Home

Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT

1. Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 4 Student Manual Prepared by Operational Services Canadian Coast Guard Department of Fisheries and Oceans Government of Canada 2000 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT For Your Information This manual is yours to keep and use for future reference We have provided areas where you can jot down notes Use these work areas to make the course more meaningful to you write down tips or ideas from your instructors or other participants note important things to remem ber Let your instructors know if you have any ideas that would improve the usefulness of these course materials Enjoy a challenging and safe RHIOT School experience a Ca E A a A This manual has been prepared by Operational Services Canadian Coast Guard Department of Fisheries and Oceans Government of Canada 25 Huron Street Victoria British Columbia V8V 4V9 Telephone 250 480 2651 Bra Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT INTRODUCTION CD SAFETY 1 1 The Canadian Coast Guard Fleet Safety Manual 1 2 Getting The Right Gear For The Job 1 3 Cleaning and Maintaining Your Safety Equipment 1 4 Additional Equipment DD VESSEL SAFETY 2 1 Daily Inspection Checklists 2 2 Vessel Specifications P Weekly Inspection Checklist 2 3 Fuelling GD COMMUNICATIONS 3 1 Closing the Loop 3 2 Briefings 3 3 Debriefings 3 4 Hand Signals 3 5 Radio C
2. HII e mm un a system with a rip current and the longshore current feeding the rip Remember there is no relation between a rip tide and a tide rip A tide or tidal rip is caused by a Swift tidal current passing over a rough bottom If this meets an opposing wave violent reaction occurs Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT causing the water to shoot into the air This is to be avoided 5 8 Tsunamis Wind is not the only energy source that creates wave motion on the surface of the sea Severe and sud den movement up and down of the ocean floor during earthquakes can inject huge amounts of energy into the water in the form of short impulsive disturbances These impulses generate waves popularly but incorrectly called tidal waves They are actually referred to as Tsunamis or Seismic Sea Waves Tsunamis radiate in all directions as a system of shallow water waves with rings of waves spreading out like the pattern created by a stone dropped in a calm pond The longest wave is at the front the leading edge of the system with shorter waves following The speed of the leading wave is very high 410 knots in the Pacific Basin and is limited only by the depth of the water Each Tsunami wave front keeps its identity as it moves away from the source area its height slowly decreasing as the energy is dissipated by the circular spreading from the source Tsunamis may travel thousands of miles moving very rapidly
3. 20 sem EE m mm Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT nw yo ME 000 005 010 org COURSE AND LEG IDENTIFIER FOR EXPANDING SQUARE PATTERN SS TIME AND DISTANCE TABLE 1 PLACE INDEX ARROW NUMBER 1 ON HEADING OF FIRST SEARCH LEG HEADINGS OF ALL LEGS ARE SHOWN BY THE CORRESPONDING PARALLEL INDEX ARROWS popa ra 2 RECORD TIME TO TURN IN THE TIME BOX FOR EACH LEG LEG NUMBERS ARE SHOWN ON LEG EXTENSION LINES w M MINUTES S SECONDS NAUTICAL MILES a aw en Zehe DEPT OF TRANSP USCO PLOTTER 67 SN 78300 G F 29000 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Like the Expanding Square a Sector Search is used when datum can be established with a high degree of confidence and when the target is small such as a person in the water The advantage of the sector search is that the SAR unit passes through datum several times This pattern resembles the spokes of a wheel with the centre of the wheel being datum If a second search is required rotate the pattern making the first leg on a course of 030 then continue with 120 turns to starboard See diagram on the following page Barrier Search A Barrier Search is used in areas of strong currents or wind drift and is de Signed to detect a search object being Swept through the barrier The barrier is usually downstream of the projected da tum This is the only search pattern that uses fixed geographic points o
4. Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Restricted Visibility Signals In or near an area of restricted visibility whether by day or night the signals outlined below shall be used as follows Vessel Signal or Situation empre A power driven vessel making way through the water y OS 2 min intervals eq A power driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through the water pi 2 min intervals or less A vessel not under command a vessel re stricted in her ability to maneuver a vessel Ty ory ory strained by her draught a sailing vessel a vessel engaged in fishing a vessel engaged sain nical in towing or pushing another vessel or a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver while carrying out her work E EN A vessel being towed or the last vessel of a tow if manned Y T F os 2 min intervals A vessel of under 100 metres in length at anchor e 1 min intervals A vessel greater than 100 metres in length at a Fomard ZA Mt anchor S 5 1 min a 7 intervals Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Restricted Visibility Signals continued Vessel Signal or Situation Required Vessels at anchor may also choose to use an additional warning signal cg A vessel aground eae Three 3 distinct strokes on the bell rapid ringing of the bell followed by three 3 distinct strokes on the bell ae 1 min intervals A vessel aground may als
5. proaching the back of a high wave steering around the peak to where the wave is shallower and climbing it there 6 7 Quartering Seas When running diagonally across following seas it is important as it is with all headings to keep an eye out for large peaks and crests and for shallow spots to pass through Proper assessment is the key to keeping the vessel in the safest places As a rule the back of a wave is a very comfortable place to be Here it is possible for you to carefully choose a path or just slow down and ride that wave Again throt tles and steering are equally vital for safe navigation Dangers The greatest danger is when a cresting wave lifts the after quarter of the sponsons from behind thus roll ing the boat If the boat is caught running beam on to the face of a large cresting wave a capsize can result If caught from behind by a large wave steer down the face of the wave into the trough and then accelerate along the trough away from the advancing crest Handling in Quarter Seas On this heading the likelihood of stuffing the bow is not as great as for following seas Therefore the en Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT gines do not need to be trimmed as high The boat will handle effectively if the engines are trimmed up slightly thus keeping the bow up Watch the oncoming seas very carefully in order to avoid being caught by a surprise crest As the boat runs along the trough look ah
6. shore 8 2 Search Patterns Most search and rescue missions require a visual search often under difficult conditions To carry out these searches a method is required to accurately calculate the distance that one can search for an ob ject on both sides of the vessel The process for determining how well an area has been searched involves a series of calculations done by the Rescue Coordination Centre However it is important that the coxswain have a basic understanding of the variables involved since changes in these variables may affect the outcome of the search Track Spacing Track spacing is the term used to describe the distance between adjacent legs of the search Track spac ing is normally provided by RCC and is based on detection capability The more difficult the object is to detect the closer together the track spacing should be Optimum track spacing is determined by combining the sweep width with the desired coverage area of the search The sweep width is obtained from tables which illustrate the detectability of different search ob jects under a variety of conditions Since the track spacing calculation is done before the search gets underway it s important that the cox Swain advise RCC of the actual on scene conditions This information will enable the search planner to verify the track spacing calculation and change it if necessary Probability of Detection POD Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RH
7. tation devices are designed to offer padded protection to the front and back of the body during high speed operations and their straps and buckles will stay fastened on impact with the water snug fit and slim design gives the wearer comfort and mobility to work Unlike a standard life jacket the PFD will not turn an uncon scious victim upright in the water The floatation foam used in PFDs will deterio CT rate after heavy use and exposure to the elements PFDs are available in many sizes and designs The most important features are that they fit properly have enough floatation for your size when you are carrying extra equipment and that they have good straps and fasteners Transport Canada recently approved new colors such as blue and purple for use by recreational boaters Some of these colours are not as visible as the standard red yellow and orange PFDs Those who work on the water usually choose the more visible colours to increase their survivability should they fall over board O Anti Exposure Coveralls and Jackets Anti exposure coveralls often referred to as floater suits are a good choice for operations on the west coast or in northern waters The floater suit is one of the most common pieces of safety equipment used by rescue personnel today because it offer
8. Evinrude Fiche ram injection requires replacement at 100 hours Mercury Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Optimax is also 100 hours Use the recommended plug for your engine generally plati num tipped and expensive When gapping the plugs don t attempt to guess use the cor rect feeler gauge for the specified plug gap use your manual and gap to manufacturer s specs Evinrude is set at 030 and Merc at 040 If these gaps are incorrect the engine will not idle properly The Evinrude requires the spark plugs to be indexed during installa tion This means you will have to mark the open side of the spark plug gap on the ce ramic portion of each plug When the plug is installed into the head the open side has to be pointing toward the fuel injector This will allow the fuel to be injected toward the jumping spark and not at the bent part of the anode allowing better ignition of the fuel and lessening the chance of fuel droplets forming on the plug When installing the plug you may find the plug will not be tight while pointing toward the injector The plugs that don t align may be taken out of the head and installed in the other head In other words start your plug installation in the starboard head the plugs that don t align place in the port head Alignment will generally take place then Ideally the open side should directly face the injector but can be as much as 90 to either side Final torque on the plugs s
9. go slow The cardinal rule stressed at RHIOT is if the coxswain can t see the victim the engines go into neutral Ifthe approach is aborted the wind will blow the boat off and the approach can be restarted The coxswain must have enough way on the boat so that when the victim disappears from sight below the sponson pontoon the engines can be put into neutral and the boat turned to STARBOARD Why star board Because our boats have the throttles positioned on the starboard side so the port side is acces Sible for work The wind will assist the turn once the coxswain has initiated the turn to starboard Most unpowered boats will want to lie across the wind and this helps the turn The ideal rescue position for the victim is directly abeam the coxswain s seat on the UP WIND The cardinal rule at RHIOT If the coxswain can t see the victim the engines go into neutral The crew member responsible for sight ing and calling distances must remem ber to continue indicating position even after the victim disappears from sight under the sponson This keeps Fi nal Approach the coxswain informed of the status of Notice that the boat is the rescue Get a hold on the victim as quickly as possible because the RHI will drift downwind rapidly The person pointing must keep his her eyes on the victim even if it s necessary for the RHI to make another approach downwind from victim Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RH
10. light racing hydroplanes can readily become airborne and often crash as a result Speed potential in a displacement vessel is harshly limited by the inherent speed of the wave system it creates as it shoulders water aside In simple terms the displacement vessel lacks the power to climb appreciably up the back face of its own bow wave On the other hand a boat on a clean plane is perched just behind the crest of the wave it creates by de flecting water downward forward and outward The water shoved down and aside by the passage of the hull instead of closing in directly behind the boat and forming a distinctive stern or quarter wave breaks cleanly away at the transom and chines The faster the boat goes the longer it takes this water to re bound in the boat s wake Thus the stern wave of a planing hull unlike the wel defined quarter wave of a displacement hull trails a substantial distance behind the transom The faster the planing boat goes the further it lags behind Trim Angle The vast majority of runabouts fishing boats and planing cruisers are flat or V bottom designs with no transverse steps in their running surfaces When a boat of this type accelerates from a standstill the trim ud Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT angle first increases peaking at about the time the boat begins to plane i e the water begins to break cleanly away at the transom and chines The trim angle levels off as the speed
11. the downwind side of the hull becomes a leading edge and develops more lift than the upwind side Good planing boats are more stable at speed than at rest When weight is shifted to one side of a dis placement boat the boat heels moving the centre of buoyancy sideways until it is again vertically aligned with the centre of gravity this time with the boat heeling somewhat However when a boat is planing the same weight shift will also alter the trim angle on one side of the bottom relative to the other inducing an additional and comparatively large dynamic In these diagrams the wetted length as indicated by the lines at the bottom are proportional to the wet ted surface A With many boats weight forward helps to opti mize the trim angle for low planing speeds B With weight aft the trim angle will be too great caus ing excessive drag and difficulty getting up onto a lane C On the other hand for fast running weight forward can reduce the trim angle excessively leading to an increase in both wetted surface and total drag D Less total drag and hence greater speed is achieved with the weight aft CS SS E E ee ee CSS SE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT E eee TEA AT Deadrise The shadowed area illustrates how pressure and lift peaks near the leading edge of the wetted bottom sur faces on flat bottom planing boat A and a y bottom vessel B The additional wetted length at the keel on the
12. time salt can cut material like a knife making a dry suit a wet one and a rain jacket well ventilated The salt molecules penetrate the fibres while in liquid form and crystallize when they dry These crystals cut the fabric during normal motion Grease should be washed out with a mild non abrasive detergent All zippers on dry suits require lubrication Lube the zippers with bar soap bees wax silicone spray or Protectant 303 Bees wax will have a tendency to trap abrasive part cles Clean frequently and replace as necessary The other products will not adhere as well as bees wax but are self cleaning during use Frequency applications on the zipper will be necessary Dry suit zippers need to be stored in the closed position Store all clothing in a clean dry space Do not crunch a dry suit or floatation device into a small locker Keep your gear like new 1 4 Additional Equipment When spending long hours on the water it s a good idea to bring extra equipment Extra gloves and an Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT extra hat are always a good choice High energy snacks like granola bars or peanuts will get the crew through long hours at night or long patrols The list of items you could carry in your vest is endless Here are some suggestions Your Personal Equipment Kit P Penor Pencil P Toque or Balaclava There s P Pen Ligh hanga P Gloves en Light PED with 15 pounds of buoyancy if your equipment vest or ot
13. usually starting low at the forward edge and increasing Camber is usually found in high speed props and offers improved bite Another way of reducing slip without altering pitch is by cupping A cup is a curl formed into the trailing edge of each blade In high speed high r p m operations use of a cupped propeller improves bite and can improve top speed by as much as three miles per hour However by reducing slip a cupped prop may also reduce peak engine r p m As yet another rule of thumb when using a cupped propeller pitch is usually reduced from one to two inches in propellers above 14 diameter in order to maintain peak en gine r p m To keep engine loading the same diameter should not be altered Before leaving the discussion of propeller blade configuration there is one final characteristic worth noting blade rake When viewing a propeller from the side it s possible to determine whether a cross section of any blade is directly vertical to the prop hub in which case the prop has no rake or is angled Slightly aft or swept back High rake propellers allow the blade to operate more efficiently when partially cavitated or ventilated In high performance boats a high rake prop often increases bow lift O Material Propellers are made of four principal types of material Plastic Y Bronze Y Aluminium Y Stainless Steel Y Plastic props are becoming increasingly common on trolling motors and low horsepower Rigid
14. ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT NAVIGATION 9 1 Sound Signals RHIOT students are expected to already know the rules of the road Since we will be using vessel signals during the practical component of this course it s worth re capping the topic of sound signals The Collision Regulations Rule 33 require that Legend of Sound Signals vessels of 12 or more me re sl al Whistle Any sound signalling device capable of to the specifications out producing loud blasts as specified in nei ia Annex tar the Annex Ill of the Collision Regulations Regulations Vessels less than 12 meters in length do not have to carry the sound signalling devices outlined above but must long carry some other means of making an efficient sound signal The rigid Rapid Ringing the bell rapidly for approximately hull inflatables at RHIOT Ringing of 5 seconds in the forward part of the ves School are equipped with Bell sel a horn Rapid Banging the gong rapidly for approxi Sounding mately 5 seconds in the aft part of the of Gong vessel The following pages show the sound signals to be used for maneuvering warning and during periods of restricted visibility Rule No 34a 34c Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Maneuvering and Warning Signals Vessel or Situation Power driven vessels in sight of one a
15. GPS positions to measure distances latitude grid only or for describing your position A compass rose for plotting bearings or reading course directions make sure to use the magnetic rose the list goes on and on Topographical Maps Nautical charts may not be available for smaller lakes and rivers but topographical maps normally are Topographical maps are designed for use on land and don t show information about depths aids to navi gation underwater hazards etc They do however have detailed information about land features that the navigator can use and will show the location of rapids waterfalls dams etc 9 4 Compass Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The compass is a magnet It aligns itself with the natural magnetic field of the earth pointing towards the north magnetic pole The magnet is attached to a card or rose which is divided into 360 degrees Navigators of small craft primarily use the compass to indicate the direction that the boat is headed in On its own the compass can guide you home at night or in poor visibility Some preparation is required though take note of the course s steered on your way out Even better take note of the time you Steer each course That way you have an indication of when to change course even without visual cues Bear in mind that your drift tide wind may be different on the way back Plan to steer on landmarks but make a note of your
16. Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT outboards because of their light weight and resistance to virtually any type of corrosion Made from nylon these props are surprisingly strong actually more resistant to impact than props made of aluminium Bronze propellers are the standard for inboard installations because of their strength corrosion resistance and repairability Actually an alloy of bronze with manganese these props have blades that are more easily altered than those of other metals This means pitch can be changed to a degree cupping can be added and most importantly a bent or dam aged blade can be repaired relatively easily On striking an object the blades of a bronze prop are more likely to bend than to break On the other hand bronze props are more ex pensive and a good deal heavier than those made of aluminium Aluminiumis bronze s main competition and while rarely used in inboards is the material of choice for props used in sterndrives and outboards Aluminium is light resistant to corro Sion relatively low in cost and relatively strong However an aluminium prop hitting an ob ject is more likely to shear a blade than is a bronze prop because aluminium is less ductile than bronze Aluminium props are typically more difficult to repair or alter a disadvantage often offset by their lower cost Stainless steel and its alloys are both stronger and more expensive than either nylon bronze or aluminium High perfor
17. RHIOT E e CS CTT Cs E Es Te AA CS CTT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT E e CS CTT Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT
18. Training RHIOT Always make time for pre departure briefings This gives the team a focus and an opportunity to develop or modify plans before you get underway A briefing should P Present the plan or problem Outline the requirements and standards Identify weaknesses welcoming questions and challenges Generate discussion ask for questions comments strategize as a team Confirm the plan Define responsibilities and delegate the workload Detail the Pre Departure Route Plan 3 3 Debriefings A debriefing should follow each mission It may be as long or as short as required but must be a whole team effort open and positive Debriefing Tips ME Debrief as soon as is practical RE rt with yourself Me ni positive and negative but always begin with a positive Develop a plan for improvement Lo for questions and comments 3 4 Hand Signals STE I y A ce So SS ER E ET Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A EDS TT a The RHI s operational environment makes the use of hand signals necessary or desirable These simple hand signals will be used at RHIOT School for relaying helm orders RHIOT Hand Signals STOP TAP the operator on the TOP OF THE HELMET SLOW DOWN PULL on the BACK OF THE operator s VEST COME TAP operator s LEFT SHOULDER SLIGHTLY TO PORT TURN TO PULL on the operator s LEFT SLEEVE PORT until the desired heading is reached COME TAP the operator s RIGHT SHOUL SLIGHTLY TO P
19. V bottom boat provides resistance to por poising Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Deadrise angle DR is measured from the horizontal In a turn to port a planing boat skids sideways slightly As a result the pattern of pressure distribution becomes asymmetrical and ex tra lift on the starboard side banks the boat to port A planing hull at rest A or moving slowly B dis places a weight of water equal to its own weight As it picks up more speed C the hull climbs onto the back slope of the bow wave and water passing un der the hull begins to break cleanly away at the tran som During the process of getting over the hump and onto a plane the trim angle as shown by the dashed lines reaches a maximum As the boat planes faster D the trim angle automatically de creases Arrows indicate the length of the wave sys tems generated by the boat at different speeds Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 11 4 Turn of the Screw Propellers This section was written by Richard Thiel and is reprinted with permis sion from YACHTING Magazine January 1985 Most yachtsmen who exude a solemn confidence when it comes to va NM things nautical nevertheless seem totally flummoxed when confronted AES Ju with the subject of propellers They harbour vague notions of how the gt EA things work like a screw right but when the discussion focuses on lt y specific subjects
20. at your disposal to attract attention on VHF Channel 16 EG Describe your vessel Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Recognized Marine Distress Signals DISTRESS CALL Use 2182 kHz MF or channel 16 156 8 MHz VHF DSC alert channel 70 only for DSC type radios CALLING PROCEDURES MARINE RADIO BET N Mayday Mayday Immediate danger for persons OR ship Mayday Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan Pan Urgent message concerning safety of a person or ship e Give vessel name and call sign e State position of vessel e Describe nature of emergency EMERGENCY POSITION INDICATING RADIOBEACON EPIRB e USE ALARM SIGNAL BALL over or under SQUARE DISTRESS CLOTH ARM SIGNAL Do not use this signal near helicopters different meaning MZ EL Continuous sounding of a foghorn bell or whistle MA 1 minute intervals LG gun or any explosive Flares E p Type A Parachute rocket 34 Te we Type B Multi star rocket 77 4 Type C Hand held i ES Type D Buoyant or hand held DYE MARKER lt orange smoke a Canadian Modifications Strobe 50 70 White and Square Shape Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 3 6 Scene Assessment and Crew Safety You can expect to confront a variety of risks on the water Whenever a small team arrives on scene they are compelled to get involved and help quickly The sense of urgency can draw people into situations before th
21. boat Run your towline around the whole hull and attach lines over and under to prevent the towline from running either up or under the hull 7 4 Safe Speed for Towing Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT TOWING SAFETY CHECKLIST Have a Man Overboard maneuver practised and ready 1 Stricken vessel s stability taking on water listing loose cargo etc N Any medical problems of POBs if so they should be taken off the stricken vessel and onto your boat if conditions allow depending on the size of both vessels Se Omo E E sa e O ses epa O PE vessel s crew onto your boat z E 9 al mb mb Y o ee ia ESA ES EA EA Ea ES ao EE E EJ E ees E Em ER EJE Es Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The design of most displacement hulls limits the speed at which they can be towed safely This is particu larly important to know in the case of wooden hulled boats To determine a vessel s theoretical hull speed Theoretical Hull Speed in knots 1 34 times the square root of the vessel s length at the water line For example If a vessel s waterline length not the overall length is 25 feet then the square root Is 5 feet 5 X 1 34 6 7 It is not safe to tow this displacement vessel any faster than 6 7 knots 7 5 Approaching the Stricken Vessel Crossing the T This approach allows the boat coxswain to cross the bow of the stricken ves
22. continues to climb This self trimming feature is characteristic of all stepless planing hulls The drag associated with too large a trim angle bow in the sky can prevent a boat from climbing over the hump and onto a plane if the available power is marginal for the load As any experienced small craft operator knows a boat struggling to get onto a plane can often be helped along by shifting weight toward the bow On the other hand the highest speeds for a given hull load and power plant are generally at tained when the boat s centre of gravity is quite far aft despite the fact that this distribution of load often makes it significantly harder to start planing in the first place To understand why planing boats react this way you must look at their two main sources of resistance 1 Energy required to push water downward as it hits the bottom of the boat A steeper trim angle causes water to be deflected faster not only creating larger lifting forces but also absorb ing more energy in the process The work required to generate dynamic lift matches the work re quired to haul a loaded boat up a friction ramp with a slope equal to the trim angle Skin friction Frictional drag is determined mainly by wetted area and then by surface finish To some extent skin friction and trim angle drag are inversely related For example if trim angle is in creased and speed held constant wetted surface and skin friction will decrease To minimiz
23. crewmember with the best first aid skills should assess the injury P Advise RCC of the injury through MCTS and request medical assistance if necessary Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Capsize Reversal Training The following steps will be demonstrated during RHIOT If your vessel has overturned Check crew for injuries and confirm the number of persons on board POB All crew to assemble at the transom First crew member deploys the safety line and swims it out the complete dis tance length of line Remaining crew assist with deployment of safety line then follow the line out themselves The coxswain remains at the transom After the crew are safely out of the way the coxswain activates the capsize reversal system by pulling firmly on the handle As soon as the system is activated the coxswain will swim pull himself down the safety line and out of the way See photograph below After the vessel has righted itself the crew can begin boarding Use the windward side of the vessel Do not try to climb over the engines it s dan gerous Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Capsize Reversal Training The following steps will be demonstrated during RHIOT If your vessel has overturned After the crew are onboard Check your crew for injuries and numbers Test your radio If no radio contact activate EP IRB Deploy the sea anchor Recover the safety line Remember that you do have
24. dry suits are con structed of nylon polymer similar to a diving dry suit but use a thicker gauge material There is no valve on the suit and they generally have reinforced knees elbows and but tocks Hoods are not attached and the suit is worn with a thermal liner Neoprene seals are superior to the latex seals at the neck and hands Some dry suits have inte gral work boots or soft shoes The latex in dry suits breaks down with exposure to UV rays and petroleum stains Always clean and store your dry suit properly after each use O Protection Government vessels often operate in severe conditions With frequent heavy impacts up to 11 Gforce Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Dry Suit Maintenance Diy sults neve no inherent cal fl i d Wash and rinse the dry suit with fresh water after every Er nd use worn with a PFD and the ili appropriate 2 Lubricate zippers with a silicone spray or hand soap to Me es prevent corrosion 3 Hang up the dry suit and zip it closed to air dry in order to high wind chills and prevent the material from stretching excessive noise lev els a crew member Wash out stains with a mild soap or detergent can find himself in an extremely hostile environment If something does go wrong the crew may be at risk from head injuries and or blunt trauma Protective gear is essential when your vessel may be tasked to respond to a distress call under these conditions When ther
25. factors before entering a hazardous situation or when en countering heavy weather after leaving the ship or station Situation and the adequacy of the boat and crew to complete the task safely the coxswain must stand off if the mission presents a serious safety risk to the crew Available depth of water Keeping in mind the possibility of the craft being overturned in the surf or breaking waves Communication keeping the OIC CO informed at all times Safety Gear Safety is of paramount importance Each crew member will use safety gear that is appropriate for the ex Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT isting conditions This equipment will include at a minimum the following Protective Headwear P While involved in SAR operations RHI FRC crews must wear helmets that have been ap proved for use on FRCs The helmet must be worn correctly with the chinstrap snugly fas tened When engaged in non SAR taskings FRC crews must wear helmets when conditions warrant including wearing either FRC helmets or hardhats when working in the vicinity of overhead loads or lifting equipment Important Hard hats should not be worn while the FRC is underway other than when maneuvring at slow speeds Thermal Protection P Crewmembers must wear approved protective suits when the risk of hypothermia exists Dry suits must be worn with appropriate undergarments Personal Buoyancy Equipment P FRC crews must wear an approved personal
26. flares but use them wisely In all probability the engines will have water in the cylinders The way to get the water out is by removing the spark plugs and turning over the engine until all of the water is gone Replace the plugs and prime the fuel line then try to start the engines REMEMBER Since the engines will have water in the carbs and cylinders from the exhaust system you will have to turn them over for approx 10 20 seconds Water will spray out of the spark plug holes Once the engine is able to turn over without water spraying out pump the FUEL priming bulb to prime the carbs DO NOT PRIME THE OIL SYSTEM If the starter is unserviceable use the pull start method Remember to acti vate the primer and turn on the key when it s time to start the engine Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Provide first aid using the best available advice If necessary obtain an opinion through the MCTS Take the patient to the base or a rendezvous with an ambulance or doctor using the most appropriate route 4 6 Vessel Lost Disoriented Don t compound the problem with an attack of ego Confer with the rest of the crew maybe someone knows where you are Advise the base of your predicament and give them your last known position they will dis patch a vessel to DF and find you MCTS has surveillance radars and VHF DF equipment and may be able to help you 4 7 Recovering People From The Water When approaching a pers
27. floatation device at all times When wearing vest style PFDs they must be securely fastened to the body with four 4 cinch straps 2 per side Eye Protection P To guard their eyes against sea spray small dust particles debris UV rays and to prevent excessive tearing from the wind crew members should wear eye protection whenever possi ble and practical Eye protection must be approved to ANSIZ87 1 89 or equivalent Footwear P Non skid deck boots designed to provide maximum traction must be worn If the crew is en gaged in cargo operations then approved safety footwear must be worn Related Fleet Orders P Coast Guard Fleet Order CGFO 535 00 Rescue Specialists on Board CCG Ships Coast Guard Rescue Specialists must be trained in the operation of Fast Rescue Craft Rigid Hull Inflatables It is easy to forget how quickly the water can claim a life It removes heat from our bodies 25 times faster than air Yet many victims do not even have the chance to get cold The shock of the icy water causes them to hyperventilate and their lungs fill with water after a minute or two Professionals who work on the water must be prepared for any eventuality You can give yourself the survival advantage by wearing the ud Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT right gear for the job Remember most drownings occur on nice days Safety equipment that doesn t fit is dangerous There are countless stories of people struggling to sur
28. for corrosion loose nuts chafing breaks and cracks in the insulation jacket Antennas Inspect all coaxial cable connections Inspect for chafing and exposed wires Check antenna mounts Y Check all mounting hardware for tightness and cracking Y Look for loose nuts tighten and seal accordingly Bilge Pump Y Manually test and inspect screens and hose Y Through hull fittings and wiring Steering System y Fluid level rams hoses V All hardware Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Weekly Inspection Checklist continued ITEM INSPECTION POINTS Hull y Inspect for cracks gouges and delamination clean hull at this time V Seat hinges tight and seal tears and cuts Towing Assembly Y Check welds and fasteners for cracking and tightness y Metals all subject to cracking and corrosion y Hammer test for buzzing sound and indicating cracks and loose fasteners y Remove corrosion deposits and repair paint blisters y Lines filters water separators connections Zincs V Must have a good bond V Change when at 50 All Grounds V Corrosion loose nuts deteriorated condition of wires Y Good clean grounds are essential for the proper operation of engine components and functioning of sacrificial zincs y Steering and throttle with dielectric grease Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 2 3 Fuelling All government small craft should keep their fuel and oil tanks filled This helps
29. hear you Deflation of the tubes to facilitate lifts is not recommended The person can become trapped in the folds Deflation also compromises the integrity of the The parbuckling lines may be pre set prior to arrival on scene to speed up the rescue process The engines must go to neutral when the coxswain can t see the person any longer Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT WAVES AND CURRENT A competent seaman must have a solid understanding and appreciation of how waves work By under standing how waves form how they behave at sea over shoals and in the surf zone the seaman knows what to expect and how to avoid or minimize danger to his vessel and crew The following definitions will assist in understanding the material covered in this unit 5 1 Glossary of Wave Terms Breaker A single breaking wave either of the plunging type or the spilling type Breaker Line The outer limit of the surf All breakers may not present themselves in a line Breakers can occur outside of the breaker line and seem to come from nowhere Comber A wave on the point of breaking A comber has a thin line of white water on its crest referred to as feathering Crest The top of a wave breaker or swell Cycloidal Wave Short steep waves breaking or about to break Fetch The unobstructed distance over which the wind blows across the surface of the water Foam Crest Top of the foaming water that speeds toward the bea
30. installed according to the manufacturer s instructions Here are some tips to remember P High voltage do not take apart P Antennas rotating stay clear P Servicing lock out switching post signs if possible P Electronic energy divergence harmful radiation Common Radar Operation Errors P N up North magnetic or true depending on input must have external navigator attached GPS etc P H up top of displayed picture represents the direction the boat is going heading P Keep radar set in H up in case interface fails How Things Look on Radar Relative Motion Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT P Your own vessel is permanently fixed at the center of the screen P Radar echoes appear to move around your vessel True Motion P Is like seeing your own vessel moving on a chart Landmasses stay stationary All ships movements are true to their COG target differentiation Identifies any movement High mountaintops may reflect like a landmass but may be well inland Low featureless terrain may reflect poorly or not at all Effects of reflecting surface and shape P Square and rectangular shapes reflect better than round ones P Metallic surfaces reflect better than wood or fiberglass P Non metallic round pontoons and fiberglass hulls stealth sea return Effects of irregularities in the water surface P Wave crests breaking at close range and heavy seas appear usually on short range scales as mult
31. moved far aft in an effort to maintain an optimal trim angle to maximize speed V bottom boats are popu lar partly because their extra wetted length along the keel makes them highly resistant to porpoising The distance that each side of a V bottom angles up from the horizontal is called deadrise and varies from a normal low of about 5 for some hard chine runabouts to 27 for some seagoing deep V hulls The chief drawback of a deadrise is that water is pushed outward as well as downward by the angled bot tom For a given speed and load a V bottom will create more drag and require more power than a flat bottom In most cases the trade off is worthwhile For comfortable or even tolerable rides in choppy wa ter very steep deadrise angles are recognized as superior although they greatly increase power require ments For optimal performance the entire running surface of a planing hull the wetted area when planing should be perfectly flat lengthwise In the case of a V bottom the wetted portions of the port and star board panels viewed individually should be completely flat in both directions The harm done by having a convex running surface particularly lengthwise can be demonstrated by dangling a spoon by its handle so that the bottom of the bowl contacts a stream of water from a tap the spoon is pulled into the stream Concavity in a planing bottom usually in the form of a droop near the trailing edge does less damage than convexi
32. performance props usually stainless steel offering high rake and thin blades Choosing precisely the right prop involves the necessity for a little trial and error Association with a repu table prop shop can be a big help and save a lot of time and money and the rewards for mounting the correct prop are substantial smooth quiet operation maximum speed and performance and optimum fuel efficiency not bad for a simple one piece mechanism Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Outboard An 1 Ignition All components in the system that supply or regulate ignition firing spark a Stator and or Alternator OMC incorporates the stator to supply the required power to excite the ignition system whereas Mercury has now replaced the stator with the more conventional alternator The stator and alternator both provide the ignition and charging power required to oper ate the engine and its components Stators integrated provide high AC voltage that is rectified and regulated to the volt age required by the component typically 300 volts AC to 12 volts DC for charging and ignition Alternators bolted on provide 12 v DC for ignition and charging Both systems are capable of high amperage 45 amps for charging while the alternator is now producing 60 amps b Power Pack or ECU s Electronic Control Units Power packs or ECU s are the electroni
33. removes most of the carbon build up Engine Oil Keep the oil tank full A partially filled oil tank is susceptible to a build up of condensation A vessel undergoes several angle changes when operating in heavy weather so a partially filled oil tank could allow the oil pump to become air locked requiring manual priming Each manufacturer requires a specific grade of oil for their engine Be sure to use the correct oil specification for that particular engine 1998 and newer engines require NMMA TCW 3 Premium Plus oil If you use the wrong oil you will void your warranty Lower End Oil The lower engine component of the engine must have its oil changed every 100 hours When changing the oil check for water contamination If using hypoid oil the water will emulsify with the oil causing the oil to appear milky in colour If using the new synthetic oil it will not emulsify with the water and will require decanting Let the oikwater mix stand overnight and check it the following day The water and oil will have separated allowing you to see the water Check the drain plug magnet for metal particles The presence of very small particles is a sign of normal wear Particles large enough to be felt are abnormal and mean that the lower end should be serviced Refill the unit using the lowest plug as the fill port fill the unit until oil spills out of the vent plug Steering Oil The steering oil is checked and filled at the plug located on the steer
34. sensors OPS The flywheel position is indicated to the ECU via the CPS magnetic indications or opti cally using the optic sensor The CPS reads the magnetic pulses as the flywheel rotates past the sensor in turn indicating to the ECU the position of the flywheel for timing pur poses The optic position sensor reads the same information except it uses light impulses that reads the flywheel position and it too sends the information to the ECU for timing pur poses Both the CPS and OPS are factory set and very seldom require replacement or adjustment If an adjustment is necessary the need for the adjustment should be recog nized at the factory during its run up inspection or during the pre delivery inspection done at the time of installation of engines on the vessel As with all the settings on the engine there is no adjustment required of the end user that would enhance the engines operation or performance d Spark Plugs Spark plugs are used on all gasoline engines to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylin ders at the precise moment during compression to achieve the most power from the compressed fuel air mixture Dirty spark plugs or improperly gapped plugs will arc out before or after the timed impulse due to the resistance changes caused either by lower resistance because of contaminates or greater resistance resulting from a migrated spark plug gap Keeping the plugs cleaned and gapped will provide for optimum engine per formance
35. to its crest Wave Height The height from the bottom of a wave s trough to the top of its crest Wavelength The distance from one wave crest to the next in the same wave group or series Wave Reflection Almost any obstacle can reflect part of a wave including underwater barriers such as submerged reefs or bars even though the main waves may seem to pass over them without change Reflected waves move back towards the incoming waves When the obstacles are vertical or nearly so the waves may be reflected in their entirety Wave Refraction Refraction means bending Wave refraction occurs when the wave moves into shoaling water interacts with the bottom and slows down Naturally the first part of the wave encounter ing the shallows slows down first causing the crest of the waves to bend forward toward the shallower water The key to the amount of refraction that occurs is the bottom terrain Refraction can also occur when a wave passes around a point of land jetty or island 5 2 Wave Energy Waves are the visible result of an energy transfer process Usually caused by wind or the movement of a vessel this energy is transferred from these sources through the water until it is eventually dispersed and decayed as breaking waves or transferred to the shore as surf When waves are formed certain forces immediately begin to act to bring the water s surface back to a level state These forces are P Gravity which forces the wave to
36. vessels are usually more difficult to detect either by visual or electronic means In good visibility your greatest asset is an alert spotter or lookout Rough sea conditions can severely hamper a search Large vessels can be tough to spot until the search unit is close by while small craft are usually extremely difficult to detect under adverse conditions Fast Facts About Searching At night a vessel stands a better chance of being spotted if it s able to turn on lights Adverse sea conditions can interfere with radar reception Spotters should be alert for pyrotechnics lights smoke or visual signals of any type or col our When a possible rescue craft is sighted or heard survivors will usually grab the closest sig nalling device available Spotters should be alert to shouts screams or whistles since survi vors may see the rescue craft before the unit sees them If a single distressed vessel has foundered prior to the arrival of the SAR units the most likely search objects will be lifeboats rafts debris oil and people in the water It may be necessary to shut off your engines and listen for shouts from survivors if safe to do so A major incident is usually marked by considerable debris An oil slick is often present De bris is usually found downwind of the origin of the oil slick Boats and rafts will usually be downwind of the debris Persons in the water are often found in the area of the debris Clinging to floating object
37. will Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT result in stuffing the bow Not having enough power may result in a large cresting wave catching up with the boat In following seas the first step is to trim up the engines If they begin to ventilate they are trimmed up too high Once trimmed accelerate up the backside of the wave As soon as the bow begins to tip over the peak back off on the throttles The driver must then decide whether the next trough is Shallow or deep and take the appropriate action The back of a wave is generally a saf place to sit when deciding a path If the trough is deep and the wave particularly high the bow may still be stuffed even through the boat is properly trimmed To avoid this steer out of the hole by turning the bow slightly so that it hits at an angle rather than straight on The best avoidance of a deep trough is to not overtake the crest until you have determined what is on the other side When you determine that it is hazardous to proceed then throttle back more and turn off to one side or the other The shape of the sponsons should deflect the bow out of the hole preventing the boat from coming to a full stop If the trough is not deep proceed straight and add power only after the bow has pushed through the bottom of the trough Lots of power can be safely used while climbing up the back of the next wave but the 25 reserve rule still applies Try to manoeuvre through the shallow spots when ap
38. will sound warning horn and display the warning message Guardian System Activation Condition Engine Overheat Engine power level can be reduced to any per centage down to an idle speed if overheat condi tion persists Air Compressor Overheat Engine power level can be reduced to any per centage down to an idle speed if overheat condi tion persists Block Water Pressure Low Engine power level can be reduced to any per centage down to a fast idle if condition persists Throttle Position Sensor Failure If the throttle position sensor fails or becomes dis connected power will be limited to a maximum of approximately 4500 rpm When the TPS is in the fail mode the ECM will use the MAP sensor for a reference to determine fuel calibration Temperature Sensor cylinder head and air com If a temperature sensor should fail or become dis pressor Failure connected power will be reduced by 25 Battery Voltage too high or too low Battery voltage greater than 16 5 volts or less than 10 5 volts will result in engine output power being reduced The higher or lower the voltage is outside of these parameters the greater the percentage of power reduction In an extreme case power could be reduced to idle speed Oil Pump Failure If the oil pump fails or an open circuit occurs be tween the pump and the ECM engine power will be reduced to idle Cs E Es Te AA CS CTT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training
39. 0 Oil Hose to Air Compressor from Oil Pump 9 Fuel 90 PSI to Fuel Rails 21 Thermostat Outlet Hose to Adaptor Plate 10 Throttle Plate Adjustment Screw 22 Air Hose 80 PSI to Fuel Rail 11 Throttle Plate Assembly 23 Air Compressor 12 MAP Sensor Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Model 115 135 150 OptiMax Powerhead Aft View m SA LD ANITA TO D q CDA S A DA 57492 1 Air Compressor Air Inlet 17 High Pressure Fuel Hose 2 Air Compressor 18 43 Ignition Coil 3 Fuel Pressure Test Valve 19 1 Ignition Coil 4 2 Fuel Injector 20 Excess Oil Return from Air Compressor 5 Port Fuel Rail 21 Air Compressor Oil Inlet from Oil Pump 6 44 Fuel Injector 22 Thermostat Outlet Hose to Adaptor Plate 7 Air Pressure Test Valve 23 Air Pressure 80 psi 8 6 Fuel Injector 24 1 Fuel Injector 9 Air Regulator 25 Starboard Fuel Rail 10 Fuel Regulator 26 3 Fuel Injector 11 Water Out tell tale from Air Compressor 27 5 Fuel Injector 12 Water Pressure Sensor 28 5 Direct Injector 13 2 Ignition Coil 29 3 Direct Injector 14 4 Ignition Coil 30 Tracker Valve 15 6 Ignition Coil 31 1 Direct Injector 16 5 Ignition Coil gt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 2000 2 5L Air Compressor Flow Diagram a Air Inlet b Air Filter c Compressor Oil Inlet d Excess Oil Return e Compressor
40. 10 900 nautical miles above the earth in orbits inclined at an angle of 55 degrees to the equator Each satellite transmits preci sion timed signals derived from onboard atomic clocks on two frequencies L1 and L2 A separate channel on each frequency is dedicated to each satellite The navigation messages broadcast on the L1 frequency contain two codes one for civilian use and an other encrypted code for military use The L2 broadcast contains a second set of navigational messages which when combined with the encrypted code in the L1 frequency can resolve positions to less than 20 meters Known as the Precise Positioning Service PPS this service is available only to the US military and its allies The non encrypted codes in L1 frequency available to civilian users and non NATO military services provides the Standard Positioning Service SPS However in order to protect the national security of the United States the U S Department of Defence reserves the right to shut down the civilian SPS in any part of the world thus denying GPS signals to non NATO forces a process known as Selective Deniability The civilian SPS can also resolve positions to approximately the same level of accuracy as the military sys tem within 20 metres The difference is that the civilian service is subject to Selective Deniability whereas the military system is not The single largest contributor to GPS error is interference with the broadcast signals
41. Air inlet f Compressor Water Inlet g Fuel System Pressure Test Valve h 2 Fuel Injector i Port Fuel Rail j Excess Fuel Return to VST k 4 Fuel Injector 40 psi Check Valve m Air Pressure Test Valve n Excess Air Return to Exhaust Adaptor Plate o 6 Fuel Injector 57725 p Water Inlet to Fuel Rail q High Pressure Fuel 89 2 psi 613 5 13 8 kPa r Air 79 2 psi 544 0 13 8 kPa s Air Regulator 79 2 psi 544 0 13 8 kPa t Fuel Regulator 89 2 psi 613 5 13 8 kPa u Water Outlet tell tale v 1 Fuel Injector w Starboard Fuel Rail x 3 Fuel Injector y 5 Fuel Injector z Tracker Valve aa Low Pressure Air ab High Pressure Air Pla gt CS I I Se CCT Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 2000 2 5L OptiMax Fuel Schematic 1 Fuel Vapor 10 Fuel Injector 2 Air Inlet to Compressor 11 Water Inlet 3 Fuel Return 12 Low Pressure Electric Fuel Pump 4 High Pressure Fuel 13 Crankcase Driven Fuel Pump 5 40 psi Check Valve 14 Water Separating Fuel Filter 6 Water Out 15 Fuel Filter 7 Fuel System Pressure Test Valve 16 High Pressure Electric Fuel Pump 8 Fuel Regulator 17 Vapor Separator Assembly 9 Tracker gt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 1998 99 2 5L Oil System Remote Oil Tank En
42. ER STARBOARD TURN TO PULL the operator s RIGHT SLEEVE STARBOARD until the desired heading is reached MAINTAIN TAP the operator in the MIDDLE OF COURSE THE BACK Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT nications A MAYDAY is used only in situations of grave and imminent danger In a distress situation vessels that hear the MAYDAY call must render assistance if it is needed and they are capable of assisting without un due risk A MAYDAY message should be sent on the VHF Channel 16 You can also use a cellular telephone to is sue a MAYDAY if you are on the coast Dial 311 for a direct line to the Rescue Coordination Centre RCC Sending a MAY DAY If your vessel is in distress the radio message you send should consist of the following information 1 Say the words MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY 3 times on VHF FM Channel 16 Speak clearly and slowly Give the name of your vessel three times i e This is motor vessel Wall Flower motor vessel Wall Flower motor vessel Wall Flower Give your position with geographical references and coordinates if possible State the nature of the distress and type of assistance required Give the number of persons on board and vessels involved and any injuries Provide any other information that could assist your rescuers i e Preparing to abandon ship with floater suits Maintain radio contact on Channel 16 Repeat your MAYDAY until someone answers Use any means
43. FRCs RHIs shall be fitted with a kill switch Other boats may be fitted with kill switches Where kill switches are required or installed operators shall have the kill Switch lanyard attached at all times while operating the motor s Communications Schedule A communications schedule will be established between the ship station and the small craft based on prevailing conditions type of operation and Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT type of small craft Procedures shall be identified for loss of communication or failing to meet communications schedule Standard communication schedules may be established in vessel station work instructions Log Keeping All small craft operations shall be logged as to the time departed the ship or station and the return to the ship or station Entries shall include the number of persons on board Crew Briefing The Commanding Officer shall ensure that small craft operators have been briefed on the planned opera tion with particular attention paid to P Present and forecast weather for extended operations in time and or distance P Recommended routing P Hazards enroute and in area of operation and P Additional equipment requirements for the planned operation Small Craft Operators will provide an operations briefing to their crew as appropriate Passengers and non trained personnel shall be provided with a safety briefing prior to departure This briefing will at a minimum includ
44. IOT POD refers to the odds of detecting the search object As backspacing is reduced in relation to sweep width the POD increases As backspacing is increased in relation to sweep width the POD is decreased POD can be determined using tables The chart on the adjacent page shows issues that can affect sweep width Search Pattern Terminology The diagram below illustrates a Parallel Track Search Letters identifying key aspects of this search pat tern are detailed in the following table Shoreline Search Commence Search Position where the SAR unit begins the first leg of the Point saa One of a number of successive tracks run by the SAR Tracks that connect Search Legs D TrackSpace Distance between adjacent Search Legs E Majoraxis Long side of a rectangular search area F MinorAxis Short side of a rectangular search area G CreepDirection Direction of advance of SAR unit within search area Beam Sighting Distance Lateral distance searched on both sides of SAR unit track spacing and normally less than maximum Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Issues Impacting Sweep Width Detectability of search object Sea Conditions Size P Whitecaps Amount of freeboard P Flotsam Colour P Glassy water Contrast or fluorescence P Windblown spray Motion relative to the environment Speed of search craft Type of search craft P High speed can reduce effectiveness in rough P Height of eye seas P Nig
45. IOT Recovering a Victim 1 When recovering the victim move him her gently as severe hypothermia can quickly become cardiac arrest with rough handling Support the victim s head at all times 3 Talk to the person and reassure him her Always assume that the victim can hear you 4 Keep the victim on the upwind side of the boat This will allow the victim s feet to act as a drogue reducing the friction and effort required to drag him her up over the sponson If the victim is on the downwind side the feet are pushed under the sponson greatly increasing the effort required to lift 5 Place the victim in the position of most comfort and as protected from the ele ments as possible ER Treat for hypothermia and administer first aid as necessary At RHIOT School one and two person lifts are practised These are the one and two person snatch and grab lifts as well as the two person parbuckling lift This is the easiest ENON but somewhat more time consuming Steps and tips for each of these lifts are described on the following pages With the exception of parbuckling the victim is always brought up facing the sponson to avoid hyperextending the back With all lifts the crew member grabs the victim by the E clothing not by the PFD If grabbed by the PFD the victim can slide out of it Whenever possible use a line under the victim s arms and around the back Be sure to keep your centre of mass inside the RHI Ri
46. Inspect props skegs lower leg ventilation plates for chips and cracks Retainers for props present and correct Engine HRS Record and transfer to appropriate logbook RPM at Idle Record neutral idle and in gear idle and compare to manufac turer recommended idle settings Put in gear only when engines are running Tell Tales Forceful jet of water from back of engine Does not get hot to the touch after warm up Proper water pressure readings on gauges if so equipped Kill Switches After all warm up procedures complete kill switches stop engines on removal Replace and re start Engines re start run properly and shut down correctly with key Spare kill switch lanyards in boat Spare keys in boat Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Weekly Inspection Checklist ITEM INSPECTION POINTS Rescue Equipment y Check equipment listed in daily inspection y Ensure equipment is operable dry and secure Fire Pumps Run up and flushed with fresh water Pressure test hose Inspect nozzles and threaded fittings Hull and Tube Connections Check for chafing and wear Inspect all hull attachments Lifelines handles transom joints Batteries and Connections Check fluid level Specific gravity record data low specific gravity over 1 cell indicates deterioration of battery Inspect all connections coat with Vaseline or dielectric grease Inspect battery hold downs All Wiring Inspect all terminals and wires Look
47. S receiver navigator Consequently the new levels of GPS accuracy should not be cause to reduce your vigilance in navigation or your margin of error The arrangement of the satellites in the sky as seen from the GPS receiver can also have a significant effect on GPS accuracy The ideal arrangement of satellites is to have one overhead and three more equally spaced around the horizon but high enough in the sky not to be affected by atmospheric interfer ence Any other arrangement results in a horizontal dilution of position HDOP which further degrades Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT GPS accuracy beyond the basic 20 meters However there are generally 6 or more satellites visible at any one time and since modern GPS receivers monitor up to 12 satellites simultaneously HDOP effects are rarely critical Other factors such as the vessel s own metal masts and rigging large structures and high mountains can also interfere with signal reception degrading GPS accuracy Chart Datum Cartographers and Hydrographers use precisely defined datums to determine the geographic coordi nates of positions on the surface of the earth With the advent of satellite positioning systems and satel lite assisted surveying techniques cartographers discovered that the assumptions they made regarding the shape of the earth were no longer valid Consequently the latitude and longitude grids on the maps they drew were offset from their
48. Transport Canada and Remember to General Standards approved CGSB CAN CBSB 65 11 M88 cinch the ankles O Warmth knees waist TE wrists and neck Without thermal protection most adults will die within the first two hours of exposure when you hit the in Canada s frigid waters To guard yourself against hypothermia during RHI FRC op water erations you must protect your high heat loss areas head neck torso and groin Anti exposure suits dry suits or raingear can keep out the moisture but you also need insulation to stay warm The best choices are materials made from polypropylene and wool P Polypropylene is the material of choice not only does it provide a great thermal Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT layer it can also wick the perspiration away from your skin giving you a dryer insulation from the cold Wool is a good insulator but does not wick moisture away from the skin Cotton is a very poor choice for clothing since it wicks and holds moisture against the skin losing its thermal qualities as it be comes wetter When worn with other equipment polypropylene liners will provide the greatest amount of thermal insulation i Do not wear cotton undergarments with a polypropylene 4 High heat loss ar liner It defeats the purpose of the polypropylene Layering is always the best approach because it allows you to add or remove garments as necessary Boor choise for A wool toque or polypropylene b
49. a ahead to complete the crest and the wave s symmetrical form The top of the onrushing crest is left unsupported and collapses The wave breaks resulting in surf The motion of the water in shallow water waves is no longer circular but tends to become elliptical Unlike the orbital motion of deep water waves these orbits do not decay with depth The orbital motion of shal DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION ATT TERR RR as EEE BOTTOM low water waves is shown below 5 5 Breaking Waves There are many degrees of intensity with breaking waves depending on the deep water steepness of the Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT incoming wave and the slope of the beach or shoal area Over very gradual slopes the wave begins to break in a gentle Spilling action that dissipates just enough energy to keep the 80 of the depth ratio constant as the wave moves toward the shore or over the shoal This spilling action is characterized by white water at the crest of the wave It is the beginning of the phenomenon called surf The area near shore in which breaking occurs continuously in various intensities is called the Surf Zone As the underwater slopes become steeper breaking becomes more intense and fewer waves break si multaneously Waves begin to curl as the orbital speeds of the individual water particles at the crest in crease with the increasing wave height When not enough water is available to fill in the crest and com plete a s
50. a five to ten second rest Then begin another search of your sector With the eyes focused straight ahead the spotter should move his her head to search the assigned area Searching an area using eyes alone without any head movement can lead to an overexertion of the eye muscles and early fatigue The sequence of SCAN FFOCUS SCAN should be performed in 10 to 15 segments allowing your eyes to register objects within an 8 radius around the focused position If you scan continuously without focusing or focus beyond the 15 limit your efficiency is reduced When searching at night weak lights are detectable at the edge of sight not at the point of focus Conse quently focus slightly higher than the horizon and be alert for distant flares or other visual distress sig SCAN STOP FOCUS SCAN Ano OE IA Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT nals Relate the speed necessary to search the assigned area with the speed of the search platform The faster the search vessel proceeds through an area the faster you must search the sector Use sunglasses when scanning up sun and in bright daylight or high glare conditions Sunglasses that filter rays from the infra red and ultra violet spectrum provide proper eye protection Do not use binoculars for scanning Once an object has been located binoculars may be used to identify it Binoculars should be kept clean and readily available to the spotter Cup the eye piec
51. actuates the throttle shutter s Mounted onto a separate shaft are two throttle position sensors TPS 13 These sen sors tell the engine control unit ECM 8 the position of the throttle 1997 1998 1999 MODELS 2 TPS s are installed on the OptiMax engine for safety redundancy If one TPS should fail the dash mounted CHECK ENGINE light will flash and the warning horn will sound The 1997 Model engine will continue to perform normally the 1998 99 models engine speed will be reduced to 3000 APM If both TPS s should fail engine speed will be reduced to idle 2000 MODELS 1 TPS is used on these models if the TPS fails the ECM will default to the MAP sen sor If both the TPS and MAP sensors fail the engine is limited to idle speed Air Induction Through Crankcase Continued To reduce emissions OptiMax engines require large amounts of air into the cylinders at idle speed To accomplish this the throttle shutters are partially open at low engine speeds The dual TPS system reads the shaft movement in both directions one reads movement up increasing resistance while the other reads the same movement as down decreasing resistance The ECM reads both and calculates the throttle shutter position Air Compressor System Air from inside the engine cowl is drawn into the compressor 12 through the flywheel cover This cover acts like a muffler to quiet compressor noise and contains a filter 11 to prevent the ingestion of debris i
52. adar 130 9 6 Global Positioning System GPS 135 is Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Contents continued MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF THE 10 1 Outboard Engines 141 10 2 Tube Maintenance and Repair 145 Y Steps in Repairing and RHI Tube 147 CUnit 11 THE RIGID HULL INFLATABLE AND IT S PROPUL 11 1 Displacement hulls 149 11 2 Semi displacement Hulls 150 11 3 Planing Hulls 152 11 4 Turn of the Screw Propellers 159 Annex 1 OUTBOARD ANNEX 167 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Introduction Welcome to the Cana dian Coast Guard s RHIOT School Rigid Hull Inflatables RHIs or Fast Rescue Craft FRCs as they are sometimes called assist in roughly 80 ofthe search and rescue incidents in the Coast Guard s Pacific Re Ts gion It is essential that the operators of RHIs be professionally trained to handle the operational demands of their taskings Each year in the Fall and early Spring students from throughout North America come to Bamfield British Columbia to take part in the Canadian Coast Guard s specialized Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training or RHIOT School The week long course was originally developed in 1984 Since then over one thou sand Coast Guard Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Coast Guard Auxiliary members have been trained as have men and women from various other organiza tions among them TV Department of National Defence Nav
53. adius enables it to pick people off cliff faces or exposed rocks It is also the best type of vessel for recovering people from the water especially close to shore 6 2 Limitations of the Rigid Hull Inflatable The abilities and agility of the RHI are impressive however the vessel does have limitations that can t be ignored if it s being used for search and rescue The RHI can operate in extremely adverse sea conditions but the success of these operations depends on the skills of highly trained operators A combination of bad judgement and adverse wind and wave conditions can result in disaster Only highly trained and skilled RHI coxswains should transit surf zones and areas where the seas crest Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT and break in open water The RHI can out manoeuvre and out run breaking seas but if the seas are breaking constantly the chances of a tired operator making a fatal mistake increase This vessel does have weather limits and so does its crew 6 3 Fatigue The RHI can move quickly through conditions that many other vessels would find cumbersome and inhibit ing This alone can make the ride in an RHI very uncomfortable If exposed to adverse conditions for ex tended periods of time coxswain and crew will suffer fatigue This is a Serious concern because it affects the ability of the operator to safely handle the boat Any experienced crew member knows that the ride gets rougher when the driver
54. akes hooking up a tow a safer procedure by reducing the time spent alongside the vessel using a positive correction method thereby keeping crew out of harm s way It consists of a short piece of pipe or doweling with a snap hook mounted on one end It is important to make sure that the hook or clip s Safe Working Load SWL designation is greater than the towline s The snap hook is attached to a Short piece of towline with an eye spliced into it The tow assist hook snaps into the trailer eye of a plan ing hull vessel The trailer eye is always the most secure point on a planing hull 7 3 Strong Points Consider the safest and strongest point to secure your towline and have the owner of the vessel secure the towline P Ona planing hull the trailer eye is always best P Deck cleats in fiberglas hulls are usually weak even if they have doubling plates behind them P Anchor windlasses are usually a safe bet but be wary of smaller ones in fiberglas hulls since they are usually weak Deck bollards on larger displacement hulls are safer but check their condition Sailboat masts are okay provided they are keel stepped and not deck stepped Deck Stepped masts fit into a plate on the cabintop Keel stepped masts generally have a boot around the mast where it goes through the cabintop You can also use a bridle and secure to a sailboat s winches Do not bridle around cabins or hatch coamings If no other option exists you may have to bridle the entire
55. alaclava on the head and clothing because a scarf or polypropylene neck warmer can reduce heat loss it holds moisture by up to 25 against your skin and looses its thermal qualities The weather can change in minutes and you might be caught by surprise Stay as it becomes alive by bringing both cold weather and warm weather gear on warm days Thermal wetter underwear polypropylene or wool long johns will help keep you warm When Cotton is a very wearing a dry suit you can don a fleece liner to provide excellent thermal insulation It can be worn un derneath a floater suit as well When wearing a liner be sure not to have on any cotton cloth ing underneath since the cotton will trap the cold water against your skin O Survival Suits A survival suit is truly the best thing to have on if you re floating in cold water It keeps you dry is very well insulated and it floats you upright on your back while protecting your airway from the water With big floppy arms and feet and made from thick neoprene rubber the survival suit is almost impossible to walk or move in It is designed for only one purpose survival O Dry Suits The most effective way to keep warm is to stay dry A lightweight dry suit offers the best balance of dry Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ness and mobility in cold weather It is ideal for extended missions in severe climactic and oceanic conditions The Department of Fisheries and Oceans
56. and you get 8 1 Divided by 33 1 you get 24 5 percent your prop s slip Once you have a slip figure you can compare it to the following guidelines supplied by Michigan Wheel If the prop has been properly selected the boat should show the follow ing slippage Racing hulls will show 10 to 15 Y Planing runabouts 15 to 25 Y Planing cruisers 25 to 35 Y Y S Displacement cruisers 30 to 40 Sailing auxiliaries 35 to 40 Y Workboats 40 to 80 In doing any propeller calculations accuracy is critical You cannot rely on the average marine speed Bra Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ometer for your figures Your engine s tachometer isn t sufficiently accurate either unless calibrated by a service technician Also remember that the formula calls for prop r p m not engine r p m You ll have to account for any reduction gearing in the drive system If a propeller is found to have too little slip it is usually indicative of too much prop diameter horsepower is being wasted in overcoming excessive underwater drag On the other hand too much slip usually means the diameter is too small or occasionally the presence of cavitation or ventilation two terms we ll deal with shortly There are two types of pitch constant pitch and progressive pitch or camber Constant pitch means the blades remain at the same angle through their fore to aft section With progressive pitch or camber the pitch varies
57. aning In the planing mode the vessel hull is powered up and out of the water until it is skimming over the water s surface In this mode the vessel is better able to manoeu vre and avoid hazards To safely and quickly manoeuvre through adverse sea conditions the RHI must be planing Stopping When stopping in heavy weather the vessel is safest with the bow headed into the seas stemming the sea If the RHI is laying broadside to the seas care must be taken to avoid capsize in large seas When running through heavy seas the Choosing Your Path driver should A good boat handler knows how to read oncoming waves He or she is always look always ing for indications that point to the safest path to follow and what to avoid Choosing reserve 25 your path can be easy once you understand the basics of the power for The main things to avoid are large steep parts of a wave that are cresting or look emergencies like they may crest soon Each wave can be hundreds of feet long and across its span there will be high spots peaks and low spots windows The skilled boat It s very hard driver carefully avoids the high peaks by outrunning them or ducking through a win to accelerate dow spot before the peak away froma cresting wave If the driver is caught by a cresting wave he she must make sure that the boatis if you re al not broadside to the face of the wave The bow must be brought up into the break ready going ing wave A wave that is abou
58. as determined by its internal clock The oil ratio ranges from 300 400 1 at idle to 60 1 at WOT A OptiMax engine will use less oil than a non OptiMax engine ES O ES CCT Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Electrical The electrical system consists of the ECM crank position sensor flywheel speed amp crankshaft position 31 throttle position sensor TPS MAP sensor 14 engine temperature sensor 30 ignition coils 7 water pressure sensor not used on all models and injectors fuel amp direct The engine requires a battery to start i e the ignition and injection will not occur if the battery is dead The system will run off of the alternator Operation The operation of the system happens in milliseconds ms exact timing is critical for engine performance As the crankshaft rotates air is drawn into the crankcase through the throttle shutters into the plenum and through the reed valves As the piston nears bot tom dead center air from the crankcase is forced through the transfer system into the cylinder As the crankshaft continues to rotate the exhaust and intake ports close With these ports closed fuel can be in jected into the cylinder The ECM will receive a signal from the throttle position sensor TPS engine temperature sensor TS and the crank position sensor flywheel speed and position sen sor With this in formation the ECM refers to the fuel calibration maps to determine when to acti
59. asuring instruments for several days A SS O Se SCE ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT HEAVY WEATHER RHI OPERATIONS Rigid hull inflatables are designed to travel at high speeds and operate under a variety of adverse condi tions The RHI s heavy weather performance is superior to most vessels of its size The twin engine RHI can perform complicated manoeuvres in confined spaces recover people from the water in almost any sea condition and deftly navigate through extremely large seas Most designs are self bailing so even when the boat gets completely swamped it will empty and continue on with a wet but safe crew Itis a versatile and durable rescue craft that has proven its worthiness many times over 6 1 Operational Strengths of the Rigid Hull Inflatable The RHI s strength lies in its role as a short range high speed response craft It is best used for primary Stabilization of an incident scene If two or three crew members are able to arrive quickly they may save lives and prevent further injury by rendering first aid or diffusing a dangerous marine situation During an extensive search the RHI is most effective when working together with larger vessels When a Shoreline search is indicated the RHI s shallow draft allows it to easily follow along the beach The vessel s ability to keep a station close to shore and to manoeuvre within a small r
60. c terminals that control output voltage from the stator or alternator changing the amount of voltage and directing the controlled voltage to the specific spark plug coil at the specific time for each spark plug to be fired Power packs use AC voltage 300 ECU s use 12 v DC The power pack or ECU delivers the DC voltage to the coil and interrupts that voltage when either the optic or crank position sensor detects the correct timing position for the specific spark plug from the flywheel The timing for the spark plug firing is also regulated by the throttle position sensor as the throttle is opened the sensor voltage changes and the spark timing is advanced Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT c Sensors and Switches Throttle position indicator TPI replaces the progressive timing linkage on older out boards The TPI is connected to the throttle control or the airbox as you increase throt tle the TPI tells the ECU to increase the amount of fuel to be injected as it is advancing the timing of the plug firing The TPI operates on very low voltages therefore any cor rosion on connections will give an incorrect voltage reading changing the amount of fuel injected as well as changing the timing Keeping your electrical connections clean cannot be over emphasized Corrosion on an electrical terminal spells resistance The more corrosion the more resistance the worse your engine will run Crank Position Sensor CPS or optic
61. cause the hydraulics to by pass under pres sure and allow the engine to move from the tilt stage down to the top of the trim stage The relays or solenoids are interchangeable if the engine does not either raise or lower Changing the solenoids will indicate whether the problem is in the relays or other switching Come trim and tilt systems utilize a larger ram for trim and a second smaller ram for tilt Other systems use a single ram for both functions Both systems require greasing on the pivot points and the ball and socket joints A by pass screw is located on the side of the system to enable a manual override should a failure occur You can manually raise and or lower the unit by opening the by pass screw moving the unit to the desired position then re closing the by pass screw The following pages are reproduced here with the permission of Mercury Marine Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Air Induction Through Crankcase Combustion air enters the cowl through holes located in the top aft end of the cowl The cowl liner directs this air to the bottom of the powerhead This limits the exposure of salt air to the components inside the engine cowl Once inside the cowl the air enters the plenum through the throttle shutter s 17 which are located in the plenum assembly 18 The air then continues through the reed valves 15 and into the crankcase 32 The throttle shaft
62. caused by the ionosphere a shell of electrically charged particles that surrounds the earth Each satellite also broadcasts Almanac and Ephemeris messages Your earthbound GPS receiver uses the almanac to determine which satellites are above the horizon and what channels they are broadcasting on The receiver then locks on to the most appropriate satellites for fixing a position Given the exact time the navigation message was broadcast and knowing the time it was received the GPS re ceiver determines the amount of time it takes for the coded signal to travel from the satellite to your an tenna From there it is a simple computation to determine the actual distance between the satellite and your GPS antenna From this point the GPS receiver calculates a position in the same way as a hu man navigator using radar ranges Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The ephemeris message tells the receiver the exact location of the satellite when the message was broadcast and since the receiver now knows the distance to the satellite it calculates that it must be on the surface of an imaginary sphere centered on the satellite Where that sphere intersects with the sur face of the earth a Circle of Position COP is formed 7 Sphere of position From two satellites the receiver calculates two COP s which cross at two possible positions To determine which position is the correct one a third satellite E range i
63. ces on your final approach When you choose which Side of the stricken vessel to tie up to bear in mind that you want to approach the dock or float into the wind for more control Have both your vessel s mooring lines and fenders ready when you come along Side to secure to the dock or float Things to Remember When Towing Alongside A SS O Se SCE ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT SEARCHES Major search activities constitute only a small percentage of the country s annual search and rescue inci dents When called upon to participate in a search you may join or be joined by other vessels or you may have to search alone If you are involved in a major multi vessel search there is a good possibility that a Coast Guard SAR Unit or other government vessel will be appointed to lead the operation as On Scene Coordinator OSC You will then receive your search instructions from the OSC It is important you fully understand the search planning process Your on scene observations and local knowledge play a key role in the Rescue Coordination Centre s RCC SAR planning process 8 1 Developing the Search Plan When you don t know the location of the distressed vessel or if a significant amount of time has passed since the search object s last known position LKP a search plan will be necessary RCC s search planning process includes P Determining da
64. ch after the wave has broken popularly known as white water Frequency The number of crests passing a fixed point in a given time Interference Waves that have been refracted or reflected can interact with each other as well as with the incoming waves and may be additive or subtractive resulting in unnaturally high waves Interfer ence may even result in standing wave patterns waves that consistently appear to peak at the same spot It can be of particular concern because it may result in a boat being subjected to waves from unexpected directions and of unexpected size Period The time it takes for two successive crests to pass a fixed point Series A group of waves that seem to travel together at about the same speed Surf A number of breakers in a continuous line Surf Zone The area near shore in which breaking occurs continuously in various intensities Swell Waves that have moved out of the area in which they were spawned The crests have become lower more rounded and symmetrical In this form they can travel for thousands of miles across deep water without much loss of energy Tricoidal Wave Ocean swell containing no net partical motion Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Trough The valley between waves Wave A periodic disturbance of the sea s surface caused by wind earthquakes and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun Wave Gradient The slope or angle of a wave from its trough
65. ch moves an object through the water not waves 5 4 Wave Shape When the wind imparts energy to the ocean surface what the waves look like will depend on the strength of the wind and how long it acts upon the water The unimpeded length of water over which wind blows is called the fetch If this happens to be a lake ten miles long and the wind blows down its length the waves generated on the lake have a fetch of 10 miles If the wind blows across the same lake and it s only five miles wide the fetch would be five miles When wind waves are generated at sea the fetch may be several thousand miles long Sea wind waves can receive tremendous energy and grow to immense size If a large storm such as a hurricane or ty phoon is the source of the wind the resulting waves can be enormous and travel for long distances be fore they dissipate their energy as surf on some distant shore There are three distinct types of wind waves of major interest to the mariner Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Deep Water Wave When the depth of the water is greater than about one third the wavelength the bottom has little effect on the wave and it is called a deep water wave Shallow Water Wave When the depth of the water is less than one eleventh of the wavelength it is termed a shallow water wave and is strongly affected by the bottom Intermediate Wave Between deep water and shallow water waves is a third type of wave Interme
66. common P Radars of different vessels interfere with each other Usually appears as a series of small dots which move from and to the center of the screen sometimes as a straight line more often in long sweeping curves Most noticeable in higher scales Reduced or eliminated by IR function but that also eliminates RACON s including sur vival craft transponders leave IR off if not needed Ghost images Side Lobe P Similar in appearance to real echoes but intermittent and poorly defined with a ten dency to smear Main Lobe Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Sometimes caused by targets nearby with wide smooth surfaces Retain a fixed relationship with true im ages gt True False echoes Echoes P May appear when a large target is at Short range or when a reflecting surface is nearby Ghost Echoes Multiple echoes P Unlikely with RHIs not common in any case P Happens when large targets with vertical Surfaces at short range reflect signals back and forth between your ship and the other P Appears on same bearing Passing Radar line of sight Ship P Line of sight limits search for distant ob jects P Radar waves refracted a bit more than light waves so radar horizon is a bit father than optical one P Indicates height of object P Distance to radar horizon D 1 23 h D in n m distance to radar ho rizon h height of radar antenna in feet above water In standard c
67. compass course If your compass course is different from the planned course to that landmark you are either off your course line or your compass is wrong If you re still steering on the landmark but the compass heading changes you know you re being pushed off course Compass Check Many metals primarily steel some live electrical wires and all magnets will affect the compass So will a radio or Speaker To avoid errors resulting from false readings keep such objects approximately 1 metre away from your compass If you re not sure if the object is affecting the compass move it around while watching the compass If the compass heading changes assuming that the boat isn t also then the ob ject is too close Check your compass periodically against Known transits on a variety of headings Compass error can vary depending on your heading You should also check your compass after a new piece of metal or electronic gear is added removed or changed on board your vessel Ensure that the compass bowl is full of liquid A bubble in the bow means that your compass may be in need of repair Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A SR CS Decimals and Seconds 48 48 0 48 48 00 054 48 42 36 24 18 12 d 06 48 47 0 48 47 00 19 8 E 6436 48 46 5 48 46 30 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Depths Drying Heighis and Elevations A El
68. d in winds in excess of 60 knots the RHI when may be blown over backwards if the vessel is operated improperly If the RHI is being operated in 60 knots of wind and higher there is a good chance the vessel will be blown over depending on how it s loaded and the style of RHI The solution is to quarter the waves and the wind This way if a capsize does result there s a good possibility that the crew will be thrown clear If the RHI is travelling down the face of a large wave the forward portion of the sponson could dig in and decelerate the bow allowing the stern to pass the bow This generally results in a pitch pole style of capsize When this happens the bow will usually shear off catching more water slowing down the bow even more If you re onboard another group boat and you witness a capsize P Notify base or MCTS Tofino of overturn P Assist the persons in the water P When all persons are safe attempt to salvage the boat P The coxswain of the second boat should take charge of the salvage operation as the crew of the overturned boat may be suffering from injuries or be shaken and or disoriented by the incident P Do not deactivate the EPIRB until secure at base and crew vessel are secured in a safe location The EPIRB provides position reference DF to assisting vessels and aircraft P Advise the base or MCTS that the situation is still under control of if you require any other assistance 4 5 Injured Crewmember P The
69. d to call out and point directly at the object until it is sighted by the ves sel master Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT periods of low visibility By rotating your spotters frequently you will help delay the onset of fatigue Shift lookouts from one side of the vessel to the other at 30 minute intervals Keep your spotters warm and comfortable With well trained lookouts and favourable conditions efficiency can be maintained for 2 3 hours After that performance capability falls off drastically Food and beverages are important to maintain spotter alertness and positive energy levels and provide protection against hypothermia Spotter Checklist E COR CS EN COTE E remesas its contrajo Are sunglasses available E Are binoculars available E Are your spotters aware of how to direct the SAR unit to the target HEY Has the search plan been set up to enable the spotters to rest their eyes from time to time The speed of the SAR Unit affects the efficiency of spotters in two ways Excessive speed decreases the amount of time lookouts have to scan a given sector of the sea surface The resulting motion of the vessel will also cause fatigue Your choice of vessel speed will depend on sea state visibility and the size of the search object Under most conditions the faster the SAR Unit can get through searching a given area the better as long as search effectiveness is not compromised A SS O Se SCE
70. diate waves are hard to describe and beyond the scope of this manual As the wind continues to affect a deep water wave it will grow until its steepness and crest angle ap proach a critical state At this point the wave becomes unstable and breaks These storm tossed and breaking waves are called Seas while they are still being generated Deep water waves originating far out at sea may have wavelengths of hundreds or thousands of feet periods of many seconds and may be moving many tens of feet per second After deep water waves are generated fr out at sea they move outward away from their wind source in ever increasing curves and become what is called Swells The farther the swell moves from its source the more uniform its characteristics become It travels in a series of waves relatively equidistant and moving at a more or less constant speed Swells generated from storms far out at sea are smoother and more uniform than those which have recently originated nearby which are more peaked and irregular The usual period of these swells is from six to 10 seconds This corresponds with wavelengths of 184 to 1310 feet and velocities of 18 to 49 knots Interference between different swell systems traveling in nearly the same direction causes groups of waves to travel outward in patches As these wave groups normally 7 12 move outward the waves in the front disappear and new waves with the same characteristics appear in the back of the patch Th
71. e Mark the alignment of both the patch and the tube Remove patch Start gluing preparations Remember whatever you do to the patch you must also do to the area you have marked on the tube Before gluing clean the patch and tube to remove all dirt oils and oxidation Clean only the patch and marked area of the tube Use a medium grit sandpaper to re move the oxidation on both surfaces Be cautious not to remove too much of the hypolan thereby exposing the fabric After sanding use MEK methyl ethyl keytone to do the final cleaning The MEK helps to remove oils and contaminants and also makes the hypolan more susceptible to the glue Do not blow the Sanding dust away with your breath This introduces moisture to the area Oil from your hands will also contaminate the clean surface CAUTION MEK is extremely toxic refer to WHMIS data sheets prior to use MEK must be used with safety glasses gloves and apron Use in a well ventilated area or with a good quality mask Decant only enough MEK to do the job This prevents a large spill or excess evaporation Read the MSDS Use a smooth 1 brush with bristles cut to 3 4 or a putty knife to apply the glue Apply a thin coat of glue no ridges Apply the glue to both the marked area of the tube and the patch bringing a small amount of glue outside of the marked area to use as a tester When the glue is tacky apply a second coat Your first coat should be applied north south the second one eas
72. e Channel OG LADS Shoreline Search Checklist Search area description given by RCC OSC Does it make sense when plotted Beam sighting distance omplete description of all search objects stimated time to complete search area Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT An Expanding Square Search is used when there is a relatively precise datum i e time of distress and on scene time of SAR unit very short and total drift or drift state of search object very small You need to know P Speed how fast your unit is travelling P Time be able to keep track of the elapsed time of each search leg and P Heading be able to maintain your heading First determine the track spacing Once track spacing has been established the search speed is set usually between 5 and 10 knots when searching for persons in the water It is very difficult to measure distance at sea particularly at night so elapsed time is used to determine the length of each leg of a search pattern using the formula T 60 D S where T Time D Distance and S Speed Example D 1 n m trackspacing of 1 nautical mile S 10 knots In this case 1 trackspace would take 6 minutes Sector Search Expanding Square Search Computation Table Note All times are in minutes and seconds Track Vessel Speed knots um hu id 60 00 30 00 15 00 12 00 O EJ 90 00 45 00 2230 18 00 15 00 om em EM EDEDEDEDED EDS HERE 0 0 100 50 150
73. e average amount of gear If your boat suddenly gains weight by the addition of a generator or tuna tower you may have to change props Or if you find yourself us ing the boat more at one speed than another a change in props may be warranted In either case unless engines and drives are modified any adjustment will likely be confined to a change in pitch Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Some general comments Y A sailboat usually runs best and smoothest with a three bladed prop but such a prop also offers more underwater drag under sail A change to a two bladed design will reduce drag but also decrease power A sailboat should generally be propped for peak efficiency at the lower end of her engine s operating range since at this point hull speed has usually been reached and any additional throttle results in no additional speed Y A trawler is propped much like a sailboat at the lower end of the engine s operating range However many displacement hulls do better with four bladed props Y A sport fisherman is generally propped to allow her engines to reach maximum rated r p m Since almost all are inboards bronze props usually four bladed are the norm Y A sport boat or runabout is usually propped to the upper end of the engine operating range based on a hull lightly loaded As such the boat may be susceptible to over revving if the tachometer is not watched Sport boats also may take advantage of special high
74. e engine functions Incorrect battery voltage will severely alter the ECU values resulting in a very rough running engine Y Terminal clamps keep the clamps tight and clean Coat with Vaseline or dielectric grease Twin battery systems must operate keeping each battery isolation switch turned to different batteries Battery Switch One on Battery One Battery Switch Two on Battery Two The use of the position Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT both may be used to start a system with a weak battery but once the engine has been started and warmed up then you should shut down the engines and turn the switch to its individual battery position Never switch the batteries off with the engines running When the batteries are switched off while the engine is running there will be a circuit overload resulting in one or more circuits being de stroyed by heat Engine electronics All outboard engine systems are controlled electronically and each sensor is designed to operate at a very specific voltage The voltage is determined given no resistance to ground and controlled by the ECU When corrosion is allowed to build at the electrical connections resistance values change resulting in very poor engine tuning and performance The wiring harnesses on all outboard engines use the same colour wires to identify specific circuits Knowing that the black wire always represents the ground circuit it s very easy to identify the grou
75. e focus set this to obtain the clearest possible image and repeat steps one and two NVGs work best in cold dry air The effectiveness of NVGs are reduced by reflected light from snow rain drizzle fog or even small invisible moisture particles Under some conditions it is necessary to stop and extinguish all lights in order to utilize NVGs They are also adversely affected by backlight When working near lit shorelines try to position yourself with lighting at your back Try your equipment under a variety of conditions to determine its usefulness CAUTION NVGs will narrow your field of vision and adversely effect night vision Do not attempt to operate a vessel or conduct searches by NVGs alone Remember to P Stop your vessel P use NVG to observe the surrounding area and P allow night vision to return before proceeding Fatigue Long searches cause crew fatigue Fatigue occurs more rapidly under adverse sea conditions and during Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Ways to Call a Sighting The graphic below illustrates the method used at RHIOT School Clock Method The search vessel is at the center of a clock face The bow of the boat is 12 o clock with the hour hand pointing at the sighted object P An object at 9 o clock means the object is abeam to port Hand Arm Point RHI Method This last method is very simple and suitable for use by even the most novice SAR crew member The spotter is instructe
76. e instructions on the proper wearing of floatation devices and the location of other safety equipment Pre Departure Checklist A craft specific check will be carried out prior to departure This review will include critical equipment checks visual inspection and a successful communications check Launch and Recovery Launch and recovery operations shall be carried out according to vessel specific work instructions The Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT instructions shall be specific for the type of craft and or launch recovery arrangements Work instructions Shall include but not be limited to A procedure to ensure approval is received from the bridge prior to launch and recovery Designation of a crewmember as being in charge of the launch recovery operation on deck and Establishment of a method of communication between the responsible person on deck the small craft and the bridge Underway Operations Small Craft Operators shall assess the conditions both enroute and on scene to determine the adequacy of the craft and crew to safely carry out the operation Where itis assessed that the risk is too great the Operator shall advise the Commanding Officer and take appropriate action such as standing off returning to the ship station or seeking a suitable refuge The Operator must pay particular attention when operat ing in areas of limited depth and or high current where there is possibility of the vessel being
77. e is the slightest risk that the vessel could be operating in extreme conditions each crew mem ber must wear a helmet eye protection and gloves O Helmet All fast rescue craft crews are supplied with Coast Guard recommended and General Standards approved helmets They are specifically designed to reduce wind noise and protect the head from impact on four Sides The helmets have a low profile and are light weight weighing approximately 11 59 They come equipped with break away straps and visors O Eye Protection Goggles Safety Glasses Eye protection is vital particularly during long operations The eyes are the most vulnerable and sensitive area of the body Goggles or safety glasses protect your eyes against wind rain sea spray ultraviolet light glare and small particles that are blown up from the deck The lens of your goggles or safety Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT glasses should be curved to shed water O Hand Protection A good pair of gloves is essential gear for both the vessel operator and crew If the N J SA wa operator or crew allow their hands to become cold they lose the dexterity required to perform their assigned tasks Several types of gloves are available on the market Individual re quirements or preferences will dictate what you choose Choosing Eye Protection 1 Any device worn must have a safety lens capable of withstanding impacts while providing UV and wind protec
78. e the total drag of a planing boat you must obtain the optimal combination of trim angle and wetted sur face to carry the chosen load at the desired speed Reaching this optimal combination is more a matter of initial hull design than moveable weight positioning or trim tab adjustments etc Fortu nately the basic elements of sound hull design are now well understood The Evolution of V Bottom Hulls Planing boat design really began to progress in the 1930 s when some designers and builders started to appreciate that wetted beam not wetted length determines the ability of a hull to lift and plane The rea Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT son is simple The leading edge of the bottom the part that first meets new water forces that water downward abruptly while the remainder of the bottom can only hurry along water that is already moving downward Thus peak pressures and peak lift occur right at the leading edge of the hull An increase in edge causes an increase in lift if trim angle and speed remain constant On the other hand a long slender planing bottom will have a lot more wetted surface and therefore higher resistance from skin friction than a short wide hull carrying equal weight at equal speed But if wetted length becomes too short the boat will have a tendency to pitch and slam This unpleasant re sponse known as porpoising is particularly likely when the centre of gravity in a flat bottom boat is
79. e the rail must remain pressurized at exactly 10 psi over the air rail pressure or the ECM map calibrations will be incorrect Fuel from the vapor separator is supplied to the top of one fuel rail A fuel line connects the bottom of the first rail to the opposite fuel rail Fuel is stored in Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT side the rail until an injector opens A fuel pressure regulator 2 controls pressure in the fuel rails and allows excess fuelto re turn into the vapor separator The fuel regulator not only regulates fuel pressure but also regulates it at approximately 10 p s i higher than whatever the air rail pressure is The fuel regulator diaphragm is held closed with a spring that requires 10 p s i to force the diaphragm off the diaphragm seat The backside of the diaphragm is exposed to air rail pressure As the air rail pressure increases the fuel pressure needed to open the regulator will equally increase Example When there is 50 p s i of air pressure on the air rail side of the diaphragm 60 p s i of fuel pressure will be required to open the regulator The return fuel line 24 to the vapor separator is water cooled This design is used to prevent cold fuel from the fuel tank hit ting the hot fuel returning from the fuel rail and flashing off the light ends boiling over To equalize the pulses developed by the pumps both air and fuel a tracker diaphragm 3 is installed in the starboard rail The tracke
80. e water rises above the average water level while in low pressure regions it sinks below the average level Waves are created because water will not remain above or be low the average level for any length of time It always seeks its own level It flows laterally a little so each high spot successively floods its neighboring lower spot The progress of each wave is a chain reaction Waves seldom occur singly so it is convenient to measure the wavelength by measuring the distance from one wave crest to the next We know that the speed of the wave in knots will be 1 34 times the square root of the wavelength in feet _ Pla gt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Anyone who has watched storm surf breaking on a beach is well aware that waves transmit energy Storm waves are created by wind energy while a boat s wake is created by propulsive energy originating with either engine s or sails A bigger wake represents more energy being dispersed or more wave making resistance The speed of the wave system created by the moving hull of a vessel is determined by the speed of the hull itself In order to progress at that speed the wavelength of a vessel s wave system automatically ad justs itself to maintain the mathematical relationship between speed and wavelength described above S 1 34 WL When the boat is moving slowly the natural wavelength is shorter than the hull the average water level in the vicinity of the boa
81. ead of the boat at the back of the next wave scanning to find windows to cross over in When climbing the back Side of a wave at an angle one can use additional power safely When the bow tips over the peak and the boat begins to slide down the face keep enough throttle on to maintain steerageway and head down into the trough Try and avoid finding yourself beam on the face of the wave In this position the boat is most vulnerable to capsizing Once the bow has hit the bottom of the trough add power and run along the trough until you find another shallow spot in the back of the next wave Be familiar with the limitations of both the boat and your own skill Every vessel and every driver has limi tations and as the driver you should know them well The only way to learn how to drive an RHI safely is with lots of practice and professional instruction A SS O Se SCE ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT TOWING Towing can be one of the most dangerous aspects of Seamanship It can also be one of the most boring so it s important to stay alert The weather and sea conditions will play an important part in your re sponse to a stricken vessel Consider Sea conditions will they hamper your speed Visibility is it reduced due to fog spray or darkness These are some of the variables that will have to be taken into account when giving your arrival ti
82. eping patched in the field as a temporary measure but should be taken to a tube repair capabilities shop for permanent patching Tubes should be patched when they are inflated Small holes are easy to seal when the patch is applied For larger holes the tube has to be deflated Patch holes of 1 or less with a round 5 inch diameter patch A five inch diameter patch is required to allow a full 2 of patch material to extend past the damaged area With a round patch there are no cor ud Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ners to snag causing the patch to start pulling off When cutting at your unit make sure to cut the edge of the patch so that it bevels out from the top to the bottom To create this bevel hold the scissors on an angle when cutting The top of the scissors should be tilted to the center of the patch This bevel also prevents the edge of the patch from catching and pulling off Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Steps in Repairing an RHI Tube Cut out patch Center patch over hole use the patch as a template over the hole in the tube to mark the area to be prepared Look very closely and carefully at the tube and patch material Look for the fabric in both Identify the threads that run lengthwise warp and across weft When placing the patch on the tube the warp and weft of both the tube and patch must be aligned This allows for equal stretch during inflation and normal us
83. er or his her designate must review the required task and assess the risk based on the following factors P What is the urgency of the task and what are the consequences if it is not carried out or delayed P Is the selected small craft suitable for carrying out the task Is the small craft crew qualified and trained to carry out the task Have the required maintenance routines been carried out and are there any known defects or deficiencies in the craft Can the craft be launched and recovered safely in the prevailing conditions What is the present and forecast weather Does the craft have the required safety communications and navigation equipment to carry out the task safely Is the information on the required task reliable Operation Planning and Preparation Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The degree of planning for an operation will depend on the complexity of the operation the type of small craft the training and experience of the crew and the degree of risk identified The following are mini mum requirements that must be met to reduce identified risks P Small Craft Crewing Small craft must carry no fewer than two qualified crew members other than when in sheltered waters where the small craft can be monitored visually from the Ship or station All small craft operators shall be familiar with the craft they are operating by having reviewed the particular small craft manuals where available At a minimum o
84. er would travel through a solid medium in one revolution For in stance a propeller with 20 of pitch would travel 20 inches through a solid block of wood if such were possible in one complete revolution All propellers are stamped with two numbers usually on their center hub The first is the diameter in inches the second is the pitch For example 12X20 indicates a 12 diameter and a 20 pitch Pitch is a theoretical construct and does not account for slip In practice the only time there can be no slip is when there is no difference between the angle of the blades and the angle of the water entering them in short there is no angle of attack a situation that would also result in no pressure differential hence no thrust For thrust to occur there must be Slip Mathematically slip is the difference between the actual and theoretical travel in miles per hour divided by the theoretical miles per hour and expressed as a percentage Actual speed can be determined by any accurate means the operative word being accurate For those so inclined the theoretical m p h of any prop is easily computed by multiplying pitch times r p m and dividing by 1 056 For example your boat is accurately measured as having a top speed of 25 m p h It is driven by a pro peller having 14 of pitch and turning 2 500 r p m Your theoretical speed is 14 times 2 500 divided by 1 056 which equals 33 1 m p h Subtract 25 your actual speed from 33 1
85. es of binoculars with fingers to prevent eye injury Rotate positions every half hour increasing frequency during poor or dull weather When working under good conditions you will be effective no more than two hours without rest After this time your concen tration will deteriorate rapidly and the unit will become less effective as a search resource Maintain eye contact with any sighting Attention should be attracted through a pre arranged method of reporting by hailing intercom or other means At no time should eye contact be lost with the sighted Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT object Night Vision Goggles Night vision goggles NVG are a useful tool for observing surroundings as an aid to navigation But never navigate a vessel only through the use of night vision goggles NVG s work by magnifying the existing ambient light available Ambient light is the light available from stars moonlight city lights or a combination of all of these sources The NVG used by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans fleet are the binocular style and in order to be used correctly they require several adjustments To do these hold the unit up to your eyes with your thumbs resting on or near the eye ad justment controls P Adjust to match your eye width by moving the thumb controls for the right or left P Adjust for individual eye focus by moving the controls fore and aft P The single lens at the front of the NVG is th
86. evation above HHWLT B Depth below chart datum C Rock awash at chart datum D Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height E Rock which does not cover with elevation A Higher High Water Large Tide Chart Datum Zero Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A EE SS Cs ee Conversion of Seconds to Decimals and Back Seconds to Decimals Seconds Decimals to Seconds Decimal X 60 TIME SPEED amp DISTANCE 60 X Distance Cover the value that you need 60 X Distance 60 X Distance Gwe Gor SPEED Cover the S 60 XD 60 XD TIME Cover the T AS N Speed Time 4 DISTANCE Cover the D SXT 60 9 5 Radar Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Radar is an invaluable navigational aid particularly at night or during periods of poor visibility Because radar is a technological aid to navigation it s important to remember that P Equipment can fail P Operators can make mistakes and P Environmental conditions or improper handling can affect equipment performance The navigator is responsible for directing the boat driver not necessarily the coxswain using charts compass DR GPS and radar or any combination of these The navigator should not rely solely on radar or GPS information and should never make assumptions based on scanty radar information Navigators must be able to navigate without the help of electronic navaids Radar Safety Radar must be
87. ey are ready to deal with them It s important that you take the time to Stop Assess and Plan your course of action The SAP 100 Method STOP outside of the event zone approximately 100 feet Stop away from the incident scene depending on the event type and visibility Person in Water 100 Vessel Afire Crew members observe the scene reporting their findings DA q to the unit leader P Crew provides planning input to the leader who determines lan the plan of action Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES The emergency procedures outlined here are those used at RHIOT School Refer to the Emergency Procedures Section of your unit s Standing Orders for emergency information specific to your op erational environment The onboard emergencies covered in this unit are P Man overboard Person lost Fire on board Overturned boat capsize reversal Injured crew member Vessel lost or disoriented These are the procedures followed at RHIOT School Again students are asked to refer to their unit s Standing Orders Ifthere are no standing orders or established emergency routines for your unit these procedures would be good place to start 4 1 Man Overboard Post a lookout Keep the person in sight at all times Point at the person Follow the Man Overboard drill Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 4 2 Person Lost P Issue a PAN call on Channel 16 Mark the last known
88. f refer ence To conduct a Barrier Search the RHI must keep position against the current by employing diagonal sweeps upstream To ensure that the search object does not slip through the barrier effort must ares be made to search on both sides of the Search Area vessel 8 3 Search Tips and Tech niques Barrier Search Tips Choose landmarks to steer on SAR units must be angled to stem the current Keep a lookout both up and downstream NAUTICAL MILES fa z dSn e gt L nina o Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT N 35 000 oos ses 300 O ong 020 AY QUER os CE CR E ae AL COURSE AND LEG IDENTIFIER FOR SECTOR SEARCH PATTERNS VS 60 CENTRAL ANGLES TIME AND DISTANCE TABLE 1 PLACE LEG NUMBER 1 INDEX ON HEADINGS OF FIRST SEARCH LEG 2 THE LETTERS ON THE CROSS LEGS INDICATE THE NUMBERS PARALLEL RADIAL LEG FOR DETERMINING EACH CROSS LEG HEADING M MINUTES SECONDS Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The search is often the most mentally demanding part of a search and rescue mission It requires techni cal knowledge and the ability to maintain a high degree of concentration for the length of the search A marine distress situation often involves a vessel that is still afloat but in need of assistance Large ves sels are normally good visual or radar targets under favourable weather and sea conditions Small sur face
89. flow back down to a flattened position P Surface Tension which resists wave formation and P Elasticity which resists any changes in the total volume of the water If the force that caused the wave to form is removed the water s surface will eventually return to level as a result of internal friction because the energy has been transferred to another medium such as floating objects or the shore The Anatomy of a Wave Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Still Water Level SWL is where the water would naturally lie if there were no wave mo tion The Depth of the water is measured from the SWL to the bottom The top of the wave is called the Crest the lowest level between two successive wave crests is called the Trough The Wave Height H is the vertical distance between the highest and lowest points of the wave The Wavelength L is the horizontal distance between one crest and the next For the average wave system this is measured in feet The Amplitude A is one half of the wave height The Crest Angle is the angle formed by the sides of the wave at the crest The Steepness of the wave is measured by dividing the height by the length H L The Wave Period T is the time interval in seconds between one crest and the next from a fixed observation point The speed of the wave motion Phase Motion C is computed by dividing the wave length by the period or C L T The Slope S of the bottom is an impo
90. gets tired Prolonged exposure to adverse conditions will take its toll on the coxswain s ability to react and deliver a smooth ride Judgement may also be affected by exposure Most of the RHI s greatest advantages can also be disadvantages As the rescue vessel advances at speed through stormy seas many factors such as weather temperature sea state wind chill noise level and the constant pounding over the waves will increase fatigue Most RHI designs offer no protection from the elements only a platform to stand on The safe handling of any vessel in heavy seas depends on the skills experience and awareness of the person at the helm On larger vessels the actual physical skill of throttling and steering is just as critical but the driver is sheltered from the weather and the reaction time isn t as important at slower speeds The RHI s have the advantage of their speed and manoeuvrability allowing the craft to avoid waves that could otherwise capsize it Unfortunately the high speed also intensifies the effects of the weather and increases fatigue 6 4 Safe Boat Handling Tips Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Planing The RHI s hull has two different modes of operation At slow speed the hull is in displacement mode displacing its weight in the water In this state the RHI can be skilfully manoeuvred in very tight spaces to recover people from the water or off rocks and cliffs The second mode of operation is pl
91. gid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT One Person Lift Once m have control of the person place a short piece of line under his her o 3 o Reassure the person Keep one knee up on the sponson Protect your own back Check to make sure that the coxswain s seat is directly behind you Hold the line with both hands as close to the person s chest as possible Bob him her a few times and then pull straight up until the person s hips are at the top of the sponson then continue the dragging motion as you sit down in the coxswain s seat The person will be face down in your lap across the sponson with his her feet in the water Together with another crew member pivot the person so that he she is for n aft along the sponson With a controlled lift and roll place the person gently onto the deck po er SE SS O ES CC SS ee Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A CS O Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Two Person Lifts Two person lifts are the same as a one person lift except you have a crew member helping you with the lift process itself The crew member gains control of the person then the coxswain or another crew mem ber assists The person forward who will eventually have the head of the victim controls the lift Two Person Lift The forward crew member gains control of the person and places a short piece of line under his her arms The forward crew member talks to t
92. gine Oil Tank Oil Supply Hose to the Oil Pump Oil Pump Oil Supply Hoses to the Cylinders 6 Oil Supply Hose to the Air Compressor Air Compressor Check Valve Oil Return Hose from the Air Compressor Low Oil Sender Wires to ECM k Magnetic Float Air Pressure m Crankcase Pressure w One Way Check Valve ra nadam Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 1998 99 Warning System The outboard warning system incorporates warning light gauge a and warning horn b The warning horn is located inside the remote control or is part of the ignition key switch wiring harness OFS When the key switch is turned to the ON position the warning lights and horn will turn on fora moment as a test to tell you the system is working Warning System Signals NOTE The warning system signals which includes audible and visual indicator involving the horn and lights will identify the potential problems listed in the chart y D o a Check Over Water In Engine Speed Engine Heat Fuel Reduction Activated Light Light approx 3000 RPM Low Oil 4 Beep 2 Min utes Off No Oil Flow Continu ous Beep Over Heat Continu ous Beep Water In Fuel 4 Beep 2 Min utes Off Over Speed Continu ous activated at 5800 Beep RPM Coolant Sensor Failure MAP Sensor Failure Failure Injector Failure Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Proble
93. he aft crew member as well as the victim and reassures the person throughout the process Communication is key The forward crew member must be abeam of the coxswain s seat and should check to ensure there are no hazards behind Each of the two crew members should have one knee up on the sponson Both crew members hold the line with both hands as close to the person s chest as possible Bob him her a few times and then pull straight up until the person s hips are at the top of the sponson then continue the dragging motion as the forward crew member sits down in the coxswain s seat The aft crew member lets go of the line as the forward crew member sits down in the coxswain s seat The person will be face down in the forward crew member s lap across the sponson with his her feet in the water Together with the aft crew member pivot the person so that he she is for n aft along the sponson With a controlled lift and roll place the victim gently onto the deck SO ECT SS au Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT CSS O CA Ss SS e CE CT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ee e co e eo Parbuckling Parbuckling is the easiest way to remove someone from the water But it s somewhat more time consuming to setup The orientation of the person is also different Parbuckling 1 Start with the person floating on his her back Attach two lines to the lifelines one opposite the person s knee
94. hen choosing grease look for one that does not contain metallic properties pref erably synthetic grease Greases that uses a metal such as molybdenum are good lubricants but they promote corrosion through electrolysis when used in a salt water environment Electronics and Electrical O Battery Fluid level should be at the base of the cell port Y Cleanliness dirt and electrolyte on the top of the battery will allow an electron flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal sufficient enough to drain the battery over night Y Specific gravity a hydrometer is required to check the specific gravity of the electrolytes in each cell By checking the specific gravity of each cell you can determine the condition of each cell individually or the condition of the battery as a whole given that proper charging has occurred All cells should show similar readings If one or two cells are significantly lower than the rest of the cell readings battery failure is imminent Y Spill proof caps ensure that your batteries have been retro fitted with caps that have been designed to prevent spillage during inversion or rough handling Y Terminal cleanliness no corrosion should be present between the terminals and the terminal clamps Keep them clean When there is a build up of corrosion resistance will occur that hampers starting charging and current flow to all on board electronics All new engines use an ECU module to control all th
95. her equipment weights 30 pounds COMMUNICATIONS er SE SS O ES CC SS ee Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A CS O Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT VESSEL SAFETY 2 1 Daily Inspection Checklists To remain shipshape a working boat should be checked and maintained daily A daily inspection should be part of your team s regular workday routine Your Daily Checklist on the following page should note any defects and the action taken to remedy problems Special attention should be given to safety equipment Life Saving Vessels fulfill their function under conditions which for other craft and equipment are regarded as extreme to be avoided if possible Thus the concept of Acceptable risk of failure cannot apply It is when other vessels have failed that the life saving vessel must work G Klem Senior Research Engineer Norwegian Ship Research Institute Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Daily Inspection Checklist Vessel License Floatation Device Per Person Electrical Connections rl Ol al aml o gt icy o lt fab lt SiS 2 eb oe gt gt l e gt un OD me gt avl 2a D nm D fay un wn D 3 n n ion Z oO Personal Recovery Line Knife gt O S svoe O YO YY InstrumentiGauge Lights 1 1 11 E msm E AAA Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Daily In
96. her than repair Outboard and Vessel Components That Need Regular Servicing Fuel Oil and Grease Fuel Filters The fuel water separator filter transom mounted should be drained of water weekly The filter cartridge should be replaced every 100 hours Do not rely on a visual water fuel separation line being obvious on inspection There may be mostly water in the inspection bowl fooling you into believing that it s fuel Drain the bowl into a can and note whether there is water present Drain the filter until there is only fuel being discharged The water separator filter located on the engine should be drained at the same time as the transom filter When the filter maintenance is done regularly the engine s filter should show little or no water because the transom filter will have captured it first The newer model fuel injected engines require the use of fuel conditioners and de carbonizing agents Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Add the fuel conditioner to the fuel after re fueling ensuring that the correct amount is added for the amount of fuel taken Fuel conditioner extends the shelf life of the fuel and reduces the amount of car bon build up in the cylinders The de carbonizing agent is sprayed into the air box at a given r p m once the engine has been warmed up Read the instructions on the de carbonizing agent as each manufac turer requires a different method of product application The de carbonizing agent
97. her vessel the towline is thrown and the RHI must sta EN tion keep in the Safe Zone while the line is made secure DIRECTION WIND amp Parallel Approach This approach is also used only in calm to moderate conditions The RHI approaches from the stern of the other vessel on the 45 Degree Approach upwind side Obviously with the RHI maintaining a beam to attitude the risk of being surged onto the stricken vessel or broaching is greatly increased Care must be taken to keep a safe distance be tween the two vessels Pass the towline and sta WIND Y tion keep until secured DIRECTION Snatch and Grab If the stricken vessel finds itself in an extremely perilous situation such as being in a surf zone or on a lee shore the rescue vessel must take the first opportunity to grab the nearest available strongpoint The RHI must without imperilling it self haul the other vessel out to deeper safer water There it can disconnect and make a proper approach and hook up It must be emphasized that the safety of your own vessel as the rescue vessel and the safety of your crew are para mount You are of no use to anyone if you are a Parallel Approach SAR incident yourself The entry of the RHI into Sur snvuiu vc avviucu unicas uie view 1 dum uanicu and competent 7 6 Catenary and Control How much towline is enough That depends on the sea state and the direction of the tow If the tow is proceeding through open water consider the fo
98. hould be 22 ft lbs e Kill Switch The kill switch is located near the operator position It is a switch that when activated closes the ignition circuit and shorts it to ground stopping the engine It is a safety de vice that must be tested daily and attached to the operator when underway 2 Starter All components in the system that control the starter system a Battery Batteries must have a heavy duty deep cycle high ampere hour capacity Due to the precise operating voltages of the satellite components on the engine the bat teries must be able to provide absolutely no less than 11 volts during starter cranking perferably 12 12 5 volts Only a good deep cycle battery will provide these needed volt ages during the up to 135 amp draw the starter needs to crank the engine over The battery must be equipped with spill proof caps and the electrolite tested weekly Any Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT electrolite spilt on the top of the battery will provide a path for enough electron flow to discharge the battery over night Keep the battery and terminals clean b Solenoid The solenoid is merely a relay switch using low amperage to excite the magnetic plunger to close the points of the high amperage starting circuit The solenoid is located very close to and sometimes on the starter The purpose of the solenoid is to allow the use of low amperage wiring and switches from the remote con trol to the star
99. ht Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT At night a SAR unit may request that the distressed vessel fire a flare or use some other form of illumina tion i e search light to signal their position If the distressed vessel does not have such equipment on board a SAR unit may use their own flares to enable the distressed vessel to provide a reciprocal bear ing NOTE Always contact RCC BEFORE you deploy flares to obtain bearings or to light a search area Abandoned Vessels Treat abandoned vessels as if there might be a person or persons on board or in a raft or dinghy close Night Search Checklist Prior to searching ensure that the spotters have 30 minutes for their eyes to adapt to the darkness Blow a whistle during the day at night and in the fog Light up your boat to make it visible to a survivor in the water Sweep the skyline with a light beam or aim your light at the clouds when there is a low ceiling Periodically shut down the engine to listen for cries or whistles In buoyed areas inspect the buoys in case survivors have reached them Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Overdue Vessel Checklist Contact marina managers or wharfingers to determine whether or not the vessel has been seen in the area If the vessel has been seen find out when she was there when she left and where she was going Check every vessel s license number description and name very carefully The
100. ht Vision Goggles available Position of Sun and Moon Spotter Effectiveness P Effectiveness is reduced when looking in the Fatigue direction of the sun particularly in hazy condi Type of training tions and when the sun is low on the horizon Physical and mental condition When searching in bright sunlight direct your Suitability search away from the sun to achieve maximum Comfort of lookout position Sighting distance When searching at night conduct your search pattern in such a manner as to take full advan tage of the moonlight i e direct your track to wards the moon Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A Shoreline Search is used by shallow draft vessels and aircraft The SAR unit s track runs parallel to the contours of the shoreline A Shoreline Search is used in situations where it is probable that survivors or debris may have reached or been washed ashore This search pattern should also be used in conjunction with any other search pat tern which nears a shoreline particularly a lee shore To avoid running aground on shoals reefs or bars searchers involved in a Shoreline Search must exer cise caution in navigating Spotters should also scan the shoreline aft to check bays which run parallel to the shoreline Bays should also be searched if safely navigable Searching the shore in both directions may be necessary Expanding Square Search 9 Boulder Beach Driftwood Sandy Beach Y J DO OK Surg
101. in good condition Spare plugs and other parts stowed in waterproof container and in good condition Secure in its bracket and switch taped off Do not turn on to test De Water Void Spaces Consoles Pump out void spaces Dry out spaces under consoles and bow box Material and bridle in good shape and properly attached Anchor and Rode Anchor and rode in good repair Shackles seized correctly stowed Bailer Manual Bilge Pump Correctly stowed Functions properly Properly stowed and in good repair Works correctly if electrical type Fire Salvage Pump and Fuel Correctly stowed Proper service and start up and shut down procedures adhered to Fuel stowed in proper container not leaking Pump not damaging other contents of bowbox Buoyant Heaving Line Proper stowage Line in good repair Easily accessible Paddles Correct stowage In good repair Flares Check expiry date Stowed in dry container Check for sweating and cracks in cases lt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Vessel Specifications continued First Aid Kit Correct stowage Fully equipped Dry Easily accessible Fire Extinguisher s Stowed securely in bracket Easily accessible Gauges show cor rect pressure Container not excessively corroded Tighten Bolts Periodic inspection of all exterior fasteners Tighten as neces sary Tilt Trim Full range of movement of engines with all trim controls Moves smoothly Props Skegs
102. ing wheel s help pump The steering oil should be visible at the base of the filler plug port Use the correct steering oil as specified by the pump manufacturer If you use the wrong oil it can result in a stiff or hard turning steer ing wheel Incorrect oil can also cause the failure of the internal O rings and seals Steering oil should be checked daily and replaced annually Grease Several points on your outboard require frequent greasing Without the use of oil inside your outboard the engine will very quickly come to a screeching grinding and expensive halt Without the use of grease on the outside of your outboard it will very slowly come to the point where you are unable to steer trim or even get the engine cover off without breaking something Using the Owner s Manual and your ability to search find all the points that require grease and grease them at least once a month Here s a list Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Steering grease nipples Trim and tilt grease nipples Steering slides grease the point where the steering cylinder attaches to the engine Trim and tilt grease the cylinder push rod cups and balls Engine control cable grease slides and linkages Propeller hub grease splines Engine cover grease latches Starter grease bendix spline if sticking Work the steering back and forth and the trim and tilt up and down during greasing to ensure better grease penetration W
103. ions Small Craft Operator P Responsible to the Commanding Officer for the safe operation of the craft entrusted to him her He she shall ensure that all appropriate safety precautions are followed and report all deficiencies and defects as soon as possible to the appropriate individual Procedures Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Training and Qualifications P The Competency of Operators of Pleasure Yacht Regulations require that all operators of small craft have an operator s card appropriate to the type of craft operated The Coast Guard is not exempt from this requirement Some barges and launches carried aboard Coast Guard ships or operated from shore bases are larger than 10GRT Operators of these vessels require formal marine certification issued by Transport Canada or must have training and experience appropriate to the task area of operation and size of the craft as recognized by the Coast Guard s Fleet Technical Training Section A formal training course for Fast Rescue Craft FRC or Rigid Hull Inflatable RHI operations must be satisfactorily completed by all personnel required to operate these vessels Operators of Fast Rescue Craft Rigid Hull Inflatables must demonstrate their ability to achieve the standards established in performance objective 10 of the Search and Rescue Training Standards TP 9224 Task Review and Risk Assessment Prior to conducting small craft operations the Commanding Offic
104. iple small echoes not in a consistent position P In heavy weather irregularities in the water sur face may appear as a dense background of clut ter forming the shape of an almost solid disc right in the center P Close in targets may be obscured Sea returns P Echoes from rain snow etc appear as count less small echoes continuously changing in size intensity and position Returns sometimes appear as large hazy areas depending on intensity of storm cell Good warnings of places to avoid if possible Precipitation Returns Blind sectors shadow effect P Obstructions around antennae may produce blind sectors or a shadow effect A E A e e A e a I AAA CS CT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A A Se SS ee If obstruction is big enough blind sector results If small obstruction at any given scale small targets may be obscured but big ones may still be seen shadow effect Blind sectors are unlikely to occur in an RHI Side lobes Small part of RF energy from each transmitted pulse is outside the single narrow beam producing side lobe patterns No effect on distant or small surface objects Echo from large targets at close range may pro duce an arc On screen it is similar to a range ring or ap pears as a series of echoes forming a broken arc Side lobe echoes usually appear at scales of 3nm or below and can be reduced with sea clutter knob Side Lobe Error Radar interference P Un
105. is process continues until the waves dissipate their energy at sea or transfer it to the shore as surf Knowledge of the characteristic grouping of waves into groups is useful when operating in shoaling water such as bars inlets or when working in surf Wave groups can be observed and their group periods de termined Boats can be best maneuvered in the space between groups when wave motion is at a mini mum When deep water waves move into shallow waters they are influenced by the bottom and become shallow water waves Wave speed decreases as they approach shore and interact with the bottom The de creased speed causes wave refraction thereby shortening the wavelength As wavelength decreases wave steepness increases and the wave becomes less stable As the wave moves into water where the depth is approximately twice the wave s height the crest peaks up the rounded crest of a swell becomes a higher more pointed mass of water with steeper sides This am Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT change of wave form becomes more pronounced as the wave moves farther into shallow water These changes in wavelength and steepness occur before breaking Finally at a depth roughly equal to 1 3 times the wave height the actual formula used to determine when the wave will break is when the height is equal to 80 of the depth ratio H 8 d the wave becomes unstable This happens when not enough water is available in the shallow are
106. l structural bolts tight No de laminations or cracks in metal fiberglass joints Antennas Tightly secured to mountings including radar scanner Coaxial connections and wiring secure and not chafing Capsize Reversal System Check bag for proper storage Bottle and firing head secure in mounting Lanyard tight not chafing Handle clipped to transom Personal Recovery Line Bag tightly laced to cage guard bar Line properly stowed and bag closed properly Stowed properly in sheath Not corroded and easily accessible Tested for rx tx on working channel Secure in brackets GPS Jhequires a position Secure in mountings Proper acquisition of picture All functions working properly pu gt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Vessel Specifications continued Proper function Correct depth Navigation Lights Strobe Allon and clearly visible Switch works properly Functions properly Securely mounted Instruments Gauge Lights Instruments functioning properly and readable Gauge lights and compass light working Dimmer switch if equipped working Working in both the manual and automatic functions Steering Moves smoothly from hard over to hard over Control cables and wiring free moving Connecting rod tightly secured No excessive wear in ball joints No spongy movement in wheel or tight spots in travel Each search light and each plug works properly Toolkit and Essential Spares Toolkit complete and
107. le sail may help to dampen the roll When towing upstream in current keep the towline fairly short to maintain greater control Watch out for backsides whirlpools and sudden shears from the towed vessel When towing downstream keep the towline fairly short It may also be necessary to have the stricken vessel tow a drogue 7 7 Towing Alongside Once you ve taken the vessel to where she s going quite often you ll have to take her alongside a float or dock You are not obliged to take the boat to its accustomed slip but only to the nearest safe haven Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Stop in a protected place with plenty of sea to disconnect and take her in tow alongside You are now the outboard engine The combined vessels will turn much easier to port than to starboard because you are on the outside of a port hand turn arc Going astern greatly in creases the vessels swing to the RHI s side Combining lock to lock helm movements with the appropriate engine manoeuvres makes this easier When handling larger boats it sometimes helps to get the other vessel to assist you in steering If this is not possible ensure that the other vessel s rudder is amidships With the added weight give yourself plenty of time to stop The windage of the other vessel will also increase your leeway Put a lookout up on the bow of the other vessel to watch for op posing traffic on the blind side and to call out distan
108. llowing Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Catenary the droop in the towline Keeping the vessels in step The possibility that the towed vessel may broach in heavy following seas The possibility that the towed vessel may roll excessively in heavy beam seas Without catenary if the towline went straight back to the towed vessel every shock load would be trans mitted directly through to both vessels Enough line must be let out to ensure that this shock absorbing characteristic catenary is present Generally the more line out the more catenary there IS CR A se CE SC CTT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ne AAA A A When determining towline length as well as catenary the vessels must be kept in step The two vessels must rise to the crest and slide into the trough at the same time Both go up both go down Ifthis doesn t happen there will be shock loading every time the towline goes slack and then tightens up again When towing a vessel in heavy following seas as the towed vessel surfs down the face of a wave picking up speed it may temporarily start going faster than the tow aaa ing vessel If this happens the towed vessel will start turning beam to the seas broaching To prevent this the towed vessel may have to drag a drogue In heavy beam seas smaller vessels may broach and some vessels especially sailing vessels may roll a lot Showing a litt
109. m Horn Failure Battery Voltage too high 16V or too low 11V or very low 9 5V Horn Check Low Oil Over Water In Engine Speed Engine Light Heat Fuel Reduction Activated re Light Light Yes If a volt age is less than 10 4 V RPM is reduced to 3000 If voltage is 9 5V or less RPM is reduced to idle Over Heat Cyl Head Com Continu pressor ous Beep Throttle Sensor Failure Continu Yes ous In RPM reduces to 3000 termittant if 1 sensor fails Beeping RPM is reduced to Idle speed only if both sensors fail Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Guardian Protection System All 2000 Models The guardian protection system monitors critical engine functions and will reduce engine power accordingly in an attemptto keep the engine running within safe operating parameters IMPORTANT The Guardian System cannot guarantee that powerhead damage will not occur when adverse operating conditions are encountered The Guardian System is designed to 1 warn the boat operator that the engine is operating under adverse conditions and 2 reduce power by limiting maximum rpm in an attempt to avoid or reduce the possibility of engine damage The boat operator is ultimately responsible for proper engine operation Guardian System Operation with Gauges 4 Function Gauge Smartcraft Gauge System will sound warning horn and illuminate ap propriate light on gauge System
110. mance props are nearly always made from stainless steel not only because of its strength but because the blades can be made thinner thus offering less drag and weight It s also possible to tailor the blades of a stainless prop more pre cisely than those of the other three materials There is a fifth material that is becoming more popular particularly in high speed applications It s called Ni Bral short for its component alloys nickel bronze and aluminium N Bral propellers are stronger than others pound for pound with the exception of those constructed of special heat treated stainless steel alloys Any number of things can go wrong with a propeller but assuming the correct pitch and diameter have been chosen two of the most likely problems are cavitation and ventilation There are also often con fused with each other Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Cavitation is usually the result of a defect in a blade often not large enough to be seen with the naked eye It may be the result of a bent blade a chip or any sharp edge in the slipstream As speed increases water contacting this defect begins to boil not because of increased temperature but rather lowered pressure The boiling produces bubbles that drift back and eventually condense where the pressure is higher As these bubbles condense energy is released and erodes any surface it touches usually the face of the blade The result is pitting chipping and e
111. mes planning your route and taking action on scene 7 1 Station Keeping Station keeping is a learned skill Understanding the principles of particle motion and wave theory helps in effectively maneuvering your vessel in tight areas near shore or at sea Waves at sea are energy in motion The water does not flow or move with the wave it just goes up and down As the energy moves through the water the particle motion in the wave is circular The largest circle is near the surface getting smaller in size toward the bottom The wave will remain constant or nearly constant as long as there is no object or current present to alter it As the wave approaches shore the circular motion is squashed flat as it nears the sea bed The circular motion becomes elongated to the point that the wave is now water flowing ashore and then back to meet the next incoming wave As you near shore you must use this understanding of particle motion to anticipate the movement of your vessel thus being able to use your vessel s power to counter the forces of the wave As the wave ap proaches the vessel will be pulled toward it As the wave reaches the vessel the vessel will lift and be carried in the direction of the wave until the wave passes the vessel at which time the next approaching wave s circular motion will pull the vessel back toward the incoming wave To be able to maintain station the vessel operator has to counteract each of the forces that the ci
112. must be balanced and not relying on the wheel or the throttles for support The driver s weight should be evenly distributed over his her feet If the driver is not balanced he she can be thrown and injured Some drivers stand while navigating through heavy seas Standing offers bet ter all around visibility but can be very tiring after extended periods The main drawback to sitting is the shock absorbed directly by the spine when pounding through extremely steep seas If the force is strong enough the seat cushion can compress and bottom out allowing a direct impact to the lower spine There have been some serious back injuries due to improper posture e g weight too far forward Standing or sitting is a matter of personal preference for the operator but regardless of the position taken the driver should be in a stable posture Standing or sitting the knees should be bent slightly to absorb most of the shock in the legs and the back should be straight so that the remaining shock is distributed evenly throughout the whole spinal col umn If you re sitting don t rely on the seat to absorb all of the shock Use your legs to support part of your weight The body must be in line with the direction of travel 6 5 Head Seas Handling in Head Seas Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT The basic concept to follow when navigating into head seas is to keep the boat as level as possible By using the throttles constantly one can avoid m
113. nd circuit and maintain it free of corrosion All circuits should be kept clean of corrosion but the ground circuits are the first to cause problems Spark plugs New outboards use a higher spark plug voltage that requires more spark plug maintenance The new plugs are platinum tipped and more expensive but they still burn away quicker and require more frequent adjustment If the engine is operated with migrated plug gaps the ECU senses the extra resistance and changes the engine timing to compensate Keep the plugs correctly gapped 40 thousand 10 2 Tube Maintenance and Repair To properly use and protect the tubes on an RHI one must accept the fact that they require continuous Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT maintenance Tube cleanliness and a polished look are good but tubes won t last without the proper pressure UV protection against oxidation of the tube surface and fendering Tubes must be kept hard 240 280 MB of pressure or 4 PSI Hard Soft tubes are dangerous because they severely hamper the vessel s sea keeping capabilities Getting underway with soft tubes allows the fabric to flex unnecessarily Tube fabric has a limited number of flexes once that number has been reached the fabric will delaminate and fail to retain pressure Tubes must be kept clean Wash the tubes with a mild soap If there are stubborn stains or dirt use Amazon It is best to clean the tubes in a shaded area or out of direct
114. not the person is wearing any floatation P If a person is not wearing floatation their head might be the only part visible P Ifa person is wearing floatation the head and shoulders will probably be visible P Look for debris since persons in the water are often found clinging to floating objects Distressed Aircraft With the exception of seaplanes aircraft usually sink quickly after ditching Normally the only objects found are pneumatic rafts and pieces of debris If the aircraft has crashed as opposed to having made a controlled ditch there may be nothing visible but an oil slick Large aircraft that fly routes over water carry an adequate supply of liferafts visual aids and portable emergency radios Transport aircraft generally carry large 20 person rafts Military aircraft may deploy either a 7 person or 20 person raft Single engine military aircraft are usually equipped with a one or two person raft Small civilian aircraft will probably carry only a one person liferaft if any at all 8 4 Finding the Target Using Spotters Arriving on scene is the first step Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Getting your spotters into position is the next Motivation Motivation plays a key role in search crew performance The SAR unit master is responsible for keeping his her team informed and motivated throughout the operation Spotting Procedures The more spotters you have the greater the chance of detec
115. nother I am altering course to starboard Power driven vessels in sight of one a I am altering course to port Power driven vessels in sight of one a I am operating astern propulsio nother nother n When vessels are in sight of one another in a channel or fairway a vessel intending overtake another to I intend to overtake you on your star board side When vessels are in sight of one anot channel or fairway a vessel intending overtake another herin a to I intend to overtake you on your port side When vessels are in sight of one anot her ina channel or fairway the vessel about to be overtaken shall indicate agreement withthe Vessels in sight of one another are ap proaching each other and from any c ause either vessel fails to understand the inten tions or actions of the other or is in doubt as to whether sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid collision the vessel doubt shall make the following signal in A vessel nearing a bend or area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be ob scured by an obstruction shall sound the A vessel nearing a bend or area of a channel or fairway where other vessels may be ob scured by an obstruction shall upon hearing a prolonged blast answer with the following Signal Required Y FQ 4 Canadian Modifications SQ A 4 Canadian Modifications
116. nto the compressor A restrictor is located between the filter and compressor The restrictor design lowers the compressor intake noise and should be removed at altitudes above 5000 feet 1997 models The compressor is driven by a serpentine belt 10 from a pulley mounted on the crankshaft 16 and is Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT automatically self adjusted using a single idler pulley This air compressor is a single cylinder unit containing a connecting rod piston rings bearings reed valves and a crankshaft The compressor is water cooled to lower the temperature of the air charge and is lubricated by oil from the engine oil pump assembly As the compressor piston moves downward inside the cylinder air is pulled through the filter reed valves and into the cylinder After the compressor piston changes direction the intake reeds close and the exhaust reeds open allowing compressed air into the hose 9 leading to the air fuel rails 4 An orifice 6 is installed in the line between the compressor and air rail to smooth the pulses transmitted from the compressor to the air rail The air fuel rails contain two passages one for fuel the second is the air passage The air passage is common between all the cylinders included in the rail A hose connects the starboard rail air passage to the air compressor Another hose con nects the starboard air rail passage to the port air rail passage An air pressure regulator 5
117. o choose to utilize the optional whistle signal A vessel of less than 12 metres in length that has run aground shall not be required to issue the above signals but if she does not shall make some other efficient sound signal 2 min intervals Pilot vessel optional in addition to 35 a b or g Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 9 2 Pilotage Pilotage is often said to be the art of determining where a vessel is not It is an art which can only be de veloped through experience and good judgement The good navigator no matter how skilled in the use of navigational instruments and techniques will al ways use all the information available and never rely on just one source of information While GPS and electronic charts have greatly simplified some aspects of navigation and are available on today s smallest boats these systems can fail or even worse give false or misleading information More traditional aids to navigation such as buoys can also fail or give false information if they drift off position The conse quences of over reliance on any one system can be disastrous The most important skill required of navigation by pilotage is that of observation For pilotage in particu lar the good navigator will make use of all his or her senses to determine a vessel s position and safely guide it to its destination Observation skills can t be taught during this course All of us already use such skills
118. o distant future This section explains the fundamentals of planing hull design and operation What is Planing Just about everyone knows that planing implies sliding or skimming over the surface of the water How ever to properly appreciate a planing boat it pays to take a closer look Any true displacement vessel including a planing hull at low speed is sustained buoyed up by hydrostatic forces exactly equal to its own weight This convenient situation arises because surrounding water can t tell the difference be tween an actual boat and the boat shaped slug of water that had occupied the same space before the boat came along In either case the surrounding water passes inward and upward with equal force Therefore when a boat is launched it automatically settles into the water until the weight of the water it displaces exactly equals its own weight When underway many boats particularly the planing designs convert some of the energy of their forward motion into vertical lift by deflecting water downward A flat stone skipped across a pond obtains lift in the same way temporarily remaining above the water s surface despite the fact that stones are too dense to float Unlike the skipped stone which rebounds from the surface at high speed a planing boat can never obtain enough dynamic lift from the water to lower its displacement all the way to zero although fast ones come close Of course with the addition of aerodynamic lift
119. o help identify their location At night the SAR unit may fire flares and flash its navigation lights to get a relative bearing from the lost ves sel Remember RCC must be contacted before you use flares to obtain bearings or to light a search area If VHF radio communications have been established MCTS may assist with their Direction Finding DF equip ment or by providing the positions of unidentified radar targets Disoriented lost vessel incidents may require keen detective skills to solve SAR crews must use their knowl edge and common sense in piecing together all of the information and clues as to the correct location of the distressed vessel Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT P Check your information carefully often the vessel has simply been broken or cut free of its moorings But if the vessel is full of fishing gear with lines out then someone is probably missing P Advise RCC of the position and circumstances of an abandoned vessel along with a com plete description of the vessel contents markings weather on scene indications of time since occupied If you suspect that there may be a person missing begin an Expanding Square or Sector Search Use the abandoned vessel as datum and continue searching until otherwise advised by RCC Person s in the Water Locating a person in the water can be a difficult task depending on the sea state weather time of day and most importantly whether or
120. of current to maintain a fully charged bat tery To accomplish this the regulator senses battery charge by the amount of resistance en countered when charging If the battery is low than the resistance to charge is low al lowing a high rate of charge As the battery becomes charged the resistance is increased and the charge rate is then on a gradual basis reduced Supplying only the current needed to run the electrical satellite components operating the ignition circuits and other electronics as required If the battery terminals are allowed to corrode or become loose then the high resistance sensed by the regulator indicates a charged battery The charge is reduced and the battery voltage will eventually become too low to run the ignition components or to run the starter Again keep the terminals clean and tight Rectifiers On some engines generally smaller horsepower 70 h p and less charging takes place at a constant rate i e 7 amps regardless of the charged state of the battery On a recti fied system care must be taken to not overcharge or boil the electrolite away When this happens the batteries will eventually be destroyed The cell s plates will warp and the cell eventually fails To help eliminate this constant monitoring of the electrolite is necessary a volt meter in the system will indicate the charged condition of the battery Once the battery is fully charged approximately 14 8 volts the operator should then turn
121. ommunications 3 6 Scene Assessment and Crew Safety 16 26 27 29 32 35 37 39 40 40 41 42 44 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Contents continued SP EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 4 1 Man Overboard 4 2 Person Lost 46 4 3 Fire On Board 46 4 4 Overturned Boat Capsize Reversal 41 4 5 Injured Crew Member 50 4 6 Vessel Lost Disoriented 50 4 7 Recovering People From The Water 51 units waves AND CURRENT 5 1 Glossary of Wave Terms 61 5 2 Wave Energy 62 5 3 Particle Motion 64 5 4 Wave Shape 64 5 5 Breaking Waves 67 5 6 Combining Wave Fronts 69 5 7 Rip Currents 10 5 8 Tsunamis 11 GD HEAVY WEATHER RHI OPERATIONS 6 1 Operational Strengths of the Rigid Hull Inflatable 73 6 2 Limitations of the Rigid Hull Inflatable 73 6 3 Fatigue 74 6 4 Safe Boat Handling Tips 15 6 5 Head Seas 11 6 6 Following Seas 19 6 7 Quartering Seas 80 dh PN Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Contents continued UD TOWING 7 1 Station Keeping 83 7 2 Tow Assist Hook 85 7 3 Strong Points 85 P Towing Safety Checklist 86 7 4 Safe Speed for Towing 87 7 5 Approaching the Stricken Vessel 87 7 6 Catenary and Control 89 7 7 Towing Alongside 91 EDD searcnes 8 1 Developing the Search Plan 93 8 2 Search Patterns 97 8 3 Search Tips and Techniques 105 8 4 Finding the Target Using Spotters 111 SB NAVIGATION 9 1 Sound Signals 119 9 2 Pilotage 123 9 3 Charts 124 9 4 Compass 126 9 5 R
122. on in the water consider the following Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Wind Current The RHI s configuration The style of lift that you re going to use Approach into the prevailing environmental effect wind or current i e from downwind or into the current whichever affects your vessel the most This gives you optimal control over your vessel and makes it possible to drift away from the person in the water in the event that you are forced to abort your approach Wind has a greater effect on the boat than it does on a person in the water If you must abort an approach in a current situation the positions remain static When approach ing an overturned sailboat or fishing vessel watch for lines in the water Approach from Go downwind as Slow Re lines drag member to have upwind someone point ing to the survivor States cam out dis tances The crew member pointing should keep his her arm moving at all times If they stop there is a good Initial Approach chance that they will lose sight of the person Turning Into the Wind When approaching overturned sailing vessels and or fishing vessels watch for lines in the water Approach from downwind as lines drag upwind The final approach should start 10 20 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT metres downwind from the victim further away if wind and sea conditions dictate to ensure that the bow is kept up into the wind Again
123. on nav lights and or electronics to help drain the excess charge Larger engines charging systems are not rectified they are regulated eliminating the overcharging of batteries Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 4 Trim System Components used to control trim Pump Power trim systems use a 12 volt direct reversible pump to raise and lower the engine through the trim stage to the tilt stage The trim system must be able to operate during underway high speed operation The trim system changes the angle of the en gine on the transom to effect raising or lowering of the vessel s bow during maneuver ing The trim stage is designed to be able to be set and left in any position within the trim range The operation is simply electric over hydraulic The direction of travel is dictated by pushing the up or down button on the control changing the direction of rota tion of the hydraulic motor gives the choice of up or down The electric controls are low amperage to a relay or solenoid thus heavier wiring is used to supply power to the electric motor The tilt stage is used to tilt the engine up beyond the trim stage enabling the engine to be raised up out of the water or up high enough not to be a problem when tailoring The engine can be operated in the raised tilt position as long as the water in takes are still submerged The engine can only be operated at an idle in this raised tilt angle as increasing the throttle or power will
124. on the sea surface Contrary to popular be lief tsunami waves on the high seas have very little height 1 to 2 feet and very long wave lengths 50 250 miles with periods of more than 15 minutes Because of these characteristics and the ever present swells the wave is hard to see and is rarely noticed at sea They race by ships at sea which remain totally unaware of their presence Indeed tsunami characteristics are very difficult to measure at sea even with sophisticated instrumentation and advance knowledge of their approach Tsunamis are of greatest concern and at their most dangerous when they enter areas with sloping shores and shoaling waters Because of the influence of the bottom topography causing refraction reflection diffraction interference rapid cresting and breaking these shallow water waves are changed into tremen dous waves that flow over harbours and nearby shore areas with devastating results Coastal regions with a relatively wide shallow offshore shelf such as southern California experience much less intensive wave action from tsunamis than areas such as Hawail and Japan where shores slope steeply to great depths Locally tsunamis depend very much on bottom topography and orientation with respect to the incident wave front Most of the devastation occurs as the first and largest of the waves arrives Following the initial wave the surge intensity gradually diminishes although oscillations can be detected on tidal me
125. onditions P With 6 feet height of antenna water level things logs rocks liferafts etc have a radar horizon of 3 01 n m Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT P 300 foot cliff has a radar horizon of 21 3 n m P 3 01 21 3 24 3 n m radar horizon P Effects of line of sight on target recognition Radar should be set up in accordance with the product manual Position Fix Definitions EBL Electonic bearing line VRM Variable range marker Define how they appear on display External navigator necessary for anything other than relative to your own vessel bearings GPS input Range and Bearing Make sure all parameters are correct for R B GPS and radar compass selections match C UP etc Relative range and bearing usually nearly as accurate and faster Ranges done without GPS input Taking several ranges Where arcs intersect is position 9 6 Global Positioning System GPS The Global Positioning System GPS is a world wide 24 hour navigation positioning system operated by the U S Department of Defence It consists of a Ground Control Segment a Space Segment and User Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Equipment Segment The User Equipment Segment is what is commonly known as a GPS receiver How GPS Works 24 earth orbiting satellites in six different orbits form the Space Segment there are also 3 or 4 operational spares in orbit at any one time Each satellite circles
126. onts interact or when a faster moving wave overtakes a slower one the result Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ing effect is called Interference The water in each of these waves is moving in the same direction at the point of interaction The motion adds constructively and results in an increase in the wave motion at that point The wave height also increases resulting in Constructive Interference When the respective water particles are moving in opposite directions at the point of interaction they act destructively and may even cancel out each other s motion This is called Destructive Interference Obviously interfer ence can result in a considerable increase in wave motion and change relatively moderate swells into breaking waves at the points of crossing or collision It can also cause the waves to be suddenly stilled or reduced making the location much calmer and possibly useful as a point at which to enter or leave the water in relative safety When a wave front bounces off a deep vertical surface such as the face of a sea cliff the side of a break water or even a very steeply sloped beach the wave energy may be turned back or diverted in some other direction This process is called Reflection If the reflected waves react with the oncoming waves it can cause constructive interference and the resulting wave motion can be intensified If conditions are just right Standing Waves may be formed in which the water par
127. opeller ideal for use on a sailboat and another best for off Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT shore racing powerboats Many things but four primary differences are found Y The number of blades Y The diameter of the entire propeller Y The pitch of the blades Y The material from which the propeller is made O Number of Blades Speed through the water is a function of among other things wetted surface The more wetted surface the more drag and more power needed to push an object at a given velocity Because it would offer the minimum amount of underwater drag a one bladed prop is theoretically the most efficient configuration But of course the vibration inherent in a one bladed design would quickly vibrate the engine and drive train to pieces As a general rule the first of many the more blades on a propeller the less vibration A two bladed prop offers vastly smoother operation than a one bladed one but with less efficiency A three bladed prop gives even smoother operation than a two with only a slight reduction in efficiency In practice the three bladed prop usually provides the best compromise between efficiency smooth operation and cost But there are other considerations In boats using large engines the use of a three bladed prop may present difficulties because the size needed to handle the engine s torque would interfere with the underwater configuration of the hull In particular the prop shaf
128. or and serves two functions flywheel speed and position Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Model 115 135 150 OptiMax Powerhead Starboard View R gt du Ke E E A 1 7 E 9 RANA E 1 a 4 Mm KRY J 3 O T 1 Y p gt 8 E 6 E SS A 91 NI l gt N O Nc OYN 1 12 Xi UN 7 f A 57490 1 Air Compressor Oil Return Line 2 Electronic Control Module 3 Starter Motor 4 Analog Instrument Connectors 13 Main Power Relay 14 20 Ampere Fuses 4 15 Temperature Sensor 16 80 psi Air Hose from Air Compressor 5 Oil Hose from Oil Reservoir to Oil Pump 17 1 Fuel Injector 6 Digital Instrument Connectors 18 3 Fuel Injector 7 Oil Pump 19 5 Fuel Injector 8 Remote Oil Tank Pressure Hose 20 High Pressure 90 psi Fuel Hose 9 Digital Diagnostic Terminal Connector 21 Starboard Fuel Rail 10 Starter Solenoid 11 Trim UP Relay 12 Trim DOWN Relay E 78 Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Model 115 135 150 OptiMax Powerhead Port View U mrs eer A gE 5 PT A fa fi S Ragga su y 2 psi 4 Ao POS AO AA A ASA IA IA AA yee TALA EZ E ON P A 57491 1 High Pressure Electric Fuel Pump inside Vapor 17 Oil Reservoir Separator 18 40 psi Check Valve 2 Fuel Out 90
129. ost of the problems presented in head seas The best course of action depends on many variables P The distance between the wave and the boat P The speed and amount of throttle applied and P The type and size of the boat On occasion a steep wave may present itself and either a quick wheel turn or a reduction in throttle can help avoid the crest Excessive steering only causes discomfort and needless zigzagging When climbing the face of a wave too much power and being trimmed up can shoot the boat into a verti cal bow up position only to land this way in the trough To prevent this trim down the engines Heading into the seas can be reasonably comfortable in a large rolling swell if the driver uses the correct amount of power at the right time You shouldn t have too much speed on when approaching the wave and as the boat begins to climb the face of a steep wave the driver should ease off the throttle When Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT the bow tips over the peak of the wave and begins to drop add power to maintain the boat s bow up po sition Airtime should be avoided but if the props do leave the water the driver should throttle back then add power again when the propellers re enter the water to facilitate a smooth landing The boat should always re enter with the props touching down first followed by the after three feet of the hull This slight bow up attitude makes for the softest landing Heading 45 Deg
130. overturned in surf or breaking seas Post Operational Checks Upon completion of each operation a Post Operational Checklist shall be completed Maintenance and repairs shall be carried out as soon as possible A defect list shall be maintained for each craft along with a record of any repairs made Documentation P Ship specific Checklists Unit specific Checklists Training Records Familiarization Records Log Book Entries Search and Rescue Policy Documents Publications Vessel range operating conditions and safety considerations must be in accordance with accepted Search Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT and Rescue SAR standards as outlined in such publications as the National SAR Manual MERSAR etc Dispatch and Launch Factors The following factors must be taken into consideration when the Commanding Officer or station Officer in Charge decides whether or not to dispatch launch an FRC P Capability of the specific craft to carry out the mission in existing and anticipated sea and weather conditions P Experience level of the crew in the prevailing weather sea conditions P Likelihood of success vs the possible danger to the crew P Availability of back up unit in case of emergency i e another FRC or vessel rescue helicop ter etc P Shipborne FRC capability and operating range of launch recovery system vs sea condi tions Mission Factors The craft coxswain must consider the following
131. pera tors should be familiar with e Craft systems and electronics including the fuel system Location and operation of safety equipment e Load capacity Range at various speeds and e Seakeeping capabilities Familiarization and Maintenance Plans Each small craft must carry and maintain a Record of Operator Familiarization Maintenance plans shall be developed by each Coast Guard Region for each type of small craft utilized in that region Floatation Each person on board the small craft will wear an approved Personal Floata tion Device PFD or better at all times while on board the craft The type and style of PFD will depend on the conditions present and the type of operation however operators should plan for possible changes in conditions and prepare accordingly Protective Headwear Small craft crews shall wear the appropriate type of approved protective headwear at all times while the craft is in motion Footwear Crewmembers will wear non slip footwear appropriate for use on wet decks When conducting cargo operations small craft crews shall wear approved safety footwear Thermal Protection Where hypothermic conditions exist or are anticipated small craft crews shall wear approved type Marine Anti Exposure Deck Work Suits or dry suits Where dry suits are worn a floatation device must be worn as well Eye Protection Appropriate approved eye protection shall be worn based on prevailing conditions Kill Switches All
132. position Gather all boats in the group together Commence an Expanding Square or Sector Search using all units Keep the Rescue Coordination Centre informed of the situation Cancel the PAN when the situation is resolved PAN can may have to be upgraded to a MAYDAY if situation worsens P P P P P P 4 3 Fire On Board P Locate the source of the fire P Deploy a fire extinguisher or jettison the burning material P f unable to control the fire Issue a MAYDAY on Channel 16 and activate EPIRB Abandon the boat into another group vessel if available Cancel MAYDAY when the situation is resolved 4 4 Overturned Boat Capsize Reversal Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A variety of factors can cause a rigid hull inflatable to capsize If a breaking wave s taken on the beam the RHI will lay on its side causing it to ride on the sponson There is a good chance that the RHI may not capsize but will just surf on the sponson But the RHI does stand a chance of capsize Breaking waves If the RHI is laying head into the sea with little or no power on and is hit taken on the with a large breaking wave there is a good chance that it will be pushed beam or head on backwards down the wave The stern will stop once it bottoms out on the wave can capsize an This will cause the bow to pass the stern causing a capsize This style of cap REN size is very real violent and dangerous When heading into the win
133. psi 19 Excess Air to Adaptor Plate 3 Crank Position Sensor 20 Excess Fuel Return to Vapor Separator 4 60 Ampere Alternator 21 Neutral Shift Interrupt Switch 5 Air Inlet to Air Compressor 22 Idle Stop Screw 6 Air Compressor 23 Fuel Inlet Hose to Pulse Pump 7 Fuel Pressure Test Port 24 Low Pressure Fuel Pump Inlet Hose 8 Temperature Sensor Air Compressor 25 Fuel Water Sensor 9 2 Fuel Injector 26 Fuel Water Separator 10 4 Fuel Injector 27 Vapor Separator 11 Air Pressure Test Port 28 High Pressure Electric Fuel Pump Connector 12 46 Fuel Injector 29 Fuel Inlet Hose to Fuel Water Separator 13 High Pressure Fuel 30 Low Pressure Electric Fuel Pump Outlet Hose 14 Water Inlet to Fuel Rail from Adaptor Plate 31 Low Pressure Electric Fuel Pump Connector 15 Port Fuel Rail 32 Low Pressure Electric Fuel Pump 16 Low Oil Switch lt gt Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Model 115 135 150 OptiMax Powerhead Top View 57489 1 Air Compressor Inlet Nozzle 13 Air Temperature Sensor 2 Thermostat Outlet Hose to Adaptor Plate 14 Crank Position Sensor 3 Water Inlet Hose to Air Compressor 15 Crank Position Sensor Connector 4 Belt Tensioner 16 Starter Motor 5 60 Ampere Alternator 17 Water By Pass Hose 6 Throttle Position Indicators hidden 18 Oil Return Hose from Air Compressor 7 Vapor Separator Vent Hose 19 Serial Number Plug 8 High Pressure Electric Fuel Pump Connector 2
134. r diaphragm is positioned between the fuel and air passages The tracker diaphragm is a rubber diaphragm which expands and retracts depending upon which side of the diaphragm senses the pressure increase pulse Oil Oil in this engine is not mixed with the fuel before entering the combustion chamber Oil is stored inside a standard remote oil reservoir 21 Crankcase pressure will force oil from the remote oil reservoir into the oil storage tank 20 on the side of the power head Oil will flow from the oil storage tank into the oil pump 19 The oil pump is a solenoid design It is activated by the ECM and includes 7 pistons with corresponding discharge ports The oil pump is mounted directly onto the powerhead Each cylinder is lubricated by one of the discharge ports The oil is discharged into the crankcase in front of the reed blocks or crankcase cover The seventh passage connects to the hose that leads to the air compressor for lubrication Excess oil from the compressor returns into the plenum and is ingested through the crankcase Later models have check valves in side the cylinder oil circuits These check valves prevent evacuation of the oil hoses un der certain operating conditions The ECM will change the discharge rate of the oil pump depending upon engine demand The ECM will also pulse the pump on initial start up to fill the oil passages eliminating the need to bleed the oil sys tem The ECM provides additional oil for break in
135. rcula Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT tion motion of the wave applies to the vessel You must be able to react to each wave as it approaches anticipating how much force it will carry Once you understand how your vessel will react to the approach ing energy then you can apply the counter power necessary to remain in one position relative to a fixed object Always SAP STOP ASSESS and PLAN before entering the area where you will be re quired to station keep 7 2 Tow Assist Hook Station Keeping Tips Observe wind tide and current Identify shallows ledges and aerated turbulent water and stay away from these areas Assign a lookout to maintain a sea watch Discuss with your lookout which are the small medium and large waves of the series and have your lookout notify the operator of these large waves before they reach you Remember there is always the rogue or extra large wave that will come ashore from time to time Be on the lookout for the larger waves and move out of the area before they reach too close to shore or your position The vessel is always easier to control when the bow is kept to seaward or to ward the incoming wave or current Do not allow your vessel to get turned beam to an incoming wave near shore Any cycloidal wave taken on your beam puts the vessel in a hazardous circumstance usually difficult to maneu ver away from Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT This device m
136. receiver cannot lock on to a correction message the accuracy of its positioning will degrade to unassisted GPS levels of 20 meters Therefore you can assume that your DGPS is accurate to 10 meters or less only when your DGPS receiver is locked on to a reference station correction broadcast Thus it is vital that you are familiar wth the DGPS indicator on your receiver A SS O Se SCE ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Unit 10 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF THE RHI 10 1 Outboard Engines Care and Maintenance Consistency and attention to detail are essential elements of outboard motor maintenance Proper main tenance and repairs cannot be done correctly if you don t have or follow the User s Manual and or the Service Manual P Step 1 Obtain the correct manuals P Step 2 Do the maintenance The horsepower and types of outboard engines used by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans as well as those used by other RHIOT School users will vary greatly Instead of looking at specific engine models more attention is given to the similarities found for all of the engines As engine technology advances so does the equipment required to diagnose the engine s operation There are very few components used in the construction of new user friendly adjustable repairable outboard engines Most engine components are go no go components requiring replacement rat
137. rees Off the Sea Transiting from wave to wave without slamming or rolling requires skill and dexterity But if done well heading off the sea provides a much more comfortable ride than heading directly into the seas Dangers The most comfortable situation occurs when the boat launches off the top of the wave pitches or heels to one side and lands on a flat surface of the hull Not all boats are evenly balanced and the transverse thrust from the propellers can roll the vessel with the boat landing unevenly one side slamming first This creates a snap roll effect that may toss the crew off balance If the boat is dipping to the starboard when going over a slight turn to port will make it level and vice versa Turn the wheel to the high side Remember to use your legs to balance and support yourself during lateral impacts Handling While Heading Beam To the Sea Most of the throttle work and steering is directed towards avoiding crests and peaks It is important to always keep an eye to the oncoming seas Anticipate the crests and steer a course around them To avoid dangerous crests or seas remember to P Reduce speed and allow the crest to pass forward P Steer to leeward and allow the crest to pass upwind P Accelerate forward to allow the crest to pass aft or P Turn the vessel into the crest and take it on the bow If the window is before a crest throttle back and duck through turning into the wave If the crest is close or immedia
138. rewmembers need a quality boot that provides good adhesion to the deck A soft sole deck boot or shoe provides good traction The footwear must not be so tight as to restrict circulation If it does then cold feet and cramps will occur O Internal Organs Internal organs can and will become damaged when operating in rough sea conditions One way to pro tect yourself is by using a support belt The belt should be wide enough to support the stomach and lower back without restricting movement The support belt is used to help contain the internal organs not allowing them to move around the stomach cavity causing bruising Your must remember that if the belt is worn too tightly the bladder cannot fill properly resulting in the need for frequent urination Prolonged use of a support belt will weaken stomach muscles Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Safety Vests Safety vests allow you to carry required safety items without having to duplicate them for each type of clothing worn The safety vest is worn over all of your other gear It is used over your PFD alone over your dry suit and PFD together or over your floater suit A safety vest should contain the following Safety Vest Contents ENG 3 Type B flares Whistle Fox 40 or pealess type All items 3 50 70 flash minute strobe light white strobe distress be se light He Es Waterproof flashlight non explosive rated lanyard to easy ac Knife blunt tip and
139. rtant factor contributing to the wave s steepness The slope is equal to the vertical change in bottom depth divided by the horizontal distance in which the depth change occurs Both the wave steepness and the slope of the bottom are important fac tors in breaking waves and surf 5 3 Particle Motion Crest Crest Wavelength L _____ I Crest Angle Direction of Propagation in E S AN oem as nn Diao a some H wave height A amplitude Anatomy of a Wave Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT As a wave travels through deep water very little water actually moves any dis WATER PARTICLE ne tance Rather the motion which occurs ca within the wave is circular in shape orbital This motion is shown here At the wave s crest the water is moving forward at a maximum speed in the horizontal direction ofthe wave s pro gress STILL WATER LEVEL WAVE SURFACE PLUNGING BREAKER SPILLING BREAKER WAVE MOTION Halfway down the face on the front of the wave motion is upward At the bottom of the trough it is moving at a maximum speed backward in the horizontal direction opposite that of the wave s progress On the rear face of the wave halfway up from the trough to the crest it is moving downward at its maximum speed in the vertical direction This motion allows a wave to approach a floating object pass under it and move on while leaving the ob ject in the same place Remember it is current and or wind whi
140. s Lifeboats Dinghies Rafts Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT P Lifeboats rafts and survivors may be found upwind from the point of foundering if the ves sel was abandoned sometime before sinking SAR units should check in all directions from the area of oil and debris P Lifeboats from large vessels are usually equipped with ample pyrotechnic and visual aids and may even carry emergency radios Many of these vessels have power and or sail pro pulsion If more than one boat has been launched they might be grouped or tied together to make them an easier visual target P Dinghies or rafts from small craft usually have a limited supply of visual detection aids and in many cases do not carry any at all Questioning the Operators of Distressed Vessels P Vessel operators in distress are often disoriented Be prepared to ask questions that will help determine the correct position of the distress vessel P Valuable clues can be learned about a vessel s whereabouts by asking the vessel operator about what he s able to see in the way of prominent land masses navigation aids other ves sels or aircraft By getting the operator to determine the bearings of such objects you Should be able to cross reference his observations with your charts and thus narrow down the focus of the search area The SAR unit should also ask the vessel for the water depth on scene to help determine a fathom line to follow Searching at Nig
141. s and one opposite the midpoint between the person s shoulder and elbow If you have to make a choice attach closer to the elbow to prevent the line slipping up around the person s neck The aft crew member controls the victim alongside while the forward crew member passes his her line under the victim at the aforementioned midpoint and back up the outboard side The forward crew member controls the person while the aft crew member passes his her line under the knees and back up the outboard side The crew member at the head controls the lift The crew member at the head is not necessarily the coxswain but should be the person with the best first aid qualification Reassure the person and continually communicate with the other crew member if you are the person controlling the lift 7 Give a three count then start pulling The person will be carried through one complete rotation and end up face up lying on top of the sponson Crew members involved in the lift should keep their knees and lower legs against the sponson to help stop the victim s progress EN 2 EE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT This lift method gives the crew a 2 1 mechanical advantage Parbuckling is particularly useful for extracting large people from the water and it s easier than it looks Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Reassure the person at all times and communicate with other crew members Assume the victim can
142. s factories subdivisions or a restaurant A chart and basic navigation instruments such as a compass are needed for navigation by pilotage 9 3 Charts Although useful by themselves all of the information gathered by the navigator through observation becomes even more valuable when combined with the informa tion found on a nautical chart Everything on a chart is useful to the navigator The Charts and Publications Regulations require that you carry on board up to date nau tical charts of the appropriate scale When the navigator brings his her observations to the chart the chart helps the Chart Check Scale Use the best scale chart for your area Small scale large area charts won t necessarily show all the detail needed Up to date Make sure your chart is up to date Update information is available from Notices to Mariners Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT navigator clarify the vessel s position P What danger or channel that buoy or set of ranges is marking P Which fog horn he she heard P The minimum amount of water there is near those breakers at low or high water and how far to stay away from them to avoid getting into trouble P Where the rips are and how strong they can get Other information included on the chart Areas where heavy traffic might be expected Where the bottom is good for anchoring What compass courses are needed to get from A to B A latitude and longitude grid for plotting
143. s needed Thus for a receiver at sea level a E att LA aul setene minimum of three satellites is needed to determine a AR ke two dimensional position For aircraft and vehicles on land which operate above sea level a fourth satel lite is needed to determine a three dimensional post tion including altitude Satellite timing signals are subject to small errors so each orbiting satellite is closely monitored from five sites around the world The Ground Control Seg ment The main control facility at Falcon Air Force Base Colorado makes minor adjustments to keep the system within its prescribed limits of accuracy 20 meters GPS Accuracy When GPS was in its initial testing phases it was found that this service provided position fixes that were far more accurate than was originally intended so SPS accuracy was intentionally degraded by the riadas delia there are two points of intersection 4 introduction of random errors in the timing signal and B A third circle of postion is required to resolve the ambiguity Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT reducing the position fixing accuracy of GPS to 100 meters 98 of the time This intentional degradation of the timing signal was known as Selective Availability SA and constituted over half the total GPS errors prior to May 1 2000 The satellite clock need only be dithered by a few millionths of a second to cre ate the desired effect That is wh
144. s warmth and protection as well as pock ets for carrying safety equipment For sunny days the floater jacket is a good choice as a PFD Some have a beaver tail that straps between your legs to protect your groin area from heat loss Both of these floatation garments offer at least 15 pounds of positive buoyancy and some suits have inflated pillows for extra head support Floater suits must fit properly and be cinched when in the water The cinch points are at the ankles knees waist wrists and neck These cinches are to limit water circula tion and must be tight when in the water When you hit the water cinch those straps tight to increase your survival time Most anti exposure coveralls and jackets are not waterproof and can deteriorate rapidly if not properly washed and maintained The foam floatation can break down and become matted and lumpy after a few years of use When this occurs the suit will no longer offer the positive buoyancy required to keep your head out of the water Suits and jackets that are worn often should be replaced when the material begins to deteriorate Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT These garments will increase your survival time in cold water but do not offer the i protection of a dry suit or a survival suit The full exposure coveralls can also Se vair in a verely limit swimming and movement especially if they don t fit properly floater suit Any floater suit or jacket you wear must be
145. sel and station keep in the Safe Zone It is done by approaching into the wind which helps to maintain better control There is a dividing line that extends out from the stricken vessel s bow In the Danger Zone there is a greater likelihood that the other vessel may get surged down onto the RHI Staying up wind of the other vessel s bow in the Safe Zone greatly re PIRES TON QF duces the danger Passes Brief your crew on what actions are expected and when to perform them Since this approach is the safest in light to heavy sea and weather conditions it is the preferred method to practice all the time That way your crew knows what to expect Most vessels will lay off the wind beam to the wind and weather By crossing the T into the wind and weather you will be able to maintain the most control when station keeping staying in one position relative to the other vessel In the illustration you see how the RHI maintains its position until the towline is secure 45 Degree Approach This approach is used in calm to moderate conditions The Crossing the T RHI approaches the stricken vessel at a 45 degree angle The vessel with the most leeway must be on Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT the downwind side usually the stricken vessel but not always As you can see from the diagram the RHI spends much more time in the Danger Zone Again once the RHI passes the bow of the ot
146. ses to 1 4 the bow wave and pe ter wave enlarge and separate with the crest of the quarter wave moving aft to the vicinity of the transom Note how the resting waterline of the hull solid straight line has sunk below the aver age water level This is an indication of how the hull has settled into the trough of its own wave system Ata speed to length ratio of 2 0 the crest of the quarter wave is behind the transom Pronounced stern down trim is caused by the large wave through encompassing the entire aft HF half the hull As a result the power plant must constantly push the vessel uphill A semi planing or semi displacement hull like the one on top an relatively full ends At higher speed to length ratios it generates less drag relative to displacement than a fine ended boat mainly because its fuller quarters provide more buoyancy to counteract stern squat In addition its bluffer bow causes the bow wave to form further forward lengthening the induced wave system 11 3 Planing Hulls Displacement vessels have been evolving for thousands of years Planing boats on the other hand are only slightly older than the airplane and have lagged behind the airplane in terms of refinement because of their lesser military significance Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Today s best planing boats although dramatically superior to earlier versions will probably be signif cantly out designed in the not to
147. spection Checklist continued memso ESTI A O E ES O me S 1 S Bem _ CO A A IS sm fo tie i O CE A O A E E O O ES EN EE A Yr ES OE A S i O me LL foto Tilt Trim PORT STARBOARD RPM at Idle PORTISTARBOARD CORE O A O LO Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 2 2 Vessel Specifications Floatation Device Per Person Everyone in the boating wearing a floatation device Check to be certain that all closures and straps etc are intact and in good condition Tube Pressure HARD Check that tubes are rigid and fully inflated Inflate from forward 240 280 MB or 4PSI to aft on both sides Check valves and pressure reliefs for proper operation Batteries Wiring is tight and clean No chafing of wiring runs Batteries properly secured in containers Antesiphon caps in place EPIRB Securely fastened Switched and taped off Check battery expiry date Electrical Connections Wiring runs not chafing or binding Connections tight and clean No breaks in insulation Oil Levels Check by filling reservoirs no matter how little Check system for leaks Ports tight and clean Fuel Levels Check by filling Inspect lines and hoses for leaks and free move ment Tow Assembly Tow reel tightly attached to vessel Line properly secured No visible damage to line Reel is not loose in holders Cag Cage and engine guard bar tightly bolted to vessel No cracks or deformations in welds or pipes Al
148. ssel is a boat that displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight Underway a displacement vessel constantly displaces or shoves aside the water in its path while water from either Side closes in behind it At any given moment the weight of the displaced water is equal to the weight of the vessel The bow of a moving boat pushes water sideways and ahead In the process it creates a localized zone of higher pressure in which the water bulges above the average level of the surrounding surface The re sult is a bow wave that streams obliquely away from the vessel s stern Amidships water that has already been elbowed aside is moving to the side and downward and the water level drops below the surrounding average Near the stern another bulge forms as the surrounding water surges inward and upward to fill the space that the hull is vacating The net result is the familiar V shape wake or wave array that streams away from a displacement vessel This self induced wave system often lowers the average water level in the immediate vicinity of the vessel When this happens the hull will settle a little deeper to maintain the essential equilibrium between its weight and the amount of water it displaces Anyone who has studied wake patterns will consider this somewhat of an oversimplification however it s accurate to say that a boat s movement establishes a pattern of high and low pressure regions in the wa ter nearby In high pressure areas th
149. st over separate radio frequencies to DGPS receivers at sea A built in computer in the DGPS re ceiver uses the corrections to enhance the accuracy of the GPS fix The result is accuracy in the order of two to ten meters depending on your distance from the reference station This differential process eliminates the errors that are the same at both locations such as SA and atmos pheric effects The greater the distance between the ship and the reference station however the greater the likelihood that atmospheric effects will be different at the two locations Therefore high order DGPS accuracy is limited to areas that are within a few tens of kilometers of a reference station In the near vi cinity of a reference station residual errors may be as little as two meters But as you move further from the reference station the accuracy diminishes and errors get steadily larger There are four DGPS reference stations well distributed along the BC coast at Alert Bay Amphitrite Point Richmond and Sandspit Consequently you can assume that your displayed DGPS position is within 10 meters of your true position approximately the length of the RHI almost anywhere on the BC coast However DGPS is earth based and the correction broadcasts are subject to being blocked by high moun tains and by atmospheric interference There are fringe reception areas and anomaly areas in which a DGPS receiver will not be able to pick up a correction message When the
150. such as pitch diameter cupping and the like they can only nod their heads in mute accession In spite of the nickname a propeller does not screw a boat through the water Instead its blades are designed as sophisticated lifting devices each l similar to an airplane wing As the propeller is turned water passes over Appearing the blade at an angle slightly different from that of the blade itself It is this simple in differential called the angle of attack that make both the airplane wing lift form your and the propeller move through water propeller is really a In most marine propellers the angle of attack is set between three and four complicated degrees a difference sufficient to cause water to pass over the blade s two mechanism Surfaces at different velocities As a result just as with the airplane wing one here s to Surface of the blade the forward facing surface creates a negative pressure a better in the water which in turn creates lift while the opposite surface creates a positive understanding or pushing pressure of its design A typical marine propeller pulls water into itself due to negative pressure through a column of water slightly larger than its diameter It expels pressurized wa ter through a column a bit smaller than its diameter All marine propellers operate by this combination of positive and negative pressures but obviously not all propellers are identical What makes one pr
151. sunlight Direct Sunlight causes all cleaners to dry prematurely making rinsing difficult If you must Tubes won t Clean in the direct sunlight then only clean small areas at a time and rinse immedi last without ately Rinse very thoroughly to ensure that all of the cleaner has been removed If the proper you don t get all the residue off it will leave white blotchy areas on the tubes Do pressure UV not use products such as Armour All These types of cleaners cause premature rectibh deterioration e After the tubes are clean and dry apply a good polish or protectorant In addition Oxidation of to making the tubes shine the protectorant must provide good UV protection Be the tube cause the tubes are susceptible to oxidization they require UV protection to insulate Surface and them from such damage When the tubes are clean apply more than one coat of fendering protectorant over a 24 48 hour period Be careful polished tubes are slippery It s also important to remember that abrasive dirt gathers between the tubes and deck Soft tubes are fasteners therefore these areas must be kept clean as well dangerous because they Tubes must be kept in good repair severely Small holes of 1 or less can be easily and permanently repaired in the field Per hamper the manent patching of holes greater than 1 should only be attempted by a profes vessel s sea sional tube repair person in a shop environment Holes greater than 1 can be ke
152. t angle might have to be increased or prop pockets cut into the bottom for clear ance In such cases a four bladed prop can allow a reduction in diameter with no loss in efficiency and without modifications to hull and drive train Another general rule espoused by Michigan Wheel suggests that moderate to high speed boats do bet ter with a three bladed prop having a pitch to diameter ratio of approximately 1 0 It is in this category that the typical planing pleasure boat falls As speed decreases in trawlers workboats and sailboats for example a four bladed prop is usually su perior typically with a pitch to diameter ratio of 8 or less In larger boats where vibration is found to be a problem a change to a five bladed prop is often prescribed Many of this year s 1985 offshore rac ing boats have changed to five and six bladed props to reduce drive line fatigue Diameter Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Diameter is a relatively simply concept It is the distance from the center of the prop to the tip of any blade times two Diameter is directly related to horsepower shaft r p m and speed If testing indicates a prop of specific diameter is called for a smaller or larger size cannot be substituted by varying pitch without a loss of efficiency O Pitch Pitch is the most complex of the four propeller characteristics In simplest terms it is a number that ex presses the distance in inches a propell
153. t stays normal and resistance remains in the moderate range When the speed of the boat increases to the point that the natural wave length of the driven wave system exceeds the immersed length of the hull the Theoretical boat literally begins to drop into the trough between its own wave crests As hull speed for speed increases the crest of the bow wave remains in the immediate vicinity of displacement the bow but the crest of the quarter wave moves progressively aft Ata speed boats equals equal to about 1 34 times the square root of the boat s waterline length 1 34 X 4 34 times the sq rt LWL the quarter wave crest is positioned right at the stern If the boat is square root of propelled still faster this crest slips behind the stern and the stern of the boat the vessel s begins to settle into the trough In effect the boat is now positioned on an up waterline ward slope balanced on this moving hillside by the thrust of its propeller If prop lanath thrust is increased further the quarter wave slips a little further astern the wave gui slope becomes steeper and the vessel s trim angle increases even more In stead of going appreciably faster the vessel simply disperses more energy in the form of a larger wake 1 34 X sq rt LWL is commonly regarded as the theoretical hull speed of dis placement boats partly because it relates directly to the propagation and speed of waves and partly because it provides an approximation of
154. t to break has a marked colour change The colourin full speed the face of the wave will change from dark green or blue to a lighter shade of green or blue just before it breaks Try to avoid such waves When running through heavy seas always reserve 25 of the power for emergencies It is very hard to acceler ate away from a cresting wave if you are already going full speed Use of Throttles Manipulating power is a vital part of keeping control of the boat in adverse conditions It is imperative _ Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT that throttles be used in addition to steering for a smooth ride The use of throttles provides approx mately 60 of the control necessary to navigate comfortably in rough weather When heading into the seas there is very little time and space to use the steering wheel to alter course or change trim for every wave In this case throttles make up about 80 of the control Quick and precise control of the throttles can only be accomplished when the driver is in a stable posture Air Time When advancing through a heavy sea state at speed it is inevitable that the propellers will leave the water occasionally Airtime should be avoided Being completely airborne leaves the driver without control Part of the skilled use of throttles includes trying to keep the boat in the water This makes for a more comfortable ride and less wear on equipment and crew Posture Sitting or standing the driver
155. t west This lessens the chance of missing a spot Be sure to keep all glue except the tester section inside the marked area When the second coat of glue is tacky just before joining the materials place the patch over the hole and align the alignment marks Be careful you don t have a second chance at alignment Join the two surfaces from the center outwards Press and join the center of the patch first working out toward the edges Using a patch tool or any blunt tool work out any air bubbles by rubbing the tool from the center of the patch out towards the edge Do not remove any of the excess glue at this time Allow the patch to cure for 24 hours first The excess glue can be easily rolled off away from the patch since it will not have bonded well to tube areas that were not cleaned One or 2 part glues can be obtained Read and follow the application and mix ing instructions carefully A SS O Se SCE ESTE Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT AAA SS CTT a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT THE RIGID HULL INFLATABLE AND ITS PROPULSION SYSTEM 11 1 Displacement Hulls To some people modern displacement cruisers are marine design throwbacks that have been given a new lease on life by the high cost of fuel To others they re a natural evolution of technology begun more than 2 000 years ago Either way displacement hulls are here to stay Wave Drag and Theoretical Hull Speed A displacement ve
156. tely behind the boat use power to accelerate away from the wave running along the trough until a window is found When crossing the top of the wave use the wheel and throttles to keep level and Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT prepare for the next wave Always keep 25 of your power in reserve to be able to out run crests that you are not prepared for Keep your eyes windward and cross over the shallow spots Pay attention to your navigation since you are being set to leeward Use landmarks whenever they are available 6 6 Following Seas When running with the seas wind is no longer a fatigue factor This is generally the most comfortable heading as far as ride is concerned Following seas can make for a speedy and comfortable passage if you handle your boat properly Dangers The chief concern when run ning before the sea is sliding too fast down the face of a wave and slamming bow first into a deep trough This is known as stuffing the bow and when this occurs the boat is stopped dead One can imagine the problems that arise when the boat and crew go from twenty five knots to zero in less than a second Another danger is when a large cycloidal wave overtakes meve happens the vessel s stern tries to pass Sue bow king the esa broaiisie to the sea resulting ina capsize Handling in Following Seas Throttles are as important as steering in following seas Having too much power on at the wrong time
157. ter When the key is in the start position the solenoid closes allowing high amperage to run the starter cranking the engine Any loose or corroded wiring will cause resistance heat and a final loss of cranking Keep it tight and clean The starter solenoid s terminals are exposed allowing external bridging of the component should a low voltage wiring or key failure occur c Key Switch The key switch is dual purpose when turned on the engines satellite components are ac tivated allowing the ignition sensors alarms gauges fuel pumps and ECU to function Continuing to turn the key on will also engage the starter circuit allowing the engine to be turned over to start When the engine starts releasing the key will allow it to move backward to the ignition or run circuit disengaging the starter d Neutral Safety Switch The neutral safety switch is located in the remote control housing This switch opens when the engine is in gear thus disallowing an accidental starting of the engine while the clutch is engaged It is a safety feature that must at all times be tested and functional yellow wire with a red tracer Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT 3 Charging Circuit Components in the circuit that produce or regulate current a Stator Evinrude See Ignition Systems b Alternator Mercury See Ignition Systems c Regulator d Rectifiers e Batteries Regulators are designed to control the amount
158. the effect of the bottom on incoming waves Breaking waves and surf may form over these shoaling waters on a low tide where no such action is present at higher tides Current can affect the speed of a wave s movement through water When the current is moving against the wave direction it reduces the wave s speed and thus increases its steepness The wave length de creases and the height increases The result is breaking waves where they were not occurring before or making existing surf more violent Tidal height and currents should always be considered when surf may be encountered As mentioned earlier wave characteristics are modified when deep water waves make the transition to Shallow water waves Wavelength and speed decrease with decreasing depth while the wave period re mains constant This phenomenal is known as Wave Refraction where the wave front the line of the crest bends or curves toward the shallows If the wave crests are approaching the Shoreline at an angle they will be curved toward the slope of the beach by the bottom refraction of the wave front eventually arriving nearly parallel to the shoreline Wave Refraction Incident Wave Fronts Refraction can also occur around is lands with sloping shores and cause wave fronts to wrap around the is land creating a shadow zone con fused seas and even focusing wave energy at a distant shoreline 5 6 Combining Wave Fronts When two or more wave fr
159. the upper practical speed limit for vessels of this type By the time the speed length ratio ap Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT proaches 2 0 a displacement vessel can be considered to be in transitional planing mode 11 2 Semi Planing Hulls Semi planing or semi displacement hulls are designed to operate with reasonable efficiency in the tran sitional zone where the speed to length ratio lies between 1 34 and 2 5 Once the ratio exceeds 1 34 and the crest of the stern wave begins to fall behind the fullness of the boat s stern provides extra buoy ancy This reserve buoyancy aft prevents the trim angle from increasing too much and retards the rate of drag build up At the same time a fuller bow causes the bow wave to form a little further forward thus moving the whole wave system forward Semi planing hulls are compromises but they can be a good choice for an owner who wants reasonable cruising economy yet enough reserve potential to make an important rendezvous or outrun a storm Review At speed to length ratios of less than 0 9 the quarter wave of a typical displacement hull is situated along A E ss ET TTR ET CE SS CS CT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT ee somos eee the flanks of the vessel well forward of the stern The length of the line below the graphic indicates the wavelength of the wave system created by the vessel or its entrained wave system As the speed to length ratio ri
160. ticles move up and down under the wave crests and back and forth at the mid points of the trough If both the crests and troughs remain in the same horizontal location the progress of the wave is essentially stopped When a wave front passes between two close islands or through a gap in a breakwater the waves break apart producing very complicated interference patterns This is called Diffraction and can intensify wave energy particularly where the waves approach the gap atan angle When this happens the wave height within the area beyond the breakwater gap may exceed that of the wave outside of the breakwater 5 7 Rip Currents In towing operations off a beach where there is running surf Rip Currents more popularly and incorrectly called rip tides or undertows can be used to Tnadent Law Fs Wave Diffraction Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT great advantage Rip currents are produced as a result of the movement of large volumes of water by waves or surf upon the beach face The water must go somewhere and it does The raised level of water produced by the waves on the beach flows away in what is called a Longshore Current parallel to the beach and in the same general direction as the waves as they angle in on the shoreline If the wave fronts or crests are running parallel to the beach the longshore current can flow up or down the beach Such longshore currents can have magnitudes of several kno
161. ting the search object Normally search and rescue units must make do with 2 spotters and a helmsman The training practice and experience of your spotters are also important factors Military tests show that trained lookouts are less subject to fatigue The chances of detection improve if spotters are familiar with the appearance of objects in the water such as life jackets life rings rafts and people The best spotting positions depend on the size and layout of the vessel For the RHI with sufficient crew place one spotter on each side scanning forward and to the side If possible position one spotter looking aft Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT At all times ensure that no one else is scanning your search sector You have a serious responsibility to stay alert and to be thorough A spot ter should use the proper equipment have a methodical approach to ee N Pattern Same For Port and Starboard e e ooo Mec 000 y h 1 1 SRU Track Beam Sighting Distance eoeeeees eerhteeeeeee Visual Search Pattern Focal Point Search Direction by Sector Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT vessel master The graphic on the previous page illustrates a method for searching an assigned area Begin to search the sector by starting a sweep near the vessel working your way out in a series of parallel lines to the edge of the search sector When you have completed the sweep give your eyes
162. tion EN The lens must not impede your vision by fogging or obstructing peripheral vision Eye protection should be designed to prevent accidental loss or damage due to wind or impacts The best way to guard against loss or damage is to use a restraining strap or EN If you use corrective eyewear ensure that your goggles accommodates it Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Gore Tex is good but salt crystals will cut and destroy the fabric if it is not constantly maintained Wool provides warmth when wet but will not protect you against the wind Neoprene diving gloves fit too tightly and reduce circulation Rubber gardening gloves are inexpensive but without a liner they re cold Rubber reduces moisture loss from the skin and provides a good barrier against the wind while preserving finger dexterity Remember the more expensive glove is not necessarily the best Footwear When your work involves handling heavy objects that could drop you must wear protective footwear Footwear worn under these conditions must not only protect your toes but the bridge of your foot as well Good safety footwear provides P Steel toe cover P Cushioned bridge pad P Sole guard to prevent nail punctures With all these safeguards the footwear can be too heavy or too cold to be worn comfortably Not all op erations require protection from injury so the requirements for traction warmth and comfort become paramount RHI c
163. to a certain extent anyway The goal here is to point out how valuable some of the skills you already have can be in naviga tion Awareness and practice are the best ways to hone these skills Sight and hearing are the most important senses used by the navigator Visual Buoys beacons ranges daymarks landmarks such as peaks or breaking surf are just GEN a few of the visual clues you can use to tell you where you are Transits either man made or natural and clearing lines can tell you where the safe water is and how the current is affecting you The sun moon and stars can also tell you which way you re headed without ha v ing to resort to complex astro navigation Auditory sound Auditory clues can also be very important at night or in restricted visibility The sound of a whistle or bell buoy a fog horn or breaking surf provide clues about where the vessel is and warn you of nearby dan gers Other senses can also be useful Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Feel A change in the boat s motion can provide clues as to proximity to shoals or strong currents or rips Al though rarely done today the feel of a bottom sample taken with a traditional sounding lead can also give clues as to the vessel s position Smell Smells of the forest or a colony of sea lions carried out to sea by an offshore breeze can provide clues as to proximity to land at night or in poor visibility man made structures such as mill
164. tor addition Calculating a Coastal Search Area Last Known Posi tion Y Six mile L radius Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Once datum has been determined and the elapsed time from LKP to datum is less than 6 hours a six mile radius is drawn then boxed in The sides of the box correspond to the direction of total drift and be comes the search area After a SAR unit enters into the search area the location should be marked with a datum marker buoy DMB Consult with RCC before deploying a DMB The DMB provides an indication of the reat time water currents allowing RCC to update the information supplied by its computerized drift plotting equipment Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Search Area Description Most search areas are either square or rectangular and normally centered on datum There are two common methods used to describe a search area P Centre Point P Landmark Boundary The Rescue Coordination Centre will normally use a Landmark method when advising an RHI of the in tended search area Centre Point Method A point at the centre of the search area is selected and a circle is drawn around it to a specified radius The area is then boxed in to form the search area Landmark Boundary Method 049 00 N 123 00 W Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Boundaries are determined by identifying two or more landmarks and establishing a set distance off
165. true locations So a new world wide datum system was developed This is Known as WGS84 the North American version is NAD83 The result is that positions of geographic features taken from older charts drawn to an earlier datum NAD27 cannot be reconciled with their positions on charts drawn to NAD83 Most GPS receivers can calculate the difference between the two datums and thus compensate for the datum shift But you must make sure that your GPS receiver is set to the datum of the chart you are using Otherwise errors of up to 200 meters in British Columbia can be introduced into your position fix Since electronic charts are normally corrected to WGS84 or its equivalent NAD83 you should make sure that your GPS receiver is set to fix positions in one of those datums when using electronic charts Many Canadian charts are still drawn to NAD27 so check the datum of each chart when you intend to use it with GPS positioning The information you need can be found in a paragraph named Horizontal Da tum located in the Title area of the chart Differential GPS DGPS It stands to reason that if you have surveyed your position with great accuracy using some other means than GPS then you can compare it to the GPS position of the same location and discover the amount of error in the GPS position This is the function of a DGPS reference station The error information is then Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT broadca
166. ts As the longshore currents flow along the beach they reach points where for various reasons the water returns to the sea Rip cur rents are produced from this outflowing water Channels are produced by the rip currents sometimes with steep sides Although rip currents may become dangerous to swimmers a knowledgeable boater can use them to advantage At the rip currents the breakers are usually smaller because of refraction decrease in wavelength and speed where the wave curves or bends The deep water in the channels and the decreased breaker height are both helpful to a small craft maneuvering in the surf zone Also the outflowing current can be Substantial and can be of great assistance in moving a towing vessel and the tow rapidly out to safer wa ters Rip currents can easily be recognized from the beach The observer can generally see a place where the waves are not breaking as actively as they are on either side due to the deeper water The rip current has highly agitated water with small Slapping waves Sometimes roll up water being carried out along the rip current can be seen in contrast to cleaner water on either side The colour of the turbid water extending out along the course of the rip can also be seen from the seaward side Often there is a concentration of foam that develops along the a boundary of the rip current s out a A ward surging masses This illustra aha Cm we tion shows the near shore current
167. tum and search area s Developing a workable plan for deploying the on scene SAR resources Selecting suitable search patterns and track spacing Planning the on scene coordination Transmitting the search plan to the SAR units and Periodically updating and reviewing the search plan Key factors in planning a search include P The last known position of the distress Nature of the problem Number of people vessels involved Weather actual and forecasted SAR unit availability SAR unit capabilities Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Description of the distressed vessel and its survival equipment The estimated time of arrival ETA of the first SAR unit on scene Tides and currents and Hazards to navigation Calculating a Coastal Search Area The standard method for calculating a coastal search area starts with determining datum Datum is the most likely location of the search object corrected to reflect the factors of time and drift It is the starting point or centre point for most searches and is normally provided by RCC This process is similar to the calculation used by mariners to determine their estimated position To find datum the search planner plots the vessel s last known position LKP then advances it to reflect the time that has elapsed between the LKP and the arrival on scene of the first SAR unit The tidal and other currents and lee way forces are applied to the target by simple vec
168. ty but is generally inferior to a flat unwarped delta surface Trim tabs provide such a hooked shape when extended In boats whose center of gravity is located far aft they can sometimes improve performance a little but at higher speeds they usually flatten the trim angle too much Boats with flat unwarped planing surfaces are often called monohedrons Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Banking Healing and Stability Instead of leaning away from turns like displacement boats or cars good planing hulls bank into them like motorcycles This valuable trait is rooted in the basic principles of planing When a boat enters a turn centrifugal force causes it to skid sideways somewhat In the process of skidding the boat is actually planing sideways as well as forward As a result the high lift leading edge area shifts toward the side of the bottom that is on the outside on the turn raising it and causing the boat to bank V bottom boats bank harder and more reliably in turns than flat bottom boats As a V bottom boat skids Sideways the outer side of the hull meets the water at a large trim angle and develops lots of lift while the inner side contacts the water at a much smaller angle and may easily develop suction The apparently puzzling tendency of planing boats to lean into a crosswind instead of away from it like displacement vessels is closely related to banking into turns When the wind blows the boat sideways
169. use pocket snaps require frequent lubricating with Vaseline O Visibility Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Personal Rescue Equipment Vest Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT If you become separated from your vessel during daylight or darkness you need to be seen In daylight you need to wear bright colours red yellow orange or any fluorescent colour This will give you as much contrast from the surrounding environment as possible In darkness you need as many light reflec tive devices as possible This can be achieved with light reflective tape sewn to your exterior clothing Light reflective tape is not as good as light to signal your position but when it s permanently attached to the highest points on your gear you always have it Unlike signal lights the reflective tape doesn t have batteries which can malfunction O Mobility All personal gear should allow the crew member to move and work freely When too much is worn you lose flexibility In extreme conditions some restriction of movement may be necessary to give the crew adequate protection from the elements Make sure that all of the gear fits you Again it s best to layer your clothing but avoid bulking up too much 1 3 Cleaning and Maintaining Your Safety Equipment P Rinse your gear thoroughly with fresh water and dry it completely before storing on hangers Salt corrosion and grease are enemies of safety equipment Given
170. vate open and close the injectors and fire the ignition coils With the piston in the correct position the ECM opens the fuel injector 27 90 psi fuel is discharged into a machined cavity inside the air chamber of the air fuel rail This mixes the fuel with the air charge Next the direct injector 28 will open discharging the air fuel mixture into the combustion chamber The di rect injector directs the mixture at the bowl located in top of the piston The piston s bowl di rects the air fuel mixture into the center of the combustion chamber This air fuel mixture is then ignited by the spark plug 29 Compressor Notes To aid in starting when the air rail pres sure is low and before the compressor has time to build pressure the direct injector is held open by the ECM This allows the compression from inside the cylinders to pressurize the air rail faster 1 or 2 strokes or 60 of crankshaft rotation Idle Notes Idle quality is controlled by fuel volume and fuel timing The throttle shutters will be open at idle speeds The shift cutout switch will interrupt the fuel to 3 of the cylinders to as sist in shifting The TPS signals the ECM to change the fuel and spark without movement of the throttle shutters The throttle cam is manufactured to allow the TPS sensor shaft to move be fore opening the throttle shutters The crankshaft position sensor is different from the standard 3 0 litre sensor The crank position sensor is a Hall effect sens
171. ventually destruction of the blade Ventilation as the name implies occurs when air or any gas comes into contact with the prop blades This may be the result of the prop sucking exhaust while running in reverse or the prop being too close to the surface of the water where it can ingest air bubbles The latter might occur on an outboard or sterndrive that has been trimmed out too far or on an outboard engine in a hard turn If ventilation is severe the prop may lose all bite over rev and cause cavitation to occur To correct the problem the engine should be throttled down to allow time for the air bubbles to disperse Incidentally the horizontal plate found just above the propeller in sterndrives and outboards is designed to prevent the prop from sucking air from the surface and ventilating Commonly referred to around the waterfront as an anti cavitation plate its proper name is the anti ventilation plate Choosing the right propeller would seem on the basis of all this information to be a monumental task Fortunately that s not usually the case The first step is to compare the boat manufacturer s specifica tions and recommendations against those of the propeller manufacturer Most prop dealers can supply a chart matching engine and hull displacement with the right prop However it s wise to be mindful that general recommendations are just that average specifications for the average boat in average use and with th
172. vessel s description may not always be accurate Check each boat closely There have been cases where a search has been launched for a pleasure craft when the boat was actually a sailing vessel or fishing boat Check the parking lot for the missing person s vehicle If the vehicle is still there leave a note to advise that they ve been reported overdue and who they should contact concerning the matter If the vehicle is not there the person s may have returned and not told anyone Relay your findings to RCC Check the entire marina and all of the floats since the missing party may have tied up at a different spot Always conduct a thorough check of the area that the vessel departed from People have been reported as overdue then later discovered to have never even left If you see other people around on the floats tell them who you are and what you re doing They may be able to provide useful information concerning the whereabouts of the missing vessel Make sure you provide these people with RCC s telephone number in the event that they later see or hear anything about the vessel in question Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Disoriented or Lost Vessel Checklist If possible ask the vessel to relay the relative earings of passing ships aircraft and prominent landmarks and the depth of the water in the area At night a lost vessel could fire flares flash navigation or search lights and use their sound signals t
173. vessel stability and will ensure that you have enough fuel in the event of unexpected delays It also reduces condensation in the tanks It s important to know your vessel s fuel consumption and plan your trips accordingly Fuelling Instructions De po CO E Do fo er SE SS O ES CC SS ee Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT A CS O Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT Wind engine noise the way seating is arranged and motion all make communication aboard RHIs difficult But clear effective communications are essential Crew members must have all the information required to work as a team They must also understand and respond quickly to all orders or warnings 3 1 Closing the Loop A closed loop communications system is safe and efficient It gives your crew a systematic approach to communication enabling them to work effectively as a team Always be sure that you have heard and understood the message and that what you have said is also understood This form of communications should be used for all operational communications both ashore and while underway Closed loop communications is achieved when you get the SAC or when Closed Loop Communications Le SEND the sender gives the information or command ACKNOWLEDGE the receiver acknowledges by re peating key words or parts of the message ER CONFIRM the sender confirms the acknowledgement Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator
174. vive only to be hampered by exposure coveralls that are too big or a PFD that floats over their head Gear that doesn t fit is uncomfortable to work in and could cost you your life If you are out in a boat on a regular basis get yourself a set of gear that fits and wear it 1 2 Getting The Right Gear For The Job It s easy to underestimate your needs when the sun is shining as you leave the dock Conscientious crew members organize their gear before they leave and usually put it in a kit or equipment vest worn over top of a PFD Safety equipment must provide you with five essential things Floatation Warmth Protection Visibility Mobility O Floatation A floatation device is essential when entering the water either by accident or on purpose It is designed to provide enough floatation to minimize your need for excessive movement and to help you remain head up in the water Although a PFD Personal Floatation Device does provide a specific amount of floata tion only a standard lifejacket will Keep your head up without effort on your part Personal Floatation Devices PFDs Transport Canada and General Standards Board approved PFDs CGSB 65 11 M88 must be worn by all people on board Department of Fisheries and Oceans small craft while underway It is important that they are worn with straps and zippers fully fastened and that the PFD is in good condition Personal flo a Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT
175. will limit the amount of pressure developed inside the air passages to approximately 10 psi below the pressure of the fuel inside the fuel passages i e 80 psi air vs 90 psi fuel Fuel Fuel for the engine is stored in a typical fuel tank 1 A primer bulb 26 is installed into the fuel line to allow priming of the fuel system A crankcase mounted pulse driven diaphragm fuel pump 25 draws fuel through the fuel line primer bulb fuel pump as sembly and then pushes the fuel through a water separating fuel filter 23 This filter removes any contaminates and water before the fuel reaches the vapor separator 22 Fuel vapors are bled into the air compressor inlet in the front of the flywheel cover pre venting a vapor lock of the electric fuel pump assembly which is mounted in the vapor separator The low pressure electric furl pump was added in 1998 to eliminate potential vapor locking of the fuel system This pump draws fuel from the main chamber of the VST and pushes the fuel into the chamber where the high pressure electric fuel pump is located This creates a pressure of approximately 6 to 7 psi on the intake side of the high pressure fuel pump Excess fuel in the high pressure chamber returns to the main VST chamber through a 0 030 hole The high pressure electric fuel pump is different than the fuel pump that is utilized on the standard EFI engine non OptiMax and is ca pable of developing fuel pressures in excess of 90 psi Fuel insid
176. y in spite of SA GPS time is the most accurate clock you will have on board your vessel Since the inception of the system GPS has become the driving force behind an enormous civilian econ omy In 1996 U S President Bill Clinton recognized this fact and directed the United States Department of Defence to develop other methods of ensuring national security Selective Deniability The result of this new technology is that civilian users of the Global Positioning System can now expect their receiv ers to provide positioning accurate to within 20 meters instead of the 100 meter accuracy available prior to May 1 2000 In a practical sense it is now possible to determine your position anywhere in the world within the length of a medium sized boat The accuracy of GPS far exceeds even the theoretical repeatable accuracy of Loran C As a result your GPS may be more accurate than your nautical chart especially if the chart edition if more than 20 years old Chart errors now comprise the signal greatest source of error except for human error in the navigational equation However other possible sources of error may be present as well such as Inherent chart inaccuracies Mistakes in transferring positions from the chart Sudden steering failure Temporary periods of degraded GPS performance due to ionospheric activity electrical inter ference and other shipboard causes P Sudden GPS failure P Mistakes in entering coordinates into the GP
177. y and Air Force United States Navy S E A L S United States Coast Guard Royal Canadian Mounted Police Parks Canada British Columbia Parks Service Provincial Emergency Program PEP Emergency Health Services British Columbia Ferry Corporation U U UUU UUU U Our west coast facility also trains instructors for similar programs taught in other parts of Canada A A se AA RR CS CT E Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT SS RR A A O Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT SAFETY 1 1 The Canadian Coast Guard Fleet Safety Manual The Canadian Coast Guard s Fleet Safety Manual outlines the policies on safe working practices within the Coast Guard fleet Section 7 D 14 of this manual deals with the safe operation of small craft operated from Coast Guard ships small craft supported by Coast Guard ships i e from other government organizations or small craft operated by Coast Guard shore based units This unit outlines these rules Refer to the Fleet Safety Manual for further details Roles and Responsibilities Commanding Officer P Responsible for the overall safe operation of small craft deployed from his her ship or Station Specific tasks are delegated to officers or crew and should be outlined in the vessel station work instructions P Responsible for ensuring that small craft operators fully comply with the Canada Shipping Act Small Vessel Regulations and the Boating Restriction Regulat
178. ymmetrical wave form in the wa ter ahead of the wave the top of the on rushing crest is unsupported and pune unter plunges ahead as an incomplete orbit Rs This type of breaking is called Plung O NR ing In plunging surf only one wave A GENTLY sioPinG breaks at a time and its intensity is greatly increased by the backwash of the wave that broke before it Obviously PLUNGING this is no place to operate a boat Re e member water is heavy approximately DA orem one ton per cubic yard A breaking wave RR ESA ae ea could dump tons of water on you swam ping and or severely damaging SURGING your boat When the beach slope exceeds the wave em T r steepness the breaker builds up as if to IO aise tance EN form a plunging breaker but the base of the wave surges up on the beach before the crest can plunge forward This form of breaker is called Surging When the depth ratio approaches about 1 2 that is l d 1 2 the limit of breaking at the SPILLING Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT shoreline is reached and all similar waves surge up steeper slopes without breaking at all The various types of breakers are illustrated on the previous page If the slope of the beach is uniform the tide would move the entire surf zone in on a high tide or out on a low tide with little other modification On an offshore bar or an inlet with a bar the changing tide modifies the depth of the water and thus

Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training RHIOT

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents