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Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06

1. Horta ie Figure 2 18 Example screenshot from MPLAB This IDE will provide the necessary environment to write and test software before loading into the microcontroller The overall process is described in the following steps 1 Obtain a blank PIC 2 write a program in the MPLAB IDE 8 Compile and simulate the program in MPLAB 4 load the final program onto the PICMicro microcontroller and 5 test the microcontroller in a real circuit The testing of the microcontroller will mainly be performed with help from the IDE and the test board available in the senior design lab The following is some pseudo code that generally reflects the operation of the software for the Geek Binary Alarm Clock tine ludest1 Lles gt prototypes void checkUI void Intel void aquireOSC void sendOSC void aquireReceiverIC int ctr void sendReceiverIC void buszeri declare time Counter 36 int counterForReceiverIC int main TATE Enter Super Loop while 1 check for user input CNESKUTLA gt perform necessary changes aquireOSC j process OSC acknowledge receipt sendOSC piezo alarm buzzer code if J trigger alarm buzzer 4 get time update form ReceiverIC aquireReceiverIC counterReiverIC sendReceiverICc counterReceiverlC 2 4 Detailed Design Another large section of this report is the group s detailed design for the project This section desc
2. 2 4 5 Receiver IC and Anutenng canon nonno nan no non nr nono o nana r nn nn ro ncnncncnnn 45 2 4 6 POWER A i 45 2 5 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS DESCRIPTION AEN 46 251 Ee Ee 47 2 5 2 Software Implementation lie 49 2 6 TESTING OF THE END PRODUCT AND THE RESULTS EE 49 CLOSURE MATERIA E 59 3 1 FRETTEM re o on e 59 32 ee E EEN 59 3 3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL WORK coooooconoocooooooonnnnnnnncccnnnnnnnnnnanannnnncnnnnnnnos 59 E LESSONS ENN E 60 3 4 1 VVS 60 3 4 2 WEE Go Well 60 3 4 3 Technical Knowledge EE 60 3 4 4 Non Technical Knowledge Gotied 60 3 4 5 ENN SPSS 60 33 RISK AND RISK MANAGEMENT eee 61 3 5 1 Anticipated Potential geiergert dee N EENE ENA 6l 53 2 Anticipated Risks Encountered and Risk Management oooooccnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannnnnnns 61 3 33 more FANN RISKS va 6l 3 5 4 Resultant Changes Due to Unanticipated Risks Eucountered 62 30 PROJECT TEAM INFORMATION ousi a 62 3 6 I NTN NNN 62 3 6 2 Fono 62 3 6 3 Student RE 63 SUMMAR Y vr 65 REFERENCES asii iaa ia 66 List of Figures FIGURE 11 DESIGN OF GEEK BINARY EE 9 FIGURE 2 2 ANALOG 12 24 DISPLAY ORTION cece eeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeaaeeeees 18 FIGURE 2 9 REGULAR LEDS 19 FIGURE 24 UETRA BRICHT CE RE 20 FIGURE 2 5 DIFFERENCES IN INTENSITY GAR 21 FIGURE 2 6 AVAILABLE COLOR OPTIONS FOR EACH CLOCK DISPLAY 22 FIGURE 2 7 TWO BASIC PROPOSED LAYOUT 22 FIGURE 2 8 SEGMENT POSSIBLE SIZE Suma ios 23 FIGURE 2 9 POSSIBLE LOD LA UNE 24 FIGURE 2 10
3. MICROCHIP PICMICRO MICROCONTROLLERS PIC16CXXX 26 FIGURE 2 11 PIC16F877A INFORMATION GI 26 FIGURE 2 12 PIC16F877A INFORMATION DATASHEET noscere 2 FIGURE 2 13 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERIES A 29 FIGURE 2 14 9V BATTERY AND BARRY E 30 FIGURE 2 159 COIN GEL BATE RESarad 30 FIGURE 2 16 COIN CELL BATTERY HOLDER 31 FOURE 2 145PLEXGLASO E 33 FIGURE 2 18 EXAMPLE SCREENSHOT FROM MPLAB oooccccccnocccnccnnnnccnccnnnncnnos 36 FIGURE 3 1 GEEK CLOCK BLOCK DIAGRAM eee ceeeee eee teeeee eee eeeeeeeeaaaeeeees 41 FIGURE 3 2 GEEK CLOCK CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC 42 FIGURE 3 3 TOP DOWN PIN LAYOUT VIEW OF RICGOIGEG OA eee 43 FIGURE 3 4 RTC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM evrrrrvvnrnnvrvvrnnvrvrrnnrrvennnvreernnrerennnnr 44 FIGURE 3 5 RECEIVER IC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM osses 45 FIGURE 3 6 AC TO DC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM vrrrrrvnrnnvrenrnnvrenrnnervnrnnvrvernnvevernnrerennnnr 46 FIGURE 3 7 NMOS SIGNAL FUNCTIONALITY sruunnnnnnvnnnnvrvnnnnvnvnrnnvrvnrnnereernnverennnnr 46 List of Tables FABLE 1 1 BINARY GODE EXAMPLE usara sis 8 TABLE 3 1 REGULAR LED TABLE 3 2 ULTRA BRIGHT LED 00 o 19 TABLE 3 3 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR RED AND GREEN LED S 21 TABLE 34 BATTERYS gt S TATISTIO Sacacasa ada daa data 29 TABLE 3 1 COMPONENT INFORMATION AA 40 List of Definitions AC DC rectifier an electronic device that converts alternating current to direct current Binary a number system using a base of 2 consist
4. and it should be able to withstand power outages exceeding two hours The clock should also reflect a certain geek personality for the target consumer This is the person that is characterized as wanting or interested in all the newest technology and gadgets The main display of the clock should show the time in normal binary format To do this the clock should display the time of day in binary code Although this is the main display a digital readout of the binary time should also be displayed so that anyone could learn binary from this clock Table 1 3 1 below shows an example of how to calculate a value from binary code Note that only positions that have a value of 1 are calculated into the numerical value Table 1 1 Binary Code Example 000000 E Il 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111111 E 294904 Gef e e 199 15 8 4 2 1 63 101010 UNA 404404940 32 D0 8 0 2 0 42 010101 A gee ana ao e pa 0 16 0 44 04 1 2 Displaying the day month and year should be an option for this clock This can be done in both digital and analog format It should be displayed in the Standard month day year format The day of the week should also be indicated This clock must have a variety of location options meaning sitting on a desk or hanging on a wall With this requirement the size of the clock should be no bigger than 8 by 11 a standard sheet of paper 6 3 The physical appearance should also be attractive to the target consumer It
5. can be seen two pictures were collected These pictures were taken at the tester preference as long as group member stayed within the time period 93 Table 2 7 Current time display functionality table The success criterion was the device maintains the current binary time and digital time when applicable on the displays updating every second Test 5 Current Date Display Functionality Test To test the drift of the RIC oscillatory and the functionality between the PIC microcontroller and the LED LCD displays these displays were periodically verified This verification took place over a range of a few days With in these intervals photos were taken of the component and compared the atomic clock to increase the accuracy of testing As switching time is less than a second human real time verification contains a large percentage of error Therefore the photos were utilized to help reduce this To acquire the atomic clock time The Official U S Time website was used Therefore the photos had both the displays and the computer screen within the shots in order to compare the data According to their website they state their time format of Coordinated Universal Time should never differ more than 0 000 000 1 seconds thus establishing a highly accurate comparison for the clock device The figure below represents the data gathered and allowed the team to review the results of the photos As can be seen four pictures will be collected
6. should have a cutting edge technology look that keeps with the geek theme for this clock It should offer a variety of geek themes and a personalized geek touch 1 3 2 General Solution Approach The clock will be made of two main displays The primary display will show the binary times and the secondary will be the digital displays like other clocks See Figure 1 3 1 below for pictorial of the design for solution 9 gt AE UU P I EA 8 5 Figure 1 1 Design of geek binary clock The primary display of the time will be done in the binary format It will show the time day of the week and date These can be seen in Figure 1 1 as parts labeled 1 2 and 3 respectively To accomplish this an array of light emitting diodes LED should be used These will light up in a pattern according to what the current time is There should be seven LED s for the day of the week lighting up one for the respective day of the week The secondary display showing the time and the date month day year will be in digital format This will be shown on a multi line multi character display The date will be figured into the program which should be built with C using the fourteen possible calendar years Figure 1 litem 4 shows the secondary display Since the clock has the capability of displaying the time in either twelve hour or twenty four hour format a toggle switch will be used to switch between formats For the twel
7. 7 INT1 controller Om XOUT E generator INT1 register_1 S p O RR Clock adjustme y 3 Second Mu y Day Month Year 8 Comparator 2 ll p INT2 controller E INT2 voltage circul VSS LJ SDA Shift register Serial interface WW SCL Figure 2 22 RTC Internal Block Diagram VDD EI Eye 44 2 4 5 Receiver IC and Antenna The antenna will be connected to the receiver through pins 7 and 10 This information will be processed and then sent to the microcontroller via pins 22 and 23 GIN QLOUT QMQUT QHOUT VCC At PON GNDL NE ANT1 Q crystal switch CLKSEL l Rer SE gt Logic d Unit NA Si i er DATA O GC SS MES TCO L DT INZ1 a a Leen E y Ps I BSI2 Bee con unit ANT2 I JL Y O GND DEM PK SS1 SS2 HLD Figure 2 23 Receiver IC internal block diagram 2 4 6 Power Below is a demonstration of the distribution of power to the different clock components Regulated Power Supply Source The primary power supply will utilize the 120 volt AC source from the wall The 120VAC source will then be input into the AC DC converter and 5VDC will be output This 5VDC source will be used to operate the clock The device allows for up to 1A of current which exceeds our requirements Bridge Rectifier Regulator be AC Input DC Output Transfomer Smoothing 45 Figure 2 24 AC to DC Circuit Diagram The secondary back up power supply will utilize a 9V battery source in c
8. Everyone in the group feels that they have benefited in both areas as a result of this project 3 4 4 Non Technical Knowledge Gained In addition to the technical skills acquired the group also has learned valuable management skills that will be useful throughout everyone s career Such management skills include risk management time management communication team work and documentation 3 4 5 Changes Now that everything is said and done the only thing that could have been handled better was the parts situation Again provided a backup part or Supplier to the primary would have been a good idea to help with the acquiring of parts 60 3 5 Risk and Risk Management Finally the group needed to take some risk mitigation steps to guarantee a successful project This section shall discuss the risks and how the team managed those risks 3 5 1 Anticipated Potential Risks Many risks were anticipated by the team Following is a list of such anticipated risks and the management steps the team took to help minimize the effects if such a risk should occur 1 Blown components Due to the nature of the project many of the components could easily be blown Thus the current and voltage levels were continuously monitored to ensure the component maintain functionally within the data specs Furthermore the team would order a few extra components just in case a component would encounter this risk 2 Loss of team member Internships o
9. all of the features discussed previously as well as a detailed description of their operations The manual will also include a troubleshooting section designed to help the user as much as possible if he she incurs a problem 2 Project Approach and Results The second section of this document provides the project approach by the group This includes the functional requirements and several consideration sections including functional requirements design requirements and constraints approaches considered and chosen design description implementation process end product testing and end product results 2 1 Functional Requirements This section will describe in detail what the clock s features will and will not be Below is a list of its functions as well as a brief description of each one Power The clock will be powered by a standard 120VAC outlet It will also have a battery backup which will maintain accurate date and time information in the instance of a power outage Alarm function The clock will have an alarm function integrated with its time function This alarm will sound through a small speaker The clock will not be equipped with an AM FM radio function The alarm feature will have the ability to be turned on and off based upon user preference Displays The clock will display date and time information in both digital and binary formats The digital display will also have the ability to be enabled or disabled upon user pre
10. antennae will be necessary In order to utilize the periodic updates from radio frequencies the receiver IC will have to be connected to pin 26 of the microcontroller Pin 26 RC7 is an USART asynchronous receive port The microcontroller will send read to receive and polling signals to the receiver IC through pin 25 RC6 Pin 25 is an USART asynchronous transmitter A DR register containing data will be read by one of the RC I O ports Asynchronous signals will be used because clock updates do not need to occur synchronously A 52 bit connection will be required in order to communicate with the LED display Because of the limitation of I O pins on the microcontroller four 4 6 decoders will be required These decoders can be connected to pins RB and RD The microcontroller will be connected to the LCD display with requires 112 signals More digital logic circuits will be required to communicate between these two components The logic circuits wires will be connected to pins RC and any leftover pins available The final component connected to the microcontroller is the Piezo buzzer which only requires a single on off signal The connection will be made at any available I O pin 2 4 4 Real Time Clock The figure below displays the internal components within the RTC in addition to highlighting some the dominate features in blue J IF Comparator 1 ff Realtime data register Dau Of linute Hou SE P wes SS GE A Division timing
11. at set times to verify the precise switching date Both midnight and noon is collected to double check if errors occur 94 Table 2 8 Current date display functionality table The success criterion was the device maintains the current binary time and digital time when applicable on the displays updating every second 2 6 3 Phase 3 The following three tests describe the procedure for phase 3 for the device Test 6 Daylight Saving Time Adjustment Functionality Test Due to the delay in acquiring part this functionality test had to be modified The team missed the time constraint to have the prototype working by October 29 to test the 2 00 00 crossover from daylight saving time to standard time Thus the team was only able to test the user ON OFF of DST preference Human visual verification will only be needed to view whether or not the updates occur Table 2 9 Day light saving adjustment functionality table The acceptance criterion was the device adjusts the time and date on the designated daylight saving dates preference when applicable Test 7 Alarm Functionality Test DD To test the functionality between the PIC microcontroller the LED LCD displays buttons and buzzer these components were periodically verified This verification took place over a range of a few options as can be seen in the figures below The first figure declares some of the set values to test the edges for the alarms as well as allowing the
12. be an AC source of 120V that can be plugged into any standard United States wall outlet The clock will have a transformer and an AC DC rectifier to provide a 5V DC source Figure 1 1 item 8 depicts the location of the AC voltage input To ensure that a power outage will not affect the clock s time keeping a standard 9V battery will be used for backup This will allow for at least two hours of running time Figure 1 1 item 7 represent the battery location During a power outage the primary and secondary displays will turn off but the internal clock will keep running to conserve energy When power is restored to the clock both displays will return on with the correct time A 3mm LED located in the front of the unit will indicate whether or not the clock is operating on battery backup In addition to the battery backup LED an alert will appear on the secondary display signaling when the battery is low and needs to be replaced Figure 1 1 item 5 shows this alert The appearance of the clock should appeal to the target audience geeks The shell case of the clock should be made of a hard yet light material that is semi transparent such as plexiglass This will allow the user to see the wiring and electrical make up of the clock An option to have the shell a standard black plastic should also be available 10 A personalized option should also be available This could include engraving the person s last name or nickname on the fr
13. below was be performed by team members as they have a thorough knowledge of how the 49 system works However during debugging situations certain group members knowledge will be utilized more compared to others due to their expertise in that particular area 2 6 1 Phase 1 The following three tests describe the procedure for Phase 1 for the device This phase focused on the individual parts to ensure they were working properly Testing the parts before using them in the design will allow for an easier implementation testing for later phases If a problem exists during further implementation testing of the software and hardware integration the variable of a broken part is minimized if it has already been tested and works This helped the group to better determine problems that arisen further in the t process Test 1 LED LCD Display Functionality Test To verify hardware functionality amongst LEDs they were first connected to a power supply will test their ON OFF functionality Visually verifying the light illumination from the LEDs was noted LEDs that did not meet the illumination functionality was discarded Thus the successful criterion was all of the remaining LEDs illuminates when connected to a power supply The following figure showcase the results of this test 90 Figure 2 26 LED Illumination Functionality Test The LEDs visual clarity with the plexiglass casing was also tested They were placed inside the holes
14. high voltages that power small electronics such as watches calculators memory chips PDAs mp3 players and many more These batteries have the advantage of being small and powerful Many of them can produce voltages greater than household batteries The following picture is an example of some of the coin cells available today SHENZHEN GAGNENGDA BATTERY CO LTD Figure 2 15 Coin Cell Batteries The flat nature of these batteries allows them to be easily integrated onto a printed circuit board As visible on some of the batteries above coin cells can produce 3V which is more than enough to power the internal electrical components of the digital binary clock A method is needed to bridge the battery and PCB This method is a coin cell holder which can be easily placed onto a PCB Figure 3 14 shows some examples of this necessary component 30 Figure 2 16 Coin Cell Battery Holders Chosen approach The groups initial intention was to use the coin cell battery with a small aluminum holder but the advisors recommended otherwise Due to availability and ease of use issues a 9V battery has been selected for implementation 2 3 11 PCB Technical Approach and Results Approach Considerations The immediate consideration is a PCB A PCB is the industry standard for coupling electrical components such as resisters capacitors inductors microchips memory and bus lines Another consideration is a breadboard A breadboard is a
15. internet such as microchip com or mouser com The digital binary clock described in this report will display time in both digital and binary formats The clock will also have features that include an alarm automatic adjustment for daylight savings time and a battery backup Physical switches will be embedded in the casing in order to allow users to toggle features The clock will have the ability to display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats Month day and time information will also be displayed 1 2 Acknowledgements The team would like to extend its thanks to both Prof Lamont and Prof Patterson for their guidance throughout the project planning phase as well as continual support through its completions Their knowledge and assistance will no doubt prove instrumental 1 3 Problem Statement The problem statement will describe the general problem for the Senior Design06 04 group It will also describe the proposed solution to the problem developed by the group 1 3 1 General Problem Statement A multifunctional clock is needed to display the current time The clock should be able to display the time in either twelve hour format thus also needing an AM PM indicator or in twenty four hour format The clock should also have the ability to be used as an alarm clock It should be able to self correct for daylight saving time as well as time discrepancies Power outages should not affect the clock s ability to keep the time
16. leads The team addressed this problem by and reduced future confusion about the unmarked leads by placing each of the LEDs in the bread board that oriented the LEDs in a way to display which leads were positive and negative Also to help quicken the time to acquire the needed part numerous components were purchased from our personal funding With less paperwork and no shipping such parts were gathered immediately to help with implementation Developing the enclosure casing for the clock was solved by looking around campus and team member hometowns for replacement machinery After many unsuccessful options the team was notified of the location of a hand drill press within the senior design lab Thus an AutoCAD template was created personal drill bits were purchased out of pocket and steady hand operation was performed to cut out the holes needed in the casing This took a significant amount of time Furthermore a consequential problem from this solution was encountered when the drill press was removed for a time period The group was not notified of such action until the team had asked about it in a meeting This slowed down the status of the final casing implementation Due to the size of the slide switches used for setting the alarms and for setting user preferences the group decided to have these mounted on the back of the clock instead of the front The team decided the front would be purely for display purposes The size of the LCD sc
17. severity of the cyclic effects Lastly more meeting were added to address such risks when needed 3 6 Project Team Information This section contains information about the Geek Binary Alarm Clock team Furthermore more information concerning this project can be found at the link location http seniord ece iastate edu dec0604 3 6 1 Client Information The following is the client of the team Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design Dr John Lamont Course Coordinator 324 Town Engr Ames lowa 50011 515 294 3600 office 515 294 6760 fax jwlamont iastate edu 3 6 2 Faculty Information The following faculty members are the advisors of the team 62 Dr John Lamont EE Prof 324 Town Engr Ames lowa 50011 515 294 3600 office 515 294 6760 fax jwlamont iastate edu Dr Ralph Patterson Ill EE Prof 326 Town Engr Ames lowa 50011 515 294 2428 office 515 294 6760 fax replii iastate edu 3 6 3 Student Team Information The following students are the members of the team Diana Calhoun EE 2239 Knapp St Ames lowa 50014 712 490 3844 dcalhoun lastate edu Matthew Koch EE 218 Ash Ave Ames lowa 50014 507 398 5506 mattkoch iastate edu 63 Kelly Melohn EE 3474 Friley O Bryan Ames lowa 50012 515 371 6699 vilybll4 iastate edu Yesuratnam Thommandru CprE 137 N Hyland Apt 12 Ames lowa 50014 515 291 4232 yesu iastate edu 64 4 Closing Summary Thi
18. was downloaded This solved all the compiling errors that were faced with the CCS C Compiler Lastly online search provided the solution concerning what were the required libraries and their code Files such as the pic h 16F877A h and delay h were required for compilation 2 5 2 3 Suggestions Documentation or a tutorial within the senior design area would be beneficial as many projects utilize the PIC microcontroller component This central location would help reduce the time spent searching for implementation requirements due to lack of a centralized location and concise documentation in addition to the little helo from outside professors Much time was spent during contacting the following companies CCS Microchip and HIGH TECH as well as the following faculty Jason Boyd Steve Kavorik Prof Tyagi and Prof Zhang for guidance 2 6 Testing of the End Product and the Results Details on how the team performed the testing phases to ensure end product functionalities are described in this section It also includes documentation and acceptance criteria used for the set of tasks Furthermore to minimize the time cost factor associated with the project periodic test intervals throughout implementation will occur as the project progresses All phase testing was preformed in the senior design laboratory or in Coover Hall laboratories Software or hardware was modified if results do not meet design requirements All types of testing mentioned
19. will increase the brightness of each LED and will make it easier for the user to read The tables below shows a schematic of an ultra bright LED compared to a regular LED Notice that the ultra bright LED uses less voltage and has an higher wavelength intensity Table 2 1 Regular LED Table 2 2 Ultra Bright LED Operating Characteristics Operating Characteristics ZR i i wm EN PE OH VR 4 8 Unit TA 25 C yaAs rE Ta 25 C GaAlAs Forward voltage typ Forward Voltage typ 1 85 Ir 10mA o IF 20mA Forward Voltage max Forward voltage max e IF 20mA Ir 10mA Reverse Current VR 5V Wavelength of Peak W avelength at peak l o Emission 660 nm emission peak ai IF 20mA Ir 10mA e Wavelength of Dominant Wavelength of dominant Emission AD 640 nm emission j2 IF 20mA Ir 10mA l Spectral Line Full Width Spectral Line half width Ke 45 At Half Maximum Ir 10mA i i IF 20mA Reverse current VR 5V Capacitance n e Capacitance VF 0V f 1MHz VF 0V f 1MHz Relative Radiant Intensity 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 wavelength A nm RELATIVE INTENSITY Vs WAVELENGTH Figure 2 3 Regular LED 19 Relative Radiant Intensity wavelength A nm RELATIVE INTENSITY Vs WAVELENGTH Figure 2 4 Ultra Bright LED There are some limitations for this One is that the date time and week notification LED s must be different colors so that the sections can be placed clo
20. 6 INTENDE DU SE Ee 11 LT ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS sarte 11 1 7 1 ASSUMP dre Il 72 E e on EEE 12 ke END PRODUCT AND DELIVERABLES pe 13 1 8 1 EXPELCA EAU NG 13 1 8 2 PAN 13 PROJECT APPROACH AND RESULTS sussebass 14 2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ed ee da cae do cd 14 22 RESULTANT DESIGN CONSTRAN Sa ee 15 22d Overall CONS TAUS ica 19 222 tere EE 15 2 25 Physical Hardware CONSTA ai A en an 15 2 3 APPROACHES CONSIDERED AND THE ONE CHOSEN ENNEN 16 LS Binary Display Approach Considered and Chosen Keelt 16 252 Weekday Display Approach Considered and Chosen Keelt 17 250 12 24 Time Display Approach Considered and Chosen Result 17 2 3 4 LED Size and Color Scheme Approach and Chosen Results 18 253 Layout Approaches and EE 22 2 3 6 LCD Display Technical Approach and Chosen Results 25 Df Accurate Time Technical Approach and Chosen Results 24 2 3 8 Microcontroller Technical Approach and Chosen Results 25 2 3 9 Power Consumption Approach and Chosen Results 27 2 3 10 Backup Power Technical Approach and Chosen Results rrrrrrnnrrnnnnnnrnnvnnnnrr 28 2341 PCB Technical Approach and Results ano A A 3 2 3 12 Casing Technical Approach and Results 32 2 3 13 Hardware Technical Approach and Chosen Keelt 33 2 3 14 Software Technical Approach and Chosen Keelt 34 2515 EE 35 24 EM 37 2 4 1 Summary EE 37 2 4 2 BLOCK Diagrams Of DESI EE 4 2 4 3 EE Ee 42 2 4 4 Real TIME C lOCR aiee e n a T o 44 4 5
21. E INTENSITY Vs WAVELENGTH Figure 2 5 Differences in Intensity graph Chosen approach After careful evaluation the group decided that based upon availability cost and ease of implementation it would be better not to use a bi color LED in the end product By using simple logic the user would be able to determine whether or not the LED s are functional 21 Finally the group has come up with the list of available options for the LED s in the display It has been put all together in the following table ate Ultra Bright Round LED XLMxx12V Series MEE Color Size Color Ultra Bright Round LED XLMxx12W Series Sze mim Figure 2 6 Available color options for each clock display section 2 3 5 Layout Approaches and Results Approach Considerations For designing the layout of binary clock two major approaches can be considered One approach is that the layout of the clock is to favor aesthetic value rather than purely functional value The other is the reverse of the first to use a minimalist approach and disregard aesthetics and any bells and whistles The following is a simple diagram of the proposed layout of the front of the binary clock SMTWRFS Day of the week Day of the week Date Time LED LED Date Time LED LED Display co Figure 2 7 Two basic proposed layout Display co 22 Chosen approach In order to implement the logic behind a digital clock electrical componen
22. Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06 04 Final Report Client senior Design Faculty Advisors Professor John Lamont Asst Professor Ralph Patterson III Team Members Diana Calhoun EE Matt Koch EE Kelly Melohn EE Yesuratnam Thommandru CorE ComS DISCLAIMER This document was developed as part of the requirements of an electrical and computer engineering course at lowa State University Ames lowa This document does not constitute a professional engineering Although the information is intended design or to be accurate the associated students faculty and lowa State University make no claims promises or guarantees about the accuracy completeness quality or adequacy of the information The user of this document shall ensure that any such use does not violate any laws with regard to professional licensing and certification requirements This use includes any work resulting from this student prepared document that is required to be under the responsible charge of a licensed engineer This document is copyrighted by the students who produced this document and the associated faculty advisors No part may be reproduced without the written permission of the senior design course coordinator November 16 2006 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTORY MATERIA BN 6 1 1 EXECUTIVE SON Re 6 WZ EE DEE 7 1 PROBIEM SAME EE 8 1 3 1 General Eroblents latente bi e S 1 3 2 EE 9 l4 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT E 11 1 5 INTENDED USERS ha 11 1
23. M PM indicator Costs Budget The clock cannot cost over 150 in parts Labor will not be counted in the final costs Size and Weight The size and weight will be a limitation in the project It is intended to be small enough to be put on a small table and it also has to be light enough to be wall mountable 1 7 End Product and Deliverables The following part of the document will discuss the end product and other deliverables that will be included with the prototype at the end of the project 1 7 1 Expected End Product The geek clock will be a hybrid model based off existing binary clock structures lts exterior shall reflect that of the intended audience lts overall appearance will be a blend of technology and elegance The idea behind the project is to build a device that incorporates geeky features but at the same time have an end product that is useful and practical to everyone The clock will display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats These times will be displayed digitally and in binary respectively The clock will incorporate daylight saving time and leap year correction It will display the day of the week as well as date month and year information In addition it will also have an alarm feature 1 7 2 Deliverables Along with the clock prototype there will is also a user s manual This manual is designed to assist the user in operating the clock s many features It will include information on
24. RA2 ANZ2 MREF Input4 Ee RAS ANSNREF RE2ICS AN YDD RB7IPSP VSS RBS PSP6E OSC1CLKIN RBS PSPS OSC2ICLOKOUT RB4 P5P4 Real Time Clock RCO T10S0 T1CK1 RCFRXIDT RC1T10SNCCP2 RCB THICK RC2ICCP1 RCS SDO ROSISCKISCL RC4SDUSDA RDOPSPO RBS PSP3 RD1 PSP1 RB2 PSP2 MTC SO802KFYNSAY ves REP 1123 2 over gt 0urce Battery Backup Power ale H 1 2vde Ovde Figure 2 20 Geek clock circuit schematic 2 4 3 PIC Microcontroller One of the hardware components to be used in the Geek Binary Alarm Clock project is the Microchip PICMicro microcontroller model PIC16F877A The following figure is a PIC16F877A from the 40 pin Plastic Dual In line Package 42 MELR VEPTHY 1 ag RB7 PCD RA ON e 7 2 39 HDD PGC RAT AM 3 38 RES Rad AND VREF 4 37 Cla RBA R d ANS EE e 5 ze a o RB3 PGH R d TOCKI A 6 5 Clap RE RAS ANSEES A O17 21 q RBI REQ RD ANS EI Can REO INT REL WR ANB s 3 ole Yoo RE CS AN s 10 a Mes Yo 11 a ROY PSP Vag 12 23 BDEPSPE O8C1 CLEIM 13 x Q RDS FSP 0S C2 CLEOUT s 14 27 a e ADA FEFA ECO TIOSO TICKI 115 ie REFR DT EC1L T10SI CCPE 16 les BOG TRACE RC CCP Clm 24 Ja BOG SDO ROS SDK MOL 18 23 Claes EC4 GDISDA ROO PSPD 13 22 0 RDS PSPS RO PSP ln 21 les RD PSP TOP VIEN Figure 2 21 To
25. a small computer screen This idea is an entire project within itself but is a viable option given enough time and money An alternate technology considered for displaying standard time is an analog display This would be a very simple technology to implement but would not be very flexible Like the mechanical flip display the analog display would be incapable of displaying twenty four hour time The standard hour label of an analog clock could be pulled out and replaced like the following image in Figure 2 1 This clock looks somewhat convoluted and unprofessional Figure 2 2 Analog 12 24 Display Option The last technology considered is an audible announcement of time This concept will be considered as an optional extra feature because it presents many problems These problems include the frequency of announcement alternation of twelve and twenty four hours and implementation requirements such as loudness voice and speakers Chosen approach The project proposal requirements does not require the standard display of time to be in digital format but in order to preserve the geek concept of the project and the easy of implementation a digital display such as an LCD screen was chosen 2 3 4 LED Size and Color Scheme Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations LED s come in a wide variety of sizes colors and material The approach that the project required for the display was to be seen at a glance like any cl
26. ace mountable thus creating a connection to the test breadboard temporarily unavailable 2 5 1 2 Solutions for Problems Encountered The solution to the main problem of acquiring components was multifaceted First of all the team solved the backordered problem by choosing different type of LCD screen with similar properties as the Original The team also re ordered the AC DC transformer through direct vender These two actions allowed for a quick turnaround in acquiring the previous parts solving the problem encountered with the LEDs required more interaction First of the supplier was contacted in order to verify if red LED were actually unavailable since green and yellow LEDs were available The supplier provided the information of the part number to the team which was needed for ordering the red as well as the green and yellow LEDs The lack of part information for the red LEDs was due to the supplier s component web search engine contain a filtering glitch which they are now aware of 47 Furthermore to face the other problem of the LEDs being temporarily lost the team carefully removed the special plastic casing of the right angled LEDs and the leads were straightened out This allowed the team to test the integration of the software and hardware components together as the replacement LEDs were being acquired However this cause another problem the team faced since the LEDs casing had the positive and negative labels for the
27. ase of a power outage thus following the same setup as the primary power supply source The large current supply here is now not a concern as in this mode the LEDs will be turned off Switching Circuit To create a simple switching circuit NMOS transistors were utilized Connecting the output from the PIC microprocessor to the gate of these transistors will control the final signal going trough the transistor Below this figure represents a simple case of this concept When a 1V input is placed both gate of the NMOS then the input signal will pass through to the output This therefore simulates a short circuit Furthermore to obtain the switching effect when a OV input is placed on the gate a degraded 0 will be produce Thus this OV gate input simulates an open circuit Figure 5 7 graphically displays this switching capability g g 0 e T od si Id AMOS g 1 S o po d Figure 2 25 NMOS signal functionality 2 5 Implementation Process Description This section explains the implementation process and materials used for completing the geek clock The section breaks down the implementation process into two main sections hardware implementation and software implementation Furthermore this section details some of the problems the team faced and how these problems were overcome in developing the clock prototype Suggestions for how the implementation process might have been improved are also included in this section The mater
28. coded signal will provide the clock the ability to self update day and time information 2 4 1 4 Antenna This antenna is specially tuned to receive a 60 kHz low frequency transmission called WWVB This antenna will deliver the coded signal to the receiver IC 2 4 1 5 LCD Screen This is a LCD panel for displaying the time date alarms and low battery information The display is of two lines by eight characters which can display numerals letters and symbols 2 4 1 6 LEDs This is a light emitting diode LED that will be used for the displaying the date time and day of the week in binary format As shown in the approach the date and time will be in 5mm size and the day of the week will be in 3mm size The LED s will be powered a 5V DC source During a power outage when the battery is running everything the LED s will not have power supplied to them to conserve energy for the rest of the clock 2 4 1 7 Piezo Buzzer This is a sound device which will emit a buzzing sound at a user defined alarm time setting 38 2 4 1 8 AC DC Converter An AC power cord connected to an AC DC converter will provide a 5VDC power supply to the clock 2 4 1 9 9V Battery and Harness A 9V battery will be connected as a secondary power source This provides backup power functionality for the device 2 4 1 10 Buttons and Switches Pushbutton and slide switches will be used as the user input devices for the clock Five pushbutton switches w
29. cut out in the plexi glass front part of the casing This tested to make sure that the viewing angle was not minimized by the transparent casing It also allowed the team to test proper intensities to ensure that the light was not being absorbed by the plexiglass surrounding the holes The results of this section of test are presented in the two figure below Figure 2 27 5mm LEDs Within Casing Figure 2 28 3mm LEDs Within Casing Test 2 LCD Display Functionality Test To verify hardware functionality amongst LCD screen its connection to a power supply and the PIC microcontroller will visually verify the alphanumerical functionality A simple string from the PIC microcontroller will send all characters for each segment to the LCD screen The display illumination from the LCDs was measured LCD screens that do not meet the illumination functionality will be discarded A successful criterion was the LCD screens that illuminate any character when connected to a power supply and PIC microcontroller 91 Figure 2 29 LCD Screen in OFF State Figure 2 30 LCD Screen in ON State Test 3 Power Functionality Test Due to the multiple components associated with the device in which all require power to operate except for the antenna the amount of voltage and current provided by the converter was tested Thus this test verified that all power ranges are being provided will be preformed during this test These voltages was verified visually w
30. d functions and reference libraries be required Should a fairly flexible language be chosen for maintenance and updating purposes In order to answer these questions the project needs to be looked at from a computer engineer s perspective The pertinent question a computer engineer would ask is how is the software supposed to function with respect to the hardware The answer is that procedural coding will communicate with hardware such as LED s and LCD s to produce on off states An object oriented procedural coding approach should be used This essentially describes the language to be chosen Visual Basic is immediately eliminated because there is no GUI involved with the clock and VB is incapable of low level communication Java is another high level language specifically made for consumer electronics It is a viable option but may present difficulty when attempting low level operations C is much like Java in its high level attributes The best foreseeable option for a programming language is C C is a language in between low level and high level It will give a programmer low level access while being able to utilize high level functions to implement logic needed for a binary clock with many extra features Chosen approach The final result for programming language is the C programming language C has a reputation for handling pointers and memory well This will aid in the communication of hardware components The integrated development envi
31. e a streamlined case design The prototype case was made by hand and it s difficult to do A streamlined case design would be taken care of in the commercialization process 99 3 4 Lessons Learned This section describes some of what the group learned during the course of the project It entails the details of what went well and what did not go well what technical and non technical knowledge was gained and what changes the team would do differently if the team were to do the project over again 3 4 1 What Went Well One thing that was done well was the budgeting of time The group was aware of time constraints and conflicting schedules and was able to work together to overcome obstacles The group also understood the breath of the project extremely well which helped the team create features above the minimum requirements 3 4 2 What Did Not Go Well Now that implementation and testing is being done the group realized that part selection and availability was a big deal Since there were a few problems associated with parts the group decided that it would have been better to find a backup replacement to as many parts as possible to avoid problems of back orders and obsolescence 3 4 3 Technical Knowledge Gained During the project the team was able to gain some valuable information regarding hardware and software Circuit development PIC programming part interfacing and testing practices were some of such gained technical skills
32. e easiest form of energy available which is standard DC power The simplest and most readily available source of energy is the electricity coming from the AC electrical outlets in a building Of course this electrical energy may be regulated by equipment such as small voltage generators available to electrical engineering students The second source of energy will have to be a 9V battery 2 3 10 Backup Power Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations The power requirement in the project proposal is that the Geek Binary Alarm Clock be capable of riding through a power outage for at least two hours The assumptions indicated that an independent battery source would be required to power the clock through a power outage The assumption is that the clock will use a DC source from an electrical socket as the main source of power and a local battery as the second The type of local battery is another technology consideration of the project There are several types of batteries available for implementation including rechargeable cell batteries PP3 9V batteries AAA batteries AA batteries watch batteries coin cell batteries and other voltages Below Figure 3 12 shows the many different types of batteries 28 Figure 2 13 Different types of batteries Rechargeable cell batteries were rejected as an idea because of their relative complexity In order to implement them specialized circuitry would be required to handle th
33. ect or MSP a Microsoft Windows application that offers various project tracking and management tools PCB printed circuit board a thin plastic board onto which electronic components such as resistors and capacitors are soldered Twelve hour format the standard hourly display of analog and digital clocks which a separate indication for AM or PM e g 12 34 pm Twenty four hour format a k a military time universal time the hourly display of clocks without a separate indication for AM or PM that increments hours upon reaching noon based on 24 hours e g 23 45 equals 11 45 pm Visual Basic VB an object oriented event driven programming language developed by Microsoft for graphical user interface design 1 Introductory Material The introductory material will give a brief overview of the product that will be discussed in more detail in the later parts of this report This part of the paper will include the problem statement the intended user uses the design assumptions and limitations and finally the expected end product 1 1 Executive Summary This section entails an introduction to the project as well as the need for this project the actual project activities final results and recommendations for follow on work 1 1 1 Introduction The final report is part of the Dec06 04 senior design project for EE CprE 492 at lowa State University The goal of this project is to design and construct a digital binar
34. ed until the whole project is completely formed Chosen approach The hardware approach for the Geek Binary Alarm Clock will be the top down approach The overall layout of the clock will first be designed The individual components will then be divided among group members who will then individually design the specific details After these individual pieces are completed the binary clock will be assembled from its constituent components to form the final end product The preferred approach to designing and 33 implementing a binary clock will be top down and from scratch Senior design requirements would also prefer that the project be approached from a unique to a group approach 2 3 14 Software Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations This section on technology consideration to be discussed is software software can be written in many languages some appropriate for certain high level tasks while some are appropriate for lower level tasks The aspect of technology consideration in this section is concerned with choosing the correct language development environment and coding implementation for writing the software to a binary clock The options for languages include C C Java Visual Basic and many many more The indented use of a programming language will help to sway the considerations for which language to choose Questions may be asked like is this a high level or low level project Will highly specialize
35. edule in sight on components still not available 2 1 Hardware Results All acquired hardware components were fully tested and functional with the breadboards and smartboards Furthermore detail instructions on clock utilization and replacement are presented in the completed user manual 2 7 2 Software Results Revisions of the software is currently being addressed for correct functionality Documentation concerning all code and revisions are provided in the Software Requirement Document 2 3 Overall System Results Although the prototype is not fully implemented once software progress the clock will be quickly constructed 08 3 Closure Material The last section of this report contains information regarding the overall assessment of the project as well as a reflection on its work lt discusses potential commercialization options as well as recommendations for work in the future Finally it discusses lessons learned during the project lifetime as well as risk mitigation information 3 1 Project Evaluation To successfully evaluate the project different milestones were put in place to gauge the success of the project The first of these milestones was research The project team decided that the research portion of the project was excellent above and beyond Many great ideas flowed from this section and the team was able to pick and choose from a wide variety of ideas Next was the parts milestone The team ordered parts over
36. eir regenerative properties The two way nature of rechargeable batteries makes them more complex Keeping it simple and emulating consumer clocks with power ride through features has shown that a 9V battery will be the easiest to implement Many consumer clocks on the market today possess internal battery compartments for nine volt batteries The choice of battery to be used depends on several factors The power generated from the different classes of non rechargeable batteries and relative size will determine the selection Also dependent is the amount of power consumption from the binary alarm clock The following is a small grid of alkaline battery options sizes and voltages amp hours and weights Table 2 4 Battery Statistics AAA Length 44 5mm 15 aisan 042 02 Diametei 10 5 mm AA Lengih 30mm 15v 285Ah 08502 Diameter14 2 mim c Length 4omm 15v 380Ah 2302 Diam eter Z6rmm Length 50mm KAN Energizer Width 64mm 337B Depth 7 62mm 155 8 25 Ah 0 16 07 Height 2 54 mm ic ect pel CR2354 Depth 5 4mm 3 0 25 00 Ah 0207 Height2 54 mm Width 25m m Aes Depth 15mm 595 mAh 17 6 0 Heig ht 45mm 29 As it can be seen in the grid a PP3 or 9V battery as its commonly known has the most voltage in the least amount of space This is perhaps why so many smaller consumer products use 9V batteries Figure 2 14 9V Battery and Barry Clip Watch batteries and coin cell batteries are extremely small batteries with
37. elve hour format XX XX XX with an AM PM indicator or twenty four hour format XX XX XX Other features stopwatch elapsed time dual time zone may also be implements if possible It is also to include a settable alarm function be self correcting for daylight saving time changes and be able to ride through power Outages of at least two hours in duration The resultant end product is to be implemented to the level of a completed consumer product including PCB layout Supporting power supply and attractive case Additional requirements for commercial production should be evaluated if possible some of the prior features will be omitted included or elaborated Also some new features will be implemented The design process for this project is the top down engineering approach Several abstractions of the digital binary clock exist in this report An overall design of the digital binary clock in the form of a block diagram has been included in the Design section This block diagram is followed with a fairly detailed circuit diagram These diagrams can be created in design software such as PSpice or Microsoft Visio Using these diagrams as a blueprint the individual components will be integrated together Software design for the PICMicro microcontroller has been written in the C programming language using the MPLAB integrated development environment provided by the senior design lab MPLAB is also freeware obtainable from reputable sources on the
38. er 1 6 Assumptions and Limitations The following part of the document will provide the assumptions and limitations that the group has made encountered with the project 1 6 1 Assumptions This section describes the assumptions of the project e LCD display The size and physical capabilities of the LCD display will have the ability to meet the project s requirements DST and leap year The clock will be receiving a low frequency transmission to update itself for daylight saving time or leap year It will also be self correcting for time discrepancies This function will have the ability to be disabled Geeky appearance The outer shell of the clock will be made of a hard semitransparent material such as plexiglass LED s There will be several sets of lights on the clock s exterior The first set of lights will be a horizontal set of seven lights indicating the day of the week The two other sets of LED s will display the time in binary format and the date in month day and year format Location and operating environment The clock will only operate on a typical 120VAC 60Hz outlet The clock is meant to be used indoors 1 6 2 Limitations This section describes the limitations of the project Features The clock must have an alarm function be self correcting for daylight saving time have a battery backup and be able to display time in twelve and twenty four hour formats The twelve hour format must have an A
39. ference Date Time format The clock will display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats The twelve hour format will have an AM PM indicator in the form of an LED Also included with the actual time information will be month day and year information This will also be represented digitally and in binary format DST and leap year The clock will use a very low frequency receiver VLF to gather date and time information The clock will automatically update itself through this transmission It will be self correcting for both DST and leap year It will also be self correcting for any time discrepancies that may occur This feature will have the ability to be disabled based upon user preference 2 2 Resultant Design Constraints This project has a few key constraints that need to be addressed derived from the assumptions and limitations There are a few design and software constraints as well as physical and operating limitations 2 2 1 Overall Constraints Weight The clock s weight must be such that it can be wall mountable Its size therefore must also be accommodating to such a circumstance Its final weigh shall be no more than two pounds Maximum Size The clock itself cannot be incredibly large or bulky It shall be not larger than 8 x 11 The idea behind the project is to make final product that is both multi featured yet visually appealing Cost The cost of building the clock must not exceed 150 I
40. gs for leap year and daylight savings time Given this radio transmission the clock will be able to automatically update itself in case of a discrepancy in time keeping Although precise time information is gathered from the RF receiver maintaining this accuracy between updates is surmounted with the use of the RTC First of all it does have a 32kHz crystal oscillator as well as a adjustment function to correct the oscillator from slight variances in accordance to the surrounding environmental temperature Furthermore this component contains numerous other favorable characteristics End of the month calculations 28 29 leap year 30 31 for calendar updates a low power supple detection and alarm interrupters functionalities are all provided which will help reduce software coding All information outputted from the RTC will be sent to the microcontroller to decode and send to the subsequent display and alarm components Chosen approach Through implementation simplicity and high accuracy the RTC and RF receiver and controller was the chosen approach to acquire the highest accuracy in time 2 3 8 Microcontroller Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations The brain behind the digital binary clock will be the microcontroller which will control and direct all internal functions The choice of microcontroller is an important one which required much research There are literally thousands of microcontrollers resulti
41. he clocks electrical properties A non conducting material would be preferable A metal casing would also Significantly add to the weight of the clock is thus undesirable The use of metal such as aluminum or steel is also impractical because of cost Metal in general is more expensive to produce manipulate configure and maintain than plastics This is the reason why many electrical components in the technology industry are made with light weight plastic polymers Designing the layout of a binary clock may also require a specific shape and construction of a shell In example LED s may be placed vertically or horizontally based on preference Manipulating a metal casing would undoubtedly be more expensive than plastics Another somewhat primitive technology considered for implementing the casing of the binary clock is removing the casing of an old clock The advantage of this method Is the cost An old clock can be found for little or no cost The disadvantage would be the inflexibility of the casing In order to implement a clock to specific desired specifications a custom casing would be most suitable The final two technologies considered for the casing of the binary alarm clock are plastic and plexiglass Local hardware stores such as Lowe s or Home Depot have many varieties of plexiglass available to customers These hardware stores even offer to cut plexiglass to meet customer s needs Lowe s stocks a transparent blue plexiglass measuri
42. ials used for the implementations were breadboards smartboards LEDs LCDs Buzzer AC DC converter power supply multimeters oscilloscopes CCS C Compiler and the HI_TECH PICC Lite compiler 46 2 5 1 Hardware Implementation There were several problems the team encountered while implementing the hardware aspect of the clock design however most were easily resolved The following sections provide details concerning the hardware implementation 2 5 1 1 Problems Encountered The main problem encountered with the hardware implementation encompassed the task of actually acquiring the desired hardware components for assembly Glitches in company search engines cased difficulties purchasing red LEDs where as other components faced numerous backorders particularly the LCD screen and the AC DC transtormer Furthermore the team also faced the implementation delay with the LED components as the first set of LEDs was right angled and the second order of LEDs were lost after the shipping process Another problem the team faced was building the enclosure case for the clock The team thought the material engineering department would be of help with this aspect of the design in which no availability was provided in both the automation of the process or availability of machinery The small stature and mountability of some of the components caused some connection problems for the team The team was unaware the receiver IC and the RTC were surf
43. ill be used and 3 slide switches will be used 39 Table 2 5 Component information Microcontroller Real Time Clock LED Screen 0x2 Green Red Yellow LED mm Green Red Yellow LED mm ACIDC converter Decoder 4 to 1 E Microchip PICTBF OFFA 5 393904 TST Seiko Instruments Inc ST C Max CM ESOO C Max CMA MF 60 Wicrotips Technology S080 24F YHS Lurnex OptoiComponents Inc PSB Lumes OptolComponents Inc EE CU Ine CEP 1125 TRE Electronics YAASOS Duracell DV Alkaline MPO bera DEE UD Protection Devices ITT Industries Ob E 40 PhilipaixP TAHOTT IN 40 EEN 0 04 5 60 1 50 ER 0 70 0 79 1 60 15 55 2 60 0 33 5 24 40 45 par AU Ou PU 1 50 ho 93 42 00 15 50 1 60 15 55 bo 0 33 16 45 p 2 2 4 2 Block Diagrams of Design Figure 3 1 presents a high level block diagram of the binary digital geek clock where as Figure 4 2 presents the circuit schematics of this device Antenna Receiver IC Real Time Clock User Interface PIC Microcontroller Buttons N LCD Display LED Display Buzzer Figure 2 19 Geek clock block diagram 41 Receiver IC QLOUT QMOUT QHOUT VOC ANT1 Wi IN2 CLKSEL ANT2 7 lisar Buene PIC Microcontroller NEG MCLRAYPP THY RB7IPGD Input1 RAD ANO RB6 PGC Input2 RAVAN Inputs
44. ing of on off high low or ones and zeros used by almost all computer systems C programming language a powerful efficient low level language developed in the 1970s for Unix OS now used for systems software and general applications C programming language an extension of C a more object oriented high level programming language Daylight saving time DST the time is which clocks are set exactly one hour ahead of standard time in order to provide more daylight during late spring summer and fall Fourteen possible calendar years There are only fourteen possible calendar years supported that include all of the leap years and DST Geek slang a term to describe a person with good computer skills an interest in technology and firm knowledge of the sciences usually accompanied with an almost complete social ineptitude Industrial Review Panel IRP an audience group comprised of industry members that judge senior design projects Java programming language a high level language developed by Sun Microsystems for use in consumer electronics now popular for web applets Light emitting diodes LED a type of diode that emits light when it is subjected to a flow of current LEDs may have different colors depending on the material used Liquid crystal displays LCD two thin sheets of plastic filled with individual cells of ionic liquid crystal capable of being manipulated by a current Microsoft Proj
45. isplay Approach Considered and Chosen Result Approach Considerations In order to display the day of the week electronically another method is needed In order to display the time in standard format a large electronic array of changeable letters is required The two technologies were considered for this job a LCD display and an array of LEDs Chosen approach Its been chosen that an array of letters S M T W Th F S will be placed at the top of the clock with respective single LED s associated with them due to the lower implementation cost and increased geek appearance 2 3 3 12 24 Time Display Approach Considered and Chosen Result Approach Considerations LCD screens provide an enormous amount of malleability with respect to displaying alphanumeric information LCD s also allows both twelve and twenty four hour times to be displayed without difficulty LCD s are easily manipulated in programming offer almost unlimited versatility in alphanumeric display and are relatively inexpensive Another technology considered for displaying standard time is the mechanical flip displays of older clocks These displays consist of multi sided plastic chips in loops that flip mechanically to show the correct time The first problem is the fact that the clock would be incapable of displaying twenty four hour time Switching between twelve hour and twenty four hour would also be difficult Another technology considered for displaying standard time is
46. ith a DMM Digital Mulitmeter in the laboratory A successful criterion was the AC power supply provides all necessary power voltages to all components Table 2 6 Power functionality testing table 92 Figure 2 31 Output From Converter 120V AC to 5V DC 2 6 2 Phase 2 The following two tests describe the procedure for Phase 2 for the device Test 4 Current Time Display Functionality Test To test the drift of the RIC oscillatory and the functionality between the PIC microcontroller and the LED LCD displays these displays were periodically verified This verification took place over a range of times varying from seconds to days With in these intervals photos will be taken of the component compared the atomic clock to increase the accuracy of testing As switching time is less than a second human real time verification contains a large percentage of error Therefore the photos are utilized to help reduce this To acquire the atomic clock time The Official U S Time website was used Therefore the photos had both the displays and the computer screen within the shots in order to compare the data According to their website they state their time format of Coordinated Universal Time should never differ more than 0 000 000 1 seconds thus establishing a highly accurate comparison for the clock device Below is a figure that represents the information gathered during this test As
47. mation on this family of microcontrollers is available at this link http ww1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39582b pdf ee Flash Figure 2 11 PIC16F877A Information Grid 26 PIC16F877A Program Memory Type Enhanced Flash Program Memory Size Kbytes 14 RAM bytes 368 Data EEPROM bytes 256 a 33 Packages Q pb Free Available Yes This powerful 200 nanosecond instruction execution yet easy to program only 35 single word instructions CMOS FLASH based 86 bit microcontroller packs Microchip s powerful PICS architecture into an 40 or 44 pin package and is Upwards compatible with the PICTBC5Sx FIC120CXXX and PICT6C YX devices The PIC16F87 74 features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory self programming an ICD 2 Comparators 8 channels of 10 bit Analog to Digital A D converter 2 capture compare FVWWM functions the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3 wire Serial Peripheral Interface SPI or the 2 wire Inter Integrated Circuit FC bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter USART All of these features make it ideal for more advanced level A D applications in automotive industrial appliances and consumer applications 2 PWM 10 bit 256 Bytes EEPROM data memory ICD 25m sink source per UO Self Programming Parallel Slave Port Figure 2 12 PIC16F877A Information Datasheet 2 3 9 Power Consumption Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations Power consumpti
48. n 3 4x16 Option 4 16x2 Option 5 16x2 Option 6 8x2 Figure 2 9 Possible LCD Layouts Chosen approach While an effort will be made to make the clock look presentable no extra time or money will be spent on a specialized physical appearance Therefore an 8x2 sized LCD screen will be utilized as it displays only pertinent information when needed as well as being cost efficient The smaller screen also allows for a smaller end product This is option 6 in Figure 3 8 2 3 Accurate Time Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations Large consideration and research was performed to determine a way to acquire and maintain accurate time functionality A large focus on precise accuracy was placed to extend the geek feel of the clock Thus a few possible implementations were gathered such as utilizing counters software or hardware crystal oscillators AC 60Hz frequency conversions However the previous possible implementations were deficient in the preferred accuracy With further research the ultimate components for accuracy were found These were the RIC real time clock and the RF receiver and controller The RF antenna and receiver will work together to automatically gather precise month date and time information from a low frequency radio transmission called WWVB This method of gathering data is often referred to as RCC or radio controlled clock This radio transmission is also coded with 24 fla
49. ng approximately 24 x 32 36 at varying thickness which may be cut into six pieces to form the sides of a clock Plastics are the last and smartest choice in technology considerations for the casing of a binary clock Plastic is cheap easily manipulated easy to maintain and fairly shatter resistant Seeking the help of materials engineers and onsite production labs may prove useful to finding the most adequate casing Ke Figure 2 17 Plexiglass Chosen approach Plexiglass will be used for the implementation of the clock s exterior Plexiglass casing would also allow the clock to have a more geeky structure The user would be able to view all the inner workings and circuitry of the clock that they find interesting They would be able to see exactly how the clock worked 2 3 13 Hardware Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations The design of overall hardware integration can take multiple approaches The most popular approach for engineering is the top down approach In the top down model a general overview of the project is formulated without describing any specific details Each part of the project is then refined by designing it in more and more detail The opposite of this engineering process is the bottom up approach The bottom up method involves designing individual parts of the project in specific details These parts are then linked together to form larger components The process is repeat
50. ng in many considerations A digital clock requires a basic microcontroller that has a minimum execution time high amount of I O pins is easily programmable and is cheap The large list of potential microcontrollers suggested by faculty advisors and others found during research were narrowed down to three selections Intel 8051 Motorola 68HC11 and Microchip PICMicro microcontrollers Further research was performed on these three microcontrollers as well as inquiries from fellow students Chosen approach The final result concurred by faculty advisors was the choice of the PICMicro family Readily available from a faculty advisor was a PICMicro PIC16F877A microcontroller The following is a picture of several PICMicro microcontrollers in the PIC16 family 25 FIGURE K IGC xGERIESG BLOCK DIAGRAM E DN h j d CK 1 ty ATCO PIN L EPR 3 el R PA gt be D aia E m D ie D E Af fe n bk Figure 2 10 Microchip PICMicro microcontrollers PIC16Cxxx This chip was readily available easily programmable cheap and had enough I O pins to complete the project Senior design labs also have testing boards software and other equipment specifically made for PICMicro microcontrollers The following is a grid of information concerning the chosen microcontroller for this project the PICMicro PIC16F877A The grid is then followed by a data sheet of this particular microcontroller More specific infor
51. ock thus larger and brighter LED s are preferred This statement contradicts the size of unit the whole clock needs to be The LED s must be a decent size for one to see the time at a quick glance at the clock but not large enough to inhibit the size mentioned in the functional requirements The LED s must also be spaced far enough away from each other for one to distinguish each LED from the other thus the design should use a smaller LED size The group chose to use two different sizes of LED s larger LED s 5mm for the date and time functions that would need to be looked at a glance Smaller LED s 8mm were chosen for the lesser used functions such as week notification LED s and ON OFF LED e that only need to be looked at occasionally Originally the color of the LED s were just all going to be either green or red because these were assumed to be the most accessible and easiest to read The group decided against limiting the LED colors to just those two because they do not offer a sense of personalization to the project The group also felt 18 that those colors are used quite frequently in the technology electronic field and would like some variety The color of the LED s has been preferred to be customer specific meaning that each customer can pick the color for their LED s from the color availability list below The group also decided to use ultra bright and superflux type LED s for the date time and day of week LED s These
52. on is another topic for technical approach considerations A binary clock can consume energy is several ways It can use solely a DC power source a local battery source a mechanical device or a chemical reaction lt can also use a combination of these energy sources as implied by the requirements and suggested in the project assumptions Different approaches to energy consumption are also limited by project assumptions and constraints The clock needs to be a small size use little energy and look presentable One assumption has been established the clock will require two different power sources in order to ride through a power outage and one of these sources will be from a DC electrical source One approach to solving the energy problem the chemical reaction is immediately seen as impractical A 27 chemical reaction may refer to a gasoline engine or any combustible reaction which creates energy The energy consumption of a binary clock is not great enough to warrant the use of such a source of energy Therefore the approach of deriving and using energy produced from a chemical reaction is ruled out Another approach to the energy problem is a mechanical device A device which turns mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a dynamo or in general terms a generator Turning mechanical gears physically is impractical because this project is not about the binary clocks source of energy Chosen approach Simplicity says to use th
53. ont top of the clock The colors of the LED s used for each function can also vary according to user preference and the available options 1 4 Operating Environment The operating environment is limited to indoor places The environment should be able to supply the appropriate power needed through a regular wall outlet It should not be used in areas that contain a lot of moisture such as the bathroom or pool room It should not be in an area that it could potentially be dropped in a sink such as a kitchen or laundry room It should be limited to places such as bedrooms home offices and in the work office 1 5 Intended User s and Intended Use s This section details the intended user s and intended use s of the project 1 5 1 Intended User s The intended user s are those who know binary code and fit the geek persona It can also be used by those who would like to learn binary through a practical application This should not be used by children due to certain dangers such as small parts and electrical components 1 5 2 Intended Use s This object is a clock meant to display time primarily in binary with LED s It provides other functionalities that are closely associated with a geek personality It is also intended to help individuals learn binary by using the secondary display of the digital readout of the binary This clock can also be used as a standard alarm clock as well It will sound at a designated time by the intended us
54. p down pin layout view of PIC16F877A The microcontroller has an 8 bit architecture with 14 Kbytes of enhanced flash memory The amount of Data EPPROM is 256 bytes and the amount of RAM is 368 bytes The most important aspect of the microcontroller is it s input and output The PIC16F877A has 33 I O pins RAO RA5 RBO RB7 RCO RC7 RDO RD7 and REO RE2 This section will attempt to address the physical connections to and from the microcontroller References to the hardware block diagram will be made The first and foremost need of the microcontroller is electrical energy The PIC16F877A operates on a voltage between 2 Vdd and 5 5 Vdd Input pin 32 will be used to deliver the voltage and pin 31 Vss will be grounded Input output pins 2 through 7 corresponding to RAO RA5 will be used to connect the user interface module The Ul module will contain four binary buttons for time alarm hours and minutes and two on off switches for LCD display toggle and daylight saving time toggle A total of six unidirectional signals will be connected to the microcontroller The real time clock RIC and receiver IC will also be connected to the microcontroller The RTC s oscillator output will be connected to pin 13 OSC1 CLKIN on the PIC16F877A The connection will be a constant bidirectional in order for the RTC oscillator to know the current time The 43 clock signal will be sent to the RTC from pin 14 the OSC2 CLCKOUT port No direct connection to the
55. perating on battery backup for at least two hours 2 6 4 Phase 4 The final test describes the procedure for Phase 4 of the device Test 9 Overall Functional and Structural Integrity Test This test occurred once the end product hardware and software component integration was near completion This was tested amongst eight to ten individuals to aid in usability verification These individuals comprised of a geek personality therefore engineers were the primary target The following figure displays a composition of their recommendation The success criterion was the device maintains product functionality while withstanding common everyday usage during these surveys No major concerns arise from these results thus no redesign was needed 57 To organize the results from all these four phases the following two forms shall be utilized The Component Testing Form gather all pertinent information collected for each individual test and the Testing Track Form keeps track of what tests were done and which were successes All these forms were kept in a logbook in the senior design locker and provided in an easily viewable and concise document to review all testing information 2 Project End Results This section summarizes the final status of each major component of the end product Much time and effort was spent in acquiring the need parts to implement this project The team now is working towards bring the project back on sch
56. r consumption Each section will describe the approaches considered advantages and disadvantages the one selected and why it was selected 2 3 1 Binary Display Approach Considered and Chosen Result Approach Considerations The most pertinent question that arises when considering technology for designing and implementing a clock is How will the time and date be displayed in binary The Geek Binary Alarm Clock requires time to be displayed in binary format The initial technological consideration is LED s LED s are the natural choice because of their relatively low power consumption and ease of integration onto a PCB Other technologies considered for display binary display were physical switches small light bulbs LCD liquid crystal display and numerous other light producing sources Physical switches were immediately excluded because the necessity to automate changes in states Small light bulbs can be thought of as bigger versions of LED s The size limitations and aesthetic requirements of the binary clock exclude the use of small light bulbs LCD screens are also considered for representation of binary digits Most digital electronic clocks utilize this technology which is why it is better suited for standard display rather than binary display Chosen approach The requirement to represent binary digits on off states finalizes the decision to use LED s They also offer a wide variety of selection for the consumer 2 3 2 Weekday D
57. r family emergencies are a common occurrence that would remove a team member from the project Therefore the group took careful documentation steps such as shared knowledge to all members to ensure a safety net in case of such a risk 3 Delay in part acquisition The group implemented extra lead time in scheduling for parts 3 9 2 Anticipated Risks Encountered and Risk Management Many of the anticipated risks were avoided due to well executed of the precaution actions However not enough lead time was forecasted due to multiple delays in acquiring parts The team resulted in purchasing backup components some even local vendor to help return the project back on schedule 3 9 3 Unanticipated Potential Risks As with any project there will be things that a group will encounter that they didn t plan on For this project the group ran into parts selection and availability issues These problems were taken care of quickly by finding replacement parts but it is an issue that could have been prevented by better planning when submitting the parts list In response to this problem steps have been taken to make sure that there are second and third options to important steps in the project 61 3 5 4 Resultant Changes Due to Unanticipated Risks Encountered All encountered unanticipated risks were quickly handled on a punctual bias Furthermore anticipated risks for the solution to the unanticipated risks were formulated to reduce the
58. reen was much smaller than expected so the casing layout had to be modified for that as well 2 5 1 3 Suggestions Increased communications and more frequent updates on the progress would have saved time during the development phase as it was pushed back Many of the complication during the implementation were due to lack of components or resources being available for use More foresight of such problems would have helped the team determine a more accurate schedule Furthermore the implementation process for the casing could be improved it a software controlled drill press was available This would 48 have significantly cut down the time the group spent to create the casing It would have also allowed for a sleeker end product design 2 5 2 Software Implementation The team encountered a few problems while implementing the software aspect of the clock design The following sections provide details concerning the hardware implementation 2 5 2 1 Problems Encountered One of the problems that was encountered with the software implementation concerned the compiler for the PIC microcontroller In reference to previous senior design projects the CCS C Compiler did not compile on the specific microcontroller the team chose Another problem the team faced was acquiring resources of the need libraries 2 5 2 2 Solutions for Problems Encountered After attempts with the CCS C Compiler another alternative the HI TECH PICC Lite compiler
59. ribes the project s parts including a master table lt also includes a detailed description table to describe how each part is used for the project s completion as well 2 4 1 Summary of Material part usage The following sections describe the main component for this project Furthermore the following table provides an image of the component as well as other specific details such as manufacture vender part number and cost 2 4 1 1 Microcontroller The microcontroller is the brains of this device It has an 8 bit architecture with 14 Kbytes of Enhanced Flash memory The amount of Data EPPROM is 256 bytes and the amount of RAM is 368 bytes 3 2 4 1 2 Real Time Clock This IC is used for multiple functionalities primarily accurate time keeping capability for the clock It utilizes information from the radio frequency receiver to initialize the time An internal 32 kHz crystal oscillator is provided to maintain this time as well as clock adjustment function to correct the oscillator slight variance in accordance to environmental temperature Additional features provided are calendar updates for leap year calculations up to the year 2099 low power supply detected and alarm interrupter All data will be sent to the microprocessor to separate the output data 2 4 1 3 Receiver IC The receiver IC will accept the incoming coded WWVB broadcast and send the information to the microcontroller for decoding The information present in this
60. ronment to be used is MPLAB MPLAB is freeware available to students in the senior design lab and is specifically designed to work with PICMicro microcontrollers 34 2 3 15 MPLAB Software Approach Approach Considerations Approaches in software are far less in depth than most aspects of the project because of its relative simplicity Implementing a 12 24 hour clock with corresponding on off states and a list of extra features will require very little designing and planning The difficult part of the project dealing with software is its integration with hardware Technical approaches in software include procedural object oriented and modular programming Procedural and object oriented programming techniques will undoubtedly be used in the Geek Binary Alarm Clock project Chosen approach Procedural programming will be used to break apart different functions of the clock For example the following code will return a string value representing the day of the week Return the day of the week in string format String dayOfWeek clock input String ans ans input dayofweek return ans y Procedural programming is a technical approach that almost goes with the need for saying It is a basic requirement of programming and greatly will help organize values used in the software written for the binary clock Object oriented programming is another basic technical approach where data in encapsulated in virtual objects manipula
61. s purpose of this project is to create a binary alarm clock that will incorporate several fun and interesting features into it The intent of this product is to blend in with today s technology It is important that the design be sleek and compact ultimately appearing physically attractive lts outer shell will be made out of plexiglass It will contain colored LED lights red green and yellow and a digital readout display On the front of the clock there will be a couple different sets of LED s The first set will be a horizontal set of seven LED s This will indicate the day of the week They will be yellow in color The next set of lights will display the month date and year in binary format These lights will be green in color The final set of lights will contain the actual time again in binary form These lights will be the color red Finally there will be a digital readout in addition to its binary time information This will be an LCD display This feature will have the ability to be disabled based upon user preference The clock will incorporate many special geeky features The first special feature will include an alarm clock This feature will involve a small onboard buzzer to sound at the specified alarm time The alarm function will be able to be turned on or off as necessary The next special feature that will be included is daylight saving time DST This feature will automatically self adjust the clock for daylight
62. saving time Just like the alarm this feature will have the option to be disabled Lasily there is to be a reliable battery backup in case of a power loss This feature will provide power to the clock for a minimum of two hours after the outage has occurred The battery backup method will give the clock the ability to keep current time day information during the power loss The clock will also contain a digital readout in addition to its binary format Most features will have the ability to be enabled disabled based upon user preferences 65 5 References Fogie Seth Building a Linux Driven Digital Picture Frame 2006 15 Mar 2005 lt http www quepublishing com articles article asp p 375500 amp rl 1 gt Iguana Labs Digital Clock 2004 lt http www iguanalabs com clock htm gt Ivan Building a picture frame The junk top revival 2004 lt http channel9 msdn com wiki default aspx Channel9 JunktopRevival gt Kihara Masami Digital clocks for synchronization and communications House Boston 2003 Marshall Brain How Digital Clocks Work 2006 lt http home howstuffworks com digital clock htm gt Radio Shack Cables Parts amp Connectors Component Parts Breadboards amp IC Sockets lt http www radioshack com family index jsp cp 2032058 20322308categoryld 2 0322658pg 1 gt Schildt Herbert C C Programmer s Reference 2 Edition McGraw Hill Publishing New York 2000 SELTRIN Pre Ltd F
63. ser together to keep the size of the clock down It would also provide an ease for the user to look at the clock and be able to see a distinct difference between each LED field The ON OFF LED s would also have a similar limitation based on their available colors The ON OFF notification LED s were designed originally to be single color LED s that would light up when ON and not light up when the function it represents is OFF The group felt that this had many flaws in it because during testing faulty LED s would be harder to detect Or if the user has the switch constantly in the OFF position they would never know if the LED worked or was broken unless they turned it to the ON state The group decided a bi color LED would be preferred These LED s would show one color for an ON position and different color for the OFF position It is varied by voltages The following shows the specifics of the bi color LED s for the red green option 20 Table 2 3 Operating characteristics for Red MDK and Green VG bicolor Relative Radiant Intensity LED s Operating Characteristics Ta 25 C Forward Voltage Typ Ir 20mA Forward Voltage Max Ir 20mA Reverse Current VR 5V Wavelength of Peak Emission Ir 20mA Wavelength of Dominant Emission Ir 20mA Spectral Line Full Width At Half Maximum Ir 20mA Capacitance VE 0V F1MHz MDK 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 wavelength nm RELATIV
64. t is important to choose parts carefully keeping in mind that there is a limited budget 2 2 2 Software Constraints Twenty four twelve hour time formats The clock needs to be able to display time in both twenty four and twelve time formats The twelve hour time format needs to have an AM PM indicator as well Daylight Saving Time Alarm Functions These two features described in previous sections must have the option to be disabled upon user request Though these features maybe helpful for some people they are not applicable to everyone 2 2 3 Physical Hardware Constraints Power The device is intended to operate on a typical 120VAC residential outlet It is not designed to operate on a 220V source There will also 15 need to be an onboard power supply in case of power failure This backup power source will provide power to the clock for at least two hours e Operating Atmosphere This device is not intended to be used outdoors The device will not be waterproof and it will not be designed to withstand adverse weather conditions 2 3 Approaches Considered and the One Chosen The following section pertains to the multitude of options available to engineers for designing and implementing a small project such as a binary alarm clock There are always multiple ways of approaching an engineering problem Several aspects of the project can be broken up into problem solving sections such as layout software hardware and powe
65. ted by specific procedures Because a binary clock will have many values that need to be monitored such as on off state variables for LED s object oriented programming is a must An approach to software will require a medium in which to write code whether it be Visual Studio Metroworks CodeWarrior or notepad for that matter The IDE to be used in this project will be MPLAB because of its close relation to PICMicro microcontrollers Here is an example snapshot of the MPLAB IDE 35 Deag n wes re pe Se ome Diop nen boi Spier S Ip Dei me Eti e TT 1 grep Ll z 3 frie mp MFT Ja IF ir IA I FE E ES E fra iera inm rt uo rn H KOR van e DU IA h 41 li i J L Et HE ehr Vi F rr rr r jin k ZA SS ef E rik e Gm is da al u AEG LA MATT Cadi Bei Tr In deere Ak DER AS aT FAT KE fT oer dia Are Lan CSS Mamer e ril Gens mani fer bei A pi r tf qi FELT lca LIE CFT a TL rar SEN aroma T R INT Od GU KZ rae et 3 S Les Limi BAR ain lp Sr de EN F Jekllisirarap rE E Garg ds W I CAL sl Weg r d er Ler i neler JR beware Larra SN SEE ta COP Fila Ceoaesrzer ght Jo i SS Bickachap Techealidp l I Henini o tt e A righi e 2200 Sieeeship Trekuslegg Les s E ert si E bett Geck d n Rtg LE Seg de Sue F i oo BECCSEDEN Kei Jus OT 21 37 283 PE rs ra eal ar EZ ERE La
66. tester with some personal preference to set the random1 5 values to mimic typical user usage Table 2 10 Alarm table 00 00 00 12 00 00 Furthermore these values were then tested according to the grid below to determine whether multiple alarms caused unforeseen problems Here human visual verification tested the displays update accordingly to the tester user alarm input Also the buzzer was tested to hear if the sound Started accordingly and if the volume is within reason The tester used his her own hearing capability without the use of any blockers or amplifiers Table 2 11 Alarm sound functionality table Lin ee Ee A The success criterion was the device correctly triggers the alarm display and sound at the determined times Test 8 Battery Backup Mode Functionality Test The battery backup mode functionality test occurred once all hardware and software components were integrated into the system Different time and alarm combinations were tested to ensure minimum battery life when the device was unplugged from the AC power supply In the figure below the voltage output will be measured with the DMM at the defined time interval The test occurred longer than the minimum time interval to determine the final time of backup power functionality 96 Table 2 12 Battery backup functionality table The success criterion was the device maintains current time information alarm settings and battery life display when o
67. the summer and most parts arrived After a few mishaps all parts were finally available in mid October The group feels that this milestone was met but not exceeded Hardware and software design were completed during the spring 2006 semester After important input from the project advisors this activity was completed satisfactorily After hardware and software implementation and testing is completed the degree of success of the design work can be evaluated The team s goal for total hardware and software integration is late November early December 3 2 Commercialization The group also toyed with the idea of product commercialization After a careful analysis of the parts and prices it was determined that the clock could be built in high volumes for a cost of about 25 The team then decided that a 40 price tag would be associated with the Geek Clock The clock would be marketed to electronic retailers such as Best Buy Walmart Radio Shack and technological novelty shops across the US 3 3 Recommendations for Additional Work In addition to all of the work done during the year the team has a few requests of additional work to be done First the group would like to see some new features added to the clock A few of these features include character strings printing to the screen on holidays and birthdays a speaker and am fm radio and multiple color scheme choices for the LED s In addition to new features the group would also like to se
68. thicker plastic version of a PCB with a single sheet of connecting metal underneath This sheet of metal conducts electricity through components and does not require soldering E EE OO lu r Qi 2000995059990095 EE Figure 2 2 2 Different PCBs and breadboards 31 Multiple types of PCBs exist such as single sided double sided through hole grid layout and others This simplest type of PCB that fulfills requirements will be used for this project A single sided through hole PCB measuring close to the size of a standard photograph will be used The through hole technology will allow for easy integration of electrical components A PCB of this type can be purchased for less that 5 at any electronics store such as Radio Shack Chosen approach Because the bulky unattractive and unprofessional breadboards are usually used by beginners look of breadboards a PCB will undoubtedly be used The following figure depicts different types of breadboards and PCBs 2 3 12 Casing Technical Approach and Results Approach Considerations One of the requirements in the project proposal is that the Geek Binary Alarm Clock end product be placed in an attractive case There have been multiple ideas for material and casing Different technologies have been considered including using the casing of an old clock plastic casing plexiglass and metal The idea of encasing the end product in a metal casing was immediately eliminated because of t
69. ts will have to be merged together in a centralized location This location will then have to be placed inside a physical structure Therefore the team chose the layout on the right due to its condensed yet simplistic size and layout 2 3 6 LCD Display Technical Approach and Chosen Results Approach Considerations Formalizing the layout to use with the LCD display took the following approach Determining what binary information that needs to be display in decimal format was performed first in order to gather how many characters are required The following figure displays possible character utilization spots in a series tT 27 37 47576 7 8 9 J 10 114 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Alarm 1 Alarm 2 Low Battery Week Day Date Time Figure 2 8 Segment Possible Sizes Then arranging how are these character segments are to be placed within the LCD display was executed to determine the number of rows needed Thus Figure 3 8 displays 20 possible character utilization spots with common end sizes being highlighted with the dashed lines i e 8 12 16 amp 20 Different layout combinations of these segments are also displayed within this figure However only some of these combinations utilize the day display data where others overwrite the displays when a low battery is present 23 17273 44516 74 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Option 1 DAY XX X X 4x12 BAT X Option 2 4x12 Optio
70. undamentals of Electronic Watches General Printing amp Publishing Services Pte Ltd Singapore 1980 Haviland Robert Build lt Book of Digital Clocks TAB BOOKS Inc Blue Ridge PA 1986 Microchip com PIC16F877A 2006 lt http www microchip com stellent idcplg ldcService SS_GET_ PAGE amp nodeld 13 35 amp dDocName en010242 gt Morton John PIC Your Personal Introductory Course Newnes Boston 1998 Bergquist Carl Guide to PICMICRO Microcontrollers Sams Technical Publications Indianapolis 2001 Predko Myke Handbook of Microcontrollers McGraw Hill Publishing New York 1999 BEAM Pieces Batteries Compared 2006 lt http Www solarbotics net library pieces parts elect pass batcomp html gt BatteryBob com Product Comparison 2006 lt http www batterybob com category asp cat 9022 gt 66
71. ve hour format an AM PM indicator such as an LED will be used to notify the user of the format being used Figure 1 1 item 5 shows this For this clock to be used as an alarm a function programmed in C will be built in for this capability It will send out a noise at the set alarm time Figure 1 1 item 6 shows the alarm control buttons which will perform standard alarm functions such as sounding at a designated time Figure 1 1 item 9 represents the location of the buzzer Other possibilities if time material and funds permit is a snooze function a generated voice stating the time and specific time increment alarms such as every fifteen or thirty minutes The program will also compensate for daylight saving times DST It will automatically correct itself at the designated time of the years This will be built in the program with the fourteen possible calendar years The DST function will have a toggle switch that when on will auto correct itself or when off the user will correct it This is an included feature for areas of the country that do not observe daylight savings Figure 1 1 item 7 depicts the DST toggle switch This slide switch may be located in the front back or top of the unit It will also self correct itself for leap year using the standard fourteen possible calendar years This should be done in the software of the clock The clock will not correct itself for century leap years The main power supply will
72. y alarm clock The EE CprE 492 Senior Design course requires students to implement a tangible end product in order to demonstrate a year long approach to proposing designing and constructing a major project Primarily a hardware project the Dec06 04 group consists of three electrical engineers and one computer engineer The final end product is expected to be completed in December of 2006 A general solution and technical approach is described in further sections of this report The approach to this project consists as follows individual research on constituent components of the digital clock divided into these categories LEDs LCD display power microcontroller buttons switches casing PCB resistors capacitors and other components 1 1 2 Need for the Project 1 1 3 Actual Project Activities 1 1 4 Final Results 1 1 5 Recommendations for Follow on Work 6 order to acquire the necessary components Upon receipt of these parts the integration implementation and testing stages of this project began This part of the Dec06 04 project began this fall semester of 2006 The full implementation and testing of this project finished in late November early December 2006 The following is a description from the senior design course notes of the expected end product The purpose of this project is to develop a digital alarm clock to display the current time in binary format The clock is to be capable of displaying its results in either tw

Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06

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