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CodeVisionAVR User Manual

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1. 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 188 CodeVisionAVR If timer counter 1 interrupts are used the following interrupt service routines may be defined by the CodeWizardAVR e timer1_ovf_isr for timer counter overflow e timer1_comp_isr or timer1_compa_isr timer1_compb_isr and timer1_copmc_isr for timer counter output compare match e timer1_capt_isr for timer counter input capture You must note that depending of the used AVR chip some of these options may not be present For more information you must consult the corresponding Atmel data sheet By selecting the Watchdog tab you can configure the watchdog timer 3 CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp Ed Eile Help Analog Comparator ADC l2C 1 Wire BitBanged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers MV Watchdog Timer Enabled Oscillator Prescaler OSC 2k OSC 64k C OSC 4k C OSC 128k C OSC 8k C OSC 256k OSC 16k OSC 512k OSC 32k C OSC 1024k l Watchdog Timeout Interrupt Checking the Watchdog Timer Enabled check box activates the watchdog timer You will have then the possibility to set the watchdog timer s Oscillator Prescaller If the Watchdog Timeout Interrupt check box is checked an interrupt will be generated instead of reset if a timeout occurs In case the watchdog timer is enabled you must include yourself the appropriate code sequences to reset it periodically Example asm wdr For more information
2. display the number of devices which generated an alarm printf ALARM GENERATED BY u DEVICE S n r wl search 0xec alarm_rom_codes e Refer to the DS18B20 data sheet for more information 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 163 CodeVisionAVR 4 14 3 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 EEPROM Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS2430 1 Wire bus EEPROM The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds2430 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The 1 Wire bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds2430 h Prior to include ing the ds2430 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the DS2430 through the 1 Wire bus Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS2430 functions prototypes include lt ds2430 h gt The DS2430 functions are unsigned char ds2430_read_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char dest unsigned char addr unsigned char size this function reads a block of size bytes starting from the DS2430 EEPROM memory address addr and stores it in the string dest located in SRAM It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it
3. Source C Project xX Cancel Select Source and press the OK button A new editor window will be opened for the untitled c source file Type in the prototype for your function Example this pragma directive will prevent the compiler from generating a warning that the function was declared but not used in the program pragma usedt library function prototypes int sum int a int b int mul int a int b pragma used this pragma directive will tell the compiler to compile link the functions from the mylib lib library pragma library mylib lib Save the file under a new name in the INC directory using the File Save As menu command for example mylib h Save C Delphi5 AVRC untitled c As 21x Save in amn O gl mja a Iwire fa 9054434 a Delay a Lm75 SE a 9008534 a 9098515 a Ds1302 a Math BE 9 9082313 a 9058535 a Ds1307 a Megal03 a S a 9082323 a 9410 ia Ds1820 a Mega 61 aS a 9052333 a 94k20 ia 2c ia Megal 63 aS a 9082343 a 94k 40 a Led a Mega603 a T a 9054414 a Bcd a Led4x40 a Mem a 9054433 a Ctype a Ledstk a Pcf8583 File name mylib F a Save as type Ic Compiler header file h Cancel 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 104 CodeVisionAVR 2 Create the library file Select the File New menu command or press the New toolbar button The following dialog win
4. unsigned char ds1820_set_alarm unsigned char addr signed char temp_low signed char temp_high this function sets the low temp_low and high temp_high temperature alarms of the DS1820 DS18820 In case of success the function returns the value 1 else it returns 0 The alarm temperatures are stored in both the DS1820 DS18S20 s scratchpad SRAM and its EEPROM The ROM code needed to address the device is stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr If only one DS1820 DS18S20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 The alarm status for all the DS1820 DS18S20 devices on the 1 Wire bus can be determined by calling the w1_search function with the Alarm Search ECh command Example include lt 90s8515 h gt specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS1820 DS18S20 functions prototypes include lt ds1820 h gt include the printf function prototype include lt stdio h gt include the abs function prototype include lt math h gt quartz crystal frequency Hz define xtal 4000000L Baud rate define baud 9600 maximum number of DS1820 DS18S20 connected to the bus define MAX DEVICES 8 i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 159 CodeVisionAVR DS1820 DS18S20 devices ROM code storage area 9 bytes are used for each de
5. 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 175 CodeVisionAVR The File Save menu command allows saving the currently opened CodeWizardAVR project The File Save As menu command allows saving the currently opened CodeWizardAVR project under a new name Save C CVAVR BIN untitled cwp As eix Save in S Bin amp gl c File name ftest 7 Save as type CodeWizardAVR projectfiles cwp Cancel By selecting the File Program Preview menu option the code generated by CodeWizardAVR can be viewed in an editor window This may be useful when applying changes to an existing project as portions of code generated by the CodeWizardAVR can be copied to the clipboard and then pasted in the project s source files If the File Generate Save and Exit menu option is selected CodeWizardAVR will generate the main C source and project PRJ files save the CodeWizardAVR project CWP file and return to the CodeVisionAVR IDE Eventual pin function conflicts will be prompted to the user allowing him to correct the errors In the course of program generation the user will be prompted for the name of the main C file Save C Compiler Source File 71x Save in Examples l c C asm CI Therm 5 Ds1820 9 Thermled Eeprom Keypad Leddemo Led Max1241 Spi File name test Save as type Ic Compiler files c Cancel 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 176 CodeVisionAVR and for the name of the
6. Mode Two Wire l2C Clock Reg ext neg Cnt ext both edges I USI Counter Overflow Interrupt M USI Start Condition Interrupt The Shift Reg Clock list box sets the clock source for the USI Shift Register and Counter As both the USI Shift Register and Counter are clocked from the same clock source the USI Counter may be used to count the number of received or transmitted bits and generate an overflow interrupt when the data transfer is complete Checking the USI Counter Overflow Interrupt check box will generate code for an interrupt service routine that will be executed upon the overflow of the USI Counter If the USI Start Condition Interrupt check box is checked then the CodeWizardAVR will generate code for an interrupt service routine that will be executed when a Start Condition is detected on the I2C bus in USI Two Wire operating mode 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 201 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 Setting the I C Bus By selecting the IC tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the C bus configuration CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 1Wire 2Wire 2c Leo BitBanged Project Information Chip External SRAM Ports Analog Comparator aDC SPI EC 2C Port PORTA SDA Bit o SCLBit 1 LM75 D8s1621 pcrase3 Pc gt l Enabled Using the IC Port list box you can specify which port is used for the implementation of the 1
7. i2c_init initialize the LM75 sensor with address 0 thyst 20 C tos 25 C Im75_init 0 20 25 0 initialize the LM75 sensor with address 1 thyst 30 C tos 35 C Im75_init 1 30 35 0 temperature display loop while 1 read the temperature of sensor 0 10 C tO lm75 temperature 10 0 read the temperature of sensor 1 10 C tl lm75_ temperature 10 1 prepare the displayed temperatures in the display buffer sprintf display buffer tCO S i uScC nt1l S i uScc t0 10 abs t0 10 Oxdf t1 10 abs t1 10 Oxdf display the temperatures lced_clear lcd _ puts display buffer i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 141 CodeVisionAVR 4 12 2 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS1621 I C bus thermometer thermostat The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds1621 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The C bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds1621 h Prior to include ing the ds1621 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the DS1621 through the C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 t
8. struct _ ds18b20 scratch pad struct unsigned char temp_lsb temp_msb temp high temp_ low conf register resl res2 res3 Cre __ds18b20 scratch pad defined in the ds18b20 h header file unsigned char ds18b20_init unsigned char addr signed char temp_low signed char temp_high usigned char resolution this function sets the low temp_low and high temp_high temperature alarms and specifies the temperature measurement resolution of the DS18B20 The resolution argument may take the value of one of the following macros defined in the ds18b20 h header file DS18B20_9BIT_RES for 9 bit tempearture measurement resolution 0 5 C DS18B20_10BIT_RES for 10 bit tempearture measurement resolution 0 25 C DS18B20_11BIT_RES for 11 bit tempearture measurement resolution 0 125 C DS18B20_12BIT_RES for 12 bit tempearture measurement resolution 0 0625 C _ eSVOVXvxGKXvXxXvXvxX lt xax X__ ___ 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 161 CodeVisionAVR In case of success the function returns the value 1 else it returns 0 The alarm temperatures and resolution are stored in both the DS18B20 s scratchpad SRAM and its EEPROM The ROM code needed to address the device is stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr If only one DS18B20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 The alarm status for all the DS18B20 devices o
9. 100us delay delay _us 100 10ms delay delay _ms 10 enable interrupts fasm sei 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 174 CodeVisionAVR 5 CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator The CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator allows you to easily write all the code needed for implementing the following functions e External memory access setup e Chip reset source identification e Input Output Port initialization e External Interrupts initialization e Timers Counters initialization e Watchdog Timer initialization e UART initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication e Analog Comparator initialization e ADC initialization e SPI Interface initialization e C Bus LM75 Temperature Sensor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat PCF8563 PCF8583 DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization e 1 Wire Bus and DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization e LCD module initialization The Automatic Program Generator is invoked using the Tools CodeWizardAVR menu command or by pressing the CodeWizardAVR command bar button The File New menu command allows creating a new CodeWizardAVR project This project will be named by default untitled cwp The File Open menu command allows loading an existing CodeWizardAVR project Open Project 21x Look in S Bin al c ajtest File name ftest i Files of type CodeWizardAVR projectfiles cwp Cancel
10. CodeVisionAVR 4 12 1 National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the LM75 C bus temperature sensor The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file Im75 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The I C bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the Im75 h Prior to include ing the Im75 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the LM75 through the C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ __scl_bit 4 endasm now you can include the LM75 Functions include lt lm75 h gt The LM75 Functions are void Im75_init unsigned char chip signed char thyst signed char tos unsigned char pol this function initializes the LM75 sensor chip Before calling this function the C bus must be initialized by calling the i2c_init function This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other LM75 Functions If more then one chip is connected to the 1 C bus then the function must be called for each one specifying accordingly the function parameter chip Maximum 8 LM75 chips can be connected to the I C bus their chip address can be from 0 to 7 The LM75 is configure
11. The DS1820 DS18S20 devices can be accessed using the Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors Functions SSS SS SSS ee eee SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 210 CodeVisionAVR 5 15 Setting the 2 Wire Bus By selecting the 2 Wire I C tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the 2 Wire bus interface configuration amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 BitBanged Project Information Chip ExtemalSRAM Pors Analog Comparator ADC SPI EE 1Wire f 2 Wire 2C coo Vv 2Wire Enabled Generate Acknowledge Pulse Slave Address 0 h l General Call Recognition Bit Rate 250 000 kHz P 2Wire Interrupt The AVR chip s 2 Wire interface can be enabled by checking the 2 Wire Enabled check box If the Generate Acknowledge Pulse check box is checked the ACK pulse on the 2 Wire bus is generated if one of the following conditions is met e the device s own slave address has been received e a General Call has been received and the General Call Recognition check box is checked e adata byte has been received in master receiver or slave receiver mode If the Generate Acknowledge Pulse check box is not checked the chip s 2 Wire interface is virtually disconnected from the 2 Wire bus This check box will set the state of the TWEA bit of the TWCR register The Slave Address edit box sets the slave address of the 2 Wire seri
12. Type of Jump JMP v P Int Yectors in External File SRAM area to be allocated by the Compiler for Data Stack global variables Hardware Stack and Heap Start 100 h End 10FF h x Cancel Help ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 29 CodeVisionAVR The Messages tab allows to individually enable or disable various compiler warnings a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally ttdefine Paths JV Enable Warnings Warnings i constant out of range possible loss of precision array index is out of range global variable address out of range interrupt vector exceeds the allowable range uninitialized FLASH memory uninitialized EEPROM memory suspicious pointer conversion register is already allocated macro was redefined function must have a return value IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV v IV IV unreferenced function IV IV IV IV v v IV Iv IV IV v unreferenced function parameter unreferenced local variable unreferenced global variable unreferenced label empty line expression with possibly no effect unknown escape sequence shift result will be 0 overflow is possible in 8 bit addition overflow is possible in 8 bit multiplication overflow is possible in 16 bit addition IV overflow is possible in 16 bit multiplication gt make bass ha mmn ise m memm hw lie am an D
13. _8BIT_ENUMS_ if the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation 8 bit enums compiler option is enabled or pragma 8bit_enums is used The line directive can be used to modify the predefined _ LINE__ and __ FILE__ macros The syntax is line integer constant file name Example This will set _ LINE to 50 and __ FILE to file2 c line 50 file2 c This will set _ LINE __ to 100 line 100 The error directive can be used to stop compilation and display an error message The syntax is error error message Example error This is an error The warning directive can be used to display a warning message The syntax is warning warning message Example warning This is a warning i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 67 CodeVisionAVR The pragma directive allows compiler specific directives You can use the pragma warn directive to enable or disable compiler warnings Example Warnings are disabled pragma warn Write some code here Warnings are enabled pragma warnt The compiler s code optimizer can be turned on or off using the pragma opt directive This directive must be placed at the start of the source file The default is optimization turned on Example Turn optimization off for testing purposes pragma opt or Turn optimization on pragma optt If the code optimization is enabled you can optimize some portions or a
14. char b 30 c 10 sf Global structure located in EEPROM eeprom struct eeprom structure char a int b char 15 7 se void main void Local structure struct local structure char a int b long c sl The space allocated to the structure in memory is equal to sum of the sizes of all the members There are some restrictions that apply to the structures stored in FLASH and EEPROM Due to the fact that pointers must be always located in SRAM they can t be used in these structures Because with the Atmel AVRASM32 Assembler single bytes defined with DB in FLASH occupy in reality 2 bytes the CodeVisionAVR C compiler will replace the char members of structures stored in FLASH with int Also it will extend the size of the char arrays members of such structures to an even value SSS SSS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 79 CodeVisionAVR Structures can be grouped in unidimensional arrays Example how to initialize and access an global structure array stored in EEPROM Global structure array located in EEPROM eeprom struct eeprom structure char a int b char c 15 se 2 a 25 Hello b 50 world void main void char k1 k2 k3 k4 int il 223 define a pointer to the structure struct eeprom structure eeprom ep direct access to structure members kl se 0 a il se 0 b k2 se 0 c 2 k3 se 1 a i2 se 1 b k4
15. e set up conditional compilation for debugging purposes and to improve program portability e issue compiler specific directives The Preprocessor output is saved in a text file with the same name as the source but with the i extension The include directive may be used to include another file in your source You may nest as many as 16 include files Example File will be looked for in the inc directory of the compiler include lt file name gt or File will be looked for in the current project directory If it s not located there then it will be included from the inc directory of the compiler include file name The define directive may be used to define a macro Example define ALFA Oxff This statement defines the symbol ALFA to the value Oxff The C preprocessor will replace ALFA with Oxff in the source text before compiling Macros can also have parameters The preprocessor will replace the macro with it s expansion and the formal parameters with the real ones Example define SUM a b a b the following code sequence will be replaced with int i 2 3 int i SUM 2 3 SS SSS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 65 CodeVisionAVR When defining macros you can use the operator to convert the macro parameter to a character string Example define PRINT MESSAGE t printf t JER essei the following code sequence will be replaced with print
16. 1x16 2x16 2x20 4x20 2x24 and 2x40 characters The LCD Functions are void _Icd_ready void waits until the LCD module is ready to receive data This function must be called prior to writing data to the LCD with the LCD_RSO and_LCD_RS1 macros Example enables the displaying of the cursor _led_ready _LCD_RSO 0xe The _LCD_RSO respectively LCD _RS1 macros are used for accessing the LCD Instruction Register with RS 0 respectively RS 1 void Icd_write_byte unsigned char addr unsigned char data writes a byte to the LCD character generator or display RAM Example LCD user defined characters Chip AT90S8515 Memory Model SMALL Data Stack Size 128 bytes Use an 2x16 alphanumeric LCD connected to the STK200 LCD connector include the LCD driver routines include lt lcdstk h gt typedef unsigned char byte TS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 136 CodeVisionAVR table for the user defined character arrow that points to the top right corner flash byte char0 8 0b0000000 0b0001111 0b0000011 0b0000101 0b0001001 0b0010000 0b0100000 0b1000000 function used to define user characters void define char byte flash pc byte char_code byte i a a char_code lt lt 3 0x40 for i 0 i lt 8 i lcd_write byte at pct t void main void initialize the LCD for 2 lines amp 16 columns icd init 16 define user charact
17. After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths SRAM Chip aT 128 m wasi Data Stack Size fi 024 bytes Clock 4 000000 MHz Heap Size ven Memory Model Internal SRAM size 4096 bytes Small z External SRAM size jo bytes Optimize for External SRAM Wait State Size F M Code Generation Optimization Level Bit Variables size 16 Y Maximal x Promote chartoint JV char is unsigned V Sbit enumsl Enhanced Core Instructions Program Type Application V Smart Register Allocation Application JV Automatic Register Allocation s printf Features MV Word Align FLASH Struct Members fint width M Use an External Startup Initialization File s scanf Features J Stack End Markers fint width x File Output Format s coF ROM HEX EEP x x Cancel Help You can select the target AVR microcontroller chip by using the Chip combo box You must also specify the CPU Clock Frequency in MHz which is needed by the Delay Functions 1 Wire Protocol Functions and Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors Functions The required memory model can be selected by using the Memory Model list box The compiled program can be optimized for minimum size respectively maximum execution speed using the Optimize for Size respectively Optimize for Speed settings The amount of code optimization can be specified using the Optimization Level settin
18. Bit Banged Project Information Chip ExtemalSRAM Ports PortA PortB Porc PotD F4 gt Data Direction Pullup Output Value BitO In T Bito Bit In Bitt Bit2 In T Bit2 Bit3 In T Bit3 Bit4 In Bit4 Bits In BitS Bit In Bit Bit In Bit You can chose which port you want to configure by selecting the appropriate PORT x tab By clicking on the corresponding Data Direction bit you can set the chip pin to be output Out or input In The DDRx register will be initialized according to these settings By clicking on the corresponding Pullup Output Value bit you can set the following options e if the pin is an input it can be tri stated T or have an internal pull up P resistor connected to the positive power supply e if the pin is an output it s value can be initially set to 0 or 1 The PORTx register will be initialized according to these settings 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 182 CodeVisionAVR 5 4 Setting the External Interrupts By selecting the External IRQ tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the external interrupt configuration CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp File Help Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2c 1Wie 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip External SRAM Ports ExemaliRG Timers USARTO USARTI M INTO Enabled Mode Lowlevel gt M INTI Enabled Mode Lowlevel gt M INT2 Enabled Mode Lowleve
19. C bus The SDA Bit and SCL Bit list boxes allow you to specify which port bits the 1 C bus uses 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 202 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 1 Setting the LM75 devices If you use the LM75 temperature sensor you must select the LM75 tab and check the LM75 Enabled check box amp CodewizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExemalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI lC 12C Port PORTA SDA Bit 0 SCL Bit 1 i ps1621 PcFes63 Pc gt M Enabled Address 0 H M Output Active High Temperature C Hyst 75 4 o s feo 4 The LM75 Address list box allows you to specify the 3 lower bits of the I C addresses of the LM75 devices connected to the bus Maximum 8 LM75 devices can be used The Output Active High check box specifies the active state of the LM75 O S output The Hyst respectively O S spinedit boxes specify the hysterezis respectively O S temperatures The LM75 devices are accessed through the National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor Functions 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 203 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 2 Setting the DS1621 devices If you use the DS1621 thermometer thermostat you must select the DS1621 tab and check the DS1621 Enabled check box amp CodeWizardAVR
20. The low level LCD Functions are void _Icd_ready void waits until the LCD module is ready to receive data This function must be called prior to writing data to the LCD with the _Icd_write_data function void _Icd_write_data unsigned char data writes the byte data to the LCD instruction register This function may be used for modifying the LCD configuration Prior calling the low level functions _Icd_ready and _Icd_write_data the global variable _en1_msk must be set to LCD_EN1 respectively LCD_ENZ to select the upper respectively lower half LCD controller Example enables the displaying of the cursor on the upper half of the LCD _enl_msk LCD_EN1 _lcd_ready _lcd_write data 0xe ST 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 134 CodeVisionAVR es TNTNTNTNTNTTNTTNNTTNTNNTNTTTNTTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNNYNTNNTNNNvNpNTNNTNTvTNNNvNTNVNvNNVNHNNNN7_ void Icd_write_byte unsigned char addr unsigned char data writes a byte to the LCD character generator or display RAM unsigned char Icd_read_byte unsigned char addr reads a byte from the LCD character generator or display RAM The high level LCD Functions are unsigned char Icd_init void initializes the LCD module clears the display and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 No cursor is displayed The function returns 1 if the LCD module is detected and 0 if it is not This is the first function that must be called before using th
21. When the value is retrieved the Data Stack Pointer is incremented back When configuring the compiler in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu you must specify a sufficient Data Stack Size so it will not overlap the I O Register area during program execution The Global Variables area is used to statically store the global variables during program execution The size of this area can be computed by summing the size of all the declared global variables The Hardware Stack area is used for storing the functions return addresses The SP register is used as a stack pointer and is initialized at start up with value of the _HEAP_START_ 1 address During the program execution the Hardware Stack grows downwards to the Global Variables area When configuring the compiler you have the option to place the strings DSTACKEND respectively HSTACKEND at the end of the Data Stack respectively Hardware Stack areas When you debug the program with AVR Studio you may see if these strings are overwritten and consequently modify the Data Stack Size using the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu command When your program runs correctly you may disable the placement of the strings in order to reduce code size The Heap is a memory area located between the Hardware Stack and the SRAM end It is used by the memory allocation functions from the Standard Library malloc calloc realloc and free The Heap size must be specifie
22. arg1 arg2 outputs formatted text using putchar according to the format specifiers in the fmtstr string The format specifier string fmtstr is constant and must be located in FLASH memory The implementation of printf is a reduced version of the standard C function This was necessary due to the specific needs of an embedded system and because the full implementation would require a large amount of FLASH memory space SS SSS ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 113 CodeVisionAVR es TTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTTNTNTTNTNTNTNTNNTNNNTTNTNTNTNTNNNTTNTNTNTNTNTNNYNTNTNTNTNYTNTNNVNNNNNNVNN gt gt gt _ The format specifier string has the following structure flags width precision l type_ char The optional flags characters are left justifies the result padding on the right with spaces If it s not present the result will be right justified padded on the left with zeros or spaces signed conversion results will always begin with a or sign if the value isn t negative the conversion result will begin with a space If the value is negative then it will begin with a sign The optional width specifier sets the minimal width of an output value If the result of the conversion is wider than the field width the field will be expanded to accommodate the result so not to cause field truncation The following width specifiers are supported n at least n characters are outputted If the result has le
23. char display buffer 33 void main void int t0 tl initialize the LCD 2 rows by 16 columns led_init 16 initialize the I c bus i2e init initialize the DS1621 sensor with address 0 tlow 20 C thigh 25 C dsl621 init 0 20 25 0 ET 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 143 CodeVisionAVR initialize the DS1621 sensor with address 1 tlow 30 C thigh 35 C ds1621 init 1 30 35 0 temperature display loop while 1 read the temperature of DS1621 0 10 C tO dsl621 temperature 10 0 read the temperature of DS1621 1 10 C tl dsl621 temperature 10 1 prepare the displayed temperatures in the display buffer sprintf display buffer t0O S i uScC nt1l S i uScc t0 10 abs t0 10 Oxdf t1 10 abs t1 10 Oxdf display the temperatures lcd_clear lcd _ puts display buffer 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 144 CodeVisionAVR 4 12 3 Philips PCF8563 Real Time Clock Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the PCF8563 I C bus real time clock RTC The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file pef8563 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The I C bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the pcf8563 h Prior to include ing the
24. e The FLASH memory buffer e The EEPROM memory buffer You can Load or Save the contents of these buffers using the File menu Supported file formats are e Atmel rom and eep e Intel HEX e Binary bin After loading a file in the corresponding buffer the Start and End addresses are updated accordingly You may also edit these addresses if you wish The contents of the FLASH respectively EEPROM buffers can be displayed and edited using the Edit FLASH respectively Edit EEPROM menu commands When one of these commands is invoked an Edit window displaying the corresponding buffer contents will open Ma Edit FLASH Buffer BE EI keys xO xl x20 gA FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF SCC Coo Coo Cor Cor e5 xB ow l oD FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FF
25. parameter e RTC_CLKOUT_OFF disables the generation of pulses on the PCF8563 CLKOUT output RTC_CLKOUT_1 generates 1Hz pulses on the PCF8563 CLKOUT output RTC_CLKOUT_32 generates 32Hz pulses on the PCF8563 CLKOUT output RTC_CLKOUT_1024 generates 1024Hz pulses on the PCF8563 CLKOUT output RTC_CLKOUT_32768 generates 32768Hz pulses on the PCF8563 CLKOUT output The timer_ctrl parameter specifies the initialization value for the PCF8563 Timer Control register The pcf8563 h header file defines the following macros which allow the easy setting of the timer_ctrl parameter RTC_TIMER_OFF disables the PCF8563 Timer countdown RTC_TIMER_CLK_1_60 sets the PCF8563 Timer countdown clock frequency to 1 60Hz RTC_TIMER_CLK_1 sets the PCF8563 Timer countdown clock frequency to 1Hz RTC_TIMER_CLK_64 sets the PCF8563 Timer countdown clock frequency to 64Hz RTC_TIMER_CLK_4096 sets the PCF8563 Timer countdown clock frequency to 4096Hz Refer to the PCF8563 data sheet for more information SS ss s 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 145 CodeVisionAVR NT ee ee eee eee ee unsigned char rtc_read unsigned char address this function reads the byte stored in a PCF8563 register at address void rtc_write unsigned char address unsigned char data this function stores the byte data in the PCF8583 register at address unsigned char rtc_get_time unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char se
26. 2005 Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L all rights reserved The author of the program wishes to thank Mr Jack Tidwell for his great help in the implementation of floating point routines and to Mr Yuri G Salov for his excellent work in improving the Mathematical Functions Library and beta testing CodeVisionAVR T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 8 CodeVisionAVR mmm 2 CodeVisionAVR Integrated Development Environment 2 1 Working with Files Using the CodeVisionAVR IDE you can view and edit any text file used or produced by the C compiler or assembler 2 1 1 Creating a New File You can create a new source file using the File New menu command or by pressing the Create new file button on the toolbar A dialog box appears in which you must select File Type Source and press the Ok button b Create New File x File Type Source C Project A new editor window appears for the newly created file The new file has the name untitled c You can save this file under a new name using the File Save As menu command ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 9 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 2 Opening an Existing File You can open an existing file using the File Open menu command or by pressing the Open file button on the toolbar An Open dialog window appears Open 71x Look in amp Ds1820 H wl c Ds1820 File name Ds1 820 l i Files of type Ic Compiler files c h Cancel Y
27. 3 Making the Project cc cceeeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeaeeeseeaaeeeseeaeeeseeaeeeeeenaneeeeeas 41 2 2 6 Closing a Projeto scrierii iriri ron ie ei ee aa i eaten 45 2S TOOS ere eae ee eda ea sane uaa tales acne Saale ads ane ade E i EE T E TET E EEE 46 2 3 1 The AVR Studio DeDUQGE eresiaren ieaie cud ced sa A AAEE teeter anne 46 2 3 2 The AVR Chip Programmer siccaavesdeteevetiaciaviadicivstecttavvtitea haitavetecea vs aucaa eed avetecaasbleee 47 2 3 3 The Serial Communication Terminal 0 cccccescecceeeeceeeeeeeneeeeeecneeeeeeneeeeeeeneeeeeenaeeeeeeaas 51 2 3 4 Executing User Programs csi secccsvstestannd hued ieii uote ben E aA AA AEREAS 52 2 3 4 1 Configuring the Tools M Nu ecceeeeeeeeeeneeee eee etneeeee tees ee eaeeeeeeaeeeeeeenaeeeeseneeeeneaas 52 2 4 IDE Seting S xiii eek cia i neni ih eee EEEE ih ae bean 54 2 4 1 The View Menu cece terre ee ett eee tne ee ee ieee ene e eer ae ee ee naaeee ee naeeeeeeaaeeeseeaeeeseenaeeeeeaes 54 2 42 Configuring thes EJHO c cenecneniceninenrin iiini an tele elder eelteaad E ANE 55 2 4 3 Configuring the Assembler cee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeaeeeseeaaeeeeeeaeeeeeeenaeeeseenaeeeeeas 56 2 4 4 Setting the Debugger Path 0 00 0 eee eeeeteee ee etne ee ee eaeee erences eeeaeeeeesceeeeeeiaeeeeseneeeeseaes 57 2 4 5 AVR Chip Programmer Setul ccccccccceeeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeseeeaeeaeeeeeeeeeseesenieeeeeeeenees 58 2 4 6 Serial Communi
28. 30 byte s Global variables area E0h to 155h Global variables size 118 byte s Hardware Stack area 156h to 25Fh Hardware Stack size 266 byte s Heap size 0 byte s EEPROM usage 0 byte s 0 0 of EEPROM 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 39 CodeVisionAVR Eventual compilation errors and or warnings will be listed in the Message window located under the Editor window or in the Navigator window Warning C CVAYRYEXAMPLES D51820 ds1820 c 1 268 global symbol ds1620_set_alarm declared but never used 3 10 Insert By double clicking on the error or warning message the line with the problem will be highlighted The size of the Message window can be modified using the horizontal slider bar placed between it and the Editor window X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 40 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 5 3 Making the Project To make the Project you must use the Project Make menu command press the Shift F9 keys or press the Make button of the toolbar The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler will be executed producing an assembler source file with the asm extension The compilation process can be stopped using the Project Stop Compilation menu command or by pressing the Stop Compilation button on the toolbar Eventual compilation errors and or warnings will be listed in the Message window located under the Editor window or in the Navigator window Warning C CVAVR EXAMPLES DS1620 ds1620 c 1
29. A RETI assembly instruction is placed at the end of the interrupt function Interrupt functions can t return a value nor have parameters You must also set the corresponding bits in the peripheral control registers to configure the interrupt system and enable the interrupts The automatic saving and restoring of registers affected by the interrupt handler can be turned on or off using the pragma savereg directive Example Turn registers saving off pragma savereg interrupt handler interrupt 1 void my_irqg void now save only the registers that are affected by the routines in the interrupt handler for example R30 R31 and SREG asm push r30 push r31 in r30 SREG push r30 endasm place the C code here X ssas now restore SREG R31 and R30 asm pop r30 out SREG r30 pop r31 pop r30 endasm pe nable register saving for the other interrupts pragma saveregt SS SSS eee SS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 96 CodeVisionAVR mmmmmmmmmmmmmm m The default state is automatic saving of registers during interrupts The pragma savereg directive is maintained only for compatibility with versions of the compiler prior to V1 24 1 This directive is not recommended for new projects T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 97 CodeVisionAVR 3 16 SRAM Memory Organization A compiled program has the following memory map Working Register
30. A match e Compare Match B Interrupt specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 0 compare B match e Timer Value specifies the initial value of timer counter 0 at startup e Compare A specifies the initial value of timer counter O output compare A register e Compare B specifies the initial value of timer counter 0 output compare B register X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 185 CodeVisionAVR If timer counter 0 interrupts are used the following interrupt service routines may be defined by the CodeWizardAVR e timer0_ovf_isr for timer counter overflow e timer0_compa_isr for timer counter output compare A match e timer0_compb _isr for timer counter output compare B match You must note that depending of the used AVR chip some of these options may not be present For more information you must consult the corresponding Atmel data sheet amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C 1Wire 2Wire 2c LCD BitBanged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Pors External IRQ Timers USARTI Clock Source en Clock Value Timer1 Stopped Mode Normaltop FFFFh Out A Discon y Out B Discon y Out C Discon Input Capt T Noise Cancel Interrupt on E Timer 1 Overflow 4 Value fo h Comp A J0 h B 0 h e h By selecting the Timer 1 tab you can have the following options Clock Source specifies the timer counter 1 clock pulse sou
31. Current list boxes determine the threshold levels for the regular charge respectively regular discharge currents setting the values for the CADRCC respectively CADRDC registers used for generating the Regular Current Interrupt _ 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 198 CodeVisionAVR The Atmega406 datasheet may be consulted for more details about the Coulomb Counter 5 11 Setting the SPI Interface By selecting the SPI tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the SPI interface configuration amp CodewizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip External SRAM Ports PE Resesessssesessosscsssosei MV SPIEnabled M SPI Interrupt l Clock Ratex2 Clock Phase SPI Clock Rate Cycle Half 1000 000 kHz Cycle Start 250 000 kHz Clock Polarity C 62 500 kHz Low C 31 250 kHz C High SPI Type Data Order Slave MSB First C Master C LSB First Checking the SPI Enabled check box enables the on chip SPI interface If you want to generate interrupts upon completion of a SPI transfer then you must check the SPI Interrupt check box You have the possibility to specify the following parameters e SPI Clock Rate used for the serial transfer Clock Phase the position of the SCK strobe signal edge relative to the data bit Clock Polarity low o
32. _search 0xec alarm_rom_codes e Refer to the DS1820 DS18S20 data sheet for more information i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 160 CodeVisionAVR 4 14 2 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS18B20 Temperature Sensor Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS18B20 1 Wire bus temperature sensor The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds18b20 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The 1 Wire bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds18b20 h Prior to include ing the ds18b20 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bit are used for communication with the DS18B20 through the 1 Wire bus Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS18B20 functions prototypes include lt ds18b20 h gt The DS18B20 functions are unsigned char ds18b20_read_spd unsigned char addr this function reads the contents of the SPD for the DS18B20 sensor with the ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr The functions returns the value 1 on succes and 0 in case of error If only one DS18B20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 The contents of the SPD will be stored in the structure
33. about the watchdog timer you must consult the Atmel data sheet for the chip that you use _ 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 189 CodeVisionAVR 5 6 Setting the UART or USART By selecting the UART tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the UART configuration amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C 1 Wire LCD Bit Banged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports ExtemalIRQ Timers UART VV Receiver iV Rx Interrupt Receiver Buffer fe zi M Transmiter M Tx Interrupt Transmitter Buffer fe A Baud rate 9600 v Baud Rate Error 0 2 Communication Parameters E Data 1 Stop No Parity Checking the Receiver check box activates the UART receiver The receiver can function in the following modes e polled the Rx Interrupt check box isn t checked e interrupt driven circular buffer the Rx Interrupt check box is checked In the interrupt driven mode you can specify the size of the circular buffer using the Receiver Buffer spinedit box Checking the Transmitter check box activates the UART transmitter The transmitter can function in the following modes e polled the Tx Interrupt check box isn t checked e interrupt driven circular buffer the Tx Interrupt check box is checked In the interrupt driven mode you can specify the size of the circular buffer using the Transmitter Buffer spinedit box The communication Baud rate can be specif
34. and pin_change_isr1 for PCINT8 15 SS Ss SSS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 184 CodeVisionAVR Sa 5 5 Setting the Timers Counters By selecting the Timers tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the timers counters configuration A number of Timer tabs will be displayed according to the AVR chip type CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp xi File Help Analog Comparator ADC 2C 1 Wire Bit Banged Project Information Chip Pors ExternalIRQ Timers Timer Watchdog Clock Source System Clock Clock Value Timer0 Stopped Mode Normaltop FFh H Outp A Disconnected Ff Outp B Disconnected FF T Overflow Interrupt l Compare Match A Interrupt l Compare Match B Interrupt TimerYalue 0 h Compare A fo h Compare B J0 h By selecting the Timer 0 tab you can have the following options e Clock Source specifies the timer counter 0 clock pulse source e Clock Value specifies the timer counter 0 clock frequency e Mode specifies if the timer counter 0 functioning mode e Outp A specifies the function of the timer counter 0 compare A output and depends of the functioning mode e Outp B specifies the function of the timer counter 0 compare B output and depends of the functioning mode e Overflow Interrupt specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 0 overflow e Compare Match A Interrupt specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 0 compare
35. be opened in the editor By clicking on a file and then pressing the Remove button you will remove this file from the project The project s file compilation order can be changed by clicking on a file and moving it up respectively down using the Move Up respectively Move Down buttons Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons When creating a project with multiple files the following rules must be preserved e only C files must be added to the project s Files list e there s no need to include the C files from the Files list as they will be automatically linked e data type definitions and function declarations must be placed in header H files that will be include ed as necessary in the C files e global variables declarations must be placed in the C files where necessary e there s no need to declare global variables that are not static in header H files because if these files will be include ed more than once the compiler will issue errors about variable redeclarations 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 23 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 4 2 Setting the C Compiler Options To set the C compiler options for the currently opened project you must use the Project Configure menu command A Configure Project tabbed dialog window will open You must select the C Compiler and Code Generation tabs a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make
36. be outputted to the right of the decimal point The precision specifier has no effect on the c conversion type character The optional l input size modifier specifies that the function argument must be treated as a long int for the i d u x X conversion type characters The type_char conversion type character is used to specify the way the function argument will be treated The following conversion type characters are supported i the function argument is a signed decimal integer d the function argument is a signed decimal integer u the function argument is an unsigned decimal integer e the function argument is a float that will be outputted using the d dddddd e dd format E the function argument is a float that will be outputted using the d dddddd E dd format f the function argument is a float that will be outputted using the ddd dddddd format X the function argument is an unsigned hexadecimal integer that will be outputted with lowercase characters X the function argument is an unsigned hexadecimal integer that will be outputted with with uppercase characters c the function argument is a single character s the function argument is a pointer to a null terminated char string located in SRAM 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 114 CodeVisionAVR p the function argument is a pointer to a null terminated char string located in FL
37. binary operator are of different types then the compiler will convert one of the operands into the type of the other The compiler uses the following rules If either of the operands is of type float then the other operand is converted to the same type If either of the operands is of type long int or unsigned long int then the other operand is converted to the same type Otherwise if either of the operands is of type int or unsigned int then the other operand is converted to the same type Thus char type or unsigned char type gets the lowest priority Using casting you can change these rules Example void main void int a c long b The long integer variable b will be treated here as an integer c at int b It is important to note that if the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Promote char to int option isn t checked or the pragma promotechart isn t used the char respectively unsigned char type operands are not automatically promoted to int respectively unsigned int as in compilers targeted for 16 or 32 bit CPUs This helps writing more size and speed efficient code for an 8 bit CPU like the AVR To prevent overflow on 8 bit addition or multiplication casting may be required The compiler issues warnings in these situations Example void main void unsigned char a 30 unsigned char b 128 unsigned int c This will generate an incorrect result because the multiplication is do
38. connections to the AT90S8515 AD7896 AT9S8515 DIP40 1 Vin 2 Vref 5V 3 AGND 20 GND 4 SCLK 8 SCK 5 SDATA 7 MISO 6 DGND 20 GND 7 CONVST 2 PBI 8 BUSY 1 PBO Use an 2x16 alphanumeric LCD connected to PORTC as follows LCD AT90S8515 DIP40 1 GND 20 GND 2 5V 40 VCC 3 VLC 4 RS 21 PCO 5 RD 22 PCI 6 EN 23 PC2 11 D4 25 PC4 12 D5 26 PCS 13 D6 27 PCE 14 D7 28 PC7 SSS SSS SSS SS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 170 CodeVisionAVR asm equ _ lcd _port 0x15 endasm include lt lcd h gt LCD driver routines include lt spi h gt SPI driver routine include lt 90s8515 h gt include lt stdio h gt include lt delay h gt AD7896 reference voltage mV define VREF 5000L AD7896 control signals PORTB bit allocation define ADC_BUSY PINB 0O define NCONVST PORTB 1 LCD display buffer char lcd_buffer 33 unsigned read_adc void unsigned result start conversion in mode 1 high sampling performance NCONVST 0 NCONVST 1 wait for the conversion to complete while ADC BUSY read the MSB using SPI result unsigned spi 0 lt lt 8 read the LSB using SPI and combine with MSB result spi 0 calculate the voltage in mv result unsigned unsigned long result VREF 4096L return the measured voltage return result void main void initialize PORTB P
39. conversion results from this array 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 195 CodeVisionAVR For some chips like the Atmega169V L there is also the possibility to disable the digital input buffers on the inputs used by the ADC thus reducing the power consumption of the chip CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help USI USARTO Analog Comparator LCD Controller Bit Banged Chip Ports ADC spi 12c External IRQ Timers Project Information 1Wire LCD V ADC Enabled Use amp bits M ADC Interrupt M High Speed M ADC Noise Canceler Volt Ref AREF pin ADC Clock fi 25 000 kHz Auto Trigger Source None Automatically Scan Inputs T Enabled Disable Digital Input Buffers VW ww Vv wv Ww Iv Oe ee A oe oe xe This is accomplished by checking the corresponding Disable Digital Input Buffers check boxes If the Automatically Scan Inputs option is enabled then the corresponding digital input buffers are automatically disabled for the ADC inputs in the scan range 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 196 CodeVisionAVR SS 5 9 Setting the ATmega406 Voltage Reference Some AVR chips like the Atmega406 contain a low power precision bang gap voltage reference which can be configured by selecting the Voltage Reference tab of the CodeWizardAVR CodeWizardA R untitled cwp x File Help 2
40. delay times within the network The duration of the propagation time segment must be twice the sum of the signal propagation time on the bus line the input comparator delay and the output driver delay 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 212 CodeVisionAVR NN SSS The Re Sync Jump Width list box allows for compensation of phase shifts between clock oscillators of different bus controllers by controller re synchronization on any relevant signal edge of the current transmission The Phase Segment 1 and Phase Segment 2 list boxes allow for compensation of phase edge errors The Sample Point s list box allows selecting the number of times 1 or 3 the bus is sampled The CAN Timer Clock Period list box allows selecting the period of the CAN timer clock pulses The CAN Baud Rate is calculated based on the durations of the CAN System Clock Propagation Time Segment Phase Segment 1 and Phase Segment 2 parameters If the CAN Baud Rate value is correct it s value is displayed in black color otherwise it is displayed in red and must be corrected by modifying the above mentioned parameters SS SS ee sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 213 CodeVisionAVR 5 17 Setting the ATmega169 329 3290 649 6490 LCD Controller By selecting the LCD Controller tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify t
41. eee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 115 CodeVisionAVR void vsnprintf char str unsigned char size char flash fmtstr va_list argptr for the TINY memory model void vsnprintf char str unsigned int size char flash fmtstr va_list argptr for the other memory models this function is identical to vsprintf except that at most size including the null terminator characters are placed in the character string str char gets char str unsigned char len inputs using getchar the character string str terminated by the new line character The new line character will be replaced with 0 The maximum length of the string is len If len characters were read without encountering the new line character then the string is terminated with 0 and the function ends The function returns a pointer to str signed char scanf char flash fmtstr arg1 address arg2 address formatted text input by scanning using getchar a series of input fields according to the format specifiers in the fmtstr string The format specifier string fmtstr is constant and must be located in FLASH memory The implementation of scanf is a reduced version of the standard C function This was necessary due to the specific needs of an embedded system and because the full implementation would require a large amount of FLASH memory space The format specifier string has the following structure 6 width l type_ char The optional width specifier sets the m
42. fi ZA l ATmegal69 CKDIV8 Fuse Warning The Delay Multiplier value can be increased in case of programming problems on very fast machines Of course this will increase overall programming time The Atmega169 CKDIV8 Fuse Warning check box if checked will enable the generation of a warning that further low voltage serial programming will be impossible for the Atmega169 Engineering Samples if the CKDIV8 fuse will be programmed to 0 For usual Atmega169 chips this check box must be left unchecked _ SS SSS eee eee eee ee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 58 CodeVisionAVR The STK500 AVRISP and AVRProg programmers use the RS232C serial communication port which can be specified using the Communication Port list box Programmer Settings Ea AVR Chip Programmer Type Atmel STKS500 AVRISP Communication Port com l ATmegal69 CKDIV8 Fuse Warning xX Cancel The Atmel AVRISP MkII uses the USB connection for communication with the PC Usage of this programmer requires the Atmel s AVR Studio V4 12 or later software to be installed on the PC Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 59 CodeVisionAVR 2 4 6 Serial Communication Terminal Setup The serial communication Terminal is configured using the Settings Terminal menu command Terminal Settings x Part com x Handshaking 5 Appearance orn v fe Hon
43. h fw Some AVR devices allow the AD conversion to be triggered by an event which can be selected using the Auto Trigger Source list box If you want to generate interrupts when the ADC finishes the conversion then you must check the ADC Interrupt check box If ADC interrupts are used you have the possibility to enable the following functions e by checking the ADC Noise Canceler check box the chip is placed in idle mode during the conversion process thus reducing the noise induced on the ADC by the chip s digital circuitry e by checking the Automatically Scan Inputs Enabled check box the CodeWizardAVR will generate code to scan an ADC input domain and put the results in an array The start respectively the end of the domain are specified using the First Input respectively the Last Input spinedit boxes If the automatic inputs scanning is disabled then a single analog digital conversion can be executed using the function unsigned int read_adc unsigned char adc_input This function will return the analog digital conversion result for the input adc_input The input numbering starts from 0 If interrupts are enabled the above function will use an additional interrupt service routine adc_isr This routine will store the conversion result in the adc_data global variable If the automatic inputs scanning is enabled the adc_isr service routine will store the conversion results in the adc_data global array The user program must read the
44. in the Edit window J Fill Memory Block Xx Start Address fo h End Address FF h Fill Value fo h X Cancel This window lets you specify the Start Address End Address and Fill Value of the memory area to be filled If you wish to check the chip s signature before any operation you must use the Check Signature option To speed up the programming process you can uncheck the Check Erasure check box In this case there will be no verification of the correctness of the FLASH erasure The Preserve EEPROM checkbox allows preserving the contents of the EEPROM during chip erasure To speed up the programming process you also can uncheck the Verify check box In this case there will be no verification of the correctness of the FLASH and EEPROM programming For erasing a chip s FLASH and EEPROM you must select the Program Erase menu command After erasure the chip s FLASH and EEPROM are automatically blank checked For simple blank checking you must use the Program Blank Check menu command If you wish to program the FLASH with the contents of the FLASH buffer you must use the Program FLASH menu command For programming the EEPROM you must use the Program EEPROM menu command After programming the FLASH and EEPROM are automatically verified To program the Lock respectively the Fuse Bit s you must use the Program Fuse Bit s respectively Program Lock Bits menu commands The Program All menu command allows to au
45. interrupt driven buffered communication UARTO USARTO will use the following variables rx_buffer0 rx_wr_index0 rx_rd_index0 rx_counter0 rx_buffer_overflow0 tx_buffer0 tx_wr_index0 tx_rd_index0 tx_counter0 The UART1 USART1 will use the putchar1 and getchar1 functions In case of interrupt driven buffered communication VART1 USART 1 will use the following variables rx_buffer1 rx_wr_index1 rx_rd_index1 rx_counter1 rx_buffer_overflow1 tx_buffer1 tx_wr_index1 tx_rd_index1 tx_counter 1 All serial I O using functions declared in stdio h will be done using UARTO USARTO 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 192 CodeVisionAVR 5 7 Setting the Analog Comparator By selecting the Analog Comparator tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the analog comparator configuration amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp Ed File Help apc sPi izc 1Wire Lcd LCD Controller BitBanged Project Information Chip Pors ExtemaliRa Timers Us USART i V Analog Comparator Enabled Vv Bandgap Voltage Reference V Input Multiplexer V Analog Comparator Input Capture V Analog Comparator Interrupt Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode Interrupt on Output Toggle Interrupt on Falling Output Edge Interrupt on Rising Output Edge V Disable Digital Input Buffer on AINO V Disable Digital Input Buffer on AIN1 Checking the Analog Comparator Enabled check box enables the on chip analog
46. of Variables to REQiSters ce ceecieeen rescence eeeneeeeeeeaeeeeeetaeeeeeenaeeeeeeneeeeneeaas 78 Sif ACS MUCUS a aces saz E ven ace ib eee ve Gude averse cee deed ee eed eee seven eee 79 3 70 UNIONS iste a ntees elle React etd edt Ate ate Aetna vette 82 3 76 EMUMERAUONS iii ieceil veccess vedeedea dol evadec ii vagsiiecie ith betednidi vagy deiesds bio eosiear nies 84 3 7 7 Global Variables Memory Map File eessassssnsseernanssrnnnsiennannannantennannannnaeennaannannantennaanaanaaeen 85 3 8 Defining Data Types 0 ect cence etter eee ne ee eet untk ee tees erent reer eaaeeeeesaeeeeeeaeeeeeenaeeeeeseineeeeeaes 85 3 9 Type COnVersiOns ites ioe ieee eee ieee ee i ee A 86 oad 10 0 1 0 Ee E ee 87 3 11 Funto eaen ET EREE EEEE E 88 CNPA aa o e S Packs cea A E E E E N E N ta E 89 3 13 Accessing the VO Registers cccccceecccteceedecteeeeedeneseedacaaeseedecheesecdeneseedaaeeeeecsetesendaettesedeneensdees 92 3 13 1 Bit level access to the I O ReQiSters eee cece eeeenneeeeeeneeeeeeaeeeeeeaeeeeeeeaeeeeeenaeeeeeeaas 94 3 14 Accessing the EEPROM cniri sinna E a lgeaedevad ee ease eae eel ee ee ee ee 95 3 15 USING INtSMmUptSiei casuteceeviedebvetcecaavit lec lavetieciavelitecaavetaalaveliidiaeiids Ave tieaavs elaine ee avetens 96 3 16 SRAM Memory Organization 0 cccceeceeee ee eene reer eeie ee eee ener ee eaeeeeeeaeeeeescaeeeseecaeeeesenaeeeseeaes 98 3 17 Using an External Startup File ccc ciccsecceiteeeatieeeteanst
47. pcf8563 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the PCF8563 through the I C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _bit 4 endasm now you can include the PCF8563 Functions include lt pcf8563 h gt The PCF8563 Functions are void rtc_init unsigned char ctrl2 unsigned char clkout unsigned char timer_ctrl this function initializes the PCF8563 chip Before calling this function the C bus must be initialized by calling the i2c_init function This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other PCF8563 Functions Only one PCF8583 chip can be connected to the 1 C bus The ctrl2 parameter specifies the initialization value for the PCF8563 Control Status 2 register The pcf8563 h header file defines the following macros which allow the easy setting of the ctrl2 parameter e RTC_TIE_ON sets the Control Status 2 register bit TIE to 1 e RTC_AIE_ON sets the Control Status 2 register bit AIE to 1 e RTC_TP_ON sets the Control Status 2 register bit TI TP to 1 These macros can be combined using the operator in order to set more bits to 1 The clkout parameter specifies the initialization value for the PCF8563 CLKOUT Frequency register The pef8563 h header file defines the following macros which allow the easy setting of the clkout
48. project file Save C Compiler Project File 1x Save in S Exampes O iS fai C_asm CI Therm 5 Ds1820 9 Thermlied Eeprom Keypad Leddemo Led Max1241 Spi File name test J Save as type Projectiles pri Cancel Selecting the File Exit menu option allows you to exit the CodeWizardAVR without generating any program files By selecting the Help menu option you can see the help topic that corresponds to the current CodeWizardAVR configuration menu eS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 177 CodeVisionAVR 5 1 Setting the AVR Chip Options By selecting the Chip tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can set the AVR chip options CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp File Help ExternalIRQ Timers UART Analog Comparator ADC SPI jic 1 Wire LCD Bit Banged Project Information gocescescceccoceseesocsccesececseceseoos Chip External SRAM Ports m S Chip ATmega103 Clock 4 000000 JA MHz M Crystal Oscillator Divider Enabled Crystal Oscillator Divider 2 z I Check Reset Source The chip type can be specified using the Chip list box The chip clock frequency in MHz can be specified using the Clock spinedit box For the AVR chips that contain a crystal oscillator divider a supplementary Crystal Oscillator Divider Enabled check box is visible This check box allows you to enable or disable the crystal oscillator divider If the crystal oscillator is en
49. radians float tan float x returns the tangent of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in radians float sinh float x returns the hyperbolic sine of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in radians float cosh float x returns the hyperbolic cosine of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in radians float tanh float x returns the hyperbolic tangent of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in radians float asin float x returns the arc sine of the floating point number x in the range PI 2 to PI 2 x must be in the range 1 to 1 float acos float x returns the arc cosine of the floating point number x in the range 0 to PI x must be in the range 1 to 1 float atan float x returns the arc tangent of the floating point number x in the range PI 2 to PI 2 float atan2 float y float x returns the arc tangent of the floating point numbers y x in the range PI to PI i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 121 CodeVisionAVR 4 5 String Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file string h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The string manipulation functions were extended to handle strings located both in SRAM and FLASH memories char strcat char str1 char str2 concatenate the string str2 to the end of the string str1 char strcatf char
50. s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2430_read unsigned char romcode unsigned char addr unsigned char data this function reads a byte from the DS2430 EEPROM memory address addr and stores it in the SRAM memory location pointed by data It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2430_write_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char source unsigned char addr unsigned char size this function writes a block of size bytes from the string source located in SRAM in the DS2430 EEPROM starting from memory address addr It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2430_write unsigned char romcode unsigned char addr unsigned char data this function writes the byte data at DS2430 EEPROM memory address addr It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode _ SS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 164 CodeVisionAVR unsigned char ds2430_read_appreg_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char dest unsigned char addr unsigned char size this function reads a block of size bytes starting from the DS2430 application register address addr and stor
51. steed Sa ancvevs E ET diene sats adevexs O denese 122 4 6 Variable Length Argument Lists Macros ccecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeaaeeeseeaeeeeeeaeeeenenaeeeeneaas 127 4 7 Non local Jump FUNCTIONS 00 2 cece cee eec cece cece cece ee ee ce eter eee eeeaaeaeeeeeeeeeeecaeaeeeeeeesesenecenaeeeeeeeeteees 128 4 8 BCD Conversion FUNCIONS ceceucciiesetivesseediladiy nected a AR AAR AAE 129 4 9 Gray Code Conversion FUNCTIONS ceceeeeeeneeeeeeene ee eeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeaaeeeeeeaeeeeeeiaeeeseeiaeeeeeeaes 129 4 10 Memory ACCESS FUNCTIONS iii acie ask ceeded envi weave eset teenie 130 4 11 LOD FUN ction 00 ee eee eeeee eee enn e etter ee enna ee eeneaeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeaaeeeseeaeeeseedaeeeeseaaeeeeneieeeeseiaes 131 4 11 1 LCD Functions for displays with up to 2x40 characters 0 ccececeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeneeneeteees 131 4 11 2 LCD Functions for displays with 4x40 characters 00 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeenaeeeeeeenaees 134 4 11 3 LCD Functions for displays connected in 8 bit memory mapped mode 08 136 4 12 IC Bus FUnCHONS eee eee eee an eam nee ne emer en Tne er er ene ene 138 4 12 1 National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor Functions seseceeeeeeees 140 4 12 2 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat Functions 142 4 12 3 Philips PCF8563 Real Time Clock FUNCtIONS ccccecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeesetsentnaeeeeees 145 4 12 4 Philips PCF8
52. str The number is represented as a mantissa with a specified number of decimals and an integer power of 10 exponent e g 12 35e 5 float atof char str converts the characters from string str to floating point int rand void generates a pseudo random number between 0 and 32767 void srand int seed sets the starting value seed used by the pseudo random number generator in the rand function 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 117 CodeVisionAVR void malloc unsigned int size allocates a memory block in the heap with the length of size bytes On success the function returns a pointer to the start of the memory block the block being filled with zeroes The allocated memory block occupies size 4 bytes in the heap This must be taken into account when specifying the Heap size in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu If there wasn t enough contiguous free memory in the heap to allocate the function returns a null pointer void calloc unsigned int num unsigned int size allocates a memory block in the heap for an array of num elements each element having the size length On success the function returns a pointer to the start of the memory block the block b
53. strtok with NULL as the first parameter will work through the string str1 until no more tokens remain When there are no more tokens strtok will return a NULL pointer unsigned char strlen char str for the TINY memory model returns the length of the string str in the range 0 255 excluding the null terminator unsigned int strlen char str for the SMALL memory model returns the length of the string str in the range 0 65535 excluding the null terminator unsigned int strlenf char flash str returns the length of the string str located in FLASH excluding the null terminator 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 124 CodeVisionAVR C void memcpy void dest void src unsigned char n for the TINY memory model void memcpy void dest void src unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Copies n bytes from src to dest dest must not overlap src else use memmove Returns a pointer to dest void memcpyf void dest void flash src unsigned char n for the TINY memory model void memcpyf void dest void flash src unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Copies n bytes from src located in FLASH to dest Returns a pointer to dest void memccpy void dest void src char c unsigned char n for the TINY memory model void memccpy void dest void src char c unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Copies at most n bytes from src to dest until the character c is copied dest must not o
54. the string str located in SRAM that doesn t match a character from the string set located in FLASH If all characters from set are in str returns the length of str unsigned char strcspn char str char set searches the string str for the first occurrence of a character from the string set If there is a match returns the index of the character in str If there are no matching characters returns the length of str unsigned char strcspnf char str char flash set searches the string str for the first occurrence of a character from the string set located in FLASH If there is a match returns the index of the character in str If there are no matching characters returns the length of str char strpbrk char str char set searches the string str for the first occurrence of a char from the string set If there is a match returns a pointer to the character in str If there are no matching characters returns a NULL pointer SSS SS SSS eee ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 123 CodeVisionAVR s char strpbrkf char str char flash set searches the string str located in SRAM for the first occurrence of a char from the string set located in FLASH If there is a match returns a pointer to the character in str If there are no matching characters returns a NULL pointer char strrpbrk char str char set searches the string str for the last occurrence of a character from the string set If there is a match retu
55. unsigned char isqrt unsigned int x returns the square root of the unsigned integer x unsigned int Isqrt unsigned long x returns the square root of the unsigned long integer x float sqrt float x returns the square root of the positive floating point number x float floor float x returns the smallest integer value of the floating point number x float ceil float x returns the largest integer value of the floating point number x float fmod float x float y returns the remainder of x divided by y float modf float x float ipart splits the floating point number x into integer and fractional components The fractional part of x is returned as a signed floating point number The integer part is stored as floating point number at ipart float Idexp float x int expn returns x 2 float frexp float x int expn returns the mantissa and exponent of the floating point number x float exp float x returns e float log float x returns the natural logarithm of the floating point number x SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 120 CodeVisionAVR _________________ _o__HHM__oHHH_______________ float log10 float x returns the base 10 logarithm of the floating point number x float pow float x float y returns x float sin float x returns the sine of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in radians float cos float x returns the cosine of the floating point number x where the angle is expressed in
56. used for compatibility with projects created with versions of CodeVisionAVR prior to V1 0 2 2 where the Project Configure C Compiler Global define option was enabled It signals the compiler that macros are globally visible in all the program modules of a project This directive must be placed in beginning of the first source file of the project By default this directive is not active so macros are visible only in the program module where they are defined 3 2 Comments The character string marks the beginning of a comment The end of the comment is marked with Example This is a comment This is a multiple line comment One line comments may be also defined by using the string Example This is also a comment Nested comments are not allowed T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 70 CodeVisionAVR 3 3 Reserved Keywords Following is a list of keywords reserved by the compiler These can not be used as identifier names break bit case char const continue default defined do double eeprom else enum extern flash float for funcused goto if inline int interrupt long register return short signed sizeof sfrb sfrw static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 71 CodeVisionAVR 3 4 Identifiers An identifier is the name you give to a variable function label or other object An identifi
57. variables to registers can be turned on or off using the pragma regalloc directive The default state is determined by the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Automatic Register Allocation check box Example the following global variable will be automatically allocated to a register pragma regalloct unsigned char alfa the following global variable will not be automatically allocated to a register and will be placed in normal SRAM pragma regalloc unsigned char beta The ANSI char to int operands promotion can be turned on or off using the pragma promotechar directive Example turn on the ANSI char to int promotion pragma promotechart turn off the ANSI char to int promotion pragma promotechar This option can also be specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Promote char to int menu Treating char by default as an unsigned 8 bit can be turned on or off using the pragma uchar directive Example char will be unsigned by default pragma uchart char will be signed by default pragma uchar This option can also be specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation char is unsigned menu sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 69 CodeVisionAVR The pragma library directive is used for specifying the necessity to compile link a specific library file Example pragma library mylib lib The pragma glbdef directive is
58. will not be used then the Heap size must be specified as zero Eventually you may also specify the External SRAM Size in case the microcontroller have external SRAM memory connected The External SRAM Wait State option enables the insertion of wait states during access to the external SRAM This is useful when using slow memory devices ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 26 CodeVisionAVR If an Atmel AT94K05 AT94K10 AT94K20 or AT94K40 FPSLIC device will be used than there will be the possibility to specify the Program SRAM size in Kwords Pi Configure Project MULTFILE PRJ x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths SRAM Chi JAT94K E Data Stack Size fi 024 bytes 14 0 MH lil k Heap Size jo bytes Memory Model Program SRAM size 10 Kwords Sman zl Data SRAM size 16288 bytes Optimize for Size z Code Generation Optimization Level Bit Variables size 16 Y Maximal x Promote chartoint JV charis unsigned V 8 bit enumsl Enhanced Core Instructions JV Smart Register Allocation JV Automatic Register Allocation s printt Features IV Word Align FLASH Struct Members fint width 7 Use an External Startup Initialization File s scanf Features J Stack End Markers fint width x File Output Format s coF ROM HEX EEP x Cancel Help The maximu size of the global bit variables which are placed
59. 0 sensor with the ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr The functions returns the value 1 on succes and 0 in case of error If only one DS1820 DS18S20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 The contents of the SPD will be stored in the structure struct _ds1820 scratch pad struct unsigned char temp_lsb temp_msb temp high temp_ low resl res2 cnt_rem cnt_c CEG _ ds1820_scratch_pad defined in the ds1820 h header file int ds1820_temperature_10 unsigned char addr this function returns the temperature of the DS1820 DS18S20 sensor with the ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr The temperature is measured in C and is multiplied by 10 In case of error the function returns the value 9999 If only one DS1820 DS18S20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 EE EE EE SS _ _______cSE eee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 157 CodeVisionAVR C If several sensors are used then the program must first identify the ROM codes for all the sensors Only after that the ds1820_temperature_10 function may be used with the addr pointer pointing to the array which holds the ROM code for the needed device Example include lt 90s8515 h gt specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS1820 DS18S20 funct
60. 0000 0b0001111 0b0000011 0b0000101 0b0001001 0b0010000 0b0100000 0b1000000 function used to define user characters void define char byte flash pc byte char_code byte i a a char_code lt lt 3 0x40 for i 0 i lt 8 i lcd_write byte at pct t TS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 132 CodeVisionAVR void main void initialize the LCD for 2 lines amp 16 columns lcd_init 16 define user character 0 define char char0 0 switch to writing in Display RAM led_gotoxy 0 0 lcd_putsf User char 0 display used defined char 0 lcd_putchar 0 while 1 loop forever unsigned char Icd_read_byte unsigned char addr reads a byte from the LCD character generator or display RAM The high level LCD Functions are unsigned char Icd_init unsigned char Icd_columns initializes the LCD module clears the display and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 The numbers of columns of the LCD must be specified e g 16 No cursor is displayed The function returns 1 if the LCD module is detected and 0 if it is not This is the first function that must be called before using the other high level LCD Functions void Icd_clear void clears the LCD and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 void Icd_gotoxy unsigned char x unsigned char y sets the current display position at column x and row y T
61. 1 99L flash long long int _constant2 0x10000000 flash int integer arrayl 1 2 3 The first two elements will be 1 and 2 the rest will be 0 flash int integer array2 10 1 2 flash int multidim_array 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 flash char string constantl This is a string constant const char string constant2 This is also a string constant Constants can t be declared inside functions _ Es 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 73 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 Variables Program variables can be global accessible to all the functions in the program or local accessible only inside the function they are declared If not specifically initialized the global variables are automatically set to 0 at program startup The local variables are not automatically initialized on function call The syntax is lt storage modifier gt lt type definition gt lt identifier gt Example Global variables declaration char a int b and initialization long c 1111111 void main void Local variables declaration char d int e and initialization long 22222222 Variables can be grouped in arrays which can have up to 8 dimensions The first element of the array has always the index 0 If not specifically initialized the elements of global variable arrays are automatically set to 0 at program startup Example All the elements of the array wi
62. 1621_set_status unsigned char chip unsigned char data this function sets the contents of the configuration status register of the DS1621 with address chip Refer to the DS1621 data sheet for more information about this register ESS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 142 CodeVisionAVR r void ds1621_start unsigned char chip this functions exits the DS1621 with address chip from the power down mode and starts the temperature measurements and the thermostat void ds1621_stop unsigned char chip this functions enters the DS1621 with address chip in power down mode and stops the temperature measurements and the thermostat int ds1621_temperature_10 unsigned char chip this function returns the temperature of the DS1621 sensor with the address chip The temperature is in C and is multiplied by 10 Example how to display the temperature of two DS1621 sensors with addresses 0 and 1 the DS1621 I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c_port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ _ scl bit 4 endasm include the DS1621 Functions include lt ds1621 h gt the LCD module is connected to PORTC asm equ _ lcd _port 0x15 endasm include the LCD Functions include lt lcd h gt include the prototype for sprintf include lt stdio h gt include the prototype for abs include lt math h gt
63. 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 146 CodeVisionAVR EE void rtc_alarm_off void this function disables the RTC alarm function void rtc_alarm_on void this function enables the RTC alarm function void rtc_get_alarm unsigned char date unsigned char hour unsigned char min this function returns the alarm time and date of the RTC The date hour and min pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of date hour and minutes void rtc_set_alarm unsigned char date unsigned char hour unsigned char min this function sets the alarm time and date of the RTC The date hour and min parameters represent the values of date hours and minutes If date is set to 0 then this parameter will be ignored After calling this function the alarm will be turned off It must be enabled using the rtc_alarm_on function void rtc_set_timer unsigned char val this function sets the countdown value of the PCF8563 Timer 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 147 CodeVisionAVR 4 12 4 Philips PCF8583 Real Time Clock Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the PCF8583 C bus real time clock RTC The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file pef8583 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The I C bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the pcf8583 h Prior to include in
64. 28 global symbol ds1620_set_alarm declared but never used By double clicking on the error or warning message the line with the problem will be highlighted If no errors were encountered then the Atmel AVR assembler AVRASM32 will be executed obtaining the output file type specified in Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 41 CodeVisionAVR After the make process is completed an Information window will open showing the compilation results Pressing the Compiler tab will display compilation results i Information x Compiler Assembler Programmer Chip AT9058515 Memory model Small Optimize for Size s printf features int width s scanf features int width Promote char to int No char is unsigned Yes 8 bit enums Yes Automatic register allacation On 2471 linefs compiled No errors No warnings Bit variables size 0 byte s Data Stack area 60h to DFh Data Stack size 128 byte s Estimated Data Stack usage 30 byte s Global variables area E0h to 155h Global variables size 118 byte s Hardware Stack area 156h to 25Fh Hardware Stack size 266 byte s Heap size 0 byte s EEPROM usage 0 byte s 0 0 of EEPROM Program size 1385 words 33 8 of FLASH ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 42 CodeVisionAVR Pressing the Assembler tab will display assembly results i Information x Compiler Ass
65. 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports ExternalIRQ Timers USARTO USARTI senssescenesscsssensensens Reccvceesceccessesceecessed Clock Source System Clock Clock Value Timer2 Stopped Mode Normaltop FFh x Output Disconnected x T OverlowlIRQ Compare Match IRQ Timer Value j0 h Compare 0 h By selecting the Timer 2 tab you can have the following options Clock Source specifies the timer counter 2 clock pulse source Clock Value specifies the timer counter 2 clock frequency Mode specifies if the timer counter 2 functioning mode Output specifies the function of the timer counter 2 output and depends of the functioning mode Overflow IRQ specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 2 overflow Compare Match IRQ specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 2 compare match e Timer Value specifies the initial value of timer counter 2 at startup e Compare specifies the initial value of timer counter 2 output compare register ee SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 187 CodeVisionAVR If timer counter 2 interrupts are used the following interrupt service routines may be defined by the CodeWizardAVR e timer2_ovf_isr for timer counter overflow e timer2_comp_isr for timer counter output compare match You must note that depending of the used AVR chip some of these options may not be present For more information you must co
66. 583 Real Time Clock FUNCtIONS 0 eccccecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeseeeceeenaeeeeees 148 4 12 5 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1307 Real Time Clock Functions 0 c ceseee 151 4 13 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 Real Time Clock Functions 153 4 1421 Wire Protocol FUNCUONS sorsas irnia an E EREA EE AAEE 155 4 14 1 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors Functions 157 4 14 2 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS18B20 Temperature Sensor Functions 05 161 4 14 3 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 EEPROM Functions 164 4 14 4 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS2433 EEPROM Functions cccccceecceeeeeeeeeeeeees 167 4 15 SPI UN CHOWN asec sca ees scene eee venice eda oa vocal AEE ipe keetane ee betand eeeevie Ukesiateeeenieenerevdig 170 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 5 CodeVisionAVR 4 16 Power Management FunctionS ssssesssrrsseernessannantennananannnntennaanannaatennaanannaaeennnaanannaaeen nannan 173 4 17 Delay FUnCUONS cenean oa diet aa rather tied N EE 174 5 CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator ccccescecessseceeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeesseneeenseeeeeeenseeneeenss 175 5 1 Setting the AVR Chip Option ives feiisccctacecneachevneeodeaeeiccctavacs E Ea aaa EREE EEEa eai 178 5 2 Setting the External SRAM 00 cece nee iree renee ee tne eee sete esse tees ee teeeeetiieeeeeetneeeeeaa 180 5 3 Setting the Input Output Ports 2 0 00 cceececeeece cece eeeeeece eee ce
67. 5us 7 Re Syne Jump Width oi25us Phase Segment 1 o125us x Phase Segment 2 o125us F Sample Point s hoo CAN Timer Clock Period 1 000us The AVR chip s CAN interface can be enabled by checking the CAN Enabled check box The Interrupts list box allows enabling disabling the following interrupts generated by the CAN controller e CAN Timer Overrun interrupt serviced by the can_timer_isr function e General Errors bit error stuff error CRC error form error acknowledge error interrupt serviced by the can_isr function Frame Buffer full interrupt serviced by the can_isr function MOb Errors interrupt serviced by the can_isr function Transmit completed OK interrupt serviced by the can_isr function Receive completed OK interrupt serviced by the can_isr function Bus Off interrupt serviced by the can_isr function All interrupts except Timer Overrun serviced by the can_isr function The Enable MOb Registers list box allows for individual enabling disabling of the CAN Message Object registers The Enable MOb Interrupts list box allows for enabling disabling the interrupts generated by individual Message Object registers The Highest Interrupt Priority MOb list box allows selecting the Message Object register that has the highest interrupt priority The CAN System Clock list box allows selecting the frequency of the CAN controller system clock The Propagation Time Segment list box allows for compensation of physical
68. 6 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 5 Setting the DS1307 devices If you use the DS1307 RTC you must select the DS1307 tab and check the DS1307 Enabled check box amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI 2C 12C Port PORTA SDA Bit 0 SCL Bit 1 Square Wawe Outpu M Enabled Enabled our a The DS1307 device is accessed through the Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1307 Real Time Clock Functions In case the square wave signal output is disabled the state of the SQW OUT pin can be specified using the OUT list box ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 207 CodeVisionAVR By checking the Square Wave Output Enabled check box a square wave signal will be available on the DS1307 s SQW OUT pin The frequency of the square wave can be selected using the Freq list box amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExemalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C 2C Port PORTA SDA Bit 0 SCL Bit 1 gececesecsecceseseseesesese Receseeseessenssssensennen Square Wawe Outpu M Enabled M Enabled Freq 1 Hz 1998 2007 HP InfoTe
69. 8 CodeVisionAVR You must specify the new Project file name and its location Create New Project 1x Save in S Exampes O YC iS fai C_asm OTherm 5 Ds1820 OThermled Eeprom Keypad Leddemo Led Maxl 241 Spi File name test J Save as type Projectiles pri Cancel The Project file will have the prj extension You can configure the Project by using the Project Configure menu command 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 19 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 2 Opening an Existing Project You can open an existing Project file using the File Open menu command or by pressing the Open file button on the toolbar An Open dialog window appears Open 21x Look in Smuitie O wl c Multtile File name Multfle Files of type Projectiles pri Cancel You must select the file name of the Project you wish to open By pressing the Open button you will open the Project file and its source file s You can configure the Project by using the Project Configure menu command 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 20 CodeVisionAVR mmmmmm SSS 2 2 3 Adding Notes or Comments to the Project With every Project the CodeVisionAVR IDE creates a text file where you can place notes and comments You can access this file using the Project Notes or Windows menu commands j Project Notes Multfile prj This file can be edited using the standard Editor commands The file is
70. ASH the character will be outputted void sprintf char str char flash fmtstr arg1 arg2 this function is identical to printf except that the formatted text is placed in the null terminated character string str void snprintf char str unsigned char size char flash fmtstr arg1 arg2 for the TINY memory model void snprintf char str unsigned int size char flash fmtstr arg1 arg2 for the other memory models this function is identical to sprintf except that at most size including the null terminator characters are placed in the character string str In order to reduce program code size there is the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation s printf features option It allows linking different versions of the printf and sprintf functions with only the features that are really required by the program The following s printf features are available e int the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X no width or precision specifiers are supported only the and flags are supported no input size modifiers are supported e int width the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width specifier is supported the precision specifier is not supported only the 0 and flags are supported no input size modifiers are supported e long wid
71. B O input from AD7896 BUSY output to AD7896 CONVST amp PB 3 inputs LT output SPI SS pin input input SPI MISO PB 7 output to AD7896 SCLK DDRB 0x92 initialize the SPI in master mode no interrupts MSB first clock phase negative SCK low when idle clock phase 0 SCK f xtal 4 SPCR 0x54 the AD7896 will work in mode 1 high sampling performance CONVST 1 SCLK 0 w w w wW OUnbeNEe TT U T U U w 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 171 CodeVisionAVR PORTB 2 initialize the LCD lced_init 16 led_putsf AD7896 SPI bus nVoltmeter delay _ms 2000 lcd_clear read and display the ADC input voltage while 1 sprintf lcd_buffer Uadc s4umv read_adc lced_clear lcd_puts lcd_buffer delay _ms 100 i ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 172 CodeVisionAVR 4 16 Power Management Functions The Power Management Functions are intended for putting the AVR chip in one of its low power consumption modes The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file sleep h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The Power Management Functions are void sleep_enable void this function enables entering the low power consumption modes void sleep_disable void this function disables entering the low power consumption modes It is used to disable accidental enterin
72. BO2 1 B11 1 B12 1 C BO1 0 BO2 1 f B11 0B12 1 C BO1 0 B02 0 C B11 0B12 0 BOl 1 B02 0 B11 1 B12 0 zl IV Check Signature V Check Erasure Preserve EEPROM IV Verify You can select the type of the chip you wish to program using the Chip combo box The Chip Clock spin edit allows to specify the clock frequency of the AVR chip to be programmed The duration of the SCK programming pulses will be set accordingly for the Atmel STK500 AVRISP and AVRISP MkII programmers If the chip you have selected has Fuse Bit s that may be programmed then a supplementary Program Fuse Bit s check box will appear If it is checked than the chip s Fuse Bit s will be programmed when the Program All menu command is executed or when the Program All button is pressed 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 47 CodeVisionAVR The Fuse Bit s can set various chip options which are described in the Atmel data sheets If a Fuse Bit s check box is checked then the corresponding fuse bit will be set to 0 the fuse being considered as programmed as per the convention from the Atmel data sheets If a Fuse Bits s check box is not checked then the corresponding fuse bit will be set to 1 the fuse being considered as not programmed If you wish to protect your program from copying you must select the corresponding option using the FLASH Lock Bits radio box The Programmer has two memory buffers
73. CodeVisionAVR VERSION 1 25 3 HP InfoTech User Manual CodeVisionAVR SSS CodeVisionAVR V1 25 3 User Manual Revision 38 1 2007 Copyright 1998 2007 Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced in any form except by written permission of the author All rights of translation reserved ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 1 CodeVisionAVR Table of Contents Table of Contents srci ania AEEA n AAAA aAa RR 2 1 IntroductioN ecremsenrn a ees teteveysrenieverneetieesdetbeaaiearieiieedineees 8 2 CodeVisionAVR Integrated Development Environment sssssssssssserennnnnnnnnnnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn ennn 9 21 Working With PIGS sii teste ini nei nee en ed ee 9 2 1 1 Creating a New File eee ee eeee eee ener teeter ee eeee ater eecaaeeeseeaeeeeeeeaeeeseeaeeeseeaeeeseeieeeseaes 9 2 1 2 Opening an Existing Fil ve iisceciiicccis ited eee enced ced cand eles ced vied 10 2 123 Files FISO ssiadcevencccaaeeddaceveentecaepheGlecag vid dacevvetiacaavvt E hl aeeavveeeveotiees 10 2 14 Editing a Filesi ini aani a aaa ai aaia aai aaa rea a a 11 21o Saving EPIC esossoiioi ai A AE EA E ET 12 2V6 Renaming a File ait bes coca an a AN E E O OOOO ES 12 21 Printing aRile eraen a N wha ate 13 2 1 8 Closing a File eee 14 2 1 9 Using the Navigatol ciccaciinidish nec eaenideeniadieai nical ain waniniais 15 2 1 10 Using Code Templates c ccc inere eet e erties ee eieeeeeeaeee
74. FF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF mm n a A e a a N a a N m a a A a a a x xB xC xD xE FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF xF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF ee ee ee re ya The buffer s contents at the highlighted address can be edited by pressing the F2 key and typing in the new value The edited value is saved by pressing the Tab or arrow keys The highlighted address can be modified using the arrow Tab Shift Tab PageUp or PageDown 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 48 CodeVisionAVR The Fill Memory Block window can be opened by right clicking
75. M This file must be located in the directory where your main C source file resides You can write your own STARTUP ASM file to customize or add some features to your program The code sequences from this file will be immediately executed after the chip reset A basic STARTUP ASM file is supplied with the compiler distribution and is located in the BIN directory Here s the content of this file CodeVisionAVR C Compiler C 1998 2005 Pavel Haiduc HP InfoTech s r l EXAMPLE STARTUP FILE FOR CodeVisionAVR V1 24 1 OR LATER EQU _ CLEAR START 0X60 START ADDRESS OF SRAM AREA TO CLEAR SET THIS ADDRESS TO 0X100 FOR THE ATmegal28 OR ATmega6 4 CHIPS EQU _ CLEAR SIZE 256 7 SIZE OF SRAM AREA TO CLEAR IN BYTES CLI DISABLE INTERRUPTS CIR R30 OUT EECR R30 DISABLE EEPROM ACCESS DISABLE THE WATCHDOG LDI R31 0x18 OUT WDTCR R31 OUT WDTCR R30 OUT MCUCR R30 MCUCR 0 NO EXTERNAL SRAM ACCESS CLEAR R2 R14 LDI R24 13 LDI R26 2 CLR R27 __CLEAR_REG ST X R30 DEC R24 BRNE CLEAR REG SS sess ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 100 CodeVisionAVR 7CLEAR SRAM LDI R24 LOW CLEAR SIZE LDI R25 HIGH CLEAR SIZE LDI R26 LOW CLEAR START LDI R27 HIGH CLEAR STA
76. MV Accumulate Current Interrupt IM Regular Current Interrupt IV Instantaneous Current Interrupt Regular Charge Current Rs 5 mohm 53 5 m Regular Discharge Current Rs 5 mohm 53 5 m Checking the Coulomb Counter Enabled check box enables the Coulomb Counter Sigma Delta ADC The Accumulate Current Conversion Time list box specifies the conversion time for the Accumulate Current output The Regular Current Detection Mode check box specifies that the Coulomb Counter will repeatedly do one instantaneous current conversion before it is turned of for a timing interval specified by the Sampling Interval list box The interval selected using the above mentioned list box includes a sampling time having a typical value of 16ms The Accumulate Current Interrupt check box enable the generation of an interrupt after the accumulate current conversion has completed This interrupt is serviced by the ccadc_acc_isr ISR The Regular Current Interrupt check box enable the generation of an interrupt when the absolute value of the result of the last AD conversion is greater or equal to the values of the CADRCC and CADRDC registers This interrupt is serviced by the ccadc_reg_cur_isr ISR The Instantaneous Current Interrupt check box enables the generation of an interrupt when an instantaneous current conversion has completed This interrupt is serviced by the ccadc_conv_isr ISR The Regular Charge Current respectively Regular Discharge
77. PCF8583 SRAM When writing to the SRAM the user must take in account that locations at addresses 10h and 11h are used for storing the current year value unsigned char rtc_get_status unsigned char chip this function returns the value of the PCF8583 control status register By calling this function the global variables __rtc_status and __rtc_alarm are automatically updated The __rtc_status variable holds the value of the PCF8583 control status register The __rtc_alarm variable takes the value 1 if an RTC alarm occurred ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 148 CodeVisionAVR void rtc_get_time unsigned char chip unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec unsigned char hsec this function returns the current time measured by the RTC The hour min sec and hsec pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of hour minutes seconds and hundreds of a second Example asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _bit 4 endasm include lt pcf8583 h gt void main void unsigned char h m s hs initialize the I c bus izo init initialize the RTC 0 no dated alarm rtc_init 0 0 read time from RTC 0 rtc_get_time 0 amp h amp m amp s amp hs void rtc_set_time unsigned char chip unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec unsigned char hsec this function sets the current time of the RTC The hour min sec and hsec paramet
78. Page 16 CodeVisionAVR _mmmmm m 2 1 11 Using Clipboard History The Clipboard History window allows viewing and accessing text fragments that were recently copied to the clipboard Code Templates Clipboard History 4 if a b c 5 printf Hello world By right clicking in the Clipboard History window you can open a pop up menu with the following choices e Copy to the Edit Window the currently selected text fragment from the Clipboard History window e Delete the currently selected text fragment from the list e Delete All the text fragments from the list 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 17 CodeVisionAVR ee mmm SS 2 2 Working with Projects The Project groups the source file s and compiler settings that you use for building a particular program 2 2 1 Creating a New Project You can create a new Project using the File New menu command or by pressing the Create new file button on the toolbar A dialog box appears in which you must select File Type Project and press the OK button b Create New File x File Type C Source Project xX Cancel A dialog will open asking you to confirm if you would like to use the CodeWizardAVR to create the new project 9 You are aboutto create a new project Do you want to use the CodeWizardAVR If you select No then the Create New Project dialog window will open 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 1
79. R internal EEPROM is accomplished using global variables preceded by the keyword eeprom Example T The value 1 is stored in the eeprom int alfa 1 eeprom char beta eeprom long arrayl 5 T The string is stored in the eeprom char string Hello void main void int i Pointer to EEPROM int eeprom ptr to eeprom Write directly the value 0x55 to alfa 0x55 or indirectly by using a pointer ptr_to_eeprom alfa ptr_ to _eeprom 0x55 Read directly the value from the i alfa or indirectly by using a pointer i ptr_to_eeprom Pointers to the EEPROM always use 16 bits EPROM during chip programming EPROM during chip programming the EEPROM EEPROM ay 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 95 CodeVisionAVR 3 15 Using Interrupts The access to the AVR interrupt system is implemented with the interrupt keyword Example Vector numbers are for the AT90S8515 Called automatically on external interrupt interrupt 2 void external intO void Place your code here Called automatically on TIMERO overflow interrupt 8 void timer0 overflow void Place your code here Interrupt vector numbers start with 1 The compiler will automatically save the affected registers when calling the interrupt functions and restore them back on exit
80. RT CLEAR SRAM ST X R30 SBIW R24 1 BRNE CLEAR SRAM GLOBAL VARIABLES INITIALIZATION LDI R30 LOW GLOBAL INI TBL 2 LDI R31 HIGH GLOBAL INI TBL 2 GLOBAL INI NEXT LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R24 RO LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R25 RO SBIW R24 0 BREQ GLOBAL INI END LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R26 RO LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R27 RO0 LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R1 RO LPM ADIW R30 1 MOV R22 R30 MOV R23 R31 MOV R31 RO MOV R30 R1 GLOBAL INI_LOOP ADIW R30 1 ST X RO SBIW R24 1 BRNE _ GLOBAL INI_LOOP MOV R30 R22 MOV R31 R23 RJMP GLOBAL INI_NEXT _ GLOBAL INI END The _CLEAR_START and __CLEAR_SIZE constants can be changed to specify which area of SRAM to clear at program initialization The __ GLOBAL_INI_TBL label must be located at the start of a table containing the information necessary to initialize the global variables located in SRAM This table is automatically generated by the compiler 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 101 CodeVisionAVR 3 18 Including Assembly Language in Your Program You can include assembly language anywhere in your program using the asm and endasm directives Example void delay unsigned char i while i Assembly language code sequence asm nop nop endasm e Inline assembly may also be used Example asm Ssei enable interrupts The registers RO R1 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R30 and R31 can be freely
81. RTA of the AT90S8515 as follows DS2433 STK200 PORTA HEADER 1 GND 9 GND 2 DATA 7 PA6 All the devices must be connected in parallel AN 4 7k PULLUP RESISTOR MUST BE CONNECTED BETWEEN DATA PA6 AND 5V ee asm equ _ wl port 0xlb equ _ wl bit 6 endasm test the DS2433 functions include lt ds2433 h gt include lt 90s8515 h gt include lt stdio h gt DS2433 devices ROM code storage area 9 bytes are used for each device see the wl search function description but only the first 8 bytes contain the ROM code and CRC define MAX DEVICES 8 unsigned char rom code MAX DEVICES 9 char text This is a long text to be able to test writing across the scratchpad boundary char buffer 100 define START ADDR 2 main unsigned char i devices init UART UCR 8 UBRR 25 Baud 9600 4MHz detect how many 1 Wire devices are present on the bus devices wl search 0xF0 amp rom_code 0 0 printf S u 1 Wire devices found n r devices i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 168 CodeVisionAVR for i 0 i lt devices i make sure to select only the DS2433 types 0x23 is the DS2433 family code if rom_code i 0 DS2433_ FAMILY CODE printf n r write text in each DS2433 at START ADDR if ds2433 write block amp rom_code i 0 text START ADDR sizeof text p
82. Register 16 31 tree branches The AVR chip PC SP X Y Z registers and status flags can be viewed in the Workspace I O window in the Processor tree branch The contents of the FLASH SRAM and EEPROM memories can be viewed using the View Memory menu command or by pressing the Alt 4 keys The I O registers can be viewed in the Workspace I O window in the I O branch To obtain more information about using AVR Studio please consult it s Help system SSS ss eee eee ee ee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 108 CodeVisionAVR 3 21 Hints In order to decrease code size and improve the execution speed you must apply the following rules e f possible use unsigned variables e Use the smallest data type possible i e bit and unsigned char e The size of the bit variables allocated to the program in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Bit Variables Size list box should be as low as possible in order to free registers for allocation to other global variables e f possible use the TINY memory model e Always store constant strings in FLASH by using the flash keyword e After finishing debugging your program compile it again with the Stack End Markers option disabled 3 22 Limitations This version of the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has the following limitations e arrays of structures or unions can have only one dimension e for the EVALUATION version the size of the compiled code is limited e the Philips PCF8563 Ph
83. S1302 Functions If the tc_on parameter is set to 1 then the DS1302 s trickle charge function is enabled The diodes parameter specifies the number of diodes used when the trickle charge function is enabled This parameter can take the value 1 or 2 The res parameter specifies the value of the trickle charge resistor e 0 for no resistor e 1 fora 2kQ resistor e 2 fora 4kQ resistor e 3 fora 8kQ resistor Refer to the DS1302 data sheet for more information unsigned char ds1302_read unsigned char addr this function reads a byte stored at address addr in the DS1302 registers or SRAM void ds1302_write unsigned char addr unsigned char data this function stores the byte data at address addr in the DS1302 registers or SRAM void rtc_get_time unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec this function returns the current time measured by the RTC The hour min and sec pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of hours minutes and seconds SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 153 CodeVisionAVR u Example asm equ _ ds1302_port 0x18 equ _ qds1302_io 3 equ _ ds1302_sclk 4 equ _ ds1302_rst 5 endasm include lt ds1302 h gt void main void unsigned char h m s initialize the DS1302 RTC use trickle charge with 1 diode and 8K resistor rte init 1 1 3 7 read time from the DS1302 RTC rtc_get_ time amp h amp m amp s void rtc_set_time unsigne
84. SS s ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 66 CodeVisionAVR oOo There are the following predefined macros __CODEVISIONAVR__ the version and revision of the compiler represented as an integer example for V1 24 0 this will be 1240 __LINE__ the current line number of the compiled file __FILE__ the current compiled file __TIME__ the current time in hh mm ss format __DATE_ the current date in mmm dd yyyy format __ BUILD __ the build number _CHIP_ATXXXXX_ where ATXXXXxX is the chip type in uppercase letters specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Chip option _MCU_CLOCK_FREQUENCY_ the AVR clock frequency specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Clock option expressed as an integer in Hz _MODEL_TINY_ if the program is compiled using the TINY memory model _MODEL_SMALL_ if the program is compiled using the SMALL memory model _OPTIMIZE_SIZE_ if the program is compiled with optimization for size _OPTIMIZE_SPEED_ if the program is compiled with optimization for speed _ENHANCED_CORE_ if the program is compiled using the enhanced core instructions available in the new ATmega chips _HEAP_START_ the heap starting address _HEAP_SIZE_ the heap size specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Heap size option _UNSIGNED_CHAR_ if the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation char is unsigned compiler option is enabled or pragma uchar is used
85. TE voit fo x scikBth x RSTBitje x Trickle Charge MV Enabled Diodes f1 Charge Resistor None Using the Port list box you can specify which port is used for connecting with the DS1302 The I O Bit SCLK Bit and RST Bit list boxes allow you to specify which port bits are used for this The DS1302 s trickle charge function can be activated by checking the Trickle Charge Enabled check box The number of diodes respectively the charge resistor value can be specified using the Trickle Charge Diodes respectively Trickle Charge Resistors list boxes The DS1302 device is accessed through the Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 Real Time Clock Functions eS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 217 CodeVisionAVR 5 21 Specifying the Project Information By selecting the Project Information tab you can specify the information placed in the comment header located at the beginning of the C source file produced by CodeWizardAVR amp CodewizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI Chip ExterslSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI 2C 1Wie 2Wire 2c LcD Bit Banged Project Name Version Date Author Company Comments You can specify the Project Name Date Author Company and Comments T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 218 CodeVisionAVR A 6 License Agreement 6 1 Software License The use of Code
86. The generation of warning messages during compilation can be globaly enabled or disabled by using the Enable Warnings check box i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 30 CodeVisionAVR SS The Globally define tab allows to define macros that will be visible in all the project files For example a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths ABC 1234 X Cancel will be equivalent with placing the definition define ABC 1234 in each project file T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 31 CodeVisionAVR SS The Paths tabs allows to specify additional paths for include and library files These paths must be entered one per line in the appropriate edit controls a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths include paths one per line c cvayrine my_header_files Library paths one per line c evayrlib my_library_files X Cancel Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 32 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 4 3 Executing an User Specified Program before Make This option is available if you select the Before Make tab in the Project Configure window If you check the Execute User s Program option then a
87. VisionAVR indicates your understanding and acceptance of the following terms and conditions This license shall supersede any verbal or prior verbal or written statement or agreement to the contrary If you do not understand or accept these terms or your local regulations prohibit after sale license agreements or limited disclaimers you must cease and desist using this product immediately This product is Copyright 1998 2005 by Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L all rights reserved International copyright laws international treaties and all other applicable national or international laws protect this product This software product and documentation may not in whole or in part be copied photocopied translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from HP InfoTech S R L and according to all applicable laws The sole owners of this product are Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L 6 2 Liability Disclaimer This product and or license is provided as is without any representation or warranty of any kind either express or implied including without limitation any representations or endorsements regarding the use of the results of or performance of the product its appropriateness accuracy reliability or correctness The user and or licensee assume the entire risk as to the use of this product Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L do not assume liability for the use of this progr
88. abled you can specify the division ratio using the Crystal Oscillator Divider spinedit box For the AVR chips that allow the identification of the reset source a supplementary Check Reset Source check box is visible If it s checked then the CodeWizardAVR will generate code that allows identification of the conditions that caused the chip reset e 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 178 CodeVisionAVR For the AVR chips that allow self programming a supplementary Program Type list box is visible It allows to select the type of the generated code e Application e Boot Loader CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp ATmeqal 26 Application SSS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 179 CodeVisionAVR 5 2 Setting the External SRAM For the AVR chips that allow connection of external SRAM you can specify the size of this memory and wait state insertion by selecting the External SRAM tab CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp File Help ExternalIRQ Timers UART Analog Comparator ADC SPI jic 1 Wire LCD Bit Bange Project Information Hea E E Rscensssessensesssessessssssssanssossnssnsesssenees External SRAM size 32k T External SRAM Wait State The size of external SRAM can be specified using the External SRAM Size list box Additional wait states in accessing the external SRAM can be inserted by checking the External SRAM Wait State check box The MCUCR register in the startup initi
89. access to union members using a pointer dp data initialize the pointer with the union address dp gt word 0x1234 k dp gt lsb get the LSB of 0x1234 Because some AVR devices have a small amount of SRAM in order to keep the size of the Data Stack small it is recommended not to pass unions as function parameters and use pointers for this purpose Example include lt stdio h gt printf union alpha unsigned char lsb unsigned int word data define the function unsigned char low union alpha up return the LSB of word return up gt lsb void main void data word 0x1234 printf the LSB of x is 2x data word low amp data 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 82 CodeVisionAVR SSS Union members can be also declared as bit fields having a width from 1 to 32 Bit fields are allocated in the order of declaration starting from the least significant bit Example this union will occupy 1 byte in SRAM as the bit field data type is unsigned char union alphal unsigned char a l bit O unsigned char b 4 bits 0 3 unsigned char c 3 bits 0 2 this union will occupy 2 bytes in SRAM as the bit field data type is unsigned int union alpha2 unsigned int a 2 bits 0 1 unsigned int b 8 bits 0 7 unsigned int c 4 bits 0 3 bits 8 15 are not used J this union will occupy 4 bytes in SRAM as th
90. aced in EEPROM In order to store the pointer itself in other memory areas like FLASH or EEPROM the flash or eeprom pointer storage modifiers must be used as in the examples below Pointer stored in FLASH to a char string placed in SRAM char flash flash ptr to ram This string is placed in SRAM Pointer stored in FLASH to a char string placed in FLASH flash char flash flash _ptr_to_flash This string is placed in FLASH Pointer stored in FLASH to a char string placed in EEPROM eeprom char flash eeprom ptr to eeprom This string is placed in EEPROM Pointer stored in EEPROM to a char string placed in SRAM char eeprom eeprom ptr _to_ram This string is placed in SRAM ct f Pointer stored in EEPROM to a char string placed in FLASH flash char eeprom eeprom ptr_to flash This string is placed in FLASH Pointer stored in EEPROM to a char string placed in EEPROM eeprom char eeprom eeprom ptr _to_eeprom This string is placed in EEPROM ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 89 CodeVisionAVR on _______ses___ ____________ _____ In order to improve the code efficiency several memory models are implemented The TINY memory model uses 8 bits for storing pointers to the variables placed in SRAM In t
91. al bus unit This address must be specified in hexadecimal and will be used to initialize the bits 1 7 of the TWAR register Checking the General Call Recognition check box enables the recognition of the General Call given over the 2 Wire bus This check box will set the state of the TWGCE bit of the TWAR register The Bit Rate list box allows you to specify maximum frequency of the pulses on the SCL 2 Wire bus line It will affect the value of the TWBR register As both the receiver and transmitter may stretch the duration of the low period of the SCL line when waiting for response the frequency of the pulses may be lower than specified If the 2 Wire Interrupt check box is checked the 2 Wire interface will generate interrupts These interrupts will be serviced by the twi_isr function XX 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 211 CodeVisionAVR 5 16 Setting the CAN Controller By selecting the CAN tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the CAN interface configuration CodeWizardAy R untitled cwp x File Help Extemal IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI Analog Comparator ADC SPI 12C LCD BitBanged Project Information Chip External SRAM Parts twie 2Wie 2c COEN V CAN Enabled Baud Rate 1000 000 kHz Interrupts CAN TimerOverun Enable MOb Registers fr Mobo 4 Enable MOb Interrupts Mobo 4 Highest Interrupt Priority MOb MObO X CAN System Clock 8000 0 kHz gt Propagation Time Segment os2
92. alarm date of the RTC The day and month pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of date and month void rtc_set_alarm_date unsigned char chip unsigned char date unsigned char month this function sets the alarm date of the RTC eS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 150 CodeVisionAVR 4 12 5 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1307 Real Time Clock Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS1307 IC bus real time clock RTC The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds1307 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The C bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds1307 h Prior to include ing the ds1307 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the DS1307 through the C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _bit 4 endasm now you can include the DS1307 Functions include lt ds1307 h gt The DS1307 Functions are void rtc_init unsigned char rs unsigned char sqwe unsigned char out this function initializes the DS1307 chip Before calling this function the C bus must be initialized by calling the i2c_init function This is the first function that must be ca
93. alization code is configured automatically according to these settings 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 180 CodeVisionAVR For devices like the ATmega161 that allow splitting the external SRAM in two pages the External SRAM configuration window will look like this CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp File Help External IRQ Timers UARTO UARTI Analog Comparator SPI l2C 1 Wire LCD Bit Banged Project Information External SRAM size 32k External SRAM page configuration 0460h 1FFFh 2000h FFFFh Lower wait states Upper wait states fi riw arf v The External SRAM page configuration list box allows selection of the splitting address for the two external SRAM pages The wait states that are inserted during external SRAM access can be specified for the lower respectively upper memory pages using the Lower wait states respectively Upper wait states list boxes The MCUCR and EMCUCR registers in the startup initialization code are configured automatically according to these settings T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 181 CodeVisionAVR mI IEA 5 3 Setting the Input Output Ports By selecting the Ports tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the input output Ports configuration CodeWizardAYR untitled cwp File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI Analog Comparator ADC SPI jic 1Wie 2Wire 2c LcD
94. am Settings button you can modify the e Program Directory and File Name e Program Command Line Parameters e Program Working Directory amp User Program Settings x Program Directory and FileName E Command Line Parameters Working Directory es Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 37 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 5 Obtaining an Executable Program Obtaining an executable program requires the following steps 1 Compiling the Projects C source files using the CodeVisionAVR C Compiler and obtaining an assembler source file 2 Assembling the assembler source file using the Atmel AVR assembler AVRASM32 Compiling executes step 1 Making executes step 1 and 2 For large projects Compiling make take a considerable amount of time In this case it is advisable to first Check the Project for Syntax Errors which is much faster as no files are created during this process 2 2 5 1 Checking the Project for Syntax Errors To check all the Project s files for syntax errors you must use the Project Check Syntax menu command or press the Check Syntax button of the toolbar The checking process can be stopped using the Project Stop Compilation menu command or by pressing the Stop Compilation button on the toolbar Eventual compilation errors and or warnings will be listed in the Message window located under the Editor windo
95. am beyond the original purchase price of the software In no event will Pavel Haiduc or HP InfoTech S R L be liable for additional direct or indirect damages including any lost profits lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages arising from any defects or the use or inability to use these programs even if Pavel Haiduc or HP InfoTech S R L have been advised of the possibility of such damages 6 3 Restrictions You may not use copy modify translate or transfer the programs documentation or any copy except as expressly defined in this agreement You may not attempt to unlock or bypass any copy protection or authentication algorithm utilized by the program You may not remove or modify any copyright notice or the method by which it may be invoked 6 4 Operating License You have the non exclusive right to use the program only by a single person on a single computer at a time You may physically transfer the program from one computer to another provided that the program is used only by a single person on a single computer at a time In group projects where multiple persons will use the program you must purchase an individual license for each member of the group Use over a local area network within the same locale is permitted provided that only a single person on a single computer uses the program at a time Use over a wide area network outside the same locale is strictly prohibited under any and all circumstanc
96. automatically saved when you Close the Project or Quit the CodeVisionAVR program XX 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 21 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 4 Configuring the Project The Project can be configured using the Project Configure menu command or the Project Configure toolbar button 2 2 4 1 Adding or removing a File from the Project To add or remove a file from the currently opened project you must use the Project Configure menu command A Configure Project tabbed dialog window will open You must select the Files tab a Configure Project MULTFILE PRJ x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make C cvavrsEX4MPLES SMULTFILESMULTFILE PRJ D mainfile c Add file1 c file2 c file3 c B emaye T Edit File Name Move Up Move Down x Cancel Help By pressing the Add button you can add a source file to the project The first file added to the project is the main project file This file will always be Make ed The rest of the files added to the project will be automatically linked to the main project file on Make eS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 22 CodeVisionAVR Multiple files can be added by holding the Ctrl key when selecting in the Add File to Project dialog Add File To Project 1x File name file3 c file2 c file1 c Files of type Ic Compiler files c gt Cancel When the project is Open ed all project files will
97. aximal number of characters to read If the function encounters a whitespace character or one that cannot be converted then it will continue with the next input field if present The optional l input size modifier specifies that the function argument must be treated as a long int for the i d u x conversion type characters The type_char conversion type character is used to specify the way the input field will be processed The following conversion type characters are supported d inputs a signed decimal integer in a pointer to int argument i inputs a signed decimal integer in a pointer to int argument u inputs an unsigned decimal integer in a pointer to unsigned int argument x inputs an unsigned hexadecimal integer in a pointer to unsigned int argument c inputs an ASCII character in a pointer to char argument s inputs an ASCII character string in a pointer to char argument no input is done a is stored The function returns the number of successful entries or 1 on error signed char sscanf char str char flash fmtstr arg1 address arg2 address this function is identical to scanf except that the formatted text is inputted from the null terminated character string str located in SRAM In order to reduce program code size there is the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation s scanf features option It allows linking different versions of the scanf and sscanf functi
98. c this function returns the current time measured by the RTC The hour min and sec pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of hour minutes and seconds The function return the value 1 if the read values are correct If the function returns 0 then the chip supply voltage has dropped below the Vlow value and the time values are incorrect Example asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _bit 4 endasm include lt pcf8563 h gt void main void unsigned char ok h m s initialize the I c bus i2 init 7 initialize the RTC Timer interrupt enabled Alarm interrupt enabled CLKOUT frequency 1Hz Timer clock frequency 1Hz rtc_init RTC_TIE ON RTC_ATE ON RTC_CLKOUT_1 RTC_TIMER CLK _1 read time from the RTC ok rtc_get_time amp h amp m amp s void rtc_set_time unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec this function sets the current time of the RTC The hour min and sec parameters represent the values of hour minutes and seconds void rtc_get_date unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned year this function returns the current date measured by the RTC The date month and year pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of day month and year void rtc_set_date unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned year this function sets the current date of the RTC SSS SSS
99. c o 1 Wite 2 Wire 120 LCD Bit Banged Project Information Chip Ports ExtermalIRQ Timers ADC Voltage Reference Coulomb Counter Voltage Calibration fo x mi Temperature Gradient Adjustment TEISE SI Gye RTE Checking the Voltage Reference Enabled check box enables the precision voltage reference The Voltage Calibration list box allows for precision adjustment of the nominal value of the reference voltage in 2mV steps The Temperature Gradient Adjustment slider allows shifting the top of the Veer versus temperature curve to the center of the temperature range of interest thus minimizing the voltage drift in this range The Atmega406 datasheet may be consulted for more details _ SS eee EE Ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 197 CodeVisionAVR 5 10 Setting the ATmega406 Coulomb Counter The Atmega406 chip contains a dedicated Sigma Delta ADC optimized for Coulomb Counting to sample the charge or discharge current flowing through an external sense resistor Rs This ADC can be configured by selecting the Coulomb Counter tab of the CodeWizardAVR CodeWizardAy R untitled cwp x File Help 2c o 1 Wite 2 Wire 120 LCD Bit Banged Project Information Chip Parts External IRQ Timers copgoeesecosocseceogeseoagoesesecocsesseseen M Coulomb Counter Enabled Accumulate Current Conversion Time 125 7 ms V Regular Current Detection Mode Sampling Interval 266 v ms
100. cally transferred to the AVR chip using the built in Programmer software The following steps are executed automatically e Chip erasure FLASH and EEPROM blank check FLASH programming and verification EEPROM programming and verification Fuse and Lock Bits programming 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 34 CodeVisionAVR The Merge data from a ROM File for FLASH Programming option if checked will merge in the FLASH programming buffer the contents of the ROM file created by the compiler after Make with the data from the ROM file specified in ROM File Path This is useful for example when adding a boot loader executable compiled in another project to an application program that will be programmed in the FLASH memory You can select the type of the chip you wish to program using the Chip combo box If the chip you have selected has Fuse Bit s that may be programmed then a supplementary Program Fuse Bit s check box will appear If it is checked than the chip s Fuse Bit s will be programmed after Make The Fuse Bit s can set various chip options which are described in the Atmel data sheets If a Fuse Bit s check box is checked then the corresponding fuse bit will be set to 0 the fuse being considered as programmed as per the convention from the Atmel data sheets If a Fuse Bits s check box is not checked then the corresponding fuse bit will be set to 1 the fuse being considered as not program
101. can read its value in R26 using the instruction Id r26 y The b parameter was pushed before c so it is at a higher address in the Data Stack The function will read it using Idd r27 y 2 MSB and Idd r26 y 1 LSB The MSB was pushed first so it is at a higher address The a parameter was pushed before b so it is at a higher address in the Data Stack The function will read it using Idd r31 y 4 MSB and Idd r30 y 3 LSB The functions return their values in the registers from LSB to MSB e R30 for char and unsigned char e R30 R31 for int and unsigned int e R30 R31 R22 R23 for long and unsigned long So our function must return its result in the R30 R31 registers After the return from the function the compiler automatically generates code to reclaim the Data Stack space used by the function parameters The pragma warn compiler directive will prevent the compiler from generating a warning that the function does not return a value This is needed because the compiler does not know what it is done in the assembler portion of the function sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 103 CodeVisionAVR m 3 19 Creating Libraries In order to create your own libraries the following steps must be followed 1 Create a header h file with the prototypes of the library functions Select the File New menu command or press the New toolbar button The following dialog window will open b Create New File x File Type
102. cation Terminal Setup ccccccceceeeeeceeceeeeeeeseceneaeeeeeeeeesecenneeeeeeeeeeeee 60 2 9 ACCESSING the FAI pis iais sacisge esses eeetecen E Ancien ante aes 61 2 6 Transferring the License to another computer 0 0 2 eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee ee ee teteeeeetaeeeeetneeeeesnaeeeeeeae 61 2 7 Connecting to HP InfoTech s Web Site e cceeceeccssecesteneeeceeecneeeeenensueestaneeesenenaeceuhenseseenensaeeest 64 2 8 Contacting HP InfoTech by E Mail 0 cece eee ire renee erties ee eieee eee tieeeeetieeeerteeeeriae 64 2 9 Quitting the CodeViSIONAVR IDE t i 1 eal ene naib shea hie wha eines 64 3 CodeVisionAVR C Compiler Reference 2 cccccccceseesseeeceeeeeeeneeeeneeeeseeeseesseaneeseseeeeseaeeeeneeeesees 65 3 1 The Preprocessor sieisen a EANA A E A EEA EE A OE EREE a cetaarss 65 3 2 CONTO e a dhl aearieteaeet diet elaa Maeriet 70 3 3 Reserved Keywords ses iisirso an ecstatic NEATE aE EEA A heeds AS 71 S34 dente E nni o AAE EAE EE E EEE 72 370 Data TYPOS car E E N EENE OT AEE E O viene 72 _ sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 3 CodeVisionAVR Se CONSI neia ene Ter rere nrc re ricer err errr Terre trecticr crete trerrrt er crerererere terre errr eer ree 73 3 Maniables 2 iiiiicciides cet a elec a A eee dee ned ele eee 74 3 7 1 Specifying the SRAM Storage Address for Global Variables 2 c ecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 76 3 122 Bit VAN ADIOS econ e EE EEEE ae Tet eas en adie 76 3 7 3 Allocation
103. ce eeseeseceacaeeeeeeesesenceaeeeeeeesesennaaeeeeeess 182 5 4 Setting the External INtGMmUpts i c2cccecviedencanettecieviadiecevaeedecapetacas vhaddbet ve tateaa phd EAKA ANEAN 183 9 9 Setting the Timens COUNLCMS 5 i 6ie cc2 icc earetegccheny cet ANE cca peck teen deg ceca eee beeen nals 185 5 6 Setting the UART Of USART tecsestcenis siirnaestbecteeanayd needed tabernacle ee 190 5 7 Setting the Analog Comparator iccceetineeee tree eet eee tiee erties erties erties eetieeeereneeeeread 193 5 8 Setting the Analog Digital Converter 0 cccceeceeeeeeeeneeeeeeneeeee tates eeecaeeeeeeeaeeeeeenaeeeeeenaeeeenas 194 5 9 Setting the ATmega406 Voltage Reference eect etneeeeeeteneeeeetiieeeeeteeeeetieeeeeetneeeeee 197 5 10 Setting the ATmega406 Coulomb Counter eect eeneee ee etneeeeetecieeeeetiieeeeeteeeeesneeeee 198 5 11 Setting the SPI Interface eee ter nr ie eee eerie eee nieee ee tieeeeennieeeeetieeeeetaa 199 5 12 Setting the Universal Serial Interface USI eee teeeeeeeeeneee ee eeeeeee tees eeteeeeesaeeeeee 200 5 13 Setting the 2g Ocal U Lane ee ee Pena Te Te Pd nn eR ee 202 5 13 1 Setting the LMS davies cn errana a E TOERE 203 5 13 2 Setting the DSTE2TdovitES eroien aa acacia 204 5 13 3 Setting the PCF8563 devices aussseeerseessrrssirrresrsrredtinnssstsnnaatinaedrnnnadtannenndnaaatananaanannaa 205 5 13 4 Setting the PCF8583 deVICES ereracnccniioriii aiii ni REEE ER 206 5 13 5 Setting the DS1307 devices uassse
104. ch S R L Page 208 CodeVisionAVR 5 14 Setting the 1 Wire Bus By selecting the 1 Wire tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the 1 Wire bus configuration amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 Bit Banged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C A Wire 2Wire ac LcD 1 Wire Port PORTB Data Bit fo DS1820 DS1822 l Enabled Using the 1 Wire Port list box you can specify which port is used for the implementation of the 1 Wire bus The Data Bit list box allows you to specify which port bit the 1 Wire bus uses 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 209 CodeVisionAVR If you use the DS1820 DS18S20 temperature sensors you must check the DS1820 DS18S20 Enabled check box amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI BitBanged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C we 2Wire zc co z 1 Wire Port PORTB Data Bit fo D51820 D51822 M Enabled Multiple Devices If you use several DS1820 DS18S20 devices connected to the 1 Wire bus you must check the Multiple Devices check box Maximum 8 DS1820 DS18S20 devices can be connected to the bus The ROM codes for these devices will be stored in the ds1820_rom_codes array
105. comparator Checking the Bandgap Voltage Reference check box will connect an internal voltage reference to the analog comparator s positive input Checking the Input Multiplexer check box will connect the ADCs analog multiplexer to the analog comparator s negative input If you want to generate interrupts if the analog comparator s output changes state then you must check the Analog Comparator Interrupt check box The type of output change that triggers the interrupt can be specified in the Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode settings If the analog comparator s output is to be used for capturing the state of timer counter 1 then the Analog Comparator Input Capture check box must be checked The Disable Digital Input Buffer on AINO respectively Disable Digital Input Buffer on AIN1 check boxes if checked will deactivate the digital input buffers on the AINO respectively AIN1 pins thus reducing the power consumption of the chip The corresponding bits in the PIN registers will always read 0 in this case Some of this check boxes may not be present on all the AVR chips If the analog comparator interrupt is enabled the CodeWizardAVR will define the ana_comp_isr interrupt service routine _ 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 193 CodeVisionAVR 5 8 Setting the Analog Digital Converter Some AVR chips contain an analog digital converter ADC By selecting the ADC tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the ADC co
106. d char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec this function sets the current time of the RTC The hour min and sec parameters represent the values of hour minutes and seconds void rtc_get_date unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned char year this function returns the current date measured by the RTC The date month and year pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of date month and year void rtc_set_date unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned char year this function sets the current date of the RTC 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 154 CodeVisionAVR 4 14 1 Wire Protocol Functions The 1 Wire Functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and various peripherals using the Maxim Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol These functions treat the microcontroller as a bus master and the peripherals as slaves The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file 1wire h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Prior to include ing the 1wire h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bit is used for communication through the 1 Wire protocol Example the 1 Wire bus is connected to PORTB the data signal is bit 2 asm equ _ wl port 0x18 equ _ wl bit 2 endasm now you can include the 1 Wire Functions include lt lwire h gt Because the 1 Wi
107. d in comparator mode where it functions like a thermostat The O S output becomes active when the temperature exceeds the tos limit and leaves the active state when the temperature drops below the thyst limit Both thyst and tos are expressed in C pol represents the polarity of the LM75 O S output in active state If pol is 0 the output is active low and if pol is 1 the output is active high Refer to the LM75 data sheet for more information int lm75_temperature_10 unsigned char chip this function returns the temperature of the LM75 sensor with the address chip The temperature is in C and is multiplied by 10 Example how to display the temperature of two LM75 sensors with addresses 0 and 1 the LM75 I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c_port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _bit 4 endasm Ss sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 140 CodeVisionAVR include the LM75 Functions include lt lm75 h gt the LCD module is connected to PORTC asm equ _ lcd _port 0x15 endasm include the LCD Functions include lt lcd h gt include the prototype for sprintf include lt stdio h gt include the prototype for abs include lt math h gt char display buffer 33 void main void ant t0 tl initialize the LCD 2 rows by 16 columns led_init 16 initialize the I c bus
108. d in registers R30 R31 R22 and R23 from LSB to MSB i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 88 CodeVisionAVR 3 12 Pointers Due to the Harvard architecture of the AVR microcontroller with separate address spaces for data SRAM program FLASH and EEPROM memory the compiler implements three types of pointers The syntax for pointer declaration is lt type storage modifier gt type lt pointer storage modifier gt lt pointer storage modifier gt pointer name or type lt type storage modifier gt lt pointer storage modifier gt lt pointer storage modifier gt pointer name where type can be any data type Variables placed in SRAM are accessed using normal pointers For accessing constants placed in FLASH memory the flash type storage modifier is used For accessing variables placed in EEPROM the eeprom type storage modifier is used Although the pointers may point to different memory areas they are by default stored in SRAM Example Pointer to a char string placed in SRAM char ptr_to_ram This string is placed in SRAM Pointer to a char string placed in FLASH flash char ptr_to_flashl This string is placed in FLASH char flash ptr_to_ flash2 This string is also placed in FLASH Pointer to a char string placed in EEPROM eeprom char ptr_to_eeproml This string is placed in EEPROM char eeprom ptr_to_eeprom2 This string is also pl
109. d in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu It can be calculated using the following formulae heap _size n 1 4 block _ size i l where n is the number of memory blocks that will be allocated in the Heap block _ size is the size of the memory block i If the memory allocation functions will not be used then the Heap size must be specified as zero s 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 99 CodeVisionAVR 3 17 Using an External Startup File In every program the CodeVisionAVR C compiler automatically generates a code sequence to make the following initializations immediately after the AVR chip reset interrupt vector jump table global interrupt disable EEPROM access disable Watchdog Timer disable external SRAM access and wait state enable if necessary clear registers R2 R14 clear the SRAM initialize the global variables located in SRAM initialize the Data Stack Pointer register Y 10 initialize the Stack Pointer register SP 11 initialize the UBRR register if necessary OONOARWN gt The automatic generation of code sequences 2 to 8 can be disabled by checking the Code Generation Use an External Startup Initialization File check box in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation dialog window The C compiler will then include in the generated asm file the code sequences from an external file that must be named STARTUP AS
110. d to be able to address them ata later stage in the program 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 155 CodeVisionAVR Q Example include lt 90s8515 h gt specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the 1 Wire bus functions prototypes include lt lwire h gt include the printf function prototype include lt stdio h gt specify the maximum number of devices connected to the 1 Wire bus define MAX DEVICES 8 allocate SRAM space for the ROM codes amp status bit unsigned char rom codes MAX DEVICES 9 quartz crystal frequency Hz define xtal 4000000L Baud rate define baud 9600 void main void unsigned char i j devices initialize the UART s baud rate UBRR xtal 16 baud 1 initialize the UART control register TX enabled no interrupts 8 data bits UCR 8 detect how many DS1820 DS18S20 devices are connected to the bus and store their ROM codes in the rom_codes array devices wl search 0xf0 rom codes display the ROM codes for each detected device printf u DEVICE S DETECTED n r
111. date unsigned char month unsigned char year this function returns the current date measured by the RTC The date month and year pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of date month and year void rtc_set_date unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned char year this function sets the current date of the RTC T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 152 CodeVisionAVR 4 13 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 Real Time Clock Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS1302 real time clock RTC The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds1302 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Prior to include ing the ds1302 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the DS1302 Example the DS1302 is connected to PORTB the IO signal is bit 3 the SCLK signal is bit 4 the RST signal is bit 5 asm equ _ ds1302_port 0x18 equ _ qds1302_io 3 u u equ _ ds1302_sclk 4 equ __ds1302_rst 5 endasm now you can include the DS1302 Functions include lt ds1302 h gt The DS1302 Functions are void rtc_init unsigned char tc_on unsigned char diodes unsigned char res this function initializes the DS1302 chip This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other D
112. ddr and stores it in the SRAM memory location pointed by data It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2433 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2433_write_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char source unsigned int addr unsigned int size this function writes a block of size bytes from the string source located in SRAM in the DS2433 EEPROM starting from memory address addr It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2433 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2433_write unsigned char romcode unsigned int addr unsigned char data this function writes the byte data at DS2433 EEPROM memory address addr It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2433 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 167 CodeVisionAVR If only one DS2433 EEPROM is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer romcode must be NULL 0 If several 1 Wire device are used then the program must first identify the ROM codes for all the devices Only after that the DS2433 functions may be used with the romcode pointer pointing to the array which holds the ROM code for the needed device Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus The DS2433 devices are connected to bit 6 of PO
113. devices if devices for i 0 i lt devices i printf DEVICE u ROM CODE IS itl for j 0 j lt 8 j printf X rom_codes i j printf n r while 1 loop forever unsigned char w1_crc8 void p unsigned char n this function returns the 8 bit DOW CRC for a block of bytes with the length n starting from address p i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 156 CodeVisionAVR 4 14 1 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS1820 DS18S20 1 Wire bus temperature sensors The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds1820 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The 1 Wire bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds1820 h Prior to include ing the ds1820 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bit are used for communication with the DS1820 DS18S20 through the 1 Wire bus Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS1820 DS18S20 functions prototypes include lt ds1820 h gt The DS1820 DS18S20 functions are unsigned char ds1820_read_spd unsigned char addr this function reads the contents of the SPD for the DS1820 DS18S2
114. dow will open b Create New File x File Type Source C Project xX Cancel Select Source and press the OK button A new editor window will be opened for the untitled c source file Type in the definitions for your functions Example int sum int a int b return atb int mul int a int b return a b Save the file under a new name for example mylib c in any directory using the File Save As menu command Save C Delphi5 AVRC untitled c As 71x Save in Swork amp al c Filename myiib Save Save as type Ic Compiler source file c ancel 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 105 CodeVisionAVR Finally use the File Convert to Library menu command to save the currently opened file under the name mylib lib in the LIB directory New Library Name Ea mylib lib In order to use the newly created mylib lib library just include the mylib h header file in the beginning of your program Example include lt mylib h gt Library files usually reside in the LIB directory but paths to additional directories can be added in the Project Configure C Compiler Paths Library paths menu 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 106 CodeVisionAVR 3 20 Using the AVR Studio Debugger CodeVisionAVR is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel AVR Studio debugger version 3 and 4 06 or later For the AVR Studio debugger version 4 06 or lat
115. during file editing The Auto Load Modified Files check box allows enabling or disabling the automatic loading of files that are opened in the Editor and that were modified by an external program The Convert Tabs to Spaces check box allows enabling or disabling the replacement of the tab character with the appropriate number of spaces while typing The number of spaces inserted when pressing the Tab key can be specified using the Tab Size spin edit The Auto Collapsible Blocks Enabled check box allows enabling or disabling the automatic display of the vertical bar which delimits the collapsible blocks in the left of the Editor window The Automatic Collapsible Blocks Bar Color list box specifies the color of the collapsible blocks vertical bar The font used by the text Editor and the Terminal can be specified using the Font button By checking or unchecking the Syntax Highlighting Enabled check box you can enable or disable the C syntax color highlighting of the files displayed in the Editor windows The different colors respectively attributes Bold and Italic used for displaying the text in the Editor windows and for C syntax highlighting can be specified in the appropriate listboxes respectively B and J check boxes in the Syntax Highlighting group The Background and Text color settings are the same for both the EditorEdit File and the TerminalTerminal The User Defined Keywords List can contain additional keyw
116. e Rows 25 Baud rate 115200 C Xon Xoff C RTS CTS om Data bits E C DTR DSR Columns te ho Append LF Stop bits 1 v I OnPacaption ate Parity None On Transmission Emulation Tv V Echo da xX Cancel In the Terminal Setup window you can select the computer s communication port used by the Terminal COM1 to COM6 Baud rate used for communication 110 to 115200 number of data bits used in reception and transmission 5 to 8 number of stop bits used in reception and transmission 1 1 5 or 2 parity used in reception and transmission None Odd Even Mark or Space type of emulated terminal TTY VT52 or VT100 type of handshaking used in communication None Hardware CTS or DTR or Software XON XOFF possibility to append LF characters after CR characters on reception and transmission enabling or disabling the echoing of the transmitted characters number of character Rows and Columns in the Terminal window Font type used for displaying characters in the Terminal window Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 60 CodeVisionAVR 2 5 Accessing the Help CodeVisionAVR help system is accessed by invoking the Help Help menu command or by pressing the Help toolbar button 2 6 Transferring the License to another computer The CodeVisionAVR C compiler features a compu
117. e bit field data type is unsigned long union alpha3 unsigned long a 10 bits 0 9 unsigned long b 8 bits 0 7 0 1 unsigned long c 6 bits 15 bits 10 31 are not used F3 ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 83 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 6 Enumerations The enumeration data type can be used in order to provide mnemonic identifiers for a set of char or int values The enum keyword is used for this purpose The syntax is lt storage modifier gt enum lt enum tag name gt lt constant name constant initializer constant name gt lt enum variables gt Example The enumeration constants will be initialized as follows sunday 0 monday 1 tuesday 2 saturday 6 enum days sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday days of week The enumeration constants will be initialized as follows jJanuary 1 february 2 march 3 december 12 enum months jJanuary 1 february march april may june july august september october november december months of year void main the variable days of week is initialized with the integer value 6 days of week saturday Enumerations can be stored in SRAM or EEPROM To specify the storage in EEPROM the eeprom keyword must be used Example eeprom enum days sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday days of week It is rec
118. e file Pressing No will close the file without saving the changes Pressing Cancel will disable the file closing process All currently opened files can be closed using the File Close All menu command 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 14 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 9 Using the Navigator The Navigator window allows easy displaying or opening of source files By clicking on the file name the appropriate file is maximized or opened Navigator Code Templates Clipbos 4 CodeVision amp VR S E Project Ds1820 Notes ds1820 c H A Included Files led h ds1820 h Twire h delay h stdio h stdarg h AF Global Variables X Ied_buffer gt ESh X tom_code gt 104h E F Functions FQ main Other Files After a Compile or Make process there is also displayed a list of include ed files global variables and functions declared in each compiled C source file By clicking on the variable s respective function s name the variable respective function declaration is highlighted in the appropriate C source file If during compilation there are errors or warnings these are also displayed in the Navigator window By clicking on the error or warning the corresponding source line is highlighted in the appropriate file The Navigator tree branches can be expanded respectively collapsed by clicking on the respectively buttons By right clicking in the Navigator window you can open a p
119. e float width precision the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u e E f x X the width and precision specifiers are supported only the 0 and flags are supported only the I input size modifier is supported The more features are selected the larger is the code size generated for the printf and sprintf functions The s scanf features option allows to select which versions of the scanf and sscanf Standard C Input Oputput Functions will be linked in your project e int width the following conversion type characters are supported c s i d u x the width specifier is supported no input size modifiers are supported e long width the following conversion type characters are supported c s i d u x the width specifier is supported only the l input size modifier is supported The more features are selected the larger is the code size generated for the printf and sprintf functions The Data Stack Size must be also specified If the dynamic memory allocation functions from the Standard Library are to be used the Heap size must be also specified It can be calculated using the following formulae heap __size n 1 4 gt block _ size i l where n is the number of memory blocks that will be allocated in the heap block _ size is the size of the memory block i If the memory allocation functions
120. e other high level LCD Functions void Icd_clear void clears the LCD and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 void Icd_gotoxy unsigned char x unsigned char y sets the current display position at column x and row y The row and column numbering starts from 0 void Icd_putchar char c displays the character c at the current display position void Icd_puts char str displays at the current display position the string str located in SRAM void Icd_putsf char flash str displays at the current display position the string str located in FLASH 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 135 CodeVisionAVR 4 11 3 LCD Functions for displays connected in 8 bit memory mapped mode These LCD Functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and alphanumeric LCD modules built with the Hitachi HD44780 chip or equivalent The LCD is connected to the AVR external data and address buses as an 8 bit peripheral This type of connection is used in the Kanda Systems STK200 and STK300 development boards For the LCD connection please consult the documentation that came with your development board These functions can be used only with AVR chips that allow using external memory devices The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file Icdstk h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The following LCD formats are supported in Icdstk h 1x8 2x12 3x12
121. e that was passed as the retval argument to the longjmp function In order to preserve the local variables in the function where setjmp is used these must be declared with the volatile attribute void longjmp char env int retval This function restores the CPU state that was previously saved in the env variable by a call to setjmp The retval argument holds the integer non zero value that will be returned by setjmp after the call to longjmp If a 0 value is passed as the retval argument then it will be substituted with 1 In order to facilitate the usage of these functions the setjmp h header file also contains the definition of the jmp_buf data type which is used when declaring the env variables Example include lt 90s8515 h gt include lt stdio h gt include lt setjmp h gt declare the variable used to hold the CPU state jmp_buf cpu_state void foo void printf Now we will make a long jump to main n r longjmp cpu_state 1 void main void this local variable will be preserved after a longjmp volatile int i this local variable will not be preserved after a longjmp int jz init the AT90S8515 UART UCR 8 Baud 9600 4MHz UBRR 25 SSS SSS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 128 CodeVisionAVR if setjmp cpu_state 0 printf First call to setjmp n r foo else printf We jumped here from foo n r 4 8 BCD Con
122. ebugger will open a Select device and debug platform dialog window In this window the user must specify the Debug Platform ICE or AVR Simulator and the AVR Device type Pressing the Finish button will create a new AVR Studio project associated with the COFF file If an AVR Studio project associated with the COFF file already exists the user will be asked if the debugger may load it Once the program is loaded it can be launched in execution using the Debug Run menu command by pressing the F5 key or by pressing the Run toolbar button Program execution can be stopped at any time using the Debug Break menu command by pressing Ctrl F5 keys or by pressing the Break toolbar button To single step the program the Debug Step Into F11 key Debug Step Over F10 key Debug Step Out Shift F11 keys menu commands or the corresponding toolbar buttons should be used In order to stop the program execution at a specific source line the Debug Toggle Breakpoint menu command the F9 key or the corresponding toolbar button should be used In order to watch program variables the user must select Debug Quickwatch Shift F9 keys menu command or press the Quickwatch toolbar button and specify the name of the variable in the QuickWatch window in the Name column The AVR chip registers can be viewed using the View Register menu command or by pressing the Alt 0 keys The registers can be also viewed in the Workspace l O window in the Register 0 15 and
123. ed for each device see the wl search function description but only the first 8 bytes contain the ROM code and CRC unsigned char rom_codes MAX DEVICES 9 allocate space for ROM codes of the devices which generate an alarm unsigned char alarm_rom_codes MAX DEVICES 9 SSS EEE EEO 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 162 CodeVisionAVR main unsigned char i devices initialize the UART s baud rate UBRR xtal 16 baud 1 initialize the UART control register TX enabled no interrupts 8 data bits UCR 8 detect how many DS18B20 devices are connected to the bus and store their ROM codes in the rom_codes array devices wl_ search 0xf0 rom_codes display the number printf S u DEVICE S DETECTED n r devices if no devices were detected then halt if devices 0 while 1 loop forever set the temperature alarms amp temperature measurement resolutions for all the devices temp _low 25 C temp _high 35 C resolution 12bits for i 0 i lt devices i t printf INITIALIZING DEVICE if ds1l8b20 init amp rom_codes i putsf OK else putsf ER u i 1 0 25 35 DS18B20_12BIT_RES ROR 3 J while 1 measure and display the temperature s for i 0 i lt devices printf ttu S 3f xf8C n r itl1 ds18b20 temperature amp rom_codes it 0
124. eeeeenitaeecetitigentanaseecaseeecnaesetenaneees 100 3 18 Including Assembly Language in Your Program cccceeccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeetieeeeetiteeeeetneeeeee 102 3 18 1 Calling Assembly Functions from Cu eecccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeesiaeeeenenaeeeeeeaas 103 3 19 Creating LIANOS neciesa aA E R EA A phetaeas eh daveb EEA 104 3 20 Using the AVR Studio DebDUGQGel ccececccecece cence sedececetesecneeseducatnmeecaneeseeseneeeseeeceteeneeenereenes 107 3 20 1 Using the AVR Studio Debugger Version 3 esssessssseseerresssnneseennansannnatennaannannantennaanannaae 107 3 20 2 Using the AVR Studio Debugger version 4 06 or later ceeeccceeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeteneeeeeeaas 108 821 HINS 8 cate aac tee aaa de lo elo ie aR ee ee RS 109 3 22 LIMMAIONS E E E deen dp E eek lie ennai eer 109 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 4 CodeVisionAVR 4 Library Functions Reference ccccssssccccssseneeeensecneeenseeeeeenseceeeeeseeeeeeeaaseeeesasseeeeeeseseeeseseeeeesneaseeeens 110 4 1 Character Type FunCHONns t2 2 nn Bat nan eed EEE 111 4 2 Standard C Input Output FUNCTIONS 2 0 00 cc cececceeeesteeeeeeseeeeeeaeeeeescsaeesecsaeeeseeseeessctieeeeeneaas 112 4 3 Standard Library FUNCUONS 25 cc e clei iissee eae EEEE EEEE EET EEES 117 4 4 Mathematical FUNCTIONS cceceee tee ener eee eene ee eeeae ee eeeaaeeeeeeaaeeeeeeaeeeeeeceeeeeniaeeeseeneeeeeeaes 119 AS SUING UM CUOMS a oes cxved ceeds tasacnd esd Je deduce
125. eesrseeesrrssrrrresrsrrastrinnedssnanattnnaatnnndatanananannaattanaananaaaaa 207 5 14 Setting the 1 Wire BUS cerecsrercsaseniieineniia onnie Adie ei 209 9 15 Setting the 2 Wire BUS osisessceiyiseriis tiranin a aAA NA NA AAA RENAR 211 5 16 Seting the CAN Controller wic hcoct deh tiegeee aetas fadsieieeeee EEA 212 5 17 Setting the ATmega169 329 3290 649 6490 LCD Conttroller cccccccceeeeeeeeeeeesteeeeeeees 214 5 18 Setting the LOD psina iniaiaiai aE ETA 215 5 19 Setting the USB Controler sescsescreaiiccnin nni E EEE EEE NE 216 5 20 Setting Bit Banged Peripherals eeseeessreeeerreresrrnestrrnesrnnrastinnesesnnaattnnaannnaaattnnadtannaatannaananaaaa 217 T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 6 CodeVisionAVR 5 21 Specifying the Project Information sssesessresssrrrsseennenssnnanetnnannnnnaatennaaanannaattnnaanannaatennaanannaaee 218 6 License AGreemMenit sensnorennssneniena a 219 6 1 Software License 0 00 eee eee tr ne ne eee eee eee eee e ee ee nneee ee taeeeeeseeeenneeeeneaa 219 6 2 Liability DisclalMeti ciitecdid deh Wee ieee cn eet eee ee 219 6 3 RESICUONS 0 00241 rie coe eed A deus easel dubai ede cd eee 219 6 4 Operating ECONS E erapos aa sensed AN senesced OOE OO deeb pee dees 219 6 5 Back Upand Transferia araa a a aaa a a aaa iaa aaa 220 6 6 TS c eetteacise ete ecole eee ieee ieee einen ae 221 6 7 Other Rights and Restrictions s cccces ccccahsadecnetensccdeas en seacad geuethessnctueessancnseat pelatieaeedtaecesi
126. eeteeeeeeeaeeeseeiaeeeeeeneeeeeeaas 16 2 1417 Using Clipboard ISIOry i iccn candi kee Gee ee es 17 2 2 Working With PIOJOCUS soies aia a aA EA EAA A ache AA TEA ES 18 2 2 1 Greating a NOW FTO eC eerie an E ORE OEA 18 2 2 2 Openingran Existing Project essiri aaa A E AEEA EREE 20 2 2 3 Adding Notes or Comments to the Project ssessseeesrnesssnneneennennannnnenennaanannaatennaanannaneenndana 21 2 2 4 Configuring the Proj ttesncnenicenicienrini ainiin nn aed eda elena ana EEE 22 2 2 4 1 Adding or removing a File from the Project 0 cccceeeeceeeeeeeneeeeeenneeeeeseaeeeeeenaeeeeeeaas 22 2 2 4 2 Setting the C Compiler Options cccccccceeceseceeeeeeeeeeecaeeeeeeeeeeeeseccneaeeeeeeeteneneaees 24 2 2 4 3 Executing an User Specified Program before Make 0 cccceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeenteeeeeenaas 33 2 2 4 4 Transferring the Compiled Program to the AVR Chip after Make cece 34 2 2 4 5 Executing an User Specified Program after Make cceeccceeeeeteeeeeeeneeeeeenneeeeeneaas 36 2 2 5 Obtaining an Executable Program seeesssesesrresssrnereennaansnnaneennaanannaatennndanannaattnnaanannaatennaaa 38 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 2 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 5 1 Checking the Project for Syntax Errors essssesssrnsseernansannaneennaanannnneeennaanannaaeennaananna 38 2 2 0 2 Compiling the Proje Chiviciccsicescceas bincdielyceci el ceeieaad he tecac tel need ceed OE 39 2 2 5
127. eing filled with zeroes If there wasn t enough contiguous free memory in the heap to allocate the function returns a null pointer void realloc void ptr unsigned int size changes the size of a memory block allocated in the heap The ptr pointer must point to a block of memory previously allocated in the heap The size argument specifies the new size of the memory block On success the function returns a pointer to the start of the newly allocated memory block the contents of the previously allocated block being copied to the newly allocated one If the newly allocated memory block is larger in size than the old one the size difference is not filled with zeroes If there wasn t enough contiguous free memory in the heap to allocate the function returns a null pointer void free void ptr frees a memory block allocated in the heap by the malloc calloc or realloc functions and pointed by the ptr pointer After being freed the memory block is available for new allocation If ptr is null then it is ignored ee S 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 118 CodeVisionAVR 4 4 Mathematical Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file math h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions u
128. embler Programmer Creating ds1820 eep Creating ds1820 0bj Creating ds1820 lst Assembling ds1820 asm Including ds1620 vec Including ds1620 inc Program memory usage Code 1321 words Constants dw db 64 words Unused Owords Total 1385 words Assembly complete with no errors X Cancel _ SSS SSS eee eee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 43 CodeVisionAVR Pressing the Programmer tab will display the Chip Programming Counter which shows how many times was the AVR chip programmed so far i Information x Compiler Assembler Programmer Chip Programming Counter 0 i Set Counter Pressing the Set Counter button will open the Set Programming Counter window lj Set Programming Counter EG New Counter Value fo WA X Cancel This dialog window allows setting the new Chip Programming Counter value 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 44 CodeVisionAVR SSS Pressing the Program button allows automatic programming of the AVR chip after successful compilation Pressing Cancel will disable automatic programming 2 2 6 Closing a Project You can quit working with the current Project by using the File Close Project menu command If the Project files were modified and weren t saved yet you will be prompted if you want to do that 7 Save changes to C CVAVR Examples MULTFILE mainfile c No Cancel Pressing Yes will save chang
129. en register pairs thus favouring the usage of the enhanced core MOVW instruction for their access This option is effective only if the Enhanced Instructions check box is also checked If Smart Register Allocation is not enabled the registers will be allocated in the order of variable declaration The Smart Register Allocation option should be disabled if the program was developed using CodeVisionAVR prior to V1 25 3 and it contains inline assembly code that accesses the variables located in registers R2 to R14 and R16 to R21 The registers in the range R2 to R14 not used for bit variables can be automatically allocated to char and int global variables and global pointers by checking the Automatic Register Allocation check box Checking the Word Align FLASH Struct Members option enables aligning of the members of structures located in FLASH memory to an even word address This option is present only for compatibility with projects created with CodeVisionAVR prior to V1 24 4a For new projects this option must be left unchecked leading to smaller code size An external startup file can be used by checking the Compilation Use an External Startup File check box For debugging purposes you have the option Stack End Markers If you select it the compiler will place the strings DSTACKEND respectively HSTACKEND at the end of the Data Stack respectively Hardware Stack areas When you debug the program with the AVR Studio debugger you may
130. er the compiler will generate an extended COFF object file that allows watching structures and unions So it is highly recommended to use AVR Studio version 4 06 or later instead of version 3 which doesn t support this feature AVR Studio 4 prior to version 4 06 does not support the extended COFF object file format so it can t be used with CodeVisionAVR In order to be able to do C source level debugging using AVR Studio you must select the COFF output file format in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu option The AVR Studio Debugger is invoked using the Tools Debugger menu command or the Debugger toolbar button 3 20 1 Using the AVR Studio Debugger version 3 The COFF object file created by the compiler will be automatically loaded after AVR Studio is invoked using the CodeVisionAVR IDE Tools Debugger menu command or the Debugger toolbar button Once the program is loaded it can be launched in execution using the Debug Go menu command by pressing the F5 key or by pressing the Execute program toolbar button Program execution can be stopped at any time using the Debug Break menu command by pressing Ctrl F5 keys or by pressing the Break toolbar button To single step the program the Debug Trace Into F11 key Debug Step F10 key Debug Step Out menu commands or the corresponding toolbar buttons should be used In order to stop the program execution at a specific source line the Breakpoints Toggle Breakpoint me
131. er 0 define_char char0 0 switch to writing in Display RAM lcd _gotoxy 0 0 lcd_putsf User char 0 display used defined char 0 lcd _ putchar 0 while 1 loop forever unsigned char Icd_read_byte unsigned char addr reads a byte from the LCD character generator or display RAM unsigned char Icd_init unsigned char Icd_columns initializes the LCD module clears the display and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 The numbers of columns of the LCD must be specified e g 16 No cursor is displayed The function returns 1 if the LCD module is detected and 0 if it is not This is the first function that must be called before using the other high level LCD Functions void Icd_clear void clears the LCD and sets the printing character position at row 0 and column 0 void Icd_gotoxy unsigned char x unsigned char y sets the current display position at column x and row y The row and column numbering starts from 0 T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 137 CodeVisionAVR nnn NN _____________s___________ void Icd_putchar char c displays the character c at the current display position void Icd_puts char str displays at the current display position the string str located in SRAM void Icd_putsf char flash str displays at the current display position the string str located in FLASH 4 12 C Bus Functions The I C Functions are intended for easy interfacing b
132. er can contain letters A Z a z and digits 0 9 as well as the underscore character _ However an identifier can only start with a letter or an underscore Case is significant i e variable1 is not the same as Variable Identifiers can have up to 32 characters 3 5 Data Types The following table lists all the data types supported by the CodeVisionAVR C compiler their range of possible values and their size Type Size Bits Range bit 1 0 1 char 8 128 to 127 unsigned char 8 0 to 255 signed char 8 128 to 127 int 16 32768 to 32767 short int 16 32768 to 32767 unsigned int 16 0 to 65535 signed int 16 32768 to 32767 long int 32 2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned long int 32 0 to 4294967295 signed long int 32 2147483648 to 2147483647 float 32 1 175e 38 to 3 402638 double 32 1 175e 38 to 3 402e38 The bit data type is supported only for global variables If the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation char is unsigned option is checked or pragma uchar is used then char has by default the range 0 255 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 72 CodeVisionAVR 3 6 Constants Integer or long integer constants may be written in decimal form e g 1234 in binary form with Ob prefix e g 06101001 in hexadecimal form with Ox prefix e g Oxff or in octal form with 0 prefix e g 0777 Unsigned integer constants may have t
133. ers represent the values of hour minutes seconds and hundreds of a second void rtc_get_date unsigned char chip unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned year this function returns the current date measured by the RTC The date month and year pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of day month and year void rtc_set_date unsigned char chip unsigned char date unsigned char month unsigned year this function sets the current date of the RTC void rtc_alarm_off unsigned char chip this function disables the RTC alarm function void rtc_alarm_on unsigned char chip this function enables the RTC alarm function SS sss ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 149 CodeVisionAVR void rtc_get_alarm_time unsigned char chip unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec unsigned char hsec this function returns the alarm time of the RTC The hour min sec and hsec pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of hours minutes seconds and hundreds of a second void rtc_set_alarm_time unsigned char chip unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec unsigned char hsec this function sets the alarm time of the RTC The hour min sec and hsec parameters represent the values of hours minutes seconds and hundreds of a second void rtc_get_alarm_date unsigned char chip unsigned char date unsigned char month this function returns the
134. es T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 219 CodeVisionAVR 6 5 Back up and Transfer You may make one copy of the program solely for back up purposes as prescribed by international copyright laws You must reproduce and include the copyright notice on the back up copy You may transfer the product to another party only if the other party agrees to the terms and conditions of this agreement and completes and returns registration information name address etc to Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L within 30 days of the transfer If you transfer the program you must at the same time transfer the documentation and back up copy or transfer the documentation and destroy the back up copy You may not retain any portion of the program in any form under any circumstance 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 220 CodeVisionAVR 6 6 Terms This license is effective until terminated You may terminate it by destroying the program the documentation and copies thereof This license will also terminate if you fail to comply with any terms or conditions of this agreement You agree upon such termination to destroy all copies of the program and of the documentation or return them to Pavel Haiduc or HP InfoTech S R L for disposal Note that by registering this product you give Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L permission to reference your name in product advertisements 6 7 Other Rights and Restrictions All other rights and restrictions
135. es and close the project Pressing No will close the project without saving the changes Pressing Cancel will disable the project closing process When saving the IDE will create a backup file with a pr extension 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 45 CodeVisionAVR 2 3 Tools Using the Tools menu you can execute other programs without exiting the CodeVisionAVR IDE 2 3 1 The AVR Studio Debugger The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel AVR Studio debugger version 3 and 4 06 or later For the AVR Studio debugger version 4 06 or later the compiler will generate an extended COFF object file that allows watching structures and unions So it is highly recommended to use AVR Studio version 4 06 or later instead of version 3 which doesn t support this feature AVR Studio 4 prior to version 4 06 does not support the extended COFF object file format so it can t be used with CodeVisionAVR Before you can invoke the debugger you must first specify its location and file name using the Settings Debugger menu command Debugger Settings Ea Directory and Filename C Program Files AtmelhLAVR Tools AvrStudio4 AYRStudi amp Debugger Atmel AVR Studio 4 The AVR Studio version must be specified in the Debugger list box Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons The debugger is executed by selecting the Tools Debugger me
136. es it in the string dest located in SRAM It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2430_write_appreg_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char source unsigned char addr unsigned char size this function reads a block of size bytes starting from the DS2430 application register address addr and stores it in the string dest located in SRAM It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2430 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode If only one DS2430 EEPROM is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer romcode must be NULL 0 If several 1 Wire device are used then the program must first identify the ROM codes for all the devices Only after that the DS2430 functions may be used with the romcode pointer pointing to the array which holds the ROM code for the needed device Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus The DS2430 devices are connected to bit 6 of PORTA of the AT90S8515 as follows DS2430 STK200 PORTA HEADER 1 GND 9 GND 2 DATA 7 PA6 All the devices must be connected in parallel AN 4 7k PULLUP RESISTOR MUST BE CONNECTED BETWEEN DATA PA6 AND 5V p asm equ _ wl port 0xlb equ _ wl bit 6 endasm test the DS2430 functions include lt ds2430 h gt inc
137. essing the Ctrl V keys or pressing the Paste button on the toolbar Clicking in the left margin of the editor window allows selection of a whole line of text Selected text can be deleted using the Edit Delete menu command or pressing the Ctrl Delete keys The Edit Print Selection menu command allows the printing of the selected text Dragging and dropping with the mouse can move portions of text Pressing the Ctrl Y keys deletes the text line where the caret is currently positioned Selected portions of text can be indented respectively unindented using the Edit Indent Block respectively Edit Unindent Block menu commands or by pressing the Ctrl I respectively Ctrl U keys You can find respectively replace portions of text in the edited file by using the Edit Find respectively Edit Replace menu commands by pressing the Ctrl F respectively Ctrl R keys or by pressing the Find respectively Replace buttons on the toolbar The Edit Find Next respectively Edit Find Previous functions can be used to find the next respectively previous occurrences of the search text The same can be achieved using the F3 respectively Ctr F3 keys Changes in the edited text can be undone respectively redone by using the Edit Undo respectively Edit Redo menu commands by pressing the Ctrl Z respectively Shift Ctrl Z keys or by pressing the Undo respectively Redo buttons on the toolbar You can go to a specific line number in the edited file by
138. etween C programs and various peripherals using the Philips 1 C bus These functions treat the microcontroller as a bus master and the peripherals as slaves The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file i2c h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Prior to include ing the i2c h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication through the C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ __scl_bit 4 endasm now you can include the I C Functions include lt i2c h gt The I C Functions are void i2c_init void this function initializes the IC bus This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other C Functions unsigned char i2c_start void issues a START condition Returns 1 if bus is free or 0 if the I7C bus is busy void i2c_stop void issues a STOP condition unsigned char i2c_read unsigned char ack reads a byte from the bus The ack parameter specifies if an acknowledgement is to be issued after the byte was read Set ack to 0 for no acknowledgement or 1 for acknowledgement ee s 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 138 CodeVisionAVR E unsigned char i2c_write unsi
139. f Hello PRINT MESSAGE Hello Two parameters can be concatenated using the operator Example define ALFA a b a b the following code sequence will be replaced with char xy 1 char ALFA x y 1 A macro definition can be extended to a new line by using Example define MESSAGE This is a very long text A macro can be undefined using the undef directive Example undef ALFA The ifdef ifndef else and endif directives may be used for conditional compilation The syntax is ifdef macro _ name set of statements 1 else set of statements 2 endif If alfa is a defined macro name then the ifdef expression evaluates to true and the set of statements 1 will be compiled Otherwise the set of statements 2 will be compiled The else and set of statements 2 are optional If alfa is not defined the ifndef expression evaluates to true The rest of the syntax is the same as that for ifdef The if elif else and endif directives may be also used for conditional compilation if expressionl set of statements 1 elif expression2 set of statements 2 else set of statements 3 endif If expression evaluates to true the set of statements 1 will be compiled If expression2 evaluates to true the set of statements 2 will be compiled Otherwise the set of statements 3 will be compiled The else and set of statements 3 are optional
140. g The Maximal optimization level may make difficult the code debugging with AVR Studio 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 24 CodeVisionAVR mmmmmm For devices that allow self programming the Program Type can be selected as e Application e Boot Loader If the Boot Loader program type was selected a supplementary Boot Loader Debugging in AVR Studio option is available z Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths Chip AT 128 aia A4Tmega i Data Stack Size j 024 bytes Clock 4 000000 t MHz Heap Size jo bytes Memory Model Internal SRAM size 4096 bytes Small z External SRAM size jo bytes Optimize for External SRAM Wait State Size x M Code Generation Optimization Level Bit Variables size 16 Y Maximal x Promote chartoint JV char is unsigned V Sbit enumsl Enhanced Core Instructions Program Type Boot Loader 4096 JV Smart Register Allocation Poni toada Sea JV Automatic Register Allocation s printf Features JV Word Align FLASH Struct Members fint width Use an External Startup Initialization File s scanf Features J Stack End Markers fint width File Output Formats coF ROM HEX EEP I Boot Loader Debugging in AVR Studio If this option is enabled the compiler will generate supplementary code that allows the Boot Loader to be source level debugged i
141. g the low power consumption modes void idle void this function puts the AVR chip in the idle mode Prior to using this function the sleep_enable function must be invoked to allow entering the low power consumption modes In this mode the CPU is stopped but the Timers Counters Watchdog and interrupt system continue operating The CPU can wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal ones void powerdown void this function puts the AVR chip in the powerdown mode Prior to using this function the sleep_enable function must be invoked to allow entering the low power consumption modes In this mode the external oscillator is stopped The AVR can wake up only from an external reset Watchdog time out or external level triggered interrupt void powersave void this function puts the AVR chip in the powersave mode Prior to using this function the sleep_enable function must be invoked to allow entering the low power consumption modes This mode is similar to the powerdown mode with some differences please consult the Atmel Data Sheet for the particular chip that you use void standby void this function puts the AVR chip in the standby mode Prior to using this function the sleep_enable function must be invoked to allow entering the low power consumption modes This mode is similar to the powerdown mode with the exception that the external clock oscillator keeps on running Consult the Atmel Data Sheet for the part
142. g the pcf8583 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the PCF8583 through the C bus Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ __scl_bit 4 endasm now you can include the PCF8583 Functions include lt pcf8583 h gt The PCF8583 Functions are void rtc_init unsigned char chip unsigned char dated_alarm this function initializes the PCF8583 chip Before calling this function the C bus must be initialized by calling the i2c_init function This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other PCF8583 Functions If more then one chip is connected to the I C bus then the function must be called for each one specifying accordingly the function parameter chip Maximum 2 PCF8583 chips can be connected to the I C bus their chip address can be 0 or 1 The dated_alarm parameter specifies if the RTC alarm takes in account both the time and date dated_alarm 1 or only the time dated_alarm 0 Refer to the PCF8583 data sheet for more information After calling this function the RTC alarm is disabled unsigned char rtc_read unsigned char chip unsigned char address this function reads the byte stored in the PCF8583 SRAM void rtc_write unsigned char chip unsigned char address unsigned char data this function stores the byte data in the
143. ge are allocated for global bit variables using the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Bit Variables Size list box This value must be as low as required by the program If the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Automatic Register Allocation option is checked or the pragma regalloc compiler directive is used the rest of registers in the R2 to R14 range that aren t used for global bit variables are allocated to char and int global variables and global pointers If the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Smart Register Allocation option is checked the allocation of registers R2 to R14 not used for bit variables is performed in such a way that 16bit variables will be preferably located in even register pairs thus favouring the usage of the enhanced core MOVW instruction for their access Otherwise the allocation is performed in order of variable declaration until the R14 register is allocated If the automatic register allocation is disabled you can use the register keyword to specify which global variable to be allocated to registers Example disable automatic register allocation pragma regalloc allocate the variable alfa to a register register int alfa allocate the variable beta to the register pair R10 R11 register int beta 10 Local char int and pointer local variables are allocated to registers R16 to R21 If the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Smar
144. gned char data writes the byte data to the bus Returns 1 if the slave acknowledges or 0 if not Example how to access an Atmel 24C02 256 byte I C EEPROM the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ _ scl bit 4 endasm now you can include the I C Functions include lt i2c h gt function declaration for delay ms include lt delay h gt define EEPROM BUS ADDRESS 0xa0 read a byte from the EEPROM unsigned char eeprom _read unsigned char address unsigned char data i2c_start i2c_ write EEPROM BUS ADDRESS i2c_write address i2c_start i2c_ write EEPROM BUS ADDRESS 1 data i2c_read 0 i2c_stop return data T write a byte to the EEPROM void eeprom write unsigned char address unsigned char data i2c_start i2c_ write EEPROM BUS _ ADDRESS i2c_write address i2c_write data i2c_stop 10ms delay to complete the write operation delay ms 10 void main void unsigned char i initialize the I C bus i2c_init write the byte 55h at address AAh eeprom write 0xaa 0x55 read the byte from address AAh i eeprom_read 0xaa while 1 loop forever 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 139
145. gned int data this function writes the word data to SRAM at address addr The LSB is written at address addr and the MSB is written at address addr 1 unsigned char peekb unsigned int addr this function reads a byte located in SRAM at address addr unsigned int peekw unsigned int addr this function reads a word located in SRAM at address addr The LSB is read from address addr and the MSB is read from address addr 1 e 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 130 CodeVisionAVR m 4 11 LCD Functions 4 11 1 LCD Functions for displays with up to 2x40 characters The LCD Functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and alphanumeric LCD modules built with the Hitachi HD44780 chip or equivalent The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file Icd h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Prior to include ing the Icd h file you must declare which microcontroller port is used for communication with the LCD module The following LCD formats are supported in Icd h 1x8 2x12 3x12 1x16 2x16 2x20 4x20 2x24 and 2x40 characters Example the LCD module is connected to PORTC asm equ _ lcd port 0x15 endasm now you can include the LCD Functions include lt lcd h gt The LCD module must be connected to the port bits as follows LCD AVR Port RS pin4 bit 0 RD pin 5 bit 1 EN pin 6 bit 2 Y
146. he SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _ bit 4 endasm now you can include the DS1621 Functions include lt ds1621 h gt The DS1621 Functions are void ds1621_init unsigned char chip signed char tlow signed char thigh unsigned char pol this function initializes the DS1621 chip Before calling this function the C bus must be initialized by calling the i2c_init function This is the first function that must be called prior to using the other DS1621 Functions If more then one chip is connected to the I7C bus then the function must be called for each one specifying accordingly the function parameter chip Maximum 8 DS1621 chips can be connected to the IC bus their chip address can be from 0 to 7 Besides measuring temperature the DS1621 functions also like a thermostat The Tout output becomes active when the temperature exceeds the thigh limit and leaves the active state when the temperature drops below the tlow limit Both tlow and thigh are expressed in C pol represents the polarity of the DS1621 Tout output in active state If pol is 0 the output is active low and if pol is 1 the output is active high Refer to the DS1621 data sheet for more information unsigned char ds1621_get_status unsigned char chip this function reads the contents of the configuration status register of the DS1621 with address ee to the DS1621 data sheet for more information about this register void ds
147. he configuration of the LCD controller built in the ATmega169 329 3290 649 6490 chips CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help Us USARTO Analog Comparator apc spi c 1Wire Lcd BitBanged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers Reseseesesoscesesocseeosseoccescesesosoesososossosesoesososoesesosocesesesososoesesossesosossesososessssoseesosoesesessesesossesosessssesoeseoso MV LCD Enabled I LCD Low Power Waveform l LCD Frame Complete Interrupt Duty Cycle fi 2 Bias 123 v Clock Source System A Frame Rate fso Hz Frame Rate Error 2 3 Used Seqments SEGO12 Contrast Control 260v The ATmega169V L on chip LCD controller can be enabled by checking the LCD Enabled check box By checking the LCD Low Power Waveform check box the low power waveform will be outputted on the LCD pins This allows reducing the power consumption of the LCD If the LCD Frame Complete Interrupt check box is checked the LCD controller will generate an interrupt at the beginning of a new frame In low power waveform mode this interrupt will be generated every second frame The frame complete interrupt will be serviced by the Icd_sof_isr function The LCD Duty Cycle list box selects one of the following duty cycles Static 1 2 1 3 or 1 4 The LCD Bias list box selects the 1 3 or 1 2 bias Please refer to the documentation of the LCD manufacturer for bias selection The Cl
148. he row and column numbering starts from 0 void Icd_putchar char c displays the character c at the current display position void Icd_puts char str displays at the current display position the string str located in SRAM void Icd_putsf char flash str displays at the current display position the string str located in FLASH ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 133 CodeVisionAVR 4 11 2 LCD Functions for displays with 4x40 characters The LCD Functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and alphanumeric LCD modules with 4x40 characters built with the Hitachi HD44780 chip or equivalent The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file lcd4x40 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Prior to include ing the Icd4x40 h file you must declare which microcontroller port is used for communication with the LCD module Example the LCD module is connected to PORTC asm equ _ lcd port 0x15 endasm now you can include the LCD Functions include lt lcd4x40 h gt The LCD module must be connected to the port bits as follows LCD AVR Port RS pin 11 bit 0 RD pin 10 bit 1 EN1 pin 9 bit 2 EN2 pin 15 bit 3 DB4 pin 4 bit 4 DB5 pin 3 bit 5 DB6 pin 2 bit 6 DB7 pin 1 bit 7 You must also connect the LCD power supply and contrast control voltage according to the data sheet
149. he suffix U e g 10000U Long integer constants may have the suffix L e g 99L Unsigned long integer constants may have the suffix UL e g 99UL Floating point constants may have the suffix F e g 1 234F Character constants must be enclosed in single quotation marks E g a String constants must be enclosed in double quotation marks E g Hello world If you place a string between quotes as a function parameter this string will automatically be considered as constant and will be placed in FLASH memory Example this function displays a string located in SRAM void display ram char s PX faa ene af this function displays a string located in FLASH void display flash char flash s JOR percados 7 void main void this will not work because the function addresses the string as it is located in SRAM but the string Hello world is constant and is placed in FLASH display ram Hello world this will work the function addresses the string as it is located in FLASH display flash Hello world Constant can be grouped in arrays which can have up to 8 dimensions Constants are stored in FLASH memory to specify this you must use the flash or const keywords Constant expressions are automatically evaluated during compilation Example flash int integer constant 1234 5 flash char char_constant a flash long long int _constant
150. his memory model you can only have access to the first 256 bytes of SRAM The SMALL memory model uses 16 bits for storing pointers the variables placed in SRAM In this memory model you can have access to 65536 bytes of SRAM In both TINY and SMALL memory models pointers to the FLASH memory area use 16 bits Because in these memory models pointers to the FLASH memory are 16 bits wide the total size of the constant arrays and literal char strings is limited to 64K However the total size of the program can be the full amount of FLASH In order to remove the above mentioned limitation there are available two additional memory models MEDIUM and LARGE The MEDIUM memory model is similar to the SMALL memory model except it uses pointers to constants in FLASH that are 32 bits wide The pointers to functions are however 16 bit wide because they hold the word address of the function so 16 bits are enough to address a function located in all 128kbytes of FLASH The MEDIUM memory model can be used only for chips with 128kbytes of FLASH The LARGE memory model is similar to the SMALL memory model except it uses pointers to the FLASH memory area that are 32 bits wide The LARGE memory model can be used for chips with 256kbytes or more of FLASH In all memory models pointers to the EEPROM memory area are 16 bit wide Pointers can be grouped in arrays which can have up to 8 dimensions Example Declare and initialize a global array of pointe
151. icular chip that you use in order to see if the standby mode is available for it T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 173 CodeVisionAVR nee void extended_standby void this function puts the AVR chip in the extended standby mode Prior to using this function the sleep_enable function must be invoked to allow entering the low power consumption modes This mode is similar to the powersave mode with the exception that the external clock oscillator keeps on running Consult the Atmel Data Sheet for the particular chip that you use in order to see if the standby mode is available for it 4 17 Delay Functions These functions are intended for generating delays in C programs The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file delay h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions Before calling the functions the interrupts must be disabled otherwise the delays will be much longer then expected Also it is very important to specify the correct AVR chip clock frequency in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu The functions are void delay_us unsigned int n generates a delay of n useconds n must be a constant expression void delay_ms unsigned int n generates a delay of n milliseconds This function automatically resets the wtachdog timer every 1ms by generating the wdr instruction Example void main void disable interrupts fasm cli
152. ied using the UART Baud Rate list box CodeWizardAVR will automatically set the UBRR according to the Baud rate and AVR chip clock frequency The Baud rate error for these parameters will be calculated and displayed The Communications Parameters list box allows you to specify the number of data bits stop bits and parity used for serial communication i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 190 CodeVisionAVR For devices featuring an USART there will be an additional Mode list box amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help spl i2c 1 Wire 2Wire 2c HER BitBanged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers grreeeereeoeseseseesosoeseeeseeseeeen E M Receiver M Px Interrupt Receiver Buffer fe z M Iransmiter M Tx Interrupt Transmitter Buffer fe z Baud rate 9600 vi Tf x2 Baud Rate Error 0 2 Communication Parameters fs Data 1 Stop No Parity Mode Asynchronous It allows you to specify the following communication modes e Asynchronous Synchronous Master with the UCSRC register s UCPOL bit set to 0 Synchronous Master with the UCSRC register s UCPOL bit set to 1 Synchronous Slave with the UCSRC register s UCPOL bit set to 0 Synchronous Slave with the UCSRC register s UCPOL bit set to 1 The serial communication is realized using the Standard Input Output Functions getchar gets scanf putchar puts and printf For interrupt driven serial communicatio
153. ilips PCF8583 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 DS1307 4x40 character LCD functions are not available in the EVALUATION version _ SS SS Ss ess ee ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 109 CodeVisionAVR 4 Library Functions Reference You must include the appropriate header files for the library functions that you use in your program Example Header files are included before using the functions include lt math h gt for abs include lt stdio h gt for putsf void main void int a b a 99 Here you actually use the functions b abs a putsf Hello world SSS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 110 CodeVisionAVR 4 1 Character Type Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ctype h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions unsigned char isalnum char c returns 1 if c is alphanumeric unsigned char isalpha char c returns 1 if c is alphabetic unsigned char isascii char c returns 1 if c is an ASCII character 0 127 unsigned char iscntrl char c returns 1 if cis a control character 0 31 or 127 unsigned char isdigit char c returns 1 if c is a decimal digit unsigned char islower char c returns 1 if c is a lower case alphabetic character unsigned char isprint char c returns 1 if c is a printable character 32 127 unsigned char ispunct char c returns 1 if c is a
154. in registers R2 to R14 can be specified using the Bit Variables size list box Checking the Promote char to int check box enables the ANSI promotion of char operands to int This option can also be specified using the pragma promotechar compiler directive Promoting char to int leads to increased code size and lower speed for an 8 bit chip microcontroller like the AVR If the char is unsigned check box is checked the compiler treats by default the char data type as an unsigned 8 bit in the range 0 255 If the check box is not checked the char data type is by default a signed 8 bit in the range 128 127 This option can also be specified using the pragma uchar compiler directive Treating char as unsigned leads to better code size and speed If the 8 bit enums check box is checked the compiler treats the enumerations as being of 8 bit char data type leading to improved code size and execution speed of the compiled program If the check box is not checked the enumerations are considered as 16 bit int data type as required by ANSI The Enhanced Instructions check box allows enabling or disabling the generation of Enhanced Core instructions for the new ATmega and AT94K FPSLIC devices 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 27 CodeVisionAVR The Smart Register Allocation check box enables allocation of registers R2 to R14 not used for bit variables and R16 to R21 in such a way that 16bit variables will be preferably located in ev
155. in the Destination Serial Number edit box amp Export CodeVisionAVR License Ed Serial of the destination computer BAD 5 4F C ECD E225 X Cancel e press the Export button if you press the Cancel button the Export will be canceled e you will be prompted where to place the new license file for the computer 2 usually you can chose a diskette in drive A Save License File HEI Save in 35 Floppy A BI Al c File name icense i Save as type License files dat Cancel e press Save After the new license file is successfully copied to the diskette the compiler on computer 1 will cease running T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 62 CodeVisionAVR e place the diskette with the license file in drive A of computer 2 and press the Import button After that the license transfer is completed and the compiler will run only on computer 2 x CodeVisionA R License x Your Serial Number is 5AD5 4F7C ECD7 E225 To purchase a license please send this Serial Number to HP InfoTech 5 R L at dhptechn ir ro or hpinfotech mail com If you allready purchased the program then you must Import the license from a valid CodeVisionAVR installation X Cancel Please note that after the Export procedure the serial number of the computer 1 will change In this situation when you will try to Import a license back to this computer you must enter this new serial number not the old
156. int b 8 bits 2 9 unsigned int c 4 bits 10 13 bits 14 15 are not used F this structure will occupy 4 bytes in SRAM as the bit field data type is unsigned long struct alpha3 unsigned long a 10 bits 0 9 unsigned long b 8 bits 10 17 unsigned long c 6 bits 18 23 bits 24 31 are not used J 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 81 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 5 Unions Unions are user defined collections of named members that share the same memory space The union members can be any of the supported data types arrays of these data types or pointers to them Unions are defined using the union reserved keyword The syntax is lt storage modifier gt union lt union tag name gt lt type gt lt variable name gt lt variable name gt lt type gt lt bitfield id gt lt width gt lt bitfield id gt lt width gt lt union variables gt Unions are always stored in SRAM The space allocated to the union in memory is equal to the size of the largest member Union members can be accessed in the same way as structure members Example union declaration union alpha unsigned char lsb unsigned int word data void main void unsigned char k define a pointer to the union union alpha dp direct access to union members data word 0x1234 k data lsb get the LSB of 0x1234 same
157. ions prototypes include lt ds1820 h gt include the printf function prototype include lt stdio h gt include the abs function prototype include lt math h gt quartz crystal frequency Hz define xtal 4000000L Baud rate define baud 9600 maximum number of DS1820 DS18S20 connected to the bus define MAX DEVICES 8 DS1820 DS18S20 devices ROM code storage area 9 bytes are used for each device see the wl search function description but only the first 8 bytes contain the ROM code and CRC unsigned char rom_codes MAX DEVICES 9 main unsigned char i devices int temp initialize the UART s baud rate UBRR xtal 16 baud 1 initialize the UART control register TX enabled no interrupts 8 data bits UCR 8 detect how many DS1820 DS18S20 devices are connected to the bus and store their ROM codes in the rom_codes array devices wl search 0xf0 rom codes display the number printf S u DEVICE S DETECTED n r devices 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 158 CodeVisionAVR if no devices were detected then halt if devices 0 while 1 loop forever measure and display the temperature s while 1 for i 0 i lt devices temp ds1820 temperature 10 amp rom_codes i 0 printf t u 1i u xf8C n r i temp 10 abs temp 10
158. l M INT3 Enabled Mode fLowlevel gt M INT4Enabled Mode Lowlevel gt M INTSEnabled Mode Lowlevel gt M INTS Enabled Mode Lowlevel gt M INTZ Enabled Mode Lowlevel Checking the appropriate INTx Enabled check box enables the corresponding external interrupt If the AVR chip supports this feature you can select if the interrupt will be edge or level triggered using the corresponding Mode list box For each enabled external interrupt the CodeWizardAVR will define an ext_intx_isr interrupt service routine where x is the number of the external interrupt 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 183 CodeVisionAVR For some devices like the Atmega169V L the External IRQ tab may present the following options CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help USI USARTO Analog Comparator ADC se izc 1Wire Lcd LCD Controller Bit Banged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers M INTO Enabled Mode Lowlevel M Any change on 1 0 pins PCINTO 7 M Any change onl O pins PCINT8 15 Pin Change Interrupts Enable vE S E BEED D U 2 a d a A y Pin Change Interrupts Enable vE S E E S D D Be 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The Pin Change Interrupt Enable check boxes if checked will specify which of the PCINT I O pins will trigger an external interrupt The interrupt service routines for these interrupts will be pin_change_isr0 for PCINTO 7
159. lbar will be displayed If the View Navigator Code Templates Clipboard History option is checked the Navigator Code Templates and Clipboard History window is displayed at the left of the Editor window If the View Messages option is checked the Message window located under the Editor window will be displayed If the View Information Window after Compile Make option is checked there will be an Information window displayed after Compiling or Making sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 54 CodeVisionAVR 2 4 2 Configuring the Editor The Editor can be configured using the Settings Editor menu command Editor Settings Ed i MAutomatic Collapsible Blocks M Show Line Numbers Convert Tabs to Spaces P Tab Size m MV Auto Indent MV Auto Load Modified Files IV Auto Collapsible Blocks Enabled Bar Color m Aqua gt Font pi M Syntax Highlighting COE M Syntax Highlighting Enabled User Defined Keywords m Black VBD I Background C Window User Defined Keywords List Text mm Black C Keywords E Black VB Preprocessor m Green gt B Storage Modifiers HJ Fuchsia VB Strings E Blue i lf B Comments Mm Navy yi T B Inline Assembly Mj Purple lm gle x X Cancel z Default The Show Line Numbers check box allows enabling or disabling the displaying of line numbers in the Editor windows The Autoindent check box allows enabling or disabling the text autoindenting
160. ll be 0 int global _arrayl 32 Array is automatically initialized int global _array2 1 2 3 int global_array3 4 1 2 3 4 char global _array4 This is a string Only the first 3 elements of the array are initialized the rest 29 will be 0 int global_array5 32 1 2 3 Multidimensional array int multidim_array 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 void main void local array declaration int local_array1 10 local array declaration and initialization int local _array2 3 11 22 33 char local array3 7 Hello i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 74 CodeVisionAVR Local variables that must conserve their values during different calls to a function must be declared as static Example int alfa void declare and initialize the static variable static int n 1 return nt t void main void int i the function will return the value 1 i alfa the function will return the value 2 i alfa If not specifically initialized static variables are automatically set to 0 at program startup Variables that are declared in other files must be preceded by the extern keyword Example extern int xyz now include the file which contains the variable xyz definition include lt file_ xyz h gt To instruct the compiler to allocate a variable to registers the register modifier must be used Example register int abc The compile
161. ll the program for size or speed using the pragma optsize directive The default state is determined by the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Optimization menu setting Example The program will be optimized for minimum size pragma optsizet Place your program functions here Now the program will be optimized for maximum execution speed pragma optsize Place your program functions here The automatic saving and restoring of registers affected by the interrupt handler can be turned on or off using the pragma savereg directive Example Turn registers saving off pragma savereg interrupt handler interrupt 1 void my_irq void now save only the registers that are affected by the routines in the interrupt handler for example R30 R31 and SREG asm push r30 push r31 in r30 SREG push r30 endasm SS SS ee sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 68 CodeVisionAVR place the C code here IX sae now restore SREG R31 and R30 asm pop r30 out SREG r30 pop r31 pop r30 endasm JK T nable register saving for the other interrupts pragma savereg The default state is automatic saving of registers during interrupts The pragma savereg directive is maintained only for compatibility with versions of the compiler prior to V1 24 1 This directive is not recommended for new projects The automatic allocation of global
162. lled prior to using the other DS1307 Functions The rs parameter specifies the value of the square wave output frequency on the SQW OUT pin e 0 for 1Hz e 1 for 4096Hz e 2 for 8192Hz e 3 for 32768Hz If the sqwe parameter is set to 1 then the square wave output on the SQW OUT pin is enabled The out parameter specifies the logic level on the SQW OUT pin when the square wave output is disabled sqwe 0 Refer to the DS1307 data sheet for more information void rtc_get_time unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec this function returns the current time measured by the RTC The hour min and sec pointers must point to the variables that must receive the values of hours minutes and seconds Example the I C bus is connected to PORTB the SDA signal is bit 3 the SCL signal is bit 4 asm equ _ i2c port 0x18 equ _ sda bit 3 equ scl _ bit 4 endasm ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 151 CodeVisionAVR include lt ds1307 h gt void main void unsigned char h m s initialize the I C bus i2c_init initialize the DS1307 RTC rtc_init 0 0 0 read time from the DS1307 RTC rtc_get_time amp h amp m amp s void rtc_set_time unsigned char hour unsigned char min unsigned char sec this function sets the current time of the RTC The hour min and sec parameters represent the values of hour minutes and seconds void rtc_get_date unsigned char
163. lude lt 90s8515 h gt include lt stdio h gt DS2430 devices ROM code storage area 9 bytes are used for each device see the wl search function description but only the first 8 bytes contain the ROM code and CRC define MAX DEVICES 8 unsigned char rom_code MAX DEVICES 9 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 165 CodeVisionAVR char text J Hello world char buffer 32 define START ADDR 2 main unsigned char i devices init UART UCR 8 UBRR 25 Baud 9600 4MHz detect how many 1 Wire devices are present on the bus devices wl search 0xF0 amp rom_code 0 0 printf S u 1 Wire devices found n r devices for i 0 i lt devices i make sure to select only the DS2430 types 0x14 is the DS2430 family code if rom_code i 0 DS2430 FAMILY CODE printf n r write text in each DS2430 at START ADDR if ds2430 write block amp rom_code i 0 text START ADDR sizeof text printf Data written OK in DS2430 u n r i 1 display the text written in each DS2430 if ds2430 read block amp rom code i 0 buffer START_ADDR sizeof text printf Data read OK n rDS2430 u text s n r i 1 buffer else printf Error reading data from DS2430 u n r atl else printf Error writing data to DS2430 u n r itl stop while 1 Refer to the DS2430 data sheet for more informati
164. med If you wish to protect your program from copying you must select the corresponding option using the FLASH Lock Bits radio box If you wish to check the chip s signature before programming you must use the Check Signature option To speed up the programming process you can uncheck the Check Erasure check box In this case there will be no verification of the correctness of the FLASH erasure The Preserve EEPROM checkbox allows preserving the contents of the EEPROM during chip erasure To speed up the programming process you can uncheck the Verify check box In this case there will be no verification of the correctness of the FLASH and EEPROM programming Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons eS s 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 35 CodeVisionAVR Sa 2 2 4 5 Executing an User Specified Program after Make This option is available if you select the After Make tab in the Project Configure window If you check the Execute User s Program option then a program that you have previously specified will be executed after the compilation assembly process a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Programthe Chip MM Execute User s Program N Program Setings x Cancel Help _ sss sees sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 36 CodeVisionAVR Using the Progr
165. n CodeWizardAVR automatically redefines the basic getchar and putchar functions The receiver buffer is implemented using the global array rx_buffer The global variable rx_wr_index is the rx_buffer array index used for writing received characters in the buffer The global variable rx_rd_index is the rx_buffer array index used for reading received characters from the buffer by the getchar function The global variable rx_counter contains the number of characters received in rx_buffer and not yet read by the getchar function If the receiver buffers overflows the rx_buffer_overflow global bit variable will be set sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 191 CodeVisionAVR The transmitter buffer is implemented using the global array tx_buffer The global variable tx_wr_index is the tx_buffer array index used for writing in the buffer the characters to be transmitted The global variable tx_rd_index is the tx_buffer array index used for reading from the buffer the characters to be transmitted by the putchar function The global variable tx_counter contains the number of characters from tx_buffer not yet transmitted by the interrupt system For devices with 2 UARTs respectively 2 USARTSs there will be two tabs present UARTO and UART1 respectively USARTO and USART1 The functions of configuration check and list boxes will be the same as described above The UARTO USARTO will use the normal putchar and getchar functions In case of
166. n the 1 Wire bus can be determined by calling the w1_search function with the Alarm Search ECh command float ds18b20_temperature unsigned char addr this function returns the temperature of the DS18B20 sensor with the ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address addr The temperature is measured in C In case of error the function returns the value 9999 If only one DS18B20 sensor is used no ROM code array is necessary and the pointer addr must be NULL 0 Prior on calling the the ds18b20_temperature function for the first time the ds18b20_init function must be used to specify the desired temperature measurement resolution If more several sensors are used then the program must first identify the ROM codes for all the sensors Only after that the ds18b20_temperature function may be used with the addr pointer pointing to the array which holds the ROM code for the needed device Example include lt 90s8515 h gt specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS18B20 functions prototypes include lt ds18b20 h gt include the printf function prototype include lt stdio h gt quartz crystal frequency Hz define xtal 4000000L Baud rate define baud 9600 maximum number of DS18B20 connected to the bus define MAX DEVIC ES 8 DS18B20 devices ROM code storage area 9 bytes are us
167. n the AVR Studio simulator emulator When programming the chip with the final Boot Loader code the Boot Loader Debugging option must be disabled T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 25 CodeVisionAVR The s printf features option allows to select which versions of the printf and sprintf Standard C Input Oputput Functions will be linked in your project e int the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X no width or precision specifiers are supported only the and flags are supported no input size modifiers are supported e int width the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width specifier is supported the precision specifier is not supported only the 0 and flags are supported no input size modifiers are supported e long width the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width specifier is supported the precision specifier is not supported only the 0 and flags are supported only the I input size modifier is supported e long width precision the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width and precision specifiers are supported only the 0 and flags are supported only the l input size modifier is supported
168. n the Debugger list box Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons Pressing the Browse button opens a dialog window that allows selecting the debugger s directory and filename Debugger Directory and FileName 1x Lookin G AwStudio4 amp Al cx bin dil edit Resources Skins AVR Studio 4 File name JAVRStudio Files of type Executables exe gt Cancel 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 57 CodeVisionAVR 2 4 5 AVR Chip Programmer Setup Using the Settings Programmer menu command you can select the type of the in system programmer that is used and the computer s port to which the programmer is connected The current version of CodeVisionAVR supports the following in system programmers Kanda Systems STK200 and STK300 Atmel STK500 and AVRISP serial connection Atmel AVRISP MkII USB connection Atmel AVRProg AVR910 application note Dontronics DT006 Vogel Elektronik VTEC ISP Futurlec JRAVR MicroTronics ATCPU and Mega2000 The STK200 STK300 DT006 VTEC ISP JRAVR ATCPU and Mega2000 in system programmers use the parallel printer port The following choices are available through the Printer Port radio group box e LPT1 at base address 378h e LPT2 at base address 278h e LPT3 at base address 3BCh Programmer Settings Eg AVR Chip Programmer Type Kanda systems STK200 300 Printer Port LPT2 2768h v Delay Multiplier
169. ne on 8 bits producing an 8 bit result which overflows Only after the multiplication the 8 bit result is promoted to unsigned int c a b Here casting forces the multiplication to be done on 16 bits producing an 16 bit result without overflow c unsigned int a b X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 86 CodeVisionAVR The compiler behaves differently for the following operators oe Nt oll gt R ll For these operators the result is to be written back onto the left hand side operand which must be a variable So the compiler will always convert the right hand side operand into the type of left hand side operand 3 10 Operators The compiler supports the following operators _ l lt gt lt gt amp amp amp lt lt gt gt g 25 amp A gt gt lt lt sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 87 CodeVisionAVR 3 11 Functions You may use function prototypes to declare a function These declarations include information about the function parameters Example int alfa char parl int par2 long par3 The actual function definition may be written somewhere else as int alfa char parl int par2 long par3 Write some statements here The old Kernighan amp Ritchie style of writing function definitions is not supported Function parameters are passed through the Data Stack Function values are returne
170. nfiguration CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help LCD Controller Bit Banged Project Information USI USARTO Analog Comparator Chip Ports External IRQ Timers sei izc 1Wire LcD M ADC Enabled T Use amp bits M ADC Interrupt M High Speed I ADC Noise Canceler Volt Ref AREF pin v ADC Clock fi 25 000 kHz Auto Trigger Source External IRQO0 y Automatically Scan Inputs M Enabled First p P Last h e Checking the ADC Enabled check box enables the on chip ADC On some AVR devices only the 8 most significant bits of the AD conversion result can be used This feature is enabled by checking the Use 8 bits check box Some AVR devices allow the ADC to use a high speed conversion mode but with lower precision This feature is enabled by checking the High Speed check box If the ADC has an internal reference voltage source than it can be selected using the Volt Ref list box or activated by checking the ADC Bandgap check box T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 194 CodeVisionAVR CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help 12C 1Wire LCD Bit Banged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers UART Analog Comparator ADC SPI T M ADC Enabled M ADC Interrupt I ADC Noise Canceler M ADC Bandgap ADC Clock fi 25 000 kHz Automatically Scan Inputs M Enabled First p l Last
171. ng with bit O of GPIORO then bit 1 of GPIORO and so on in ascending order After all the GPIOR registers are allocated further bit variables are allocated in R2 up to R14 If the chip does not have GPIOR registers the allocation begins directly from register R2 The size of the global bit variables allocated to the program can be specified in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Bit Variables Size list box This size should be as low as possible in order to free registers for allocation to other global variables If not specifically initialized the global bit variables are automatically set to 0 at program startup SS SSS SS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 76 CodeVisionAVR The compiler allows also to declare up to 8 local bit variables which will be allocated in register R15 Example void main void bit alfa bit 0 of R15 bit beta bit 1 of R15 PR EE E E In expression evaluation bit variables are automatically promoted to unsigned char 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 77 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 3 Allocation of Variables to Registers In order to fully take advantage of the AVR architecture and instruction set the compiler allocates some of the program variables to chip registers The registers from R2 up to R14 can be allocated for global bit variables The register R15 can be allocated to local bit variables You may specify how many registers in the R2 to R14 ran
172. not specifically granted in this license are reserved by Pavel Haiduc and HP InfoTech S R L 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 221 CodeVisionAVR mmmmmm m 7 Technical Support Registered users of the commercial version of CodeVisionAVR Standard get one year free technical support by e mail The free technical support period for the commercial version of CodeVisionAVR Light is six months The e mail support address is office hpinfotech com eS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 222 CodeVisionAVR 8 Contact Information HP InfoTech S R L can be contacted at HP INFOTECH S R L BD DECEBAL NR 3 BL 12B SC 2 AP 29 SECTOR 3 BUCHAREST ROMANIA phone 40 213261875 fax 40 213261876 GSM 40 723469754 e mail office hpinfotech com Internet http Awww hpinfotech com http www hpinfotech biz 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 223
173. ns for the I O registers for all the chips supported by the compiler sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 93 CodeVisionAVR 3 13 1 Bit level access to the I O Registers The bit level access to the I O registers is accomplished using bit selectors appended after the name of the I O register Because bit level access to I O registers is done using the CBI SBI SBIC and SBIS instructions the register address must be in the 0 to 1Fh range for sfrb and in the 0 to 1Eh range for sfrw Example sfrb PORTA 0x1b sfrb DDRA 0x18 sfrb PINA 0x19 void main void set bit 0 of Port A as output DDRA 0 1 set bit 1 of Port A as input DDRA 1 0 set bit 0 of Port A output PORTA 0 1 test bit 1 input of Port A if PINA 1 place some code here To improve the readability of the program you may wish to define symbolic names to the bits in I O registers sfrb PINA 0x19 define alarm_input PINA 2 void main void test bit 2 input of Port A if alarm input place some code here E eiaa T It is important to note that bit selector access to I O registers located in internal SRAM above address 5Fh like PORTF for the ATmega128 for example will not work because the CBI SBI SBIC and SBIS instructions can t be used for SRAM access i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 94 CodeVisionAVR 3 14 Accessing the EEPROM Accessing the AV
174. nsigned char cabs signed char x returns the absolute value of the byte x unsigned int abs int x returns the absolute value of the integer x unsigned long labs long int x returns the absolute value of the long integer x float fabs float x returns the absolute value of the floating point number x signed char cmax signed char a signed char b returns the maximum value of bytes a and b int max int a int b returns the maximum value of integers a and b long int Imax long int a long int b returns the maximum value of long integers a and b float fmax float a float b returns the maximum value of floating point numbers a and b signed char cmin signed char a signed char b returns the minimum value of bytes a and b int min int a int b returns the minimum value of integers a and b long int Imin long int a long int b returns the minimum value of long integers a and b float fmin float a float b returns the minimum value of floating point numbers a and b signed char csign signed char x returns 1 0 or 1 if the byte x is negative zero or positive 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 119 CodeVisionAVR ee oO signed char sign int x returns 1 0 or 1 if the integer x is negative zero or positive signed char Isign long int x returns 1 0 or 1 if the long integer x is negative zero or positive signed char fsign float x returns 1 0 or 1 if the floating point number x is negative zero or positive
175. nsult the corresponding Atmel data sheet amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2c 1Wire 2Wire 2c LCD BitBanged Project Information Chip ExternalSRAM Ports Extemal IRQ Timers ee USARTI J y4 gt Clock Source en Clock Value Timer3 Stopped gt Mode Normaltop FFFFh gt Out A Discon Out B Discon Out C Discon Input Capt Noise Cancel i Interrupt on E Timer 3 Overflow Value fo h Comp A J0 h 6 0 h C j0 h By selecting the Timer 3 tab you can have the following options Clock Source specifies the timer counter 3 clock pulse source Clock Value specifies the timer counter 3 clock frequency Mode specifies if the timer counter 3 functioning mode Out A specifies the function of the timer counter 3 output A and depends of the functioning mode Out B specifies the function of the timer counter 3 output B and depends of the functioning mode Out C specifies the function of the timer counter 3 output C and depends of the functioning mode Inp Capt specifies the timer counter 3 capture trigger edge and if the noise canceler is to be used Interrupt on specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 3 overflow input capture and compare match e Timer Value specifies the initial value of timer counter 3 at startup e Comp A B and C specifies the initial value of timer counter 3 output compare registers A B and C
176. nu command the F9 key or the corresponding toolbar button should be used In order to watch program variables the user must select Watch Add Watch menu command or press the Add Watch toolbar button and specify the name of the variable in the Watch column The AVR chip registers can be viewed using the View Registers menu command or by pressing the Alt 0 keys The AVR chip PC SP X Y Z registers and status flags can be viewed using the View Processor menu command or by pressing the Alt 3 keys The contents of the FLASH SRAM and EEPROM memories can be viewed using the View New Memory View menu command or by pressing the Alt 4 keys The I O registers can be viewed using the View New IO View menu command or by pressing the Alt 5 keys In order to use the Terminal I O window invoked with the View Terminal I O menu command for communication with the simulated AVR chip s UART the COFF file format must be selected and the Use the Terminal I O in AVR Studio check box must be checked in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation dialog To obtain more information about using AVR Studio please consult it s Help system ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 107 CodeVisionAVR 3 20 2 Using the AVR Studio Debugger version 4 06 or later The user must first select File Open File Ctr O keys in order to load the COFF file to be debugged After the COFF file is loaded and no AVR Studio project file exists for this COFF file the d
177. nu command or by pressing the Debugger button on the toolbar 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 46 CodeVisionAVR 2 3 2 The AVR Chip Programmer The CodeVisionAVR IDE has a built in In System AVR Chip Programmer that lets you easily transfer your compiled program to the microcontroller for testing The Programmer is designed to work with the Atmel STK500 AVRISP AVRISP MkII AVRProg AVR910 application note Kanda Systems STK200 STK300 Dontronics DT006 Vogel Elektronik VTEC ISP Futurlec JRAVR or the MicroTronics ATCPU Mega2000 development boards The type of the used programmer and the printer port can be selected by using the Settings Programmer menu command The Programmer is executed by selecting the Tools Chip Programmer menu command or by pressing the Chip Programmer button on the toolbar Code isionA R Chip Programmer Atmel STK500 A RISP File Edit Program Read Compare Help Chip ATmegal 28 Program an Chip Clock 4 000000 Al MHz FLASH EEPROM Start 0 h End FFFF h Start 0 h End FFF h Cr Reset Chip Checksum 0000h Checksum FOOOh Chip Programming Options FLASH Lock Bits IV Program Fuse Bit s CKSELO 0 f No Protection Programming disabled Programming and Yerification disabled BODLEVEL 0 BOOTRST 0 C BooTszo 0 BooTsz1 0 7 EESAVE 0 gt CKOPT 0 JTAGEN 0 C OCDEN 0 Boot Lock Bit 0 Boot Lock Bit 1 BOl 1
178. ock Source list box selects the system clock or an external asynchronous clock as the LCD controller clock source The Frame Rate spin edit allows specifying the LCD frame rate The LCD Frame Rate Register LCDFRR is initialized based on the frequency of the clock source and the obtainable frame rate that is as close as possible to the one that was specified The Frame Rate Error is calculated based on the specified Frame Rate and the real one obtained from LCDFRR The Used Segments list box setting determine the number of port pins used as LCD segment drivers The Contrast Control list box specifies the maximum voltage on LCD segment and common pins VLcD The VLCD range is between 2 60 and 3 35 Vcc 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 214 CodeVisionAVR 5 18 Setting the LCD By selecting the LCD tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the LCD configuration amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI BitBanged Project Information Chip ExtemalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C 1Wire 2Wire 2c f LCD Resoccesososcesosossecossesosossesosossesos LCD Port PORTD Chars Line fie PORT Bit 0 RS LCD Pin 4 PORT Bit 1 RD LCD Pin 5 PORT Bit 2 EN LCD Pin 6 PORT Bit3 Free PORT Bit 4 DB4 LCD Pin 11 PORT Bit 5 DBS LCD Pin 12 PORT Bit 6 DB6 LCD Pin 13 PORT Bit DB LCD Pin 14 Using the LCD Po
179. ommended to treat enumerations as having 8 bit char data type by checking the 8 bit enums check box in Project Configure CompilerCode Generation This will improve the size and execution speed of the compiled program i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 84 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 7 Global Variables Memory Map File During compilation the C compiler generates a Global Variables Memory Map File in which are specified the SRAM address location register allocation and size of the global variables used by the program This file has the map extension and can be viewed using the menu File Open command or by pressing the Open button on the toolbar Structure and union members are listed individually along with their corresponding address and size This file is useful during program debugging using the AVR Studio debugger 3 8 Defining Data Types User defined data types are declared using the typedef reserved keyword The syntax is typedef lt storage modifier gt lt type definition gt lt identifier gt The symbol name lt identifier gt is assigned to lt type definition gt Examples type definitions typedef unsigned char byte typedef eeprom struct int a char b 5 eeprom_struct_type variable declaration byte alfa eeprom eeprom _struct_type structl SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 85 CodeVisionAVR 3 9 Type Conversions In an expression if the two operands of a
180. on TS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 166 CodeVisionAVR 4 14 4 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS2433 EEPROM Functions These functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and the DS2433 1 Wire bus EEPROM The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file ds2433 h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The 1 Wire bus functions prototypes are automatically include ed with the ds2433 h Prior to include ing the ds2433 h file you must declare which microcontroller port and port bits are used for communication with the DS2433 through the 1 Wire bus Example specify the port and bit used for the 1 Wire bus asm equ _ wl port 0x18 PORTB equ _ wl bit 2 endasm include the DS2433 functions prototypes include lt ds2433 h gt The DS2433 functions are unsigned char ds2433_read_block unsigned char romcode unsigned char dest unsigned int addr unsigned int size this function reads a block of size bytes starting from the DS2433 EEPROM memory address addr and stores it in the string dest located in SRAM It returns 1 if successful 0 if not The DS2433 device is selected using it s ROM code stored in an array of 8 bytes located at address romcode unsigned char ds2433_read unsigned char romcode unsigned int addr unsigned char data this function reads a byte from the DS2433 EEPROM memory address a
181. one SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 63 CodeVisionAVR 2 7 Connecting to HP InfoTech s Web Site The Help HP InfoTech on the Web menu command opens the default web browser and connects to HP InfoTech s web site http www hpinfotech com Here you can check for the latest HP InfoTech s products and updates to CodeVisionAVR 2 8 Contacting HP InfoTech by E Mail The Help E Mail HP InfoTech menu command opens the default e mail program and allows you to send an e mail to office hpinfotech com 2 9 Quitting the CodeVisionAVR IDE To quit working with the CodeVisionAVR IDE you must select the File Exit menu command If some source files were modified and were not saved yet you will be prompted if you want to do that ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 64 CodeVisionAVR 3 CodeVisionAVR C Compiler Reference This section describes the general syntax rules for the CodeVisionAVR C compiler Only specific aspects regarding the implementation of the C language by this compiler are exposed This help is not intended to teach you the C language you can use any good programming book to do that You must also consult the appropriate AVR data sheets from Atmel 3 1 The Preprocessor The Preprocessor directives allows you to e include text from other files such as header files containing library and user function prototypes e define macros that reduce programming effort and improve the legibility of the source code
182. ons with only the features that are really required by the program SS sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 116 CodeVisionAVR The following s scanf features are available e int width the following conversion type characters are supported c s i d u X the width specifier is supported no input size modifiers are supported e long width the following conversion type characters are supported c s i d u X the width specifier is supported only the l input size modifier is supported The more features are selected the larger is the code size generated for the scanf and sscanf functions 4 3 Standard Library Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file stdlib h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions int atoi char str converts the string str to integer long int atol char str converts the string str to long integer void itoa int n char str converts the integer n to characters in string str void Itoa long int n char str converts the long integer n to characters in string str void ftoa float n unsigned char decimals char str converts the floating point number n to characters in string str The number is represented with a specified number of decimals void ftoe float n unsigned char decimals char str converts the floating point number n to characters in string
183. op up menu with the following choices Open a file Save the currently edited file Save All opened files Close Current File Close Project Close All opened files Toggle on or off expanding the file branches Toggle on or off expanding the Errors and Warnings branches for the file whose Editor window has focus 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 15 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 10 Using Code Templates The Code Templates window allows easy adding most often used code sequences to the currently edited file Navigator Code Templates Clipboz 4 switch i case void main void This is achieved by clicking on the desired code sequence in the Code Templates window and then dragging and dropping it to the appropriate position in the Editor window New code templates can be added to the list by dragging and dropping a text selection from the Editor window to the Code Templates window By right clicking in the Code Templates window you can open a pop up menu with the following choices e Copy to the Edit Window the currently selected code template Paste a text fragment from the clipboard to the Code Templates window Move Up in the list the currently selected code template Move Down in the list the currently selected code template Delete the currently selected code template from the list 8 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L
184. ords for which syntax highlighting is necessary Their text color respectively attributes Bold and Italic can be specified using the User Defined Keywords list box respectively B and 7 check boxes _ SSS See 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 55 CodeVisionAVR The Editor configuration changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons By pressing the Default button the default Editor settings are restored 2 4 3 Configuring the Assembler The Assembler can be configured using the Settings Assembler menu command Assembler Settings x On Assembler Erro Open the list file C Open the asm file The On Assembler Error options allow to select which file will be automatically opened by the Editor in the case of an assembly error The Assembler configuration changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons SY 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 56 CodeVisionAVR 2 4 4 Setting the Debugger Path The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel AVR Studio debugger version 3 and 4 06 or later Before you can invoke the debugger you must first specify its location and file name using the Settings Debugger menu command Debugger Settings x Directory and Filename C Program Files Atmelh AYR Tools AvrStudio4 AVRStudi amp Debugger Atmel AVR Studio 4 The AVR Studio version must be specified i
185. ory model void memset void buf unsigned char c unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Sets n bytes from buf with byte c Returns a pointer to buf 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 126 CodeVisionAVR 4 6 Variable Length Argument Lists Macros These macros are defined in the file stdarg h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the macros void va_start argptr previous_par This macro when used in a function with a variable length argument list initializes the argptr pointer of va_list type for subsequent use by the va_arg and va_end macros The previous_par argument must be the name of the function argument immediately preceding the optional arguments The va_start macro must be called prior to any access using the va_arg macro type va_arg argptr type This macro is used to extract successive arguments from the variable length argument list referenced by argptr type specifies the data type of the argument to extract The va_arg macro can be called only once for each argument The order of the parameters in the argument list must be observed On the first call va_arg returns the first argument after the previous_par argument specified in the va_start macro Subsequent calls to va_arg return the remaining arguments in succession void va_end argptr This macro is used to terminate use of the variable length argument list pointer argptr initialized using the va_s
186. ou must also connect the LCD power supply and contrast control voltage according to the data sheet The low level LCD Functions are void _Icd_ready void waits until the LCD module is ready to receive data This function must be called prior to writing data to the LCD with the _Icd_write_data function void _Icd_write_data unsigned char data writes the byte data to the LCD instruction register This function may be used for modifying the LCD configuration Example enables the displaying of the cursor _lcd_ready _ilcd_write data 0xe X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 131 CodeVisionAVR void Icd_write_byte unsigned char addr unsigned char data writes a byte to the LCD character generator or display RAM Example LCD user defined characters Chip AT90S8515 Memory Model SMALL Data Stack Size 128 bytes Use an 2x16 alphanumeric LCD connected to the STK200 PORTC header as follows LCD STK200 PORTC HEADER 1 GND 9 GND 2 5V 10 VCC 3 VLC LCD HEADER Vo 4 RS 1 PCO 5 RD 2 PCI 6 EN 3 PC2 11 D4 5 PC4 12 D5 6 PCS 13 D6 7 PCO 14 D7 8 PCT the LCD is connected to PORTC outputs asm equ _ lcd _port 0x15 PORTC endasm include the LCD driver routines include lt lcd h gt typedef unsigned char byte table for the user defined character arrow that points to the top right corner flash byte char0 8 0b000
187. ou must select the name and type of file you wish to open By pressing the Open button you will open the file in a new editor window 2 1 3 Files History The CodeVisionAVR IDE keeps a history of the opened files The most recent eight files that where used can be reopened using the File Reopen menu command 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 10 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 4 Editing a File A previously opened or a newly created file can be edited in the editor window by using the Tab Arrows Backspace and Delete keys Pressing the Home key moves the cursor to the start of the current text line Pressing the End key moves the cursor to the end of the current text line Pressing the Ctrl Home keys moves the cursor to the start of the file Pressing the Ctrl End keys moves the cursor to the end of the file Portions of text can be selected by dragging with the mouse You can copy the selected text to the clipboard by using the Edit Copy menu command by pressing the Ctrl C keys or by pressing the Copy button on the toolbar By using the Edit Cut menu command by pressing the Ctrl X keys or by pressing the Cut button on the toolbar you can copy the selected text to the clipboard and then delete it from the file Text previously saved in the clipboard can be placed at the current cursor position by using the Edit Paste menu command by pr
188. p gl c File name ftest Save as type Ic Compiler source file c Cancel You will have the possibility to specify the new name and type of the file and eventually its new location ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 12 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 7 Printing a File You can print the current file using the File Print menu command or by pressing the Print button on the toolbar The contents of the file will be printed to the Windows default printer The paper margins used when printing can be set using the File Page Setup menu command which opens the Page Setup dialog window amp Page Setup x Printing Options Margins M Page Header Right fi 19 WA M PageNumbers Top i A Bottom fig 4 M Highlight Syntax Units amp Printer X Cancel The units used when setting the paper margins are specified using the Units list box The printer can be configured by pressing the Printer button in this dialog window Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 13 CodeVisionAVR 2 1 8 Closing a File You can quit editing the current file by using the File Close menu command If the file was modified and wasn t saved yet you will be prompted if you want to do that Q Save changes to C CVAVR EXAMPLES DS1820 ds1820 c No Cancel Pressing Yes will save changes and close th
189. program that you have previously specified will be executed before the compilation assembly process a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make IV Execute User s Program Program Directory and FileName ie Command Line Parameters Working Directory fe X Cancel The following parameters can be specified for the program to be executed e Program Directory and File Name e Program Command Line Parameters e Program Working Directory 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 33 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 4 4 Transferring the Compiled Program to the AVR Chip after Make This option is available if you select the After Make tab in the Project Configure window a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make V Program the Chip J Execute User s Program V Merge data from a ROM File for FLASH Programming ROM File Path fc cvavr projects bootloader bootloader rom Chip Programming Options FLASH Lock Bits IV Program Fuse Bit s No Protection CKSELO 0 Programming disabled Programming and Yerification disabled Boot Lock Bit 0 Boot Lock Bit I BOl 1 BO2 1 B11 1 B12 1 C BOI 0BO2 1 C B11 0B12 1 B01 0 B02 0 B11 0B12 0 BOl 1 B02 0 C B11 1 B12 0 If you check the Program the Chip option then after successful compilation assembly your program will be automati
190. punctuation character all but control and alphanumeric unsigned char isspace char c returns 1 c is a white space character space CR HT unsigned char isupper char c returns 1 if c is an upper case alphabetic character unsigned char isxdigit char c returns 1 if c is a hexadecimal digit char toascii char c returns the ASCII equivalent of character c unsigned char toint char c interprets c as a hexadecimal digit and returns an usigned char from 0 to 15 X 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 111 CodeVisionAVR UUU char tolower char c returns the lower case of c if c is an upper case character else c char toupper char c returns the upper case of c if c is a lower case character else c 4 2 Standard C Input Output Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file stdio h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The standard C language I O functions were adapted to work on embedded microcontrollers with limited resources The lowest level Input Output functions are char getchar void returns a character received by the UART using polling void putchar char c transmits the character c using the UART using polling Prior to using these functions you must e initialize the UART s Baud rate e enable the UART transmitter e enable the UART receiver Example include lt 90s8515 h gt include lt stdio h gt quartz crystal fre
191. quency Hz define xtal 4000000L Baud rate define baud 9600 void main void char k initialize the UART s baud rate UBRR xtal 16 baud 1 initialize the UART control register RX amp TX enabled no interrupts 8 data bits UCR 0x18 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 112 CodeVisionAVR while 1 receive the character k getchar and echo it back putchar k e If you intend to use other peripherals for Input Output you must modify accordingly the getchar and putchar functions like in the example below include lt stdio h gt inform the compiler that an alternate version of the getchar function will be used define ALTERNATE GETCHAR_ now define the new getchar function char getchar void write your code here inform the compiler that an alternate version of the putchar function will be used define ALTERNATE PUTCHAR_ now define the new putchar function void putchar char c write your code here All the high level Input Output functions use getchar and putchar void puts char str outputs using putchar the null terminated character string str located in SRAM followed by a new line character void putsf char flash str outputs using putchar the null terminated character string str located in FLASH followed by a new line character void printf char flash fmtstr
192. r high in idle state SPI Type the AVR chip is master or slave Data Order in the serial transfer Checking the Clock Rate x2 check box available for some AVR chips will double the SPI Clock Rate For communicating through the SPI interface with disabled SPI interrupt you must use the SPI Functions If the SPI interrupt is enabled you must use the spi_isr interrupt service routine declared by the CodeWizardAVR 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 199 CodeVisionAVR 5 12 Setting the Universal Serial Interface USI By selecting the USI tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the USI configuration The USI operatinging mode can be selected using the Mode list box One of the USI operating modes is the Three Wire SPI mode CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help LCD Controller Bit Banged Project Information abc se ic 1Wire Leo Chip Ports External IRQ Timers CUS USARTO Analog Comparator Mode Three Wire SPI Clock Reg ext pos Cnt ext both edges M USI Counter Overflow Interrupt 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 200 CodeVisionAVR The USI can also operate in the Two Wire I2C mode CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help LCD Controller Bit Banged Project Information Chip Ports External IRQ Timers apc sPi izc 1Wire Lco USARTO Analog Comparator
193. r may automatically allocate a variable to registers even if this modifier is not used The volatile modifier must be used in order to prevent a variable to be allocated to registers and to warn the compiler that it may be subject to outside change during evaluation Example volatile int abc All the global variables not allocated to registers are stored in the Global Variables area of SRAM All the local variables not allocated to registers are stored in dynamically allocated space in the Data Stack area of SRAM T 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 75 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 1 Specifying the SRAM Storage Address for Global Variables Global variables can be stored at specific SRAM locations at design time using the operator Example the integer variable a is stored in SRAM at address 80h int a 0x80 the structure alfa is stored in SRAM at address 90h struct x int aj char c alfa 0x90 3 7 2 Bit Variables The global bit variables located in the GPIOR register s and R2 to R14 memory space These variables are declared using the bit keyword The syntax is bit lt identifier gt Example declaration and initialization for an ATtiny2313 chip which has GPIORO GPIOR1 and GPIOR2 registers bit alfa 1 bitO of GPIORO bit beta bitl of GPIORO void main void if alfa beta beta Memory allocation for the global bit variables is done in the order of declaration starti
194. rb PINA 0x19 8 bit access to the SFR sfrw TCNT1 0x2c 16 bit access to the SFR void main void unsigned char a a PINA Read PORTA input pins TCNT1 0x1111 Write to TCNT1L amp TCNT1H registers The addresses of I O registers are predefined in the following header files located in the INC subdirectory tinyl3 h tiny22 h tiny2313 h tiny24 h tiny25 h tiny26 h tiny261 h tiny44 h tiny45 h tiny461 h tiny84 h tiny85 h tiny861 h 90can32 h 90can64 h 90canl128 h 90pwm2 h 90pwm2b h 90pwm3 h 90pwm3b h 90usb1286 h 90usb1287 h 90usb646 h 90usb647 h 90s2313 9052323 9052333 90s2343 90s4414 90s4433 90s4434 90s8515 90s8534 90s8535 megal03 megal28 megal280 h megal281 h megal6 h megal6 1 h 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 92 Sippy eS py p gt p gt p gt p gt SS CodeVisionAVR egal62 egal63 egal6 4 egal6 5 egal68 egal69 ega2560 h ega2561 h ega32 h ega323 h ega324 h ega325 h ega3250 h ega329 h ega3290 h ega406 h ega48 h ega603 h ega64 h ega640 h ega644 h ega644p h ega645 h ega6450 h ega649 h ega6490 h ega8 h ega8515 h ega8535 h mega88 h 43usb355 h 76c711 h 86rf401 h 94k h Tye 738a ee ee ee a The header file corresponding to the chip that you use must be included at the beginning of your program Alternatively the io h header file can be included This file contains the definitio
195. rce Clock Value specifies the timer counter 1 clock frequency Mode specifies if the timer counter 1 functioning mode Out A specifies the function of the timer counter 1 output A and depends of the functioning mode Out B specifies the function of the timer counter 1 output B and depends of the functioning mode Out C specifies the function of the timer counter 3 output C and depends of the functioning mode Inp Capt specifies the timer counter 1 capture trigger edge and if the noise canceler is to be used Interrupt on specifies if an interrupt is to be generated on timer counter 1 overflow input capture and compare match e Timer Value specifies the initial value of timer counter 1 at startup e Comp A B and C specifies the initial value of timer counter 1 output compare registers A B and C E 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 186 CodeVisionAVR If timer counter 1 interrupts are used the following interrupt service routines may be defined by the CodeWizardAVR e timer1_ovf_isr for timer counter overflow e timer1_comp_isr or timer1_compa_isr timer1_compb_isr and timer1_copmc_isr for timer counter output compare match e timer1_capt_isr for timer counter input capture You must note that depending of the used AVR chip some of these options may not be present For more information you must consult the corresponding Atmel data sheet amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x Eile Help Analog Comparator ADC SPI 12c 1Wie
196. re Functions require precision time delays for correct operation the interrupts must be disabled during their execution Also it is very important to specify the correct AVR chip clock frequency in the Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation menu The 1 Wire Functions are unsigned char w1_init void this function initializes the 1 Wire devices on the bus It returns 1 if there were devices present or 0 if not unsigned char w1_read void this function reads a byte from the 1 Wire bus unsigned char w1_write unsigned char data this function writes the byte data to the 1 Wire bus It returns 1 if the write process completed normally or 0 if not unsigned char w1_search unsigned char cmd void p this function returns the number of devices connected to the 1 Wire bus If no devices were detected then it returns 0 The byte cmd represents the Search ROM FOh Alarm Search ECh for the DS1820 DS18S20 or other similar commands sent to the 1 Wire device The pointer p points to an area of SRAM where are stored the 8 bytes ROM codes returned by the device After the eighth byte the function places a ninth status byte which contains a status bit returned by some 1 Wire devices e g DS2405 Thus the user must allocate 9 bytes of SRAM for each device present on the 1 Wire bus If there is more then one device connected to the 1 Wire bus than the user must first call the w1_search function to identify the ROM codes of the devices an
197. rintf Data written OK in DS2433 u n r itl display the text written in each DS2433 if ds2433 read_block amp rom_code i 0 buffer START ADDR sizeof text printf Data read OK n rDS2433 u text s n r i 1 buffer else printf Error reading data from DS2433 u n r it1l else printf Error writing data to DS2433 u n r itl e stop while 1 Refer to the DS2433 data sheet for more information 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 169 CodeVisionAVR 4 15 SPI Functions The SPI Functions are intended for easy interfacing between C programs and various peripherals using the SPI bus The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file spi h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions The SPI functions are unsigned char spi unsigned char data this function sends the byte data simultaneously receiving a byte Prior to using the spi function you must configure the SPI Control Register SPCR according to the Atmel Data Sheets Because the spi function uses polling for SPI communication there is no need to set the SPI Interrupt Enable Bit SPIE Example of using the spi function for interfacing to an AD7896 ADC Digital voltmeter using an Analog Devices AD7896 ADC connected to an AT90S8515 using the SPI bus Chip AT90S8515 Memory Model SMALL Data Stack Size 128 bytes Clock frequency 4MHz AD7896
198. rns a pointer to the character in str If there are no matching characters returns a NULL pointer char strrpbrkf char str char flash set searches the string str located in SRAM for the last occurrence of a character from the string set located in FLASH If there is a match returns a pointer to the character in str If there are no matching characters returns a NULL pointer char strstr char str1 char str2 searches the string str1 for the first occurrence of the string str2 If there is a match returns a pointer to the character in str1 where str2 begins If there is no match returns a NULL pointer char strstrf char str1 char flash str2 searches the string str1 located in SRAM for the first occurrence of the string str2 located in FLASH If there is a match returns a pointer to the character in str1 where str2 begins If there is no match returns a NULL pointer char strtok char str1 char flash str2 scans the string str1 located in SRAM for the first token not contained in the string str2 located in FLASH The function considers the string str1 as consisting of a sequence of text tokens separated by spans of one or more characters from the string str2 The first call to strtok with the pointer to str1 being different from NULL returns a pointer to the first character of the first token in str1 Also a NULL character will be written in str1 immediately after the returned token Subsequent calls to
199. rs to strings placed in SRAM char strings 3 One Two Three Declare and initialize a global array of pointers to strings placed in FLASH The pointer array itself is also stored in FLASH flash char flash messages 3 Message 1 Message 2 Message 3 Declare some strings in EEPROM eeprom char ml1 aaaa eeprom char m2 bbbb void main void Declare a local array of pointers to the strings placed in EEPROM You must note that although the strings are located in EEPROM the pointer array itself is located in SRAM char eeprom pp 2 and initialize the array pp 0 m1 pp 1 m2 i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 90 CodeVisionAVR Pointers to functions always access the FLASH memory area There is no need to use the flash keyword for these types of pointers Example Declare a function int sum int a int b return atb Declare and initialize a global pointer to the function sum int sum_ptr int a int b sum void main void int i Call the function sum using the pointer i sum ptr 1 2 EE 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 91 CodeVisionAVR 3 13 Accessing the I O Registers The compiler uses the sfrb and sfrw keywords to access the AVR microcontroller s I O Registers using the IN and OUT assembly instructions Example Define the SFRs sf
200. rt list box you can specify which port is used for connecting the alphanumeric LCD The Chars Line list box allows you to specify the number of characters per display line This value is used by the Icd_init function The LCD can be accessed using the standard LCD Functions _ SSS SSS eee ee eee SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 215 CodeVisionAVR ee Sa 5 19 Setting the USB Controller By selecting the USB tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the configuration of the USB controller for the AT9OUSB646 AT90USB647 AT90USB1286 and AT90USB1287 chips The USB controller can operate in two modes Device and Host specified using the Operating Mode list box The operation of the USB controller in both modes and the various settings for them are described in detail in the AT90USB datasheet SSS SSS SSS Ss SS 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 216 CodeVisionAVR 5 20 Setting Bit Banged Peripherals By selecting the Bit Banged tab of the CodeWizardAVR you can specify the configuration of the peripherals connected using the bit banging method If you use the DS1302 RTC you must select the DS1302 tab amp CodewizardAVvR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI Chip ExternalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI 2C 1Wire 2Wire 2c LCD Project Information Ds1302 Por POR
201. s I O Registers 60h or 100h DSTACKEND Data Stack Y initial value 60h or 100h Data Stack Size Global Variables 60h or 100h HSTACKEND Data Stack Size Global Var Size Hardware Stack SP initial value _HEAP_START_ SRAM End The Working Registers area contains 32x8 bit general purpose working registers The compiler uses the following registers RO R1 R15 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 and R31 Also some of the registers from R2 to R15 may be allocated by the compiler for global and local bit variables The rest of unused registers in this range are allocated for global char and int variables and global pointers Registers R16 to R21 are allocated for local char and int variables 8 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 98 CodeVisionAVR The I O Registers area contains 64 addresses for the CPU peripheral functions as Port Control Registers Timer Counters and other I O functions You may freely use these registers in your assembly programs The Data Stack area is used to dynamically store local variables passing function parameters and saving registers RO R1 R15 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R30 R31 and SREG during interrupt routine servicing The Data Stack Pointer is implemented using the Y register At start up the Data Stack Pointer is initialized with the value 5Fh or FFh for some chips Data Stack Size When saving a value in the Data Stack the Data Stack Pointer decrements
202. se 1 c 2 same access to structure members using a pointer ep se initialize the pointer with the structure address kl ep gt a il ep gt b k2 ep gt c 2 ep increment the pointer k3 ep gt a i12 ep gt b k4 ep gt c 2 Because some AVR devices have a small amount of SRAM in order to keep the size of the Data Stack small it is recommended not to pass structures as function parameters and use pointers for this purpose Example struct alpha in a b G s 2 3 7 define the function struct alpha sum_struct struct alpha sp member c member a member b sp gt c sp gt a sp gt b return a pointer to the structure return sp void main void ine ay s gt c s gt a s gt b i s gt c i sum_struct amp s gt c ST 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 80 CodeVisionAVR Structure members can be also declared as bit fields having a width from 1 to 32 Bit fields are allocated in the order of declaration starting from the least significant bit Example this structure will occupy 1 byte in SRAM as the bit field data type is unsigned char struct alphal unsigned char a 1 bit 0 unsigned char b 4 bits 1 4 unsigned char c 3 bits 5 7 this structure will occupy 2 bytes in SRAM as the bit field data type is unsigned int struct alpha2 unsigned int a 2 bits 0 1 unsigned
203. see if these strings are overwritten and consequently modify the Data Stack Size When your program runs correctly you may disable the placement of the strings in order to reduce code size Using the File Output Format s list box you can select the following formats for the files generated by the compiler e COFF required by the Atmel AVR Studio debugger ROM Intel HEX and EEP required by the In System Programmer e Atmel generic OBJ ROM Intel HEX and EEP required by the In System Programmer If the COFF file format is selected and the Use the Terminal I O in AVR Studio 3 check box is checked special debugging information is generated in order to use the AVR Studio 3 Terminal I O window for communication with the simulated AVR chip s UART AVR Studio 4 does not yet support this option If the Use the Terminal I O in AVR Studio 3 option is enabled the UART or USART code will not run correctly on the real AVR chip This option is only for debugging purposes ee 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 28 CodeVisionAVR SSS The Advanced tab which is present only in the Professional version of the compiler enables more detailed custom configuration like the number and jump type of the interrupt vectors and memory usage a Configure Project MULTFILE PRI x Files C Compiler Before Make After Make Code Generation Advanced Messages Globally define Paths Interrupt Vectors Table Number of Vectors 35 vj
204. ss than n characters then it s field will be padded with spaces If the flag is used the result field will be padded on the right otherwise it will be padded on the left On at least n characters are outputted If the result has less than n characters it is padded on the left with zeros The optional precision specifier sets the maximal number of characters or minimal number of integer digits that may be outputted For the e E and f conversion type characters the precision specifier sets the number of digits that will be outputted to the right of the decimal point The precision specifier always begins with a character in order to separate it from the width specifier The following precision specifiers are supported none the precision is set to 1 for the i d u x X conversion type characters For the s and p conversion type characters the char string will be outputted up to the first null character 0 the precision is set to 1 for the i d u x X type characters n n characters or n decimal places are outputted For the i d u x X conversion type characters if the value has less than n digits then it will be padded on the left with zeros If it has more than n digits then it will not be truncated For the s and p conversion type characters no more than n characters from the char string will be outputted For the e E and f conversion type characters n digits will
205. str1 char flash str2 concatenate the string str2 located in FLASH to the end of the string str1 char strncat char str1 char str2 unsigned char n concatenate maximum n characters of the string str2 to the end of the string str1 Returns a pointer to the string str1 char strncatf char str1 char flash str2 unsigned char n concatenate maximum n characters of the string str2 located in FLASH to the end of the string one a pointer to the string str1 char strchr char str char c returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the character c in the string str else a NULL pointer char strrchr char str char c returns a pointer to the last occurrence of the character c in the string str else a NULL pointer signed char strpos char str char c returns the index to first occurrence of the character c in the string str else 1 signed char strrpos char str char c returns the index to the last occurrence of the character c in the string str else 1 signed char stremp char str1 char str2 compares the string str1 with the string str2 Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to str1 lt str2 str1 str2 str1 gt str2 signed char strcmpf char str1 char flash str2 compares the string str1 located in SRAM with the string str2 located in FLASH Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to str1 lt str2 str1 str2 str1 gt str2 signed char strncmp char str1 char str2 unsigned char n compares at most n characters of
206. t The Alarm Interrupt check box enables the generation of interrupts on the INT pin when the alarm conditions are met The Timer Clock list box specifies the countdown frequency of the PCF8563 Timer If the Int Enabled check box is checked an interrupt will be generated when the Timer countdown value will be 0 If the INT Pulses check box is checked the INT pin will issue short pulses when the Timer countdown value reaches 0 The Timer Value spinedit box specifies the Timer reload value when the countdown reaches 0 The PCF8563 devices are accessed through the Philips PCF8563 Real Time Clock Functions 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 205 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 4 Setting the PCF8583 devices If you use the PCF8583 RTC you must select the PCF8583 tab and check the PCF8583 Enabled check box amp CodewizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExemalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI l2C 2C Port PORTA SDA Bit 0 SCL Bit 1 MV Enabled Address 0 The PCF8583 Address list box allows you to specify the low bit of the C addresses of the PCF8583 devices connected to the bus Maximum 2 PCF8583 devices can be used The PCF8583 devices are accessed through the Philips PCF8583 Real Time Clock Functions 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 20
207. t Register Allocation option is checked the allocation of these registers for local variables is performed in such a way that 16bit variables will be preferably located in even register pairs thus favouring the usage of the enhanced core MOVW instruction for their access Otherwise the local variables are automatically allocated to registers in the order of declaration The Project Configure C Compiler Code Generation Smart Register Allocation option should be disabled if the program was developed using CodeVisionAVR prior to V1 25 3 and it contains inline assembly code that accesses the variables located in registers R2 to R14 and R16 to R21 ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 78 CodeVisionAVR 3 7 4 Structures Structures are user defined collections of named members The structure members can be any of the supported data types arrays of these data types or pointers to them Structures are defined using the struct reserved keyword The syntax is lt storage modifier gt struct lt structure tag name gt lt type gt lt variable name gt lt variable name gt lt type gt lt bitfield id gt lt width gt lt bitfield id gt lt width gt lt structure variables gt Example Global structure located in SRAM struct ram_structure char a b Int char d 30 e 10 char pp sr Global constant structure located in FLASH flash struct flash structure int a
208. tart macro Example include lt stdarg h gt declare a function with a variable number of arguments int sum_all int nsum va_list argptr int i result 0 initialize argptr va_start argptr nsum add all the function arguments after nsum for i l i lt nsum i add each argument resultt va_arg argptr int terminate the use of argptr va_end argptr return result void main void int s calculate the sum of 5 arguments s sum_all1 5 10 20 30 40 50 i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 127 CodeVisionAVR 4 7 Non local Jump Functions These functions can execute a non local goto They are usually used to pass control to an error recovery routine The prototypes for the non local jump functions are placed in the file setjmp h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions int setjmp char env This function saves the current CPU state Y SP SREG registers and the current instruction address in the env variable The CPU state can then be restored by subsequently calling the longjmp function Execution is then resumed immediately after the setjmp function call The setjmp function will return O when the current CPU state is saved in the env variable If the function returns a value different from 0 it signals that a longjmp function was executed In this situation the returned value is the on
209. ter locked licensing system This means that the first time after purchase you will receive from the author a license file that is specific to your particular computer This prevents you from using the software on another computer until you will Export the license to this computer After the license Export the compiler on the first computer will be disabled and you will only be able to run the compiler on the second one You can always Export the license back to the first computer but the license on the second one will be disabled after that By this procedure only one person can use the compiler at a time To Export the license from the computer 1 to the computer 2 you must proceed like this e install the CodeVisionAVR C compiler on the computer 2 e execute the compiler on computer 2 it will display a specific serial number CodeVisionAVR License x Your Serial Number is 5AD5 4F7C ECD7 E225 To purchase a license please send this Serial Number to HP InfoTech 5 R L at dhptechn ir ro or hpinfotech mail com Ifyou allready purchased the program then you must Import the license from a valid CodeVisionAVR installation X Cancel 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 61 CodeVisionAVR SSS e execute the compiler on computer 1 and select the Help Export menu command an Export CodeVisionAVR License dialog window will open e enter the serial number from computer 2
210. th the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width specifier is supported the precision specifier is not supported only the O and flags are supported only the I input size modifier is supported e long width precision the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u x X the width and precision specifiers are supported only the t 0 and flags are supported only the l input size modifier is supported e float width precision the following conversion type characters are supported c s p i d u e E f x X the width and precision specifiers are supported only the 0 and flags are supported only the l input size modifier is supported The more features are selected the larger is the code size generated for the printf and sprintf functions void vprintf char flash fmtstr va_list argptr this function is identical to printf except that the argptr pointer of va_list type points to the variable list of arguments The va_list type is defined in the stdarg h header file void vsprintf char str char flash fmtstr va_list argptr this function is identical to sprintf except that the argptr pointer of va_list type points to the variable list of arguments The va_list type is defined in the stdarg h header file _ SSS ss SS eee ee
211. the CodeVisionAVR C compiler has dedicated libraries for e Alphanumeric LCD modules e Philips C bus e National Semiconductor LM75 Temperature Sensor e Philips PCF8563 PCF8583 Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1302 and DS1307 Real Time Clocks e Maxim Dallas Semiconductor 1 Wire protocol Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1820 DS18S20 and DS18B20 Temperature Sensors Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS2430 and DS2433 EEPROMs SPI Power management Delays Gray code conversion CodeVisionAVR also contains the CodeWizardAVR Automatic Program Generator that allows you to write in a matter of minutes all the code needed for implementing the following functions External memory access setup Chip reset source identification Input Output Port initialization External Interrupts initialization Timers Counters initialization Watchdog Timer initialization UART USART initialization and interrupt driven buffered serial communication Analog Comparator initialization ADC initialization SPI Interface initialization Two Wire Interface initialization CAN Interface initialization I C Bus LM75 Temperature Sensor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat and PCF8563 PCF8583 1302 DS1307 Real Time Clocks initialization 1 Wire Bus and DS1820 DS18S20 Temperature Sensors initialization LCD module initialization e J gt o o oo This product is Copyright 1998
212. the string str1 with the string str2 Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to str1 lt str2 str1 str2 str1 gt str2 _ 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 122 CodeVisionAVR E signed char strncmpf char str1 char flash str2 unsigned char n compares at most n characters of the string str1 located in SRAM with the string str2 located in FLASH Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to str1 lt str2 str1 str2 str1 gt str2 char strcpy char dest char src copies the string src to the string dest char strcpyf char dest char flash src copies the string src located in FLASH to the string dest located in SRAM Returns a pointer to the string dest char strncpy char dest char src unsigned char n copies at most n characters from the string src to the string dest null padding Returns a pointer to the string dest char strncpyf char dest char flash src unsigned char n copies at most n characters from the string src located in FLASH to the string dest located in SRAM null padding Returns a pointer to the string dest unsigned char strspn char str char set returns the index of the first character from the string str that doesn t match a character from the string set If all characters from set are in str returns the length of str unsigned char strspnf char str char flash set returns the index of the first character from
213. tomatically e Erase the chip FLASH and EEPROM blank check Program and verify the FLASH Program and verify the EEPROM Program the Fuse and Lock Bits If you wish to read the contents of the chip s FLASH respectively EEPROM you must use the Read FLASH respectively Read EEPROM menu commands For reading the chip s signature you must use the Read Chip Signature menu command To read the Lock respectively the Fuse Bits you must use the Read Lock Bits respectively Read Fuse Bits menu commands For some devices there s also the Read Calibration Byte s option available It allows reading the value of the calibration bytes of the chip s internal RC oscillator sss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 49 CodeVisionAVR If the programmer is an Atmel STK500 AVRISP AVRISP MkII or AVRProg AVR910 application note then an additional menu command is present Read Programmer s Firmware Version It allows reading the major and minor versions of the above mentioned programmers firmware For comparing the contents of the chip s FLASH respectively EEPROM with the corresponding memory buffer you must use the Compare FLASH respectively Compare EEPROM menu commands For exiting the Programmer and returning to the CodeVisionAVR IDE you must use the File Close menu command ET 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 50 CodeVisionAVR 2 3 3 The Serial Communication Terminal The Terminal is intended for debugging embedded systems
214. untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USARTI 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip ExemalSRAM Ports Analog Comparator ADC SPI lC 12C Port PORTA SDA Bit 0 SCL Bit 1 Lm75 DSi627 pcrese3 Peale esessenssnsseessssessoesen M Enabled Address 0 H M Output Active High Temperature trigger C Low 50 4 High 55 4 The Output Active High check box specifies the active state of the DS1621 Tout output The Low respectively High spinedit boxes specify the low respectively high temperatures trigger temperatures for the Tout output The DS1621 devices are accessed through the Maxim Dallas Semiconductor DS1621 Thermometer Thermostat functions 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 204 CodeVisionAVR 5 13 3 Setting the PCF8563 devices If you use the PCF8563 RTC you must select the PCF8563 tab and check the PCF8563 Enabled check box amp CodeWizardAVR untitled cwp x File Help External IRQ Timers USARTO USART1 1Wire 2Wire 2c c BitBanged Project Information Chip External SRAM Pors Analog Comparator ADC SPI lC 12C Port PORTA y SDA Bit 0 y SCL Bit fi V Enabled CLKOUT OFF M Alarm Interrupt Timer Clock OFF M Int Enabled MV INT Pulses Value 1 The CLKOUT list box specifies the frequency of the pulses on the CLKOUT outpu
215. used in assembly routines However when using them in an interrupt service routine the programmer must save respectively restore them on entry respectively on exit of this routine 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 102 CodeVisionAVR 3 18 1 Calling Assembly Functions from C The following example shows how to access functions written in assembly language from a C program function in assembler declaration this function will return atbt c pragma warn this will prevent warnings int sum_abc int a int b unsigned char c asm ldd r30 y 3 R30 LSB a ldd r31 y 4 R31 MSB a ldd r26 y 1 R26 LSB b ldd r27 y 2 R27 MSB b add r30 r26 R31 R30 a b adc r34 727 ld r26 y R26 c clr r27 promote unsigned char c to int add r30 r26 R31 R30 R31 R30 c adc r31 r27 endasm pragma warn enable warnings void main void int rx now we call the function and store the result in r r sum_abc 2 4 6 The compiler passes function parameters using the Data Stack First it pushes the integer parameter a then b and finally the unsigned char parameter c On every push the Y register pair decrements by the size of the parameter 4 for long int 2 for int 1 for char For multiple byte parameters the MSB is pushed first As it is seen the Data Stack grows downward After all the functions parameters were pushed on the Data Stack the Y register points to the last parameter c so the function
216. using the Edit Goto Line menu command or by pressing the Alt G keys Bookmarks can be inserted or removed at the line where the cursor is positioned by using the Edit Toggle Bookmark menu command or by pressing the Shift Ctrl 0 9 keys The Edit Jump to Bookmark menu command or the Ctrl 0 9 keys will position the cursor at the start of the corresponding bookmarked text line If the cursor is positioned on an opening respectively closing brace then the Edit Match Braces menu command or the Ctrl M key will highlight the portion of text until the corresponding matching closing respectively opening brace Pressing any key or clicking the mouse will hide the highlighting Clicking with the mouse right button opens a pop up menu that also gives the user access to the above mentioned functions 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 11 CodeVisionAVR I 2 1 5 Saving a File The currently edited file can be saved by using the File Save menu command by pressing the Ctrl S keys or by pressing the Save button on the toolbar When saving the Editor will create a backup file with an character appended to the extension All currently opened files can be saved using the File Save All menu command 2 1 6 Renaming a File The currently edited file can be saved under a new name by using the File Save As menu command A Save dialog window will open Save C CVAVR BIN untitled c As HEI Save in S Bin am
217. veaeenencene 221 T Technical SUPPOMt is iperen naaa aeaaaee raa aaan AANE Ea EE Eara EaI 222 8 Contact Informati n sssri 223 i 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 7 CodeVisionAVR I 1 Introduction CodeVisionAVR is a C cross compiler Integrated Development Environment and Automatic Program Generator designed for the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers The program is designed to run under the Windows 95 98 Me NT 4 2000 and XP operating systems The C cross compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language as allowed by the AVR architecture with some features added to take advantage of specificity of the AVR architecture and the embedded system needs The compiled COFF object files can be C source level debugged with variable watching using the Atmel AVR Studio debugger The Integrated Development Environment IDE has built in AVR Chip In System Programmer software that enables the automatical transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after successful compilation assembly The In System Programmer software is designed to work in conjunction with the Atmel STK500 AVRISP AVRISP MkII AVRProg AVR910 application note Kanda Systems STK200 STK300 Dontronics DT006 Vogel Elektronik VTEC ISP Futurlec JRAVR and MicroTronics ATCPU Mega2000 development boards For debugging embedded systems which employ serial communication the IDE has a built in Terminal Besides the standard C libraries
218. verlap src Returns a NULL pointer if the last copied character was c or a pointer to dest n 1 void memmove void dest void src unsigned char n for the TINY memory model void memmove void dest void src unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Copies n bytes from src to dest dest may overlap src Returns a pointer to dest void memchr void buf unsigned char c unsigned char n for the TINY memory model void memchr void buf unsigned char c unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Scans n bytes from buf for byte c Returns a pointer to c if found or a NULL pointer if not found signed char memcmp void buf1 void buf2 unsigned char n for the TINY memory model ES 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 125 CodeVisionAVR signed char memcmp void buf1 void buf2 unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Compares at most n bytes of buf1 with buf2 Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to buf1 lt buf2 buf1 buf2 buf1 gt buf2 signed char memcmpf void buf1 void flash buf2 unsigned char n for the TINY memory model signed char memcmpf void buf1 void flash buf2 unsigned int n for the SMALL memory model Compares at most n bytes of buf1 located in SRAM with buf2 located in FLASH Returns lt 0 0 gt 0 according to buf1 lt buf2 buf1 buf2 buf1 gt buf2 void memset void buf unsigned char c unsigned char n for the TINY mem
219. version Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file bced h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions unsigned char bed2bin unsigned char n Converts the number n from BCD representation to it s binary equivalent unsigned char bin2bcd unsigned char n Converts the number n from binary representation to it s BCD equivalent The number n values must be from 0 to 99 4 9 Gray Code Conversion Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file gray h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions unsigned char gray2binc unsigned char n unsigned char gray2bin unsigned int n unsigned char gray2binl unsigned long n Convert the number n from Gray code representation to it s binary equivalent unsigned char bin2grayc unsigned char n unsigned char bin2gray unsigned int n unsigned char bin2grayl unsigned long n Convert the number n from binary representation to it s Gray code equivalent _ ss 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 129 CodeVisionAVR 4 10 Memory Access Functions The prototypes for these functions are placed in the file mem h located in the INC subdirectory This file must be include ed before using the functions void pokeb unsigned int addr unsigned char data this function writes the byte data to SRAM at address addr void pokew unsigned int addr unsi
220. vice see the wl search function description but only the first 8 bytes contain the ROM code and CRC unsigned char rom_codes MAX DEVICES 9 allocate space for ROM codes of the devices which generate an alarm unsigned char alarm_rom_codes MAX DEVICES 9 main unsigned char i devices int temp initialize the UART s baud rate UBRR xtal 16 baud 1 initialize the UART control register TX enabled no interrupts 8 data bits UCR 8 detect how many DS1820 DS18S20 devices are connected to the bus and store their ROM codes in the rom_codes array devices wl_ search 0xf0 rom_codes display the number printf S u DEVICE S DETECTED n r devices if no devices were detected then halt if devices 0 while 1 loop forever set the temperature alarms for all the devices temp _low 25 C temp_high 35 C for i 0 i lt devices i t printf INITIALIZING DEVICE u itl if ds1820 set_alarm amp rom_codes i 0 25 35 putsf OK else putsf ERROR F while 1 measure and display the temperature s for i 0 i lt devices temp ds1820 temperature 10 amp rom_codes i 0 printf t u S i u xf8C n r i temp 10 abs temp 10 display the number of devices which generated an alarm printf ALARM GENERATED BY u DEVICE S n r wl
221. w or in the Navigator window Warning C CVAVR EXAMPLES DS1620 ds1620 c 128 global symbol ds1620_set_alarm declared but never used By double clicking on the error or warning message the line with the problem will be highlighted The size of the Message window can be modified using the horizontal slider bar placed between it and the Editor window 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 38 CodeVisionAVR 2 2 5 2 Compiling the Project To compile the Project you must use the Project Compile File menu command press the F9 key or press the Compile button of the toolbar The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler will be executed producing an assembler source file with the asm extension This file can be examined and modified by opening it with the Editor The compilation process can be stopped using the Project Stop Compilation menu command or by pressing the Stop Compilation button on the toolbar After the compilation is complete an Information window will open showing the compilation results ij Information f x Compiler Chip AT9058515 Memory model Small Optimize for Size s printf features int width s scanf features int width Promote char to int No char is unsigned Yes 8 bit enums Yes Automatic register allocation On 2471 line s compiled No errors No warnings Bit variables size 0 byte s Data Stack area 60h to DFh Data Stack size 128 byte s Estimated Data Stack usage
222. which employ serial communication RS232 RS422 RS485 The Terminal is invoked using the Tools Terminal menu command or the Terminal button on the toolbar Terminal olx HexCode Send _BxFile _TxFile Hex Clear GResetChip E j z j a ofl COM2 9600 8N1 Nohandsh ASCII TTY Echoon The characters can be displayed in ASCII or hexadecimal format The display mode can be toggled using the Hex ASCII button The received characters can be saved to a file using the Rx File button Any characters typed in the Terminal window will be transmitted through the PC serial port The entered characters can be deleted using the Backspace key By pressing the Send button the Terminal will transmit a character whose hexadecimal ASCII code value is specified in the Hex Code edit box By pressing the Tx File button the contents of a file can be transmitted through the serial port By pressing the Reset button the AVR chip on the STK200 300 VTEC ISP DT006 ATCPU or Mega2000 development board is reseted At the bottom of the Terminal window there is a status bar in which are displayed the computer s communication port communication parameters handshaking mode received characters display mode type of emulated terminal the state of the transmitted characters echo setting 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 51 CodeVisionAVR 2 3 4 Executing User Programs User programs are executed b
223. y selecting the corresponding command from the Tools menu You must previously add the Program s name to the menu 2 3 4 1 Configuring the Tools Menu You can add or remove User Programs from the Tools menu by using the Tools Configure menu command A Configure Tools dialog window with a list of User Programs will open X Configure Tools x a Tools E amp Avrcalce 7 Add ti Remove N Settings th X Cancel Help Using the Add button you can add a Program to the Tools menu Using the Remove button you can remove a Program from the Tools menu TT 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 52 CodeVisionAVR Using the Settings button you can modify the e Tool Menu Name Tool Directory and File Name Command Line Parameters Working Directory of a selected Program from the list a Tool Settings x Tool Name Avrcalc Tool Directory and FileName C CVAVRBIN Avrealc exe l Command Line Parameters Working Directory C CVAVR BIN l xX Cancel Changes can be saved respectively canceled using the OK respectively Cancel buttons 1998 2007 HP InfoTech S R L Page 53 CodeVisionAVR 2 4 IDE Settings The CodeVisionAVR IDE is configured using the View and Settings menus 2 4 1 The View Menu The folowing settings can be configured using the View menu command If the View Toolbar option is checked the command buttons too

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