame rate Minimum of 5 8 fps frames per second not fields per second If the subject s movement is fast or the scene is complex then 12 or more fps is advised Video file storage A stand alone DVR system with its own hard drive storage is preferable If a multi purpose personal computer is used the CCTV video files should not be
4. colour fidelity Cameras that are compliant with the SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers standards for HDTV fulfil stringent requirements on colour fidelity 2 9 Motion of the objects under surveillance Your system design needs to consider the potential motion and speed of the objects under surveillance For identification purposes a minimum frame rate of 5 to 8 frames per second is often recommended Your surveillance objectives may require higher frame rates for example if you want to get a clearer picture of a series of events If the captured scene includes persons or objects that cross the field of view at high speed or close to the camera you will probably want to increase the frame rate up to 25 fps to ensure that the camera will not miss any of the action Also in order to capture sharp footage of fast moving persons or objects you will need to use short shutter speeds Using cameras that support progressive scan eliminates the blur that affects moving objects when using interlaced video Shutter speed Some CCTV cameras have electronic shutters that perform the same function as camera shutters In a video camera without a user controlled shutter the sensor collects data for 1 25th of second in the PAL system or 1 30th of a second in the NTSC system An electronic shutter limits the time in which the sensor can build a charge which is comparable in function to a mechanical shutter allowing light through to the
5. estimated before a system is installed so that a hard drive of the appropriate capacity can be specified It is vital to ensure that sufficient capacity is available so that compromises do not have to be made on either the image quality or retention time The storage capacity needed in a CCTV system depends on several factors implemented codec technology image resolution size compression ratio bit rate amount of activity on video An Advanced DVR can allow you to choose those parameters for each camera separately In order to determine more accurately how much hard drive space you will need with your DVR you need to take into consideration the codec technology being implemented image resolution size the bit rate compression ratio the amount of video activity whether the bit rate is variable or constant and if motion detection setting the DVR to only record activity when the camera detects motion in its field of view is being utilized Next calculate the number of cameras and how many frames per second you want to record on each Typically DVRs can process 60 120 240 and 480 frames per second These numbers represent the total number of frames per second that can be accommodated for all of the cameras or channels per system For example a 120 frames per second DVR with 16 cameras has an approximate frame rate of 7 5 frames per second This means that each camera can be converted at 120 16 or about 7 5 frames per second In digital mult
6. events and viewing recorded video footage This decision depends on whether the cameras will be monitored and recorded or only recorded The choice of the display is very important if the cameras will be watched by personnel in real time in order to detect an incident and initially respond to it Depending on your objectives it is essential to determine the number of screens required the number of cameras per display screen and the size and type of the displays The displays monitors should have a relatively big screen size and high resolution to accommodate multiple camera views proprietary CCTV player playback controls and a menu on the screen If your CCTV system captures images in HD format a big display is essential to see a single camera view at maximum resolution You can also use several screens to be able to see all the camera views at the same time If you are planning to use multiple screens they should be laid out in an arc so that all the monitors being viewed from one point are the same distance away from the viewer The staff should be seated comfortably able to reach control equipment and view monitors from an optimum distance without having to continually refocus their view Display type There are several screen production technologies you can choose from LCD a liquid crystal display OLED Organic light emitting diode LCOS Liquid Crystal on Silicon and Plasma displays Generally all these types of displays are s
7. is the major disadvantage of ASIC technology because the DVR platforms and codecs of this kind of DVR quickly become obsolete PC Based DVRs PC interfaces tend to be more user friendly and less mechanical PC Based DVRs tend to be more flexible and easier to manage The latest PC based DVRs utilize DSP digital signal processor technology A DSP is a specialized digital microprocessor used to efficiently and rapidly perform calculations on digitized signals that were originally in analogue form such as audio and video The big advantage of DSP lies in the programmability of the processor allowing parameters to be easily changed PC Based solutions also tend to allow for upgrades of compression technology which can be vital to the end user DVR settings and capacity performance DVR video capture settings such as frame speed and video quality are software adjustable A digital system allows for the auditing of activity through monitor screen menus and for images to be retrieved as easily as opening a file by using criteria such as date time location or camera number Digital recorders can store many days if not weeks of video from multiple cameras but be warned that invariably most systems will not store images of the same quality as seen on the live view on any setting In other words what you are viewing live has nothing to do with the recorded quality they are separate and distinct Warning manufacturers will quote a
8. most important feature For example if the aim is to identify a car a recognition purpose camera can provide information about the colour year of manufacture make and model while a close up identification purpose camera makes it possible to read the license number plate In order to provide a more accurate reconstruction of a chain of events to give precise information about where to look for footprints and to allow a better estimation of a person s height and other body measurements we need to know where the person placed his her feet This is simplified if the wide angle observation and recognition purpose cameras show a squared pattern on the floor In addition measurements of height require fixed vertical lines to illustrate heights If the probable walking route and the most vulnerable places such as the cashier stations are also filmed from several directions the cameras should be synchronised so that the pictures are taken simultaneously this makes it more possible to measure height movement patterns and other biometric information In other words a typical fixed camera can be specified to cover a narrow field of view with a high level of detail for recognition identification purposes or a wide field of view at a lower level of detail for monitoring detection but generally not both The event may be monitored in real time but most CCTV systems record in a time lapse mode to reduce the amount of storage required with
9. network cameras to provide higher resolution video images HDTV sensor cameras can improve the possibility to see details and to identify people and objects a key consideration in video surveillance applications A mega pixel or HDTV network camera offers at least twice as high a resolution as a conventional analogue CCTV camera Mega pixel sensors are key components in HDTV and mega pixel and multi megapixel cameras can be used to provide extremely detailed images and multi view streaming Mega pixel CMOS sensors are more widely available and generally less expensive than mega pixel CCD sensors because it is difficult to make a fast mega pixel CCD sensor Technologically many sensors in mega pixel cameras are generally similar in size to VGA sensors with a resolution of 640480 pixels Since a mega pixel sensor contains more pixels than a VGA sensor the size of each pixel in a mega pixel sensor becomes smaller than in a VGA sensor As a consequence a mega pixel sensor is typically less light sensitive per pixel than a VGA sensor since the pixel size is smaller and light reflected from an object is spread to more pixels High resolution cameras can require proportionally brighter light sources Factors such as sensor array type and size presence and type of anti aliasing filter etc may have a serious impact on perceived sharpness regardless of actual pixel count However technology is rapidly improving mega pixel sensors and the performance in t
10. only a certain number of frames per second fps being stored A higher frame rate will be necessary when monitoring a busy area or a doorway through which people pass quickly probably 6 or 12 fps The following provides a broad basis for camera specification Where possible cameras should be colour and monochrome cameras may be considered where infra red applications are of importance All cameras should have low light capability preferably under an illumination level of 2 lux and each camera should have a minimum resolution of 50 horizontal lines CCTV cameras can either be fixed fixed view cameras pan tilt and zoom cameras or mobile easily re deployable throughout a building Fixed view Cameras One of the main considerations for fixed cameras is displacement Displacement means that a crime may change location away from the CCTV change the time it occurs or the type of crime may change Since fixed cameras are not easily moved it makes it simpler for offenders to avoid areas covered by a CCTV The field of view of each fixed view camera in the system should overlap so that no blind spots are created in the areas requiring camera coverage Pan Tilt Zoom Cameras DOME cameras As an alternative or as a supplement to using fixed view cameras it may be beneficial to use a camera with pan tilt zoom PTZ capability This not only gives the operator the ability to cover a wide area but to also zoom in to focus on an incident where
11. recordings including the protection of the storage and recording devices Training policies and training records for CCTV system users will help to avoid non compliant use of the system and reduce the risk of losing valuable recorded data caused by the human factor System maintenance policies will help to manage and maintain your system so it can do its job when it is really needed Regular preventative maintenance or servicing should be carried out to ensure that the CCTV system performs at the same level it did at the time of commissioning and the hand over of the system A system must be maintained if it is to function satisfactorily This means that the system is regularly checked and complies with the manufacturer s service recommendations Some of the policies mentioned above can be combined in one document 2 Technical Guidance Equipment considerations can be grouped within the headings of Capture Transmission Display Recording and Storage Playback and Accessibility The following Technical Guidance will provide an overview of the equipment used in CCTV systems nowadays 2 1 Minimum recommended CCTV system parameters Setting up the best CCTV requires setting up requirements for the best hardware the business owner needs The technical and operational features of your system should correspond to or be better than those recommended below Features Recommended technical and quality parameters Video visual quality
12. sensor Reducing the time the shutter is open will reduce the instances of motion blur smearing and or camera shake but will require a corresponding increase in available light or a wider aperture To an extent this increased light requirement can be managed by the gain controls without affecting the aperture although the best solution is to increase the available light Conversely increasing the time the shutter is open will allow for greater amounts of light to fall on the sensor and thus allow narrower apertures and increased depth of field but will increase the chance of motion blur The limiting factors on available shutter speeds are the desired frame rate and the available light The shutter must have time to operate within the duration of the frame capture i e a camera operating at 25 fps must have a shutter duration of less than 1 25th of a second but also allow enough light through for the sensor If the required shutter speed gain and aperture combination cannot be achieved then thought must be given to adjusting the ambient light levels 2 10 On board Image Processing Digital image processing or DSP Within a camera there are usually a number of automatic functions designed to improve the output picture quality of the camera DSP technology offers more consistent picture quality over a wider range of lighting conditions They can also provide features such as programmable intelligent back light compensation Video Motion Detecti
13. stored on the system partition CCTV Video retention The video files should be stored for a minimum of 4 weeks period Video output and file Composite video or S video output USB port for external hard drive USB export device connection or an integrated CD DVD burner The system should be able to export the captured video in the same native file format as the proprietary media player playback software Additionally the system may support the operation of video footage export in an open media format which can be viewed on a standard computer using Windows Media Player or VLC Media Player DVR software Should record embedded information Time Date Camera name or other identification Playback software for exported files The following options are recommended for the playback software the playback software and evidence must be playable from the media Hard drive DVD or CD on which it is recorded and must not require installation or any other component part on the PC on which it is played the playback software must not require access to the registry of the computer on which it is played administrator rights on the computer the playback software must be capable of running on the Windows XP operating system the evidence should be saved without password protection the software should able to display a single camera view and export it in an open media format at full resolution
14. the field of view Remember the need to perform maintenance such as cleaning or repairs e Consider how power will be supplied to the camera and data transmitted from it Ensure that the camera is firmly fixed and does not wobble because of a breeze or because of any mechanical vibrations Stability may be a problem if a camera is fixed to a tall pole in an exposed location e Where suspect identification is the main priority place the camera close to eye level Ceiling mounted cameras may not be able to provide a full view of a suspect s face e When using identification criteria it is recommended that a clear space be left above the head in order to allow for variations in a person s height and discrepancies in the recording systems 1 4 CCTV system use and maintenance policies The site plans that were previously mentioned can be used as a part of the formal written documentation of the CCTV surveillance system outlining the CCTV objectives the CCTV system compliance with national legislation its technical design and equipment selection In addition to this the CCTV system may need written documentation describing the roles and responsibilities of the personnel using it the requirements for system authorisation a use and maintenance policy with supportive standard operating procedures security policies for the storage facility and penalties for possible non compliant use if needed CCTV user policies should include protoc
15. the surveillance purposes mentioned above You should determine your own risks in order to select and operate an appropriate system that meets your objectives If any security incident happens on your premises wide angle monitor detect cameras will provide you with an overall impression about the chain of events which direction the suspects came from where they were heading after the security incident occurred how long they were within your territory and what they did before entering it Images from your outdoor monitor detect cameras could be used by law enforcement officials in other crime investigations that have happened in your neighbourhood So it is very important to set up your outdoor monitor detect cameras for good detailed images while considering the variable weather and lighting conditions and checking if the people and objects are in focus The mounting heights for each camera must also support the camera s purposes so that they can provide the required view The mounting of wide angle monitor detect purpose outdoor cameras higher than 8m above the ground is not recommended Outdoor cameras should be mounted at a suitable height that makes them difficult to access by thieves or vandals Additional protection can be provided for a CCTV system by adding or embedding cameras within the site s security alarm system along with the use of durable camera housings and anti climbing devices As previously mentioned neighbourhood securi
16. used then an infra red sensitive camera day night camera may be required This will usually function as a normal colour camera during the day but in addition produce black and white images at night or under poor light conditions where a standard camera would not function It should be noted however that infra red cameras will often provide poor colour rendition during the day as shown in figure 11 though the addition of an infra red filter for daytime use will improve this It is recommended that wherever possible ambient light levels should be increased in preference to the use of infra red cameras due to the supplementary benefits of a well lit area Thermal Cameras Thermal imaging is considered long range infra red and does not require any additional lighting Typically the image produced is a black and white image where the hotter objects are whiter and the cooler objects are darker The heat sensing abilities of thermal cameras allow them to easily identify intruders and other security breaches at night Thermal imaging has been proven to be a successful solution for common security needs such as vision at night where lighting is undesired or unavailable surveillance over country borders waterways lakes and ports where lighting options are impractical surveillance in challenging weather conditions Image intensifiers Night vision can be achieved by intensifying the small amount of light present even at night from the s
17. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR PUBLIC AREAS K stutis Gra elis Dainius Barkauskas Pavel Laptev Kristi Targamaa Mareks Smilga Introduction CCTV video footage is a great source of evidence for courts and law enforcement agencies all around the world With the fundamental shift from analogue to digital surveillance systems the amount of CCTV video footage that is used in courtrooms in the form of the evidence has rapidly increased A CCTV system is expensive to implement manage and maintain If it is installed incorrectly or maintenance procedures are not put into place the entire CCTV solution can be very ineffective in providing enough information about a security incident that may occur on your premises The evidential value of CCTV footage directly depends on its visual quality integrity and the authenticity of the original video files The evidential value of CCTV footage also depends on the procedures used for the gathering and handling of the image material retrieved from the CCTV system Bad equipment selection mistakes in system setup and irregular maintenance can reduce the overall performance of many CCTV systems As a result at the time of a crime being committed a CCTV system may not be able to capture the video with best possible quality Later on law enforcement officials cannot retrieve valuable information from the footage that could help them identify any suspects restore the chain of events o
18. MOS chips have several advantages Unlike the CCD sensor the CMOS chip incorporates amplifiers and A D converters which lowers the cost for cameras since it contains all the logics needed to produce an image Every CMOS pixel contains conversion electronics Compared to CCD sensors CMOS sensors have better integration possibilities and more functions However this addition of circuitry inside the chip can lead to a risk of more structured noise such as stripes and other patterns CMOS sensors also have a faster readout lower power consumption higher noise immunity and a smaller system size It is possible to read individual pixels from a CMOS sensor which allows windowing which implies that parts of the sensor area can be read out instead of the entire sensor area at once This way a higher frame rate can be delivered from a limited part of the sensor and digital PTZ pan tilt zoom functions can be used It is also possible to achieve multi view streaming which allows several cropped view areas to be streamed simultaneously from the sensor 2 8 Colour fidelity The information about the object s colour is often an important feature used for recognition or identification of the suspect To ensure colour fidelity camera white balance should be adjusted to suit the colour temperature of the light sources used In outdoor surveillance the colour temperature will change throughout the day requiring automatic white balancing to maintain
19. TV system installation can be requested by an insurance company There are some issues that should be taken into account before purchasing a CCTV surveillance system e There are no post production techniques that can significantly improve the initial quality of CCTV footage that has been captured The initial quality must be in accordance with the aim of observation e Often it is not possible to cover all the security aspects wide angle and close up images with one surveillance camera or several cameras of the same range Good coverage of the premises using different types of cameras with different lenses can offer multiple chances to record a suspect on camera e There are no proper industry standards concerning the resolution recorded media format frame rate data and file formats Most CCTV system manufacturers don t even adhere to an AVI standard or an agreed to specification for the DVR hardware and software file formats compression and encoding There are now thousands of poorly documented or undocumented DVR systems There are plenty of unbranded low cost DVR systems on the market now that cannot provide any customer support and may contain faulty hardware or firmware Check online for some customer reviews before purchasing unknown or unbranded DVR systems e The effective use of a CCTV system is not possible without properly planned operational management detailed documentation and sufficient training of the personnel using it espec
20. all the possible weaknesses of the system 3 1 Evaluation of DVR operational performance DVR computing power is critical Along with processing power a good DVR depends on equally robust related parts and assemblies A DVR system needs to have enough processing power to perform multitasking As a buyer of the system you need to see what happens when you use the full capacity of the system In real conditions you will probably need to efficiently control monitor search view and replay video and audio recorded over multiple channels You should test the following options of the software e Is the software capable of showing recorded views from the different cameras simultaneously and continue to record at full capacity in the same time e Is the software capable of synchronizing playback from the different cameras e Can you quickly switch between different cameras and expand them to full screen view while alternating between different views e Is it possible to playback video in slow motion without distortion and choppiness e Are you satisfied with the maximum and minimum video playback speeds e Can you view the video frame by frame without missing frames e What happens when multiple users simultaneously access the DVR over the network e Is the remote over the network video quality good enough e How long does the software take to start and how long do user requests take e Does the DVR overheat itself as well as the room and ho
21. aptured single frames or video segments should be carefully documented CCTV video footage is highly likely to be used in court as evidence and it is very important to maintain its integrity trustworthiness and continuity A system should be able to export the captured video in the native file format required by the proprietary media player The video footage in the original file format contains supportive meta data and can be checked for its integrity Sometimes the integrity of exported CCTV footage which is converted to an open media format e g AVI cannot be proved Furthermore the captured video in its native file format is usually less compressed We can reduce the quality of the video when converting it to an open media format AVI Ideally the SOP for CCTV footage export should include two operations 1 The operation of copying the video footage in the original file format to an external media CD or DVD disks external USB storage devices with the proprietary playback software required to view the original video files 2 The operation of exporting the video footage in an open media format which can be viewed on a standard computer using Windows Media Player or VLC Media Player without the installation of additional decoders and the burning of the exported video files to CD or DVD disks Infrastructure security policies should support all the security procedures used to ensure the safe storage and integrity of the captured CCTV video
22. are working properly REFERENCES 1 Western Australian Police Office of Crime Prevention 2009 Western Australia Closed Circuit Television CCTV Guidelines Final Report 2 P Bergstr m Camera Surveillance Test your system before a criminal does Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science Link ping 2005 3 N Cohen J Gattuso K MacLennan Brown CCTV Operational Requirements Manual 2009 Home Office Scientific Development Branch St Albans UK 2009 4 E Harwood Digital CCTV A Security Professional s Guide Elsevier Academic Press 2008 5 Aventura Technologies Inc A Surveillance Director s Guide to Digital Video www aventuratechnologies com 2006 6 M Sugrue The CCTV File Format Minefield e Forensics Magazine 2012 7 Axis Communications CCD and CMOS Sensor Technology Technical White Paper 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of many people The authors wish to express their gratitude to Prof Neil Cohen and his team from the Home Office Scientific Development Branch Peter Bergstr m and Frederik Ekl f who were abundantly helpful and offered assistance support and guidance The authors would also like to convey thanks to the ISEC funding program for providing the financial means The deepest gratitude is also due to the members of the ISEC AG4000002548 Best practice guidance and training as effective measure for prevention and fight against cybercrime
23. as that are capable of remote directional and zoom control can be used as an option c Recognising people or vehicles involved in some event You should be able to say with a high degree of certainty whether or not an individual shown is the same as someone seen before recognise somebody you know or determine that somebody is not known to you If a still camera is used for person recognition purposes the figure of a person should occupy at least 50 of the screen height The characteristic features of the person clothing posture objects being carried or a vehicle make model colour have to be seen CCTV frames with such a level of detail usually allow law enforcement officials to capture the major distinctive features of the suspect and identify him or determine if the person seen on the footage was involved in other crimes in the area One of the distinctive features of a person is his or her height If there is a risk of masked robbery it is essential to be able to measure the height of the suspect using frames from your CCTV The measurement of a suspect s height is essential in that the entire figure of the suspect from their feet to the top of their head can be seen at some point of the suspect s movement with part of the floor they are standing on d Identifying people involved in some event In this case it is necessary to be able to identify an individual in such a way that it can be established beyond a reasonable dou
24. bt and to record high quality facial images that can be used in a court to prove someone s identity beyond a reasonable doubt The figure of the person should occupy at least 100 of the screen height The subject s face must 1 fill at least 15 of the total image frame Figure 3 A person occupies more than 100 of the screen face fills 15 of the screen If you need to be able to identify someone from your CCTV image a higher resolution better dynamic range and faster lens should be chosen for the camera The minimum recommended resolution is 640 x 480 pixels But remember some cheap types of hardware for example web cameras with this amount of resolution are not suitable for facial recognition no matter what Camera height is very important so make sure it is close to eye level It helps to be able to see facial features at a good angle or identify a suspect wearing a peaked cap Suitable and sufficient lighting will also have an influence on the visibility of facial features If you have bright light coming in from a window you may need to add some light from the opposite direction of the natural light in order to even things out or install a window shade 1 2 Location and Activity to monitor Site plan Good coverage of your premises offers multiple chances to capture a suspect on camera Ideally you need to have all four types of cameras Monitor Observe Recognize Identify to satisfy all the requirements of
25. era with a small sensor element of 1 3 and a telephoto lens of 50mm positioned 2 metres high on an interior wall would provide a very small field of view Having determined the area of interest the activity to be monitored the observation criteria and the target speed as part of the OR capture process it should now be possible to estimate the most suitable FoV When determining the FoV required of a camera avoid problem areas such as shadows and blind spots and care should also be taken not to record areas outside the remit of the installation See the BSIA privacy masking guidelines for further information www bsia co uk For greater accuracy in determining the FoV you require perform an internet search on CCTV Lens Calculator and select one of the options provided These require you to enter some basic details of the scene and perform the relevant calculation 2 6 Camera Lenses Lens determination is an essential component of a system regardless of its objective It will be well worth the time involved in choosing an appropriate lens for your application in order to achieve the desired results The lens which focuses the image onto the camera sensor is often purchased separately from the camera If this is the case it is imperative to ensure that the two are compatible both in terms of the lens mount and sensor coverage One is called a C mount and the other one is called a CS mount C mount lenses are used for larger image sensors CS mou
26. eras usually serve for the purposes of monitoring and detecting For this reason the selection of an appropriate camera that can work in variable weather and lighting conditions with protection against damage or vandalism is crucial It will be well worth the time involved in choosing an appropriate lens for your Monitor Detect cameras in order to achieve the sustainable visual quality of your video recordings see technical guidance for varifocal and auto iris lenses b Observing the events happening in your territory This is useful in areas where it is necessary to monitor a group of individuals such as outside nightclubs and pubs streets in a town centre aisles and stock rooms in shops car parking and other places where the reasonable detail of the subject person or car is needed with some context to their activity by monitoring the area around them If a still camera is used for this purpose the figure of a person or a car moving in the area should occupy 25 40 of the screen height Figure 2 A person occupies 25 40 of the screen For outdoor cameras the observer has to be able to see some characteristic details of the individual or vehicle such as clothing type or model of the vehicle and probably some other distinctive details For indoor cameras the lighting and camera focus should be adequate to capture clear images both day and night If you are using security staff for monitoring purposes Pan Tilt Zoom PTZ camer
27. erms of light sensitivity is constantly improving The advantages and disadvantages of both CCD and CMOS sensors are shown below CCD sensor CCD technology was developed specifically to be used in cameras and CCD sensors have been used for more than 30 years Traditionally CCD sensors have had some advantages compared to CMOS sensors such as better light sensitivity and less noise In recent years however these differences have disappeared Other advantages of the CCD camera are fewer maintenance requirements longer life resistance to lag and bloom and resilience to shock or vibration CCD sensors can be damaged from very bright lights making them less desirable for outdoor use However they are well suited to most indoor uses The other disadvantages of CCD sensors are that they are analogue components that require more electronic circuitry outside the sensor they are more expensive to produce and can consume up to 100 times more power than CMOS sensors The increased power consumption can lead to heat issues in the camera which not only impacts the image quality negatively but also increases the cost and environmental impact of the product CCD sensors also require a higher data rate since everything has to go through just one output amplifier or a few output amplifiers CMOS sensor Modern CMOS sensors use a more specialized technology and the quality and light sensitivity of the sensors have rapidly increased in recent years C
28. ially regarding system control and the retrieval and extraction of the recorded video files e The legal laws and operational and security procedures that protect the integrity of digital evidence and its authenticity should be followed at all times 1 1 Observational Purposes Before the purchase and installation of a system it is crucial to specify the purpose of the observation what should be seen when and where Will the camera be viewing a wide area fairly close to the camera Will images from a narrow area or far away be important What are the lighting conditions and will they change There are several security purposes that a CCTV system may serve a Monitoring your territory and detecting the movement of people or vehicles It may be suitable for covering a wide area such as a car park to watch the flow of traffic or the movement of people where you do not need to pick out individual figures or detect the presence of a person in the image without needing to see their face The figure of a person or a car moving in the area should occupy 5 10 of the screen height The observer has to be able to see the figures of people in variable weather and lighting conditions Cameras used for the purposes of monitoring and detecting movement can be used in wide areas where you do not expect to capture any reasonable detail of the moving subjects or their actions Figure 1 person occupies 5 10 of the screen height Outdoor cam
29. imedia the bit rate is the number of bits used per unit of time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video It is quantified using the bit per second bit s unit or some other derivative such as Mbit s or Mbps In other words bit rate represents the amount of information or detail which is stored per unit of time of a recording In order to achieve reasonably good visual quality with your recordings your system should be able to capture at 1 2 Mbps for the H 264AVC codec 2 4 Mbps for the MPEG4 Part 2 codec or 3 6 Mbps for the MPEG2 codec The H 264AVC uses a variable bit rate VBR which allows the codec to change its bit rate dynamically to adapt to the audio and video being encoded depending on the visual circumstances If an image resolution size of 704x576 pixels and a frame rate of 25 frames per second is used your system will need up to approximately 1 GB for one hour of H 264AVC video footage and up to 3 GB for one hour of MPEG4 Part 2 or MPEG2 video footage As seen from these numbers DVRs based on H 264AVC compression technology require less storage space and less bandwidth But even with all those benefits of advanced video coding the storage capacity of your DVR should be counted in terabytes nowadays 2 3 Camera selection considerations different camera types Bullet pan tilt zoom dome indoor outdoor professional vandal resistant colour and covert are just a selection of the many varietie
30. in the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science the frame of this board is to be 16 x 24 5 cm o x N LL V O gt O CCTV check When printed out Operational requirements Readable row on the test Minimum frame rate chart frames per second Monitor and detect 1 1 Recognition 2 5 3 Identification 6 8 5 The table indicates which row should be readable and what image speed is required for wide angle images and the different levels of close ups The requirement for image speed applies when the incident is taking place but is then a minimum requirement 4 System commissioning and testing During the commissioning of a CCTV system it is important to verify that all of the functions specified in the operational requirements have been provided by the installed system a user manual has been supplied and that the system has been set up correctly In particular tests should be carried out to verify e Camera s field of view is there enough detail to identify objects Check that the image quality is not compromised by trying to achieve a large FoV at the cost of image detail and that the lighting levels permit a usable depth of focus If necessary break the scene into smaller sections e Image detail You need to be sure that the identification and recognition goals are met and it is practical to test the installed cameras by having a test subject acting under realistic conditions Re
31. l distortion Barrel distortion is caused by lens magnification being smaller on the edges of the field of view compared to the centre of the image The effect is that objects that are near the edge appear closer to the centre compared to an undistorted image Objects of the same size will cover fewer pixels when they are near the edge compared to what they would cover if they were closer to the centre This means that objects that are near the edge of the field of view need to be closer to the camera in order to fulfil requirements on minimum resolution The effect of barrel distortion is often much more pronounced at short focal lengths making wide angle lenses less suited for identification purposes 2 7 Camera sensor The sensor is the device that actually records the scene view with current cameras having either CCD charge coupled device or CMOS complimentary metal oxide semiconductor sensors CCD and CMOS sensors have different advantages but the technology is evolving rapidly and the situation changes constantly The question whether a chosen sensor is based on CCD or CMOS technology then becomes irrelevant The only focus is if the sensor can be used to build a network camera which delivers the image quality needed and fulfils the customer s video surveillance requirements CCD and CMOS sensors can be used in modern cameras with HDTV resolution 1920x1080 pixels HDTV and mega pixel sensors Mega pixel and HDTV technology enables
32. med iag pripa inti pilnaver iu rodymu altiniu io darbo esm yra suformuoti minimalius techninius reikalavimus kurie tiesiogiai takoja CCTV sistema gautos video med iagos vaizdo kokyb ir tos med iagos fiksavim Darbo skyriuose aptariama kaip panaudoti sistem kuo optimaliau Pirmame darbo skyriuje ir jo poskyriuose aptariama CCTV sistemos eksploatacijos ypatumai priklausomai nuo jos naudojimo paskirties steb jimo vietos pad ties ir stebimos vietos aktyvumo Taip pat aptariamas kamer i d stymas bei primenama kad CCTV sistemos kamer i d stymas turi nepa eisti nacionalini teis s reikalavim Antrame darbo skyriuje ir jo poskyriuose aptariami techniniai CCTV sistemos rengimo parametrai Apibr iami skaitmeniniai video ra ymo renginiai toliau sutrumpintai DVR angl digital video recorder kamer pasirinkimas ir skirtingi j tipai steb jimo vietos ap vietimas ir jos regos laukas pasirenkam kamer objektyvai kamer jutikliai kamer spalv tikslumas stebim objekt jud jimas naudojam kamer skaitmeninis vaizd apdorojimas video signalo transliacija ir jos perdavimas kamer nufilmuotos video med iagos atvaizdavimo b dai ir aparat ra Tre iojoje darbo dalyje aptariamas CCTV sistemos ir jos sudedam j dali vertinimas t y pasirinkto DVR renginio vertinimas DVR renginiu ra ytos video med iagos kokyb s ir jos i k limo i DVR renginio funkcij vertinimas video fo
33. nces between 15 20 m you will need a 50 mm lens to ensure that a face covers around 80 pixels However the experience of facial comparison experts clearly shows that even at this resolution positive identification is not guaranteed at the 100 150 lux illumination that is typical in an office corridor or subway station Camera features such as wide dynamic range and sensors that perform well in low light situations can help but the best results are obtained if these are combined with additional lightning and the adjustment of camera positions to avoid backlit situations In outdoor surveillance it is important to take into account that the sunlight shifts in intensity and direction throughout the course of a day Weather conditions will also affect lighting and reflection Snow will for example intensify the reflected light while rain and wet tarmac will absorb much of the reflected light For identification of a human face balanced illumination in the region of 300 500 lux is recommended For license number plate identification 150 lux may be sufficient It is very important to check if the lighting is adequate to capture clear images both day and night Are there a lot of natural lighting changes during the day If you have very bright natural indoor light coming from a door or window try to balance it with some additional light coming from another source in opposite direction to the natural light It could even things out You also can tint a
34. nts are used for the more compact image sensors If you have a C mount camera you must use C mount lenses If you have a CS mount camera CS mount lenses work fine with your camera C mount lenses will work with your CS mount system but only with an adapter The lens in combination with the camera sensor dictates the field of view produced by the system which ranges from wide angle to telephoto The aperture is a set of blades that physically control the amount of light that can enter the sensor They function like the iris of an eye and are sometimes referred to as an iris Some cameras have controls marked iris or auto iris that adjust the sensitivity of this function It should also be noted that as the aperture gets wider the depth of field will reduce New lenses are available with a choice of a manual DC iris and have a variable focal length setting There are versions with 4 pin 170 Digital CCTV and 6 pin connectors for a DC controlled iris Varifocal lenses Varifocal lenses are the most flexible for applications requiring a wide range of focal lengths Focal length adjustments are made by turning a dial A limited number of varifocal lenses will cover a wide range of applications which would have required a much larger number of lenses with a fixed focal length Auto Iris Lenses are designed for outdoor use or any applications with variable lighting conditions They are available in C or CS Mounts from super wide angle to telephoto de
35. number of cameras A true DVR meant for security is a sophisticated system composed of specialized hardware software and sub assemblies with a system of built in checks and balances It must all work together to create a robust and reliable solution The DVR functionality in a CCTV surveillance system can be compared to the heart and brain of a human You can have perfect CCTV cameras position them well within the premises with good light conditions but if they are connected to a low cost DVR recorder which does not have sufficient processing power a faulty or obsolete hardware encoder or codec algorithms the recorded footage will be far from perfect Some DVR systems are not suitable for facial recognition no matter what see the Image quality issues section for more detail There are two different types of DVR systems based on their hardware architecture PC based DVRs and non PC based DVRs Non PC Based DVRs cooo 6666 CH N 2640V8 eaaa i n em an Non PC based solutions use ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits technology which does not allow for the upgrading of a technology platform An ASIC is a chip that is custom designed for a specific application rather than a general purpose such as a microprocessor These types of DVRs have a lot of control buttons on the front panel for managing and video review purposes An ASIC is specific to that particular application and usually cannot be upgraded This
36. ols standard operating procedures SOP on how the CCTV recording equipment is to be used by personnel It should include carefully documented SOPs for CCTV system turn on and shut down procedures time and date setup and the review of captured video footage on the system Authorization policies should describe who is authorized to operate the system access recorded data virtually over the network or physically on the system hard drive or backups and who is authorized to communicate with local law enforcement officials and pass over video recordings The CCTV system must include a codec decoding facility to enable the immediate downloading and viewing of images by the police When an incident occurs the image material must be quickly and easily accessible for the people concerned including the police This involves a number of requirements the retrieval of the image material from the recording equipment the ability of the recipient to handle the image material the recipient must have access to the necessary media player and the media player must function satisfactorily Policies for video quality and storage period requirements will help to establish the minimum level of the recorded video quality e g the minimum resolution and frame rate boundary for maximum compression rate preferred codecs and the minimum retention period of the CCTV footage see Technical guidance for minimum standard requirements Policies for the export of c
37. on remote set up and control and on screen menus making them a good choice for complex surveillance conditions These normally have a positive effect but occasionally the camera placement or camera set up can be such that the automated camera processing is detrimental reducing the effectiveness of the camera 2 11 Transmission The technology used for transmitting the video signal from one location to another is a key component of any CCTV system The most significant advance in recent years has been the development of IP based transmission This section provides an introduction to analogue and digital video signals and an overview of wired and wireless transmission options Video signal type Video can be transmitted and consumed either as an analogue or digital feed Each video type can be converted to the other however any conversions should be kept down to an absolute minimum to preserve video quality throughout the whole system There are many transmission options available to a system installer to provide appropriate connectivity across a digital network The simplest is the use of an Internet Protocol IP camera over a basic network Care should be taken to ensure suitable network bandwidth and if appropriate network security It is always possible to choose between Wired and Wireless transmission 2 12 Display One major equipment decision for a CCTV system is properly chosen displays for operating the CCTV system monitoring
38. pending on the application use DC and Video types The DC type is more economical and designed for the newer CCD cameras which incorporate ALC Automatic Level Control in the circuitry of the camera Lens speed Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter or minimum f number of a lens A lens with a larger maximum aperture that is a smaller f number is called a fast lens because it delivers more light intensity luminance to the focal plane achieving the same exposure with a faster shutter speed A smaller maximum aperture larger minimum f number is slow because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower shutter speed A lens may be referred to as fast or slow depending on its maximum aperture compared to other lenses of similar focal length Lens speed given by the minimum f number or alternatively maximum aperture diameter or maximum numerical aperture is a useful quantitative way to compare similar lenses Lens speed is important in taking pictures in dim light If there is more light the depth of the field is greater More objects stay in focus Depth of field The larger the depth of the field is the larger the area where persons or objects are in focus With a large depth of field your chances of identification increase Depth of field is determined by the iris opening the focal length and the distance to the camera Lens distortion Most lenses exhibit distortion Often this is in the form of barre
39. r quickly resolve the crime Very often the suspect denies his involvement in the crime and the collected CCTV footage cannot provide enough details that represent any distinctive features of the suspect facial features tattoos clothing type of vehicle license number plate etc Insufficient training of the staff can also lead to mistakes in the handling and retrieval of CCTV footage resulting in damaged video material a reduction in its original quality or the integrity of the video material being compromised The purpose of this document is to specify the major aspects that may affect the visual quality of CCTV footage and its performance in effectively recording video 1 Operational Guidance Department of forensic examinations of Digital Information of Forensic Science Centre of Lithuania Lvovo str 19A Vilnius Lithuania phone 3705 2638561 Forensic IT Department of Estonian Forensic Science Institute Tervise 30 Tallinn 13419 Estonia phone 372 6636600 gt State Forensic Science Bureau Upes street 1a Riga LV 1013 Latvia phone 371 67374010 Main purposes of surveillance e Safety security CCTV provides an aid to the security and safety of your establishment e Deterrence a CCTV system can deter potential criminals and it can be used for crime prevention e Crime investigation the content of the image material can be examined by law enforcement officials e Reduction in insurance costs a CC
40. rmato suspaudimo poveikio video med iagos kokybei vertinimas Paskutin je ketvirtojoje darbo dalyje aptariama CCTV sistemos eksploatacija ir jos veikimo testavimas
41. s of camera types available for CCTV systems Regardless of type they normally consist of two main components a lens and a sensor element Together these determine the camera s capability including its image resolution field of view and its low light level performance Where the camera is positioned and how it is maintained is also very important for getting the most out of your CCTV footage described in section 1 3 Camera placement Additionally with the advent of IP internet protocol and wireless technology the method by which the camera transmits its images to the core system it is also an issue now A camera surveillance system should therefore have two types of cameras wide angle cameras and close up cameras capturing both wide angle and close up images using the same camera is virtually impossible The system should primarily make it possible to convey an impression of the chain of events wide angle images along with the possibility of identifying people and objects close up images Close up images can give an impression of the clothing posture and objects being carried and in combination with a height marker in an image an estimation of the person s height Close up cameras for recognition or identification purposes need to have really good image quality If an object rather than a person is to be monitored a recognition purpose camera can cover the entire object while a close up identification purpose camera focuses on the
42. specification for their equipment at its maximum performance level under ideal conditions What you may need before purchasing the system is to see what happens when you use the full capacity of it This means the maximum possible number of connected cameras capturing video simultaneously with the maximum possible quality settings resolution bit rate frame rate with a lot of moving objects on the captured video including the movement of PTZ cameras Look through several hours of the captured material for an overnight period if possible and check if the quality of the captured video is acceptable The most common problems are dropped frames with choppy and poor quality recorded images When you move a PTZ camera or people are moving quickly the recorded video is blurry or blocky Remember that for an off the shelf CCTV recorder increasing the retention time reduces the image quality and vice versa because of the higher compression level You can try different compression levels to see the quality differences in captured images Digital video recorders tend to record on standard hard drives as found on most computers although ideally the hard drives should be of high quality and reliability as they will be running continuously possibly for years When the drive is full the oldest data on the system will be overwritten with new material Storage Capacity The total storage requirement for a digital CCTV recorder should be
43. tars and the moon A device based on this principle is called an image intensifier An image intensifier does not work in total darkness It does however create a more realistic image than night vision because it reveals the same type of image that the human eye sees Not based on temperature image intensifier technology relies on amplifying the available light to detect objects and is often ineffective in extreme low light situations 2 4 Lighting conditions The first option to avoid the installation of high cost infra red or thermal cameras is to work on your lighting conditions In low light camera sensors produce significant amounts of noise that can affect the image This can make identification more difficult There is always a trade off between noise shutter speed and depth of field at any given level of illumination where better lighting conditions allow you to improve all of these Lighting of sufficient luminance must be installed to fully support CCTV cameras The lighting must be sufficient preferably white light so that the perception of colour is relatively accurate a minimum value of 60 on the Colour Rendition Index is advised Flat consistent illumination should be employed to reduce shadowing Illumination greatly affects the ability to identify persons or objects Shadows high contrasts and backlit scenes all make identification and recognition more difficult compared to images taken in good lighting conditions At dista
44. the technical site plan 1 3 Camera placement Camera placement is critical for successful identification This is not only for the purpose of avoiding poor lighting situations but also to ensure that persons or objects are captured at a good angle If for example cameras are placed high above the ground images will have a birds eye perspective making persons or objects distorted and difficult to identify The camera should be firmly fixed in order to minimize any blur caused by camera movement This is of particular importance for PTZ cameras where the movements of the camera may induce vibrations that affect their image quality Stability can be challenging if a camera is mounted on a tall pole and you are using a zoom lens with a long focal length Then even small vibrations will translate into large movements in the resulting image When specifying camera placement the points below should be considered e Create the required field of view the camera placement should be based on achieving an optimum view e Consider the effects of daily and seasonal variations in light especially low sunlight e Consider the changes in foliage growth between winter and summer e Consider protection from damage and the environment such as vandalism or driving rain the need for physical protection both from the weather and from human interference is important Be aware of temporary or new permanent structures such as signs or other buildings blocking
45. ty can be kept in mind as one of the purposes for your CCTV system But of course the main issue is to address your own crime and security risks The best way to assess this is to determine the correct answers to the next questions What potential threats or activities need to be monitored by your CCTV What time of day or night do those threats or activities usually happen possible lighting problems What do you need to monitor outdoors entrances exits customer areas product object areas and with how much detail Is it legal to monitor those areas and what notifications should be given to the customers or public authorities What licences must be obtained The answers to these questions will help you determine all the security problems and risks in your area and draw up a Strategic site plan with a determination of the zones or objects requiring surveillance and the amount of cameras required including their specific security purposes and locations ASHIE THEFT ROBBERY ASSAULT FRAUD Figure 4 Illustration of a strategic site plan The CCTV surveillance area must be chosen in accordance with national legislation e g the Public Camera Surveillance Act The regulatory site plan shall provide information about the different regulations that apply to the different areas where camera surveillance is to be used The regulatory site plan should outline the extent to which signage will be used with the CCTV s
46. uitable for CCTV video monitoring purposes You can choose the appropriate monitor for your CCTV system by comparing the following parameters e Size Large size and high resolution flat panel displays can be effective as matrix displays for multiple cameras e Heat The amount of heat a display generates becomes significant as the size of the facility increases and can not only affect operator comfort but also machine efficiency e Colour Modern displays of all types have similar quality colour reproduction Black level The black level of a screen refers to how well the screen performs in a well lit environment The lower the black level the better the screen works in brighter environments Burn in Most screens can suffer from burn in or image burn where if the same background is displayed continuously for a long period of time it can leave a permanent mark on the screen Plasma and CRT screens are particularly susceptible to this 3 Evaluation of a CCTV system CCTV design must take into consideration the optimum balance between the quality of images number of images taken per second and the storage space required to support the desired objectives Even a basic evaluation of a CCTV system has to be done in an environment that is close to the real conditions If you are going to compare different manufacturers try to test them simultaneously using the same feeds from your cameras to the test equipment Try to discover
47. ver it occurs within the original field of view to provide greater detail and assist with the identification of the subject It can also be used to pan across a scene to track a target The disadvantages of PTZ cameras are their cost compared with a fixed camera plus the additional work load that is usually placed on the control room operator It should also be remembered that they usually only cover a small area at a time Mobile Cameras Mobile cameras are often small portable units sometimes configured in a briefcase arrangement Mobile cameras should be located in secure areas or be accompanied by monitoring personnel to minimise the risk of theft or damage Mobile cameras that are required to be remotely monitored may require a secure Internet land line or wireless connection with the appropriate data connection rates An example of a mobile camera is an IP camera which encodes and transmits the pictures digitally across a network either by a LAN local area network or the internet In low lit areas such as parks city streets or parking garages there is not always enough light to provide a recognizable image Adding lights may be an option but it is not always possible As an option you can use infra red illumination or choose the following types of cameras Infra Red Sensitive Cameras Some situations may arise where pictures are required to be taken at night or in poorly lit areas If light levels are low and supplemental lighting cannot be
48. view the recorded footage in order to verify that the picture is sharp enough and there is no excessive loss in detail caused by heavy compression or notable lens distortion and that you can get the image quality you need INE bee P J Camena 10 Figure 12 Illustration artefacts from the compression e Obscured camera view check that there are no physical objects or overlaid text that obscures an area under CCTV surveillance kohviku uks Si 18 09 2011 EET i 4 Figure 14 Illustration Overlaid text placed over a crucial part of the scene Lighting conditions make sure that the lighting is sufficient throughout the day and night time Make sure that there are no high contrast glare or backlit scenes during the day time If accurate colour reproduction is important then ensure that the lighting is of sufficient guality and guantity to allow the cameras to achieve this 03 Tue Apr 01 2008 04 27 05 e Camera placement make sure that the camera placement and angle serves your operational goals and that the camera is well protected from vandalism Motion blur caused by insufficient shutter speed or frame rate make sure that you have a sufficiently high frame rate in areas with potentially fast moving objects parking areas entrances etc e Operation of the alarms and motion detection features check if the motion detection option and alarm triggers
49. visual quality of the recordings on many CCTV systems The major factors that affect the visual quality are low bit rate and obsolete compression algorithms If the system allows you to choose between different bit rates for the compression try to choose the highest possible one Look through recorded footage and check if the visual quality of recorded images under normal lighting conditions is satisfactory and matches your operational requirements Testing the impact of the compression used in a CCTV system is recommended prior to any further investment in it Trial CCTV sites may be considered to test the visual quality of the recorded images if you do not have prior experience with CCTV have no existing CCTV or you do not have sufficient information on which to base the likely performance of a proposed DVR unit The trial site may involve setting up a temporary camera system to assess its performance in managing a particular type of incident or against objectives in a particular area as described in your operational requirements You can set up an incident and assess the visual quality of the recorded scene You can use existing test charts to estimate the likely performance of the DVR system when used with a particular type of camera In addition to trials you can use the test charts to verify that you get enough detail from the scene in accordance with the CCTV operational requirements Here is one of the currently available test charts developed
50. w noisy is it e Does the DVR stop working when you activate several functions at the same time e g recording playback of recorded footage and export to external media 3 2 Evaluation of the recorded data and export functions of a DVR The main evaluation should be done on how the software facilitates storage of the images Advanced DVR systems should allow you to control each channel independently You should be able to set image resolution bit rate display frame rate recording frame rate etc for each channel Test the following options e Test all the available video export options internal CD or DVD burners export over the network export to attached external media see section 2 1 for Video output and export options Remember to export using the maximum quality possible Try to playback the exported files on an average Windows system without administrator privileges e Is the exported proprietary media player working well Is it user friendly and does it have enough options for search and playback of the exported footage e What is the maximum possible duration of an exported video segment e Can you export single frames in full resolution with additional information date time camera name etc Is this information overlaid over the actual image or not 3 3 Assessment of the impact of compression on the quality of the recording The visual quality of recorded CCTV footage normally differs from the quality you are vie
51. window or put up a shade When deciding on camera placement avoid directing cameras toward bright light reflective surfaces or the Sun Before mounting a camera you should take potential sources of glare into consideration It is very important to turn on outdoor lighting before it gets dark You can use automatic sensors for lighting control or turn the lights on manually For indoor cameras it is important to provide sufficient lighting at night time If it is not possible to provide sufficient lighting you can try to choose cameras with a better dynamic range faster lenses and a bigger sensor chip which can help you capture more detail out of the scene The better dynamic range of the camera the more control of the contrast between very bright and very dark images Cameras with faster lenses can cope with shifting lighting conditions better 2 5 Field of View FoV Also referred to as the angle of view or angle of coverage the FoV is the amount of a given scene captured by the camera Three elements decide the FoV the lens and sensor element within the camera and where this unit is positioned in relation to the scene Note that a large FoV generally results in any target object being relatively small in comparison to that shown by a camera with a small FoV A camera with a large sensor element of 2 3 and a wide angle lens of 5mm positioned 6 metres high on the side of a building will provide a large field of view In contrast a cam
52. wing live because of the lossy video compression used in most DVR systems There are many compression types that can be used each of which will compress images using different techniques and by differing amounts Most compression techniques remove unnecessary data to allow a video to occupy less storage space without reducing how an image generally looks However too much compression can significantly effect how the original image looks even to the extent that it may be unusable for investigative evidential purposes For example excessive compression may hamper the ability to adequately identify faces High resolution images that are highly compressed would show similar image quality to lower resolution images with less compression Therefore there is no point in paying for expensive high resolution cameras if you are not prepared to invest in sufficient storage space and instead make use of heavy compression Equally frame rate or temporal compression should be set as required by the operational requirement for that camera and not reduced to a level dictated by storage requirements Data compression can be the biggest cause of image quality loss with digital video recordings especially when used to excess High compression ratios will introduce blur or pixelation that makes identification difficult and it may also create unwanted artefacts within the image i e unnatural effects and noise Nowadays compression seems to be a bottleneck for the
53. ystem Areas where the use of CCTV surveillance is prohibited by legislation laws or requirements or which may violate fundamental human rights should be reflected in the regulatory site plan Customers area Figure 5 Illustration of a legal site plan The purpose of the technical site plan is to identify the best placement of cameras the direction of natural light and potential and actual environmental problems The cameras must have the necessary technical specifications to ensure that their images are of the appropriate quality suitable field of view resolution lens etc in accordance with the security purposes mentioned in the strategic site plan 1 Cashier Close up 704x576 8fps 2 Customer area Wide angle 640x480 8 fps 3 Entrance L Close up 704x576 8fps 4 Entrance L Close up 704x576 10 fps 5 Customer area Wide angle 640x480 8 fps 6 Entrance IT Close up camera 704x576 10fps 7 Entrance IL Close up camera 704x576 8 fps Figure 6 Illustration of a technical site plan System components shall be suitable for the environmental conditions in which they are to operate Examples of environmental considerations include the potential impact of changes in the foliage from season to season potential impact of daily and seasonal variations in light and climatic conditions How fast will the target be moving in the area covered by a certain camera The minimum frame rate for each camera must be specified in

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