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whole building energy performance

1. VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT pH E AEE aye ae R de Le POSES lease a a B 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 1C 1 UTILITY BILL RECORDS UTILITY BILL RECORDS a b c d e f g Using the monthly utility records of ildi i i MONTH KWH KW ELECTRIC ELECTRIC THERMS COST your building write the following OF GAS OF values for each month KWH electric ELECTRIC PEAK ENEGY PEAK DEMAND USED GAS use KW peak Electric Energy Charge CHARGE CHARGE Electric Peak Demand Charge and JAN 11 160 48 0 237 576 2000 989 Therms of gas and cost of gas if the building uses gas for heating FEB 13 320 49 2 280 590 998 530 MAR 13 680 54 0 287 648 851 453 APR 16 200 70 8 337 850 57 41 MAY 16 320 62 4 340 749 4 13 JUN 23 280 96 0 478 1152 2 8 JUL 25 440 79 2 521 950 1 7 AUG 27 240 80 4 557 965 1 7 SEP 24 280 79 2 509 950 1 7 OCT 16 920 66 0 352 792 3 8 NOV 11 520 51 6 244 619 50 36 DEC 13 920 49 2 292 590 950 505 TOTALS 213 840 786 4435 9432 4918 2605 COST PER UNIT Divide total annual cost by consump d b e c g f tion to get the cost per unit 0 021 KWH 12 KW 0 53 THERM LA Li ENERGY UTILIZATION FACTOR Calculate the Energy Utilization Factor EUF and then compare the result with B E PS Appendix A 213 840 Kwh x 10 500 4 918 Therms x 100 000 EUF 13 100 EUF MBtu sq ft B E P S sq
2. tb B 3 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT eee eur WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 1B 2 BUILDING SKETCH Showing HVAC Zones BUILDING SKETCH Use this grids to sketch the floor plan your building Copy this sheet if ou have more than one floor and etch each different floor plan on a eparate sheet nan lt o Sketch the floor plan according to the HVAC zones You do not have to sketch the floor plan exactly the same as drawn in the architectural shop drawing of this building NOTATIONS Write the scale or grid size of your sketch Also write the building orientation in degrees from North total building area floor area of this plan the level number average ceiling height and the number of floors typical of this floor plan 135 Deg CLASS CLASS TOILETS CORRI KITCHEN CLASS OFFICES CLASSES ENTRY CORRIDOR ASSEMBLY NORTH SCALE GRID SIZE FEET PER GRID TOTAL BUILDING AREA 6 13 100 BLDG ORIENTATION FROM NORTH AVE CEILING HEIGHT FEET 135 10 LEVEL NUMBER 1 FLOOR AREA OF THIS PLAN FT2 13 100 NO OF FLOORS TYPICAL OF THIS PLAN 1 NOTES ALL SPACES ARE HEATED AND COOLED 13 ROOF TOP HVAC UNITS If the building has more than one typical floor COPY THIS SHEET TO SKETCH DIFFERENT FLOOR PLANS
3. This method is practical for heights e up to 50 feet At higher levels wind may become a problem tb VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 3 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 1B 2 BUILDING SKETCH Showing HVAC Zones BUILDING SKETCH Use this grids to sketch the floor plan your building Copy this sheet if ou have more than one floor and etch each different floor plan on a eparate sheet nan lt o Sketch the floor plan according to the HVAC zones You do not have to sketch the floor plan exactly the same as drawn in the architectural shop drawing of this building NOTATIONS SCALE GRID SIZE FEET PER GRID TOTAL BUILDING AREA Write the scale or grid size of your sketch Also write the building orientation in degrees from North total building area floor area of this plan the level number average LEVEL NUMBER FLOOR AREA OF THIS PLAN FT2 NO OF FLOORS TYPICAL OF THIS PLAN ceiling height and the number of floors typical of this floor plan BLDG ORIENTATION FROM NORTH AVE CEILING HEIGHT FEET If the building has more than one typical floor COPY THIS SHEET TO SKETCH DIFFERENT FLOOR PLANS VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 1C 1 UTILITY
4. CALIBRATION Computer results compared to monthly peak electric demands WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE CALIBRATION FORM Form 3B 1 UT REC LITY ORDS COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 CYCLE 3 CYCLE 4 ORIGINAL RUN MODIFICATION 1 MODIFICATION 2 MODIFICATION 2 MON PEAK KW PEAK KW DIFF PEAK KW DIF PEAK KW DIFF PEAK DIFF KW JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 24 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE CALIBRATION FORM Form 3B 2 CALIBRATION Computer runs to actual disaggregated data CALIBRATING THE ENERGY MODEL COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS Compare the individual simulated values to the corresponding UTILITY CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 CYCLE 3 CYCLE 4 disaggregated values from actual RECORDS data Try to match the simulated DR ORIGINAL RUN ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT results to within 20 of the utility records and the total to within 10 ENERGY USE Adjust the input and re run the ENERGY DIFF ENERGY DIFF ENERGY DIFF ENERGY DIFF simulation if necessary Show what adjustments you are making a Fan Motors gt gt KWH b Lighting gt gt KWH c Receptacles gt gt KWH d Water Heating
5. WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND PREDICTION FOR RETROFITS Larry 0 Degelman Veronica Soebarto Department of Architecture Texas A amp M University College Station TX 77843 3137 Tel 409 845 1221 Fax 409 845 4491 larry archone tamu edu iravs acs tamu edu ABSTRACT This resource package consists of concepts and methods to predict whole building energy performance using an energy simulation model and on site measurements The purpose of these analyses is to support retrofit design strategies for existing commercial buildings The software portion is an energy simulation model using a visual interface developed in Visual Basic under the Windows tm programming environment It permits the student to take field measurements from a building site and quickly enter these into the computer program through a sketching interface numerous pull down dialog boxes and pre cataloged wall roof and window assemblies The field component of this package involves investigat ing measuring and recording the building s geometric features and energy parameters such as HVAC zoning thermostat setbacks ventilation and occupancy profiles and lighting density and schedules The educational value of the exercise is to involve the student directly with the realities of matching on site measured energy data with computer simulated results and further to realistically predict the value of savings that an energy str
6. CONTACTS Place your principal contacts and their telephone numbers here BUILDING OPERATOR ELEPHONE ARCHITECT ELEPHONE MECHANICAL ENGINEER ELEPHONE ENERGY CONSULTANT ELEPHONE METHOD Ask a person whose height is known to stand closely to the building Or use a stick with a known length and put it close the building Estimate the building s height by determining multiples of the height ot that person or the stick METHOD II Use a helium balloon and tie it to a long cord Hold the cord and let the balloon go up straight until it reaches the point where the balloon is at the same height as the building Put a mark on the cord at the point where it touches the ground Pull the balloon down and measure the distance between the balloon and the mark on the cord This method is practical for heights up to 50 feet At higher levels wind may become a problem B 2 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 1B 1 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BUILDING HEIGHT Field Preparation The following figures show two methods to estimate the building s height when drawings are not available You need at least two people to do either of these methods and a stick or a helium balloon 1 STORY BUILDING 2 HIGH 12 APPROX
7. Figure 2 These figures show two of the ENER WIN screens ENER WIN is the hour by hour energy simulation program that is used in this package Supported with easy to use features and numerous pull down menus to access the databases ENER WIN permits the student to evaluate the building s energy performance multiple times while still in the design process SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION Both simplified and detailed simulation models can be used for energy predictions Simplified energy analysis procedures are fast yet they tend to take short cuts in the energy calculation methods and usually are not sensitive to design features that cause differences in hourly heat flows e g as roof overhangs or louvers would influence the solar heat gains through windows as the sun angle changes through the hours of a day With the currently available microprocessor speeds it is viable to use detailed energy simula tion models to investigate alternative energy design strategies and to utilize these methods in the classroom This resource package includes one such hourly energy calculation model that runs under the Windows operating system on DOS based microcomputers The program s calculation turn around time is short enough to permit students to evaluate energy consumption multiple times while in the redesign stages The computer model employs a statistical weather data
8. Beceplacles TTAN 26 42x 8 2 16 o 6 in gach category Water Heating Gas AJA 38 76 x 2 35 7 foo 10 4 0 Elec x lt Space Cooling 104 061 355 16 X 10 29 07 z 6 Space Heating Gas TITI h 463 X10 37 90 Elec l 7 acy VW 1 221 59 X 108 100 Transfer these data to Form 3B 2 30 A 20 PIE CHART OF ENERGY USE Pie Chart 35 Make the pie chart that shows the energy used by each category RECEPTACLES gos Simply draw lines to separate the 2 16 40 category and write the percentage inside the area of each category WATER HEATING 4 2 35 SPACE COOLING 50 29 07 SPACE HEATING 37 9 55 70 80 75 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 16 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 3B 1 CALIBRATION Computer results compared to monthly peak electric demands CALIBRATING THE PEAK COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS ELECTRIC DEMANDS Compare the simulated monthly peak UTILITY CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 CYCLE 3 CYCLE 4 demands to the peak demands in the RECORDS utility records Try to match the ORIGINAL RUN MODIFICATION 1 MODIFICATION 2 MODIFICATION 2 simulated results to within 20 of the FAN S P FAN S P 2 1 monthly and 10 of the annual utility 1 75 records Adjust the input and re run il the simulation if necessary Show MON rah bie DIFF PEAK DIF PEAK DIFA PEAK DIFF what adjustments you are makin
9. hot water QM 12 KWH month QF QL QE QWH AVERAGE MONTHLY Neutral Months tb __ 40 50 deg F TEMPERATURES See Form 2E 4 for average monthly NAME TOTAL ELEC USED FOR ELEC FOR ELEC FOR temperatures OF MONTH ELEC a b c d OM HEATING amp COOLING HEATING KWH 5 X I2 s f 5 x 1 2 z 2 Vv o oS OH elec Total KWH yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 15 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 6 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d ENERGY SUMMARIES g Energy Summaries Write the energy used for each category fan motors lighting r ceptacle water heating spaco CATEGORY ELECTRIC KWH SITE BTUS OF TOTAL cooling and space heating Multiply all electricity KWH with Fan Motors 3 413 to obtain the Site Btus Do not modify any of the gas Btus Lighting Record gas Btus directly in the Site Btus column Compute the total of all Site Btus and then compute the Beceplacles a in gachigategar Water Heating Gas VA Elec x Space Cooling Space Heating Gas TITI h Elec 7 TOTALS G 100 Transfer these data to Form 3B 2 PIE CHART OF ENERGY USE Pie Chart Make the pie chart that shows the energy used by each category Simply draw lines to separate the category and write the percentage in
10. hrs i 1 Check one F 1 Incandescent Lights F 1 25 Fluorescent Lights Peak KW KW max X X 1000 KW watts lamp no of lamps Lighting Energy QL KWH day X a KWH KWmax DLH QL X X KWH yr KWH day occ days wk weeks yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 12 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 3 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d RECEPTACLE ENERGY c Receptacles QE Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for receptacles by filling the blanks Total Receptacle Watts EW Watts Power Density PD jf W sq ft EW Bldg Area sq ft Receptacle KW 1000 KW EW KWH day X KWH day Equip KW DLH Receptacle Energy QE QE X X KWH yr KWH day occ days wk weeks yr WATER HEATING ENERGY d Water Heating OWH Calculate the annual energy in Btus or KWH yr for water heating by filling the blanks QD X x 8 33 x 140 x Occupants Gal day person Ground Temp _ occ days yr S Btus yr Water Heating Energy OWH QWH gas Btus QD Efficiency of Heater QWH elec 3413 KWH yr OD VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 13 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 4 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d SPACE COOLING ENERGY e Space Cooling QC Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for cooling by filling PP i g
11. tion of building compliance ASHRAE Standards 90 1 non residential 90 2 residential and 100 retrofits are now being adopted in most U S states as the codes to which new and existing buildings must comply The software portion of this resource package is a detailed hourly energy simulation model using a visual interface developed under Visual Basic to run under Windows This software permits the student to quickly enter the building data taken from the field measurements into the program through a sketching interface numerous pull down dialog boxes and pre cataloged wall roof and window assemblies This visual interface is a new innovation that promises to make the software more natural for architecture students who lack experience in building energy parameter specification and building material selection This software only requires simple inputs and is supported with defaulted values for building envelopes thermal properties economics parameters and various use schedules The software provides default values and schedules for up to 15 building types These schedules include occupancy schedule domestic hot water schedule ventilation schedule lighting and equipment schedule and temperature settings The user can specify up to 99 HVAC zones 20 different wall and window types and 400 wall surfaces Figure 3 ENER WIN the energy simulation program that is used in this package is supported with various databases for the the
12. After the program has completed the PROJECT Groqory Batoron Building simulation you will be able to view PLAN Final TYPE Office CONSTRUCTION YEAR 1995 the simulation output by selecting the Moy HEATING SOUR H W COOLING FAN LIGHT A C SYST GAS GAS PEAK ELEC TOTAL TOTAL COST View Output pull down menu LOADS HEATING LOADS LOADS ENERG and COMPR OPER FUEL FUEL ELEC ENERGY ELEC UTIL PER FRACTION REQD APPL HOURS HOURS USE COST DEMANDUSE cost BILL AREA MEU SHF MEU MEU KWH KWH HRS HRS METJ KW KWH C SQ FT This figure shows one Of the output se nnnnacnnececenencececececenseecsnsecececenscsacacasecececnseecaeececerscenseeececanetecersacesesececenscenensecesreacesteseseses reports of ENER WIN When you JA 87 5 od 25 8 0 0 4275 441587 0 254 161 9 1052 65 627 4 142862 12616 11 13668 75 0 06 BPR FEB dg 0 0 53 22o 4 5 SZ 124520 2 B 100 0 650 18 475 9 125884 10270 58 10920 76 0 05 want to quickly find out the simula MR 39 7 0 63 236 2d d 4452 134800 78 370 90 4 587 75 543 3 139627 11521 61 12109 36 0 05 tion results you may wish to first BR 45 7 0 2 2de 69d 270 128737 55 AST 53 3 346 71 636 4 139146 12566 18 12912 49 0 06 MW 4a 0 97 20g 23ed 7750 132550 97 528 32 208 99 16 6 166095 15626 57 15835 55 0 07 observe this report because it JN oA d0 483 336d 10082 126453 97T S77 263 17110 464 3 173453 1752873 17699 33 0 0 summarizes the building energy use JUL 0g 0
13. quantities are always available to the occupants It also makes the energy consumption prediction a relatively easy task So if you have determined that the building s air handling units are always function ing then a fairly accurate estimate of the fan s energy consumption can be determined if you carefully record information from the fan unit s electrical name plate and make an accurate determination of the fan unit s hours of operation First interview the building manager to determine the fan unit s operating schedule It is possible that the fan unit never gets turned off but it is more likely that is has a prescribed schedule that keeps it on only during occupied hours Record this information for each fan unit in the building The next step is to record data from the fan unit s electrical name plate On each fan unit you will find a metal plate with electrical data stamped into it What you should determine is the power KW of the unit while under full load If the fan motor shows horsepower h p then record this and simply multiply by 0 75 to get KW More than likely however the nameplate will show voltage and several current values Voltage is usually shown as a range e g 115 120V You can usually determine which end of the range is typical for the building by VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 14 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATIO
14. BILL RECORDS UTILITY BILL RECORDS f Using the monthly utility records of a b c a e f 9 your building write the following MONTH KWH KW ELECTRIC ELECTRIC THERMS COST values for each month KWH electric ELECTRIC PEAK ENEGY PEAK DEMAND OPENS o use KW peak Electric Energy Charge CHARGE CHARGE USED GAS Electric Peak Demand Charge and Therms of gas and cost of gas if the building uses gas for heating TOTALS COST PER UNIT WY E _ Divide total annual cost by consump Uj d b e c g f tion to get the cost per unit LA Li ENERGY UTILIZATION FACTOR Calculate the Energy Utilization Factor EUF and then compare the Kwh x 10 500 Therms x 100 000 result with B E PS Appendix A EUF sq ft x 1 000 EUF __ MBtu sq ft B E PS MBtu sq ft VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ECONOMICS DATA Use this form to collect and document the economics data of your case study building IV 5 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2A 1 ECONOMICS DATA BUILDING ECONOMIC LIFE YEARS MECHANICAL SYSTEM LIFE YEARS DISCOUNT RATE BUILDING COST ESCALATION RATE ELECTRIC COST KWH ELECTRIC COST ESCALATION RATE GAS COST THERM GAS COST ESCALATION RATE WATER COST 1000 GALLON WATER COST ESCALATION RATE DEMAND CHARGE RATE STRUCTURE KW KW CONTACTS Place the utility comp
15. Building the blanks Notice that the calculation for gas heated building is 491 8X1 28 768X100 di QH gas 0 ifferent than for electrically heated building Total annual QWH gas gas Btus _ 463 04X108 Btus e Electrically Heated Building Monthly KWH for fans lights receptacles hot water QM 12 KWH month QF QL QE QWH AVERAGE MONTHLY Neutral Months th 40 50 deg F TEMPERATURES See Form 2E 4 for average monthly NAME TOTAL ELEC USED FOR ELEC FOR ELEC FOR temperatures OF MONTH ELEC a b c d QM HEATING amp COOLING HEATING KWH 5 X I2 s f 5 x 1 2 z z 2 v 2 o oS OH elec Total KWH yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 15 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 6 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d ENERGY SUMMARIES g Energy Summaries Write the energy used for each category fan motors lighting receptacles water heating space CATEGORY ELECTRIC KWH SITE BTUS OF TOTAL cooling and space heating Multiply all electricity KWH with Fan Motors 20 769 70 88 X 6 5 80 3 413 to obtain the Site Btus Do TO not modify any of the gas Btus Lighting 81 270 277 37 X 10 22 71 Record gas Btus directly in the Site Btus column Compute the total of all Site Btus and then compute the
16. PROJECT l 9 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING REFRIGERATING AND AIR CONDI TIONING ENGINEERS HANDBOOK OF FUNDAMENTALS ASHRAE 1993 ATLANTA This is the standard reference text covering almost any fundamental aspect of thermal control design Used until careworn by engineers and architects alike it is recommended reference Available in paperback through student membership in ASHRAE BURT HILL KOSAR RITTELMANN ASSOCIATES amp MIN KANTROWITZ ASSOCIATES COMMERCIAL BUILDING DESIGN INTEGRATING CLIMATE COMFORT AND COST VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD 1987 NEW YORK The issues that relate to the energy use in commercial buildings are covered in this book The main emphasis is on the relationship between climate comfort and cost Several commercial buildings and their problems are discussed in details COWAN H J HANDBOOK OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD 1991 NEW YORK This handbook provides a sorely needed contemporary guide to materials technologies and techniques Written by 25 specialists this autorative volume distills the most important parts of today s existing knowledge into one concise practical resource The book includes mathematics physics and chemistry of building materials Other major topics include loads energy savings due to daylighting and other building equipment DEGELMAN L O A STATISTICA
17. Reflective 0 550 _ 0 250 0 200 0000 855 _5 Single Plate Heat Abs 1 060 0710 0 840 0000 0 00 6 Double Plate Heat Abs 0 550 0 570 0 840 0000 000 7 User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 8 User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 _9_ User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 _10 Plastic Dome Skylight 0 980 0 650 0 840 0 000 11 50 12 User s Choice Skylight 0 000 0 000 0 000 o 000 ooo 13 User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 ooo 14 User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 15 User s Choice Window 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 Pox Unio Stet VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Pes eee Seeder sete l eae ines tenet eae deta en i en IV 22 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 7 RUN ENERGY SIMULATION Run Energy Simulation Before running the simulation you can specify the number of weeks per Do you want to repeat the month and the months to be previously run weather sequence simulated You can also decide whether you want to use the Simulation Length eek month previously run weather sequence Please select the months you want to skip March way June Canes VIEW SIMULATION OUTPUT Il MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF ENERGY FOR HEATING AND COOLING PAGEH
18. and conservative They do not represent the most cost effective level of energy conservation for each and every project The designer is encouraged to consider these standards as a starting point consider the interrelationships of different building elements and systems and seek designs that exceed the standard Accordingly the standard presents recommendations in addition to its requirements Standard 90 1 applies to the building envelope energy distribution systems and equipment heating ventilation air conditioning lighting and energy management Included with the standard are two user friendly software programs that perform the calculations to check compliance with the standard These are ENVSTD envelope system performance and LTGSTD lighting system performance The ENVSTD program calculates and verifies the thermal values for proposed wall roof and foundation configurations to ensure compliance with the ranges allowed by the standard The LTGSTD program performs lighting power density compliance calculations for a maximum of 500 building spaces and 100 exterior illumination areas The programs need an MS DOS compatible microcomputer with at least 384K RAM memory ASHRAE Standard 90 2 1993 sets forth design requirements for new low rise residential buildings for human occupancy For the purposes of this standard low rise residential buildings include single family houses multi family structures of three stories or less manufac
19. as useful energy targets for our purposes The energy targets are expressed as source line Btus per square foot per year This means the total amount of resource energy consumed per gross square foot of conditioned building space It is similar to an efficiency measurement we use for automobiles when we refer to miles per gallon of gasoline The B E P S values z4 Dd VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 26 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION are based on location city and building type If your city is not listed it is sufficient to simply use the city nearest to your location The building type should be selected based on the building s major function e g office restaurant secondary school etc The simulation software prints out a value called the energy utilization factor for site line and source line Read only the source line Btus per square foot and compare this with the B E PS value By doing this comparison you will know how involved your efforts will be to try to bring the building s energy performance into alignment with the B E PS target Sometimes a building s energy utilization will be as much as three times the B E P S value meaning that there is a great deal of opportunity for improvements b Problem Identification Using the simulation output it is a rather simple task to determine what the major energy users are i
20. be done and still give the occupant enough light to see So when altering any simulation parameter the user must thoroughly examine the side effects of such alterations and then only proceed with changes after the effects have been determined to be practical and permissible to the building occupants The key element to bear in mind when using a simulation model is that the model is presumed to react accurately to stimuli so the stimuli the inputs must conform to reality and these are under the control of the user WALL PROPERTIES D Description U Factor Solar Abs Time Lag Decr Fac Installed Cost 2 Stucco 7 Stud Wall 0 090 0 300 2000 0 000 340 _3 Brick Veneer 7 Stud Wall 0 084 0 740 3 000 0 000 549 4 Redwood Sidings 0 080 0 600 1 000 0 000 355 5 Precast Concrete wall 0 079 0 570 4 000 0 000 1205 6 Wall of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 ooo 7 Wall of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 9 R 19 Blown Insul Ceiling 0 048 0750 1 000 0 000 5 00 _ 10 Roof of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 000 11 Roof of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 ooo 12 _ R 5 0 Door 0200 o750 1 000 0 000 600 13 R 11 Floor Effective R19 0 053 1 000 3 000 0 000 050 15 Floorof User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 E VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS P
21. be shown later for the sample problem f it is discovered that the building s actual energy utilization EUF is greater than the target B E PS then the building is a good candidate or further investigation into retrofit strategies that might be applied At this point you should continue with Level 2 to further describe the building and Level 3 to test the effects of various retrofit designs f the target B E PS cannot be reached in a cost effective manner you should attempt to get as close to the goal as possible However it is possible that the B E PS target cannot be attained because of site actors or building use functions that were not anticipated when the B E PS values were derived VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 8 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION A gt A PREPARING THE PROJECT FOR ENERGY MODELING 4 7 You are now required to obtain the more detailed data on the building gad All of these data will be used as the input to the energy simulation program The types of the data and the forms to be used to record these data are similar those in the energy simulation programs This will make it easier for you when later you enter these data into the simulation program What you will collect in the visits over a few weeks are the economics data the detailed building geometry and thermal properties the operat ing schedules and settings and the
22. building The students are to enter the project data which are collected in Levels 1 and 2 into the energy simulation program and then run the energy simulation 3B CALIBRATION OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION MODEL To accurately represent the real energy use in the building the simulation model has to be calibrated against the actual data This activity involves calibrating the predicted annual and monthly energy consumption to the actual annual and monthly energy use 3C RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED ENERGY PERFORMANCE After the simulation model reasonable represents the actual building the students will be required to compare the results with a reference target building and analyze the problems Once the current energy problems are identified the students should study and propose energy savings strategies The students are then encouraged to conduct optimization of the proposed strategies 3D FINAL REPORT At the end of these activities the students are required to make a report that contains all of the project information existing problems in the building that are related to the current energy use and suggestions or recommendation to improve the building energy performance VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 3 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION I DETERMINING CANDIDACY FOR FULL WORK UP 3 1A PROJECT INFORMATION FORM NO During a brief visit interview the bui
23. building systems and equipment loads 2A ECONOMICS DATA FORM NO Record the following data in the provided form These data are required 2A 1 if Life Cycle cost analyses are to be performed e Building economic life Record or estimate the investment life Typically 10 20 or 30 years e Mechanical system life Record or estimate the expected life of the mechanical systems before replacement Typically 15 years e Discount Rate Estimate the annual rate of return on investment in decimal fraction e Building cost escalation Estimate the annual rate of escalation of building materials and construction in decimal fraction e Fnergy costs From the utility bills record the unit price of each energy source e g KWH for electric therm for gas and 1000 gallon of water e Fnergy cost escalation rates Estimate the annual cost escalation rate for each energy source in decimal fraction e Demand charge rate structure Show the structure of the demand charge For example 10 00 KW for first 20 KW 12 00 KW for next 50 KW and 13 00 KW for remaining KW will be illustrated as follows KW KW 20 10 00 50 12 00 1 13 00 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ap Ln Il 9 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION 2B BUILDING DETAILS THERMAL PROPERTIES AND OUTSIDE FEATURES FORM NO a Building Details 1B 2 Record all other building features tha
24. ft x 1 000 134 y MBtu sq ft AVERAGE OF COMMUNITY CENTER 131 AND SECONDARY SCHOOL 137 FOR SAN ANTONIO ECONOMICS DATA Use this form to collect and document the economics data of your case study building B 5 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Dae ei ee ieee ea a ele WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2A 1 ECONOMICS DATA BUILDING ECONOMIC LIFE YEARS MECHANICAL SYSTEM LIFE YEARS 15 15 DISCOUNT RATE BUILDING COST ESCALATION RATE 0 06 0 07 ELECTRIC COST KWH ELECTRIC COST ESCALATION RATE 0 021 0 05 GAS COST THERM GAS COST ESCALATION RATE 0 53 0 03 WATER COST 1000 GALLON WATER COST ESCALATION RATE 2 00 0 03 DEMAND CHARGE RATE STRUCTURE CONTACTS Place the utility company name contact persons and their telephone numbers here UTILITY COMPANY ELECTRIC CITY OF KW 1 0 DRESS TEXAS AVENUE KW 24 00 12 00 COLLEGE STATION CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE COLLEGE STATION UTILITY CO UTILITY COMPANY GAS ADDRESS LONESTAR GAS BRYAN CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE UTILITY COMPANY WATER ADDRESS CITY OF CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE UTILITY CO WALL AND ROOF PROPERTIES By analyzing the material assemblies try to estimate the properties of the walls and roofs U Factor Solar Absorptivity Time Lag
25. generator that determines hourly values of sun angles solar heat gains interior daylighting levels conducted heat gains losses and infiltration gains losses Disaggregation and Calibration In building retrofits whole building energy use is complex to measure and simulate While the physical building features can modeled in a computer program the operational characteristics can seldom be defined precisely This can lead to questionable results in the computer simulations of energy use One way of reconciling differences between the real building and the simulated building is to calibrate the simulation model through disaggregation of measured energy use and then tune the simulation model to measured data The goal of this calibration process is to match the total and the categories of energy use between the predicted results and the actual data This is achieved by adjusting the simulation inputs so the model will adequately represent the building s actual energy use This procedure assures agreement on a base case enabling the designer to build a variety of scenarios that depart from the base case with the confidence that energy impacts of new design changes will be accurately represented in their appropriate proportions to the whole building energy use There are several ways to obtain the data on the building s actual energy consumption One quick way is by using the monthly utility records of the building that are usu
26. hour can be specified by the user ASEAM 2 is an instructional building energy design tool for both engi neering students and practitioners COMPLY 24 DOS GABEL DODD ASSOC BERKELEY CALIFORNIA COMPLY 24 is a flexible easy to use computer software package designed to quickly test and document compliance of buildings with the latest California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards From a building description entered only once the program instantly checks compliance with the Residential and or Nonresidential Stan dards displays the effects of building lighting and or HVAC system changes and calculates zone by zone heating and cooling loads DAYLIT DOS U C L A LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA DAYLIT is a daylighting design tool for the schematic design stage It has a similar format to the Solar 5 software described below EEDO DOS BURT HILL KOSAR RITTLEMAN ASSOCIATES BUTLER PENNSYLVANIA EEDO calculates heating and cooling energy requirements for new houses It also performs economic optimization for energy related retrofits For retrofit analysis the program provides a sequenced list of energy options that should be used under the given economic crite ria The program models active and passive solar systems The spe cial features of the program are extensive on line help dynamic de faults graphic and tabular output ENERCAD DOS TEXAS A amp M UNIV COLLEGE STATION TEXAS EnerCAD Energy based Computer Aided Desi
27. operating schedule of the fan in decimal 0 8 fraction of the peak fan motor usage f 0 6 lt Plot profile by the hour 0 4 0 2 0 05 0 maaa aaa AIL units off 6 12 6 12 a m p m 24 QT 7 5 FAN OPERATING ENERGY Daily Operating Hours DOH gt profile a hrs day Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for fan motors by filling the blanks i 1 Check one F 1 V Constant Volume Fans SINGLE SPEED F 0 8 40 5040 50 Variable Volume Fans Fan KW KW max 0 75 x h p KW from equipment specs or supplied by contractor KW max Volts x Amps 1000 9 23 KW A 923 x 1 923 kw KWmax F Fan Energy QF KWH day 2 28 x _75 63 23 KWH day KWave DOH OF 69 23 x 300 _ 20 769 KWH yr KWH day occ days yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT LIGHTING SCHEDULE Sketch the 24 hour operating schedule of the lights in decimal fraction of the peak lighting usage LIGHTING ENERGY Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for lighting by filling the blanks B 11 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 2 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d b Lighting QL Daily Lighting Schedule 1 lt All units on 0 8 0 6 lt Plot profile by the hour 04 4 02 0 2 0 05 0 p 4 All units off 6 12 6 12 a m p m 24 a6 Daily Lighting Hours DLH profile hrs i 1 Check one F 1 Incandescent Lights V F 1 25 Fluores
28. the data recorded in form 2D 1 enter the wall ID number s surface exposure s and window ID number s Also enter the shade factors of each wall Enter the seasonal factor and other window data required when daylighting is used in this zone Click OK when you are done to return to the Zone Menu Double click another zone you want to edit and repeat the same process 3A 3 3A 4 3A 5 3A 6 3A 4 3A 4 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ap uw Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 34 37 Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 38 44 Il 23 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION g Run Energy Simulation When you are done entering the data of all zones return to the Main Menu You may now run the energy simulation program Make sure that you save the data you have entered into a project input file Then run the energy simulation by clicking the Run Simulation pull down menu Select Complete Run to provide a complete simulation output For a new project it is suggested that you accept the defaults in the Run Energy Simulation screen Click OK to run the simulation 3A 7 h View Energy Simulation Output To view the simulation output click View Output pull down menu in Main Menu Enter the name of the output file you want to view You can also print this output file Observe the monthly summaries annual energy use source MBtus sq ft E
29. the total floors that are typical for this level for multi story buildings total floor area and average ceiling height for this level e Surroundings Record the ground covers surrounding the building e g grass concrete etc Also record any trees or other surfaces that may shade the building VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 6 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION 1C UTILITY BILL RECORDS AND COSTS OF FUEL FORM NO a Utility Records 1C 1 Utility records must be available for a minimum of 12 contiguous months Tabulate the monthly energy consumption and utility bills in terms of kwh for electricity and therms or cubic feet for gas consumption Use the provided form b Unit Energy Costs Before performing any calculations to disaggregrate components of energy use determine the unit costs of the fuel First subtract all water service sewer and sanitation costs from the utility bill Isolate the electric cost and divide it by the month s charge for electric kilowatt hour usage including fuel adjustment charges and taxes The result will be the cost per kwh There may also be a peak demand charge This will be expressed as per KW Isolate these values to be used later for the computer input For gas determine the total therms 100 s of cubic feet or millions of Btus 1000 s of cubic feet Find the total gas cost and divide it by units of u
30. 43 3137 Ph 409 845 1221 Fax 409 845 4491 e mail larry archone tamu edu VITAL SIGNS SOFTWARE ORDER FORM 1996 FOR ENER WIN Energy Calculations for Whole Building Energy Performance Department of Architecture Texas A amp M University College Station TX 77843 3137 Use this form to order your Vital Signs version of ENER WIN Only one copy may be ordered per university and must be submitted on this form You will receive the software diskette for installation under Windows and one users manual Name Date Last First l Address University Name Department Name Street Building Mail Stop P O Box City State Zip Phone Fax E mail Disk size preference 3 1 2 5 1 4 Enclose US 20 00 check or M O payable to ENERGY SOFTWARE SEMINAR and mail to Larry O Degelman Professor College of Architecture Texas A amp M University College Station TX 77843 3137 Ph 409 845 1221 Fax 409 845 4491 e mail larry archone tamu edu
31. 80 90 90 90 90 50 30302020 10 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 30 85 95 95 95 80 80 85 70 5050 353530 3010 5 2 4 Theater Cinema 5 Hospital 5 5 55 55 5 5 5 10 40 404030101010101010 1010 10 10 101010101010 5090 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 50 30 30 30 30 3030 10 10 6 Clinic 101010101010 5090 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 50 30 30 30 30 3030 10 10 Z Fast Food Rest 15151515 2040 4060 60 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 9050 30 15 15151515 20 40 4060 60 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 9050 30 15 8 Full Menu Rest 9 Gymnasium 11 Mercantile 0 0 0 0 040 4040 75 75 75 75757575 7575757575 7525 5 0 5 5 5 5 5 520 5090 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 60 60 5010 5 5 5 Warehouse 4 4 4 4 4 440 7090 90 90 809090909030 44 4 4 4 4 4 Hotel Motel Nursing Home 1510101020 40504040 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 60 80 908060 30 20 30 30 30 30 30 50 707065 65 65 6565 65 65 65 65 80 80 80 80 30 30 30 Residential 5 25 45 45 35 35 35 25 25 25 25 25 35 70 70 70 70 60 User s Alt Profile User s Alt Profile User s Alt Profile User s Alt Profile 20 User s Alt Profile IV 21 WALL amp ROOF CATALOG This is a catalog for the thermal properties of the walls and roofs You can either select and accept the default value edit the default values or add new values You can also specify the actual installed cost of the material assemblies WINDOW amp SKYLIGHT CATALOG This is a catalog for the thermal properties of the wind
32. 9 18 0 520 8 15709 130766 128 626 26 8 174 45 1007 9 204340 19260 44 19434 29 0 0 This report presents the monthly AG d 044 dg 494 3 14994 132302 118 617 29 5 194 55 993 5 204885 19003 79 19195 34 0 08 SP 1 40 95 485 305 0 933 129295 73 577 27 4 181 45 97 4 172526 16772 64 16954 09 0 07 energy use as well as the annual OT 0 3 4 00 24 0 203 8 667 135525 d 485 30 4 197 46 48 6 d d d 15928 62 16126 08 0 07 utility bill and the Energy Utilization NOV 14 9 0 77 23O dOd 1675 434454 40 346 54 14 354 66 615 3 140644 12392 33 12744 00 0 06 Factor EUF The latter is the number DE 788 0 50 256 d d 4310 441405 4 B44 149 5 974 86 516 3 143279 11410 99 12382 05 0 05 that you compare to the B E PS TOTALS value 29 3 0 6 256d 2229 5 73762 1592465 726 SASS 742 4 1913954 2 7be d 10023 2950 63699 5086 98340 76554 174899 OUTDOOR LIGHING KWH 533564 KWH DISPLACED BY DAYLIGHTING 23543 SAVED GH ENERGY BUDGETS SITE LINE 7315 MET 314 ETWSAFT SOURCE 20879 METU E U F Annual total Utility Bill VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 23 CALIBRATING THE PEAK ELECTRIC DEMANDS Compare the simulated monthly peak demands to the peak demands in the utility records Try to match the simulated results to within 20 of the monthly and 10 of the annual utility records Adjust the input and re run the simulation if necessary Show what adjustments you are making
33. 93 30 IMP Jackson 127 1113 131 358 171 117 115 167 117 104 90 120 186 147 145 50 31 IMO Columbia 132 1109 134 353 174 126 111 161 118 108 103 127 190 140 148 71 32 MO Kansas City 133 1110 136 353 175 127 112f 162 119 109 104 128 191 150 149 70 33 JMO St Louis 133 1110 136 353 175 128 112 163 119 109 105 128 192 150 149 72 34 MT Great Falls 131 1102 132 335 170 129 102 163 115 107 110 127 186 144 144 85 35 INE Omaha 130 1105 132 338 170 126 105 164 115 107 105 126 186 145 145 76 36 INV Las Vegas 130 1115 135 358 174 118 118 170 119 106 92 122 188 150 148 149 37 INJ Newark 129 107 131 1353 171 123 108 165 116 105 99 124 187 146 144 68 38 INM _ fAlbuquerque 127 107 129 353 169 121 108 164 115 104 96 122 185 144 1142 64 39 INY Albany 131 1102 132 335 170 129 103 164 115 108 109 127 187 145 1145 83 40 INY Binghamton 133 1103 1135 335 172 132 104 166 117 110 113 130 189 147 1147 88 1 Clinic 5 Hotel Motel 9 Office Large 13 Shopping Center 2 Community Center 3 Gymnasium 4 Hospital 6 Multifamily Highrise 7 Multifamily Lowrise 8 Nursing Home 10 Office Small 11 Elementary School 12 Secondary School 14 Store 15 Theater Auditorium 16 Warehouse VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT A 3 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX A B E P S BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDAR
34. CA San Diego 114 103 117 1364 158 1104 106 153 1107 92 75 1107 172 134 128 40 CA San Francisco 108 92 109 353 150 103 94 143 101 187 76 103 165 125 119 51 10 CO Denver 122 98 123 338 162 119 100 156 109 100 97 1118 178 137 1135 71 Bridgeport 128 105 130 1353 1170 123 106 156 115 105 1100 1123 186 144 142 71 CT Hartford 125 1011127 338 165 122 102 159 112 103 1100 1121 181 140 139 74 DC Washington 127 107 129 353 1169 120 109 164 1115 104 96 1121 185 144 142 63 FL Jacksonville 143 130 149 406 193 128 1134 1189 132 1117 97 134 1209 167 164 47 Ta 4 a a a a a a a co co N o Sz p ow Ro m rc FL Miami 152 142 161 1406 203 133 147 201 140 125 1103 1141 219 179 178 41 Tampa 145 135 152 406 196 129 139 193 1135 119 98 1136 212 171 168 43 GA Atlanta 122 106 125 353 1165 114 108 160 112 100 88 1116 180 141 1138 53 ID Boise City 124 100 125 1338 163 120 101 158 1111 101 98 1120 179 139 137 71 IL Chicago 127 102 129 338 1167 124 103 161 1113 104 1103 1123 183 142 1141 75 20 IL Glenview 129 103 130 1338 1168 125 105 163 1114 105 1103 1124 184 143 1143 75 1 Clinic 5 Hotel Motel 9 Office Large 13 Shopping Center 2 Community Center 6 Multifamily High
35. CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ap Il 17 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION e Space cooling 2E 4 If the building is gas heated then all the electric use that is not used for fan motors lighting receptacles and water heating will be assumed to be used for space cooling energy To determine this value simply total the annual electric use from the utility bills Subtract from this total the electric use for fan motors lighting receptacles and water heating if any The remainder will be attributed to space cooling The costs then will be determined by the same method as used in step a above Since the energy use by air handling units blower fans was determined earlier the cooling energy is defined as compressor energy and if present the chilled water and condenser water pump energy For air cooled chillers this energy represents the compressors and the condenser fan motors The computer simulated results will also show separate values of energy use for fan motors and for the cooling compressor and or the heater energy use Go to step f If the building is electrically heated then the energy for space cooling must be disaggregated from that used for space heating This can be estimated by first finding the months of heating cooling neutrality i e months in which there is not much need for either heating or cooling energy The neutral months are those month
36. D B E P S Source Energy 1000 s Btu sq ft yr No State SMSA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 41 NY Buffalo 129 101 130 338 168 127 102 162 114 106 106 125 185 143 142 80 42 NY New York 126 105 128 353 168 120 107 162 114 103 96 121 184 143 141 66 43 NC Raleigh 42 139159 44 ND Bismarck 58 161 102 45 0H Akron 42 141 77 46 OH Cincinnati 47 145 70 47 OH Cleveland 44 143 78 48 OH Columbus 43 142 75 49 OK Oklahoma City 47 146 61 50 OK Tulsa 46 144 99 51 OR Medford 36 133 64 52 OR Portland 35 131 66 53 PA Allentown 45 144 74 54 PA Philadelphia 47 146 71 55 PA Pittsburgh 41 139 72 56 SC Charleston 44 141 49 57 TN Memphis 46 142 56 58 TN Nashville 43 141 58 59 TX Amarillo 44 141 63 60 TX Brownsville 76 174 43 1 Clinic 5 Hotel Motel 9 Office Large 13 Shopping Center 2 Community Center 6 Multifamily Highrise 10 Office Small 14 Store 3 Gymnasium 7 Multifamily Lowrise 11 Elementary School 15 Theater Auditorium 4 Hospital 8 Nursing Home 12 Secondary School 16 Warehouse VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT A 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX A B E P S BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARD B E P
37. Decrement Factor and Installed Cost You can also use the data from literature listed in the Annotated Bibliography If you do not know the decrement factor just enter 0 zero WINDOW AND SKYLIGHT PROPERTIES By analyzing the glazing assemblies try to estimate the properties of the windows and skylights U Factor Solar Heat Gain Factor Emissivity Daylight Transmissivity and Installed Cost You can also use the data from literature listed in the Annotated Bibliography VITAL B 6 SIGNS CURRICUL UM MATERIALS PROJ ECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2B 1 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENVELOPE WALL AND ROOF PROPERTIES NO DESCRIPTION U FACTOR SOLAR TIME DECREMENT INSTALLED ABSORPTIVITY LAG FACTOR COST HRS SQ FT 3 UNINS BRICK VENEER 0 11 0 75 3 0 0 0 9 00 g R 27 BUILT UP ROOFING 0 037 0 75 1 0 0 0 7 00 10 R 9 VAULTED ROOF 0 11 0 75 1 0 0 0 8 00 13 R 19 FLOOR 0 06 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 00 WINDOW AND SKYLIGHT PROPERTIES NO DESCRIPTION U FACTOR SOLAR EMISSIVITY DAYLIGHT INSTALLED HEAT GAIN TRANSMISSIVITY COST FACTOR SQ FT 1 SINGLE PANE W TINT 1 06 0 57 0 84 0 65 5 00 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 7 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2C 1 OPERATING SCHEDULES OCCUPANCY No HOT WATER
38. E COOLING ENERGY e Space Cooling QC Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for cooling by filling agi i g the blanks Notice that the Gas Heated Buildin Iculation f heated building i siferen than foieleetealich ath QC 213 840 _ 20 769 _ 81 270 7 740 0 y heated building Total annual QF QL QE QWH elec KWH fans lights receptacles hot water e Electrically Heated Building Monthly KWH for fans lights receptacles hot water OM 12 KWH month AVERAGE MONTHLY QF QL QE OWH elec TEMPERATURES Fill the blanks below with the Neutral Months Balance Temperature Range tb 40 50 deg F average monthly temperatures Use these to help determine the neutral NAME TOTAL ELEC USED FOR ELEC FOR ELEC FOR months OF MONTH ELEC a b c d QM HEATING amp COOLING COOLING KWH MONTH AV TEMP 2 Jan S x 1 2 531 ee 8 x 1 2 Mar 685 3 Apr 75 0 e May 919 Jun 844 2 Jul 84 4 A Aug 79 9 E i Sep oR 63 3 5 Oct 589 F Nov 52 0 Dec p OC elec Total KWH yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Port aerated mee ape een abedes geal tebe L seis sider a glia gee yt B 14 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 5 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d SPACE HEATING ENERGY f Space Heating OH Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for space heating by filling e Gas Heated
39. I Milwaukee 131 1102 132 335 170 129 103 115 108 110 128 187 145 1145 84 75 WY Cheyenne 128 100 129 338 167 127 101 113 105 106 125 184 142 141 82 1 Clinic 5 Hotel Motel 9 Office Large 13 Shopping Center 2 Community Center 6 Multifamily Highrise 10 Office Small 14 Store 3 Gymnasium 7 Multifamily Lowrise 11 Elementary School 15 Theater Auditorium 4 Hospital 8 Nursing Home 12 Secondary School 16 Warehouse VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT PROJECT INFORMATION Use this form to collect and document general data of your building CASE STUDY BUILDING Sketch your building or attach the photograph of your case study building B 1 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 1A 1 PROJECT INFORMATION Field Preparation YOUR NAME YOUR NAME YOUR NAME STUDENT 1 STUDENT 2 PROJECT NAME COLLEGE STATION CON FERENCE CENTER BUILDING TYPE COMMUNITY CTR SCHOOL PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 STORY BRICK VENEER R 27 ROOF PACKAGED HVAC PROJECT LOCATION COLLEGE STATION STATE ZIP TEXAS YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION TOTAL FLOOR AREA SQ FT CONSTRUCTION COST SQ FT 1992 RENOVATION 13 100 35 00 APPROX TOTAL OCCUPIED DAYS WEEK ANNUAL HOLIDAYS DAYS CIRCLE MONTHS WHEN VACANT 6 10 123456789 10 11 12 13 100 SQ FT 13 roof top packaged HVAC gas heat oe NORTH
40. IGHTING WATT EQUIP WATT TEMPERATURE SETTINGS PERSON DAY PERSON SQ FT SQ FT Record the loads and profiles of the occupancy hot water ventilation and lighting Also record the temperature settings OCCUPANCY PROF NO HOT WATER PROF NO VENTILATION PROF NO LIGHTING amp EQUIP PROF NO SUMMER OCCUPIED TEMP SETTING NO WINTER OCCUPIED TEMP SETTING NO SUMMER UNOCCUPIED TEMP SETTING NO WINTER UNOCCUPIED TEMP SETTING NO HVAC SYSTEMS Record the data of the HVAC systems ECONOMIZER CYCLE Y N NATURAL VENTILATION Y NATURAL VENTILATION RATE CFM SQ FT AC TYPE HVAC FIRST COST TON COOLING SEER MAINTENANCE COST TON YEAR HEATING TYPE HEATING COP LIGHTING SYSTEMS Record the lighting systems LIGHTING TYPE LIGHTING COST SQ FT ZONE DEPTH FOR DAYLIGHTING TARGET LIGHTING LEVEL FOOTCANDLES ZONE SKETCH Sketch this zone only Try to include all data on the sketch such as the wall and window material and areas the type s of exterior ground surface and wall exposure and any other necessary data if daylight is used SILL HEIGHT FT TOP OF WINDOW HEIGHT _ FT GROUND REFLECTANCE WINDOW SHADE TRANSMISSIVITY FAN OPERATING SCHEDULE Sketch the 24 hour operating schedule of the fan in decimal fraction of the peak fan motor usage FAN OPERATING ENERGY Calculate the annual energy i
41. ING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2C 2 TEMPERATURE SETTINGS SUMVERUNOCCUPIED No WINTER UNOCCUPID Mo TEMPERATURE SETTINGS 100 100 Sketch the 24 hour temperature 90 settings in degrees Fahrenheit they 0 7 T T J gi are the actual temperature settings go L J B 7 me J a0 L J L t L Ki and not in decimal fractions Sketcl u LL the profiles for four different 2 70 a 2 2 70 conditions summer occupied winter A occupied summer unoccupied and 60 z 60 winter unoccupied 50 S 50 E 40 t t t t H t t t t t 40 t t t t t t t t t t am p m am p m SUMIVERUNOCCUPIED Nb WINTER UNOCCUPIED No 10 A 100 90 90 80 80 y LL Le P 70 70 Q 60 60 50 50 y GO 40 Pt 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 am p m am p m COPY THIS SHEET IF NECESSARY VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 9 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2D 1 ZONE DESCRIPTIONS Copy this sheet for each zone GENERAL ZONE DATA ZONE NO ZONE NAME Record the general data only for this oe ZONE AREA SQ FT INTERNAL MASS PSF INFILTRATION RATE ACH LOADS PROFILES AND NO OF OCCUPANTS HOT WATER GALLON VENTILATION CFM L
42. IRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS HEATING COOLING LIGHTING MCGRAW HILL 1993 NEW YORK This book introduces the concepts of controlling the thermal and luminous environment in buildings The comfort of the occupants is the central determinant of the design The book covers basic physical principles human response and design response to site and climate both in passive and mechanical systems The basic quantitative procedures through use of worksheet calculations are also introduced BUILDING SIMULATION 95 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION ASSOC IBPSA AUGUST 14 16 1995 MADISON WI This paper describes ENER WIN the energy analysis program that is used n this resource package The paper presents in details the fundamental concepts technical basis and capabilities of the software the weather generation the methods of describing the building load calculations and the program output STEIN B amp REYNOLDS J S MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS 8TH ED JOHN WILEY amp SONS 1991 NEW YORK The book covers all major components in building systems qualita tively and quantitatively It explains principles of passive and active systems load calculations lighting and daylighting acoustics mechanical transportation and sewage systems Numerous stan dards and data from ASHRAE Handbook are also included TAMU ENER WIN USER S MANUAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS A amp M U
43. LLY BASED HOURLY WEATHER DATA GENERATOR FOR DRIVING ENERGY SIMULATION AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN SOFTWARE FOR BUILDINGS PROC BUILDING SIMULATION 91 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION ASSOC IBPSA AUGUST 20 22 1991 NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS FRANCE This paper describes an operating hourly weather simulation model which is utilized to drive building energy simulation and equipment design software This weather simulation model is used by ENER WIN the hourly energy simulation program for this resource package This paper discusses the input output features for this weather simulation model the weather data generation methods and the model validation VITAL SIGNS 1 10 DEGELMAN L O ENERCALC A WEATHER AND BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATION MODEL USING FAST HOUR BY HOUR ALGORITHMS CURRICULUM aa a G e a a a eal Atedes esa MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY SOEBARTO V I amp DEGELMAN L O AN INTERACTIVE ENERGY DESIGN AND SIMULATION TOOL FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS PROC PROC 4TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROCOMPUTER APPLICA TIONS IN ENERGY APRIL 25 27 1990 TUSCON AZ This paper describes the algorithms of an operating hour by hour building energy simulation model This simulation model is used by ENER WIN the energy analysis program for this resource package The mode employs a weather data compression technique and streamlined heat transfer algorit
44. N L nameplate are shown as LRA Locked Rotor Amps ALA Rated Load J Amps and FLA Full Load Amps Select either the ALA or FlA as the average running load amps The LRA amps should not be used to y estimate energy use because this value represents a peak load that only occurs during a short spike when the unit is turned on It is only important for sizing the fuse and wiring to the unit ls interviewing the building manager The current values stamped in the After the fan motor s voltage and current are recorded then the power may be computed by the formula Power KW Voltage volts x Current amps 1000 If the fan unit is constant volume then this KW is also the average KW If the fan unit is variable speed however then the KW should be estimated as the average between the power draws at its lowest and highest speeds Multiplying the rated power by 0 8 would be an acceptable estimate of the average KW for the VAV air handling units The annual KWH can now be estimated with the equation KWH Average KW x Total hours of operation The annual cost is simply the KWH multiplied by the average cost per KWH b Lighting This step will help you determine the energy used for lighting First 2E2 examine the lighting fixtures and record the rated watts per lamp Multiply the lamp s rated watts by 1 25 if the lamp is fluorescent to account for the ballast power but do not modify the value if the lamp is
45. NIVERSITY 1995 COLLEGE STATION This manual provides a step by step guidance on how to use the ENER WIN computer program for energy analyses Explanations of how the program operates are also given Each input screen of the program is presented to ease the user in learning and using the program WATSON DONALD amp LABS KENETH CLIMATIC BUILDING DESIGN ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE MCGRAW HILL 1983 NEW YORK This book provides an excellent introduction and reference guide to climatic design the art and science of using the beneficial elements of nature sun wind earth air temperature plants moisture to create comfortable energy efficient and environmentally wise buildings It also discusses how to evaluate local climate in any region of the country how to determine climatic design strategies and how to take advantage of the environment and climatic conditions such as natural ventilation earth sheltering and solar heating VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR ENERGY CALCULATIONS ASEAM 2 DOS ACEC RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT FOUNDA TION WASHINGTON D C ASEAM 2 is a modified bin method procedure for calculating heating and cooling loads and energy consumption figures for residential and small commercial buildings The input and calculation procedures are divided into Loads System and Plant segments A variety of output runs many by month and by
46. NS SUMMARY CHECKLIST ACTIVITY ITEMS METHODS EQUIPMENT LEVEL 1 Determining Candidacy for Select a building based on Assigned by instructor or full work up e Building type selected by the student e Floor area e Number of floors a Brief visit to obtain general e Building name e Interview the bldg manager information e Building description e Brief observation e Location City amp State e Year of construction e Total floor area e Total occupants occupancy profiles b Obtain building physical e Floor plan If drawings are not available camera data e Sections and elevations measure and or estimate the tape measures e Envelope assembly proper building floor area elevations e heavy cord ties height etc Observe and record helium balloon f 3 the envelope materials e Outside surroundings compass c Obtain utility bill records and Building s utility records for Interview costs of fuel 1 year electricity and gas e Utility Company e Utility rate schedule e Building manager d Quick calculation of energy Calculate the total energy use Use the utility bill records and use per square foot of floor area divide with the total floor area Compare with standards VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT II 2 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY CHECKLIST ACTIVITY ITEMS METHODS EQUIPMENT LEVEL 2 Preparing the project for energy modeling a Obtain Economics data e Economi
47. No _ OCCUPANCY PROFILES f l Sketch the 24 hour profile of the occupancy in decimal fractions of the 0 8 value when the occupancy is at the peak For example if the building is 0 6 fully occupied the value is 1 for 100 percent If the building is half 0 4 4 occipied the value is 0 5 HOT WATER 0 a a aa Sketch the 24 hour profile of the hot 6 water usage in decimal fractions of a m p m a m p m the peak hot water usage VENTILATION Sketch the 24 hour profile of the ventilation in decimal fractions of 1 1 the value when the ventilation is at VENTILATION No LIGHTING No the peak However usually the value 1 1 is either 0 or 1 0 means the fan is off and 1 means the fan is on LIGHTING Sketch the 24 hour profile of the lighting in decimal fractions of the value when the lighting load is at the peak COPY THIS SHEET IF NECESSARY VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 8 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2C 2 TEMPERATURE SETTINGS 1 SUMMER OCCUPIED No WINTER OCCUPIED No 2 _ TEMPERATURE SETTINGS 100 100 Sketch the 24 hour temperature settings in degrees Fahrenheit they 90 E F 90 A are the actual temperature settings 80 and not in decimal fractions Sketch T 7 OE a z a a a the profiles for fou
48. ROJECT l 7 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION EQUIPMENT This field evaluation makes use of an existing history of utility data and the results from an energy simulation tool Together these will establish the normative behavior of the whole building energy use patterns Further simulations can identify the individual components of energy use and allow for close examination of specific energy impacts of building envelope assemblies or mechanical equipment parameter changes On site data collection includes interviews with the building manager to obtain occupancy patterns and HVAC zone definitions lighting levels wall surface temperatures solar access diagrams and building dimensions Typical measuring equipment includes e Minolta F1H illuminance meter e Omega portable infrared thermometer e MS DOS notebook computer with energy software e LOF sunangle calculator e Solar access mask sheets e Suunto handheld inclinometer e Suunto handheld bearing compass e Tape measures e Flectronic tape measure e Balloons and cord e Step ladder e Video camcoder APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CODES The most prominent standards that relate to energy efficiency in buildings in the U S are those developed by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers ASHRAE The ASHRAE energy standards for buildings have been and continue to be adopted into codes for various states and
49. S Source Energy 1000 s Btu sq ft yr No State SMSA 1 2 13 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 J16 61 TX Dallas 131 1116 136 358 175 119 119 171 120 107194 124 1190 152 1150 50 62 TX El Paso 126 110 129 358 169 116 113 115 103 90 119 184 145 142 52 63 TX Houston 145 130 150 406 195 130 134 133 118 100 136 211 169 1166 51 64 TX Lubbock 126 107 128 353 168 118 110 114 103 93 120 183 144 141 58 65 TX San Antonio 146 131 151 408 196 132 134 134 119 102 137 212 170 167 53 66 UT SaltLake City 129 104 131 338 169 125 105 114 106 104 125 185 144 143 76 67 VT Burlington 134 1103 135 335 173 133 104 117 110 114 131 190 147 148 189 68 VA Norfolk 123 1105 125 353 165 115 108 112 100 90 17 180 141 138 56 69 VA Richmond 129 1107 131 353 171 122 109 116 105 98 123 186 146 144 166 70 WA Seattle 119 196 1119 353 160 116 97 07 96 91 151176 134 130 169 71 WA Spokane 126 99 126 338 165 124 100 1 103 103 122 181 139 1138 79 72 WV Charleston 128 106 130 353 170 123 108 115 105 99 123 186 145 143 168 73 WI Madison 131 1102 132 335 170 130 103 115 108 110 128 187 145 145 184 74 W
50. T After you have completed the above processes write the final report M A that include the followings wa a Building Data These include the project information the weather condtions the economic parameters the building geometry zoning building materials HVAC lighting and water heating systems operating schedules and explanations of the building surroundings Also include the actual monthly utility records of the building b Simulation and Calibration Explain the simulation and the calibration processes that you have made Explain the inputs that you calibrated in order to match the actual data c Existing Problems This includes the current energy problems in the building based on the results of your calibrated computer simulation Use pie chart s or any kind of graphical presentations d Retrofit Designs This includes all alternatives for building retrofit designs that you have studied Also include the explanations of the most energy efficient designs Use graphics to present your results e Reference Materials Describe all reference materials that you use to describe the building especially the thermal properties of the envelope assemblies Also include all references that you use to analyze the problems and propose the retrofit designs VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Lora b acre a a ia taa a a Ly alia Select a a E Me i y if A A JAL ANIL DLN TI
51. TAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 7 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2C 1 OPERATING SCHEDULES OCCUPANCY No HOT WATER No OCCUPANCY PROFILES d Sketch the 24 hour profile of the occupancy in decimal fractions of the 08 es T 7 0 8 a iz z z value when the occupancy is at the peak For example if the building is 06 T 0 6 5 T fully occupied the value is 1 for 100 percent If the building is half 04 E 4 0 4 H occipied the value is 0 5 02 0 2 HOT WATER Ott 0 tA tt ttt tt tt Sketch the 24 hour profile of the hot 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 water usage in decimal fractions of a m p m a m p m the peak hot water usage VENTILATION Sketch the 24 hour profile of the ventilation in decimal fractions of the value when the ventilation is at VENTILATION No LIGHTING No the peak However usually the value 1 1 is either 0 or 1 0 means the fan is off and 1 means the fan is on 08 a 0 8 BS E 0 6 E 0 6 LIGHTING Sketch the 24 hour profile of the 04 t T Ei a 0 4 S T a lighting in decimal fractions of the value when the lighting load is atthe 0 2 z 0 2 S peak O tt O tt 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 am p m am p m COPY THIS SHEET IF NECESSARY VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 8 WHOLE BUILD
52. UF and the breakdown of energy use 3B CALIBRATION OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION MODEL 3A 7 After the building project has been fully entered into the program be sure the utility bill records for a 12 month period are available and then calibrate the simulation model to the actual utility records The calibration objective will be to match computer results to actual data for a peak demands for whole building electricity b annual energy use in the six disaggregated categories and c annual energy costs for electricity and gas In order to accomplish a match between computer results and actual data careful attention must be paid to the placing of accurate data into the computer program The data must comply as closely as possible to the site collected information Precision is critical for the building s geometric features i e dimensions and shape characteris tics building component thermal properties wall roof and window conductance and solar transmission properties internal profile descriptions occupancy ventilation lights and temperature settings and building system characteristics heating cooling C 0 P s fan sizes air distribution systems and controls 3B 1 3B 2 A D VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 24 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION a Peak demands for whole building electricity Most utility districts wi
53. ULATION d Economics Data 3A 2 Entering the economics parameters of the building is necessary if you want to analyze the life cycle cost of the building However you can run the energy simulation without entering or editing any of the inputs for the economics parameters ENER WIN has automatically entered these values when you selected a building type In this exercise however it is suggested that you enter the economics parameters of the building using the data you have recorded in form 2A 1 Click the Economics Data button This will bring you to the Economics Data screen Edit the default values and enter the values from your data collection To enter the demand charge schedule toggle the button for the demand charge to Y Yes ENER WIN will present the demand charge screen and you can enter the appropriate values Click OK to return to the Main Menu e Building Sketch 3A 3 The next step is to sketch the building HVAC zones Click the Building Sketch button in the Main Menu You will be presented with a sub menu where you can specify the number of different floor plans you are going to sketch Then you can start drawing the building HVAC zones by using the data recorded in form 1B 2 To prepare the geometrical parameters Enter the grid size building orientation ceiling height and number of floors To draw the zones Click Select Zone on the menu A row of 10 zone numbers will be presented and you are to
54. UPIED TEMP SUMMER UNOCCUPIED TEMP WINTER UNOCCUPIED TEMP SETTINGNO 1 SETTING NO 2 SETTING NO 3 SETTING NO 4 HVAC SYSTEMS ECONOMIZER CYCLE NATURAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION RATE Record the data of the HVAC Y N N Y N CFM SQ FT 0 Systems AC TYPE COOLING SEER HEATING TYPE HEATING COP 5 ROOF TOP 8 5 1 GAS 0 75 HVAC FIRST COST MAINTENANCE COST TON 700 TON YEAR 31 5 LIGHTING SYSTEMS LIGHTING TYPE LIGHTING COST SQ FT ZONE DEPTH FOR TARGET LIGHTING LEVEL Record the lighting systems 1 FLUORESCENT 2 50 DAYLIGHTING 15 FEET FooTCANDLES 40 ZONE SKETCH Sketch this zone only Try to include all data on the sketch such as the wall and window material and areas the type s of exterior ground surface and wall exposure and any other necessary data if daylight is used SILL HEIGHT 3 FT TOP OF WINDOW HEIGHT 9 FT GROUND REFLECTANCE WINDOW SHADE TRANSMISSIVITY TRARAL RE LLL LLL LLL LLL LLL N a PN A PA GRASS AND TREES CONCRETE OUTSIDE N t Wall type 3 GLASS AREA le NO WINDOWS 768 SQ FT Glass type 1 GRASS AND TREES GRASS AREA VITAL CURRICULUM MATER SIGNS ALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 1 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE a Fan Motors QF Daily Fan Operating Schedule FAN OPERATING SCHEDULE 1 lt All units on Sketch the 24 hour
55. VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ea ese ie ee a a ea pea Mec eae den agen den VITAL SIENY WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND PREDICTION FOR RETROFITS New File Larry O Degelman Professor of Architecture Texas A amp M University Veronica I Soebarto Research Assistant Texas A amp M University VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT VEAL SINS TABLE OF CONTENTS Whole Building Energy Performance Simulation and Prediction for Retrofits INTRODUCTION l 1 OVERVIEW l 2 FIRST ORDER PRINCIPLES l 4 EQUIPMENT l 7 APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CODES l 7 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY l 9 Il PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION Il 1 LEVEL 1 DETERMINING CANDIDACY FOR FULL WORK UP Il 3 LEVEL 2 PREPARING THE PROJECT FOR ENERGY MODELING Il 8 LEVEL 3 SIMULATING CALIBRATING AND RETROFITING Il 19 II SUMMARY CHECKLIST Il 1 IV DATA COLLECTION FORMS PROJECT INFORMATION IV 1 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BUILDING HEIGHT IV 2 BUILDING SKETCH IV 3 UTILITY BILL RECORDS IV 4 ECONOMICS DATA IV 5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENVELOPE IV 6 OPERATING SCHEDULES V 7 TEMPERATURE SETTINGS IV 8 ZONE DESCRIPTIONS IV 9 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE IV 10 SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS IV 16 CALIBRATION FORM IV 23 APPENDIX A BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS A 1 APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM B 1 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT VLAD Sais
56. al buildings Do energy efficient buildings cost more to build Do they reduce the annual operating cost enough to pay back the added investment in a reasonably short period of time To answer these questions one should compare the energy use for cooling heating and lighting in energy efficient buildings to those in conventional buildings In other words it is important to trace the energy performance of the building after it has been built and operated in order to see if the building actually saves significant amounts of energy compared to the condition if the building were not built as an energy efficient building In many cases actual building energy use can exceed that projected by calculations These discrepancies are usually caused by two problems unanticipated building use patterns and simulation tool limitations Of the two unanticipated building use patterns seem to contribute most to the discrepancy For instance the actual building operation hours sometimes exceed expectations and thus the actual energy use is much larger than that predicted In the earlier stages of a design process either in a new or a retrofit design estimation of the energy consumption using hand calculations can give general design direction However to obtain a more precise estimation an hourly energy simulation using a computerized tool should be used A computer ized tool is capable of simulating various situations that will affect the energy re
57. ally available from most utility companies Using a procedure that will be described in this package one can then disaggregate these utility bill records into the component of heating cooling fan motor lighting equipment and water heating energy These are the values that will be used to calibrate the energy simulation model Objectives Generally the objectives of the assignment contained in this package are To create an understanding of the impact of building features on energy consumption To sensitize the student to evaluation methods for real buildings and To involve the student with methods of energy audits and retrofit design strategies Specifically this project will involve the student with Gathering of field data describing a buildings physical and operational characteristics VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION Disaggregating of utility bill data into end use components Preparing input and evaluating energy consumption using simulation software Correlating measured building energy data with that predicted by software and Realistically predicting the value of savings that an energy strategy upgrade would bring about FIRST ORDER PRINCIPLES Importance of energy simulation in architectural design The building s form and thermal characteristics largely govern the amount of energy consumed by a buildi
58. any name contact persons and their telephone numbers here UTILITY COMPANY ELECTRIC CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE UTILITY COMPANY GAS ADDRESS CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE UTILITY COMPANY WATER ADDRESS CONTACT PERSON TELEPHONE VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 6 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2B 1 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENVELOPE WALL AND ROOF PROPERTIES bias SE P Gielen NO DESCRIPTION U FACTOR SOLAR TIME DECREMENT INSTALLED y ana Vang eNe Maria Seer 199 ABSORPTIVITY LAG FACTOR COST try to estimate the properties of the HRS S0 FT walls and roofs U Factor Solar 5 Absorptivity Time Lag Decrement Factor and Installed Cost You can also use the data from literature listed in the Annotated Bibliography If you do not know the decrement factor just enter 0 zero WINDOW AND SKYLIGHT PROPERTIES SABES SKYLIGHT NO DESCRIPTION U FACTOR SOLAR EMISSIVITY DAYLIGHT INSTALLED HEAT GAIN TRANSMISSIVITY COST By analyzing the glazing assemblies FACTOR S0 FT try to estimate the properties of the windows and skylights U Factor Solar Heat Gain Factor Emissivity Daylight Transmissivity and Installed Cost You can also use the data from literature listed in the Annotated Bibliography VI
59. ata you basically can start evaluating the building by using the energy simulation program However before you execute the energy simulation program perform the manual disaggregation steps in part 2E VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ap r Il 13 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION 2E DISAGGREGATION OF THE ACTUAL ENERGY USE FORM NO Using the monthly utility bill records disaggregate the actual energy 2E 1 2E 6 use in the building into the components of e nergy and costs for fan motor operation e Energy and costs for lighting e nergy and costs for receptacles e g computers office equipment and small appliances e Energy and costs for water heating e nergy and costs for space cooling e nergy and costs for space heating a Fan motors 2E 1 In a very small building such as a residence blower fans are not operated continuously because we can rely on infiltration to maintain healthy air for the occupants Residential blower fans typically only operate when the HVAC unit is providing its heating or cooling function and therefore the energy estimating can be aligned with the operation of the compressor or heater So a separate estimate of fan motor energy use is not necessary and this step may be skipped Ina large building however fans are usually operated constantly while the building is occupied This is to guarantee that code mandated air
60. ategy upgrade would bring about This resource package consists of simulation software that runs under Windows tm and several forms for quantity take offs and energy consumption recording INTER HEAT LOSSES 9 E WALLS GLAZING 15 E DOORS ANNUAL ENERGY USE Figure 1 In the earlier stages of a design process one can estimate the energy consumption of the building being designed either by hand calculation or computer simulation The results as shown in this firgure can give the designer an idea on the breakdown energy use in this building Using these preliminary results the designer can then improve the energy performance of the building Output from EnerCAD program Texas A amp M University VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT i a a eee ea ae tk 2 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION OVERVIEW Introduction The issue of energy performance of buildings is of great concern to building owners because it translates to cost More and more the building owners expect that their buildings will be energy efficient Therefore the designer has to keep the design feasible both technically and economically while responding to the local climate There are some frequently asked questions about energy efficient buildings Do the buildings really save significant amounts of energy compared to conventional buildings How do they save energy compared to convention
61. available you can estimate this by measuring the floor area on the site Sometimes floor or ceiling tiles can be counted to estimate the zone area e Internal Mass Estimate the average internal mass per square foot of floor area For a commercial building this is approximately 100 psf while for a wood frame residence this is about 50 psf This is to include all interior floors walls and furnishings e Infiltration Rate Estimate the infiltration rate in Air Changes per Hour ACH Typical rates are Tight skin construction 0 2 0 6 ACH Medium skin construction 0 6 1 0 ACH Loose skin construction 1 0 2 0 ACH b Schedules and temperature settings 2D 1 Enter the correct profile number from the profiles you have sketched earlier for the occupancy hot water ventilation and lighting amp equipment Put this number on the blank labeled Profile No Do the same thing for the temperature settings and put the numbers on the blank labeled Temperature Setting No Also record the peak value for each of the following parameters e Occupancy Number of people in this zone e Hot Water Amount of hot water needed by a person in a day e Ventilation Mechanical ventilation rate in CFM person e Lighting amp Equipment Lighting load and equipment in Watt sq ft c HVAC Systems 20 1 Note whether the building uses economizer cycle and or natural ventila tion Estimate the average airflow rate when natural ventilation is
62. by briefly observing the building 1B BUILDING PHYSICAL DATA During a brief visit the students may wish to ask for the building drawings from the building operator or the architects If drawings are not available the students can sketch the building floor plan and section elevation and record the building materials 1C UTILITY BILL RECORDS AND COSTS OF FUEL The students are required to obtain the building utility records for a minimum of 12 contiguous months These data can be obtained from the local utility company or from the building operator manager The students are also required to obtain the unit price of each type of energy or fuel used in the building 1D QUICK CALCULATION OF ENERGY USE After the students are able to obtain the general information about the building a quick calculation of the total energy use can be performed based on rules of thumb for disaggregated energy use PREPARING THE PROJECT FOR ENERGY MODELING 2A ECONOMICS DATA In this step the students are required to obtain more detailed data of the economics parameters in the building such as the building s economic life the escalation rates of the fuel costs the discount rate and the demand charge VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 2 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION 2B BUILDING DETAILS THERMAL PROPERTIES AND OUTSIDE FEATURES In this level the students are required to c
63. c life of building and mechanical systems e Fuel costs and escalation rates e Discount rate e Demand charge b Obtain building details Building Geometry thermal properties and unique features related to outside features energy conscious design necessary details e g overhangs lightshelf basement insulation roof and ceilings Thermal properties of envelope s materials e Window thermal properties daylight transmissivity emissivity e Wall and roof thermal properties U value solar absorptivity time lag decre ment factor Outside e Ground reflectance e Adjacent buildings trees that shade the building U value Shading Coefficient e Interview building manager Observe and record all e electronic tape measures details e manual tape measures e camera Record the wall window Footcandle meter for estimat details estimate the ing daylight transmissivity of thermal properties window glass Compare estimation to reference books e Observations e Camera VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IIl 3 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY CHECKLIST ACTIVITY ITEMS METHODS EQUIPMENT c Obtaining operating Schedules schedules and building Occupancy Interview observation systems Hot water e Ventilation e Lighting and receptacles Temperature settings Summer occupied winter Interview temperature Room thermometer occupied summer u
64. ce Heating 2E 5 If the building is gas heated add up the total annual gas use Subtract from this the amount of gas used for water heating The remainder can be assumed to be used for space heating Determine the cost by the same method as outlined in step d above Go to part g If the building is electrically heated the amount for the neutral months has been determined as fallout from step e above For months with outdoor average temperatures below the balance temperature sum all the electrical energy used for motors lights receptacles and hot water and subtract it from the total electric use The result may be assumed to be for space heating The cost is determined by the same method as in step a Sum this and the amounts from the neutral months g Energy Summaries 2E 6 Construct a summary table of categories a fan motors b lighting c receptacles d water heating e space cooling and f space heating Show this breakdown in the pie chart on the provided form VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 1 9 Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 10 13 Il 19 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION SIMULATING CALIBRATING AND RETROFITTING Using the data collected from Level 1 and Level 2 analyze the building by using the energy simulation software for this package Calibrate the simulation inputs to match t
65. cent Lights Peak KW KWmax _ 122 x 0 x 630 1000 _ 315 kw F watts lamp no of lamps Lighting Energy QL KWH day 31 5 86 270 9 KWH KWmax DLH a 2709 y 8 x 0 81 270 KWH yr KWH day occ days wk weeks yr RECEPTACLE ENERGY Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for receptacles by by filling the blanks WATER HEATING ENERGY Calculate the annual energy in Btus or KWH yr for water heating by filling the blanks VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 12 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 3 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d c Receptacles QE Total Receptacle Watts EW 3000 Watts Power Density PD 3000 13 100 0 23 W sq ft EW Bldg Area sq ft Receptacle KW 3000 1000 3 0 KW EW KWH day 22 xy 88 25 8 KWH day Equip KW DLH Receptacle Energy QE QE 25 8 X 6 X 50 7 740 KWH yr KWH day occ days wk weeks yr d Water Heating OWH op 187 x 05 x833x 140 __ 60 x 300 Occupants Gal day person Ground Temp occ days yr e 18 692 520 Btus yr Water Heating Energy QWH 6 OWH gas 18 692 520 0 65 28 76X184 OD Efficiency of Heater or OWH elec 3413 KWH yr QD VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 13 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2E 4 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d SPAC
66. conse quences of the various strategies chosen ENER WIN DOS Windows TEXAS A amp M UNIV COLLEGE STATION TEXAS ENER WIN is the Windows version of ENERCALC an hourly energy simulation model for estimating annual energy consumption in buildings It features an interactive graphical interface for input and output The simulation model uses streamlined algorithms that permit hour by hour energy calculations in minimal time It is in compiled FORTRAN 77 and features transient modeling based on sol air temperature time lag decrement factor ETD zone temperature based on internal thermal mass response factors and daylighting algorithms based on a modified Daylight Factor methodology ENER WIN is supported with numerous default data bases and accommodates up to 50 user defined profiles for occupancy hot water lighting zone temperatures and ventilation rates up to 98 HVAC zones 20 each of different wall and window types and 400 wall surfaces orientations shading conditions in each run The program package includes a weather database 30 year statistics of 274 cities worldwide features graphical and tabular output reports and performs life cycle Present Worth cost analysis MICRO DOE2 DOS ERG ACROSOFT INTERNATIONAL INC LITTLETON COLORADO MICRO DOEZ is a microcomputer version of the mainframe DOE 2 program which performs energy use analysis for residential and commercial buildings It is used for the des
67. d ii FO CAA co oe oe ac i DORE esa pop 2 monono oa of olo Jos 75 o Ja a faso vo 2 nonm Asji oa o eB of o 25 o E a f0 jo 2 Nott i oo oje o o j25s 75 o a 20 zo 2 Ri norz i oo of eB of o jas 75 o a ses jo 2 Non Fs i os of B of o 25 o ae ae aeaee Zone Description Lighting Surface Exp Properties Heating Type Double Duct il North Offid Multizone Fan Coil Units Roof Top Units s DX Residential fe Ta Te ae DX Res Heat Pump i DX Window Unit pd EAE Evapo ative c oling oe 1 EE ico EEA pap p e fort opel ato pe rs To a a aso favo 2 Notre 5 i os of Be of o 25 a 20 fo 2 Non rzj i foo of eB of o 25 i a 20 zo 2 Ri norFz i oo of eB of o jas 75 o pe m z ponr jos ajai ojo jan tzm je VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Pe a eee aes e e a ee ae ines e enue deta a a WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS IV 20 Form 3A 5 OCCUPANCY PROFILES One of the profiles you need to specify is the Occupancy profile Other profiles are ventilation hot water and lighting profiles You also need to specify the temperature settings of each zone You can either select a default profile edit the default values or add a new profile LIGHTING PROFILES ENER WIN will highlight a lighting profile based on the building type you selected However you can s
68. detailed method literally performs a whole building heat loss heat gain calculation every hour of the year When this calculation is done it accounts for exact sun angles cloud cover wind temperature and humidity on an hourly basis In doing so the method can also account for effects of thermal time lag and thermal storage in the building s interior Using these detailed calculations one can study the effects of internal thermal mass solar shading devices computerized thermostatic controls daylighting dimmers occupancy sensors and any other parameter that responds to hourly stimuli One extra burden of detailed models is that they require access to hourly weather records Several national organizations have devoted much effort into the generation of hourly weather data that is representative of the climate in a specific location The typical weather data files will normally contain hourly records of temperature solar radiation and wind data These data are published in magnetic medium and are available is several formats TRY Test Reference Year TMY Typical Meteorological Year and WYEC Weather Year for Energy Calculations The model used in this resource package however does not require the student to obtain these sources of weather data Further information on the above published weather data sources can be found in the Annotated Bibliography while the explanation of the weather data used in the simulation model of th
69. e architect Otherwise measure the building s physical dimensions so the building sketch es can then be drawn a Building s floor plan OUTSIDE e Measure building s perimeter e For each wall measure the positions and dimensions of windows doors and adjacent walls INSIDE e Measure dimensions of each room e For the thickness of walls go to door or window openings and measure the wall thickness e Measure zone depths for daylighting uses b Building s height section elevation OUTSIDE If possible measure the building s height If not use the following methods e Use a person or a stick whose height is known Put it or ask him her to 1B 1 stand very close to the building s wall Estimate the building s height by determining multiples of the height of that person or stick etc e Use a helium balloon and tie it to a long cord Hold the cord and let the balloon go up straight until it reaches the point where balloon is at the 1B 1 same height as the building Put a mark on the cord Pull the balloon down and measure the distance between the balloon and the mark on the cord e f the building has more than one story and all floors are the same height just do the above step for one story and then multiply the result with the number of the stories INSIDE If possible measure the ceiling height If not possible follow the methods for measuring the building height outside To estimate the thickness
70. e to have a perfect match to monthly utility records 3B 1 b Annual energy use in the disaggregation categories Compare the annual energy use by building system heating cooling fans lighting receptacles and hot water to the corresponding values derived from the disaggregation efforts done earlier This will normally entail checking the KWH of electrical use and the CCF or MCF of gas use In commercial buildings however you may find the only energy source is electricity in which case the only energy use is in KWH If the results do not compare to within 20 of each other check for the possible sources of the discrepancies Keep notes on which categories match and which have discrepancies Potential sources of error are misrepresentations of schedules for lighting and receptacle occupancy ventilation and hot water Do not alter the peak values in this stage because these were presumable already calibrated in step a Instead 3B 2 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 25 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION focus on the use schedules and durations Correct if necessary and re run the program to bring the disaggregated energy to within 20 and the total annual energy to within 10 of the actual utility records c Annual energy costs for electricity and gas 3B 1 If the energy peak and consumption are calibrated in steps a and b the energy cos
71. engine so that energy use and peak emand are evaluated on an hourly basis VisualDOE makes it pos sible to evaluate different HVAC system types daylighting thermal energy storage and central plan load management through an easy to use graphic interface The program is supported with on line help system that explains the information tha the program needs to per form a simulation Tera 2 vu VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT VAL D LS GINS PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION Whole Building Energy Performance These protocols outline the activities at each level of investigation for the Whole Building Energy Performance Simulation and Prediction for Retrofits Package The protocols con sist of three levels 1 determining candidacy for full work up through a brief visit 2 prepar ing the project for energy modeling through several detailed surveys and 3 executing and calibrating the energy simulation and analyzing retrofit strategies to improve the building s energy performance Each activity will be later described and supported with appropriate form s Each team should consist of 2 to 4 students DETERMINING CANDIDACY FOR FULL WORK UP 1A PROJECT INFORMATION In this level the students are required to obtain the general information about the building that will be analyzed This information can be obtained by interviewing the building operator manager and or
72. f Space Heating gt gt KWH or MMBtu 463 04 396 4 14 437 7 5 g Total Electric gt gt KWH 213 840 183 771 14 194 104 9 h Total Gas gt gt MMBtu 491 8 434 2 11 4654 5 i EUF gt gt MBtu sq ft yr 209 180 1 14 190 7 9 Note After the simulation has been calibrated to the real data look at the components of energy use in the simulated annual load results Analyze which load component that contributes the most to the energy use and start analyzing some retrofit strategies goes VITAL SIGNS SOFTWARE p ORDER FORM 1996 a FOR ENER WIN 3 a Energy Calculations for Whole Building Energy Performance Department of Architecture Texas A amp M University College Station TX 77843 3137 Dr e TN aena inani iii ji pes Use this form to order your Vital Signs version of ENER WIN Only one copy may be ordered per university and must be submitted on this form You will receive the software diskette for installation under Windows and one users manual Name Date Last First l Address University Name Department Name Street Building Mail Stop P O Box City State Zip Phone __ Fax __ E mail Disk size preference 3 1 2 5 1 4 Enclose US 20 00 check or M O payable to ENERGY SOFTWARE SEMINAR and mail to Larry O Degelman Professor College of Architecture Texas A amp M University College Station TX 778
73. floor plan na A 10 you can draw up to 10 HVAC zones Orientation Ang 0O No Firs 1 Room Height 12 Floor Area 67500 Sect n Area 67500 ZONE LIST ZONE NAMES This screen shows all zone names in your building These zones are recorded automatically after you sketched the building HVAZ zones Double click a zone name to enter all detailed data of that particular zone North Offices 1 Mechanical Rm Toilet Room Stairtower South Offices 1 West offices 1 Pedestrian Way Atrium East Offices 1 North Offices 2 Mechanical Rm Toilet Room Stairtower South Offices 2 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 19 ZONE DESCRIPTION ENER WIN will automatically install the default values after you selected a building type and it will also install all geometrical data after you sketched the building On this screen you can edit these default values and specify other values such as the data for daylighting This screen consists of several pull down menus to enter the zone s profiles settings HVAC systems lighting system and thermal properties of the envelopes HVAC SELECTIONS This figure shows the menu of the HVAC systems available in one of the pull downs WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 4 Zone Description ghting Surface Exp Properties Help L H i bi
74. g KW KW KW JAN 48 43 8 9 40 2 16 FEB 49 2 47 1 4 43 8 11 MAR 54 50 3 7 45 0 17 APR 70 8 68 2 4 64 1 9 MAY 62 4 83 2 33 TES 24 JUN 96 97 1 1 91 3 5 JUL 79 2 98 7 25 93 4 18 AUG 80 4 97 5 21 92 5 15 SEP 79 2 99 1 25 92 8 17 OCT 66 72 5 10 64 5 2 NOV 51 6 55 6 8 51 9 DEC 49 2 46 6 5 42 9 13 TOTAL 786 859 7 9 800 0 2 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 17 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 3B 2 CALIBRATION Computer runs to actual disaggregated data CALIBRATING THE ENERGY MODEL COMPUTER SIMULATION RESULTS Compare the individual simulated values to the corresponding CYCLE 1 CYCLE 2 CYCLE 3 CYCLE 4 disaggregated values from actual UTILITY data Try to match the simulated RECORD ORIGINAL RUN ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT EXTEND OCCUPANCY results to within 20 of the utility __REDUCE HW records and the total to within 10 Adjust the input and re run the ENERGY DIFF ENERGY DIFF ENERGY DIFE ENERGY DIFF simulation if necessary Show what adjustments you are making a Fan Motors gt gt 20 769 11 614 13 181 KWH b Lighting gt gt KWH 81 270 81 776 1 87 434 8 c Receptacles gt gt KWH 7 740 7 911 8 379 8 2 d Water Heating gt gt KWH or MMBtu 28 76 37 8 27 7 3 e Space Cooling gt gt KWH 104 061 82 438 85 988 17
75. gn uses the Variable Base Degree Hour energy analysis method and is mainly intended for quick annual energy performance estimates of commercial buildings Buildings are assumed to be single zone with little or no internal mass The program features a user friendly interface to create a building The run mode results in an annual energy use calculation It also derives the annual utility bills broken into categories of use ENERPASS 3 0 DOS ENERMODAL ENGINEERING WATERLOO ONTARIO CANADA ENERPASS 3 0 simulates the energy consumption and thermal perfor mance of most building types The program calculates heat flows WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY within the building between the building and ambient air and be tween the building and the ground on an hourly basis based on weather data which is supplied with the program User interface is simple Most options are selected from menus and operating sched ules for building occupancy lighting water usage and equipment operation are defined by graphical input The user can also building custom libraries of HVAC equipment ENERGY SCHEMING 2 0 MACINTOSH UNIVERSITY OF OREGON EUGENE OREGO ENERGY SCHEMING is specifically created to help the designer at the schematic design stage The user defines the building by drawing it and not by numeric input Menus make the selection of design op tions easy and graphic output helps the designer visualize the
76. gree days or degree hours to predict the building s response to the exterior environment They also use integrated totals of interior loads like kwh of lighting and appliance energy to predict the internal heat gains These models obtain the advantage of speed by avoiding detail but by doing so they sacrifice accuracy in the energy predictions They are unable to accurately predict energy impacts of features that have large hourly fluctuations For example they cannot accurately predict the quantities of solar heat gain through windows that might have unique shading characteristics Window heat gains can have large variations from hour to hour as the incident sun angle changes Thus the effects of using different shading devices are difficult to predict with simplified models It is also difficult to accurately predict the impacts of using daylighting dimmers in building interiors because electric lighting dimmers that respond to daylight levels are sensitive to hourly changes of sun angles and cloud cover Interior variables are equally important It is difficult to predict the energy impacts of variations in a building s operation schedule i e changing the lighting on off cycles ventilation schedules people occupancy schedules and thermo stat settings that change hourly VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT l 5 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION The second method of energy modeling the
77. ground surface s Using the references as listed in the Bibliography try to find the reflectance factor of this exterior ground surface Put all of this information on the building sketch you have made earlier ap Ln VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT eerie geared alters Meare beni Il 10 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION 2C OPERATING SCHEDULES FORM NO Every function zone in the building usually has different operating schedules and systems Record and or estimate all of these operating schedules and systems and other important data specific for particular zones If the same schedules and systems are used in other zones you do not have to repeat this recording step for those zones These include the schedules of the occupancy unoccupancy periods hot water usage ventilation and lighting plus equipment Also record the temperature settings during the occupied and unoccupied periods Record the profiles of these schedules and settings on the provided forms Assign a number of each profile you sketch for further reference All of these data may be obtained from the inverview with the building operator manager or from your own observations e Operating Schedules Profiles 20 1 Sketch the 24 hour profiles in decimal fractions of the peak values For example if the building is fully occupied the number is 1 for 100 percent If the building is half occupied the n
78. gt gt KWH or MMBtu e Space Cooling gt gt Kwh f Space Heating gt gt KWH or MMBtu g Total Electric gt gt KWH h Total Gas gt gt MMBtu i EUF gt gt MBtu sq ft yr Note After the simulation has been calibrated to the real data look at the components of energy use in the simulated annual load results Analyze which load component that contributes the most to the energy use and start analyzing some retrofit strategies VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT A 1 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX A B E P S BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARD B E P S Source Energy 1000 s Btu sq ft yr No State SMSA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 AL Birmingham 123 107 127 353 1166 114 110 161 1113 101 89 1117 181 142 139 53 2 AL Mobile 142 129 147 406 192 127 132 187 131 116 96 1133 207 166 162 47 3 AZ Phoenix 146 133 152 406 196 1131 136 192 1134 119 1100 1137 212 171 1168 49 4 CA Bakersfield 123 109 127 1358 167 113 112 162 1113 100 86 1116 181 143 1140 48 5 CA Fresno 120 105 123 1353 1163 112 108 158 1111 98 85 1114 178 139 136 50 6 CA Los Angeles 112 101 115 1364 1157 1103 103 151 1106 91 74 1106 171 132 126 42 7 8 9 CA Sacramento 118 102 120 353 1160 110 104 154 1108 96 84 1112 175 136 132 52
79. he actual data Analyze the current energy problems in the building and study the retrofit designs that can improve the energy performance of the building 3A COMPUTER SIMULATION FORM NO The software provided with this course package is the ENER WIN program which runs under Windows on MS DOS microcomputers When this program is executed it will provide the opportunity to specify the project information climate economic parameters fuel costs occupancy and operating characteristics system parameters and a fully detailed description of the building s geometry and envelope assembly properties Execute the ENER WIN program and have all data available The following instructions will help you to get started However more detailed explanations can be found in the ENER WIN User s Manual a Main Menu 3A 1 This is the main interface screen of ENER WIN It has two major types of menus Pull down and Command button menus The Pull down menus are File to start a new project or retrieve an existing project Run to run the energy simulation View Output to view the simulation output and Help to get on line help The Command button menus are buttons for Project Information to enter general information about the project Weather Data to select existing weather data or create new weather data Economics Data to enter economics parameter Building Sketch to sketch the building HVAC zones and Zone Description to en
80. hms to permit rapid energy analyses on large multizone buildings under varying climatic conditions This paper describes the heat gain loads algorithms in this simulation model LECHNER NORBERT HEATING COOLING LIGHTING DESIGN METHODS FOR ARCHITECTS JOHN WILEY amp SONS 1991 NEW YORK This book was written by an architect to help other architects find the most relevant information and practical tools when designing heating cooling and lighting systems The design tools are mainly concepts guidelines handy rules of thumb examples and physical modeling The book promotes a three tier approach load avoidance maximal use of a building s natural energies and use of mechanical equip ment It offers in depth qualitative rather than quantitative ap proaches MEYER WILLIAM T ENERGY ECONOMICS AND BUILDING DESIGN MCGRAW HILL 1983 NEW YORK This book is meant to be a comprehensive introduction to the art and science of energy conscious design Estimating methods for mechanical engineering input discussed in this book are intended to provide approximate answers for use during preliminary and sche matic design The goal of this book is to enable a designer to ask better informed questions and permit some energy analyses during schematic design so that bounds may be placed on the energy problems and more focus may be given to the concern of energy use in the architectural components of a building MOORE FULLER ENV
81. ickly derive the lighting and equipment power density by dividing total watts by the buildings gross floor area This value will be in the units of watts per square foot ASHRAE s Standard 90 1 places a limit on this value for new buildings You can use this as a checkpoint but do not consider it as a requirement you have to meet You are performing an audit of an existing building d Water heating 2E 3 From the software user s manual determine the typical amount of hot water usage by each occupant for the type of building you are evaluating This value can range from 1 gallon per person for typical office buildings to 20 gallons per person for residential buildings Estimate the total annual hot water energy use and annual cost using the water heating equations below Annual Hot Water Energy Use Q Btus OCC x GPD x 8 33 x 140 TG x ODPY EFF where OCC Number of building occupants GPD Gallons per day per person of hot water use 8 33 Weight density of water pounds per gallon 140 Hot water supply temperature deg F TG Ground temperature usually equal to the average annual air temperature ODPY Occupied days per year EFF Thermal efficiency of the water heater typically 0 75 for gas 1 0 for electric Annual Hot Water Energy Cost Cost Q Btus HV x CPU where HV Heating value per unit e g 3413 Btus per kwh CPU Cost per unit e g 0 08 per kwh VITAL SIGNS
82. ign of new energy efficient buildings the analysis of existing buildings for energy conserving modifications and the calculation of design budgets It is intended for use by architects and engineers with a basic knowledge of the thermal performance in buildings It also includes menu driven user interface and a run time status display VITAL SIGNS SOLAR5 DOS U C L A LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA Solard is a very user friendly program developed especially for use at the schematic design stage The name of the program is a little mis leading because Solar5 us a tool that enables architects to design more energy efficient buildings rather than just solar buildings The graphic output consists of a three dimensional graph to relate time of day time of year and some other variable such as heat gain or loss through a south window Changes in the design are immediately reflected in the shape of the three dimensional graph and an experi enced user can quickly understand the consequences of any design modifications CURRICULUM aa a G e a a a eal Atedes esa MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY lt SUAL DOE Windows ELEY ASSOCIATES SAN FRANCISCO CALI ORNIA isualDOE is a Windows application of DOE 2 program that enables rchitects and engineers to quickly evaluate the energy savings of VAC and other building design options It uses the DOE 2 1E hourly mulation tool as the calculation
83. incandescent Next you will have to count all the lighting fixtures and the number of lamps in each fixture throughout the building Multiply the watts per lamp by the total number of lamps in the building This will give you the maximum watts of connected lighting power for the building interior Divide by 1000 to get kilowatts Using the information from your interview with the building manager establish the lighting pattern of the building Determine the fraction of lights that are turned on for each hour of the normal week day number of occupied days per week and number of holidays per year The fraction of lighting load for each hour of the normal day is called a ighting profile You should plot this on a graph to have a graphic representation It helps to add clarity to your work VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 15 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION Add up all the fractions from the 24 hours in the lighting profile This will be the equivalent full load hours of lighting use for each occupied day Now multiply this sum by the connected lighting kilowatts for the building The result will be the number of kilowatt hours of lighting use per each occupied day Then multiply this value by the number of occupied days per week and divide by 7 This will be the average lighting energy use per day To get the annual electrical use for lighting multiply by the numbe
84. is analysis you may use the same profile as that used for lighting Just multiply the kilowatt value by the number of hours of full load use and the result is annual kilowatt hours For some buildings there is a shortcut to the estimation of receptacle loads If a building is heated by a non electric fuel typically gas or oil and if there are identifiable months in which there is no cooling then within the non cooling months all the electrical energy is for fan motors lighting and receptacles So for those particular months the receptacle energy is simply the total KWH from the utility bill minus the KWH estimated for fan motors and lighting This is the preferred method of calculation since you would already know that the electrical use within these months would be made up of those three uses After one month s value is determined the annual value may be estimated by multiplying by 12 Hot Water Equations Annual hot water energy use and annual hot water energy cost can be estimated by using these equations VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT eerie gear dealt S AE AE Il 16 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION Note You have just derived the total kilowatt hours for lighting and receptacle loads As a supplement to your calculation procedures it may be of interest to see how this part of the energy picture compares to established energy criteria You can qu
85. is package can be found in Level 3A section a of the Protocols for Field Evaluation and Computer Simulation As recently as several years ago the hourly simulations were prohibitively time consuming on microcom puters and were therefore restricted to mainframe processors Use of simplified methods often prevailed because the user could run simplified models on the office microcomputer This allowed for reasonable accuracy when doing a standard building but meant avoiding the evaluation of special building features some of which were mentioned above With the advent of faster microprocessors however most detailed energy models can be comfortably run on the ordinary microcomputer There is no longer a reason to take the short cut to get faster answers and we no longer have to sacrifice accuracy when we use the standard microcomputer In the evolution toward placing detailed energy models on microcomputers many of these had the old mainframe style of input output i e tedious unfriendly and unwieldy in output The recent trend has been to write user friendly interfaces to the detailed simulation models and to write interpretive software to capture the results and display them in a more graphic form This has broadened the acceptance of the use of energy simulations especially by architects but possibly the more obvious reason for increased use of energy simulations is the mandating of energy codes and required certifica
86. lding operation supervisor s or the 1A 1 building manager to obtain the following data and use the provided form to record the data e Building name and description Record the building name and a brief description that explains the building Example Two story office building with skylights and lightshelves e Building type Choose the building type from the following selections Office Clinic Warehouse Elementary School Fast Food Rest Mercantile Secondary School Full Menu Rest Hotel Theater Gymnasium Nursing Home Hospita Auditorium Residential e Building location City and State Record the city and state names where the building is located e Year of construction Record the year when the building was built e Construction cost Record the construction cost in per square foot excluding the HVAC and lighting systems cost walls roofs and windows e Total floor area Record the total building floor area e Total occupied days in a week and a year Record the number of occupied days during the week the number of holidays in a year when the building is unoccupied and the months when the building is vacant VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION I 1B BUILDING PHYSICAL DATA FORM NO If possible obtain the building drawings from the building operator manager or from th
87. ll record the peak electric demand for each month If these are available examine the monthly summaries from the computer output to see if the monthly peak demands match the peak demands recorded by the utility company If you are analyzing a residence it is likely that peak demands are not recorded and you can skip this step If each discrepancy is more than 20 then investigate the items that would tend to affect the peak power use Items to verify would be HVAC compressor efficiency fan horsepower defaulted when the HVAC system type was chosen peak occupancy peak lighting and equipment power densities window shading coefficients window shading devices peak ventilation rate and peak hot water usage in the building It is essential that you examine peak values and not the duration of use in the 24 hour profiles Profiles tend to affect energy consumption while peak loads are only affected by the high points on the use profiles Try modifying some peak values and re running the software until the monthly differences are 20 or less and the annual is within 10 of the actual records Do not expect a perfect match to occur since the computer model will be utilizing a long term 30 year average weather pattern and your utility records are selected from a specific year The weather driving the computer model will definitely be different from the year for which the building records are derived It would be almost impossibl
88. municipalities These standards provide sets of guidelines for the energy efficient design of new and existing buildings and building systems The guidelines are designed to promote the application of cost effective design practices and technologies that minimize energy consumption without sacrificing either he comfort or productivity of the occupants o amp uring the early years of energy awareness that began with the oil embargo by the OPEC nations the primary concern was energy independence through reduction of our fossil fuels Since then our tention has been redirected toward environmental and economic issues But regardless of the focus he net result of the efforts are the same i e to reduce energy consumption in buildings The objectives of the energy standards are fe ot VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT 8 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION e To set minimum requirements for the energy efficient design of new and existing buildings and construction e To provide criteria for energy efficient design and methodologies for measuring projects against these criteria and e To provide guidance in designing energy efficient buildings and building systems ASHRAE Standard 90 1 1989 is extremely broad in scope encompassing almost all new construction except low rise residential in all climates across the U S The requirements of the standard are both general
89. n KWH yr for fan motors by filling the blanks IV 10 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 1 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE a Fan Motors QF Daily Fan Operating Schedule 1 lt All units on og L ze 5 06 7 lt Plot profile by the hour 04 4 H 4 2 02 L c 0 SIE EEL LAN In LL KL EA E lt All units off 6 12 6 12 am p m 24 Daily Operating Hours DOH os profile hrs day i 1 Check one F 1 Constant Volume Fans F 0 8 Variable Volume Fans Fan KW KW max 0 75 x h p KW or KW max Volts x Amps 1000 KWave X KW KWmax F Fan Energy QF KWH day X KWH day KWave DOH OF X KWH yr KWH day occ days yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT LIGHTING SCHEDULE Sketch the 24 hour operating schedule of the lights in decimal fraction of the peak lighting usage LIGHTING ENERGY Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for lighting by filling the blanks IV 11 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 2 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d b Lighting QL Daily Lighting Schedule 1 lt All units on 08 z 06 lt Plot profile by the hour 04L 4 02 0 t or or All units off 6 12 6 12 am p m 24 Daily Lighting Hours DLH gt profile
90. n your building Observe the energy breakdowns listed on the summary page and in the bar charts These show the total energy and cost used in the categories of space heating space cooling fan energy lighting receptacles and water heating From this you will know which area has the most room for improvement For heating and cooling the information is further subdivided into annual loads caused by certain building components i e roof walls windows solar windows conducted people lights ventilation and infiltration The percentage contribution from each category is also shown so again there is an immediate way to observe the major problem areas c Energy Improvements through Retrofit Design Strategies After the problem areas have been identified it is now up to the designer to differentiate between those areas that might have practical solutions to the energy problems and those that are not practical e g some items such as window shading or lighting fixtures might be changed easily while other items such as occupants cannot be changed at all It is useful to evaluate retrofit design strategies in three separate categories a changes to operations b physical changes to the building and c changes to equipment First select the changes that you think will be the lowest cost Some of these may only require simple operational adjustments like observing that the ventilation fans have been operati
91. ng Thus it is the building designer who has the primary control over the building s energy use When an architect starts to design a building she or he is simultaneously starting the design of the heating cooling and lighting of the building To avoid major flaws of the design an architect need to include the evaluation of the building s energy consumption in the earlier stages of the design process If energy efficiency is not adequately considered during these stages higher operating cost will accrue over the life of the building In early design stages either in new or retrofit designs one can estimate the energy consumption of the uilding being designed by using hand calculations However an energy simulation program can help the designer have more reliable predictions because it is able to simulate the building the weather conditions that obviously influence the thermal behavior of the building and the operating schedules of the building Energy simulations can then help the designer validate the preliminary estimation of the building s energy consumption and correct some of the architectural features of the building and the mechanical systems to improve the energy performance of the building ion Principles of the hourly energy simulation modeling techniques There are two commonly used approaches for energy modeling simplified methods and detailed methods The simplified methods use integrated weather representations like de
92. ng Home Residential E NERENEE Project Information St Joseph Hospital Retrofit Design Lighting Bryan Texas Preliminary VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT es ae yeah ads Peres seeks E a eA Meroe Mach eae det a yen a IV 17 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 2 WEATHER DATA Weather Data Bo The Weather Data screen of ENER He WIN presents the weather data of the city where your building is located To select new weather data click Other button on this screen ENER WIN is supported with a weather data base for 270 U S and foreign cities based on 30 year statistics ECONOMICS DATA Feannmics Dats Be On this screen you can enter the Hep O O economic parameters of your Tutorial building These economic param eters will be used by ENER WN to perform Life Cycle Cost Analysis VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Pes eee Seeder sete l eae ines tenet eae deta en i en IV 18 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 3 BUILDING SKETCH Set Grid Si To enter detailed data of the builidng you need to sketch the building HVAC set Pm He Set No Fig zones indicated with different colors You can specify the grid size srest zen building orientation ceiling height Future Herr and number of floors typical of this Next Uauel floor plan On each level
93. ng all night when Il 27 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT they are not needed and making a decision to reset on off clocks or rescheduling the lighting system operation These simple changes might save an impressive amount of energy After you have adjusted all the obvious low or no cost items then consider changes to the equipment or the building features This is the moment at which the designer s architectural knowledge will be the most valuable It will be necessary to determine what sort of new design strategies will be the most practical and the most acceptable to apply to the building Complex building changes that could alter the building s architectural appearance may require in depth evaluation and sketching like the addition of eyebrows to shade the windows from the sun Each retrofit proposal must be considered from its visual acceptability and cost viewpoints Costs should be derived as accurately as possible so the actual payback benefits from energy savings can be determined in a meaningful manner WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION d Life Cycle Costing Frequently retrofit decisions are based on economic evaluations in addition to or instead of energy savings evaluations At the end of the simulation output is a table that expresses the project s life cycle cost in terms of Present Worth This is a useful comparison tool if care has been taken to inpu
94. noccu measurements pied and winter unoccupied d Obtain detailed data for General zone data each building zone e Zone floor area Observation e Internal mass e Infiltration rate e Number of people HVAC systems e Cooling and heating systems Interview observation e Ventilation rate e List of central plant Air Handling Unit terminals Lighting systems e Lighting types and loads Interview observation Footcandle meter tape e Daylighting control dimmer measures reference books on sensor if presents lighting e Disaggregation of actual Disaggregate the total energy See detailed methods energy use use into fan lighting receptacles hot water space cooling and space heating energy VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Leese a a a E ese Sar E A S A R bal IIl 4 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY CHECKLIST ACTIVITY ITEMS METHODS EQUIPMENT LEVEL 3 Simulating Calibrating and Retrofitting a Run energy simulation program b Calibrate the energy simulation model c Analyze and study the d Write a report energy savings strategies Confirm the data once again Input data to energy simulation program e Run the simulation e Calibrate the monthly peak demands e Calibrate the monthly and annual energy use Compare the calibrated results with a reference target building Analyze the problems Propose energy saving strategies Cond
95. nu c Weather Data Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual The second set of input you need to enter is the weather data Click ai pp 16 17 and Appendix C the Weather Data button in the Main Menu For a new project this will bring you to the weather database of ENER WIN Select a city name that best represents the location of your building select the closest city if the building location is not listed in the weather database The program will give you an opportunity to edit the values in the database for further explanation please refer to the Appendix C of ENER WIN User s Manual After you are done you can view these weather data by clicking the Weather Data button once again This will bring you to the Weather Data screen and ENER WIN will present you the following informa tion 1 city and state name 2 latitude longitude Standard Time meridian and elevation 3 average dry bulb temperatures and their standard deviations 4 average daily maximum temperatures and their standard deviations 5 average dewpoint temperatures and their standard deviations 6 average daily solar radiation on horizontal surface and 7 average wind velocity Click the OK button to return to the Main Menu VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT z4 D Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 18 19 Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 20 21 Il 21 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIM
96. of the floor for the second or higher floor go to the stairwell area and measure estimate the floor thickness VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Povo be Mered tle dba Alen a aa aA a a a a se ge yer a Il 5 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION c Sloped walls windows and roof I Use inclinometer to estimate the slope of building surfaces d Envelope assembly properties Define glazing types and sizes wall roof and floor materials Various sources for this type of information are the on site building survey the as built plans from the building manager s office or from the architect s office e Adjacent buildings and obstructions Record data about adjacent buildings and natural objects Include the objects size width and height its reflectance and its transparency SKETCH THE BUILDING After the building physical data are obtained either through site 1B 2 measurements or building drawings sketch the building according to the following guidelines in the provided form e Floor plan Sketch a separate plan for each level that is different Clearly put the scale and or the dimensions Clearly note every zone Zone is mainly based on the HVAC requirements although a different space function and location may also define a different zone e Other information Record the building orientation from North the level number represented by your sketch and
97. of your case study building ANNUAL HOLIDAYS DAYS CIRCLE MONTHS WHEN VACANT 1A A5 0 7e Be Be OS TT Te CONTACTS Place your principal contacts and their telephone numbers here BUILDING OPERATOR ELEPHONE ARCHITECT ELEPHONE MECHANICAL ENGINEER ELEPHONE ENERGY CONSULTANT ELEPHONE VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 2 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 1B 1 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BUILDING HEIGHT Field Preparation The following figures show two methods to estimate the building s height when drawings are not available You need at least two people to do either of these methods and a stick or a helium balloon METHOD Ask a person whose height is known to stand closely to the building Or use a stick with a known length and put it close the building Estimate the building s height by determining multiples of the height ot that person or the stick METHOD II Use a helium balloon and tie it to a long cord Hold the cord and let the balloon go up straight until it reaches c the point where the balloon is at the same height as the building Put a mark on the cord at the point where it r touches the ground Pull the balloon down and measure the distance between the balloon and the mark on T xib Or the cord
98. onduct a detailed survey by visiting the building over a few weeks to obtain detailed information about the building s geometry its thermal properties and the conditions surrounding the building These data can be obtained either from the building drawings if available or from the site measurements 2C OPERATING SCHEDULES AND BUILDING SYSTEMS The students are required to record the building systems and the operating schedules These will include the HVAC systems lighting systems water heating and occupancy and the profiles accompanying each system This level can be conducted either by direct observations measurements or interviews with the building operator 2D ZONE DESCRIPTION DATA Because in most buildings every room or zone has different characteristics the students are required to observe each zone in the building This detailed step requires a more detailed interview with the building operator more detailed observations and field measurements 2E DISAGGREGATION OF THE ACTUAL ENERGY USE This activity includes the disaggregation of the total energy use into the components of the energy and costs for fan motor operation space heating space cooling lighting equipment and water heating The results can then be compared to the previous results from level 1 SIMULATING CALIBRATING AND RETROFITTING 3A COMPUTER SIMULATION This activity makes use of the energy simulation program to predict the current energy use in the
99. ows and skylights You can either select and accept the default value edit the default values or add new values You can also specify the actual installed cost of the windows or skylights VITAL PA a A e E aE a ae SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 6 WALL PROPERTIES Da Description UFactor Solar Abs Time Lag Decr Fac Installed Cost 2 Stucco 7 Stud wall 0 090 _ 0 300 2000 0 000 340 3 Brick Veneer 7 Stud wall 0 084 0 740 3 000 0 000 549 4 Redwood Sidings 8 080 0 600 1 000 0 000 355 _5_ Precast Concrete wall 0 079 0 570 4 000 0 000 1205 6 Wall of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 000 7 Wall of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 9 _ R 19 Blown Insul Ceiling 0 048 0 750 1 000 0000 5 00 10 Roof of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 11 Roof of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 o 000 ooo 12 _ R 5 0 Door 0200 750 1 000 o000 600 _13 _ R 11 Floor Effective R 19_ 0 053 1 000 3 000 0 000 050 15 _ Floor of User s Choice 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 00 E oo WINDOW PROPERTIES Da Description UFactor SC _ Emissivity DL Trans Installed Cost 3 Single Plate Reflective 0 800 _ 0 450 0 200 0000 462 4 Double Plate
100. pecify another profile for a particular zone and you can also edit the values that are set by ENER WIN Elementary School Occupancy Profiles percentage ALM P M 123 45 6 7 8 39 10111212 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5080 80 80 8080 75305 00000 0 020 Secondary School Theater Cinema 5 57590 90 80 8080 804515 5 1520 2010 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 101010202020 4040 8080 80 10 0 Hospital Z Fast Food Rest 9 Gymnasium _ 12 Warehouse 0 90 90 90 90 390 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 8080 80 8080 550 0 01020 2020 20 60 90 90 35 353560 6060 4030 10 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 101020 50 50 50 606050505020 5050 5050 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01570 90 90 90 50858085200 000 0 0 0 0 13 Hotel 7 Motel 90 90 90 90 90 70 40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20305050 50 707080 9090 90 14 Nursing Home 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 909090 9090 90 15 Residential 95 95 95 95 95 95 80 80 _65 65 65 65656565 80 80 85 858595 9595 95 16 User s Alt Profile 00000000 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 O 00 0 17 User s Alt Profile 18 User s Alt Profile 19 User s Alt Profile 20 User s Alt Profile 0 0 0 0 0000000 OOO 0 0 O 0 0 o 0 0000000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 Oo 0 0000000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000 0 00 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 Lighting Profiles ALM P M 123 45 6 7 8 9 10111212 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Office 3 Secondary School 5 5 5 5101030 90 90 90 90
101. r different 74 a 76 Z x u z a LeS conditions summer occupied winter amp g occupied summer unoccupied and 60 60 es winter unoccupied 50 E 50 40 tt 40 aaa tt 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 a m p m a m p m SUMMER OCCUPIED No 1 WINTER OCCUPIED No _4 100 100 90 90 7 80 a L E 80 L a gt 70 78 Smt 2 a z z amp amp 60 60 50 50 40 tt ttt ttt tt 40 tt 6 12 6 12 6 12 6 12 a m p m a m p m COPY THIS SHEET IF NECESSARY VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT B 9 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX B SAMPLE PROBLEM Form 2D 1 ZONE DESCRIPTIONS Copy this sheet for each zone GENERAL ZONE DATA ZONE NO ZONE NAME Record the general data only for this 7 ASSEMBLY HALL zone ZONE AREA SQ FT INTERNAL MASS PSF INFILTRATION RATE ACH 2664 50 0 8 LOADS PROFILES AND NO OF OCCUPANTS HOT WATER GALLON VENTILATION CFM LIGHTING WATT EQUIP WATT TEMPERATURE SETTINGS 100 PERSON DAY 0 5 PERSON 15 SQ FT 1 7 sort 0 23 Record the loads and profiles of the OCCUPANCY PROF NO HOT WATER PROF NO VENTILATION PROF NO LIGHTING amp EQUIP PROF NO occupancy hot water ventilation and 1 1 1 1 lighting Also record the temperature settings SUMMER OCCUPIED TEMP WINTER OCC
102. r of non holiday days per year Normally for offices this will be 365 10 or around 355 but for restaurants or residences it could be 365 If exterior lighting exists perform a similar analysis for those lighting fixtures and use patterns and add this to the interior lighting energy use The annual cost of lighting is simply the annual kwh multiplied by the average cost per kwh determined earlier c Receptacles 2E 3 Receptacle loads consist of computers office equipment small appliances and similar devices usually on the order of 0 2 to 1 0 watt per sq ft in commercial buildings In a residence it would also include televisions hair dryers and refrigerators and may reach as high as 3 watts per sq ft In a restaurant or industrial building the load would be even higher Receptacle loads do not include HVAC equipment fan motors or water heating equipment The receptacle load estimate is done in a manner very similar to the lighting energy calculations You will first assess the types of equipment used the power supplied to each device and the numbers of each device After adding up all the device loads remember to convert watts to kilowatts by dividing by 1000 By doing this you will be estimating the peak kilowatt load for all the receptacles Normally you can assume that receptacle use corresponds closely with lighting use and therefore we do not need to derive a separate receptacle use profile For purposes of th
103. rise 10 Office Small 14 Store 3 Gymnasium 7 Multifamily Lowrise 11 Elementary School 15 Theater Auditorium 4 Hospital 8 Nursing Home 12 Secondary School 16 Warehouse A 2 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE APPENDIX A B E P S BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARD B E P S Source Energy 1000 s Btu sq ft yr No State SMSA 1 2 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 JIN Indianapolis 128 103 130 338 168 124 105 162 114 105 102 123 184 143 142 173 22 IKS Dodge City 133 1109 135 353 175 128 111 162 119 109 105 128 191 150 149 72 23 IKY Louisville 128 107 131 353 170 122 109 165 116 105 98 123 186 145 1143 J66 24 ILA Baton Rouge 142 129 147 406 192 123 132 188 131 116 97 133 208 166 163 148 25 ILA New Orleans 144 129 149 406 194 130 133 189 132 118 100 135 210 168 164 52 26 IME Portland 130 1100 131 1335 169 129 101 162 114 107 109 127 186 143 143 J86 27 IMA Boston 125 101 126 338 165 121 102 159 111 102 99 121 181 140 139 72 28 IMI Detroit 129 103 130 338 168 126 104 163 114 106 105 125 185 143 143 77 29 IMN Minneapolis J142 109 144 335 180 140 110 175 123 117 122 138 198 1155 157
104. rmal properties of the wall roof window and skylight assemblies This figure shows the catalogs for wall roof assemblies in ENER WIN The user can modify or change the thermal properties and installed cost of the assemblies according to the actual data VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE FIELD EVALUATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION orientation combinations in one run The software is supported with a statistically based weather database for 270 U S and foreign cities The numerous input parameters mentioned above are pre designed into the program to represent normative values and therefore tend to be taken for granted by the student It is important to recognize however that many of the default assumptions have a critical role in determining the annual energy consumption in a building e g the lighting power density and fan static pressure The student should recognize that changing these parameters may dramatically impact the energy consumption and that such changes should be made only after a thorough understanding of the system fundamentals has been achieved For example an enormous amount of heating and cooling energy can be saved by keeping interior temperatures at 50F in the winter and 85F in the summer but would anyone tolerate it More energy can be saved by lowering the lighting power from 2 5 watts per square foot to 0 5 watts per square foot but can anyone say how this can
105. s in which we say the outdoor temperature is near the building s thermal balance temperature For most commercial buildings this would be the months in which the outdoor average dry bulb temperature is between 40F and 50F For residential buildings it would be for the months in which the outdoor average dry bulb temperature is between 55F and 65F Study the climatic data to try to select the neutral months For the neutral months first go back to steps a through d and estimate the motor lighting receptacle and water heating electric use for only those months Just divide the annual use by 12 or multiply the daily use by the actual days in each neutral month In any event after adding the total electric use for motors lights receptacles and water heating subtract this from the total electric use in those same months Assume that half of this total is for cooling and half is for heating Tabulate the data accordingly For months with outdoor average temperatures above the balance temperature sum all the electrical energy used for motors lights receptacles and hot water and subtract it from the total electric use The result may be assumed to be for space cooling The cost is determined by the same method as in step a Sum this and the amounts from the neutral months ap ys VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT I 18 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION f Spa
106. se The result will usually be per therm but you may also find per million Btus Note that these can always be expressed in a consistent fashion a therm is 100 000 Btus or 100 cubic feet of gas 1D QUICK CALCULATION OF ENERGY USE The first assessment of whole building energy performance can be 1C 1 accomplished by a quick calculation of the building s Energy Utiliza tion Factor EUF simply by using the utility bill record and the building s gross floor area From the utility bill record you need to convert the kilowatt hours of electric use to Btus and then add the Btus of gas use The formula for EUF is expressed in terms of source Btus per square foot per year and is expressed by KWH x 10 500 Therms x 100 000 EUF gross area sq ft x 1000 Mbtus sq tt cont d VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 7 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION I QUICK CALCULATION OF ENERGY USE CONT D After the EUF is calculated you need to compare this to the Building Energy Performance Standards B E PS Values for B E PS are based on geographic location and building type In certain instances the exact building type may not be represented among those in the B E PS table For these cases you should select one or more of the building types that appear to approximate the functions of the study building and average the values An example of this will
107. select the zone number color you want to draw Start drawing by dragging the mouse on the grid Keep moving the cursor until you are done To draw another zone click Select Zone again and repeat the same steps but with a new color When you are done drawing one level you can click Next Level to go back to the floor selection menu When you are done drawing every level go back to the main menu You can later re enter the Sketch routine if you want to make modifications Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 22 33 Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 22 28 Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual pp 28 33 I 22 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION f Zone Descriptions After sketching the building you need to specify the parameters of every zone by entering all data you have recorded in forms 2B 1 2C 1 2C 2 and 2D 1 Click the Zone Description button in the Main Menu A list of the zones in the building will be presented Double click the zone you want to edit To enter the schedule profiles and temperature settings Use the collected data to enter the schedule profiles and temperature settings First click the Profiles pull down menu and select the type of profiles you want to edit Occupancy Hot Water Ventilation Lights amp Equipment or Temperature Settings Enter the correct values of these profiles using
108. side the area of each category 0 95 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Ee IV 16 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE SAMPLES OF THE ENERGY SIMULATION PROGRAM SCREENS Form 3A 1 COMPUTER SIMULATION Samples of ENER WIN Screens ENER WIN MAIN MENU The main menu of ENER WIN consists of two types of menus 1 Pull down and 2 Command button The pull down menu consists of a File to open a new project and retrieve an exisiting project to save a project file b Run to run the energy simulation c View Output to view the simulation output and d Help to get On line Help The Command button menu consists of a Project Information to enter general project data b Weather Data to select weather data from the database c Economics Data to enter economics parameters d Building Sketch to sketch the building HVAC zones and e Zone Description to enter detailed data of each building zone PROJECT INFORMATION This is the screen where you enter general information about the building For a new project select a building type from the Building Type pull down menu As soon as you select a building type ENER WIN will automatically install all default values related to that building type Building Type Office Elementary School Secondary School Theatre Hospital Clinic Fast Food Restaurant Full Menu Restaurant Gymnasium Auditorium Mercantile Warehouse Hotel Nursi
109. sults such as the building use patterns building shape and materials and the weather conditions It is also capable of performing cost benefit analyses to see if the energy savings can pay back the added cost that was invested to make the building energy efficient This course package covers the use of field evaluations and computer simulations for better understand ing of the principles of energy efficient buildings especially commercial buildings This package is intended to be applied to improvement of existing buildings or retrofit designs Students using this package should have a prior introduction to active and passive energy systems in buildings Energy Prediction Methods Often the causes of excessive building energy consumption and high utility bills cannot be determined by a cursory site inspection or even a review of utility records When this situation presents itself to an architectural designer there is an elusive challenge in identifying the cause s of the problem and furthermore in designing a solution to the problem Explicit techniques are required to reliably identify a building s energy problem The best known technique is to apply both field measurements and computer simulations It is important that students be made aware of field measuring techniques and how each of the buildings features and properties affects overall energy consumption VITAL ea ia eee aie haw pe ee om E EO Ee a ea
110. t appropriate economic parameters and accurate costs of new retrofit investments when the program is executed The program will automatically adjust the present worth of annual operating costs based on the energy costs that result from each design scenario entered The user however must be aware that many changes are not free of first cost and these costs must be entered with each new design proposal For example extending roof overhangs will usually result in lower air conditioning costs and thus the present worth of operating costs but the user must remember to add the roof overhang cost to the building s overall square foot cost when the project is entered Though the program only performs the present worth model several alternative economic comparison techniques can be employed by the designer to evaluate the cost effectiveness of various retrofit strategies The user might choose to do a payback analyses by manually extract ing only the annual costs or savings from the run and entering these into an investment payback equation Most techniques will still utilize the economic life and various interest rates and discount rates These should be decided before the first base case run is executed and then held constant throughout all the subsequent retrofit runs VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT I 28 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION my 3D FINAL REPOR
111. t have not been covered during the brief visit s These may include external attachments such as overhangs lightshelves blinds vertical fins and or basement and attic Also observe and record any outside features such as trees and or other buildings that may shade this building Add these data to the sketch es you made earlier b Thermal Properties of the Envelope 2B 1 Record the building envelope material assemblies and estimate their thermal properties Record the information on the provided form e Wall and Roof Properties Describe the wall roof materials U Factor Solar Absorptivity Time Lag Decrement Factor and Installed Cost e Window and Skylight Properties Describe the window skylight materials U Factor Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Emissivity Daylight Transmissivity and Installed Cost Try to estimate these material properties by analyzing the material assemblies You can also use the data from the literature as listed in the Annotated Bibliography If you cannot determine all these properties you may wish to use some default values from the catalog in the software Decrement factor will be computed by the program if it is entered as zero These catalogs will later be used when you describe the walls roof windows skylight of every zone c Outside Features 1B 2 Observe and record any outside features such as trees and other buildings that may shade this building Also record the type of the exterior
112. ter all data in each zone To start a new project it is better if you follow the following steps although you actually do not have to enter the data in a sequential order To retrieve an existing project click the File pull down menu select Retrieve Old Project and enter the project file name Then you can start editing the project data by following the steps below VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 20 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION Click the Project Information button in the Main Menu This will bring you to the Project Information screen py b Project Information 3A 1 ad Input the information that ENER WIN requires by entering the data you have recorded in form 1A 1 Project Information Because the data you have recorded are the same as the data that ENER WIN needs you can simply type in all of these data in the provided spaces Refer to ENER WIN User s Manual SUGGESTION ENER WIN is supported with numerous default pp 14 15 values to ease your work To enter the data more quickly click the Building Type pull down menu and select from the list the building type that is suitable for your building When you select a building type the program will automatically install all default values for that building type You can edit these values by using the actual data from your data collection Click the OK button to continue to the Main Me
113. the blanks Notice that the Gas Heated Buildin calculation for gas heated building is different than for electrically heated ac i n 7 z building Total annual QF QL QE QWH elec KWH fans lights receptacles hot water KWH yr e Electrically Heated Building Monthly KWH for fans lights receptacles hot water OM 12 KWH month AVERAGE MONTHLY QF QL QE OWH elec TEMPERATURES Fill the blanks below with the Neutral Months Balance Temperature Range tb 40 90 deg F average monthly temperatures Use these to help determine the neutral NAME TOTAL ELEC USED FOR ELEC FOR ELEC FOR months OF MONTH ELEC a b c d QM HEATING amp COOLING COOLING KWH MONTH AVE TEMP Jan E x 1 2 Feb eS x 1 2 Mar 3 Apr 2 May Jun 2 Jul A E 2 Aug o Sep oO Oct Nov Dec p OC elec Total KWH yr VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT IV 14 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 2E 5 DISAGGREGATION OF ACTUAL ENERGY USE Cont d SPACE HEATING ENERGY f Space Heating OH Calculate the annual energy in KWH yr for space heating by filling e Gas Heated Building the blanks Notice that the calculation for gas heated building is OH 7 different than for electrically heated gas i building Total annual QWH gas gas Btus Btus e Electrically Heated Building Monthly KWH for fans lights receptacles
114. the data from form 2C 1 or 2C 2 Highlight the profile number applicable for the zone you are editing When you are done return to the Zone Description screen and continue editing other profiles settings To enter the wall and window properties First click on a wall number then click the Properties pull down menu in the Zone Description screen and select Wall or Window to go to the Wall and Roof Properties or Window and Skylight Properties Then enter the wall roof and window skylight properties recorded in form 2B 1 To enter non geometrical parameters Use the data from form 2D 1 to enter the zone parameters Enter the zone floor area and internal mass Then enter the data on the number of people hot water usage ventilation rate lighting type cost and load equipment load and HVAC system types Also enter the appropriate numbers of the profiles or temperature settings you have entered earlier Enter the data on natural ventilation and infiltration rate Enter the data for daylighting if daylight is used in the building Enter the data on the HVAC systems if data are available To enter geometrical parameters The bottom half of the screen is provided for you to enter the geometri cal and thermal envelope s data The sketch program automatically computed the envelope sizes from your sketch of the building HVAC zones However you may wish to edit these values to add window sizes shading characteristics etc Using
115. ts predicted by the computer should also compare favorably to utility bills If this does not happen then check the rates entered into the computer program for electric energy KWH peak demand KW and for gas fuel per therm against the correspond ing rates on the utility bills Confirm that these are correct in the Economics Data screen of ENER WIN and then execute the program again if necessary 3C RETROFIT STRATEGIES After the simulation program has been adequately calibrated to the actual building s utility bill records an in depth study should be conducted on how to make the building more energy efficient First it is important to see how bad the building s energy performance is with respect to accepted energy standards Following that we will identify the problem areas that account for the majority of the building s energy use This will guide us into proposing retrofit strategies to improve the building s energy performance Lastly we will include a look at the building s life cycle cost to determine if the proposed retrofit designs are cost effective a Comparison to a standardized target performance We include in Appendix A and in the User s Manual a set of energy performance values known as B E P S Building Energy Performance Standards These were developed as target values and in fact have never been adopted as standards Until such performance standards are developed however these will serve
116. tured houses mobile homes and manufactured modular houses This standard does not include hotels motels nursing homes jails and barracks It does cover the building envelope heating equipment and systems air conditioning equipment and systems domestic water heating equipment and systems and provisions for overall building design alternatives Compliance to this code can be through either a prescriptive path or an annual energy cost method ASHRAE Standard 100 1995 covers energy conservation in existing buildings Its purpose is to conserve nonrenewable energy resources in existing buildings by establishing methods for operating and maintain ing buildings monitoring building energy use implementing recommendations from energy audits and determining and reporting compliance Specifically the standard is directed toward a upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope b increasing the energy efficiency of the energy using systems and components and c providing procedures and programs essential to energy conserving operation maintenance and monitoring SMACNA Sheet Metal amp Air conditioning Contractor s National Association also publishes energy efficiency standards related to building systems and air duct construction standards Energy conservation guidelines 1984 Energy recovery equipment and systems air to air 1991 and Retrofit of building systems and processes 1982 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS
117. uct optimization of strategies All project information Description of energy analysis procedure Existing problems related to energy use findings Suggestions recommenda tions of retrofit designs e Reference materials used for project Compare the simulation results with disaggregated values and the total from the utility bill records Correct the input of the energy simulation model and re run the simulation Compare with standards e g B E P S See tabular results of ENER WIN Correct the problems and re run the simulation Compare results from retrofits with the current energy use Compare the Present Worth of total cost e Intel PC 386 above with Windows operating system e ENER WIN simulation program e ENER WIN User s Manual References e ASHRAE e Means Cost Data Other references as listed in the Bibliography PROJECT INFORMATION Use this form to collect and document general data of your building IV 1 VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT ee ee ee tee WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE DATA COLLECTION FORMS Form 1A 1 PROJECT INFORMATION Field Preparation YOUR NAME YOUR NAME YOUR NAME PROJECT NAME BUILDING TYPE PROJECT DESCRIPTION PROJECT LOCATION STATE ZIP YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION TOTAL FLOOR AREA SQ FT CONSTRUCTION COST SQ FT TOTAL OCCUPIED DAYS WEEK CASE STUDY BUILDING Sketch your building or attach the photograph
118. umber is 0 5 e Temperature Settings 2C 2 Sketch the actual 24 hour temperature settings in degrees Fahrenheit Sketch these settings profiles for four different conditions Summer occupied Winter occupied Summer unoccupied and Winter unoccupied 2D ZONE DESCRIPTION DATA Record all data for each zone you have defined Sketch each zone and 2D 1 record all detailed data for that zone These data will be required later when running the computer simulation Record all of the building systems HVAC Lighting Daylighting if present and Water Heating A commercial building usually has a mechanical room for the HVAC equipment Go to that room and record all necessary data such as the HVAC type s the fan motor power and the efficiency of the equipment Observe the lighting type s and measure the lighting level s in the building Observe and record other equipment such as computers copy machines and coffee machines Make an observation if the building utilizes daylight If so make note on how the electrical lighting is dimmed Use the Zone Description form to record these data one form for each zone VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 11 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE Refer to Form 2C 1 and 2C 2 PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION a General Information about the zone 2D 1 e Zone Area Record the floor area of this zone You can calculate this area from the drawing or if drawings are not
119. used in CFM sq ft The default value is 4 cfm sq ft Write the appropriate HVAC system type for this zone by selecting from the list in the following page Record the cost Fan Static Pressure Cooling SEER and Heating COP if data are available ap D VITAL SIGNS CURRICULUM MATERIALS PROJECT Il 12 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PROTOCOLS FOR FIELD EVALUATION amp COMPUTER SIMULATION e Cooling 1 Variable Air Volume VAV 5 Roof Top Unit 2 Double Duct 6 DX Residential 3 Multizone 7 DX Residential Heat Pump 4 Fan Coil Unit 8 Window Unit o Heating 1 Gas 2 Electric Resistance 3 Heat Pump d Lighting systems 2D 1 Write the lighting system type by selecting from the list below Also write the lighting system cost in sq ft o Lighting 1 Incandescent 5 Metal Halide 2 Fluorescent 6 High Pressure Sodium 3 Halogen 7 Low Pressure Sodium 4 Mercury Vapor e Daylighting 2D 1 When daylighting is utilized write the room depth that is daylit and the target lighting level in footcandles Also add the following e Venetian Blind 1 if present 0 if not e Diffuse Shade Transmissivity Fraction of transmittance of diffuse blind e Window Sill Height Height of window sill above floor in feet e Window Height Height of top of window above floor in feet e Ground Reflectance Luminous reflectivity of ground 0 if unknown After you finish collecting and recording all of the above d

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