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Logger Pro - Department of Mathematics

1. 45 KEYS ROKE EQUIVALENTS 50 eee tete Pe 49 CURSOR Ss LOGGER PRO MENUS APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE ucsursesnessennesesnennesennennennenennennenennennesnesesnenuesesnenussnssesnenusseruenee OD APPENDIX USING LOGGER PRO ON A 1 11 0101 7 APPENDIX C INTERFACES COMPATIBLE WITH LOGGER 7 0 OF APPENDIX D SENSORS FOR USE WITH LOGGER SENSOR PRICE 1 a astra amd tie emen ilit eras 92 Logger Pro Logger Pro Logger Pro Full Table of Contents LOGGER PRO 9 MM 9 Logger Pro the LabPro the Universal Lab Interface and the Serial Box 9 LOGGER PRO QUICK 11 7 11 Install SOftW re e rt en 11 Attach interface and Sensor nun Sted eig ev en 11 Startup Logger Pro io esie e t sans eee e ede ee hs 11 EabPro 0 11 Configure Logger Pro for your 0077 12 Collect dat otin uu te 12 Adjust graph Jide ei i e ede ee gio 12 Insert linear regression eta di t eren
2. 33 Read values from graph tie eet dti un e ete 33 Display tangent lines esee 33 Comp re Fruits iode i aie re is e RU 33 Fit a line to data linear 7 2 7 7 0 7 33 Fit to 010070 34 nee te ete tau en o tte eie tes 34 Model Data yst cea UBI ea En dan 34 Change Displayed Precision of Fit Parameters eee esee eene teen enne nennen enne trennen nenne 34 Interpolate 35 Perform an FFET eh 35 PERFORM DATA TABLE FUNCTIONS nn tor E HOP OR EUER ern NEN RERO 36 Change what runs appear in the data table eee eese teen 36 Change a column s name color width or digits displayed eene 36 Calculate new values from raw data new columns eese eese entente nennen enne 4 37 Enter data manually ui eo ep t o ET eg AAS EE teg qe BAN eR eae 39 Copy data to a spreadsheet or eee eene eene tenente tenni 39 SAVE AND PRINT DATA e ede rcs ecd e eee Pe e e RU e eec e Pug 40 Save data calibration and configuration eese eese eee teen nennen trennen enne enne 40 Paste daia into other applications ui at ici 40 use TE 40 Printa graph or data table ise eg dee eere eater de E
3. 87 Logger Pro preferentes i 67 Macintosh 0 87 Windows E b 88 Student use of Logger Pro on a 88 APPENDIX INTERFACES COMPATIBLE WITH LOGGER 89 Which Interface 89 D AMATOR 69 APPENDIX D SENSORS FOR USE WITH LOGGER 91 Sensors supported by all interfaces eee 9 Additional sensors for the ULI and 9 Sensor TorLabPro only e Rer SARE e UR lever da 2 91 Sensor Jor ULL 9 Logger Pro 7 Experiment and calibration 91 SENSOR PRICE URINE e NENNEN EM 00105 92 Logger Pro Overview Logger Pro the LabPro the Universal Lab Interface and the Serial Box Interface Logger Pro Overview The Logger Pro user s guide is divided into four main sections this overview a How To section a Teacher s Guide and the Logger Pro Reference This Overview concludes with quick start instructions for the eager Instructors using Logger Pro in the classroom will want to read the Teacher s Guide for helpful tips The How To section explains common operations with Logger Pro You can read it in any order The Reference Section explains the function of all the menu items and how to use them On line help is available Choose Help from the Apple me
4. 50 72277 5 enda 50 Tick 50 50 50 BIEN REDE 50 Grapli piohs eU t RR n e ene ete EA 51 ite 51 Table Window 51 Select ALIN 2 i 51 Column properties 51 Column 51 Column orden 51 Edit cell contents res 51 Strikethrough 0 51 LOGGER PRO MENUS ar 52 LUE 52 eva ether Pot I Tq 52 Editmehnis e RR REIR US UD UR RR RH EIE 56 3 57 Data i ntt is e ese REDE 59 Ahalyze Wien E 62 67 SELUD MENU SE SD 74 83 Remote meni ete E D RR EE AUR RU SERRE E ERR 64 Help men SR GR EORR UU ER NR E ERE E RE RUN S Ee Ue qt 64 APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE sssesesesecsesereerosoesesesceeororeororsesececoerororsesoesesecoeeesoroesesoesesocoeeosoeseee 85 APPENDIX B USING LOGGER PRO ON A NETWORK 87 General principles
5. iin ees 21 Collect data Yepeaiedly 1a RR ule ed aae eee ek eed hla beni ences 21 Set sampling speed data collection 22 Set experiment length 22 Set over sampling ue et Ee A e 22 Trigger data collection n e 23 24 Collect Photo gate dat 24 Collect radiation dala ie uoo 26 C rrect entries 27 5 Logger Pro ok UES ein a TE 28 REMOTE DATA COLLECTION LABPRO 011 29 Quick Setup Method isses nenne 29 Setup for Real Time Collect Method 29 Setup for Selected Events 30 MIEW OTHER WINDOW TYRES rine nr 3l 0 31 yi 31 EFT gt Graph EET Table 3l Histogram gt Histogram Graph Histogram Table esee eese 31 E E A A A DET die 31 Meter qm 32 Strip Chart 32 ANALYZE DATA pO ORE PE pt ede ten 33 Read values from Cursor eR e e Sd 33 Read delta values between two 70777 9
6. Using Logger Pro on stand alone computers Sensors for Logger Pro Customizing auto ID functions LabPro only Teacher s Guide gt Consider entering an Experiment Note choose About filename from the Help menu where filename is the experiment file name to give preliminary instructions that will be displayed when the file is first opened Consider adding an explanatory or instructional text window that will be visible during data collection Choose New Window gt Text Test your setup by performing a trial experiment and make changes as needed If you do not want to save your example data with the experiment setup clear the data by choosing Clear All Data from the Data menu gt Choose Save from the File menu Enter a descriptive file name and save the file To use the file later with students place a copy of the file in the default experiment file directory specified in the Logger Pro preferences Certain settings of Logger Pro such as the default location of files which you are unlikely to change every session can be stored in preferences See Preferences under the File menu Preferences are stored locally on the computer Consult Appendix B for detailed network suggestions Using Logger Pro on a network is similar to using it on a stand alone computer However the benefits of network access to Logger Pro include the need to install only one copy of the software further protection of experiment and
7. 57 M Manual Curve Fit 65 Manual data entry 39 Manual fit 34 Menus 52 Meter layout 72 Meter window 32 Meter window options 72 Model Manual Curve Fit 65 Modeling See Manual Fit Modify Column 62 Motion timing 25 N Network use 87 New 52 New Column 60 New columns 37 New Wide Window 84 Logger Pro 97 98 Index New Window Tall 83 0 Open 2 Over Range Autoscale 55 Over Sampling 22 80 P Page Setup 53 Paste 56 Pendulum timing 26 Photogate 24 79 Photogate sampling 81 Plot one probe versus another 16 Point protector 68 Point protectors 17 Preferences 40 54 Print Preview 53 Print Screen 53 Print Window 53 Printing 40 Printing Options 53 Prompted data acquisition 24 Protecting experiment files 45 Pulse timing 25 Pulse Timing 25 0 Quick Start 1 R Radiation 81 Radiation counting 27 79 Radiation counting sampling 81 Real time data collection 21 Remote data collection 29 Remote menu 84 Remove a sensor 20 Repeat mode 21 Repeat mode of data collection 79 Replace Window 84 Replay 57 Rescale See Autoscale Once Restore Rows 56 Retrieve data 84 Reverse Direction 77 Logger Pro Index Rotary Motion Sensor 77 S Sampling 57 Sampling speed 22 80 82 Save As 52 Save calibration 20 Save data 40 Scroll 16 Scroll arrows 50
8. Select 56 Selected Events 79 Selected Events Collection Mode 24 Sensors 75 Set Axes to Autoscale 74 Set Up LabPro 84 Set Up menu 74 Show Run gt 59 Smoothing 57 Software installation 44 Sort data 28 Sort Data 60 Spreadsheet copying data to 39 Statistics 67 Stop 57 Store Latest 59 Strikethrough Rows 51 56 T Table layout 72 Table options 36 Tangent 33 63 Teacher s Guide 43 Text window 31 Tick mark labels 50 Time unit 82 Toolbar 49 84 Triggering 23 82 Troubleshooting 85 Turn off input 20 Tutorial overview 13 U Undo 56 Undo Zoom 74 Units 16 USB 43 Logger Pro 99 100 Index View menu 67 W Window menu 83 Window types 31 Windowing FFT 70 Windows 31 7 Zero 58 Zero Button 58 Zoom 15 Zoom In 73 Zoom Out 74 Logger Pro
9. Only cells in manually entered columns or prompted columns collected in Events with Entry mode can be edited Click the cell to be changed Type in the new value and press enter To ignore sensor collected data which is not editable select the data range in the table and choose Strikethrough Rows from the Edit menu Selecting Strikethrough data in the table and choosing Restore Rows from the Edit menu restores this data Logger Pro 51 Logger Pro Reference Apple menu About Logger Pro File menu New Open Close Save Save As Import Data 52 Logger Pro Menus Macintosh only Choose this item to display information about Logger Pro The version number and copyright notice are displayed New Etrl N Open Ctrl Close Save Ctrl S Save As Import Data Export Data Printing Options Page Setup Print window Print Preview Print Screen Etrl P Preferences Exit Choose New to open the startup window and data table All prior data configuration and calibration information will be lost If a LabPro interface is connected and an auto ID compatible sensor is connected to the LabPro Logger Pro will attempt to open an appropriate experiment file automatically Choose Open to open a previously stored experiment file In addition to standard open file dialog features there is a check box which when filled will cause files to be opened as read only A read only f
10. Save your file e Biology with Computers by David Masterman and Scott Holman 30 experiments e Chemistry with Computers by Dan D Holmquist and Donald L Volz 30 experiments e Middle School Science with Computers by Donald L Volz and Sandy Sapatka 37 experiments e Nuclear Radiation with Computers by John Gastineau 6 experiments Logger Pro 45 Teacher s Guide Calibration files Creating an experiment file 46 e Physical Science with Computers by Donald L Volz and Sandy Sapatka 41 experiments e Physics with Computers by Kenneth Appel John Gastineau Clarence Bakken David Vernier Richard Sorensen 34 experiments e Water Quality with Computers by Robyn L Johnson Scott Holman and Dan D Holmquist 16 tests e Interactive Lecture Demonstrations by Ronald Thornton and David Sokoloff demonstrations in motion force and energy e RealTime Physics by David Sokoloff Ronald Thornton and Priscilla Laws 12 experiments in mechanics e Tools for Scientific Thinking by Ronald Thornton and David Sokoloff Experiments in Motion and Force Heat and Temperature Sound For convenience the folders of experiment files for the first seven books have been moved to the beginning of the folder Look in a Experiments _Biology with Computers _Water Quality with Computers G Tut _Chemistry with Computers E Interactive Lecture Demos vs _Middle School with Computers C Probes amp Sensors _N
11. Column Options dialog box Table Options The data columns displayed in the meter window can be set by the user in this dialog box Meter Options In addition you can control the layout and font size of meter window readouts Meter Options Logger Pro Graph Layout Zoom In Logger Pro Reference The three grid layout options determine whether the meters are laid out to fill the available space with the largest possible meters Automatic to arrange data from each run vertically By Column or horizontally By Run The type size used in meters can either be set by the user or determined automatically Graph Layout allows you to control the way multiple graph panes are shown in the graph window Choose the desired option and click on OK Graph Layout x Select layout for graph view E One Pane C Two Panes C Two Panes T C ThreePanes Four Panes Cancel There are two ways to display multiple graphs in Logger Pro one is to use two or more graph windows and another is to use the Graph Layout command to display two or more graph panes within a single window Graphs in separate windows are independent of one another although both depend on the same data table Graph panes in a single window share certain adjustments for ease of viewing These shared parameters are e Changing the x axis limits in one pane will automatically change
12. Detection is intended for physics or integrated science students The remaining tutorials are intended to be read after either of the first two tutorials are completed and provide instruction on performing specific tasks with Logger Pro These tasks include gt analyzing data and changing what is graphed fitting curves to data saving files and printing or transferring data creating new columns for data temperature measurement using auto ID Motion Detector use with auto ID YV V remote data collection The advanced tutorials can be done in any order The tutorials assume that Logger Pro has been installed and an interface a LabPro a ULI or a Serial Box Interface is properly connected to the computer Installation instructions are located in the Teacher s Guide Logger Pro 13 14 Logger Pro Change axis limits manually Change axis limits automatically Zoom in on a graph Teacher s Guide How To In the How To section you will learn to perform specific functions in Logger Pro such as using a new sensor or changing data collection rates You don t need to read this section straight through just jump to the task you want to perform and read that portion The tasks are organized in seven broad categories graph appearance sensor functions data collection options non graph windows data analysis data tables and saving and printing data If you have further questions go to the reference section and
13. Once you have a fit that you like click on OK to display the fitted curve on your graph Click on Cancel to discard all fits The Save button will place the fitted curve on the main graph window without closing the dialog box To superimpose a function over your data make a graph active by clicking on it once Select Manual Curve Fit from the Analyze menu In the dialog box select a function Adjust parameters as needed to fit the function to your data Note that poorly chosen parameters may make the function miss the graphed region entirely In this case it is difficult to adjust the parameters by trial and error You may want to select parameters carefully so that the function matches the data at the y intercept and adjust values from there You can adjust either the number of significant digits or the number of decimal places used in displaying fit statistics and parameters After you have completed a fit double click on the floating box containing the fit information A floating box options dialog will open allowing you to set the line color line style fit coefficients displayed and their precision Logger Pro Interpolate points Perform an FFT Teacher s Guide Floating Box Options To interpolate between data points first fit a function to a range of data Then choose Interpolate from the Analyze menu The floating box for the curve fit will expand to show the coordinates of points along the fitted curve Move the m
14. an interface cable At least one sensor e A temperature sensor or a Motion Detector are good choices for initial testing of Logger Pro The Voltage Probe included with LabPro the ULI and Serial Box Interface can also be used All of these items except computers are available from Vernier Software amp Technology 13979 S W Millikan Way Beaverton Oregon 97005 2886 503 277 2299 email info vernier com web site www vernier com Appendix C discusses the differences between the interfaces and Appendix D lists sensors compatible with Logger Pro Before turning on your computer you should set up the interface with a sensor The interface should be placed near the computer First connect the interface cable to the interface Then attach the cable to any unused serial port or USB port as appropriate For USB use we recommend direct connection to the USB port without a hub 701 the PC the connector on the computer may be either a 25 pin plug or a smaller 9 pin connector An adapter is supplied with the interface to make the appropriate connection to your computer Logger Pro 43 Teacher s Guide Software installation Macintosh Software installation Windows Software installation Windows 3 1x Software installation network 44 to serial port LJ Serial I O interface to power adapter to 115VAC Interface Connections Next plug the power supply into the ma
15. axis label to plot the new column on the horizontal axis Logger Pro 61 Logger Pro Reference New Column gt Manual Modify Column Delete Column Column Options Clear All Data Analyze menu 62 Examine Try New Column Clicking the Try New Column button will graph the new column in the sample graph You can make changes to the definition and check out the changes by clicking this button again Click OK to keep the new column and return to the main Logger Pro screen Cancel will close the dialog box and discard any entries Manual columns only require a name The new column will be created in the data table Select a cell by clicking it Type in your values ending each entry with the enter or return key You can also paste a column of data after clicking the first cell Manual columns are limited to the number of data points already collected using a sensor Modify Column allows you to change the definition of a calculated column The same dialog box as for New Column above is displayed Use Delete Column to remove unneeded columns Column Options opens a dialog in which you can change the name of the column change the point style used units and displayed precision of data Use this option to modify existing columns Labels and Units K Long Name 8 Short Name Units meters Cancel Attributes r Point Protector Update Point Protectors Doavmsar Use for all columns of th
16. contents of this dialog box will depend upon the selected Timing Mode Pull down the Timing Mode list and choose an appropriate mode The Timing Device Selection portion of this dialog box is a function of the timing mode If the timing mode is Motion Timing select the type of device If you are using a custom device click the User defined button and enter the distance in meters between the leading edges of the device In other timing modes you will only need to enter the length of the object that passes through the gate or gates When using the Radiation Counting mode a different Sampling dialog box will appear Data Collection LN E E m Radiation Choose between Real Time Collect and Events with Entry The Real Time Collect mode is used for lifetime measurements while the Events Logger Pro 61 Logger Pro Reference Triggering 82 Interface with Entry mode is used for measuring count rates on user command similar to the Events with Entry mode for other sensors described above Experiment length Enter the length of time over which data are to be collected Count Interval Logger Pro will count the number of pulses detected during each count interval For example the settings shown above will have Logger Pro report the number of pulses during each of sixty 5 0 s long intervals for a total collection time of 300 s Time Choose a time unit Data collection can be triggered that is data are not colle
17. it dede reina deg 12 TP NOU NECE ITI TR 12 TUTORIAL OVERVIEW nes 13 Purpose of tutorials s san it od UI Rente teo ede epe ded ene O A 13 Introductory tutorials 2 13 Advanced tutorials ii e ee e b palo eti de e ede eds 13 3 13 HOW TO 15 CHANGE GRAPH APPEARANCE initiieren ELBE 15 Change axis limits manually 15 Change axis limits automatically eddie E e e e etd ies 15 Zoomin oma 15 Scroll to a new portion of graph without 00 16 Change whats plotted 16 Graph two or more sensors simultaneously 16 Plotting one sensor versus another sensor 90 16 Change the units etti statut 16 16 CONFIGURE SENSOR FUNCTION nannten eins ans 18 Auto ID LabPro doe E E EE 18 Open an experiment file 18 Perform a complete essent 18 Calibrate Sensor 19 Save calibration i utis ed e 0 tle EP ori P pag 20 Remove Q sensOF o 20 CONFIGURE DATA COLLECTION OPTIONS 2 21 Collect data in realtime visits ied d E nete
18. not be useful If you don t see what you want to plot you may be able to create a new column of data based on the raw data See create new columns below Once you ve defined a new column you can plot it You can plot data from multiple sensors either on a single graph or on separate graphs To use a single graph Click on the y axis label and select all the sensors you want to plot together Click on OK To use several different graphs you need to create the needed number of graph panes Choose Graph Layout from the View menu Click on the layout with the desired number of panes For each graph click on the axis label for a list of available columns for plotting Choose the column of the desired sensor Sometimes it is appropriate to plot the value of one sensor versus another For example you might want to graph pressure as a function of temperature Once Logger Pro is set up to simultaneously take data for the two sensors click on the axis labels to select the appropriate quantity A graph does not need to include time The axis labels are shown with physical units whenever they are available When you set up a new sensor you can enter the desired units at the same time that you perform calibration For more information see sensor setup below If you double click on a graph you will get a dialog box that allows you to change a number of graph options Brief descriptions follow for additional information see Log
19. read the descriptions of the relevant menu items or check the index for other references Change Graph Appearance There are many ways that you might want to change the appearance of the initial graph The range of the x or y axis might not be ideal Or you might want to plot other quantities on each axis You can change most elements of the graph directly by clicking on them so if you are not sure how to change a given item begin by clicking on it and see what happens Here are some things you can quickly change on a graph Often you will measure some quantity and the plotted line will only fill a portion of the screen You can quickly change the range of values plotted by clicking the numbers at the ends of the graph axes Type a new value and press enter To make the plotted data fill the graph window for this particular collection of data click the Autoscale Once button on the toolbar To turn automatic scaling on for all subsequent collections of data choose View gt Set Axes to Autoscale To change just the x or just the y axis limits click on the desired axis You will see a dialo box 5 X Axis Scale Ea Choose the type of scaling you want Autoscale J Autoscale Once will set the axis limits so Autoscale from D _ Cancel the data just fill the C Manual Scaling axis The origin may not necessarily be Mini Maxi included unless you choose Autoscale from 0 in which ca
20. table of the histogram bin counts Text Text opens a text edit window for comments Meter Meter creates a window with digital readouts of data e ActiveX Choose ActiveX to create an ActiveX window from Visualizer Excel Netscape or movie file Logger Pro 83 Logger Pro Reference New Wide Window gt Arrange Replace Window gt Autotile Toolbar 1 Graph Window Remote menu Set Up LabPro Retrieve Data from LabPro Help menu Contents Index About Logger Pro KB Untitled About LabPro 84 New Wide Window creates a new window The current window is halved in height and the new window is created below the resized active window New Wide Menu has the same hierarchical choices as the New Tall Window command above This feature is not available in the current version of Logger Pro Replace Window also shares the hierarchical choice of the above commands but instead of generating an additional window it replaces the current window with the selected type of window Autotile is a toggled setting When checked it forces a tiled layout of windows whenever a window edge is moved Toolbar is a toggled setting When checked the toolbar is visible on screen Uncheck it to hide the toolbar The title of each open window is listed at the bottom of the Window menu Select the title of the window you want on top Set Up LabPro Retrieve Data from LabPro The LabPro interface is capable of collecting and s
21. that input gt Choose the sensor name from the Sensor scrolling list Choose the desired calibration file from the Calibration scrolling list Some sensors have several possible ranges or units choices In most cases you will use the default calibration In most cases you do not need to manually calibrate for the supplied calibration will be adequate If you do not need to perform a new calibration for the sensor click on OK You are ready to acquire data In cases where you do want to calibrate a sensor for additional accuracy follow the instructions immediately below To calibrate a sensor you must have another way of measuring the sensor quantity For instance with temperature sensors you will need a separate thermometer as well as water baths of different temperatures To perform a new calibration Choose Sensors from the Setup menu if the Sensor Setup window is not already open Click on the Calibrate tab at the top of the resulting dialog box Logger Pro 19 Teacher s Guide First calibration point Second calibration point Save calibration Remove a sensor 20 Sensor Properties Ea Sensor Setup Calibrate Details m LabPro CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 DIG SONICT DIG SONIC2 Sensor Temperature Direct Connect Label Temperature Units C Short Label Temp gt Click on the input or inputs to be calibrated The selected inputs will be o
22. the limits in other panes e Scrolling the x axis plotting range using the scroll arrows will scroll all panes e Zooming into a selected region will zoom the horizontal axis of all panes in the same manner e Turning on the Examine tool shows the data points for all panes These connected adjustments will keep the horizontal axes synchronized to allow easy comparison of each series If you want independent adjustment of the horizontal axes use separate graph windows To zoom in on a portion of a graph first draw a rectangle on the graph screen by dragging the mouse across the desired area as you see here Logger Pro 73 Logger Pro Reference Undo Zoom Zoom Out Autoscale Once Set Axes to Autoscale Setup menu Sensors 74 Bi Graph Window iof x Distance vs Time E 5 5 5 Time s Then choose Zoom In from the View menu or click on the Zoom In button on the toolbar The graph will rescale expanding the selected region to fill the plotting area If the Zoom In command is used on one of several graph panes in a single graph window the horizontal axis will be changed in all graph panes Choosing Undo Zoom will reverse the last zoom action Al performed whether by the above Zoom In command or the following Zoom Out command You can undo multiple zooms with multiple Undo Zooms The Zoom Out command will double the range of both the x and y axes amp l Autoscale Once will chang
23. values from raw data new columns Calculated data columns an example Teacher s Guide Column Options x r Labels and Units Long Name Short Name p Units meters Cancel Attributes m Point Protector Update Point Protector OO AVE 8 A Y 7 Use for all columns of this run Camco BEREEDEN BEBUNSUL r Displayed Precision Decimal Places 3 Insert number between 0 and 5 Significant Figures Column Width characters Propagate Changes over Runs s Insert number between 7 and 30 Hide Column in Table In the Column Options dialog you can change the column s name color decimal places displayed and width If you click in the box for Propagate Changes all runs for that column will be affected Hide Columns will conceal the column in the data table You can choose to apply the new point protector to all columns of that run all runs for that column or that column and run only As Logger Pro gathers data from a sensor the data table fills in with time and sensor readings You can define rules for columns calculated from the sensor readings much like you enter formulas in a spreadsheet The definition can be entered either before or after the data are collected These new columns can be graphed just like any other column even as data are being collected The calculated columns can be used for a variety of purposes incl
24. with Logger Pro Protecting experiment files Sources of experiments for Logger Pro from Vernier The tutorials printed separately from this manual but included with Logger Pro can also be used as a student introduction to the program The first two Temperature and Motion are parallel introductions to Logger Pro The former is designed for all students and the latter for students who will use the Motion Detector The remaining tutorials extend the two introductory tutorials to more advanced use including data analysis and curve fitting They might be used as individual class assignments or could be made available for reference as students begin using Logger Pro Experiment files contain information about the particular configuration of Logger Pro including the number of graphs what is plotted on each axis the data collection rate and mode what sensors are connected to inputs and the calibration information used In other words a complete data collection environment can be saved for later use If a custom calibration is performed that information is saved in the experiment file without requiring a separate calibration file Once an appropriate experiment file is loaded and the interface and sensors connected you are ready to collect data Many teachers find that they spend less time teaching computing and more time teaching science if they make use of experiment files Some curricular packages include experiment files for Logger P
25. DIN Electrode Calcium Ion Selective 165 CA BTA 163 CA DIN Electrode Chloride Ion Selective 165 CL BTA 163 CL DIN Electrode Nitrate Ion Selective Electrode 163 NO3 DIN Instrumentation Amplifier 49 INA DIN Light Sensor 39 LS DIN Low g Accelerometer 88 LGA DIN Magnetic Field Sensor 44 MG DIN Microphone 30 MCA ULI Logger Pro Appendix D RMI BTD Relative Humidity Sensor 67 RH BTA 65 RH DIN Respiration Monitor Belt 58 RMB 58 RMB Requires GPS BTA or BPG BTA Rotary Motion Sensor 187 RMS BTD 185 RMS ULD Stainless Steel Temperature 29 TMP BTA Use DCT DIN Probe Student Force Sensor Student Radiation Monitor Vernier Photogate Water Depth Sampler Logger Pro 93 94 Index Logger Pro Index Index A About 59 ActiveX 84 Add Zero Button 58 Advanced tutorials 13 Analysis functions 33 Analyze menu 62 Annotation 63 Auto ID 18 Automatic Curve Fit 63 Autoscale Once 15 74 Axis labels 50 B Bar graph 17 68 Battery 89 Calibration 19 Calibration files 46 Calibration files default location 54 Change graph appearance 15 Clear 56 Clear All Data 62 Close 52 Collect 57 Collect remote data 29 Collection 78 Collection rate 80 Collision timing 25 Column Options 62 configuration total 18 Configure data collection 21 Configure sensors 18 Connecting line grap
26. ID sensor and a LabPro interface a Connect the sensor to either CH1 or DIG SONIC1 b Select File New ernier Software and Technology s LabPro collected the sample data you see in the graph and table windows Advanced User Information lLoggerPro searches the application s main directory then the Experiments folder for a StartUp mbl file 0 disable this StartUp mbl file delete rename or move the file to a new location FE Graph Window Sample Temperature Data Temp C In 2 4 8 8 10 2 Time ES For Help press F1 Temperature 951 LabPro users with auto ID compatible sensors such as a Stainless Steel Temperature Probe or a Motion Detector can skip the following step for Logger Pro will have already identified the sensor and is ready to collect data Logger Pro 11 Configure Logger Pro for your sensor Collect data Adjust graph Insert linear regression line If you need more 12 Choose Open from the File menu and choose an experiment file from the appropriate sensor folder For example if you will use the Barometer look inside the folder Probes and Sensors for the folder Barometer for the barometer experiment files Calibration is automatically loaded with the experiment file Look in Experiments _Biology with Computers Water Quality with Computers Tut Chemistry with Computers Interactive Lectur
27. Logger Pro User s Manual Version 2 1 COPYRIGHT 1997 2000 Tufts University and Vernier Software amp Technology ISBN 1 929075 10 3 Logger Pro Fitting Tutorial Graph Window File Edit Experiment Data Analyze View Setup Window Remote Help 18 x gjeja HELE SK Eine Sl Distance vs Time Distance meters Velocity mis For Help press F1 Distributed by Vernier Software amp Technology 13979 SW Millikan Way Beaverton Oregon 97005 2886 503 277 2299 FAX 503 277 2440 www vernier com 09 21 00 Logger Pro Logger Pro Short Table of Contents LOGGER PRO QUICK START nad Anat eee NA deiade 11 TORA OV RV V 13 CHANGE GRAPH APPEARANCE moea ka esse nn en eher cs suka neh AEA CONFIGURE SENSOR FUNCTIONS CONFIGURE DATA COLLECTION OPTIONS EEN Aa E N aN EE ANERE eren ASEN 21 REMOTE DATA COLLECTION LABPRO 011 0 29 VIEW OTHER WINDOW TYPES a ANALYZED TA M 33 ES 36 SAVEAND BRINE DATA 55 sc oe we 40 5 GUIDE 43 43 IDEAS FOR USING LOGGER PRO IN THE 61 455 0014
28. Repeat Data are collected at the rate indicated and for the experiment length set on the Sampling tab After a short pause the run is repeated until the Stop button is clicked Usually this mode is used to acquire run after run while an experiment is adjusted When a useful run is acquired press Stop If a new run begins before you click on the Stop button you still can return to the previous run Click stop then choose Undo Collect from the Edit menu Events with Entry A new column is defined to replace the time column Enter a name for the column Column Label short name and the column units Data are recorded only when the Keep button is clicked Subsequently the Events with Entry dialog appears on top of the Keep button Enter the manual data and click OK or the Return key to accept Data Collection lt Mode Events with Entry Column Label Short Label Units Selected Events Data are recorded only when the Keep button is clicked No manual entry column is created and time is the independent variable Photogate Timing Data are collected from a photogate or Smart Pulley The photogate mode supports seven methods of collecting data The various modes are made available on the Sampling tab of this dialog box Radiation Counting Data are collected from a Radiation Monitor or a Student Radiation Monitor The Sampling tab allows the experiment length mode and the length of the counting time inter
29. a network you can install Logger Pro on the server Create a folder on the server to hold Logger Pro you will need sufficient privileges to do this Run the Logger Pro Installer from the CD and specify the file server folder when the installer asks for the desired location for Logger Pro Set the student access rights to the Logger Pro folder to read only and shareable Then students can see and run Logger Pro but cannot change it If students will be setting up sensors themselves or accessing the Sensor Properties dialog by choosing Sensors from the Setup menu or clicking on the interface icon on the toolbar additional write access to the calibration files folder is needed Logger Pro will read preferences saved locally on the computer Preferences indicate the location of calibration files and the default location of experiment files If you want students to use a standard set of calibration and experiment files the files should be stored on the server in a location to which students have the same access privileges as the Logger Pro program itself The preferences must then be set to indicate the location of these files on your server When you set the preferences you must have write access to make changes to the experiment or calibration files Two good choices for the location of experiment files are 1 A protected directory on the file server where the students cannot make changes or 2 A local directory where students can store th
30. adjusted in the Parameters fields You can either type in a new value directly or you may use the up and down arrows to increase or decrease the values using the mouse Click or click and hold on the desired arrow The A button near each parameter allows you to set the adjustment increment applied when the arrows are used The A button for the b parameter has just been clicked in the screen above If the Auto Delta box is checked default is unchecked then the increment will be made smaller when the parameter reaches a magnitude similar to the increment Using the manual fit can be very helpful in understanding fitted functions but it can also be frustrating A random or poorly chosen set of parameter values may result in a function that does not cross the graphed region at all Blind adjustment of the parameters will not often move the function into view Once a part of the function is in view it is usually easy to adjust the parameters to get a good fit If your graph starts at x 0 one way to get the function into view at the start is to adjust the y intercept value to match that of your data Then you will see at least a portion of the function allowing you to adjust other parameters as needed Clicking Create Column will place a new column in the data table containing the value of the fitted equation at each x axis value Logger Pro Integral Statistics View menu Logger Pro Reference The Perform Fit On menu allows yo
31. and intercept information will be displayed in a floating box Displayed precision can be adjusted by double clicking on the floating box to open a new dialog box Logger Pro 33 Teacher s Guide Fit functions to data Manual Fit Model Data Change Displayed Precision of Fit Parameters 34 To fit more complex functions to your data choose Automatic Curve Fit from the Analyze menu or click on the Automatic Curve Fit button on the toolbar You will see the following dialog box To fit to just a part of your data you must first select the desired portion of the data by dragging across it Curve Fit Properties x Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Distance m udad Create Column Quadratic Degree Exponent 2 Cx 2 Dx 3 Polynomial d Perform Fit On A w b Power An Variable Power zi Distance Latest OK Cancel Save Help Now choose a mathematical relation from the list at the lower left You may need to scroll through the list to find the appropriate function The polynomial choice also requires that you set the degree of the polynomial Next choose the data set you want to use from the Perform Fit On menu Click on Try Fit to see the result If you like choose another function or data column for another trial fit You can also select a different range of data by dragging across the graph region Click on Try Fit to see the new fit
32. any measurements will be taken for each reported point For example if the sampling speed is 10 samples second and over sampling is set to 5 points readings will be taken 50 times a second evenly spaced in time and each 5 will be averaged to yield a single data point A message explaining the amount if any of over sampling which can be applied to the current combination of probes and data rate appears under the entry box Only analog sensor readings can be averaged Digital readings such as from the Motion Detector cannot be averaged A different approach is to define a new smoothed data column as a function of an existing column using the smooth function Smoothing differs from over sampling in that smoothing acts on an existing data column and does not reduce the number of data points To change the number of points used in smoothing choose Options in the Experiment menu The subsequent dialog box allows you to vary the amount of smoothing Excessive smoothing may obscure important details in the data Logger Pro Teacher s Guide Trigger data collection The Triggering tab of the data collection dialog allows you to set trigger conditions for data collection When triggering is enabled in the checkbox and the Collect button is clicked Logger Pro waits until trigger conditions are met to collect data If multiple sensors are in use data collection will begin when the trigger condition is met on any one of the inputs Only analog
33. ate Timing with Two Gates works with photogates connected to DG1 and DG2 It is assumed that the photogates will be interrupted in sequential order The time measured at each photogate is reported in a different column in the data table If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocities are calculated Pulse Timing refers to the measurement of the time from the blocking of one photogate until another photogate is blocked The timing will begin when the photogate in is first interrupted It will continue until the photogate in DG2 is interrupted If the distance between the photogates is entered in the Distance Between Gates field the velocity is calculated The Collision Timing mode uses photogates attached to DG1 and DG2 It differs from other timing modes in a number of ways It allows both photogates to time independently and times are listed in the data table in columns according to the gate at which they were measured Other modes list times in columns in order as they were measured A data table of results measured in this mode will look like this Times Listed By Gate Delta T1 Delta T2 s s 0 5552 0 7872 0 4332 3 4437 1 0012 1 2623 For each gate the times are listed in the order in which they were measured In the example above photogate 1 was blocked 4 times and photogate 2 was blocked twice Notice that the Collision Timing mode is similar to the Gate Timing Two Gates mod
34. be displayed for the user to enter a value Press Enter or click OK to complete the entry A dialog will pause the collection until you are ready to start the next collection period by clicking Continue Click Stop or Stop Collection when the desired number of points have been collected Data Collection lt Mode Sampling Real Time Collect gt r Radiation r Experiment Length 300 seconds m Count Interval 4 gt Long E Count Interval seconds Short Count Intervals second 2 Samples to be Collected 60 Samples will be stored based on 60 total points collected You can correct mistakes in the prompted column created by Events with Entry mode First collect any additional data required in the run Then click the Stop button In the Data Table Window click on the cell you want to change Type the new value Click on another window to confirm your entry or press Enter to continue corrections in the cell below Sensor data cannot be modified just as a scientist never erases data in a notebook To ignore sensor collected data select those rows in the data table window and choose Strikethrough Rows from the Edit menu To restore any ignored rows select the rows in the data table and choose Restore Rows from the Edit menu Logger Pro 27 Sort data 28 Teacher s Guide If the column used for the horizontal axis is not in ascending or descending order the graph w
35. box Preferences x Graph behavior preferences Hardware a C Program Files Verier Software Logger Pro 2 1 Calibrations C Program Files Vernier Software Logger Pro 2 1 Experiments Click on the appropriate Browse button to change either the default calibration or experiment file folder Choose the desired folder in the subsequent Logger Pro dialog and click OK 41 42 Teacher s Guide Logger Pro Required materials Initial setup Teacher s Guide Teacher s Guide Software Installation To use Logger Pro you must have the following equipment A computer e APC running Windows 95 98 2000 ME Windows NT 4 0 with at least 16MB RAM and at least a 486 processor Serial ports must have a 16550 UART chip If the computer s mouse is connected to a serial port this means the computer will need two serial ports Please contact us for further details Users of LabPro with Windows 98 2000 ME may substitute a USB connection for the serial connection or e A Power Macintosh or Power PC running System 7 6 1 or newer with at least 16MB RAM 10 MB of hard disk space and an unused modem printer or USB port An interface which can be any of the following e A LabPro interface with a 6 volt power supply or batteries and interface cable e A Universal Lab Interface ULI with a 9 volt power supply and an interface cable e A Serial Box Interface with a 9 volt power supply and
36. calibration files from accidental change and reduced hard disk requirements on the local computers For details see the discussion in Appendix A During the installation process above a directory will be placed on your hard disk which includes Vernier calibration files and experiment files Preferences will initially be set to these directories as default Appendix C lists the sensors compatible with Logger Pro LabPro and Logger Pro work together during the auto ID operation LabPro reports the sensor type to Logger Pro which then opens an appropriate experiment file from the VSautoID folder As a result it is easy to change what happens when an auto ID sensor is detected Set up Logger Pro in the desired mode and replace the appropriate experiment file in the VSautoID folder You can determine which experiment file is used by a sensor by selecting About LabPro from the Help menu Logger Pro 47 48 Teacher s Guide Logger Pro ze Logger Pro Reference Logger Pro Reference Keystroke Equivalents Logger Pro supports standard keystroke equivalents for common menu commands On PC hold down the Control key it may be labeled Ctrl on your keyboard and the appropriate letter key On Macintosh computers hold down the Command key while striking the appropriate letter key command Collect Stop New Save Open Print Screen Strikethrough Rows Zero Autoscale Once Store Latest Run Replay Integrate Copy Cut Pas
37. cience and Mathematics Teaching at Tufts University The design was implemented by Stephen Beardslee Nam Hoang Mary Dygert Chris Corbell and Zachari Partridge Version 2 1 revisions were made by Stephen Beardslee Chris Corbell Mary Dygert Garth Upshaw Diane Whitfield and Jessica Fink Logger Pro is copyrighted by Vernier Software amp Technology and Tufts University You are permitted to make as many copies as you wish of the Logger Pro software the User s Manual and the Tutorials for use in your own high school middle school or college department You may use Logger Pro on networks within your school or department at no extra cost Our site license also permits your students to load a copy of Logger Pro on their home computers The Logger Pro manual is copyright 2000 by Vernier Software amp Technology John Gastineau wrote this manual version 2 1 revisions by Jim McBride Macintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc Microsoft Windows Windows NT and Win32s are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Inc Logger Pro 9 10 Logger Pro Purpose Install software Attach interface and sensor Start up Logger Pro LabPro auto ID Logger Pro Quick Start This section is provided for those who do not read software manuals It outlines the essential steps to get started with Logger Pro lt Insert the CD into your computer and run the installer program lt Accept the default suggesti
38. ct the entire data table for subsequent copying Strikethrough Rows disables all selected rows those points won t be drawn or used in any way It displays each selected row in the data table with a line drawn through it Restore Rows reverses the Strikethrough action for the selected rows Logger Pro Experiment menu Collect Replay Stop Sampling Triggering Live Readouts Options Logger Pro Reference Collect lt Enter gt Replay Sampling Ctrl M Triggering v Live Readouts Options Calibrate Zero Etrl D Collect begins a data collection run Clicking the Collect button in the toolbar or pressing the Enter key has the same effect After data are collected choose this item to get an instant replay of the data collection Select the run you wish to replay from the drop down menu You can set the replay rate to faster than real time slower or to the original rate Replay Speed x Replay data collection Run Latest E s fast as possible C 10x original speed C 2 x original speed C 1 2 x original speed C 1 10 x original speed 1 60 x original speed Cancel Stop causes data collection or replay to cease Sampling opens the Sampling tab of the Setup Data Collection dialog box For additional information see the discussion under Setup menu Triggering opens the Triggering tab of the Setup Data Collection dialog box F
39. cted until certain conditions are met To use triggering click on the Enable Triggering check box and enter the desired trigger conditions Data collection begins when conditions are met on any one channel When data collection rates over 2000 points second are used up to 128 points of data prior to the trigger condition can be acquired Enter a number in the pre trigger field to use this function When using the LabPro interface and a fast rate data collection the dialog is slightly different to account for the fact that LabPro uses edge triggering at these rates Mode Sampling Triggering Trigger when any input s trigger conditions are satisfied IV Enable Triggering Potential is greater than fi AFTER less than 05 volts 55 fo Number of points collected Pretrigger data is not available at speeds of less than 2000 Cancel PP Help The Interface dialog box allows you to force Logger Pro to search for a compatible interface The current communications channel is shown in the drop down menu If the most recently used interface is not detected Select port to scan appears as the Interface To choose a channel select it from the list That port will be scanned for an interface Successful communication with an interface is shown by the identifying information here a LabPro is connected to COMI Click on OK to confirm the search and close the dialog The
40. d the horizontal axis represents time Photogate Timing Modes Ti T Motion Timing lt lt 1 1 1 1 Gate Timing B D onegate 1 two gates 1 2 Ti Pulse Timing 1 2 Collision Timing 2 2 2 2 T Pendulum Timing 1 1 1 n Ta Gate and Pulse Timing 1 2 To collect data from the Radiation Monitor or the Student Radiation Monitor open an experiment file for the Radiation Monitor Connect the monitor to the DG 1 port of the ULI or the DIG SONIC 1 port of the Logger Pro Correct entries Teacher s Guide LabPro It is not necessary to set any inputs using the Setup Sensor dialog To adjust data collection parameters choose Data Collection from the Setup menu Click the Sampling tab to set the experiment length and the length of one counting interval Logger Pro will report the number of pulses received during each counting interval There are two Radiation Counting methods Real Time Collect and Events with Entry chosen on the Sampling Tab In Real Time Collect mode Logger Pro will count for successive counting intervals until the set experiment length is reached In Events with Entry Logger Pro will count for successive counting intervals but will not record a value until the Keep button is pressed At that time an entry dialog will
41. de gt Instead of clicking the IM button select Set Up LabPro from the Remote menu gt Follow the on screen instructions to finish setup The yellow LED will remain on indicating that LabPro is ready for data collection gt Save the experiment file so it can be used to later retrieve the data from LabPro When you are ready to collect data press the START STOP button The green LED will blink each time a reading is made The duration of data collection will vary from sensor to sensor Logger Pro 29 Teacher s Guide 3 Retrieve the data Setup for Selected Events Method 30 1 Set up LabPro for remote data collection 2 Collect data 3 Retrieve the data gt When data collection is complete the yellow LED will flash briefly You can also stop data collection early by pressing the START STOP button before data collection is finished Reconnect LabPro to a computer Start Logger Pro if it is not already running and open the experiment used previously for setup Select Retrieve Data on the LabPro Has Data dialog if it appears or choose Retrieve Data from LabPro from the Remote menu The time it takes for the data to be retrieved may be considerable depending on the number of points collected remotely The data will be graphed on the screen and ready for further analysis Using the Set Up for Selected Events Method you will use a computer to set up LabPro de
42. de eden 40 Print the sereen i seeded ER bene ivt 40 Sei defauli file locations oa e ee t dieit eet 40 TEACHER S 43 SiE 43 43 Required materials Tnitial setu SPREE EEE 43 44 9 gt gt 44 Software installation Windows 7 44 Software installation network e 44 IDEAS FOR USING LOGGER PRO IN THE CLASSROOM 45 HOW 10 USE the duloridls ee utar re eee die eu 45 45 Experiment files included with Logger 45 7 45 Sources of experiments for Logger Pro from 71 7 45 Calibration 46 Creating an experimentfile 4 46 6 Logger Pro Customizing Logger Pro aiii ete eit haee leiten ribi e es e eite ame edge 47 Using Logger Pro On network uu auae E ne t sade a et ge ede qe RELEASE Red 47 Using Logger Pro on stand alone computers 47 Sensors Jor Lopper Pro ae i p eei e cates eed eae oe e e EN teen 47 Customizing auto ID 47 49 KEYSTROKE EQUIVALENTS 49 TOOLBAR tratti stan 49 EURSOR EONTROLS p 50 Graph Window aae
43. e the automatic title by entering text in the Graph Title field Logger Pro 17 Teacher s Guide Auto ID LabPro only Open an experiment file Perform a complete configuration 18 Configure Sensor Functions The best way to set up Logger Pro for a particular sensor is to open an experiment file Logger Pro comes with experiment files for each Vernier sensor and for the books Physics with Computers Biology with Computers Chemistry with Computers Physical Science with Computers Water Ouality with Computers Middle School Science with Computers Nuclear Radiation with Computers Real Time Physics and Tools for Scientific Thinking Most of these books are available from Vernier Software amp Technology The files load an appropriate calibration set data collection parameters and prepare Logger Pro for experiments with that sensor Even if you want to use your own custom configuration these files are good starting points The LabPro interface can automatically identify compatible sensors When Logger Pro is launched an appropriate experiment file will be loaded automatically You may need to adjust data collection mode and parameters to suit your particular experiment Or you can ignore the auto ID function and open an experiment file as discussed below Choose Open from the File menu Initially you will see a list of folders corresponding to the various books the tutorials and specific sensors Choose the experiment file f
44. e without any restriction on the order in which the two gates are blocked If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Logger Pro 25 Teacher s Guide Pendulum Timing Gate and Pulse Timing Collect radiation data 26 Object field the velocities are calculated This mode is specifically designed for studying air track collisions It allows the study of virtually any possible collision The Pendulum Timing mode uses a photogate attached to DG1 The timing will begin when the photogate is first interrupted The timing will continue until the photogate is interrupted twice more so that you get the time for a complete swing of a pendulum or other oscillating object This mode requires two photogates The first timing is of the duration of the interruption of the photogate 1 The second timing begins when photogate 1 is unblocked This timing continues until photogate 2 is blocked The third timing is of the duration of the interruption of the beam in photogate 2 If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocity is calculated The acceleration is calculated from the change in speed Note that the A time used in the acceleration calculation is the time between the mid points of the first and last intervals 2 V2T3 The following diagram illustrates the various photogate timing modes For each line the vertical axis represents the photogate state with unblocked as high an
45. e Demos vs _Middle School with Computers EI Probes amp Sensors _Nuclear Radiation w Computers 2 RealTime Physics _Physical Science with Computer Sample Data _Physics with Computers Tools for Scientific Thinking Fienme Files of type Logger Pro Experiments Cancel IV Open as read only gt Click 0016 on the screen Logger Pro should begin plotting data in the graph window You can adjust most features of the graph by double clicking the graph and making changes in the resulting dialog box gt First select a portion of the graphed data by dragging across it Then click on the linear fit button on the toolbar lt If you need more information for using Logger Pro remember that there is amanual and extensive on line help Logger Pro Purpose of tutorials Introductory tutorials Advanced tutorials Preliminary setup Tutorial Overview The Logger Pro package includes eight short tutorials for first time users either students or teachers They are suitable for reference or for duplication and distribution to classes First time users should work through one introductory tutorial and the advanced tutorials as needed The tutorials are bound separately from the manual for easy duplication The first two tutorials Temperature Measurement and Motion Detection are both introductions to using Logger Pro All students can use Temperature Measurement while Motion
46. e available in the list of calibrations in the Sensor Setup dialog box In contrast experiment files may be stored anywhere but Logger Pro will first look in the default location set here To set either folder location click the appropriate Browse button and navigate to the desired folder or just type in the full path to the desired folder Preferences are stored for the use of Logger Pro and are not saved with experiment files Logger Pro Quit Macintosh or Exit PC Logger Pro Reference Preferences The Graph behavior preferences tab allows you to set graphing options If Over Range Autoscale is checked Logger Pro will automatically rescale the graph vertically during data acquisition to include any data point acquired even if it may exceed the existing range settings of the graph Graph behavior preferences allow graph drawing and text to be emphasized for overhead projection Preferences Recent The Hardware tab allows you to determine to which interface Logger Pro defaults when no real interface is attached This allows experiment setup without a physical interface attached to the computer Most Recent is the last interface to which Logger Pro connected on this computer Choosing Quit or Exit causes Logger Pro to prompt you to save any unsaved data then exits the program Logger Pro 55 Logger Pro Reference Edit menu Undo Cut Copy Paste Clear Select All Strikethrough Row
47. e the scales so that the plotted curves su fill the graph area The scaling only takes place for the current range of data plotted You can also click on the Autoscale Once button on the toolbar Set Axes to Autoscale makes the automatic scaling of the currently active graph permanent so that the graph scales itself automatically for the current data and each subsequent range of data that is plotted Both x and y axes may be changed The y axis will not necessarily include the origin so you may want to perform a more limited autoscale by clicking the y axis and choosing Autoscale from Zero in the ensuing dialog Sensors Data Collection Ctrl D Interface Use the Sensors menu item to set up Logger Pro to work with various sensors You will see this dialog box with three tabs The basic sensor setup is explained below The Calibrate and Details tabs are described in turn The ULI inputs can be used in combination subject to these limitations Port 1 cannot be used simultaneously with DG1 or DINI Port 2 cannot be used simultaneously with DG2 or DIN2 DIN3 and DIN4 cannot be used simultaneously with a Motion Detector DIN3 and DIN4 cannot be used at sampling rates over 50Hz For the original ULI and ULIg revision 1 00 the ULI Force Probe must be used in Port 1 and the Motion Detector must be used in Port 2 The LabPro inputs can be used in combination subject to these limitations An analog sensor cannot be used at the same t
48. egrated Science Earth Science Water Quality Battery operation The LabPro and Serial Box Interface offer the advantage of battery operation Battery operation of LabPro is standard The Serial Box Interface requires the Smart Battery Holder SBI BAT 29 Both are easy to use in the field with a portable computer and the LabPro additionally offers remote data collection without a computer attached Contains Data Logger Motion and Sound for 68000 Macintosh or MS DOS plus ULI Timer Mac only Logger Pro 89 90 Logger Pro Appendix D Appendix D Sensors for use with Logger Pro Sensors supported by all interfaces Additional sensors for the ULI and LabPro Sensor for LabPro only Sensor for ULI only Experiment and calibration files You can use many different Vernier sensors with Logger Pro The Logger Pro package includes calibration files for these sensors Most sensors can be used with the LabPro the ULI or the Serial Box Interface others can be used only with the ULI These sensors can be used with Logger Pro and a LabPro a Serial Box Interface or a ULI e 25 g Accelerometer e Barometer e Biology Gas Pressure Sensor e CO Gas Sensor e Colorimeter e Conductivity Probe e Direct Connect Temperature Probe e Dissolved Oxygen Probe e Dual Range Force Sensor 9 EKG Sensor e Exercise Heart Rate Monitor e Extra Long Temperature Probe e Flow Rate Sensor e Gas Pressure Sensor e Heart Rate Monito
49. eir own files In the first case students must be directed to save files to another directory in the latter experiment files must be placed on each computer and could be changed inadvertently To avoid accidental changes set file attributes to Read only Windows right click on file to see dialog or to Locked Macintosh select file choose Get Info to see dialog This way you can have a reference set of experiment files while students can still save their own files Similarly calibration files can be stored either centrally on the server or on individual machines If your students will use a common set of calibration files then choose the former For the less common case of individually calibrated sensors custom calibration done for a specific sensor interface computer combination then the calibration files must be stored locally since they will be different for each computer Lock or set to read only those files you do not want changed To use the network copy of Logger Pro log in to the file server so the server s icon is on the Macintosh desktop Locate the Logger Pro icon and double click to start For simplicity create an alias for Logger Pro on the local hard disks Then when the alias is double clicked the user will be prompted to log in the file server disk will be mounted and Logger Pro will start File servers provide some security by only allowing certain users to perform functions like saving modifying or dele
50. emove an annotation click the close box on the upper right corner of the floating box The interpolate function can only be used after a function has been fit to experimental data using the Automatic Curve Fit Manual Curve Fit or Linear Fit function described below After choosing interpolate the value of the fitted function is displayed as a function of cursor position Linear fit performs a linear least squares fit on the selected data If there is no selection made the entire data run is used The Automatic Curve Fit item gives you a choice of advanced curve fitting options These curve fits are automatic in the sense that the fit parameters are determined by Logger Pro using the least squares methods The dialog box below is opened Curve Fit Properties Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Distance m Proportional uod Create Column Quadratic Degree E ponent 2 2 2 Dr 3 Polynomial 1 Perform Fit On Ab Power An Variable Power 21 Distance Latest OK Cancel Save Help The graph portion of this window gives you a preview of the fit and allows the selection region to be modified To perform a curve fit choose first the type of fit from the scrolling list at lower left For the case of the polynomial fit enter the degree of the polynomial in the Degree field Next choose the column to be approximated by the fitted equation Click on Try Fit to
51. er Pro Fitting Tutorial je x Eile Edit Experiment Data Analyze View Setup Window Remote Help eins Eod cos Distance vs Time 08 08 amp Time s gt 8 5 Distance meters ro r2 s s s RBIS EET EST EST ER These areas of the Graph Window are active to cursor control Click on the graph title to obtain a dialog box in which you can modify or remove the graph title You can click on the minimum or maximum axis numeric labels and type in a new value The axis of the graph will change accordingly When the independent variable is time the right most time value will also determine how long data are collected except when the graph has been turned into a strip chart Clicking an axis label will open a dialog box that allows you to choose what is plotted on that axis You can scroll the viewing region of the graph with the scroll arrows The axis limits will change but the interval displayed by each axis will remain the same To change the scale of one axis at a time click on the area between the axis and the axis label A dialog box will open allowing you to control the scaling of that axis Logger Pro Graph options Selecting a graph Table Window Select All None Column properties Column options Column order Edit cell contents Strikethrough Rows Logger Pro Reference X Ax
52. finding K we need to enter in the formula field 9 5 Temperature 32 Because of the order of arithmetic operators no parentheses are needed but you can use parenthesis as desired to make the formula more readable To avoid typographical errors choose variable and function names from the Variable and Function lists rather than typing them in Graph Column On The newly calculated column can be graphed either on the y or the x axis In this case the default of the y axis is appropriate The new column will replace whatever had been graphed on its column Try New Column When you click on the Try New Column button the calculation will be performed and plotted if some data have already been taken If you like what you see click on OK to return to the main graph window which will include the calculated plot To enter a data column manually choose New Column gt Manual from the Data menu Enter a label short label and units in the fields provided Choose a color and point protector as desired The data table will contain a new blank column Click on a cell to type in values To paste a column of numbers from the clipboard into a Manual Entry column click the first cell then choose Paste from the Edit menu You must have already collected data from a sensor to enter data manually The maximum number of manually entered points is limited to the number of points already collected from a sensor To copy all or part of your da
53. fits to force students to perform manual curve fits instead The choice of angular units used in trigonometric calculations in Logger Pro is selected by clicking either Radians or Degrees All settings in the Options dialog are stored with an experiment file Calibrate is a shortcut to the Calibrate tab of the Sensor Properties dialog The sensor setup discussion below gives step by step instructions for performing a calibration Zero resets a sensor to zero without otherwise changing its calibration Zero is primarily used with force sensors but can be used with any analog sensor as well as the Motion Detector and the Rotary Motion Sensor If two or more sensors are active the following dialog box is presented allowing you to choose which sensor s are to be zeroed Zero which sensors Logger Pro Data menu Store Latest Run Show Run gt Hide Run gt Rename Run gt Delete Run gt About Run gt Logger Pro Reference Store Latest Run Ctrl L Show Run Hide Run Rename Run Delete Run About Run ee 5 Sort Data New Column Modify Column Delete Column Column Options gt Clear All Data To preserve a run in memory choose Store Latest Run If you do not store it the next time the Collect button is clicked the latest run will be deleted automatically Stored runs are numbered sequentially as Run 1 Run 2 and so forth You can store as many runs as your computer s mem
54. for Text FFT and Meter windows are also available Logger Pro 67 Logger Pro Reference Graph Options Choosing this item is equivalent to double clicking the graph The Graph Features tab of the dialog box is shown first Graph Options xi Graph Features Axis Options Point Protector Every Points Legend IV Connecting Line BarGraph width 3D Grid v Graph Title Grid Line Style Color Er eee GraphTitle Distance vs Time Color dark ted gt Cancel Apply Help Point Protector Every Points If this item is selected a marker will encircle one of every N points Marker color and shape can be chosen by Choosing Column Options from the Data menu Legend Selecting Legend causes a legend to appear on the graph The Legend identifies the plotted columns by color and line style A Legend appears automatically when in Examine mode Connecting Line Enabling Connecting Line draws a straight line from one data point to the next Bar Graph If this option is selected Logger Pro will draw vertical bars from the horizontal axis to each data point The bar width in pixels can be set in the width field 3D If this option is selected Logger Pro will draw the vertical bars of a bar graph with shadows giving an illusion of depth Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Grid A gridline for every tick mark can be displayed if desired The color and weight of the lines are cont
55. ger Pro open the Sensor Setup dialog box Then click on the input corresponding to the desired calibration and click on the Save button Enter a name for the calibration file of eight characters or fewer and click on OK The file will be saved to the default calibration folder set in Logger Pro Preferences Select the data and choose Copy from the Edit menu to place the data on the clipboard Paste the data into the receiving application or to a text editor to create a text format data file Choose Open from the File menu and navigate to the folder containing the desired file Click on the file name Since experiment configuration is stored in a Logger Pro file on loading the file any current configuration will be overwritten To print a graph or data table make the graph or data table the active window by clicking on it choose Print Window from the File menu and respond to the resulting dialog box To print the entire Logger Pro screen choose Print Screen from the File menu The default location of calibration and experiment files can be set in Logger Pro preferences While experiment files may be stored anywhere Logger Pro will first look in the default experiment file folder Calibration files both those saved by users and those supplied with Logger Pro must be within the default calibration folder Logger Pro Teacher s Guide To set default file locations choose Preferences from the File menu You will see this dialog
56. ger Pro reference Logger Pro See data points directly point protectors Add remove a legend Connect data points Bar graph Add remove the grid Graph title Teacher s Guide Graph Options Graph Features Axis Options 1 Point Protector Every Points 1 Legend IV Connecting Line Bar Graph fi Width 3D IV Grid v Graph Title Grid Line Style Color Id mee GraphTitle Untitled Color dark red iv Cancel Apply Help The following functions are found on the Graph Options dialog Double click a graph to open this dialog box Select point protectors as desired A point protector outlines a data point You may want to outline every 5 or 10 point to keep the graph from getting crowded Adding a legend opens a floating box holding a key to the plotted data Select the Connecting Line option to connect data points with lines Without this option selected individual data points are visible When this option is selected a line is drawn from the horizontal axis to each data point creating a bar graph You can control the width in pixels Setting the 3D checkbox adds simulated depth to the bars Select or deselect the grid as desired You can also adjust the line style and color of the gridlines in this dialog box Select or deselect the Graph Title option as desired Logger Pro attempts to create a title for a graph based on the axis labels but you can overrid
57. hs 68 Copy 56 Correct entries 27 Creating an experiment file 46 Curricular material 45 Cursor controls 50 Curve fitting 63 Customize auto ID 47 Cut 56 Logger Pro 95 96 Index D Data averaging 80 Data collection rate 22 80 82 Data menu 59 Data table functions 36 Data Table Options 71 Default Interface 83 Delete Column 62 Delete Run 59 Digital readout See Meter window E Edit cell contents 51 Edit menu 56 Enter data manually 39 Events with Entry 24 79 Examine 62 Experiment files 45 Experiment files default location 54 Experiment length 22 80 82 Experiment menu 57 Export data 40 Export Data 53 F FFT 31 FFT options See FFT Options 70 File menu 2 Firmware 84 Fit other functions 34 G Gate timing 25 Gate Timing 25 Graph behavior preferences 55 Graph Layout 73 Graph Options 68 Graph title 50 Graphical Analysis 39 Grid 17 69 H Hardware preferences 55 Help menu 84 Logger Pro Index Help Topics 84 Hide 59 High Pass Filtering FFT 70 Histogram 31 70 Histogram options 70 How To 15 I Import Data 52 Installation 43 Integral 67 Interface 82 Interpolate 35 63 Introductory tutorials 13 K Keystroke Equivalents 49 L LabPro auto ID 11 Legend 17 68 Linear Fit 63 Linear regression 33 Live readouts
58. ial on creating new columns Apply Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Options Definition Pressure vs Volume r lt a Pressure atm 10 Volume mL Equation fi Pressure Variables r Functions r Graph Column On Pressure ee Try New Column Cancel Apply Help The functions include several appropriate to columns of data integral The integral function gives the running sum of the product of point values and the increment of the independent variable which is usually time That is it delivers the numerical integral of the data column trigonometric Trigonometric functions like sine cosine and tangent are included smooth The smooth function reduces noise in the indicated column The number of points used for a moving average is controlled in Options found under the Experiment menu initial The initial function inserts the value of the first row of data and for all rows of data This can be used to create an automatic offset so that a column of data is relative to its starting value For example Dist Initial Dist will generate a column of data where position is relative to the starting position instead of absolute sum The sum function adds the values for all rows up to and including the current row Graph Column On The calculated column can be graphed on either axis The default choice is the yaxis Click the x
59. ialog box Logger Pro 77 Logger Pro Reference Data Collection 78 Counts This field contains the number of counts a particular sensor generates for each revolution The Vernier PASCO sensors generate 360 counts for each revolution while others may be different Zero Start The Rotary Motion Sensor can be set to zero at the start of data collection Enter a 1 in this field to enable automatic zeroing Enter a 0 zero for conventional zeroing X4 Mode The resolution of the Rotary Motion sensor can be set to either 1 or 0 25 When the X4 Mode field is set to 0 zero resolution is 1 When set to 1 resolution is 0 25 The X4 mode may not be available with LabPro Diameter When a linear displacement calibration file is opened for a Rotary Motion Sensor a diameter field appears Enter the diameter of the rotary wheel so Logger Pro can translate the rotation of the sensor to the displacement The units used for diameter will be the units of the reported displacement Data Collection is used to set data acquisition parameters such as data rate triggering and mode You can access the Data Collection dialog using the toolbar as well Data Collection There are several data collection modes They are selected from the drop down menu on the Mode tab Real Time Collect Data are collected at the rate indicated and for the experiment length set on the Sampling tab Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference
60. iences however there is usually the assumption that the two are correlated and so the r value is not very useful Far more useful to a student or scientist is the uncertainty of the slope and intercept These uncertainties answer the question How well did the data determine a slope or intercept No provision has been given to weighted fits since in computer acquired data all data points are generally equally reliable More information on curve fitting and the interpretation of the fitted parameters can be found in Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Science 2 edition Philip R Bevington and D Keith Robinson McGraw Hill Inc 1992 The automatic curve fit function can be disabled in the Options found in the Experiments menu Logger Pro will superimpose a function sometimes called a model over your data using the Manual Curve Fit option In contrast to the automatic curve fit discussed above where the parameters in the fit equations are determined automatically using a least squares technique the Manual Curve Fit allows you to adjust the parameters by hand A manual fit is often appropriate for instructional purposes By adjusting parameters manually students will learn how each affects the fit A manual fit will also allow you to adjust a curve to fit a data series in the way you want possibly ignoring certain stray points within the series To perform a manual fit click once on a graph to make it act
61. ile can be used for data collection but if the user clicks or chooses Save an error message will be displayed protecting the original file A read only file can be saved under a new file name using Save As The default is to open files as read only Close closes the current experiment without quitting Logger Pro Save will record the current experiment to disk If the experiment has not been saved before Save is equivalent to Save As If the experiment has been previously saved the experiment file is updated This will save the current experiment setup including calibrations and any data in the data table Opening this file later will restore Logger Pro to its current setup Use this feature to import data saved with the Export Data option also found in the File menu These data exist in a tab delimited text format and are imported into the Latest data run Each file has a specific structure that includes a time stamp data column names short names units and data If you make changes to the exported file be sure to preserve the original structure After choosing this option select the appropriate file If you plan to collect data after importing you may need to configure the sensors before importing data See How To Configure Sensor Functions in this manual Logger Pro Export Data Printing Options Page Setup Print Window Print Preview Print Screen Logger Pro Reference This option exports data to a tab deli
62. ill not be drawn correctly when connecting lines are enabled This can easily happen when the column consists of prompted entries Choose Sort Data from the Data menu choose the column by which to sort click ascending or descending as desired and click OK Logger Pro Sort by Property Time Teacher s Guide Remote Data Collection LabPro only Quick Setup Method 1 Set up LabPro for remote data collection 2 Collect data 3 Retrieve the data Setup for Real Time Collect Method 1 Set up LabPro for remote data collection 2 Collect data LabPro can collect data without being attached to a computer The ULI and Serial Box interfaces do not perform remote data collection Having a computer or calculator attached to LabPro is preferable when possible because it provides much more flexibility in your data collection and provides a screen for immediate feedback of your results There are times however when disconnecting the computer from LabPro to collect data is useful For example remote data collection is perfect for gathering acceleration data on a roller coaster For these times there are three methods available Using the Quick Setup Method you can collect data with LabPro then retrieve it using a computer running Logger Pro You can collect up to 99 points without using a computer to set up data collection This method will work only with auto ID sensors gt Connect your auto ID sensor s to LabP
63. ime as a photogate Two Rotary Motion Sensors cannot be used at the same time Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Sensor Setup tab Sensor Properties m Voltage 0V to 5v configure Logger Pro for a particular sensor Click on the input to which you attached the sensor For example CHI DIG SONIC2 and so forth Choose the sensor name from the Sensor scrolling list To turn off an input choose None from the top of the scrolling list Choose the desired calibration file from the Calibration scrolling list Some sensors have several possible ranges or units choices In most cases you will use the default calibration If you do not need to perform a new calibration click on the OK button to complete the sensor setup Calibrate tab Analog sensors can be calibrated to report measurements in physical units either by manual calibration from a stored calibration file or by manually entering slope and intercept information Details tab Choosing Calibrate opens a dialog box allowing you to select a stored calibration file or perform a new calibration A new calibration requires two independent measurements of the quantity for comparison to the raw data readings For example to calibrate a temperature sensor you must have two different water baths of known temperature To perform a new calibration Choose Sensors from the Setup menu if the Sensor Setup window is not al
64. is Scale x C Autoscale Autoscale from 0 Manual Scaling Minimum Maximum Double click on a graph to change several properties at once The Graph Options dialog will appear allowing you to change scaling labels or plot style More details can be found under Graph Options in the Logger Pro Menus section If there is more than one graph window on the screen most commands that affect graphs will change only the selected graph window To select a graph click on it A border will appear around the graph to indicate that it is selected FE Table Window i OF lt d Latest E All Distance Velocity FE meters m s 1 0 000 1 634 0 099 EXE 0 100 1 644 0 026 The Table Window also responds to clicks Clicking the All None button will alternately select all data and no data Double clicking the row numbers will open the Table Options dialog There you can change the font used and choose which columns will be displayed Double clicking the Run Heading Latest Run 1 and so forth will open a dialog box holding a list of columns Select a column click on OK and the Column Options dialog for the chosen column will open Double clicking a specific column header will open its Column Options dialog directly You can find more details about Column Options under the Data menu details below To rearrange the order of displayed columns drag the column header to the desired position
65. is run column coe QUTD this un ony r Displayed Precision DecimalPlaces 3 Insert number between 0 and 5 Significant Figures Column Width characters Propagate Changes over Runs s Insert number between 7 and 30 Hide Column in Table Clear All Data removes all data from the data table You will be prompted to save any unsaved data Examine Ctrl E Tangent Ctrl T Make Annotation Interpolate Linear Fit Automatic Curve Fit Manual Curve Fit Integral Statistics Examine is a toggled mode a checkmark appears next to the menu item when it is on When active the mouse pointer becomes a vertical line and the value of the data at the indicated time is displayed in the graph legend Logger Pro Tangent Make Annotation Interpolate Linear Fit Automatic Curve Fit Logger Pro Reference Tangent is a toggled mode a checkmark appears next to the menu item when it is on Tangent enables the drawing of a short tangent line at the cursor location to each data column plotted The numerical value is displayed in a floating box The number of points used to calculate the slope can be set in under Preferences in the File menu Make Annotation allows you to create a floating box with any text you choose This is useful for placing comments on graphs To edit an annotation double click on the floating box To r
66. ive Optionally select a region of the graph using the mouse This selection region is used only for calculating the mean square error of the fitted The least squares fitting method assumes that the uncertainties in the x values are negligible compared to the uncertainties of y Logger Pro 65 66 Logger Pro Reference function with respect to the data If you do not plan on using the mean square error value then it is not necessary to select a region Then select Manual Curve Fit from the Analyze menu A new dialog box will open Manual Curve Fit Properties x Curve Fit Curve Fit Options Velocity vs Time r Velocity m s lt a Time s Equation RMS Error 0 860000 Time 1 410000 1 484 m x b Parameters m ajb 860000 1 410000 Auto Delta 0 01 General Equation Perform fit on Velocity Latest Create Column mx b Linear OK Cancel Save Help First you must select or enter an equation The faster method is to select an equation from the General Equation menu In the screen shown above the linear relation y mx b has been selected You can also enter your own relationship in the Equation field The equation must contain between one and five adjustable parameters single upper or lower case letters and the horizontal axis variable is entered as x The values of each parameter may be
67. lue As data is collected and the graph plot reaches the end of the x axis the graph will automatically scroll to keep up with the data collection for the length of the experiment Due to differences in computer performance if the strip chart graph stops before the end of the experiment length try changing the collection rate and x axis maximum Logger Pro Read values from cursor Read delta values between two points Read values from graph Display tangent lines Compare runs Fit a line to data linear regression Teacher s Guide Analyze Data As you move the mouse cursor around the graph the coordinates of the point directly under the cursor point appear in the rightmost area of the status bar at the bottom of the main Logger Pro window You may click hold and drag the mouse cursor from one point to another on the graph to get the delta between two points The horizontal and vertical distance Ax and Ay between the two points is displayed next to the mouse cursor position in the rightmost area of the status bar at the bottom of the main Logger Pro window Choose Examine from the Analyze menu A floating box will appear accompanied by the numerical value at the mouse pointer position As the mouse cursor is moved across the graph the readout will change and the data table will scroll to highlight the associated numerical values To draw tangent lines and read the slope of those lines choose 2 Tangent from the Anal
68. ly dependent component to the data Smoothing will reduce noise in the final FFT by performing a running average on the raw data before the FFT is calculated Enabling Show Peak Frequency will display the highest amplitude frequency Scale Set the desired scale of the FFT frequency horizontal and amplitude vertical axes The Histogram Options dialog box controls the appearance of a histogram The Graph Features tab is a subset of the standard Graph Features tab while the Axis Options tab allows control of the histogram bin width The data to be displayed and the scaling of the x and y axes is set as before Logger Pro Logger Pro Reference Hist gram Options Data Table Options Data Table Options lets you control the font size and presentation of data columns through two tabbed dialog boxes The first sets the font weight and size of the numerals Table Options Aachen Vertical Choosing Black and White in Table will disable the use of color coding of the columns which may make reading values somewhat easier Logger Pro 71 72 Logger Pro Reference Meter Window Options Meter Layout The Table Layout tab controls what columns are shown in the table You may want to hide some columns for clarity The first option shows all data The second allows you to show just one selected run and the third lets you display one selected column across all runs You can also hide individual columns in the
69. mited text file Only raw data including time and manually entered data from the data run you select are exported to the file Calculated columns or curve fit columns are not saved A time stamp column names short names and units are saved to the beginning of the file After choosing this option enter the name of the file you wish to create Note Do not confuse this option with the Save or Save As options which save all the details of the current experiment Use the Export Data option only if you want to create a file that can be read by other applications such as spreadsheets or word processors You can instead use copy and paste features to transfer data to other applications Printing Options calls a dialog box in which you can set text that will be printed with any graph or data table This helps to identify printouts coming from a shared printer If the Date field is checked the date and time of printing are included on the page If the Always Show Page Setup field is checked this dialog box will be displayed whenever the print command is issued In that case clicking OK will then display the Print dialog box where the number of copies is set m Footer Name Comment IV Date Color gray Always Show Printing Options Dialog Box Cancel Page Setup Clicking on the Page Setup button will display the current printer s setup dialog Options such as print quality and paper source can be chosen he
70. nce You will see this dialog box Save Calibration Enter a name for the calibration file in the first region The scrolling list shows all the available calibration files Optionally you may enter your initials in the Calibrated by field Click on OK to save the file to the default calibration folder as specified in Logger Pro Preferences You will be warned before replacing an existing file of your own Vernier supplied calibration files may not be replaced Details tab Additional calibration information can be set on the Details tab of the Sensor Setup dialog The calibration procedure creates a correspondence between the sensor voltage output and the measured quantity such as temperature which can be characterized by a slope and intercept If someone has done an earlier calibration of a sensor you can manually enter the calibration here after clicking on the Unlock button The Labels and Units can also be changed For example this is where you could enter the calibration parameters for a new sensor that does not have a supplied calibration file Force sensors and Motion Detectors show a special button Reverse Direction which automatically changes the calibration to reverse the sign of the force or distance data The Rotary Motion Sensor is different from other sensors in that it has modes of operation that can be controlled in software These modes are set in the Details tab of the Sensor Properties d
71. next time Logger Pro is started the selected port will be used If no interface is detected on the selected port the OK button will change to Scan Use this button to re Logger Pro Window menu New Tall Window gt Logger Pro Reference scan the currently selected port or click Cancel to leave the dialog without searching for an interface Setup Interface It is only necessary to use this dialog if Logger Pro is started without the interface connected or powered or if communication with the interface is lost The interface to which Logger Pro defaults with no real interface attached is controllable For example to setup an experiment for a given interface without being connected to that interface go to Preferences on the File menu choose the Hardware tab and select the Default Interface New Wide Window gt gt FFT G Stange nets New Tall Window creates a new window The current window is halved in width and the new window is created beside the resized active window A hierarchical menu New Window has the following choices e Graph Choose Graph to create a data plot e Table Choose Table to create a new data table e FFT Choose FFT gt Graph to create a new Fast Fourier Transform graph or subsequently FFT Table to create an FFT table e Histogram Choose Histogram gt Histogram Graph to create a new Histogram or choose Histogram gt Histogram Table to create a data
72. nu Macintosh or the Help menu Windows The Logger Pro tutorials are stapled separately from the user s guide for ease of duplication We suggest that you read one or both of the introductory tutorials to learn more about Logger Pro One introductory tutorial focuses on using a temperature sensor with Logger Pro and is written for integrated science chemistry and biology students The other introductory tutorial uses the Motion Detector and is written for students who will study motion Additional tutorials teach more advanced skills such as data analysis curve fitting and defining new columns Initial software installation and the connection of the interface are explained in the Teacher s Guide Refer to the troubleshooting chart in Appendix A if you have problems Detailed information for network use can be found in Appendix B Appendix C reviews the interfaces that can be used with Logger Pro and how to choose between them A comprehensive list of the sensors compatible with Logger Pro is in Appendix Some familiarity with the use of the Macintosh or Windows and application software is assumed in this manual Logger Pro for use with the Vernier LabPro the Universal Lab Interface ULI and the Serial Box Interface has been designed by Rick Sorensen Dave Vernier John Wheeler David Gardner Dan Holmquist and John Gastineau of Vernier Software amp Technology and by Ronald Thornton and Stephen Beardslee at the Center for S
73. of the window commands depends on the currently active window New Tall Window halves the width of the current window and creates a new window of vertical orientation of the selected type Similarly New Window Wide halves the height of the current window and creates a wide window of the selected type Replace Window replaces the selected window with a window of the newly selected type New Tall window New Wide Window gt Graph Replace Window gt Table o EM ate Histogram gt FFT Table Text v Toolbar Meter v Status Bar Activex v 1 Graph Window 2 Table Window v Autotile Choose New Tall Window gt Graph from the Window menu A new graph window will be created Note that it may be more useful to create a new pane in a graph window instead since less screen area is required See Graph Layout in the View menu of Logger Pro Reference for more information Choose New Tall Window gt Table from the Window menu A new data table window will be created Choose New Tall Window gt FFT gt FFT Graph to create a new graph window holding the FFT Fast Fourier Transform of the current data Once you have created an FFT Graph you may choose FFT Table to open a new data table window containing the numerical FFT information Double click on either FFT window type to adjust its properties Choose New Tall Window gt Histogram gt Histogram Graph to create a new histogram window representing the current data Once you ha
74. ollows We have N ordered pairs of x and y The best fitting line y ax b is then given by a Er E YxYxx b nix YxY where A Fx Measures of the goodness of fit are many Most common are the scatter standard deviation the linear correlation coefficient and the uncertainties of the parameters a and b o and The scatter standard deviation measures how far away on average the data points y fall from Logger Pro Manual Curve Fit Logger Pro Reference the fitted line measured along a vertical line is also called the root mean square error and is defined as We use N 2 weighting since two parameters have been determined in the curve fit The remaining quantities are defined as 2 0 N N Y x NE E Ex The first two quantities are interpreted as the variance of the fitted parameters and so can be used as 67 confidence level uncertainties of the slope and intercept r The correlation coefficient is commonly calculated by scientific calculators but is a difficult quantity to interpret The correlation coefficient is intended to measure the degree of correlation between the x and y values It is not directly a measure of goodness of fit For no correlation at all random values r is near zero For perfect correlation r is 1 From r one can determine a probability that the x and y values are correlated In the natural sc
75. on Timing Gate Timing One Gate Gate Timing Two Gates Pulse Timing Collision Timing Teacher s Guide and Gate and Pulse Timing Each mode is described below The diagram following these descriptions will help you visualize the various modes The Motion Timing mode uses a photogate or Smart Pulley connected to the digital input DG1 only During operation times are recorded as leading opaque edges of a picket fence bar tape or a pulley spoke pass through the photogate beam These times are displayed in a data table More importantly if you enter the distance between the leading edges of the opaque bands in the Length of Object field the program can analyze the times and calculate velocities displacements and accelerations d When a picket fence or bar tape is used the width of each of the bands d in the figure above should be at least 0 5 cm The distance between the leading edges should be at least 3 cm or larger if the picket fence is to be moving rapidly for example in a free fall experiment A closer spacing can be used if the object will be moving slowly for example on an air track glider This mode uses one photogate connected to DG1 The timing will begin when this photogate is first blocked The timing will continue until the photogate is unblocked The duration of the interruption is thus timed If the length of the object is entered in the Length of Object field the velocity is calculated G
76. on for file location Attach a LabPro a ULI or a Serial Box Interface to the computer using the supplied cable On the Macintosh you can use any serial port including the modem and printer ports On the PC you can use any ofthe COMI 2 3 or 4 serial ports LabPro users can also use the USB port and cable on an USB equipped PC or Macintosh v Attach the power adapter to the interface and to a source of 115VAC Attach a sensor to the interface v gt Locate the Logger Pro icon and double click on it or use the Start menu Windows 95 98 NT You should see the following screen on your monitor unless you are using a LabPro and auto ID sensor Logger Pro Startup BAE Eile Edit Experiment Data Analyze View Setup Window Remote Help maa RESE Siz F Text Window Welcome to Logger Pro if you are doing an experiment from a lab manual a Choose Open from the File menu b Open the folder for the book you are using e g Biology with Computers c Open the folder for the Experiment you are doing d Open the correct experiment file Logger Pro also comes with a number of default experiment files for particular sensors If you d like to use one of these files Choose Open from the File menu b Open the folder called Probes amp Sensors Open the folder for the probe or sensor you are using e g Motion Detector d Open the experiment file of your choice If you have Auto
77. or additional information see the discussion under Setup menu This is a toggled mode Choose Live Readouts to turn the mode on a checkmark appears next to the menu item choose it again to turn off When the Live Readouts mode is on the current sensor readings will be displayed in any meter window When Live Readouts is disabled the meter window reports the sensor value on the graph nearest the cursor position The current sensor readings are always displayed in the status bar Logger Pro uses a range of points to calculate derivatives tangent line slopes and smoothed data You can set the number of points used for these functions The first setting affects the derivative functions used in column definitions as well as the drawing of tangent lines The Logger Pro 57 Calibrate Zero 58 Logger Pro Reference second setting affects only the smooth functions used in column definitions In either case a smaller number of points will make the functions more responsive to small changes in the data but larger numbers will reduce noise If the Display zero button item is checked a Zero button will be placed on the toolbar The zero button will tare zero the reading of applicable analog sensors such as the Force Probe The Enable Automatic Curve Fit option is checked by default Unchecking it will disable the Automatic Curve Fit function from the Analyze menu and the Toolbar Users may wish to disable automatic curve
78. ory allows Show Run is a hierarchical menu which allows you to select which runs will be shown on the graphs and data tables The number of choices depends on how many runs you have stored Hide Run is also a hierarchical menu It allows you to keep a run from being plotted or shown in the data table You can choose between the latest run and any stored runs Rename Run gives you the option of giving each data collection run a meaningful name Delete Run allows you to remove any stored run from memory as well as the latest run Choosing a run from the Data Set Information Ea hierarchical menu of About Run shows the time the data collection began A text area US allows you to enter notes about a iad M USES run This information is only Net available by again choosing About Run Run Name Latest Collected Data taken with heavy spring no damping Logger Pro 59 Logger Pro Reference Sort Data New Column New Column gt Formula 60 Sort Data will arrange rows in the data table according to values of the selected column This function is useful if data were gathered in another order and now you want to integrate or plot the data with connecting Sort by Property x Sort by Distance Velocity Acceleration lines Sort order Ascending 7 Descending On selecting Sort you will see a dialog where you can choose the column that will determine the so
79. ouse pointer to the place you want to interpolate To perform an FFT on the entire data sequence choose New Tall Window gt FFT gt FFT Graph from the Window menu You can also use New Wide Window Double click on the FFT window to adjust its parameters Logger Pro 35 Teacher s Guide Perform Data Table Functions Change what runs appear in the data table Change a column s name color width or digits displayed 36 You can control what is displayed in the Data Table Window Double click on the data table to change table options and click on the Table Layout tab You will see this tabbed dialog box Table Options Choose the table layout you need The choices allow you to display all columns from all runs just a single run or just one column from all runs You can further control what is shown in the data table by hiding individual columns in the Column Options dialog found in the Data menu or by double clicking a column header The Font Options tab shows a dialog in which you can choose display font and size for the data table Double clicking a column heading or the Run heading will open the Column Options dialog allowing you to change the column name width color or digits displayed Double clicking the Run header will allow you to choose a column from a list double clicking a column header directly will take you to the Column Options dialog for that column Logger Pro Calculate new
80. r e Instrumentation Amplifier on Selective Electrodes Ammonium Calcium Chloride Nitrate e Light Sensor e Low g Accelerometer e Magnetic Field Sensor O Gas Sensor pH System Pressure Sensor Relative Humidity Sensor Respiration Monitor Belt e Student Force Sensor Thermocouple e Turbidity Sensor e Voltage Probe e 3 Axis Accelerometer e Microphone e Motion Detector e Photogate e Rotary Motion Sensor e Student Radiation Monitor e Stainless Steel Temperature Probe e ULI Force Probe Experiment files for all supported sensors are supplied with the Logger Pro package These experiment files will automatically load Vernier Logger Pro 91 92 Appendix D calibration files for use with these sensors although other calibration files may be chosen After loading a sensor s experiment file Logger Pro will display appropriate units for that sensor Sensor Price List Price Order Code Price Order Code S ACC DIN BAR DIN 556 BGP DIN 568 Gas Sensor 259 CO2 DIN Colorimeter 99 COL DIN Conductivity Probe 79 CON DIN Current amp Voltage Probes 84 CV DIN Direct Connect Temperature Use TMP BTA 28 DCT DIN Probe Dissolved Oxygen Probe 189 DO DIN Dual Range Force Sensor 98 DFS DIN EKG Sensor 140 EKG DIN S EH DI SE TPL DID S125 LO DIN Sm GPS DN RODIN Ammonium Ion Selective 165 NH4 BTA 163 NH4
81. re The same dialog may be accessed with the next menu item Page Setup Page Setup accesses your printer s Print Setup dialog where you may see which printer is to be used change the printer s properties and the paper size and print orientation Choose Print Window to print either a graph or data table window whichever window type is active If the active window is a graph window with more than one pane you will be given a choice of printing one pane or all panes The available options will depend on the type of printer available Print Preview will show a reduced size image of the page as it will be printed This is useful to ensure that a given print request won t take too many pages Print Screen prints the entire Logger Pro main window with all of the window types currently displayed as they look on your screen Logger Pro 53 54 Logger Pro Reference Preferences There are three classes of Logger Pro settings under user control default file locations graph behavior and hardware The default locations of calibration information and experiment files can be set using the Folder Locations tab Preferences C Program Files Vernier SoftwareNLogger Pro 2 1 Calibrations C Program Files Yernier Software Logger Pro 2 1 E periments Logger Pro will only detect calibration files stored in the default calibration folder New calibration files are saved to this folder as well and will subsequently b
82. ready open Click on the Calibrate tab at the top of the resulting dialog box Logger Pro 75 Logger Pro Reference First calibration point Second calibration point Save calibration 76 gt Sensor Properties Click on the input for the sensor you want to calibrate If you have several sensors of the same kind you can select multiple inputs to calibrate the sensors at the same time gt gt gt gt Click on Perform Now Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the first cali bration temperature You can determine this by waiting until the displayed voltage values stop changing Enter the thermometer s actual reading in degrees in the Value 1 field Click on Keep Move the sensor and thermometer to the second water bath Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the second calibration temperature Enter the thermometer s actual reading in the Value 2 field Click on Keep Calibration information is automatically saved when you save an experiment file As a result it is not necessary to separately save a calibration result unless you want the calibration to show up in the scrolling list in the Setup Sensors tab To make a calibration available in the scrolling list gt Click on Save to record the calibration in a separate file Logger Pro Special note for Force Sensor and Motion Detector Special note for Rotary Motion Sensor Logger Pro Refere
83. ro gt Press the QUICK SETUP button A beep and a flash of the yellow LED will verify setup When you are ready to collect data press the START STOP button You will hear a beep indicating that data collection has begun The green LED will blink each time a reading is made gt When data collection is completed the yellow LED will flash briefly You do not need to press the START STOP button to end data collection You can however stop data collection early by pressing the START STOP button before data collection is finished First connect LabPro to your computer Start Logger Pro if it is not already running Select Retrieve Data on the LabPro Has Data dialog if it appears or choose Retrieve Data from LabPro from the Remote menu The data will be transferred from LabPro into Logger Pro You may need to use Data Column Options to change the label and units Using the Set Up for Real Time Collect Method you will use a computer to set up LabPro detach it for a real time data collection then reattach it to the computer to retrieve the data This gives you more flexibility than the Quick Setup Method With this method you can a use any sensors not just auto ID b control the time between samples and c control the number of data points collected up to 12 000 total for all channels gt Set up the sensors LabPro and Logger Pro just as you normally would to collect data in Real Time Collect mo
84. ro so that students can load an indicated file and be ready to take data in a mode appropriate for the experiment You can also create your own experiment files for use with custom laboratory experiments See the section below on creating your own experiment files Logger Pro comes with an extensive set of experiment files The first set is designed for typical experiments done with each Vernier sensor These files are in folders corresponding to the sensor name The next set found in the Tutorials folder is for the tutorials earlier in this manual The remaining sets are keyed to the specific experiments found in the Vernier publications of ready to use classroom experiments and other available publications When experiment files are installed on individual computers it is important to keep the files from being unintentionally altered The open file dialog box includes a check box marked Open as Read Only When the check box is marked the default a file is opened as read only A read only file can be used normally but it cannot be saved using the Save command The save button on the toolbar and the Save command are disabled and if the user clicks Save As the file name field is blank The file can be saved under any name but if the name matches an existing file an extra confirmation dialog will be presented If you intend to make permanent changes to an experiment file clear the check box open the file and make the desired changes
85. rolled using the two pop up menus at the bottom of the dialog box Graph Title A graph title can be displayed if desired The text of the graph title can be entered in the Graph Title field The Graph Options dialog also has an Axis Options tab Graph Options Here you can control what is plotted on the two axes as well as the scaling used The settings here are duplicated in the axis scale and selection dialogs obtained by double clicking an axis or axis label The columns shown will depend on your specific configuration of Logger Pro Scaling choices will also be used in subsequently collected data Logger Pro 69 Logger Pro Reference FFT Options Histogram Options 70 FFT Options allows you to control the way the Fast Fourier transform is calculated and the way the graph is drawn The Graph Features tab allows you to set the same features found on the Graph Options dialog describe just above The FFT tab determines how the FFT is calculated FFT Options Choose Column s to Analyze The columns available will depend on the columns currently in the data table Filtering A raw FFT often will have undesirable artifacts which can be reduced by appropriate filtering Windowing reduces the weighting given to the first and last 10 of the data sequence This reduces high frequency artifacts due to the abrupt beginning and end of data Turning on High Pass Filtering will ignore any constant or linear
86. rom a configuration so that data are no longer collected from the input choose Delete Column gt sensor name where sensor name is the sensor you want to remove You can also click on the Sensor Setup button Or then click on the input to be freed and choose None from the sens st Logger Pro Collect data in real time Collect data repeatedly Teacher s Guide Configure Data Collection Options The easiest way to configure Logger Pro for a particular data collection mode is to open the appropriate experiment file Experiment files for all compatible sensors and common data collection modes are supplied with Logger Pro You can also configure Logger Pro manually Instructions for manual configuration follow Choose Data Collection from the Setup menu You will see this dialog box Data Collection Select Real Time Collect from the scrolling list In this mode data are collected continuously at the rate indicated and for the time interval set on the Sampling tab To modify these settings click on the Sampling tab To start new data collection runs repeatedly select Repeat from the drop down menu Logger Pro will collect a data run pause for a moment and then collect another run overwriting the previous run To stop data collection click on the Stop button on the Toolbar If you miss the end of a run you want to keep and Logger Pro starts taking data again click on stop then choose Undo Collect f
87. rom the Edit menu to return to the previous run Logger Pro 21 Teacher s Guide Set sampling speed data collection rate Set experiment length Set over sampling 22 Data Collection x Mode Sampling Triggering r Experiment Length fi 0 seconds m Sampling Speed Slow Fast 4 n fi 0 samples second seconds sample 0 1 Over Sampling Off gt Enter amount for oversampling The maximum possible amount of oversampling available with your current probe setup and data collection rate is 25 points per row of data Samples to be Collected 101 Samples will be stored based on 101 total points collected Cancel Apply Help In the Data Collection Sampling tab set the time units you want and the Sampling Speed i e the number of points collected each second minute or other time interval Sampling speed is a trade off too fast a speed yields unwieldy data sets while too slow a collection rate will miss important experimental details The maximum sampling speed depends on the interface used and the number of input channels Logger Pro can collect at most 30 000 points in one input channel Set the total time of data collection for Real Time Collect Repeat and Selected Events modes in the Data Collection Sampling tab You can also set the experiment length by changing the maximum time axis label to the desired value The setting for Over Sampling determines how m
88. rom the scrolling list that matches your sensor and application If you are not working from one of the Vernier books we suggest that you open an experiment file listed by the sensor name Logger Pro is now ready to acquire data with the selected sensor To set up Logger Pro for a particular sensor and experiment without an experiment file or to add additional sensors to that supported by an existing experiment file you will need to specify the sensor input and calibration file to be used in the Sensor Properties dialog As an example here is the way to configure Logger Pro for a temperature sensor Calibration instructions follow the initial setup lt Attach the sensor to a physically compatible port gt Choose Sensors from the Setup menu or click on the interface icon in the toolbar mei 2950558 fem You will see the dialog box or a similar one as depicted on the next page depending on the interface you are using You may need to navigate through the directory structure of your hard disk to find the experiment files If the Logger Pro Preferences are properly set you will immediately see the experiment files when you choose Open Logger Pro Calibrate a sensor Teacher s Guide Sensor Properties Temperature Direct Connect gt Next Click on the port to which you attached the sensor For example CHI if you attached the temperature probe to
89. rt order and whether the sort is ascending or descending Once you have sorted a data column the sort will be performed on all subsequent runs as the data are collected This command allows you to define a new column of data that will appear in the data table and optionally on the graph The new column may be either a column calculated from other columns using a formula or it may be manually entered For both types of new columns a tabbed dialog box appears The new column must be named and may be given units New Column Ea Options Definition Labels Long Name I Short Name Units Attributes OB AvEearT Point Protectors Column Colors rm Displayed Precision 6 Decimal Places 3 Insert number between and 5 Significant Figures Column Width characters s Insert number between 7 and 30 Hide Column in Table Cancel Help After setting the new column name and units formula based new columns require a defining formula The definition tab allows you to define new columns based on other columns using an equation To create a new column based on an equation enter the desired relationship in the equation field The contents of existing columns can be chosen from the Variables menu and common mathematical functions can be chosen from the Function list For more information see the tutor
90. s Restore Rows 56 Undo Collect gut Bate Copy Ctrl C Paste Clear lt Del gt Select All Strikethrough Rows Restore Rows The Undo command will reverse the effect of the most recent operation if possible For example after data collection the Undo command becomes Undo Collect This is valuable if the previous run is needed but had not been stored Cut removes the selected data and places it on the clipboard Not all data may be removed Measurements made by Logger Pro directly the raw data are locked and cannot be deleted New columns that you create are unlocked and can be edited or cleared The locking of raw data columns is an intentional feature of Logger Pro Since the raw data are simply a record of what is measured by the sensor it is inappropriate to change them much as a scientist never erases data from a notebook When a graph window is the active window Copy will place a copy of the graph on the clipboard When a table window is the active window Copy will copy the data to the clipboard You can then paste from the clipboard into another application Paste places a copy of the clipboard contents at the cursor location Pasting is possible in the text window and into Manual Entry data columns Clear removes the selected data without putting them on the clipboard Locked data such as original data may not be removed Only manually entered data may be cleared Select All is used to sele
91. se the origin is always included Manual scaling allows you to enter the minimum and maximum limits manually The choice made here will determine how Logger Pro scales a new graph To enlarge a portion of a graph to fill the screen drag across the desired area with the mouse leaving a rectangle on the graph enclosing the area of interest Then click on the Zoom In button on the toolbar If you don t like what you see you can reverse the Al action by clicking the Undo Zoom button Logger Pro 15 Teacher s Guide Scroll to a new portion of graph without rescaling Change what is plotted Graph two or more sensors simultaneously Plotting one sensor versus another sensor Change the units displayed Change other graph options 16 The Zoom Out button will double the range of both the x and y a axes It does not undo a Zoom In Undo Zoom does that Sometimes the plotted data will extend off the screen The arrows at the ends of the vertical and horizontal axes can be used to scroll across the data Using the scroll arrows is equivalent to changing both extremes of the axis limits at the same time while maintaining the same interval between extremes The default plot will usually be the sensor output as a function of time or a prompted input You may want to plot some other quantities Click either on the x or y axis label to get a check box list of all the possible quantities for plotting Some combinations will
92. sed The Serial Box is a low cost interface lacking digital and high speed inputs while the LabPro can be used for any sensor and can also be used with TI Graphing Calculators The ULI is a computer only interface that also offers high speed and digital inputs The table below will give you the details so you can decide which interface to use in your experiments LabPro Serial Box Interface Universal Lab Interface 220 65 for Logger Pro software includes Mac PC site license 99 65 for Logger Pro software or 30 for Data Logger both include site license 220 65 for Logger Pro software or 49 for ULI Software Package both include site license As fast as 50 000 readings per second As fast as 50 readings per second As fast as 11 000 readings per second All sensors except ULI Force Probe Two analog inputs to use with temperature voltage pH pressure force colorimetry light heart rate EKG dissolved oxygen conductivity magnetic field and others Four analog and two digital ports to use with all of the above plus motion ULI Force photogate radiation Physics Chemistry Biology Physical Science Middle School Integrated Science Earth Science Water Quality Chemistry Biology Physical Science Middle School Integrated Science Earth Science Water Quality but not Physics Physics Chemistry Biology Physical Science Middle School Int
93. see the result Modify your choices as desired You can modify your data selection by repeating a drag across a portion of the data and clicking on Try Fit again Once you like the fit Click on OK to place the fit on the main graph window or Cancel to discard the fit altogether Logger Pro 63 64 Logger Pro Reference Clicking Create Column will place a new column in the data table containing the value of the fitted equation at each time The Curve Fit Options tab holds a new dialog box Curve Fit Properties CE Fee DTAP The Curve Fit Options tab allows you to determine which fit statistics are displayed on the graph The Equation s Coefficients are the fitted parameters The Mean Square Error and its square root the Root Mean Square Error measure how far away on average the fitted function is from the data The Root Mean Square Error is in the units of the data on the y axis You can also specify the style and color of the line representing the fit The Sample Line region provides a preview of the line appearance The Displayed Precision field allows you to set the number of displayed digits in the curve fit floating boxes Select one of Decimal Places a fixed number of places past the decimal point or Significant Figures the number of digits displayed plus any need to show magnitude Enter the desired numerical setting for either mode For the linear fit only the fit and its statistics are determined as f
94. sensors can be used for triggering Data Collection 2 When using the LabPro interface and a fast rate data collection the dialog is slightly different to account for the fact that LabPro uses edge triggering at these rates Logger Pro 23 Teacher s Guide Collect data point by point prompted Collect photogate data 24 To collect discrete data points rather than a steady stream of data choose Data Collection from the Setup menu Choose either Events with Entry or Selected Events from the drop down menu In either mode after the Collect button is clicked a Keep button appears A data point is recorded whenever the Keep button is clicked in addition if the mode is Event with Entry you are prompted to enter values for anew data column For example you might enter a volume concentration or trial number The labels for the prompted column are entered in this dialog box Data Collection To collect photogate or Smart Pulley data choose Data Collection from the Setup menu Choose Photogate Timing from the drop down menu on the Mode tab It is not necessary to set any inputs using the Setup Sensor dialog The photogate mode supports seven methods of collecting data To see these modes click the Sampling tab The available modes are Motion Timing Gate Timing One Gate Gate Timing Two Gates Pulse Timing Collision Timing Pendulum Timing Logger Pro Moti
95. ta in numerical form select the desired portion of the data table you can select it all by choosing Select All from the Edit menu Next choose Copy from the Edit menu to place the data on the clipboard Now switch to the destination application Once you have the receiving spreadsheet ready to accept the data choose Paste from the Edit menu The data will appear in the application You do not have to quit Logger Pro to switch to another application Logger Pro 39 Teacher s Guide Save data calibration and configuration Paste data into other applications Retrieve an experiment Print a graph or data table Print the screen Set default file locations 40 Save and Print Data You can save your experiment to disk by choosing Save from the File menu The experimental configuration including data calibrations column definitions and window types will be saved A standard save file dialog box will appear Choose a location for the file enter a descriptive file name and click on OK Saving a complete configuration in this manner is an excellent way to record an experiment so you can later reproduce or extend the work in identical conditions In addition instructors can save a configuration for students to use later students then do not have to perform any configuration or calibration and can immediately begin to collect data To save only the calibration information so that it is available when manually configuring Log
96. tach it to collect individual data points then reattach it to retrieve the data With this method you can use any sensors not just auto ID and collect individual data points whenever you press the START STOP button gt gt Set up the sensors LabPro and Logger Pro just as you normally would to collect data using the Selected Events mode Instead of clicking the button select Set Up LabPro from the Remote menu Follow the on screen instructions to finish setup Save the experiment file so it can be used to later retrieve the data from LabPro Every time you press the START STOP button LabPro will collect one data point The green LED will flash with each reading Repeat as often as you want up to 99 readings Reconnect LabPro to a computer Start Logger Pro if it is not already running and open the experiment used previously for setup Select Retrieve Data on the LabPro Has Data dialog if it appears or choose Retrieve Data from LabPro from the Remote menu The data will be graphed on the screen and ready for further analysis Logger Pro Graph Table FFT gt FFT Graph FFT Table Histogram gt Histogram Graph Histogram Table Text Teacher s Guide View Other Window Types The Windows menu contains commands that add or replace windows to the Logger Pro Screen Since each new window reduces the screen area available for the existing windows the precise action
97. tching receptacle on the interface and into a source of 60 Hz 115 VAC power To install Logger Pro on a Power Macintosh follow these steps Place the Logger Pro CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer Double click the icon Install Logger Pro and follow the instructions on screen To install Logger Pro on a computer running Windows 95 98 2000 NT 4 0 follow these steps e Place the Logger Pro CD in the CD ROM drive of your computer e If you have Autorun enabled the installation will launch automatically otherwise choose Settings gt Control Panel from the Start menu Double click on Add Remove Programs Click on the Install button in the resulting dialog box e The Logger Pro installer will launch and a series of dialog boxes will step you through the installation of the Logger Pro software You will be given the opportunity to either accept the default directory or enter a different directory Logger Pro 2 1 does not support Windows 3 1 however versions prior to 2 0 did Contact us at info vernier com for detailed information If your computers are served software from a central file server on a network you can install Logger Pro on the server Additional suggestions for configuring a network server to work with Logger Pro can be found in Appendix B Logger Pro Teacher s Guide Ideas for using Logger Pro in the classroom How to use the tutorials Experiment files are important Experiment files included
98. te Adjust Data Collection Adjust Sampling Adjust Triggering Examine keystroke Enter Control Command N Control Command S Control Command Control Command P Control Command K Control Command 0 Control Command U Control Command L Control Command R Control Command I Control Command C Control Command X Control Command V Control Command D Control Command M Control Command T Control Command E Toolbar AA ENE The toolbar provides quick access to some common functions From left to right these are Open Save and Print Screen The next group includes Autoscale Once Zoom In Zoom Out and Undo Zoom The third group toggles Analyze Tangent Statistics Integral Line Fit and Automatic Curve Fit Next the stopwatch button opens the data collection dialog box The icon showing an interface selects the Sensor Setup dialog and Logger Pro 49 Logger Pro Reference Graph Window 50 Graph title Tick mark labels Axis labels Scroll arrows Axes the Collect button initiates data collection If present the Zero button resets an analog sensor reading to zero You can quickly see what a tool does by positioning the pointer over the button for a moment a legend will appear Cursor Controls You can change the graph appearance and behavior through a number of hot spots on the Graph Window and the Table Window The screen below shows some of these functions Logg
99. ting files in certain directories Typically only administrative accounts are allowed to make changes anywhere on the server one speaks of having the privilege or right to make these changes Logger Pro 87 Appendix B Windows Student use of Logger Pro on a network 88 To use the network copy of Logger Pro log in to the file server and navigate to the Logger Pro icon Double click on it to start As a shortcut in Windows you may want to drag the Logger Pro icon to the Start menu to place Logger Pro in the Start menu list For your students to use Logger Pro on a network they first must have adequate access rights In most situations student access should allow Logger Pro to be seen and executed but not changed in any way Your network administrator should be able to assist in this setting If your students need to change sensor settings or calibrations they also need to be able to write files to the Calibration folder This means they need rights to create and change files in just the Calibration folder You may find the location of this folder by choosing Preferences from the Edit menu Again your network administrator should be able to assist in this setting Logger Pro Which Interface Appendix C Appendix C Interfaces Compatible with Logger Pro You can use LabPro the Universal Lab Interface ULI or the Serial Box Interface with Logger Pro The three interfaces differ in capability but often any can be u
100. toring data when it is not connected to a computer This is called remote data collection The Remote menu items are only available when a LabPro interface is detected by Logger Pro Extensive information on remote data collection is shown in the How To section of this manual Set Up LabPro will open a dialog box with instructions for preparing LabPro for remote data collection Retrieve Data from LabPro is used to download data from a LabPro interface after remote data collection Help Contents Index About Logger Pro About Untitled About LabPro Help Contents displays the table of contents for on line help Index displays the on line help index About Logger Pro shows the version number and copyright information The menu name will change to match the current experiment file Choosing this item will open a text entry region for storing notes about the experiment file When an experiment file with notes entered here is opened the notes will be displayed If you have a LabPro connected About LabPro will display the version number of the LabPro firmware In addition the current auto ID sensor ID numbers and the auto ID experiment file in use if any is displayed Logger Pro Problem Logger Pro cannot find the Interface Appendix A Appendix A Troubleshooting Guide Cause Solution Interface not correctly connected Connect interface to the modem or printer port Macintosh or COMI COM2 CONG or COMA PC
101. u to select the column used for calculating the Mean Square Error value The Mean Square Error measures how far away the function is on average from the data Automatic curve fits seek to minimize this value Integral performs a numerical integration on the selected data Pil First drag across the desired region of your data to select Then choose Integral or click on the Integral button on the toolbar You will have the opportunity to specify which data set you want to integrate The numerical result is shown on the graph and the corresponding area shaded The Statistics item displays a dialog showing statistical measures FA of the selected data maximum minimum mean standard deviation and the number of points used You may optionally select a region of the data first The entire data set is used when no selection is made After you select Statistics or click on the Statistics button on the toolbar you will have the opportunity to specify for which data set you want statistics calculated The statistics are presented in a floating box on the graph screen The standard deviation is found using N weighting or o fEl Graph Options Graph Layout Zoom In Undo Zoom Zoom Out Autoscale Once Ctr U Set Axes to Autoscale The first item in the View menu changes depending on the active window For example to see Data Table Options click once on a data table before pulling down the View menu Options settings
102. uch as a Palm Pilot or digital camera Logger Pro 85 Appendix A Problem Solution Hold down the Ctrl key during start up The program will not automatically search for the interface Click on the correct COM port for the ULL Cannot save a previously File has been opened in read Clear read only check box when first opened experiment file only mode default opening file or save the altered file under a new name Sensor not working Sensor connected to the wrong Make sure the sensor is connected to the correct connector Refer to the Sensor Setup in Logger Pro Two sensors connected to the Never use more than one sensor same input line of the ULI connected to each voltage input at the same time For example if you are using the DIN 1 socket do not use the Port 1 modular phone connector at the same time Sensor faulty Try a different sensor You might want to try measuring the voltage of a battery with the Voltage Probe No data appearing in graph Graph range defined too small Select Autoscale Once or double for data to appear click on the graph and select a larger range of values for the axes Readings are noisy Interface is picking up Place the interface at least 30 cm interference from the computer away from the computer 86 Logger Pro General principles Logger Pro preferences Macintosh Appendix B Appendix B Using Logger Pro on a Network If your computers are served software from a central file server on
103. uclear Radiation w Computers RealTime Physics _Physical Science with Computer 2 Sample Data _Physics with Computers Tools for Scientific Thinking Files of type Logger Pro Experiments Cancel IV Open as read only Although creating an experiment file will save calibration information you can also save sensor calibration information separately Your custom calibration will then be among those offered in the sensor setup dialog Logger Pro includes calibration files for the Vernier sensors listed in Appendix C For most sensors these calibrations are all you will need A few sensors such as for dissolved oxygen and colorimetry need individual calibration the force and pH sensors can be calibrated for higher accuracy results The calibration procedure is described in the reference section To create your own experiment files you will need to set up Logger Pro as appropriate for your experiment You may want to start with an existing experiment file that is close to the configuration you need gt Configure or confirm that Logger Pro is properly set for the sensors you will use including any calibration information gt Set the data collection mode period and rate as needed gt Define any new columns you need lt Set the graphs as desired Create the number of graphs the scaling and what is plotted for your experiment Logger Pro Customizing Logger Pro Using Logger Proona network
104. uding graphing calculated data or data entered from the keyboard These are described in turn below As an example let us convert temperatures measured in degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit To get K we will need to multiply the raw data from the Temperature Sensor in C by 9 5 and then add 32 First choose New Column from the Data menu You will see this dialog box but without the entries you are about to make Click on the Options tab to be sure this pane is on top Logger Pro 37 38 Teacher s Guide New Column Labels To give this example column appropriate labels enter Fahrenheit in the label field and degrees F in the units field The short label is used in places where there isn t room for the whole name here F would be a good choice In this dialog box you can also make other choices for the new column such as color for graphing Or you may want to not include this new column in the data table To hide it click the Hide Column in Table box Next click on the Definition tab to see the rest of the dialog box and to complete the column creation process New Column Temperature vs Time Temperature C Logger Pro Enter data manually Copy data to a spreadsheet or graphing program Teacher s Guide Equation The Equation field is where you will build the formula that defines the new column In this example of
105. using supplied cable On a Macintosh or PC you may use a USB cable and port for LabPro Two or more copies of Logger Exit all but the first copy of Logger Pro running Pro Bad interface cable Replace interface cable Wrong serial port being used Make sure you are using the correct serial port For example don t confuse COM1 and COM2 PC or the Printer and Modem ports Mac Interface not receiving power Make sure the power adapter is connected to the interface Turn on power switch ULI only Battery powered LabPro or Serial Box Make sure the green Serial Box has dead batteries LED comes on when you start up Logger Pro LabPro Remove and replace a battery You should hear tones and a flashing of all 3 LED s Modem port of Macintosh not 11 you are using a Macintosh with an available internal modem make sure that the control panels are set for external modem If you are using a Macintosh PowerBook with a single modem printer port and are not using Ethernet port AppleTalk must be turned off to make port available Computer s serial port is set up Reconfigure the serial port for use for internal modem use This is with an external modem a potential problem for any computer with an internal modem Serial port of PC disabled If you are using a laptop PC make sure the serial port is not disabled by a power saving mode Modem or serial port in use by Quit any other program that could be another program using the port s
106. utlined in black Click on Perform Now gt Allow the sensor and the thermometer to stabilize at the first cali bration temperature You can determine this by waiting until the input readings stabilize The input readings are the raw voltage signals from the sensor and it is the relationship between the voltage and temperature that is being determined by this calibration Read the thermometer and enter the reading in degrees into the Value 1 field Click on Keep Move the sensor and thermometer to the second bath and allow them to stabilize at the second calibration temperature Enter the thermometer s reading in degrees into the Value 2 field Click on Keep You may want to save the calibration result for later use Saving an experiment file most easily saves the calibration information The calibration information along with all other Logger Pro settings is loaded when the experiment file is opened We recommend that you use the experiment file method of saving calibration and experiment setup If the calibration should be generally available any time a user selects that sensor in the Sensor Setup dialog then save the calibration separately by clicking on the Save button Click on Save to record the calibration to disk for later use or click on OK to use the calibration only temporarily Calibration files are saved to the calibration directory set in the Logger Pro preferences To remove a sensor f
107. val to be set The Real Time Collect mode is used for lifetime measurements while the Events with Entry mode is used for measuring count rates on user command similar to the Events with Entry mode for other sensors described above Logger Pro 79 Sampling 80 Logger Pro Reference The contents of this tab are determined by the data collection mode When using any mode except the Events with Entry Photogate or Radiation Counting modes the following Sampling dialog box will appear Data Collection Experiment length Enter the length of time over which data are to be collected A maximum of 30 000 total points can be collected over all input channels Sampling Speed Enter the number of measurements per time unit desired You can also adjust the sampling speed using the slider Over Sampling When over sampling is set the actual data collection rate is higher than set in the sampling speed field and up to the indicated number of evenly spaced readings is averaged to create a single data point The actual number of points used may be fewer than indicated due to sampling speed limitations of the interface Over sampling is not available for digital sensors such as the Motion Detector Photogates or Radiation Monitor Logger Pro Photogate Sampling Radiation Counting Sampling Logger Pro Reference When using the Photogate mode the following Sampling dialog box will appear WW The
108. ve created a Histogram Graph you may choose Histogram Table to open a new data table window containing the numerical histogram data Double click on either histogram window type to adjust its properties The bin width may be changed in the Axis Options tab of the Histogram Options dialog box Choose New Tall Window gt Text from the Window menu A new window will be created for text entry You can use this window for laboratory instructions information about the experiment or other notes Logger Pro 3l Teacher s Guide Meter Strip Chart Graph 32 Choose New Tall Window gt Meter from the Window menu A dialog box will open which allows you to select the data columns to be displayed in a digital meter window Then a new window will be created containing the selected digital readouts Double click on the meter window to change which quantities are displayed Time Latest Force Latest Distance Latest 5 m 3 800 0 017 0 667 A chart recorder like mode for graph windows is activated automatically for sampling speeds less than or equal to 250 pts s whenever there are two graph windows open and one graph window is scaled to less than the experiment length This works for both collection and replay Choose New Wide Window gt Graph from the Window menu A graph window will appear below the original graph window Click on the new graph s x axis maximum value and change the number to a value smaller than the original va
109. yze menu or click on the tangent line button on the toolbar and move the pointer to the place where you want the slope A floating box will appear containing the numerical value of the data and the slope of the tangent line at the pointer position The number of points used in calculating the tangent may be set by choosing Options from the Experiment menu Often you will want to compare two similar runs of collected data When you get the first useful run choose Store Latest Run from the Data menu Now you may take additional data and the stored run will not be lost The data will be retained through subsequent data collections and can be displayed or hidden as desired Stored runs are numbered sequentially Any number of runs can be stored and will be saved when you save an experiment to disk The Data menu has four more relevant functions Hide Run will temporarily remove the selected run from the graph Show Run will put it back Rename Run allows changing the displayed name of a selected stored run and About Run shows the timestamp of the data and allows you to enter notes about the run Using the Hide Show functions you can superimpose any desired set of runs To fit a straight line to your data select the desired portion of the data by dragging across it Next choose Linear Fit from the 288 Analyze menu or click on the linear regression button on the toolbar A straight line will be fit to the indicated data and the slope

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