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Properties of Sunlight – Part III

1. Typical Metrological Data TMY The most common data for describing the local solar climate is through Typical Meteorological Year data TMY e Various meteorological measurements are made at hourly intervals over a number of years to bulld up a picture of the local climate e Of the parameters given usually only the time and irradiation figures are used However more advanced models also use the temperature and wind speed e MY2 average over 30 years 1961 1990 e TMY3 average over 15 years 1991 2005 TMY2 data sets for 239 stations TMY3 data sets for 1020 stations 2008 TMY Release TMY3 Stations NSRDB Class e Il U S Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory 25 APR 2006 1 1 1 TMY3 Set of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1 year period Consists of months selected from individual years and concatenated to form a complete year Intended use is for computer simulations of solar energy conversion systems and building systems Represent typical rather than extreme conditions they are not suited for designing systems and their components to meet the worst case conditions occurring at a location Available on the web Google TMY3 data User s manual also available down on the same page TMY3 data available directly at http rredc nrel gov solar old data nsrdb 1991 2005 tmy3 E M SRDE 1991 2005 Update TMS Micro
2. based weather display for PDAs is alao available University of Nevada Las Vegas January 11 2012 Irradiance 2 E 3 E E 5 g 2 i Pacific Standard Time Direct Hormal M m 2 x mtn hour Rescale auto auto auto Primary y min max teplot in black white 14 00 Secondary y min max auto lide legen g B Diffuse Horiz calc W m 21 escale x max hour auto auto e f the average monthly insolation on a horizontal surface at a particular location is given can you estimate the insolation on a collector that is tilted at an angle and oriented in a particular direction he solution is tedious and lengthy see example 4 14 better use the data from the NREL Solar Radiation Manual WBAN NO 23169 LATITUDE 36 08 N LONGITUDE 115 17 W ELEVATION 664 meters MEAN PRESSURE 938 millibars STATION TYPE Primary Monthly Radiation kWhjmn itay O ii 2 Fe a 4 FS J FA ANAN OW 15 101 90 EIA BES 7 1004 10 8 104 97
3. 6 Fl 04 56 30 78 74 69 63 50 34 9 9 11 0 July 80 79 76 70 63 55 22 79 75 Tl 64 57 32 76 72 67 GI 55 34 10 0 10 7 Aug 7 1 75 375 72 67 60 32 73 72 09 65 59 36 67 64 60 55 50 32 98 10 1 Spt 56 67 69 70 69 65 45 63 64 63 61 S8 40 54 52 49 45 41 27 90 90 Oct 41 55 60 63 64 064 SI 0 53 SA SA 352 40 39 37 36 33 3 1 1 7 158 Nov 29 45 51 55 58 59 353 39 43 46 47 47 39 28 27 26 25 23 16 6 5 69 Dec 25 41 43 52 355 57 2 36 39 42 44 44 38 24 23 22 21 20 IA 6 0 6 5 Total 2029 2352 2415 2410 2342 2208 1471 223 2249 216 2130 1997 1357 1938 1848 1738 lol2 1467 960 3167 3305 Tables for other latitudes are in Appendix D Annual Insolation for Fiked Collectors Remark Annual amounts vary only slightly over a wide range of collector tilt and azimuth angles ANNUAL INSOLATION kWh m 3000 2900 2000 1500 1000 900 0 SOUTH FACING EAST WEST LATITUDE 40 N 10 20 30 AQ 90 60 70 80 90 COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE Daily Clear Sky Insolation of South Facing Collectors Note while the annualinsolation is nearly the same the monthly distribution is quite different 20 TILT 2350 kWh m yr E 40 TILT 2410 kWh m yr 60 TILT 2210 kWh m yr DAILY INSOLATION kWh m LATITUDE 40 N JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Daily Clear Sky Insolation of Fiked and Tracking Collectors Note Performance boost of the tracking systems is apparent T 12 Es TWO AXIS TRACKING 3300 kWh m yr 10 A
4. A Z 9 ONE AXIS TRACKING 2 N 3170 kWh m yr d 7 2 FIXED 40 TILT SOUTH FACING 2410 kWh m yr J 5 SA LLI D g T 2 LATITUDE 40 N 1 er 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Measuring Sunlight Pyranometers are designed to accurately measure the global solar irradiance they respond to all wavelengths Bya placing a shade ring to block the direct beam a pyranometer can be used gt to measure diffuse radiation Pyrheliometers shaped like long narrow tubes are designed to measure the direct or normal incident irradiance Both Pyranometers and pyrheliometers use a stack of thermocouples thermopile to detect how much hotter a black surface becomes when exposed to sunlight then produces a voltage that is proportional to insolation Both of the above devices respond to all wavelengths Measuring sunlight Other instruments which are less expensive but less accurate are available The most common is the silicon photodiode A photodiode sends a current through a calibrated resistance to produce a voltage that is proportional to insolation These photoelectric sensors respond only to a limited portion of the solar spectrum and not accurately to artificial light Electronic Detector Spectral Sensitivities LED1 Y reversed for stability a gt y C1 els R1 MIN 320 MO OeRdVt Sensor y output IC4 vollage High Gain Op Amp ND
5. Sunlight and its Properties III EE 446 646 Y Baghzouz Hourly Clear Sky Insolation The previous insolation eguations are instantaneous values ata given specific time These can be tabulated into hourly daily monthly and annual values for different tracking and fixed tilt angles The Table below is one example of hourly insolation Solar Tracking Tilt Angles Latitude 40 One Axis Two Axis 0 20 30 40 50 60 90 June 21 W m 6 6 47 524 188 128 93 57 53 AS 32 7 5 668 742 386 330 289 7240 185 126 45 o 4 772 858 3 2 538 498 445 380 305 51 9 3 835 92 131 722 686 632 560 473 147 10 2 875 961 853 865 834 780 703 607 233 11 1 398 982 929 956 928 874 795 693 288 12 906 959 055 98 9600 906 826 123 308 kWh d 9 94 10 96 8 27 8 06 762 6 96 6 18 3 23 90 Note Similar tables for other months and latitudes are given in Appendix C Reflected light is not included in the above table Daily Clear Sky Insolation KWh m Latitude 40 N Azim S SESW E W Tracking Tik 0 2 30 40 5 90 20 30 40 S0 o0 90 20 30 40 50 CO 0 One Axis Two Axis Jm 30 46 52 57 60 62 55 4l 45 47 49 49 40 29 28 27 26 24 68 72 Fb 42 58 63 66 68 67 SA 53 56 57 57 55 42 41 39 37 35 33 22 8 2 83 Mar 58 69 72 73 71 68 47 65 66 66 64 60 4l 55 53 50 46 43 28 95 95 Apr 72 7177 TM 74 69 62 33 75 74 74366 61 37 69 66 62 57 52 33 10 3 10 6 May 81 80 77 71 64 55 23 80 76 72 65 58 32 77 73 68 62 55 35 10 2 11 0 Jun 83 81 376 70 62 2 19 80 7
6. aa 5 o o QUANTIUM EFFICENCY Ya nN o 0 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 WAVELENGTH Nanometers 950 Solar Insolation Under Normal Skies Refer to National Solar Radiation Database Refer to the solar radiation manual for flat plate and concentration collectors published by NREL 1994 Resource website htto rredc nrel gov solar pubs redbook The book contains displays data in the form of tables graphs maps etc Refer to the book appendix for a sample of the data that is available in the above manual Refer to next slide for useful local data Peak Sun Hours psh e The average daily solar insolation in units of kWh m day is sometimes referred to as peak sun hours The term peak sun hours refers to the solar insolation which a particular location would receive if the sun were shining at its maximum value for a certain number of hours e Since the peak solar radiation is 1 kW m the number of peak sun hours is numerically identical to the average daily solar insolation Area Under Curve Solar Insolation 1 kW m m 4 Equal areajunder the two ci rves Solar Radiation Time of Da Time of Day Peak Sun Hours d US Solar Radiation Solar Resource Maps Source http rredc nrel gov solar old data nsrdb redbook atlas Average Daily solar Radiation Per Month SEPTEMBER TN E S B LP ja wA Tey WA UA YAA AA YANA ADJ DAA yA DAI
7. ance DNI This is the direct beam lg Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance DHI This is the diffuse insolation on a horizontal surface Ir I C Global Horizontal Irradiance GHI This is the sum of DHI and beam insolation on a horizontal surface I I sinB i e GHI Ig C sinB The above hourly data can be converted to collector irradiance using previous formulas Live Local Data http www nrel gov midc unlv 320 7 D l 20 40 N AU Wind Speed 53 M p E 28 0 21 yA 905 3 55 2 26 0 s o 60 24 0 Hin Avg 1 Min Gust E aa 7 0 kmph 10 3 mph 69 degrees nia M mE 31 ms d 4 6 ins Global Horizontal Direct Normal Diffuse Horizontal n a in Hg E malin Current 3 1 wami 1 4 Wim 00 Wire n a mBar n a MIS Deity Total 4 471 kwhrme 6 762 KWhrim 1 126 kwanini Wind Chill Temp Est Sea Level Pressure 1367 39 0 BE n a ing Vm 15 0868 m a mBar Dewpoint Temp mo HH nial Fr 134 41 Zenith Angle 7 600 LA n a T 2873 Azimuth Angle ne Y NNI E E a Low Temperature 55 2 F 12 3 C 0712 yA J _Mex Relative Humidity pete Mundi Lis 30 500 600 7 00 edo 20010001100120013001400150016001700 180014002000 Min Relatwe Humidity n a n a This page should automatically refresh every G0 minutes A text
8. mosphere during the 60 minute period ending at the timestamp Global horizontal VVatt hour per 1 Whim Total amount of direct and irradiance square meter diffuse solar radiation received on a horizontal surface during the 60 minute period ending at the timestam Glimpse at some data 68 columns 8760 rows J23860TY Read Only 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 teady B C D z F G 7238601LAS VEGA NV 8 36 083 115 15 648 1 1 2001 1 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 2 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 3 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 4 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 5 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 6 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 7 00 1 153 0 2 9 1 1 2001 8 00 146 1415 65 2 9 1 1 2001 9 00 371 1415 237 2 9 1 1 2001 10 00 551 1415 374 2 9 1 1 2001 11 00 671 1415 466 2 9 1 1 2001 12 00 724 1415 522 2 9 1 1 2001 13 00 705 1415 488 2 9 1 1 2001 14 00 617 1415 450 2 9 1 1 2001 15 00 464 1415 327 2 9 1 1 2001 16 00 259 1415 191 2 9 1 1 2001 17 00 42 837 4 2 9 1 1 2001 18 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 19 00 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2001 20 00 0 0 0 2 0 ILL ABRE BO000 coe LA I Lu oleo 2 KM R3 mm RJ R3 R32 R32 R3 R3 R3 R3 RJ R3 RO Fi Ri PM 0 So Ss o a 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 e eoo M 2 MJ RJ MM mM M3 R3 RM3J 8 R3 R3 R32 mM 8 R3 8m R3 RR fi MI Date MM Time HH ETR W m ETRN W GHI W m GHI source GHI uncer DNI W m DNI sourci DNI uncer DHI W m DHI source DHI uncer GH S O O WwW a 10 A 10 au 1D LO DO i amp i a Direct Normal Irradi
9. rpt Ely Yelland Field Fallon NAAS Las Vegas McCarran Intl AP Lovelock Derby Field Mercury Desert Rock AP Surtrad Nellis AFB Reno Tahoe International AP e e Tonopah Airport Winnemucca Municipal Arpt New Hampshire ZA 726160 e Berlin Municipal Address E http rredc nrel gov solarJold datajnsrdb 1991 2005 tmy3 by state and city htmlatly re Class I Back To Top ip Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Back To Top ip User s Manual Table 1 3 to interpret the data Table 1 1 TMY3 data header line 1 1 Site identifier code Station name Station state Two letter U S Postal abbreviation 6 Site time zone Hours from Greenwich negative west Site latitude Site longitude Decimal degree Site elevation Table 1 3 TMY3 data fields lines 3 8762 Field MIM DD NY Y Y Y Date of data record 1 mm 2 Time HH MM Time of data record local standard time 3 Hourly VVatthour per 1 Whim Amount of solar radiation extraterrestrial square meter received on a horizontal surface radiation ona at the top of the atmosphere horizontal surface dunng the 60 minute period ending at the timestamp Hourly VV att hour per 1 Whim Amount of solar radiation extraterrestrial square meter received on a surface normal to radiation normal to the sun at the top of the the sun at
10. soft Internet Explorer File Edit View Favorites Tools Help 42 Back p 5 fat A Search Favorites Media YA Eh Address F http rredc nrel gosv solar old datafnsrdb 1991 2005 tmy3 ian National Solar Radiation Data Base 1991 2005 Update Typical Meteorological Year 3 Brief Summary of the TMY3s This directory contains the data files for the typical meteorological year TARY data sets derived from the 1961 1990 and 1991 2005 National Solar Radiation Data Base NSRDB archives Because they are based on more recent and accurate data these new TMY3 data sets are recommended for use in place of earlier TMY2 data The TMY3 data set contains data for 1020 locations compared with 239 for the TMY2 data set The TMY3s are data sets of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1 year period Their intended use is for computer simulations of solar enerey conversion systems and building systems to facilitate performance comparisons of different system types configurations and locations in the United States and its territories Because they represent typical rather than extreme conditions they are not suited for desienins systems to meet the worst case conditions occurring at a location TMY TMY2 and TMY3 data sets cannot be used interchangeably because of differences in time solar versus local formats elements and units Unless they are revised computer programs designed for TMY and TMY2 da
11. ta will not work with TRTY3 data NREL provides a conversion program to reformat TMY3 data to TMY2 data see the Software section below The TMY3 data sets and manual were produced by NREL s Electric Systems Center under the Solar Resource i tharactearizvathan Perotert araci ic fonoded anc moanittared har the TT 2 Tienmartiment nf Bhuxerox e PFPnrnerom PP eianet and E enema hla mH fitter 3 NSRDB 1991 2005 Update TMY3 Microsoft Internet Explorer gt e at ase e Meda c SS w E ress 2 http rredc nrel aov solar old data ngrdb 1991 2005 tmy3 The Data e Individual Station Files o In alphabetical order by state and city o In numerical order by USAFN number m All Stations in a Single Compressed File o imr tar zz 228 7 MB NOTE In some browsers file may download as tnry3 tar tar Rename file to tmy3 tar zz before decompressing Decompress using Filzip WinZip or similar program in Windows Stuffit Expander on Macintosh and the command sunzip on Unix systems e TMY3 StationsMeta csv o TMY3_StationsMetaMeta doc m Errata Documentation e TMY3 User s Manual PDF E NSRDB update TMY3 Alphabetical List by State and City Microsoft Internet Explorer dell F F ES ES v se Parr 725070 Nevada 725825 724600 724885 723860 725805 7235870 723805 7248580 724855 725830 Favorites meda A b amp fw e Valentine Miller Field e Elko Municipal A

Properties of Sunlight – Part III

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Properties of Sunlight &ndash; Part III

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Properties of Sunlight – Part III