Abstract Paradox 2 Experiment
Contents
1. know how to apply it properly see http www distinti com docs coax_bar_mag pdf for a common example This is why www Distinti com is the world leader in electromagnetic physics Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 19 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com Appendix A Construction Notes These notes are for people who intend to build their own Paradox Generator We will offer optimized kits and plans in the near future The following construction tips will ensure success A 1 Magnet Rotor Size Relation When we have completed the software modeling we will freely publish optimized disk magnet size relationships In the mean time we recommend If you plan to use magnets with holes ensure the diameter of the rotor is at least three times the diameter of the magnets If you plan to use solid disk magnets ensure the diameter of the rotor is at least 4 times the diameter of the magnets y 5 o 5 N Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 20 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com A Appendix B New Electromagnetism This section moved to an appendix to keep it from frightening away people too soon A 2 From the Top New Magnetism applied to analysis of the top view predicts DC power as shown in the experimental demonstrations Those people who have purchased the Engineer s Edition of New Magne2. the rotor and a stationary element called the stator The rotor consists of a plywood disk into which two disk magnets are embedded One magnet is North face up and the other South face up The rotor is suspended by two brass shafts the upper and lower which are electrically isolated from each other The upper shaft is electrically connected to a brush assembly which brings current from the shaft out across the North face up magnet see Figure 3 1 and deposits it on a stationary copper ring which forms part of the stator The rotor contains another brush assembly which picks current up from the opposite side of the stationary ring and brings it across the South face up magnet and down through a wire to the lower shaft where it is allowed to exit The following photo Figure 1 3 shows the stationary copper ring and the center conductive socket which mechanically and electrically contacts the lower shaft z Y q e 5 x N Figure 1 3 Detail showing armature removed Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 4 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics So ww Distinti com The generator disk is driven by a toy motor gear box as shown in the following photo The blue and red wires run across the top to a 6 Volt dry cell at the right The capacitor soldered across the terminal lugs helps reduce high frequency brush noise The capacitor shown is 68uf Polypropylene bf The motor is electrically isolated
3. 5 1 4 Added details about how generator is driven y 5 o 5 N Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 22 of 22
4. I point C Closing path v y 5 o 5 N Figure 2 2 Thirdly 2 2 From the Side Viewing the generator from the side as shown in the following diagram enables us to identify area D as another possible area that could link flux according to the classical flux model Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 7 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics intone ba Area D 1 Closing path Figure 2 3 Paradox Generator Schematic side view Because the ring is stationary and the magnets move symmetrically with respect to it there is no flux cut by the ring consequently because the armature brush assemblies move with the magnets they too do not cut flux therefore we can redraw the above into the following electrical equivalent Area D 7 A single flux line Closing path Figure 2 4 Side View Simplification From the standpoint of classical theory as a magnet passes through area D flux lines are indeed cut as shown in Figure 2 4 however the number of exiting flux lines that are cut equals the number of entering flux lines that are cut therefore there is no net flux cut and consequently no net emf predicted by classical theory l Z PLOP 2 3 Conclusion of Classical Analysis It may be possible to explain A C signals developed from this device using classical field theory however there seems to be no way of anticipating DC power This is why we focus on the DC output of the
5. Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com The following scope capture shows the generator run in one direction for 4 seconds and then run in reverse for 4 seconds approx The MPEG movie pdx2 mpeg which shows the actual test that this trace was taken from can be downloaded from the Paradox generator page http www distinti com paradox Tek Stop M 2 005 A Chl 000w ToomV 20 Dec 2003 23 42 34 4 3 Both magnets North face up essentially no power Al y 4 5 i N Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 15 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics So ww Distint com This test produced minimal deflection which only shows that the magnets are not perfectly equal in strength or position If magnets were identical in strength and the machining of the generator were perfect then equal and opposite emfs would be induced in the device and no NET power detected at the output This is as predicted by New Electromagnetism Tek Roll a lr Ed apes M 200s A Chl 158m HE So imi 16 Dec 2003 13 41 40 Note We are using double the vertical sensitivity 50uV per division than previous tests in order to enhance the minimal deflection of the trace In the first four divisions of the scope screen capture shown above the generator is run forward in the next four divisions the generator is run in reverse and then the generator is off for the last two divisions It is plainly visible tha
6. Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics 1 Feb 200 WWW Distinti c aH ji Paradox 2 Experiment k aeaee By Robert J Distinti B S EE 46 Rutland Ave Fairfield Ct 06825 203 331 9696 The Paradox 2 experiment is a simple device which develops both AC and DC electric power in a manner not described by accepted classical magnetic flux theory hence the name Paradox Essentially this device generates electric power while the number of flux lines contained in linked by each conductive loop remains constant This experiment demonstrates only one of many anomalies and paradoxes of classical electromagnetic theory For a complete list see http www distinti com docs apoce pdf Note this is NOt free energy or over unity just an exploratory experiment of the laws of physics EZ SLOP Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 1 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Tie WWW Distinti com E 4 4 ONE MAGNET HAP POWER scbocisc scenes it tbanscncvvestsetegernesestonsvsevtonscatevenanave 16 A SUR Eee OM Se I ce coca ROME onl PRN cave van a aeea aa 18 APPENDIX A CONSTRUCTION NOTES ccscssssssssssssssessseees 20 1 1 DESCRIPTION OFITHE RA ADON 2ST P E ccc A Bcaositens 4 q0 2 ANALYSIS USING CLASSICAL THEORY cccccccscccessesceeee O 2 EROMTHE BORET n Wes P A ENE dancers OE ME ee cnc e hae tare 6 22 FROM THE SIDES SPRE oe core E ML eee cc cst Eee cr
7. device In the experimental tests we apply a low pass filter to suppress A C transient signal components Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 8 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics So ww Distint com 3 Prior to Testing 3 1 Simplified wiring from previous The following photo shows a close up of the brush circuit to show that it matches the diagrams In the previous photos from version 1 0 of this document there were superfluous red and green wire loops that carried the current from the shafts to points on the brushes farther to the outside The red and green wire loops were intended to provide slack when moving the brush assembly out of the way for changing out the magnets Figure 3 1 Armature Brush wiring close up Although the presence of the loops does not affect the outcome of the experiment they were removed and the brushes connected to the shafts as shown above to ensure that the presence of the loops does not cause confusion All tests are run on the above configuration Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 9 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com 3 2 Measurement ensemble Because we are primarily interested in the DC output of this generator we suppress the AC components and other transients with the following low pass filter From Generator DVMx1000 and scope Figure 3 2 10K load and 1 Hertz Low Pass filte
8. ess 7 2 3 CONCLUSION OF CLASSIGAPANAL TSS eoem eee enee herrene 8 3 PRIOR TO TESTING SOOHHSHSSSSHSSSHSHSHSHSSHHSHSSSSHSSSSHSSSHSHSHSHSSHHSHSSHSHSSHSHSHSSHHHSSHSHSHSSSHSSSHSHHHSHHESESESE 9 3 1 SIMPLIFIED WIRING FROM PREVIOUS cccsescescecsscccscccesccuscceccensccessens 9 X 3 2 MEASUREMENT ENS PME E E A E A E 10 SO DVMXLOOO E et hes A A cen MON EE ctw diecneacciex 11 3 A MIC ROV OLE S A E Pe oil E AAR tc ae ce ogee remesbeveuei ase 11 3 5 SEEBECK THERMOCOUPLE Mer REGESAY 0 05 0 ff to Rigets sse 0sesceeseenoeees 12 ch GREASE ame PER A A eane a ea A NE N r a 13 4 TESTS PERFORMED SOCOHOSSSSSHSSHSSHSHSHSSSSHSSHSSHSSSHSSHSHSSSHSHSHSSHSSHSSHSSHHSSSHSSHSHSHSSHSHHSSSSHSHSSHSHSSSEHSESEES 14 A L N MAGNETS NO POWER sates ol cosccbses gut Pessccvsccusccesduoncresneseensccueseseecsweccnes 14 4 2 OPPOSING MAGNETS POWER 0cccoselossscosccscconscccsscoesseescccsconescoosseass 14 4 3 BOTH MAGNETS NORTH FACE UP ESSENTIALLY NO POWER 0 15 1 MAGNET ROTOR SIZER ELA TIONG IE Eeen ft Anca ctelessns odes MevcssPeisvlstsans 20 APPENDIX B NEW ELECTROMAGNETISM cccccccsssccseee 2 L PAA ROM MHE TORR ee A teen ssecs E eas bess colo he OEE a th 21 OFS FPROMBETHE SIDE o ko neeese ee e AE reed See E OOM a lt g ccs 21 APPENDIX C DOCUMENT HISTORY csssscsssssssssssssssessesees 22 Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 2 of 22 C o t m W Distinti com 1 The Paradox 2 The following phot
9. f 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics sl www Distinti com g Figure 3 3 Effect of randomly moving a magnet about a loop of wire Therefore 100 microvolts per division is the proper output range for a device of this scale and magnet strength Y 2 5 N 3 5 Seebeck Thermocouple Effects The output of the Paradox 2 Experiment is not the result of thermocouple Seebeck effects The dissimilar metal junctions are balanced throughout the design causing the thermal offsets to substantially cancel each other Even if the junctions were not balanced the worst case Seebeck junctions are the brass to copper junctions which only have about 8uV offsets for a 20degree F change in temp see our DVMx1000 users manual http www distinti com docs ee001_m pdf for techniques of measuring Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 12 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Seebeck effects These 8uV offsets are far below the 150uV output of the A be device see tests in next section It is illogical for Seebeck effects to account for the output of the device since Seebeck voltages are not dependant on magnetism As such the device would have an output even when operated without magnets Furthermore the output would persist for a time after the device is turned off as the junctions cool Finally the Seebeck junctions do not change direction when the device is operated in reverse as s
10. from the drive shaft by plastic gears Consequently there is no significant electromagnetic coupling between the motor circuit and the generator circuit This is verified by the first test where the generator is run without magnets and no power is detected at the output see section 4 1 If there were coupling of energy from the motor circuit or any other extraneous source then the test run without magnets would show a non zero signal Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 5 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com BEI 2 Analysis using classical theory Since all models of electromagnetism both New and Classical are linear then it is simpler to break up the analysis into separate parts and then sum the separate parts together This is called superposition Note Although this generator develops both AC and DC power our primary interest in all experiments is the DC power Our discussion of the AC components is provided only for completeness 2 1 From the Top Direction of Area A Point C Area B Figure 2 1 Top Schematic view of generator in operation N a KOPPLA g When the device is rotating counter clockwise charges are moved in the direction shown by the blue arrows in the above diagram If we ignore the closing path for a moment it is clear that the areas that link the magnetic flux lines Area A and Area B always move with the magnets therefore the
11. ght 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 10 of 22 Rev 1 4 Feb 00 www _Distinti com BEI The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics m 3 3 DVMx1000 Because the DVMx1000 has a gain of 1000 the vertical scope sensitivity is actually 100 microvolts per division instead of 100 millivolts per division shown in the screen captures 100 microvolts per division is the vertical sensitivity used in all tests except where specified The DVMx1000 is a chopper stabilized amplifier has an input offset of less than 2uV 0 5uV Typical The DVMx1000 is used as the front end into the scope The DVMx1000 has a second order roll off for frequencies above 300 hertz See the DVMx1000 user s manual for more details http www distinti com docs ee001_m pdf 3 4 Microvolts Some may argue that 100 microvolts is too small to be of consequence however the following photo Figure 3 3 shows that it is the proper scale for the experiment Note the horizontal setting is 1 second per division The scope shows a 10 second recording of the voltage induced in the two turn loop of red wire by randomly moving the disk magnet about the loop The disk magnet used is identical to the ones used in the Paradox 2 The resultant displacements shown on the screen capture are in the same range 100 microvolts division as that developed by the Paradox 2 The Paradox 2 tests are in Section 4 EZ PLOP Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 11 o
12. lines linked remains constant in all cases This experiment clearly shows that classical electromagnetic theory is not a complete description of electromagnetic interactions We have many free publications available which demonstrate other mismatches between Mother Nature and classical electromagnetic theory see the publications link at our site Another purpose of this experiment is to pry classical physics out of the infinite loop it has been stuck in over the Homopolar Paradox see http www distinti com docs homopolar pdf The Homopolar Paradox has been kicked around for about 200 years In order to resolve the paradox researchers have tried to answer the questions of whether the flux rotates with the magnet or not Proponents of the rotating field suggest that energy is developed as the field is cut by the stationary closing path while others propose that the energy is developed in the disk which means that the field can not be rotating New Electromagnetism Specifically New Magnetism teaches that the above question is moot since the field does rotate however no energy is developed in the closing path This sounds like a contradictory statement to classically trained scientists and engineers however the Paradox 2 experiment clearly shows that power can be developed without cutting flux lines y 5 o 5 N Finally it has been our experience that classical flux theory is so confusing that many researchers do not
13. o is a close up of the Paradox 2 experiment For MPEGs of the device in operation and schedule of public demonstrations go to http www distinti com paradox Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics fi Figure 1 1 Close up of completed Paradox 2 Generator Upper brass shaft electrically isolated from lower shaft and Disk magnet South side up electrically connected to north Output measurement ensemble P side brush assembly Connected by brushes across lower and upper shafts Includes Low X South side brush assembly moves with armature and makes contact with stationary copper ring and is a electrically connected to lower brass shaft pass filter and micro volt sensitive measuring instrumentation EZ AXOR Stationary copper ring Disk magnet North side up Lower Shaft Electrically isolated North side brush assembly moves from upper shaft and connected to with armature and makes contact south side brush assembly with stationary copper ring Figure 1 2 Schematic of Paradox 2 Generator Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 3 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics 1 1 Description of the Paradox 2 Note Although this generator develops both AC and DC power our primary interest in all experiments is the DC power Our discussion of the AC components is provided only for completeness The Paradox 2 generator consists of a rotating element
14. obert J Distinti Page 17 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com The above photo shows that the rotor on the South side has more clearance Therefore this side is more forgiving when run out of balance Operating the generator with either magnet in the South hole cases 3 and 4 above produces substantially half the normal output voltage output case 1 As stated previously if the magnets where perfectly equal and the experiment perfectly machined then running with one magnet will produce half the output with everything else being equal 4 5 Future tests We are improving our magnetic rotations modeling software see mag_rot_man pdf to model complex systems such as this Once this improvement is complete we intended to use the software to design an optimized and more accurately machined version in which more precise measurements will be afforded y v i mt i 5 5 i Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 18 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics 14 Feb 2004 WWW e 5 Conclusion As demonstrated in preceding sections classical magnetic flux theory provides no practical explanation for the output of this generator either AC or DC Power is predicted in classical flux theory when a conducting material such as copper cuts or links flux lines The Paradox 2 Generator develops both DC and AC electric power while the number of flux
15. r e Use Polypropylene capacitor Other types may produce anomalous energy build up see our free paper http www distinti com docs cap_anom pdf for more details The 10K ohm resistor is very important The 10k resistor shunts all power developed through triboelectrification Triboelectrification is developed by the brass brush assemblies as they move through the air This can be verified by removing the 10k ohm resistor and the magnets and running the generator When running seemingly random power is detected by the measurement ensemble By placing masking tape over the exposed brass to reduce contact with moving air helps mitigate these signals however it is much simpler to load the generator down with the 10K load since the power developed by the magnets is much more powerful than that developed by triboelectrification The 10k ohm load easily shunts the energy developed from triboelectrification this is verified by running the generator with a 10k load and no magnets to show no signal output y 5 o 5 N The 1Hertz low pass filter top resistor and cap suppresses AC components as well as power line induced coupling and other transients The above filter has improved response characteristics than that published in the previous release of this document Rev 1 0 The previous filter had a 1 radian per second cutoff frequency approximately 0 16 Hertz which resulted in unnecessarily slow charging and discharging curves Copyri
16. re can not be flux lines entering or exiting and therefore no flux lines are being cut Secondly the total flux contained in areas A and B is the sum of two opposing magnets therefore no net flux is contained in either Area A or Area B Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 6 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics iw WwW Distinti com Fi d F 4 1 Some have argued that the bisection of either area A or area B which are in motion by the stationary closing path at point C is where the time changing flux is developed There are three problems with this explanation The first is that the closing path does not make electrical contact with the outer ring at the point of bisection point C therefore this does not represent an area circumscribed by a closed conductive path Secondly if this were truly the explanation of the system then we should expect only an AC output The third problem with the above explanation referring to the following diagram is that it is possible to extend the shafts and the closing path to the extremes to avoid cutting flux from the magnet By closing the loop at point C as shown by the dashed black line prevents extending the loop from having an impact however it would short any developed emf either way there is no valid classical flux explanation Alternate closing path brush position Missing connection between copper ring and closing path at
17. t there is minimal trace deflection For all intents and purposes there is no power generated in this configuration Z Xop 4 4 One magnet half power If the magnets were perfectly equal in strength and the device perfectly machined then removing one magnet will result in half the voltage output with everything else being equal Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 16 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com The following measurements were taken to test the one magnet operation of the Paradox 2 1 Both magnets 180uV approx 2 North magnet only 20 uV approx retarded spin see following text 3 South magnet only 90uV approx 4 North magnet in South hole 80uV approx When the generator is run with only the North magnet installed case 2 above the weight imbalance of the rotor causes it grind against the stator This grinding phenomenon causes the loss of rpm and consequently output voltage as shown in the measured results The above photo shows that the rotor near the North magnet hole only clears stator by about a 64 of inch for reference magnets are 1 125 inches in diameter v i mt i 5 By running either magnet out of the South Hole cases 3 and 4 above resolves the problem since the South side of the rotor provides more clearance The clearance of the South side of the rotor is shown in the next photo Copyright 2003 2004 R
18. tism BK001 will get full details published in the online support areas in the days and weeks to come Also to be included is proprietary software packages which allow complex analysis of magnetic systems in motion A 3 From the Side New Magnetism predicts AC transients developed as the magnets pass into and consequently out of Area D These transients are cancelled by ensuring that the magnets pass equidistant from the top and bottom of the closing paths Since we are more interested in the DC output of this device the paths were adjusted to minimize AC components Again full disclosure of how to apply New Magnetism for these results is only available to purchasers of the Engineer s Edition of New Magnetism BK001 y 5 o 5 N Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 21 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb m0 www Distinti com Appendix C Document History Document History 1 0 Initial release 1 1 Improved response of filter from 1 rad sec to 1 cycle sec and re shot all pertinent photos and movies Other typographical and grammar fixes 1 2 Simplified abstract so as not to scare people away It s not a good idea to beat up on the sacred cows or beat the New Electromagnetism drum until after they see the experiment moved New Electromagnetic discussion to appendix for same reason Added chapter with test conducted using single magnet 1 3 Added Seebeck effects discussion section 3
19. uch the output polarity would not change if the device were operated in reverse The tests performed in section 4 clearly show substantially zero output when the device is off or operated without magnets installed When magnets are installed the output power is proportional to speed and direction of spin This device can not be explained away by Seebeck effects 3 6 Grease In order to reduce friction and enhance conductivity at the 4 brush positions a grease was concocted by combining graphite powder and household motor oil like 3 in 1 brand This grease is what caused the prototype to become sooty and grungy in the following photos v y 5 o 5 N Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 13 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic Physics Feb 00 www Distinti com 4 Tests Performed 4 1 No magnets no power When the magnets are removed no power is developed This test verifies that the generator does not produce power from unintentional effects such as Seebeck thermoelectric thermocouple triboelectric RF coupling etc etc See the mpeg movie pdx2_no_mags mpeg to watch the magnet less generator produce no power 4 2 Opposing magnets power The normal configuration of this generator has one magnet North face up and the other magnet South face up v a i 5 x Copyright 2003 2004 Robert J Distinti Page 14 of 22 Rev 1 4 The World Leader in Electromagnetic
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