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User Manual - MPS Marine Pan Service

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1. ENTER 2 3 RADAR FEATURES 2 3 1 Cursor Window The content of the Cursor Window depends on cursor location It shows detailed information on the cursor Lat Lon the cursor bearing and range the center of the screen EBL VRM Guard Zone Heading Marker and Parallel Cursor It is hidden when the cursor is hidden To enable On or disable Off the Cursor Window display follow this procedure gt MENU Radar Features ENTER Cursor Window ENTER On Off ENTER Cursor Window a 40406 S300 lt Fig 2 3 1 The Cursor Window 24 User Manual 2 3 2 Heading Marker The Heading Marker HM is the line from the own vessel s position to the edge of the picture at the vessel s current heading with respect to the North indicated by the compass Heading Marker HM SE A a AT Me wh OO Oe N Fig 2 3 2 The Heading Marker The Heading Marker is updated each time the Radar image is updated It can temporarily be hidden to check for small targets under it by positioning the Cross Cursor over it and pressing CLEAR To enable On or disable Off the display of the Heading Marker follow this procedure gt MENU Radar Features ENTER Heading Marker ENTER On Off ENTER 2 3 2 1 Handling of Heading Marker Positioning the Cross Cursor on the Heading Marker activates a pop up message HM underneath the cursor It is possible to select the Radar
2. gt MENU Radar Features ENTER Center Offset ENTER insert the desired value ENTER 2 3 8 1 Handling of Center Offset If the Radar is in Relative Motion mode positioning the Cross Cursor on the center of the Radar image allows editing the Center Offset CTR message is shown under the cursor position The software function keys are automatically displayed Move hooks the Radar image center allowing the user using the Cursor Keys to move it at any location on the Radar screen At this point pressing Confirm confirms the new position of the center pressing Cancel resets the position of the Radar image at 0 0 NOTE For SEAWAVE press 1 Move Then press 1 Confirm or 2 Cancel Offsets opens an edit window where it is possible to edit the X Offset and Y Offset position in pixel at which the center of the screen is positioned Pressing OK confirms the new values NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 Offsets Then press 1 OK Ctr Scrn resets screen offset position to 0 0 NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 Ctr Scrn NOTE In True Motion mode the user cannot change the screen center position 2 3 9 AIS Target To enable On or disable Off the display of AIS Target follow this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER AIS Target ENTER On Off ENTER 2 4 CHART FEATURES 2 4 1 Chart Overlay Mode Selects which cartographic objects are to be displayed when Chart
3. 1 7 4 5c Manual Tuning procedure 11 Select DONE to exit the Manual Tuning page saving your settings Automatic Tune To execute automatic tuning follow the procedure MENU Tuning ENTER Automatic Tune ENTER The following Warning message is displayed to alert the user that the Auto Tuning procedure may require up to 10 minutes Please note that during Auto Tuning all the Radar functionalities are disabled User Manual 19 T Ete TE i 24Nm 4Nm HDG 000 T Relative Head Up Gain_ STC FTC Oa 82 67 Off Auto tun ten minutes f Off gt wou ing nay take ur to sure want to cont inue woi sos cos DST BRG ME Off 1 0 Kts 00 T 4 385 nm 096 T 42 49 451N 01014 734E Fig 1 7 4 5d Automatic Tune Warning message Press ENTER to proceed the Automatic Tuning starts and the following Window is displayed on the screen 6Nm 1Nm HDG 007 T Motion Heading Relative Head Up Gain _ STC FTC 100 0 0ff Please uait until autonatic tuning conpietes Auto tuning nay take up to ten minutes Off ree S X k off S0G cos DST BRG off off 1 0 Kts 000 T 4 385 nm 096 T a lt a En Fig 1 7 4 5e Automatic Tune page 5s 42 49 451N 010 14 734E When the Auto Tuning completes the Warning Message is hidden and all Radar functionalities return to be available
4. 14 User Manual wind conditions The setting of antenna does not affect the operation of the Radar at all To set the antenna position follow this procedure gt MENU Tuning ENTER Antenna Parking Position ENTER Use the cursor keys to adjust the position between 0 and 90 The displayed number represents the change from the default setting The final setting that parks the antenna straight ahead will likely be a few degrees left or right from the default setting 1 7 4 3 Sector Transmission Off AvaiLaBLe OnLy For SWR 9 SWR 10 This is used to block transmission and target reflection in some special applica tion for fixed installation like sea watching Within this sector targets can not be detected Selecting the Sector Transmission Off from the menu MENU Tuning ENTER Sector Transmission Off ENTER Radar antenna Sector OFF Fig 1 7 4 3 Sector Off 1 7 4 4 Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning the Transmission Trigger Delay TTD allows making accurate distance measurement In practice you need to align the start of the sweep with the leading edge of the transmission pulse IMPORTANT The unit comes with a default Tuning value already setup by the factory but to obtain maximum precision you should finely adjust this value Use the following procedure e Enter the Transmission Trigger Delay page gt MENU Tuning ENTER Transmission Trigger Delay ENTER Since the STC is automatical
5. 5 5 kg 12 5 Ib 10m cable included Fig 4 1a Radar SWR 1 II 4 2 SWR 8 Antenna unit Power supply 10 8 to 41 6 VDC Power consumption 30W or less e Preheat times 90 sec e Aerial Radome 1 5 Feet e Peak power output 2kW Transmitting frequency 9445 30MHz Beam width degree Horizontal 4 7 Vertical 25 Side Lobes Within 10 lt 20dB e Rotation 30rpm Pulse Length usec PRF Hz S 0 1 2200 tS M M1 0 3 1100 L M2 0 8 550 IF center frequency 6OMHz Linear amplifier IF bandwidth 6MHz M M1 6MHz L M2 3MHz e Noise figure 10dB nominal Operating Temperature 25 C 55 C Operation in wind relative 100 knots Water Resistance IPX6 1EC60529 Preheat times output by 5 sec step 85 sec to 5 sec 38 User Manual Dimensions and Mounting 19 15 16 Dia 507 Weight 8 1 kg 18 0 Ib 10m cable included Weight 6 8 kg 15 0 Ib without cable Fig 4 2a Radar SWR 8 II 4 3 SWR9Y Antenna unit o ooo oeooeo oe Power supply Power consumption Preheat times Aerial Peak power output Transmitting frequency Beam width degree Side Lobes Within 10 Rotation Pulse Length usec PRF Hz Horizontal Vertical 9 3 8 15mm 9 16 8 3 4 10 8 to 41 6 VDC 45W or less 120 sec Radome 1 8 Feet 4kW 9410 30MHz 4 0 2957 lt 20dB 24rp
6. 8 User Manual 1 Radar Installation This chapters illustrates the instructions on electrical connections of the Radar and the necessary software settings to operate it WARNING In order for the Radar to communicate with the Chart Plotter the software configuration explained in the Par 1 7 is mandatory 1 1 INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS Prior to the actual installation of the RADAR scanner unit several factors must be considered to ensure maximum performance The scanner must be located so that passengers and crew are not exposed to the direct Radar beam The scanner unit should be mounted on the centerline of your vessel in a location that has an unobstructed view forward and the rest of the area around the scanner is as unobstructed as possible A location as high as practical to improve maximum range is preferable keeping in mind that minimum range objects may be over looked if mounted too high Place the units in before large structures and exhaust stacks Large structure or stacks cause blind spots Contamination from engine exhaust on the scanner housing reduces radar performance Antennas for GPS radio communication or other equipment should not be in the radar beam Use non metallic extension poles to move the active area of anten nas above the radar beam In selecting a location consider the suitability of the mounting surface It must be flat and approximately levelled with the vessel s water line The surface must supp
7. closes the Quick Info Window To enable On or disable Off the display of Info on Objects follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Info on Objects ENTER On Off ENTER 2 5 GUARD ZONES Your Radar allows a function to help you avoid a collision It is possible to set an alarm to trigger when a target is within a specified zone the Guard Zone It is allowed to display up to 2 Guard Zones Sector or Circular Guard Zone Fig 2 5 Guard Zone display When a Guard Zone is active the Guard Alarm sounds when a target enters its area NOTE A Guard Zone only operates when the whole zone is displayed on the screen Moreover a Guard Zoneis inactive for 10 seconds after it is placed or re sized to avoid inappropriate alarms during positioning To select the desired Guard Zone or to disable follow the procedure MENU Guard Zones ENTER Guard Zone 1 Guard Zone 2 ENTER select the desired type of Guard Zone between Sector or Circular or select Off to disable ENTER 2 5 1 Handling of Guard Zone Positioning the Cross Cursor over a Guard Zone causes the message GZ to be displayed under the cursor It is possible to handle the Guard Zone Hook allows changing Guard Zone range by moving up down Cursor User Manual 31 Keys Pressing Confirm confirms the new range pressing Cancel resets the original range value NOTE For SEAWAVE press 1 Hook
8. ALR see connection tables Setting up the chart plotter 1 0 in the following mode MENU Advanced Options ENTER Input Output ENTER External Signal ENTER External Alarm ENTER Power the Radar On Off directly from the Radar page gt MENU POWER ENTER ON OFF ENTER 1 6 2 Alternative Power Connection You can feed the Power supply to the Radar directly 1 6 2 1 Power Connections Route the large black and white wires directly to the power panel No switch is required Connect the large black wire to the battery negative terminal of the power panel Connect the large white wire with the in line fuse to the battery posi tive terminal of the power panel 12 to 24 VDC nominal Do not omit the in line fuse unless a dedicated and fused terminal is available If so installa 5 Amp fuse If you are installing a SWR 10 open scanner Radar it is important to also connect the Red to positive power terminal and Blue to negative power terminal as this provides power to scanner motor This completes the installation of your Radar scanner unit Please proceed with setting up the data ports in your chart plotter following the instructions below 1 7 SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION First you have to install the Radar Refer to the following paragraphs to configure the chart plotter to operate with the Radar 1 7 1 1 O Setup Setting up the chart plotter 1 O depends upon which po
9. Antenna unit Dimensions and Mounting 4 3 SWR 9 z Antenna unit Dimensions and Mounting AA SWR T l ae E A A O ENES Antenna unit Dimensions and Mounting Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions What is Radar _ A 1 GENERAL A 1 1 Antenna isi A 1 2 Side Lobe irseneinoeee E fan A 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RADAR WAVE ic asic siieuiticiesis odoin sinaeininy sicujeiseioaiiogineivm site sbilgmiieniie 50 A212 Targets difficult to display ON SCFEEN sissiceisscsssancansaneussanansaneancandanesixdanicuss 50 A 2 2 Shadow zones of Radar eccerre ap 50 A 2 3 False echoes aa A 2 3 1 Ghost echoes A 2 3 2 Multiple echoes ani A 2 3 3 False echoes caused by side lobe cceeeeeeee eee A 2 3 4 Distant False echoes caused by duct phenomenon 2 32 A 2 3 5 Radar interference once icccerscaseesergeseeccneechtaviontiontnnvs ie De Installation gt naassssnsensnnnnsnnnnnnnn T B 1 MORE INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS ssrissiisiiniriarrsrecrersinarisiosiianiaraarini 53 B 1 1 Shitting from keel Nie scsscidcct nicnn a pnei 53 B 1 2 Obtaining sufficient dip angle rr he i B 2 INSTALLING SCANNER UNIT a a 53 NNNNNNON AARAHHA Oo Analytical Index nace ee ee ee eevee eeeeeeeeeaeaeaeeeeeeeeeeaeasaeeeeeeaeaeasaeeeneuaeaeaeaeeeuenee 55 User Manual About this User Manual INTRODUCTION Your RADAR consists of two main components the RADAR scanner unit and a Chart Plotter display unit The display unit is a user supplied pl
10. RADAR CABLE WIRE COLOR FUNCTION BLACK DATA GND ORANGE DATA OUT amp YELLOW DATA OUT BROWN DATA IN RED DATA IN GREEN POWER ON OFF SWITCH 1 a BLUE POWER ON OFF SWITCH 2 BLACK large wire RADAR SUPPLY amp WHITE large wire RADAR SUPPLY i BLUE large wire MOTOR POWER RED large wire MOTOR POWER Fig 1 6a1 Terminal Strip A Connection for SWR 10 Terminal Strip B iS To BE CONNECTED TO POWER SUPPLY 12 To 24 VDC nominal Do not omit the in line fuse unless a dedicated and fused terminal is available If so install a 5 Amp fuse If you are installing a SWR 10 open scanner Radar it is important to also connect the Red to positive power terminal and Blue to negative power terminal as this provides power to scanner motor This terminal leads the power to the Scanner unit and to the chat plotter NOTE Only if the chart plotter power wires are connected to Terminal strip C on B and GND terminals 12 24V POWER SUPPLY WIRE COLOR FUNCTION RED POWER SUPPLY BLACK POWER SUPPLY Fig 1 6b Terminal Strip B WARNING Please make sure that the connected power supply is able to supply the current at the voltage required by the Radar to operate Terminal Strip C See connection tables to determine proper way to connect the chart plotter to Radar Junction Box POWER amp I O CAB
11. Radar Full page pressing MENU once opens the Radar Setup menu pressing MENU twice opens the Main menu 3 4 SELECTION OF THE ACTIVE VIEW IN SPLIT COMBO PAGES Fig 3 4 Selection of active View When in Split Combo pages the active view is highlighted by a focus a frame appears around the active view The keyboard commands are related to that focused view To move the focus press MENU twice User Manual 35 4 Technical Specifications This chapter provides specifications of the several types of Radar 4 1 SWR1 Antenna unit Se a a a a a Power supply Power consumption Preheat times Aerial Peak power output Transmitting frequency Beam width degree Side Lobes Within 10 Rotation Pulse Length usec PRF Hz IF center frequency IF bandwidth Noise figure Operating Temperature Operation in wind relative Water Resistance Horizontal Vertical Preheat times output by 5 sec step Dimensions and Mounting 315 10 8 to 31 2 VDC 30W or less 90 sec Radome 0 9 Feet 2kW 9445 30MHz 7 n29 20dB 30rpm 0 1 2200 0 3 1100 0 8 550 6OMHz Linear amplifier 6MHz 6MHz BMHz 10dB nominal 25 C 55 C 100 knots IPX6 1EC60529 85 sec to 5 sec Fig 4 1 Radar SWR 1 I User Manual 37 BOW 4 M6 5 16 Effective depth 14mm 9 16 Weight 4 5 kg 10 Ib without cable Weight
12. Rings They are used to give an immediate idea of the range of targets from the ship Their number and spacing are adjusted automatically accordingly with the Range Scale The indication of the Range Rings interval is indicated in the Status Bar see Par 3 2 To enable On or disable Off the display of the Range Rings follow this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER Range Rings ENTER On Off ENTER 2 3 5 Compass Rose The Compass Rose is an icon used to identify four main directions North South East and West It is North oriented 26 User Manual 4 N a p Pi eta h och za m E D a NX N Fig 2 3 5 The Compass Rose in the default Radar picture NOTE Requires a heading and position sensor connected to the chart plotter To hide Off or unhide On the display of the Compass Rose follow this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER Compass Rose ENTER On Off ENTER 2 3 6 EBL amp VRM Electronic Bearing Lines EBL and Variable Range Marker VRM are used to measure the range distance and the bearing between two points A standard VRM is displayed by default as a circle with its center located on your vessel s position and EBL is displayed as a line from the vessel s position to the edge of the Radar picture display EBL VRM Be ks ae wt Pa en O AA a m Deke a ENEO E Fig 2 3 6 EBL amp VRM display Up to 2 EBL VRM s may
13. SEAWAVE press 1 Gain 2 2 3 STC Sensitivity Time Constant Adjustment Reduces the effects of the sea clutter that can adversely affect displayed targets To select the STC value follow this procedure gt MENU Sensitivity ENTER STC ENTER select the desired value ENTER NOTE The STC can be also controlled by pressing STC directly from the Radar page after pressing any software function key User Manual 23 NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 STC NOTE Atlow scales as 1 4 of mile some attempts are necessary to adjust STC value 2 2 4 FTC Fast Time Constant Adjustment Reduces the effects of rain snow fog and cloud that can adversely affect dis played targets To select the FTC value follow this procedure gt MENU Sensitivity ENTER FTC ENTER select the desired value ENTER NOTE The FTC can be also controlled by pressing FTC directly from the Radar page after pressing any software function key NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 FTC NOTE At lowscales as 1 4 of mile some attempts are necessary to adjust FTC value 2 2 5 MBS Main Bang Suppression Adjustment AVAILABLE OnLy For SWR 9 SWR 10 The MBS adjustment is fundamental for getting clear near center spot image In general you must adjust MBS and STC and Gain to obtain desired Radar image To select the MBS value follow this procedure MENU Sensitivity ENTER MBS ENTER select the desired value
14. Then press 1 Confirm or 2 Cancel Type allows changing Guard Zone type press Sector to select the Sector Guard Zone press Circular to select the Circular Guard Zone NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 Type Then press 1 Sector or 2 Circular Off disables the Guard Zone NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 Off 2 5 2 Guard Zone Sensitivity It defines a limit selectable from 0 to 100 under which echoes activate an alarm condition when detected inside a Guard Zone Guard Zone Sensitivity default is 50 The value 100 is the most sensitive the system is always on every detected echo cause an alarm condition and the value 000 is the least sensitive same as switching the alarm off To select the desired Guard Zone Sensitivity follow this procedure MENU Guard Zones ENTER Guard Zone 1 Sensitivity Guard Zone 2 Sensitivity ENTER insert the desired value ENTER 32 User Manual 3 Radar Pages This section will assist you to select the preferred Radar page NOTE The Radar display page is available only if the Radar is connected and powered On and the Radar is in Transmit mode see Chapter 1 3 1 PAGES SELECTION The Page Selection menu allows you to change the Radar page displayed To access this menu PAGE Radar ENTER select the desired page ENTER MARLIN gt DATA Radar ENTER select the desired page ENTER EXPLORER gt MENU Page
15. and how should I operate it STC is the Sensitivity Time Constant It is used to reduce the sensitivity and thus the clutter in the range closer to the Radar Operate the STC as to reduce the echoes coming from the closer ranges to an acceptable level 6 14 What is the FTC and how should I operate it FTC is the Fast Time Constant It is used to reduce the echoes coming from large objects that can hide other small objects It is also called the rain control since it is capable to reduce the effects of the rain on the display 6 15 What is the MBS The MBS is the Main Bang Suppression It is used to suppress the stronger echoes caused by Radar transmission in the receiver It is like the STC but its operates in a shorter range 6 16 I can t turn Chart Overlay On why To turn Chart Overlay On you must have both a GPS and a heading sensor con nected to the chart plotter If the chart plotter doesn t detect such devices it will automatically disable the Chart Overlay option 6 17 I can t set the North Up or Course Up navigation mode why To turn On the North Up or Course Up navigation modes you must have both a GPS and a heading sensor connected to the chart plotter If the chart plotter doesn t detect such devices it will automatically disable such option 6 18 I can t set up the True Motion mode why To turn On the True Motion mode you must have both a GPS and a heading sensor connected to the chart plotter If the chart plotter doe
16. are user defined 6 24 How should I set the Guard Zone sensitivity Guard Zone sensitivity must be regulated accordingly to the current Gain of the Radar The higher the sensitivity the smaller the target that may trigger the alarm In general if you regulated your Radar to obtain a clean picture you can set the Guard Zone sensitivity very high to detect even the smaller targets In case the Radar picture has clutter present due to the higher gain set you ll have to reduce the Guard Zone sensitivity to avoid triggering false alarms In general a way to set the maximum sensitivity for a Guard Zone is to start increasing the sensitivity until an alarm is triggered and then reduce the sensitivity until the alarm stops User Manual 47 A What is Radar A 1 GENERAL The word radar is an acronym for RAdio Detecting And Ranging In very sim ple terms this is how it works A radio transmitter sends a quick microwave pulse and then a receiver listens for that signal s echo when it is bounced back from something in its path The returning signal is processed by a computer to determine its relative distance position and bearing This information is graphi cally displayed on a screen for you to see Other boats or ships navigational markers landmasses and such are referred to as targets By knowing how long it takes for a signal to return the distance to a target can be determined As the Radar antenna scans through a 360 degr
17. be placed on the Radar screen at the same time To turn EBL VRM On or Off or to select 1 EBL VRM 2 EBL VRM or both 1 2 EBL VRM follow this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER EBL VRM ENTER select the desired EBL VRM ENTER User Manual 27 2 3 6 1 Handling of EBL VRM Positioning the Cross Cursor on the EBL VRM activates a pop up message E V underneath the cursor It is possible to allow to move hook edit and hide it Move Allows moving EBL VRM from the own ship s position to any location of the Radar page Pressing Confirm confirms the new position pressing Cancel resets the original position NOTE For SEAWAVE press 1 Move Then press 1 Confirm or 2 Cancel Hook hooks the EBL VRM cross point allowing changing bearing and range using the Cursor Keys Pressing Confirm confirms the new range and bearing pressing Cancel resets the original range and bearing values NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 Hook Then press 1 Confirm or 2 Cancel Edit opens an edit window to change the Offset Angle Range and Bearing values Pressing OK confirms the new values NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 Edit Then press 1 OK Off disables the EBL VRM NOTE For SEAWAVE press 4 Off 2 3 7 Parallel Cursor A set of parallel lines with first line passing through the ship s position and next lines being placed equally spaced and extending from the ship s positi
18. mode Head Up HU North Up NU or Track Up TU that refers to the top of the screen as it relates to the direction of the boat The Radar direction modes are described in the following table Head Up The Radar picture is displayed with the vessel s current heading upwards As the heading changes the picture will rotate It doesn t require heading information It is the default value North Up The Radar picture is stabilized and displayed with north upwards As heading changes the ship s Heading Marker moves Requires a heading sensor connected to the chart plotter Track Up The Radar picture is stabilized and displayed with the currently selected Course Leg upwards As heading changes the ship s Heading Marker moves If you select a new course leg the picture rotates to display the new course leg upwards Requires a heading sensor connected to the chart plotter NOTE Head Up cannot be selected in True Motion mode To change the orientation mode follow this procedure gt MENU Orientation ENTER select the desired orientation among Head Up North Up or Track Up ENTER 2 1 5 Motion Mode Allows choosing between two different presentation of targets and ship position over the Radar screen Relative Motion RM and True Motion TM See the following table True In True Motion fixed Radar targets maintain a constant position on the screen while your own ship moves across the Radar image at the ap
19. the example displaying in the picture below the four soft keys are customized to select four among the available Radar pages Fig 3 1 1 Example of Radar page selection by Soft Key on SW1101 Press Rd Std to show the Full page Rd Map to show the Radar Split Chart page Rd FF to show the Radar Split Fish Finder page Rd Data to show the Radar Split Data page It is possible another choice Combo 4 to show the Radar Chart Fish Finder Highway page 3 2 STATUS BAR You may choose to select the data displayed in the boxes in the system set up RNG Radar Range and Range rings interval Current Heading Motion Mode and Heading Mode indication Gain and STC FTC indication Expansion and Interference Rejection Guard Zone alarms and Trails Ship Speed Over Ground and Course Over Ground Ship Distance and Bearing from destination i ost 348 0 tm Ship Lat Lon e 009 16 588E Cursor Window DOO WOOQOWO Fig 3 2 The Default Status Bar 34 User Manual Note that in Radar Split pages the Status Bar is displayed in compact mode to allow more space for the graphical data RANGE and Range rings interval Guard Zone alarms 3 Current Heading 4 Heading Mode indication 6 Motion Mode indication Distance to Destination Bearing to Destination Ship Speed Over Ground Course Over Ground Fig 3 2a The compact Status Bar 3 3 MENU HANDLING ON FULL PAGES When in
20. the watertight cable seal If the cable is to pass through tubing or a bulkhead protect the unfinished end Do not use the unfinished wires or fabric braid to pull the cable Attach a fish cord only to the cable jacket Route the cable to the operator s location securing it at appropriate points along the way Make a drip loop and apply sealant at the entry point of an exterior bulkhead ELECTRICAL AND DATA CONNECTIONS signal that controls DC power inside the scanner unit 1 5 NOTE CONNECTION PROCEDURE In the following procedures small wires must be stripped and tinned and then connected to the proper connections in the Radar Junction Box and to pins on the On Off control switch If you are uncertain of your skill in completing these tasks it is strongly advised to obtain the services of a qualified technician It is essential to the operation and reliability of your RADAR that these procedures are accomplished properly Arrange the free end of the scanner cable so that the unfinished leads will reach their intended points for connections The two large wires must reach a power panel the five leads in the braided fabric jacket must reach the Radar Junction Box and the two remaining leads must 10 User Manual reach the desired location for the On Off control switch If the leads must go in different directions first route the five leads in the fabric braid to the Junction Box Then extend the shorter leads using the
21. to make it close The increase rate should be very slow just increase by a single step at the time and wait until you see the effect on the screen When the hole in the center of the spot closes you have reached the optimal TTD setting 16 User Manual F et Sii Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning 031 EN ad A P t amp a 4 b i b l Done gt 1 4 Nm 1 8 Nm il re are le Fig 1 7 4 4d Transmission Trigger Delay tuning V The spot in the Radar origin is the transmission pulse itself Targets within such range are not detectable because their echoes are completely overwritten by the Radar still transmitting Such spot is called Main Bang To remove it from the screen it is necessary to properly set the MBS Main Bang Suppres sion control To do this increase slowly the MBS The spot is progressively deleted from the inside toward the outside iai eae T Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning Trans Trigger Delay 095 Done 1 4 Nm 1 8 Nm a Fig 1 7 4 4e Transmission Trigger Delay tuning VI Continue increasing the MBS until the spot completely disappear g CF T Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning Gain 031 Pes f a oaphe b De i es P ip 2 7 095 a p s z had Done x 1 4 Nm 1 8 Nm e Fig 1 7 4 4f Transmission Trigger Delay tuning VII Select DONE to exit the TTD tuning menu saving your settings T
22. to work on the antenna unit or on other equipment in the beam of the radar MAGNETRON PREHEATING When starting your RADAR for the first time or when restarting it after a two month or longer non operating period preheat the magnetron at least 30 min utes in standby mode Please read through this manual before the first operation If you have any ques tions please contact the Company s customer service or your local dealer 4 User Manual Contents Safety Precaution gt keeinentnivednancasenincicaeaniennice ieee ieee eee 4 HIGH VOLTAGE WARNING fied sdvsthutuvtts lag cen bade E E A E AAT 4 MICROWAVE RADIATION HAZARD iA MAGNETRON PREHEATING 4 About this User Manual a7 INTRODUCTION sits gat CONVENTIONS USED senscmsssnsronse vue i HOW THIS USER MANUAL IS ORGANIZED sack IF YOU NEED ASSISTANCE ou eects eee ee 18 EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED 8 Optional Equipment 8 1 Radar installation ssssssssssssssne 9 1 1 INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS 9 1 2 PREPARE THE RADAR FOR INSTALLATION wO 1 3 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ccc 1 4 ELECTRICAL AND DATA CONNECTIONS 1 5 CONNECTION PROCEDURE 0 060 ats a 1 6 RADAR JUNCTION BOX CONNECTIONS vs css atedisacaveaseasorauteetiners sav ATRA DROGEN NS 1 6 1 Jumper To Control Radar On Off Operation ssicciccicsssssscevscsesseeseceastassanaes 1 6 1 1 Radar Powered On all the time cece eee eeee 1 6 1 2 Radar Powered On Off Controlled by an External Sw
23. 1 7 4 6 Save Tuning to User C CARD MEDIA This is useful to avoid the user having to retune up Radar after a Clear RAM operation or a software update The following data will be saved Heading Line angle Antenna Parking Position Sector Transmission Off Start Angle Sector Transmission Off End Angle Transmission Trigger Delay Course Tune Fine Tune ef o gt Insert the User C CARD MEDIA into the slot then follow the procedure gt MENU Tuning ENTER Save Tuning to User C CARD Media ENTER The file name is given automatically as TUNING1 1 7 4 7 Load Tuning from C CARD MEDIA Loads the complete settings from the User C CARD MEDIA and changes the active menu settings Insert the User C CARD MEDIA into the slot then follow the procedure gt MENU Tuning ENTER Load Tuning from User C CARD Media ENTER 20 User Manual 2 Functions 2 1 BASIC 2 1 1 Cross Cursor When on the Full Radar page or when the focus is on the Radar window moving the Cursor Keys will show the cursor on the screen It is automatically hidden when the Cursor is not used for more than 5 seconds It can temporarily be hidden to check for small targets under it by pressing CLEAR When the Cursor Keys are moved a popup window will show the position of the Cursor the Distance and Bearing from the cursor to the vessels position It is context sensitive The following table reports the list of objects and the labe
24. A Motion Mode Mounting Multiple echoes N North Up o Orientation cece eee ee eee eee enw aeniei 22 P Packing List 8 Parallel Cursor 28 PO Seen ere 13 Power Connections a LS Power consumption 37 38 39 41 power On Off Power supply Powered On Preheat cceeeee R Radar Radar calibration Radar Full page Radar interference Radar page FIC 2s Radar Trigger delay Functions Radar tuning Range G Range Rings GAIN resteront raan r i 16 23 43 44 Relative Motion Ghost echoes Guard Zone 31 47 S Guard Zone Sensitivity 47 scanner gyrocompass 47 Sector Transmission Off Sensitivity 8 H Sensitivity Time Constant Head UD sa wneicceedysnseegiinadive ranr Aa 22 25 serial port heading wn AS Shadow zone Heading Marker 25 Side Lobe 37 38 39 41 49 Heading Sensor 46 Soft Key HM Specifications HU Status Bar User Manual 55 STC 19 23 43 44 46 T Target Target Expansion Track Up Transmission Transmission On Transmission On Off Transmission Trigger Delay Troubleshooting True Motion 44 50 TTD TU a Tune control Tuning Turn On Radar Warming Up Waypoint 56 User Manual
25. B 1 1 or you can install the scanner directly to a roof or other flat surface Be certain you keep the water drain tube clear It s located at the bottom of the scanner unit 53 User Manual NOTE Ifthe mounting bracket or surface has a curvature of more than 2mm use spacers with the mounting bolts to prevent stress on the scanner housing Do not use an edge that might trap water Fig B 2 Installing scanner unit 54 User Manual Analytical I ndex A AIS Target 29 Antenna 49 Antenna Parking Position 14 Antenna unit 37 38 39 41 Automatic Tuning 18 19 43 44 46 Cc calibration Center Offset Chart Overlay Chart Overlay Mode Chart Plotter Software Chart Synchronization Clear RAM clutter compass Compass Rose Conventions Course Tuning Course Up Cross Cursor 14 45 Cursor Window D dangers 47 Degree Scale 25 Dimensions ees duct phenomenon 52 E EBL Echo Trails Settings External Switch F False echoes Fast Time Constant Fine Tuning First Installation flux gate compass focus 1 0 Setup Info on Objects Info on Points Installation Interference Rejection J jimeno BOK ticcelctvaccactesicareagedanve rates 11 43 M Main Bang Suppression Manual Tuning Mark MBS MBS Adjustment MEDI
26. ENTER Radar ENTER select the desired page ENTER The menu now shows the selections related to the Radar Radar Full page Radar Radar Split Chart page Radar Chart Radar Split Fish Finder page Radar FF Radar Split Highway page Radar Nav Data Radar Combo pages Radar FF Chart Nav and Radar FF Chart Video Move the cursor to select the desired item and then press ENTER The Radar Full page Radar Split Chart page Radar Split Fish Finder page OSZE A Fig 3 1 Examples of Radar pages 3 1 1 Selection by Software Function Key The default soft keys configuration can be customized When the Radar is con nected any soft key can be assigned any of the Radar pages From the Chart page pressing and holding down any of the four soft key shows a pop up window on the top of the soft key pressed that contains all possible data User Manual 33 pages assignable to the soft key pressed Only For SEAWAVE In all data pages the user can customize the Function Keys Pressing and holding down for 1 second the numeric key 1 2 3 4 5 it will be possible to assign a different selection to the relative Function Key Move the Cursor key up down to place the selector on the desired item move the Cursor key to the right or press ENTER to set the selected item move the Cursor key to the left or press CLEAR to close the pop up window See
27. LE CONNECTION TO PORT 2 CNO PIN WIRE COLOR FUNCTION 1 BLACK GND COMMON _ 2 RED POWER INPUT 10 35 Vdc 3 WHITE INPUT 1 4 GREEN INPUT 1 5 GRAY OUTPUT 2 6 YELLOW OUTPUT 1 7 BROWN INPUT 2 lt 8 BLUE OUTPUT EXTERNAL ALARM Connect to control the Radar ON OFF via the chart plotter Make sure that 1 This signal is not used for any other operation external alarm ag P Connect to power the 2 The jumper is removed on the junction box chartplotter via the junction box Fig 1 6c Connection to Port 2 QUICK DISCONNECT BRACKET CABLE WIRE COLOR FUNCTION BLACK GND BROWN INPUT 2 GRAY OUTPUT 2 Fig 1 6c1 Connection to Port 2 for Quick Disconnect Bracket Cable 12 User Manual 1 6 1 Jumper To Control Radar On Off Operation 1 6 1 1 Radar Powered On all the time Leave jumper located at top of Radar Junction Box mounted This will keep pow ered On at all times 1 6 1 2 Radar Powered On Off Controlled by an External Switch The two remaining small leads the Green wire and the Blue wire connect to the On Off control switch The On Off control switch does not switch the main power leads to the scanner unit but it does provide a signal that controls DC power inside the scanner unit 1 6 1 3 Radar Power On Off Controlled by the Chart Plotter Software Remove jumper Connect the EXTERNAL ALARM signal of the chart plotter to TERMINAL Strip C Terminal
28. Overlay func tion is active in Radar Full page The following chart presets shall be available Full Full cartographic representation Medium includes Low settings plus Ports amp Services and Auto Chart Boundaries e Low includes also area fills important city names Nav Aids amp Lights and User Manual 29 Underwater Object icons Minimum only the coast lines and elevation objects no area fill As Cartography inherits settings from the current cartography setting Custom Custom chart representation To select the desired Chart Overlay Mode follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Chart Overlay Mode ENTER select the desired mode ENTER 2 4 2 Chart Synchronization AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE RADAR CHART SPLIT PAGE When Chart Synchronization is enabled the chart display is synchronized to the Radar display This function is enabled when Home mode is active e g by press ing CLEAR from the chart screen An alert window showing the message Ra dar Chart Synchronization mode On is displayed To enable On or disable Off the Chart Synchronization follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Chart Synchronization ENTER On Off ENTER 2 4 3 Cursor Echo AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE RADAR CHART SPLIT PAGE This function allows to correlate targets on the Radar display with objects in the chart Moving the Radar cursor on Radar display will cause moving ano
29. Seiwa _ SWR 1 Radome 0 9 Feet SWR 8 Radome 1 5 Feet SWR 9 Radome 1 8 Feet SWR 10 Open 3 5 4 5 Feet Copyright 2010 Seiwa Hong Kong All rights reserved Printed in Italy No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without prior written permission of the publisher User Manual code E 250510e Safety Precaution HIGH VOLTAGE WARNING Dangerously high voltages are present within the RADAR scanner unit There are no internal connections or adjustments necessary for installation Only a qualified radar service technician should remove the cover Technicians must exercise ex treme care when working inside the unit Always remove power before removing the cover Some capacitors may take several minutes to discharge even after switching off the radar Before touching the magnetron or any high voltage com ponents ground them with a clip lead MICROWAVE RADIATION HAZARD The microwave energy radiated by a radar antenna is harmful to humans espe cially to one s eyes Never look directly into an open waveguide or into the path of radiation from an enclosed antenna Radar and other radio frequency radiation can upset cardiac pacemakers If someone with a cardiac pacemaker suspects abnormal operation immediately turn off the equipment and move the person away from the antenna Turn off the radar whenever it is necessary
30. WINGOW 2xcascciecsancanampaanaanannaandaneandanaundaaensentahaenduntandancaneanacsadtan 23 2 HMeadingi Marker sde erson sranane e A aA aE EE eE EERE HEE HEEE User Manual 5 Pau 2 3 2 1 Handling of Heading Marker ccceceeeee cece eee e ee ee eee eee e teeta 25 Degree Scale z 2 3 3 2 3 4 Range Rings 2 3 5 COMPASS ROSE roris reinos anano r E E ARNEE AEGEE A EE DERNE 2 3 6 EBL amp VRM ssssssesessensnase 2 3 6 1 Handling of EBL VRM iga 23 7 Parallel Cursor siririn 2 3 7 1 Handling of Parallel Cursor 2 3 8 Center Offset sirsrgisrrr serenas i 3 2 3 8 1 Handling of Center Offset mirisne sanaaa on Oo AtS Target tras aaa ERE EE EE CA ERESSE EE HART FEATURES sist isa s sL Chart Overlay MOE z sioneer ESIE OOE ENTS lt 2 Chart Syncehroni ation cisnienie maiagi ar aaa i ai ss 3 Cursor Echo 4 5 iw 2 4 Waypoints Marks Info on Objects 2 5 GUARD ZONES E ay st 2 5 1 Handling OF G ard ZONE soiscccssissasstentasinncenisintseaseceganduns sassasniay anveuverxense X52 Guard ZONE Sensitivity ziera Ea A EER ARERO Radar Pages un 3 1 PAGES SELECTION a 3 1 1 Selection by Soft Key 3 2 STATUS BAR ssrsmmame sag 3 3 MENU HANDLING ON FULL PAGES cect ceteris 3 4 SELECTION OF THE ACTIVE VIEW IN SPLIT COMBO PAGES Technical Specifications ccccseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenas 4 1 SWR1 iss Antenna Unit FSAA e o E E EOE ETENE Dimensions and Mounting 4 2 SWR 8 i
31. adar If the Radar still doesn t work you need to call for assistance 5 3 The Radar preheating countdown timer is displayed but when the preheating terminates it restarts over and over again The power supply level is too low This may be caused by battery low cable too long cable section to narrow 5 4 Too much clutter near the Radar screen center This is a typical phenomenon with Radar Echoes from nearby vessel may hit other objects like other vessels or other objects randomly and reflections can be received by Radar antenna due to very short distance between the objects This is normal condition in a port where nearby targets such as sailboat masts may cause multiple reflections In this case increase the STC and decreasing the GAIN 5 5 During navigation in open sea the center of the screen is covered by a large spot It means that most probably the Transmission Trigger Delay and or the Main Bang Suppression need to be correctly tuned refer to Par 1 7 4 4 5 6 After turning transmission On the Radar page remains completely black The Gain setting could be too low or STC setting too high The Radar is probably not properly tuned Execute the Automatic Tuning procedure to restore optimal performance refer to Par 1 7 4 5 User Manual 43 5 7 The Radar sensitivity appears to be low Radar sensitivity depends on several factors To increase sensitivity act as fol lows Execute the Automatic Tuning procedure to ensu
32. all targets in open seas To enable On or disable Off the Target Expansion follow this procedure MENU Target Expansion ENTER On Off ENTER 2 2 SENSITIVITY To select the Sensitivity menu follow this procedure gt MENU Sensitivity ENTER NOTE The Sensitivity menu can be also opened by pressing ENTER directly from the Radar page when the Cross Cursor is not placed over any features 2 2 1 Interference Rejection Reduces the interference caused by Radar signals from other Radar units It is possible to turn Interference Rejection to Off Level 1 weak Level 2 middle Level 3 strong The higher you set the Interference Rejection value the less interference you will receive To select the Interference Rejection value follow this procedure gt MENU Sensitivity ENTER Interf Rejection ENTER select the desired value ENTER 2 2 2 Gain Adjustment Controls the Radar Gain To see more details on the screen increase the receiver sensitivity by selecting a higher gain percentage If there is too much detail or if the screen is cluttered lowering the sensitivity may increase the clarity of the display To select the Gain value follow this procedure gt MENU Sensitivity ENTER Gain ENTER select the desired value ENTER NOTE The Gain can be also controlled by pressing Gain directly from the Radar page after pressing any software function key NOTE For
33. cting object or its bearing changes E i Real echo HU gt lt lt ia Multiple echoes Fig A 2 3 2 Multiple Echoes A 2 3 3 False echoes caused by side lobe An antenna s side lobe emissions are low power and will not register distant targets However if there is a strong reflecting target near your boat it some times may appear as a circular arc false echo on the screen WARNING When near large targets or land your boat s mast may sometimes appear as circular arc shaped false echo User Manual 51 Main beam False sidelobe echoes J Real echo f Side s Antenna Fig A 2 3 3 False Echoes caused by side lobe A 2 3 4 Distant False echoes caused by duct phenomenon The duct phenomenon sometimes occurs when meteorological conditions create a temperature inversion between layers of air When this happens Radar waves propagate erratically and can reach a location considerably farther away from your boat than the Radar s maximum distance range What appears on screen is a false echo that looks to be nearer than the actual target Since the true echo from the distant target is outside the measurement capabilities of the Radar its apparent distance will change when you change ranges and you can conclude that it s a false echo A 2 3 5 Radar interference If another boat s Radar is operating on the same frequency as yours it can create interference on your display The interference
34. d do at first Radar installation At first installation its necessary to 1 properly set up the Radar calibration 2 set up the I O to detect the Radar 6 2 How can I turn Radar power On Off Radar power On Off can be either directly controlled from the chart plotter or by an external switch depending on how you have set up your chart plotter In case the power is managed by the chart plotter you can turn power On by pressing MENU when in the Radar Page Otherwise you have to turn power On by acting on the external switch NOTE Fora pratical matter we suggest to use Radar Powered On Off controlled by an external switch because at a glance we can check the Radar status without having to switch to the Radar page 6 3 How should setup the chart plotter to control the Radar power On Off Please refer to Chapter 1 for wiring schematic 6 4 How can I turn Radar Transmission On Off Press ENTER in the Radar page or enter the Radar Main Menu and set Trans mission On from the related menu voice Transmission can be set in Stand by only from the Radar menu 6 5 What is the preheating Each time you power On the Radar you must allow 90 to 120 seconds depending on the Radar model to warm up the Radar Operating the Radar before this time could cause damage to it For this reason the chart plotter doesn t allow operating the Radar until the preheating is complete 6 6 Sometime the preheating takes less than 90 seconds is this norma
35. ds are for power connections and connect directly to a 12 to 24 VDC power buss the five small in the fabric braid connect to the Radar J unction Box and the two remain ing small leads connect to the On Off control switch The On Off control switch does not switch the main power leads to the scanner unit but it does provide a leads INSTALLATION PROCEDURE Prepare the mounting surface by making sure it is clean and flat It is a better to check the accuracy of the template by measuring the actual dimension between the hole locations The reproduction process and mois ture absorption can affect accuracy Use the template provided to mark the location of four mounting holes Align the template squarely with the centerline of the vessel and with the arrow pointing forward Drill four 3 8 in 10 mm diameter holes through the mounting sur face Check that each bolt with lock washer and flat washer protrude through the mounting surface at least 5 16 in 8 mm but less than 9 16 in 15 mm The scanner will be damaged if bolts protrude more than 9 16 in 15 mm Apply sealant around each mounting hole Place the Radar scanner unit on the mounting surface Orient the scan ner with the index mark on the housing facing forward cable gland facing aft Install and tighten four M8 x 25U M8 x 1 in mounting bolts Uncoil the scanner cable Secure the cable near the scanner to support the weight of the cable and prevent strain on
36. ec to 5 sec Dimensions and Mounting 3 5 feet 1067 47 1 4 4 5 feet 1372 59 1 16 4 9 14 9 16 9 1 16 14 Dia 4 holes 270 10 5 8 Fig 4 4 Radar SWR 10 1 User Manual 41 Fig 4 4a Radar SWR 10 II Weight 21 2 Kg 471b 4 feet Weight 21 9 Kg 49lb 5 feet 42 User Manual 5 Troubleshooting 5 1 The Radar page is not available This means you didn t configure the I O setup to connect to the Radar Enter the I O Setup menu see procedure at Par 1 7 1 and select the Radar on the serial port to which the Radar is connected 5 2 The message Please Turn On Radar is displayed on the Radar window This means that even if the I O Setup has been configured for Radar no Radar is being detected This may depend on several factors Verify that the correct serial port is set in the I O Setup menu eventually try setting the Radar on another serial port Check that the Radar is connected to the chart plotter to the same serial port as set in the I O Setup menu in case try connecting it to another serial port e Verify that all the connections in the Junction Box are done properly e Verify using a Voltage Meter that the Radar power supply level at the J unc tion Box is at least 12V The Radar is able to operate with 10V but some volts may be dropped due to the cable length If everything above is correct try shorting the green and the blue wires in cable coming from the R
37. ee rotation it can show where the target is relative to your position By repeated scans you can see which direction another vessel is moving Other ship OBuoy Radar Antenna Fig A 1 Radar A 1 1 Antenna How Radar will perform is largely determined by its antenna or scanner Increas ing the size of the antenna improves long range performance and target discrimi nation or the ability to distinguish two separate targets at a distance The critical factors are the antenna s beam width and side lobe level Typically a Radar an tenna will radiate a tightly focused beam from the front of the array The longer the antenna array is the narrower the beam width will be Additionally it will also emit smaller amounts of energy to each side The lower the side lobe level the less the effect of a false echo A 1 2 Side Lobe The beam in which the strongest radio signal is radiated from the antenna is called the main lobe Those beams that are radiated in other directions are referred to as the side lobes The side lobe level refers to the difference in level signal strength between the largest side lobe and the main lobe User Manual 49 Main Side lobe Beam Antenna Fig A 1 2 Antenna Pattern A 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RADAR WAVE Radio waves travel out from the antenna while bending slightly along the earth s surface The amount they bend depends on at
38. he main Radar page is displayed Please note that since initially Gain was decreased now it s necessary to increase it back in order to achieve maxi mum sensitivity User Manual 17 P 4Nm 1Nm Pa HDG 000 T Motion Heading Relative Head Up age EEE Exp _ Int Rej Off Off Off Off z SOG 1 0Kts 5 coc _o00 T DST 9 468 nml BRG 000 T a STC 05 FTC Off fy INTERF REJECTION Off Fig 1 7 4 4g Transmission Trigger Delay tuning VIII Once the calibration has been performed the calibration data is retained How ever if a Clear RAM operation is performed it may be necessary to repeat the calibration 1 7 4 5 Automatic and Manual Tune Not Necessary At First INSTALLATION The Tune control is used to tune the receiver in the Radar antenna for maximum target returns on the display The Radar comes from the factory already tuned so this operation is not necessary at first installation In general Radar Tuning may be necessary if any component of the Radar is replaced for maintenance The Radar receiver can be tuned in Automatic or Manual mode In Automatic Tune mode the Radar tunes itself automatically on all range scales It is recom mended to execute the Tune function in Automatic mode This generally ensures that the Radar receiver is always tuned to receive the maximum signal If you choose the Manual Tune you will need to adjust it again after 10 minutes afte
39. itch 1 6 1 3 Radar Power On Off Controlled by the Chart Plotter Software 13 1 7 2 Functions 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 6 2 Alternative Power Connection 1 6 2 1 Power Connections SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION 065 L7 1 VO Setup viaria 1 7 2 Warming Up 1 7 La 3 Transmission OR s lt scnincsiessotnasnashantassdesanrannodcantsadepaearnasadoesaemnerantoaceanane 4 Radar Colbr ation escrin ioiei nan anian i aE i nE 1 7 4 1 Heading Line aaa 1 7 4 2 Antenna Parking Position 1 7 4 3 Sector Transmission Off 15 1 7 4 4 Transmission Trigger Delay 15 1 7 4 5 Automatic and Manual Tune as 18 Manual TUNE ssi ci cieccesesscens sia 18 Automatic Tune 19 1 7 4 6 Save Tuning to User C CARD MEDIA z 20 1 7 4 7 Load Tuning from C CARD MEDIA 1 20 PT 21 BASIC ag 2k 2 1 1 Cross Cursor a 2l 2 1 2 Chart Overlay sal 2 1 3 Range 22 2 1 4 Orientation 7 a ere z 22 2 4 5 Motio MODE acsesssssinninasdaaeniaacsanaassisssnataasoaaossnnsgaadasaeetandacenstandanenss 22 26 Echo Tras Se S EE OEE E EAE 23 2 1 7 Target Expansion SENSITIVITY 2 2 1 Interference RE OCHOM isc icisccssosnascandansasendsandaodansanasaddeasaacdandanaissansaaenes 22 2 Gait AQUUStMOENE esre arra dndi 2 2 3 STC Sensitivity Time Constant Adjustment 2 2 4 FTC Fast Time Constant Adjustment 2 2 5 MBS Main Bang Suppression Adjustment RADAR FEATURES sdiseuskiintheineaw saver eurai SRD ai 2 3 1 CURSOR
40. l Yes it is It means that the Radar was already powered on at the time you turned On the chart plotter so the preheating started before 6 7 What is the Radar calibration Radar calibration is a set of options that allows to properly set the Radar to work on your boat You can set up the Heading correction to compensate of orientation errors due to the installation the Radar trigger delay to properly adjust the Radar beam as to correctly measure ranges and finally the sensitivity of the Radar to maximize the Radar sensitivity 6 8 When and how should I adjust the Radar heading At first installation you should correct the Radar heading as to ensure that it is perfectly aligned with your bow User Manual 45 6 9 When and how should I adjust the Radar Trigger delay At first installation It is required to ensure the Radar is capable to perfectly measure ranges and avoid distortions Please follow the procedure described at Par 1 7 4 4 6 10 When should I do the Radar tuning Radar tuning is generally not necessary since it is already tuned at the factory However in the long run or in case some components are replaced it could be necessary to perform tuning to achieve the maximum sensitivity 6 11 Should I use the Manual or Auto Tuning We strongly suggest to use the Auto Tuning that generally is capable to give optimal results 6 12 How should I do the Manual Tuning Follow procedure at Par 1 7 4 5 6 13 What is the STC
41. ls that appear under the cursor Center of Radar CTR e EBL VRM E V e Parallel Cursor IHI Guard Zone GZ Ship Heading Marker HM Fig 2 1 1 The Cross Cursor in the default Radar picture 2 1 2 Chart Overlay AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE RADAR FULL PAGE Chart Overlay function merges Radar and chart data into a single picture by drawing Radar targets over the cartography When in Chart Overlay mode the chart inherits the Radar page setting e g Orientation True Motion mode for more information refer to Chapter 6 6 16 To enable On or disable Off the Chart Overlay follow this procedure gt MENU Chart Overlay ENTER On Off ENTER NOTE Requires a heading and a position sensor connected to the chart plotter through an NMEA 0183 interface The heading sensor can be either a gyrocompass or a fluxgate compass The gyrocompass provides the best performance in all conditions User Manual 21 Fig 2 1 2 Chart Overlay 2 1 3 Range Selects the Radar range among 1 8 1 4 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 8 12 16 24 36 and 48 Nm the maximum range depends on the antenna used To select the Radar Range value follow this procedure MENU Range ENTER select the desired value ENTER NOTE Changing scale takes about 5 seconds Also it is possible to select the Range in Radar page using ZOOM IN ZOOM OUT 2 1 4 Orientation The Radar orientation option allows to choose the display
42. ly turned off when entering this page the screen appear completely covered with clutter this is a mandatory condition to allow properly setting the TTD The screen should appear as follows T Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning Fig 1 7 4 4 Transmission Trigger Delay tuning 1 User Manual 15 Set MBS to 0 The white spot in the Radar origin will disappear Transmission Trigger Delay Fig 1 7 4 4a Transmission Trigger Delay tuning 11 Slowly decrease the GAIN value until the clutter clears out and you can clearly distinguish a round spot in the Radar origin TS x Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning y _ _ 9 Rago or Trans Trigger Delay F fy Tes Done N 1 4 Nm 1 8 Nm i A Aes EP Fig 1 7 4 4b Transmission Trigger Delay tuning 111 If the Transmission Trigger Delay is properly tuned the spot in the Radar origin should appear as in the picture above In any case to be sure your TTD is properly tuned try to decrease the Transmission Trigger Delay until a hole start forming in the center of the round spot p eel dL 4 Transmission Trigger Delay Tuning l 031 aves 94 ao y 000 n 07S to Oe v e ot ee il Done A 1 4 Nm 1 8 Nm r FANE DPA Y 4 Fig 1 7 4 4c Transmission Trigger Delay tuning IV Now increase the TTD until the hole closes not more than just the value
43. m 0 1 2000 0 25 2000 0 5 1000 User Manual 39 e o o o o o o o L LI IF center frequency IF bandwidth M M1 L M2 AET Noise figure Operating Temperature Operation in wind relative Water Resistance Preheat times output by 5 sec step Dimensions and Mounting 597 23 1 2 Dio 1 0 500 6OMHz Linear amplifier 6MHz 6MHz BMHz BMHz 6 0dB or less 25 C 55 C 100 knots IPX6 1EC60529 115 sec to 5 sec 8 15 16 11 3 16 4 M10 Effective depth 15mm 9 16 Weight 9 7 kg 21 5Ib 10m cable included Weight 8 4 kg 19 0Ib without cable Fig 4 3a Radar SWR 9 II 40 User Manual 4 4 SWR 10 Antenna unit eo Power supply 10 8 to 41 6 VDC Power consumption 80W or less Preheat times 120 sec Aerial Open 3 5 or 4 5 Feet Peak power output 4kW Transmitting frequency 9410 30MHz Beam width degree Horizontal 2 4 or 1 7 Vertical 25 Side Lobes Within 10 lt 23dB Outside 10 lt 32dB Rotation 24rpm Pulse Length usec PRF Hz S 0 06 4000 M M1 0 15 2000 L M2 0 4 1000 LET 1 0 500 IF center frequency 60MHZ Linear amplifier IF bandwidth 5 2OMHz M M1 20MHz L M2 5MHz L L1 5MHz Noise figure 5 0dB or less Operating Temperature 25 C 55 C Operation in wind relative 70 knots Water Resistance IPX6 1IEC60529 Preheat times output by 5 sec step 115 s
44. mospheric conditions The sight distance of a Radar generally is about 6 longer than the optical sight distance and is calculated using this equation Radar sight distance NM 2 22 antenna height m target height m Line of sight p So Radio Wave ae gt h1 Earth h2 Fig A 2 Radar wave A 2 1 Targets difficult to display on screen The intensity of the reflected radio signal from a target depends on the distance height and size of the target as well as its material and shape along with the Radar s transmitter power output and antenna size Targets made of fibreglass wood or other low reflectance materials or those that have a small incident angle are difficult to display on a screen Sandy beaches and sandy or muddy shallows can be difficult to catch Because there s not much to reflect a signal back to you a coastline can actually be closer to your boat than it appears on the screen Invisible Apparent coastline Visible Actual invisible coastline Fig A 2 1 Targets difficult to display on screen A 2 2 Shadow zones of Radar Radar waves propagate in a straight line A high outcropping of land or a large ship will create a shadow zone behind it and prevent you from seeing targets on the other side More importantly if a mast or some part of the boat s superstruc ture is in the path of the antenna s sweep this will also create a shadow zone No targets
45. on towards one direction PSO A Ti Me owe OO OE Ora y Fig 2 3 7 Parallel Cursor display The user can change the angle of the lines and the range between lines It is used to measure the bearing of other boats navigate at a fixed distance from the coast measure the distance between two points The display of the Parallel Cursor can be turned On or Off following this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER Parallel Cursor ENTER On Off ENTER 2 3 7 1 Handling of Parallel Cursor Positioning the Cross Cursor on the first line passing through the ship s position activates a pop up message underneath the cursor The following software function keys are automatically displayed 28 User Manual Hook hooks the Parallel Cursor allowing changing the angle of the lines and the range between lines using the Cursor Keys Pressing Confirm confirms the new angle and range pressing Cancel resets the original angle and range values NOTE For SEAWAVE press 1 Hook Then press 1 Confirm or 2 Cancel Edit opens an edit window to change the Range and Bearing values Pressing OK confirms the new values NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 Edit Then press 1 OK Off disables the Parallel Cursor NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 Off 2 3 8 Center Offset Allows to move the Radar center in any location of the screen To set the Center Offset follow this procedure
46. orientation among Head Up HU North Up NU or Track Up TU using the following software function keys See also the Par 2 1 4 Head Up The Radar picture is displayed with the vessel s current heading upwards As the heading changes the picture will rotate NOTE For SEAWAVE press 2 Head Up North Up The Radar picture is stabilized and displayed with north upwards As heading changes the ship s Heading Marker moves NOTE For SEAWAVE press 3 North Up Track Up The Radar picture is stabilized and displayed with the currently selected Course Leg upwards As heading changes the ship s Heading Marker moves NOTE For SEAWAVE press 4 Track Up Off disables the Heading Marker NOTE For SEAWAVE press 1 Off 2 3 3 Degree Scale The Degree Scale is the graduated scale located on the most external visible range ring edge of the Radar page with major ticks at 0 10 20 350 degrees and minor ticks at 5 15 25 355 degrees User Manual 25 Degree Scale VRA EAN Pear d aA aAA A N Fig 2 3 3 The Degree Scale To hide Off or unhide On the display of the Degree Scale follow this procedure MENU Radar Features ENTER Degree Scale ENTER On Off ENTER 2 3 4 Range Rings The Range Rings are concentric rings centered on the ship position equally spaced Range Rings X ae ag wn YS AR ma i Rw OO Fig 2 3 4 The Range
47. ort the weight of the scanner and have access to the under side for installa tion of the four mounting bolts NOTE The recommended mounting surface thickness is 3 8 to 1 2 in 9 mm to 13 mm If the mounting surface is thin a doubler should be added If it is thicker longer bolts must be purchased The scanner will be damaged if bolts penetrate more than 9 16 in 15 mm Also consider the cable route from the scanner to the operator s location Avoid routing the interconnecting cable through areas of possible damage from moving objects machinery and exposure to chemicals or high temperature 1 2 PREPARE THE RADAR FOR INSTALLATION Unpack your new RADAR and check that the contents correspond to the packing list Do not remove the cover from the unit There are no connections or adjust ments inside the unit that are needed for installation or operation The cable must remain attached For ease of handling coil the cable and place it on top of the scanner Then secure it with tape Invert the scanner and make sure the four mounting holes are clear to accept bolts Working at higher elevations may become necessary while installing the scanner unit Observe safety measures and take sufficient precaution to avoid personal injury or damage to the equipment User Manual 9 1 3 NOTE 1 4 The cable from RADAR scanner unit provides all power data and control connec tions necessary for operation The large black and white lea
48. otter capable of running the Radar operating application The RADAR scanner unit includes the radar antenna transmitter receiver and necessary electronics to deliver Radar information to the user s chart plotter The mounting hardware kit interconnec tion cable and a Radar junction box are included in the Radar scanner box Any menu operation and functions activation in this User Manual is related to the following chart plotter models see the following table Whenever it is necessary a note has been inserted for those models with operational differences CHARTPLOTTERNAME SOFTWARE SN __RadarSerial Port__ Available from Sw SW701e S4x2SW8wc Al 2or5 16 00 SW701i S4x2SW8we_ Al 2or5 16 00 SW701ce S4x2SW8wc_ Al 2or5 16 00 SW701ci S4x2SW8wce_ Al 2or5 16 00 Sw1101 S5e2SW11c_ Al 2or5 16 00 EXPLORER SSegSWetc Al 2or5 11 00 SEAWAVE S5SegSW12c_ Al 2or5 11 00 MARLIN S5egSW15c Al 2or5 11 00 The Radar full functionality as described in this User Manual is obtained only when the scanner is included in an integrated system including chart plotter gyrocompass and GPS antenna Please read carefully this User Manual to learn the operating features for your Radar Please refer to your chart plotter User Manual for all other operating instructions CONVENTI ONS USED Throughout this User Manual the labelled keys are shown in capital letters en closed in square brackets for example ENTER the software function keys are
49. propriate speed and heading A map like image is thus displayed with all moving vessels traveling in true perspective to each other and to fixed landmasses As your ship s position approaches the edge of the screen the Radar center offset is automatically reset to reveal the area ahead of your ship Relative In Relative Motion your own ship s position remains fixed on the Radar screen and all Radar targets move relative to your own ship It is the default for the Radar display NOTE True Motion is only available in North Up and Track Up modes not in Head Up mode Also True Motion requires a heading sensor and GPS position information 22 User Manual To change the Motion mode follow this procedure MENU Motion Mode ENTER select the desired mode between Relative or True ENTER 2 1 6 Echo Trails Settings Echo Trails causes the persistence of the Radar targets on the screen for the time specified Selecting an appropriate trail plotting time help determining the speed and course of a target vessel and help prevent collision with it Selects Radar Trails among Continuous 15 seconds 30 seconds 1 Minute 3 Minutes 6 Minutes or disables Off To choose the Echo Trails follow this procedure MENU Echo Trails ENTER select the desired value ENTER 2 1 7 Target Expansion Target Expansion is used to enlarge the target size without changing the range This function is useful to see and detect very sm
50. r calibration includes Heading Line Antenna Parking Position oNLy For SWR 9 SWR 10 Sector Transmission Off onLY For SWR 9 SWR 10 Transmission Trigger Delay ef gt 1 7 4 1 Heading Line This function is used if the Radar Antenna was not installed pointing directly parallel with the centerline of the vessel Adjusting the heading line ensures that targets are shown relative to your ship s bow e select Head Up mode MENU Orientation ENTER Head Up ENTER Press CLEAR until the Radar page is shown e Select a target about 1 2NM and adjust the vessels speed to accurately head to the target preferably on a flat calm day If the target is not shown directly ahead on the Radar full page display adjust heading the line to correct the target heading MENU Tuning ENTER Heading Line ENTER Apply the Heading Correction ENTER The screen updates as the heading line is adjusted Repeat the steps until the target is shown correctly 1 7 4 2 Antenna Parking Position AVAILABLE OnLy For SWR 9 SWR 10 When the Radar is turned Off the antenna comes to a stop If you want to have the antenna to stop in a specific position the Antenna Parking Position function can be used to choose the desired antenna position This function only controls the antenna position at which the power to the motor is cut off The distance through which it comes to a stop from this point depends on temperature and
51. r you have turned on the Radar since the required setting will change after the magnetron has warmed NOTE The Manual Tune function should be made only by professional operators Manual Tune To execute manual tuning follow the procedure gt MENU Tuning ENTER Manual Tune ENTER The following Warning message is displayed AHIHI The Manual Tuning Operation nay reduce the radar sensitivity if not performed correct iy Off Off Please read carefully the narual before proceed ii G Z Trails off off Are you sure you nant to continue No SOG 1 0 Kts cog 007 T DST 0 518 nml BRG 072 T 43 33 715N PE E 010 17 199E Fig 1 7 4 5 Manual Tune Warning message Press ENTER to proceed the Manual Tuning page is displayed 18 User Manual Fig 1 7 4 5a Manual Tune page Try increasing or decreasing the Course Tuning very slowly and in small steps from its middle value 128 until you obtain the maximum echo returns If no land or ship targets are available you may tune for maximum STC aie Ria ee Manual Tuning STC Coarse Tuning Fig 1 7 4 5b Manual Tuning procedure 1 Once the Course Tuning has been set repeat the same procedure with the Fine Tuning 3 Neh Peed ae Manual Tuning a p mm t STC AAZ o mca I 130 i Foa O la e ma t E A Done B lad Nm 1 8 Nm bml ak Ni Fig
52. re that the Radar is per fectly tuned e Increase the GAIN Reduce the STC since the STC has the effect to reduce the echo intensity of nearby targets Turn Off the FTC since it has the effect to reduce the echoes intensity of big targets 5 8 Radar targets are delayed with respect to the antenna rotation The Radar image on the GPS is updated every 2 5 seconds as information is acquired from the antenna This could cause a mis match between the actual target position and the targets shown on the screen 5 9 Radar target appear to be pulsing This is a rather common problem for any Radar For long distance targets when the Radar pulse hits a target the reflection strength which depends on the hit angle Perpendicular hits give the strongest echo Hard objects give stronger echo and soft objects give weaker echo To eliminate the pulsing effect of Radar targets the Echo Trails function may be used see Par 2 1 6 5 10 Stationary target appear to be oscillating around their actual position Radar targets may appear to be oscillating around their actual position due to the movement of your vessel In fact even a minimum oscillation of the position where the Radar is located may cause an apparent movement of the targets detected For short distance targets surface waves lower the detectivity The STC should be adjusted to properly to maximize the detectivity 44 User Manual 6 Frequently Asked Questions 6 1 What shoul
53. rt is used to connect the Radar If you use the connecting cable supplied with the Radar the Port2 is the default setting In this case follow the procedure MENU Advanced Options ENTER Input Output ENTER Port 2 Input ENTER Radar ENTER User Manual 13 1 7 2 Warming Up It has to be noted that at start up the Radar needs a variable time from 90 to 120 seconds to heat up the magnetron microwave emitting tube During this time it is not possible to turn on the transmission Radar pages are visible but with a small overlapping message window showing the time remaining to Warm Up completion Radar Warming Up xx seconds remaining At completion of the Warm Up sequence the following message will be displayed Radar Warming Up Warm Up Completed This window shall remain open for 2 seconds then it will close automatically At this point the Radar is ready for operation Transmission is turned Off and STAND BY message is displayed at the center of the Radar page 1 7 3 Transmission On Turn On the transmission pressing gt ENTER NOTE or following the procedure gt MENU Transmission ENTER On ENTER or using soft function keys gt any soft function key TX NOTE For SEAWAVES press 4 TX The Radar image is displayed on the screen 1 7 4 Radar calibration At first installation it is necessary to properly calibrate the Radar gt MENU Tuning ENTER The Rada
54. same size or larger size wire 1 6 RADAR JUNCTION BOX CONNECTIONS Referring to the diagram below connect the color coded wires from the Radar cable to the designated place on Terminal strip A in Radar J unction Box as follows MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS 1 Open the box unscrewing the 4 bottom screws 2 Connect the Radar cable to the terminal A 3 Connect the Power supply to the terminal B 4 Connect the chart plotter cable to the terminal C 5 Set up the jumper for RADAR ON OFF switch 5a Mount to permanently power ON the Radar 5b Connect to a switch to manually power on off the Radar 5c Remove to control the power ON OFF via the chart plotter with the external alarm output signal JUMPER for RADAR ON OFF SWITCH Terminal C CHART PLOTTER see connection tables Terminal B POWER SUPPLY see Radar specifications Terminal A RADAR see Radar cable label Fig 1 6 Junction Box Terminal Strip A iC RADAR CABLE WIRE COLOR FUNCTION BLACK DATA GND v ORANGE DATA OUT YELLOW DATA OUT BROWN DATA IN RED DATA IN GREEN POWER ON OFF SWITCH 1 k BLUE POWER ON OFF SWITCH 2 amp BLACK large wire RADAR SUPPLY S WHITE large wire RADAR SUPPLY Fig 1 6a Terminal Strip A Connection for SWR 1 SWR 8 SWR 9 User Manual 11 fe
55. shown in small letters enclosed in square brackets for example Edit Menu operations are in bold characters listed by keys sequence with the menu names enclosed between inverted commas for example MENU ALARMS ENTER means press the MENU key using the cursor key select the Alarms menu and then press ENTER HOW THIS USER MANUAL IS ORGANI ZED CHAPTER 1 Radar Installation Installation of the Radar and set up of the hardware configuration CHAPTER 2 Functions How to connect the chart plotter and the Radar and how to operate them User Manual 7 CHAPTER 3 Radar Pages Description of the available Radar pages full and split pages CHAPTER 4 Technical Specifications Technical specification and dimensions of the Radar CHAPTER 5 Troubleshooting CHAPTER 6 Frequently Asked Questions APPENDIX A What is Radar APPENDIX B Installation eff The Analytical Index is at the end of this User Manual IF YOU NEED ASSISTANCE If your chart plotter does not operate properly please refer to the chart plotter User Manual EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED Scanner Unit Radar scanner with cable Fasteners stainless steel 4 Bolts hex metric M8 x 25U approx 3 8 dia x 1 in long 4 Flat washer 4 Lock washer 1 Radar Junction Box 1 Template for locating mounting holes e 1 Switch Rocker type DPST 2 Fuses 5A spare Optional Equipment Magnetic Heading Sensor Extended length cables 15 or 20 meters
56. sn t detect such devices it will automatically disable such option 6 19 Why do I need a Heading Sensor and a GPS to use all Radar functionalities Because the Radar need to know the current position of the boat and its current heading 46 User Manual 6 20 What are the functions that require a GPS or a Heading Sensor Function Heading GPS FIX North Up Radar orientation Track Up Radar orientation True Motion mode Chart Overlay Radar Chart Synchronization Cursor Echo Head Up Mode Relative Motion mode zz lt lt lt lt lt lt lt Zz2z lt lt lt lt z2 6 21 Is it better a gyrocompass or a flux gate compass The gyrocompass it is a better choice because it is faster but it is much more expensive The flux gate compass is slower but it is much cheaper Using a flux gate you have to expect to see delays in the rotation of the chart when in Chart Overlay mode 6 22 How can I be advised of potential dangers for the navigation Using the Guard Zone alarms 6 23 What are Guard Zones Guard Zones are zones defined by the user that causes an audible and visual alarm to be triggered when a target exceeding a certain density enters into it The density of the target that may trigger the alarm is regulated by mean of the Guard Zone sensitivity There are of two types of Guard Zones Circular or Secto rial They are fixed with respect to the ship position and heading but their range and orientation only for sector type
57. ther cursor over the chart The cursor over the chart shall be positioned over the same Lat Lon of the cursor over the Radar When the Cursor Echo function is enabled the Radar cursor in the chart display is always shown even if the cursor in the Radar display is hidden To enable On or disable Off the Cursor Echo follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Cursor Echo ENTER On Off ENTER 2 4 4 Waypoints When it is On active Waypoints and their Routes are shown also overlaid over the Radar image CI TE T 7 D Mark Loe Fi Waypoint ra ray k Fig 2 4 4 Waypoints and Marks display To enable On or disable Off the display of Waypoints follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Waypoints ENTER On Off ENTER 30 User Manual 2 4 5 Marks When it is On active Marks are shown also overlaid over the Radar image See the previous figure Fig 2 4 4 To enable On or disable Off the display of Marks follow this procedure MENU Chart Features ENTER Marks ENTER On Off ENTER 2 4 6 Info on Objects If enabled moving the Cross Cursor in any location around the screen cause the chart plotter to search into its database for Cartographic Objects located within a certain range from the cursor position The Quick Info Window showing the de tails of the objects found is automatically opened Pressing CLEAR
58. usually appears as spiral or radial patterns This Radar has an interference rejection control to eliminate interfer ence Turn it on to reduce or eliminate the interference Radar interference Fig A 2 3 5 Radar interference 52 User Manual B Installation B 1 MORE INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS B 1 1 Shifting from keel line By shifting the scanner position from the keel line to the starboard side of the boat it is possible to move shadow zones to the port side This makes it possible to keep a clear view to the bow The distance to be shifted can calculated using the following equation Ls 0 4R D 2 m when R lt 15m Ls 0 025R D 2 m when R gt 15m where Ls distance to be shifted from keel line D diameter of obstacle on keel line R distance from scanner to obstacle Scanner Unit Obstacle Keel Fig B 1 1 Shifting from keel line B 1 2 Obtaining sufficient dip angle Raise the scanner position so that there is a sufficient dip angle available between the line of sight from the scanner to the obstacle and the horizontal line By raising the dip angle above 5 it is possible to prevent mid and long distance shadow zones The Radar cannot detect objects below the line of sight Horizontal line e L Line of sight Fig B 1 2 Obtaining sufficient dip ang B 2 INSTALLING SCANNER UNIT Use a mounting base such as the ones shown in Fig
59. will be recognized behind it and it could create a dangerous situation 50 User Manual A 2 3 False echoes Sometimes Radar will display targets on screen that do not exist in the real world You should be aware of howand why this happens A 2 3 1 Ghost echoes Sometimes one large object very near your boat will appear as two different targets on screen One is the actual Radar echo The other is a ghost echo generated by a re reflection of the original signal It comes back to your own boat bounces back to the target and then is picked up by the antenna on the second bounce The actual echo appears at the correct distance and bearing on the screen The ghost echo appears somewhere behind your boat This type of false echo is also generated by re reflec tion of waves from bridges break walls or building along shore Target Direct 7 Real echo Re path HU Secondary reflection path Ghost echo Mast etc Direction of ghost echo Fig A 2 3 1 Ghost Echoes A 2 3 2 Multiple echoes If there is a large vertical reflecting surface near your boat as in the case when you pass alongside a large ship Radar signals are repeatedly bounced back and forth between your boat and the other object Two to four images appear on the screen at equal intervals in the same bearing This is called a multiple echo The image appearing closest to you is the real echo Multiple echoes will disappear as you move away from the refle

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