User`s Manual for Computer Software
Contents
1. ted model combining ded the Garin Lowry model in this book and this tastrophe bifurcation D Locating routing for scheduled transportation RISE stands for Route Improvement Synthesis and Evaluation It is a vehicle routing and commodity flow model developed by Y Chan at MIT and subsequently extended at Pennsylvania State University at University Park Washington State University and the Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright Patterson AFB Ohio The program is described in Chan 1974 and Chan 1979 The model is also explained and expanded in the Location routing Chapter of the book This directory RISE contains 1 the RISE Fortran source program file RISE FOR 2 Rise executable file RISE EXE 3 three dataset files RISE1 DAT RISE2 DAT RISE3 DAT 4 narrative on possible uses and description of the Rise program File USES TXT 5 Echo print on American Airlines case study data input stream File CASE TXT While it needs to be encoded in the input format this can serve as an additional dataset if desired 6 additional information on output interpretation subroutines contained in the Rise Program File SUBROUT TXT To run the RISE program 1 Copy RISE EXE and the three RISE DAT files to your operating directory 2 Enter rise at the DOS prompt and answer prompts for data file and output file 3 View the output file i2. 3 Cubic Press the numeric key for the desired choice A square will appear over the image Position the square over the area of the image in which you would like to magnify by using the arrow keys Once it s in position hit the return key The window selection box will now appear select the window in which you would like to place the magnified image The magnified image will now appear in the desired window Example The image Pentagon img is loaded in the third window and you wish to zoom in on the right most corner and place magnification in the second window First you select the third window and press the Z key Next position the box in the corner by moving it with the arrow keys Then press the return 14 key and select the second window by hitting the 2 key The magnification will now appear in the second window Note The cut section command is almost identical to the zoom command in operation but is different in that it cuts out a certain area rather than magnifying it XI CONTOUR PLOTS TS IP allows you to examine a contour plot of an image To use this command first select the window with the desired image to contour Then press the J key A sub menu of choice will appear The plot may be loaded as ither being fixed 1 through 5 or variable 1 5 Choose the desired option by pressing the corresponding numeric key Ove Fixed 1 T Fixed 2 Ls Fixed 3 3 Fixed 4 4 Fixed 5 Bss Variable 1 6 Va
3. Prepositioning and repositioning Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio 24 Hansen W G 1959 How accessibility shapes land use Journal of the American Institute of Planners pp 152 166 Irish T May T Chan Y 1995 A Stochastic Facility Relocation Problem Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Jha K 1972 Demographic models Working paper Department of Civil Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania Junio D F 1994 Development of an Analytic Hierarchy Process for Siting of Municipal Solid Waste Facilities Master s Thesis Dept of Engineering and Environmental Management Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Advisor Y Chan Kerschus C Ee M Chan Y 1996 Location determination of obnoxious facilities where two major concerns ar xamined Seismic risks and public opposition Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Kulkarni R V Bhave P R 1985 Integer programming formulations of vehicle routing problems European Journal of Operational Research Vol 34 pp 403 404 Laporte et al 1986 An exact algorithm for solving a capacitated location routing problems Annals of Operations Research Vol 6
4. pp 293 310 ehrez A Eben Chaime M Brimberg J 1996 Locational analyses of military intelligence ground facilities Military Operations Research Vol 2 No 3 pp 61 69 Nagurney A 1993 Network Economics A Variational Inequality Approach Kluwer Academic Publishers Neddef D 1994 A remark on Integer linear programming formulation for a vehicle routing problem by N R Achutan and L Caccetta or how to use the Clarke and Wright Savings to write such integer linear programming formulations European Journal of Operational Research Vol 75 pp 238 241 Pak P S j7 Kim G Stizuka Y 1989 Multizonal model of industrial activities based on journey time model Working Paper Faculty of Engineering Osaka University Yamada oka 2 1 Suita Osaka 565 Japan Patterson T S 1995 Dynamic Maintenance Scheduling for a Stochastic Telecommunication Network Determination of Performance Factors Master s Thesis Department of Operational Sciences Graduate School of Engineering Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Advisor Y Chan Patterson K Horton K G Chan Y 1994 Games with multiple payoffs Working Paper Department of Operational Sciences Graduate School of Engineering Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Putman S 1972 A workbook for education and limited research use of the Lowry model Department of City and Regional Pla
5. say you have points 1 2 and 3 Their x y coordinates are 1 1 2 2 and 3 3 respectively The input file should read my Td 2 2 2 3 3 3 In a 2 dimensional calculation the theta values the unit interval or Sierpinski curve values will be produced normally For a 3 dimensional 18 problem the program will ask for the z coordinate for each geographic location as mentioned above Another value the program prompts for is the number of binary digits This value tells the program how many times to divide the unit square or cube for mapping to the unit interval The object here is to use the smallest value possible that will return a unique theta value for each point This holds true for both the 2 and 3 dimensional cases Three dimensional cases are tricky The best way to obtain answers in 3 dimensional cases is to start with a binary digit value of 1 then try 2 then try 3 etc The program runs fast so this does not take as much time as one would think NOTE The 3 dimensional cases cause the arrays to grow rapidly eating up memory This program has returned good results for up to 52 3 dimensional points Above this number the 3 dimensional capability is unknown The 2 dimensional capability has been tested to 89 2 dimensional points GOOD LUCK and have fun The Space Filling Curve is an amazingly versatile tool Io G A location routing delivery model This program was originally coded
6. DAT and the forecast year input LOWRY1 DAT LOWRY2 DAT with the exception of the parameter MAX which indicates the number of concentric rings used in the final time ring matrix For example the number is often increased for a forecast year say from 29 minutes maximum trip time to 44 minutes reflecting the slower travel speed of 25 miles hour and hence a longer trip time see LOWRY2 DAT when the travel speed is uniformly reduced to 25 miles per hour Here are details of the line by line input for the control parameters Line 1 L1 is a print command for the DPOP DRET input data where DPOP is the denominator of the population potential function and DRET is the denominator of retail potential function see the Model calibration section of the Activity allocation chapter for an explanation For the three datasets provided here LOWRYO DAT LOWRY1 DAT and LOWRY2 DAT for xample O indicates that no printing is requested for these intermediate output values L2 is the number of iterations for the employment loop For example 4 is a typical number used in our datasets L3 is the number of iterations for the population loop shown in our datasets as 5 L4 is the number of grand loops shown as 4 L5 is the print command for intermediate output of activity summary tables means no and 1 means yes L6 is the command to compute population potential and begin the empl
7. Forecast year data where the downtown employment growth has been changed LOWRY2 DAT Forecast year data where not only the downtown employment has changed but that a new uniform 25 miles hour 40 km h Personal Rapid Transit Transportation system has been implemented throughout the study area A FORTRAN PROGRAM OF THE LOWRY MODEL The Lowry model listed here in this disk was tested extensively on a 42 zone York Pennsylvania area for various experiments To assist the reader in understanding the model please refer to the discussion of the model in the Activity allocation chapter of this book The following provides liberal annotations throughout the input stream for the programmer to run the program To clarify the operation of the program we have highlighted the data input format by the four groups of data required a process judged to be more informative than extensive user manuals For a more complete documentation of the program please refer to a workbook by Putman 1972 referenced in the book The first set of inputs as documented in all three data sets LOWRYO DAT LOWRY1 DAT and LOWRY2 DAT are the Run parameters including the number of iterations and the coefficients required by the model Specifically CONTROL PARAMETERS The input of control parameters or the switches that govern the mode in which the program is to be executed is the same for both the base year replication input LOWRYO
8. accompanies the code file Refer to Baker 1991 Appendix for a comprehensive listing of various output that can be generated Ad 3 The subdirectory labeled CW contains the FORTRAN file for the Clarke Wright heuristic The generic algorithm is described in the Measuring Spatial Separation Chapter and the special adaptation here is documented in the Location routing chapter of the book As before only sample input and output files are included since the full output is given in Appendix E of Baker 1991 The reader can execute any of these subdirectories independently even though they perform an integrated task when they are all invoked For an 20 introduction the reader is referred to the VALID subdirectory To the extent that this sub directory contains codes and data that validate heuristic against analytic models it provides the most comprehensive overview of the entire software package 21 H Derivation allocation model for state parks This program was originally developed at the State University of New York at Stony Brook by T O Carroll Y Chan R Silkman and T Sexton 1982 The study is documented in Chan and Carroll 1985 Subsequent extensions were performed at Washington State University and the Air Force Institute of Technology by Y Chan and his associates This program STATEPRK generates demand for state park visitation and allocates the demand among competing state parks The mod
9. as part of Baker 1991 The document is distributed by the U S Defense Information Technical Center DTIC and explained in the Location routing chapter of this book The study extends work done by the Military Airlift Command now the Air Mobility Command Analysis Group on reducing the operating costs of the Defense Courier Servic network The study s primary focus is to minimize those costs by varying the number and location of servicing depots and the routes flown from those depots The theoretical algorithm used in the methodology is an expansion of Laporte et al s 1986 formulation of the multiple depot multiple traveling salesman facility location problem which is described in the Measuring spatial separation chapter of this book Multiple servicing frequency is addressed by clustering co located demands with Kulkarni and Bhave s 1985 subtour breaking constraint Vehicle range is considered by redressing a shortfall of the subtour breaking constraint which was first noted by Brodie 1988 The formulation is merely used as a validation of a system wide solution heuristic since exact solution is beyond the range of current computing capabilities The solution heuristic is a combination of the minimum spanning forest Prim and Dijkstra and the Clarke Wright method The spanning forest is used for depot location and partitioning of the study area into service regions while the Clarke Wright computes th
10. codes and executable codes are given mainly for th ase of execution and modification by the users 2 We strive to provide stand alone programs that do not require supporting software including language compilers While references are made to supporting software for extended use of some of the programs all programs are self contained and they have been developed or refined by the author and his associates 3 Sample datasets are provided to allow demonstration of the software While toy problems are often used for introduction most of these data are drawn from real world case studies which are discussed in the main body of this book 4 It is assumed that the user of this disk has acquired basic knowledge of the DOS operating system on a PC S he knows how to navigate between files and can discern th difference between a dataset file an xecutable code anda source code S he also realizes that an executable code can be run by typing in the name of the file without the extension at a DOS prompt with the necessary data Accompanying this README file are two files providing information on how to compile a source code for execution The programs are distributed after extensively testing by the author and his associates But with any computer programs there is no guarantee that they are fully debugged It is impossible for the author with his limited 2 resources to provide any programmi
11. compiling and running SFC BAS 4 Several sampl text files delimited ar also included containing data and operating instructions HOW TO USE THIS DISK I Put disk in drive A and change to drive A unless you copy the contents of the book disk to a hard drive directory II At the A prompt type sfc III Now just answer the questions At any time one can exit by pressing CTRL and c and then typing system to exit GWBASIC A short text file that explains the most basic of GWBASIC commands can be located under the BASIC TXT file at the root directory The files named after major U S cities are good examples of how input data files must be set up EXAMPLE BOSTON ALBANY 314 37 BOSTON 331 34 NORTHAMPTON 325 37 This program was originally designed for use with global latitude longitude positions converted to grid positions The first value must be a name for its associated geographic location and must be enclosed in quotation marks The next two values are the x and y coordinates navigational grid values for the example As with any delimited file you must include the commas to separate the inputs The space filling curve heuristic uses these last two values to transform a two or three dimensional space into the unit interval for 3 dimensional problems the program will prompt for the third dimension for each geographic location while it is executing For example
12. manual usr User s Manual for Computer Software Es TER Table of Contents for User s Manual for Computer Software User s Manual for Computer Software A Software installation Overview of software The Lowry land use model Locating routing for scheduled Remote sensing and geographic information travelling salesmen problem A location routing delivery model Derivation allocation model for state parks Pate Garin Lowry model Multipl HZTQOMIAUVUONW References transportation system I User s Manual for Computer Software A Software installation Important You must have at lease 3 Megabytes of hard drive space available to install this disk If you do not have 3 Megabytes available you must free up space or the installation will not work To install the contents of this disk on your hard drive you must know which drive you are going to install on For most users this will be the C drive First go to the disk drive where the floppy disk included with the book is located For example if the floppy is in the a drive type A Then type INSTALL followed by the drive you wish to install onto For example if you want to install on the C drive type INSTALL C This will create a directory on the C drive named book where the files will extract to The file readme txt in C BOOK will explain the contents of the directory The install program will leave you in the directory
13. potential ring function set measuring 42 by 29 sine is 29 minutes in the base year tO ntteH symmetric with respect to et from zone i to zone j set th ntries of ute of travel time from ed for operationalizing stribution function as er For example the ius of 14 minutes away 12 within an additional has a he maximum t travel time While genera the code documented here may not be the state o tion and allocation it has its pedagogic impor recent models in proper perspectiv For this reason datasets in addition to the listings for those that w experience with such a classic model The intent of this program once again is simply to for experimentation The datasets given are as import than the computer program since more advanced compu exist but many first time users are often at a loss quasi realistic dataset for experimentation Those in models should note that Foot 1978 documented a FORT Garin Lowry model Putman 1983 put forth an integra land use and transportation Yi and Chan 1988 exten to a disaggregate bifurcation format that is included computer disk as well as discussed in the Chaos ca chapter Now have fun with the numbers f the art in activity tance in placing more we have included example ant to have hands on provide a bread board ant as or more important tational procedures as to how to assemble a terested in more advanced RAN program of the
14. the book For example a program to analyze remote sensing images is stored under the SPACE directory It was developed by Dr T S Kelso at the Air Force Institute of Technology when he worked with the author on related teaching and research We have officially obtained his permission to use the program here Software implementations of some of the facility location and land use models discussed in this book are contained in these additional directories each of which has its own README files containing acknowledgments and operational instructions LOWRY the traditional Lowry land use model RISE a heuristic location routing model for scheduled transportation SPACEFIL a heuristic multiple travelling salesmen program SPANFRST a heuristic location routing program for small package deliveries STATEPRK an activity derivation allocation model YICHAN a disaggregate bifurcation implementation of the Garin Lowry model While the book introduces the various analysis techniques in a pedagogic fashion we strive to provide the practical implementations here in this disk The programs are therefore no longer purely for the classroom they have real potentials among everyday operational use These philosophies are followed in the preparation of this disk 1 In order to provide the widest dissemination possible all files in this disk are ASCII text files as mentioned Where possible both source
15. to choose from You may circulate through this list by using the arrow keys Press return when you highlight a scheme of your choosing The scheme may be changed as often as you desire Example You wish to change the 256 Gray shading scheme to a color rainbow scheme Therefore press the P key and cycle through the list with the arrow keys until the choice Rainbow is highlighted Hit the return key and the screen will instantly change to the new scheme ADE TE THE FILTER MENU T5 Filtering is one of the most important parts of image manipulation Various commands such as Sobel convolution fast Fourier transform Laplacian transformations and noise removal are just some examples of how an image can be clarified The Filter option will bring up a sub menu of choices which will perform these commands The sub menu is presented in a format identical to that of the main menu The options off this menu are A Average B Blur C Crispen D Line Detection F FFT L Laplacian M Median N Noise Removal S Sobel Xx Sharpen Z Special The options are chosen by pressing the appropriate letter key Many of these options will give you a sub menu of choices Average amp Median options A amp M will give you a 3x3 and a 4x4 option Crispen and Sharpen will give you a high medium and low option Line detection can be horizontal vertical diagonal top left to bottom right or diagonal top right to bottom left No
16. to examine by using the peaks and valleys line If you hit the 0 key a small cross hair arrow will appear over the image You may move this arrow to any point over the image by using the arrow keys A corner box will appear on the monitor and display the x y z value of the current spot When you are done examining the image press th scap Esc key By pressing the second option a vertical line will be drawn across the face of the image A vertical line bar will also appear in the window over the main menu A second line will be drawn over the window where the main menu is located This is the peaks and valleys line representing the data points 13 along the line that was placed over the image The line over the image can be moved from left and right with the arrow keys Once your examination is done press th scap Esc key Then hit the key to bring back the main menu Example You wish to examine the xyz coordinates of an image that is located in the third working window After you select the third window hit the E key Then press the 0 key A cross hair appears in the image along with the coordinate box Note again that the z coordinate is the gray shading value where the lower the number the darker the image Once you are done examining the image hit the Esc key Ls HISTOGRAMS You may display a histogram of the image by pressing the H key You will be presented with a
17. windows where you would like the image to be placed You do this by hitting the W key off the main menu select a window A little box will appear in the middle of your screen This box is a visible representation of the window that is currently selected You select the first second or third window by either pressing the 1 2 or 3 keys respectively and hit return The illustration box will show your change and then disappear off the screen The window you selected will remain as your working window until you change it again by using this same procedure Images and image manipulations will remain in the selected window even if you change to another working window A new image loaded into the same working window with an old image will replace the old image with the new one The default working window is the number one window Once a working window has been selected you may load in an image by hitting the L key A list of image data files will be displayed onto the screen Scroll through the list with the up down arrow keys until you find the image you wish to load This file will be highlighted Then hit the return key The image will then load into your selected working window Example You wish to load the file Pentagon img into the number 3 window First hit W to select a window and then press 3 to select the third window Next hit L to load the image and scroll through the list until the file Pentagon img is highlighted Once it is highlighted h
18. C BOOK when it completes To return to this directory later type CD C BOOK To view the contents of the readme file type TYPE README TXT MORE For mor xperienced users installation can be accomplished manually by simply copying the BOOK EXE file to a directory on the hard drive and typing book to run the self extracting zipped file The install program and all of the programs on this disk are designed to be run in DOS In most cases the programs on this disk can be run from a Windows machine in a DOS window but if a program won t run in a window the problem can be solved by booting the machine directly into DOS mode B Overview of software This disk is to provide the readers with sample software to supplement the discussions in the book The platform is an IBM compatible Personal Computer PC which at the time of this writing is the most widely available computing machinery By adopting this platform it is expected that the accompanying disk will find its use among the largest number of readers To view the ASCII text files in these disks we suggest using a 10 point font format The disk is dedicated to specialized software for processing and analyzing spatial temporal information All of the software packages were developed by the author and his colleagues The origins of these codes are duly acknowledged in the documentation using a bibliographic referencing system adopted in
19. DE version 2 8 documented by Rob Urzi for T S Kelso and Yupo Chan Updated by Yupo Chan and Brad Smith 5 97 TABLE OF CONTENTS A Introduction 2s Loading 3s The Program Screen 4 The Main Menu Sis Selecting Windows amp Loading Images 6 Blank Copy and Redisplay Commands Vs The Show All amp Overlay Commands sie he Examine Command SEE Histograms 10 Zooming Dales Contour Plots 12 Palette Color Scale 13 The Filter Menu 14 Saving an Image 15 Quitting the Program ag INTRODUCTION The TS IP program is a program that loads and manipulates computer digitized satellit images The initials TS IP stand for Training System Image processing This program allows for a variety of mathematical options that may be applied to image data thus transforming raw spatial data into useful information Up to three different images may be loaded and used at the same time The current version of TS IP in use is version 2 8 This program was written by T S Kelso for the sole intention of instructional use at the Air Force Institute of Technology Since this program was written in house it continues to be revised and improved Therefore you may find additional options commands and loopholes that have not been addressed in this version of the users guide The program is copyrighted 14 Jan 1993 Owing to disk space limitations the adaptation here includes the executable code and only one image fi
20. DONOTHIN FOR LMBI42 DAT data file for 42 region case study for AFTUCAL EXE FIB EXE 25MPH EXE and DONOTHIN EXE LMBI4 DAT data file for 4 region example in book for AFTUCAL EXE FIB EXE 25MPH EXE and DONOTHIN EXE README TXT this current file To run a program simply type the name of the executabl th exe file Th Program will prompt you to enter the name of a data file and the name of an Output file If you enter the name of an output file that already exists the old file will be overwritten The data file must be in the same format as the sample data file that comes with each program The format of each data file and the variables it contains are detailed at the end of the sample data file For example if you want to run AFTUCAL EXE type AFTUCAL at the DOS prompt The program will ask you to enter the name of the data file If you want to run the 4 region example from the book type LMBI4 DAT If you want to run the 42 region case study type LMBI42 DAT The program will then ask you to enter the name of an output file Type in AFTU4 OUT for example The program will notify you when it has stopped and return you to the DOS prompt If the programs are run on the LMBI4 DAT file they should finish almost immediately but the LMBI42 DAT file may take up to several minutes to complete The Fibonacci program runs by default on the do nothing travel time matrix data If you want
21. Fibonacci to run on the 25 mph PRT travel time matrix simply edit the data file and set the PRT flag to one 23 II References Achutan N R Caccetta L 1991 Integer linear programming formulation for a vehicle routing problem European Journal of Operational Research Vol 52 pp 86 89 Andersson A E Kuenne R E 1986 Regional economic dynamics in Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics Vol I Edited by P Nijkamp Elsevier Araque J R 1989 Contributions to the polyhedral approach to the vehicle routing problem PhD dissertation State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York Baker S F 1991 Location and Routing of the Defense Courier Service Aerial Network Master s thesis AFIT GOR ENS 91M 1 Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Advisor Y Chan Banaszak D Cordeiro J Chan Y 1997 Using the K medoid and Covering Approaches in Pattern Recognition Problems Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Carroll T O Chan Y Silkman R and Sexton T 1982 An Assessment of Regional and State wide Economic Impacts for New York State Parks Institute for Urban Science Research State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York Carter W B 1990 Allocation and Routing of CRAF MD80 A
22. cond dataset contains activity and land use data for such uses as residential and commercial including these quantities with land use coded in thousand of square feet 11 111 m total land unusable land basic land use retail land residential land total employment basic employment retail employment population potential in number of households number of household 1000 square feet maximum households 1000 square feet The third dataset is a square matrix documenting th a minute between two zones Referenc th 42 zon Yo travel time in tenths of rk map shown in the Activity allocation chapter where we can interpret the 42x42 interzonal travel time table Notice the diagonal elements have zero entries as expected since they represent the intrazonal travel time which by definition is set as zero in our case Not surprisingly the matrix is the diagonal suggesting the same amount of time as it is from j to i to g he last table represents the potential ring function hich show the number of zones reachable with one min he zone concerned Notice this information is requir he retail distribution function and the work trip di hown in the Model calibration section of the chapt ntry in the 12th row and 14th column says that a rad here are thr additional zones reachable from zone unit of travel tim The base year dataset LOWRY1 DAT
23. create a gif file which is a common image format After you exit TS IP change directories to the work subdirectory by typing cd work Then execute the batch file corresponding to the name of the image you saved In the abov xample you would type window a which would create a file named window a gif XV QUITTING THE PROGRAM You may leave TS IP by selecting the quit option off of the main menu pressing the Q key This will bring you back to DOS at the following location c book space images gt 16 You can exit the TS IP program at any time by pressing down the control key and hitting the break key i e Ctrl Break This is useful if the program locks up or crashes 17 F Multiple travelling salesmen problem Welcome to the SPACE FILLING CURVE SFC Heuristic Program This program was originally coded by W B Carter 1990 and the document is distributed by the Defense Technical Information Center DTIC SFC is primarily a heuristic vehicle routing algorithm as described in the Measuring spatial separation chapter of this book This directory holds the capability to accomplish 2 and 3 dimensional space filling curves The contents of this directory consist of the following 1 GWBASIC is the executable file for compiling a source BASIC program 2 SFC BAS is a basic program performing the space filling curve calculations 3 SFC BAT is a DOS batch file that starts GWBASIC loading
24. e 3 Destination D node no J 1 specification the first destination is Z02 in this example O D distanc in tenths of a mil 0 16 km the distance between Z01 and ZO02 is 1 8 miles in this case Route restriction code which is 4 where 1 means operation unrestricted nonstop service allowed 2 means nonstop service prohibited 3 means operation prohibited cannot offer single vehicle service 4 turnaround service prohibited 5 means special route restrictions maximum no of stops allowed specified as 9 O D demand 359 passengers in this example Intermediat stop no 1 intermediate stop no 2 etc a three column blank between two stops means or while no blank between means and for xample there are two intermediate stop choices between Z01 and Z03 either stop by at Z02 or 204 line 1 Origin stop 2 specification etc here after 6 destination nodes Z02 through Z07 origin node Z02 is now entered and the input continues An echo print of the input data constitutes the first part of output The echo print is a lot more readable and understandable than the instructions above See RISE1 OUT for the echo print of the above set of DATA1 DAT data In the event that a more realistic output is desirable we have provided a text file of an echo print for an American Airlines case study in CASE TXT E Remote sensing and geographic information system TS IP USERS GUI
25. e routes flown from the depots to their assigned service points The heuristic is suboptimal by 3 8 on the average in six validation runs with no run greater than 20 The results indicate several depots may be closed without large increase to system mileage Th ntire cas study is documented in the Simultaneous location routing chapter of this book The software contained here is organized under the SPANFRST directory Sample data files are included to illustrate program execution SPANFRST DIRECTORY CONTENTS The logic of this program is explained in the book under the Location Routing chapter in which Baker s combined location and routing model is fully explained This master directory contains three subdirectories 1 The subdirectory labeled VALID provides the most comprehensive overview of the various files including other subdirectories It contains all the files used in model validation using the extended Laporte formulation as mentioned above and fully described in the location routing Chapter of the accompanying book Following standard practice there is a readme txt file within the VALID sub directory which should also be referred to 2 The subdirectory labeled MSF contains the FORTRAN file for minimum spanning forest as mentioned above and also described in the Location routing Chapter of the accompanying book Since the same code was used repeatedly only one sample input and output file
26. el is described in the Activity generation and allocation chapter of this book This disk contains the following files under STATEPRK PARKNY ASC BASIC source program containing the New York Parks data written to run under the GWBASIC compiler NYPARKS BAT DOS batch file that initiates GWBASIC which compiles and executes PARKNY ASC PARKWAS ASC BASIC source program containing the Washington State Parks data written to run under GWBASIC WASPRKS BAT DOS batch file that initiates GWBASIC which compiles and executes PARKWAS ASC GWBASIC EXE BASIC program compiler that turns PARKNY ASC and PARKWAS ASC into executable codes A short text file that explains the most basic of GWBASIC commands is contained in the file BASIC TXT at the root directory Additional information 1 The model and particularly the input output data behind the New York Parks Program is explained in the book under the Activity generation distribution chapter as pointed out above Data for the Washington Parks program is similar 2 To run the New York Parks Program type in NYPARKS 3 To run the Washington State Parks Program type in WASPRKS 4 Being developed in a university setting the codes are written ina prototype style In order to run a new dataset one needs to go into the source program and change the DATA statements 22 I Garin Lowry model This software represents a state of the art implementation
27. enerate a two loop route network RISE3 DAT contains a test dataset intended to generate an open loop route network The data input format can be summarized as follows with examples drawn from RISE1 DAT Group 1 VEHICLE FL line 1 Input format specification the example is 2110 4F10 3 in FORTRAN line 2 Vehicle type 1 2 3 etc Only 1 type of vehicle allowed in the present version of the program Capacity of vehicle 30 seats in this case Speed coefficients in the form of time in min ground time coeff speed coeff in min mi distance and the example is minutes 50 0 3 dist in miles LING 3 blank line delimiter ET PARAMETERS Group 2 SYSTEM RUN PARAMETERS line 1 Input format specification 4110 2F10 5 in this example line 2 Vehicle typ 1 in this case No of intermediate stops in the longest route 2 in our case Degree of optimism in the demand forecast O least 3 most in the present version of the program the demand is taken exactly as input the code in this case is therefore immaterial Type of origin destination pair market 0 means non competitive and 1 means competitive again this program does not have this feature implemented th nonfunctional entry of 1 is input in this example Ratio of effective to actual capacity 0 83333333 entered here suggesting only 83 percent of capacity is used for scheduling purp
28. es such as the Pentagon img file are very large and would take all four windows to display In such a case the Show All command can fill all the working windows with the image 12 Example The pentagon img file is actually broken down into four different sections When it is loaded normally into the first window you are actually viewing only the top left corner of th ntire image You would need to use the Show All command to view the remainder of the image To view the remainder of an image you first must load the image using normal procedures as discussed in part five of this document Make sure the current selected window is the one with the desired image to view Then press the S key for the show all command The remaining windows will fill with the remaining parts of the image If there are no remaining parts the same image section will be duplicated in the other windows instead By selecting different working windows you are able to manipulate and view the various sections of an image Example The pentagon img file is loaded normally into the first window To view the remainder of the image press the S key to activate the Show All command The top right hand corner of th ntire image will load into the second window while the bottom right hand corner of the image loads into the third window thus forming one complete image However the bottom left hand corner image does not fill in the fourth window due to the main men
29. indow Copies the contents from one window to another E Examine Image Gives either a line chart or a point chart for the x y and z coordinates F Filters Brings up a sub menu of filtering techniques G Group Images Groups multi spectral images together H Histograms Brings up a sub menu of options for a histogram I Invert Image Inverts selected image loading upside down J Contour Plot Allows for a fixed or variable plot to be drawn K Classification Classifies image histogram 1D 2D Note this function is currently not implemented and will cause the program to crash L Load Image Loads an image into a the selected window O Overlay Overlays one image on top of another Has a sub menu of choices P Palette Changes the color scale Q Quit Exits you from TS IP brings you back to MS DOS R Redisplay Image Redisplays the original image loaded in particular window S Show All All windows display selected image or view a very large image W Select Window Selects a window for you to work on BAR X Cut Section Selects a portion of an image and writes it to disk Z Zoom Magnifies a certain section of an image 2 Help Menu Redisplays main menu in bottom left hand corner Note that not every letter has an option These options are stored for later use in future revisions of TS IP V SELECTING WINDOWS amp LOADING IMAGES Before you can load an image you must first select one of the working
30. ircraft Master s thesis AFIT GST ENS 90M 4 Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Advisor Y Chan Chan Y 1974 Configuring a transportation route network via the method of successive approximations Computers and Operations Research Vol 1 pp 385 420 Chan Y 1979 A graph theoretic method to quantify the airline route authority Transportation Vol 19 No 1 pp 309 320 Chan and Carroll 1985 Estimating recreational travel and economic values of state parks Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 111 pp 65 79 American Society of Civil Engineers Chan Y Rasmussen W 1979 Forecasting housing requirements in a college town Journal of the Urban Planning and Development Division Vol 105 pp 9 23 Cliff A D Ord J K 1981 Spatial Processes Models and Applications Pion Chrissis J W 1980 The Solution of Nonlinear Pseudo Boolean Optimization Problems Subject to Linear Constraints PhD dissertation Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia Doreian P 1981 On the estimation of linear models with spatially distributed data Chapter 11 in Sociological Methodology editor S S Lienhardt The American Sociological Association School of Urban and Public Affairs Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Fullingham D Chan Y 1997
31. ise removal can be primary secondary 3x3 or 4x4 Sobel convolution will present a sub menu of G x and G y options Regardless of which of these commands that you give the program it will prompt you for the destination display window Once the filtered image is displayed the main menu will reappear in the bottom left corner Example You wish to filter an image using the 3x3 noise removal algorithm Therefore you would select the appropriate window and press the F key to bring up the Filters menu Then press the N key to select Noise Removal and choose 2 for Median 3x3 The program will process the image from left to right as you watch You can then continue to work with this window XIV SAVING AN IMAGE There are two ways to save an image You may either save the window or save th ACIE screen To save a window first highlight the appropriate window using the W command and then press the comma key To save the screen simply press the period key at any time These commands create several files in the book space images work subdirectory For example if you saved a window and there were no previous saved files in the directory the files created would be named window a raw and window a bat Subsequent files would be named window b raw window c raw and so on Scr n saved files ar named screen a raw and screen a bat for example The raw format is not used by most software but by using these two files it is possible to
32. it the return key The image will load onto the screen at the bottom right hand corner VI BLANK COPY AND REDISPLAY The blank command will clear the selected working window It is important to note that a working window does not have to be blanked before another image is displayed in the same space The Redisplay command will reload the image currently loaded in that particular working window The copy command will fill one working window with the contents of another Therefore the same image will be shown in multiple windows To use the copy command first select the working window where the image to be duplicated is located Then select the copy command by pressing the C key and hitting return A representation box will then appear on the screen Press the button 1 2 or 3 corresponding to the window where you would like to see the duplicated image located The window does not have to be blanked the new image will replace the old one Example An image is loaded into the second working window and you would like to use it in both the second and third working windows First select the second window by hitting the W key and then the 2 key Next hit the C key for the copy command Then press the 3 key to signify where you would like to put the duplicate image The same image will now be located in the second and third windows VII THE SHOW ALL amp OVERLAY COMMANDS Some imag
33. le PENTAGON IMG Additional images will xc d th on disk allowance for inclusion with this book Obviously the users can supplement the image file with his her own image selections Lg LOADING TS IP The TS IP program runs under MS DOS on any PC that has a 256 color VGA graphics card and a VGA monitor To begin TS IP you must follow these steps It is important to note that TS IP only runs under DOS To run TS IP on a machine running a version of Windows you must open a DOS window If the window is not already in full screen mode you must change it to full screen by holding the ALT key down and pressing ENTER From the DOS prompt switch to the drive the software is in For most users this is drive C Change to this drive by typing c 10 Change the directory by typing the regular change directory command cd book space images whichever options apply This will put you in the images sub directory of the space directory Type the command ts ipx28 This is the name of the exe file that will run the program TS IP will now load NOTE If you encounter difficulties in loading TS IP check the settings in the file named ts ip cfg in the images directory Make sure that the drive letter settings are correct Also if your video card cannot display 640x480 resolution at 256 colors you may try to change the video mode setting TS IP is best run from DOS so if you are running a Windows machine you sho
34. n an editor that can handle 132 character wide lines SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Inputs and Outputs A package of programs has been developed for structuring scheduled transportation route networks The following is a functional specification of the inputs the variables and the outputs of the program package Given travel demand as a function of nonstop one stop or two stop routings route specifications regarding intermediate stops and route geometry in general specification of the minimal level of service for a origin destination pair in order to face up to route competition fleet specification i e vehicle capacity speed and range the network under study i e the specification of terminals and inter terminal distances revenues and cost functions Decision Variables route acceptance or rejection realized demand i e that part of the potential demand actually served route or segment traffic flow identified by origin and destination assignment of vehicle type s to routes Solution route network structure passenger or freight traffic flow and routing realized demand route frequency fleet type assignment fleet size requirement Here are some detailed guidelines for the users in preparing the input data RISE1 DAT contains a test dataset intended to generate a star shape route network RISE2 DAT contains a test dataset intended to g
35. ng support for these programs But the author is keenly interested in and would appreciate any feedback from the users regarding their experiences in using these programs The objective is to allow distribution of an improved software package at a future date To provide your comments simply contact ychan alum mit edu Now to view the program files again please refer to the BOOK subdirectory Have fun Acknowledgement The author likes to acknowledge the assistance of Brad A Smith Mr Smith was responsible for the compilation of the various software into a consistent format organizing and test running all the programs on this disk C The Lowry land use model As described in the Activity allocation chapter of the book the LOWRY MODEL generates and allocates population and employment among subdivisions ina study area This directory contains the computer program that implements the classic Lowry Model 1 This directory contains the FORTRAN source code lImlowprg for the IBM PC executable code lmlowprg exe and the three data files lowryO dat lowryl dat and lowry2 dat 2 The original FORTRAN Lowry source code obtained from the University of Pennsylvania and subsequently modified at Pennsylvania State University Washington State University and the Air Force Institute of Technology was originally written using punch card and line printer output commands Here the modified lImlowprp for uses files for inp
36. nning University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania Steppe J M 1991 Locating Direction Finders in a Generalized Search and Rescue Network Master s Thesis Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Advisor Y Chan Suzuki Y Pak P S Kim G 1989 Impact analyses of construction of Kansai International Airport Journal of Urban Planning and Development American Society of Civil Engineers Vol 115 No 1 pp 33 49 25 Tapiero C S 1971 Transportation location allocation problems over time Journal of Regional Science Vol 11 pp 377 384 Weir J Stewart J Chan Y 1994 Single facility multiple tour allocation problem Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Wright S 1995 Spatial Time series Pollution Pattern Recognition under Irregular Interventions Master s Thesis Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Thesis advisor Y Chan Wright S Chan Y 1994 Pure and Polluted Ground Water Classification on a Pixel Map Working paper Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Wright S Chan Y 1994a MCDM Applied to the ICM Contextual Image Classification Technique Working paper Department of Operational Science
37. of the Garin Lowry family of land use models Instead of the iterative procedure used in the original Lowry model this code provides a much more satisfactory way to performed constrained forecasts The code originated in Yi and Chan 1988 Subsequent extension was made in the Air Force Institute of Technology by Brad Smith and Yupo Chan Complete documentation of these programs can be found in the Chaos catastrophe bifurcation and disaggregation chapter in the book This directory contains the following files AFTUCAL FOR source code to calculate disaggregate multipliers a and f and basic accessibility functions t and u AFTUCAL EXE executable code for AFTUCAL FOR FIB FOR source code to forecast target year population using a Fibonacci search technique and to calculate elasticity parameters b and c The default is to run the do nothing alternative but if a flag is set in the data file the do something alternative may be run FIB EXE executable code for FIB FOR 25MPH FOR source code for program with constraints for aggregate and disaggregate case with do something alternative a 25 mph personal rapid transit PRT system 25MPH EXE executable code for 25MPH FOR DONOTHIN FOR source code for program with constraints for aggregate and disaggregate case with do nothing alternative DONOTHIN EXE executable code for
38. oses allowing for a Slack of 17 percent which accounts for all uncertainties such as overbooking Profit margin above direct operating cost set here as O percent meaning that we will schedule a dispatch as long as it is break even Group 3 SPECIFICATION OF STOPS AND VEHICLE TYPE HAT SERVE THEM line 1 Input format specification A4 6X 6110 line 2 where stands for the number of terminals in the network Alphanumeric code for a terminal node here we input Z01 Z02 etc which are short for zone 1 zone 2 Vehicle type s serving a stop a 1 in column 20 means served by vehicle type 1 a 2 in column 30 means served by vehicle type 2 a 3 in column 40 means served by vehicle type 3 etc in our case this is nonfunctional since only one type of vehicle is allowed line 1 A blank delimiter line Group 4 LINEAR YIELD DATA Line T3 Input format specification 2F10 5 line 2 Yield formula coefficients in terms of yield in intercept coeff slop coeff distance th xample here is yield 0 35 0 0 distance meaning a flat fare of 35 cents line 3 Blank line delimiter Group 5 INTER STOP NETWORK DATA line 1 Input format specification 3X I5 2I1l1 6I4 I5A3 I1 line 2 Origin O node no 1 specification here the alphanumeric code of ZO1 is input lin
39. oyment loop where 1 means yes and 0 means no M is the number of zones shown here as 42 throughout all 3 datasets N is the number of retail trade classes shown here as 1 throughout Other commands on line 1 are run IDs output type commands and the MAX parameter mentioned above Line 2 K is the retail trade class under consideration A K is the retail employment per household where K is the index of the retail trade class as mentioned immediately above For our runs the parameter has been set as 0 470 C K is th residence weight factor set as 0 900 which implies a complementary work weight factor of 0 1000 EC K is the retail employment per thousand square feet set as 1 01 here ZS K is the minimum fficient siz of retail unit in number of mploy Ss which is set as 10 here The rest are potential functions parameters of the frequency distribution of shopping trips as defined in the Model calibration section of the Activity allocation chapter These alpha beta and gamma parameters have been set her as 55 3536 14 6009 and 0 6651 respectively Line 3 FC is the household per labor force member set as 0 674 According to the function specified in the Model calibration section of the Activity allocation chapter PE is the potential function power u set as 0 1213 COEFF is the coefficient of work trip frequency distribution set as 1 664 The se
40. riable 2 Ta Variable 3 8 Variable 4 Be Variable 5 These numbers represent the number of gradations which will be shown Once you have made your choice the program will prompt display the gradations in the fourth window along with the shading graph Press the return key to cycle through these lines Next the program will ask you for the window in which to display this plot Select this desired window by pressing either 1 2 or 3 and hitting return When you are finished with your examination press the escape key and then to return the main menu Example You wish to view the contour plot using 3 fixed gradation values of the pentagon img image which is currently loaded onto window one Select the first window and then hit the J key then press the 2 key The lin gradation plot will appear over the main menu Press the return key three times to view the thr different separation lines Then select the desired output window by pressing either 1 2 or 3 After you are done return to the main menu by pressing the Esc key followed by the key XII PALETTE COLOR SCALE The color scale may be changed depending on the image clarification and or personal taste This scale is based on principle of either shading from light to dark or using a color spectrum The program defaults on a 256 gray shading scale The color scale may be changed by pressing the P key which will give you a list of 30 various color schemes from which
41. s Air Force Institute of Technology Wright Paterson AFB Ohio Yi P 1986 Infrastructure Management A Bifurcation Model in Urban Regional Planning Master s Thesis Department of Civil amp Environmental Engineering Washington State University Pullman Washington Advisor Y Chan Yi P Chan Y 1988 Bifurcation and disaggregation in Lowry Garin models Theory calibration and case study Environment and Planning A Vol 20 pp T253 12 67 Zelany M 1982 Multipl Criteria Decision Making McGraw Hill refernce yc 26
42. sub menu of four options O Display Tts Linstr etch 2 Logstretch 3 Equalize Press the corresponding numeric key for the desired choice The histogram will appear over the window with the main menu Do not be alarmed if it takes several minutes for it to load When you are finished hit the escape key and the key The main menu will then appear Example You wish to examine the histogram of an image using the linear stretch option After you select the appropriate window hit the H key Then press the 1 key The histogram will appear with a diagonal line through the middle and a vertical line at the left edge of the box Using the arrow keys move the vertical line to the position you want it and press enter A vertical line will then appear at the right edge of the box Again move this to the correct position and press enter The pixel values remaining between the vertical bars will then be stretched out linearly among th ntire palette and the image will be redrawn Once you are done examining the image hit the Esc key NOTE This might take several minutes it acts as if the system crashed but that is not the case it just takes a while to load back in X ZOOMING The zoom command allows you to magnify a certain area of an image To use the zoom command first select the window with the desired image and then press the Z key Four zooming options will appear O Blow Up 1 Neighbor 2 Bilinear
43. u If you needed to view this corner you would load the image pentagon img file into the second window instead of the first window Then when you select the show all command the bottom left hand corner would load into the third window while the first window would remain blank The Overlay command allows you to place one image over that of another to form a third image It also allows one to view a portion of a large image that was loaded using the Show All command The Overlay sub menu can be accessed by pressing the O key This sub menu has the following options O Average 1 And 2 Or 3 Xor 4 Maximum S Minimum 6 Difference 7 Subtract 8 Dis Last display last 9 Dis All display all The desired option can be chosen by pressing the corresponding numeric key The program will then ask you which image file that you would like to use Select the window where you would like to overlay the image Vis EXAMINE IMAGE The Examine Image command allows you to view an image by its x y and z gray shading coordinates for any given pixel point It also allows you to xamine the image by a vertical line by line representation of the peaks and valleys To run the examine command first select the window with the desired image Then hit the E key A small sub menu will appear and list out two options either 0 Point or 1 Line Hit the 0 key if you wish to examine the xyz coordinate or 1 if you wish
44. uld boot into DOS mode before running III THE PROGRAM SCREEN The first screen you will see is an informational screen about TS IP Hit the return key to get past this screen once you are done reading it The next screen displayed is your program screen This screen is divided into four sections called windows The lower left hand window should contain a series of commands and options This is the main menu The other thr windows which are blank are your working windows It is in these three windows where the images will be loaded and displayed Each of these windows is assigned a number The upper left hand corner is window number 1 the upper right hand corner is window number 2 and the bottom right hand corner is window number 3 The main menu window is not assigned a number because it can be accessed at all times When commands are registered by the computer the program will signal with a beep IV THE MAIN MENU The Main Menu in the lower left hand corner provides options for image manipulation These options are presented in a format from A to Z You need only to press the corresponding key to load that particular option For example if you wished to leave TS IP then you would press the Q key for the quit option The following is a list of options and a brief description for each A Add Image Adds an image to the image in current window B Blank Window Blanks out current window C Copy W
45. ut output To prevent printing of line printer carriage control characters format statements were modified For example 1H1 new line was changed to skip line 1HO double line spacing was changed to 1H blank 3 Because the output was originally formatted for a 132 wide character line printer the output fil when viewed in an 80 character wide mod will show some line wraparound Therefore it is best to view the output file in an editor that has a lineprinter font Also printing the output file is best done in a lineprinter font 4 To install and run the Lowry program on any PC a copy lmlowprg exe lowryO dat lowryl dat and lowry2 dat to your working directory b To run the Lowry program enter Imlowprg The program will prompt you to enter the input data file and the output data file Before we begin to show how to prepare the inputs to the program here is a recap of the files included with the Lowry model MLOWPRG FOR FORTRAN source listing of the model MLOWPRG EXE Executable code of the program YORK DAT Base year and forecast land use activity distribution data for York Pennsylvania including model replication of base year data NOTE this file is for reference only and not meant to be processed by LMLOWPRG EXE LOWRYO DAT Base year travel and activity distribution data for model replication test LOWRY1 DAT
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