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2. INIMII IT DAT l Figure 139 ESP QuickLook plot This match is acceptable This method can thus be used to trouble shoot and check the performance of operating wells if we have down hole and reliable flow measurements available Save this file as espg1 out PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 155 3 3 MBAL Gas History Matching Example This tutorial example is designed to provide a continuation of the step by step introduction to the MBAL program following on from the MBAL Gas Reservoir Example The emphasis here is on the steps required to match a production history using a material balance model to estimate the original gas in place within a dry gas reservoir The driving mechanisms within the reservoir will be identified increasing understanding of the reservoir s potential production Relative permeabilities for gas and water will be estimated by matching fractional water production to simulated water saturation and tested by performing a prediction calculation 3 3 1 STEP 1 Initialise MBAL Start the MBAL program by running MBAL EXE which can be found in the PETEX directory default C Program Files Petreteam Expets IPM 4 0 See the MBAL manual for more details on how to start MBAL Check that the current version of MBAL has been loaded Select Help About MBAL Package to check the version number Select File Open to open the file created from the MBAL Gas Reservoir Example in the Dexterity s
3. Figure 178 Prediction Calculation Setup Select Done to complete this Step 2 Boundary conditions at surface Now select Production Prediction Production and Constraints and enter date and Manifold Pressure as shown in the screenshot below Prediction Production and Constraints Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Time Man Pres Min Gas Max Gas Max Max Rate Rate water Liquid _MMscf day MMscf day STB day STB day Figure 179 Prediction Production and Constraints The manifold pressure is the pressure in the node furthest from the sandface in the well model used to generate the lift tables In this example the manifold pressure is the well head pressure PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 195 Now select Done to complete this Step 3 Well Type Definition Each well is defined by a VLP and an IPR VLP stands for vertical lift performance whereas IPR stands for Inflow Performance Relationship Select Production Prediction Well Type Definition the following screen is accessed Well Input Data
4. ccccccccseeececeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseaeeeesaeeeesaaeeees 70 2 4 8 Step 8 Associated Water Gas Injection Model ccccecceecseeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees 73 2 4 8 1 Set the Production MOdel cccccccssseecccesececceeseeeceeseeceeseeeesseseeesseseeesseaes 73 2 4 8 2 Create the Water Injection MOdel cccccceccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeseeeeesaeeeeeesaees 75 2 4 8 3 Link the Production and the Injection SySteEM ccccecceesseeeeeeaseeeesaeeeeesaees 78 2 4 8 4 Running the Material Balance Prediction cccccceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeas 81 2 4 8 5 Associated Gas Injection MOdel ccccccccseeececeeeeeeeeeeseeesaeeeeeseeeeesaeeseeseaees 86 3 PHYSICS EXamM les sses aaa Aa E A aaa aeaa a a Aarra i 88 IAk GaS E01 c 99 9 cee EE E tee E ce ee T EEA 88 3 1 1 Setting Up the Basic MOdel cccccccssscecceesseecceeeeecseseeecseseesssaeeesseneeesseaes 90 3 1 2 Matching Test Data and Data Quality Check Methods ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 103 3 1 3 Designing a New Gas Lift Well co eecccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeesaeeeeeneeeeeaees 114 3 1 4 Using QuickLook as a Diagnostic Option to Check the Gas Lift Design 118 3 2 PROSPER ESP Examplesiivsiiducin etalon beatae ieee See eee 123 3 2 1 Setting up the Basic Model cc ccecccecseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeesseeeeeseaeeeeeas 124 3 2 2 Matching Test Data and Data Quality C
5. Platform Riser Top WH GL1 Tie One 7 Collector Tie Two WH GL2 Ready Figure 50 Labelling the pipeline JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 58 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 3 5O0ther Drawing Options The user interface is configurable in several ways e You may want to give a name to the model For this click on Options System Summary and enter the title Tutorial GAP Example for example This text will now appear as a heading for the system network on the application screen e Clicking the right hand mouse button in the application screen and selecting the Fonts option can change the screen fonts Clicking the right hand mouse button in the title can change the title font e Selecting Icon Sizes from the same drop down menu can change the sizes of the icons on the GAP screen This may be useful if building a large model Consult the user manual or online help for more options Fa GAP v4 50 IPM 3 50 Production System View Fe File Options Edit Constraints Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Help 2 x oleaj ali J elal inelalkl e alal x axel siel mle Tutorial Gap Example Platform Riser Top WH1 GL 1 Tie One Collector Tie Two WH2 GL 2 Ready Figure 51 Labelling the system The basic schematic is now set up as shown above The next step is to describe the equipment comprising the network PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 59 2 4
6. Ready Figure 48 Joints have been added to the system JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 56 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 3 3The Platform The platform is represented as a separator To create a separator icon select the Add Separator option from the tool bar Click on the required location on the screen and an icon will be created as above This separator will be labelled Platform 2 4 3 4Pipes Links TIP Pipes are created using the Add Link tool from the toolbar The reason for this name is that this tool can also be used to create logical connections for example well to reservoir or compressor to manifold whether a pipe or a logical connection is made depends on the equipment being connected In order to connect the different equipment we will now select the Add Link option from the toolbar To hook up the well GL1 to the joint WH1 GL1 situate and click the cursor in the centre of the well icon GL1 and drag a connected to the WH1 GL1 icon Repeat the process with GL2 and WH2 GL2 Repeat the process between WH1 GL1 and Collector and WH2 GL2 and Collector Link the Collector manifold to the Riser Top this will become the Riser Finally link the Riser top to the Platform Fe GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 Production System View xq File Options View Edit Constraints Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Units Help 18 x oela asl m allanae aa x kl lell j pr ilsi 2
7. cccccccccsecccceceeceeceeseecesseecesseeesaeeeeseeeeseneeeseeeenes 44 2al OTEP 1 mMtialse MBAL crius E a a E a 44 2 3 2 STEP 2 Initialise MBAL Method Options cccccccccccccceeceseeeeeaeeeeseeeeeseeees 46 20 5 STEPS lihitialise PVM D ale ick secrets cet E ane ate eee ee ee ase 47 2 3 4 STEP 4 Initialise Tank Parameters cccccccccccssceeceeeeeseeesseeeseeeeeseneeseaees 48 Z394 Tank FParamMmelelS ee en ea ee ee ee ree 48 DOG WERIN ho crs 8 ae esas teens eae aaa ceed aac ee oe oeee eaten Sane ae iene 48 DAS ROCK We LODO UC S eines ote nas t sate E E O 48 2 3 4 4 Relative PermeabllitieS cccccccccsecccsseeceeeccseeceeeceaeeceueeseneesseeeseeeseeeeseaeens 48 24 GAP Gas Lifted Systemie cnn iain anathy iil ke a a a a a neces 49 2AT MroduUCiON aeea a a aa a aa a a a 49 2 4 1 1 Definition of the Problem ccccccccccseceecescecceeeesseeeeseeeessaseeseeeeeseeeeesegeeees 49 2 4 1 2 Step by Step Approach cccccccccccsssecceseeeseeceeseecesseeeseegeessaeeessaeeeseaeeeseeeeess 50 2 4 2 Step 1 Setting up the System cc ceccccsssseeccesseeeceeeeecsesseesseseessseseeessageees 50 2 4 2 1 Starting a New Fleiss xe ctsn ar ops cae ee cae bree acca eae Snaesedeeacs nas bmeteectos 50 2 4 2 2 Setting up the Optimisation Method ccccccccccccceeceeseeceseeeeeseeeeaeeeeeeeeeees 50 242 3 Seting UP the UNIS ios tacet ae a esas a a a eee 52 2 4 2 4 Setting Gas Injection SOU
8. er WL standard Oil GLR Injected Liquid Rate Oil Rate zan IFR Pressure EERE Design Rate AN scffsTB o T Biday oT Bday psig psig Mils cidas oT Biday 1449 55 9337 0 4666 5 3443 03 3242 95 0 20 6 000 442744 Get Rate Flot Objective Gradient Measured Depth True Vertical Depth Pressure Temperature oe ijec ressure feet feet psig deg F psig 104604 aler 2041 40 244 60 2241 40 The OIL RATE is being checked for conformance with the IFR The GAS INJECTION RATE may be changed to ensure consistency This option is slower so please be patient Valve Number 1 at 4656 91 feet Valve Number 2 at 6195 91 feet Operating Valve Number 3 at 10660 6 feet Valve Number 1 at 4642 46 feet Pees ts N Liquid Rate Oil Rate Injected Gas Rate Injection Pressure oT Bday oT Biday MMsctiday psig 6140 53 4070 41 3 54026 1660 Ake Deets S SS S SR Valve Type Manufacturer Type Specification Figure 94 Gas lift design PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 117 To see a plot of the Gas lift design click the Plot button at the bottom of the above screen and the following plot will appear Figure 95 Gas lift design plot If we press Finish we will exit the plot and return to design screen On this screen if we press the Results button the following screen with the results of gas lift design will appear On the screen given below if you press Calculate PROSPER
9. JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 100 208 Tutorial Guide Click on the tab labelled Mech Geom Skin and a screen prompting for a skin value will occur Enter a skin of 0 Inflow Performance Relation IFF Input Data Hee ee Reservoir Model DewPP Skin Gravel Pack Relative Perm Figure 77 Entering skin Click on the Calculate button to get the following IPR plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 101 IPR plot Darcy 06 Aug 02 10 09 Figure 78 IPR plot Click the Main menu item on the IPR plot in order to get back to the main PROSPER window Next click on the System Gaslift Data menu item and enter the gas lift data as follows Gaslift gas gravity 0 7 Mole percent H2S 0 Mole percent H2S 0 Mole percent H2S 0 GLR injected O scf stb Gas lift method Optimum Depth of injection Maximum Depth of injection 13000 ft Casing pressure 1900 psig DP across valve 100 psi JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 102 208 Tutorial Guide OIL Gas Lift Input WELLIGL OUT E Be ew Fixed Depth of Injection Optimum Depth of Injection Valve Depths Specified Figure 79 Gaslift specification We have selected an optimum depth of injection but want to limit the injection depth to 13000 feet which is our packer depth Also we know that we will have gas lift gas available at 1900 psig at casing head Click on Done to complete this and to go back to the main PROSPER screen We should now save t
10. Measured Depth ft True Vertical Depth ft 17350 DEVIATION SURVEY untitled Lancel Maun Help Import Flot insert Delete Copy Cut Paste All Measured True Vertical Cumulative Angle Depth Depth Displacement 17350 il di Input Data feet feet feet degrees 0 17350 17350 pee ll Figure 32 Deviation Survey No surface equipment will be entered for this simple model Note that all equipment between the well head and manifold defined in GAP would in general have to be entered here Select Cancel PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 37 Enter the following tubing and casing data in the downhole equipment screen and then click Done Xmasstree Of Casing 17350 00006 DOWNHOLE EQUIPMENT untitled fing P25 fesse fons C ee a Figure 33 Downhole Equipment This model is performing a pressure and temperature calculation therefore the temperature of the surrounding formations and a mean heat transfer coefficient are required Enter the following linear geothermal gradient and then select Done Measured Depth ft Formation temperature F Ooo 0 S OO 17350 230 Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 BTU ft2 F hr JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 38 208 Tutorial Guide GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT untitled Done Cancel Main Help Import Plot Insert Delete Copy Cut Faste All Formation Formation Overall Heat Measured
11. Sensitivity Analysis on Oil in Place 0 3 0 225 0 15 Standard Deviation 0 075 Figure 176 Sensitivity plot On the x axis is the OIP and on the y axis is the standard deviation in terms of predicted production rates over the history The presence of a minimum shows the uniqness of the solution We can similarly do sensitivity analysis on other drive mechanisms like the aquifer parameters for this case and find about our confidence in those figures as well JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 192 208 Tutorial Guide 3 4 5 Using Simulation Option to Quality check the History Matched Model At the end of running sensitivity analysis the next step we have identified our confidence in the drive mechanisms At this stage it must be noted that in the regression analysis that we did in analytical plot we take the tank pressure and non primary phase production and with the model calculate the error in production rate of primary phase oil in this case In simulation what we do is exactly opposite With the given model we have fixed we take all the phase rates from the history and try to predict the pressure phase saturation in the tank and other tank parameters If our model is acceptable the last test it should satisfy is that it should be able to reproduce pressure as well If in the main menu we select History Matching Run simulation Calculate the program does calculations At the end of calculation if
12. Table of Contents L Mtirodu chomennsoncne a a aa 5 ti A DOU UNIS UGS erriren a A a tnd eats 5 AZ OW TOMS STAI Ss gude na baiete a a E Mewacaus eves E 5 1201 Symbol and CONV ENTOMS sers a a a aa 6 2 Dexterity EXaMbples sania a a aa a a a aa 7 21 GAP Gas Network Example zriuuai eu Secs idee a EE E E N EA 7 ZA STEFI Ntale GAP satn a N toad N e acces T 2 1 2 STEP 2 Initialise GAP Method OptionS 00annnannnennnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnennnne 10 2 1 3 STEP 3 Define GAP Model Schematically ccccecccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees 11 2 1 4 STEP 4 Define the Well cc cccccccsceceeeeeseeeeeseesesseeeseeeesseeesaeeeseaees 13 2 1 5 STEP 5 Calculate the Well IPR and VLP cc eccccceccccseeeeseeeesaeeeseeeeeseeees 15 2 1 6 STEP 6 Solve the GAP Network cccccccccccssececeeeeceeesseeeeseeeesseeeesenseeseaees 20 2 1 7 STEP 7 Material Balance Prediction ccccccccccsececceeeeeseseeseeeeeseeeeeeeeesseaees 22 210 STEPO 2 CONS WAS oisactaecser ree sidecte a a a a A 26 2 2 PROSPER Gas Well Example carnin a a i A a 32 22 1 STEPA ntalise PROSPER oakin a erotica 32 2 2 2 STEP 2 Initialise PROSPER Method Options ccccccccccccccsseceeeeeeceeeeseeeees 34 223 STEF 37 Initialise PYT Dalarossie naaa ont tuean belles a eeas 35 2 2 4 STEP 4 Initialise Well Inflow and Equipment cccccceccccseeeseeeeeseeeeeseeees 36 2 3 MBAL Gas Reservoir Example
13. Peng Robinson Figure 42 Completed System Options Screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 47 2 3 3 STEP 3 Initialise PVT Data This simple example will use an unmatched Black Oil PVT to characterise the reservoir fluid Select PVT Fluid Properties to enter the PVT data Note the options to match correlations to data or to use lookup tables of PVT data The PVT data used by MBAL must be the same as that used by PROSPER if an integrated GAP model involving MBAL and PROSPER is to be used To aid this process MBAL can import the PVT data used by PROSPER by using the Import button to import a PVT file generated by PROSPER e g GASRES PVT If this is done then the same matching to correlations or tabulated values must be initialised within MBAL If data is not imported from a PROSPER generated PVT file then enter the data as shown in the figure below and select Done The condensate gravity of 50 API will not be used for a dry gas but a value greater than 5 is required by default See the MBAL manual for details on how to change unit range defaults Gas gravity 0 59 Separator pressure 100 psig Condensate to Gas ratio 0 STB MMscf Condensate gravity 50 API Water salinity 10000 ppm Mole percent H2S 0 Mole percent CO2 0 Mole percent N2 0 Gas Hack Oil Data Input Gas Black Oil Data Input O A vere Keres Help Een HH Table 2 sot Aes FE Cale 22 set Inout Parameters Correlations las gravity j
14. Platform Riser Top WH GL1 Collector WH GL2 Ready Figure 49 The whole system PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 57 Note At this point you will see that the pipes between the wells and the collector manifold and the collector and the riser top contain an icon to represent the flow line data whereas those between the wells and the wellhead manifolds and that between Riser top and Platform do not This is because GAP expects the well model to include all equipment up to the well head and so does not attempt to model any pressure drops here Pressure drops are modelled for all other pipes and depend on a pipeline description as described below Labelling The tieback between WH1 GL1 and the collector will be labelled TieOne The tieback between WH2 GL2 and the collector will be labelled TieTwo To label the tieback between WH1 GL1 and the collector double click on click on the pipeline icon between the joint WH1 GL1 and the collector and enter in the label field TieOne Click on Ok to complete Repeat for the pipe between WH2 GL2 and the collector Repeat for the pipe between the collector and the riser and label this Riser Fe GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 Production System View xq File Options View Edit Constraints eles cel Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Units Help 2 x elel a rt A A a ee alal gt lt aK lell mal fpr wilci 2
15. Transfer Well IPRs from PROSPER and then follow the on screen instructions The following screen will be displayed GENERATE error Ho wells have been selected Press the lt ALL button to select all wells and continue with Generate Press the lt SELECT gt button to highlight the SELECT icon You will then be able to select Individual wells to include in the generate list and then re start the Generate process Figure 52 Generate error message This is because we have not selected any well yet Click on All to select all the wells PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 61 IPE Generation CE sews ae te Figure 53 Select wells message The screen above shows you the selected wells Click on Generate to proceed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 62 208 Tutorial Guide Enter Layer Indices You are about to import total IFPR data from PROSPER into multi layer PR model wells Select the layer to which the data will be written for each well 4 lance Figure 54 Select layer message In GAP you can model multilayer well Each layer can have their own IPR In this screen you are going to tell GAP about the IPR that it is about to read belongs to which layer If you have a single layer well just leave the layer index as it is layer 1 Click OK to continue The IPR generation will begin and once started the IPRs are transferred as a batch job and no user interven
16. percent ae o STB day percent 0 ent psig percent faction Pipe Correlation Beggs and Brill Tubing Correlation Petroleum Experts 2 0 97 1 00 bi Gas DeR ating Model Figure 120 ESP design parameter Press the Calculate button on the above dialog and the Calculate button again on the next dialog and PROSPER will calculate the pump head power etc as shown below JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 140 208 Tutorial Guide ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched P T Calculate Main Help Sensitivity well Head Pressure 100 psig Flowing BH Pressure 1213 23 psig Pump Intake Pressure 004 215 psig Pump Intake Aate 1177 56 8 RBAday Free GOR Entering Pump 166 578 ct STE Pump Cischarge Pressure 2185 57 psig Pump Oischage Rate 10133 2 ABA day Total GOA Above Purp 397 lech STE Mass Flow Fate 3182987 lbm day Total Fluid Gravity 0 569939 Average Downhole rate q 4ar r RB day Head Required 3533 69 feet Fluid Power required 235 929 hp GLA At Pump Intake 0 177957 Bo At Pump Intake M 1 19123 Inlet Temperature 04 554 ig At Pump Intake Ay 0 017 78371 ee Figure 121 ESP design calculation Once pump calculations are finished check the validity of the assumption of no gas separation at pump inlet by using the Dunbar plot The plot is activated by pressing the Sensitivity button and the following plot appears Gas Separation Sensitivity Plot 06 Aug 02 11 28 Dunba
17. 3182987 lbrm day Pump Inlet Temperature 204 534 deg F Average Cable Temperature 196 653 deg F Select Pump REDA SN8500 5 38 inches 6000 11000 AB day a ct Mota CENTRILIFT D2256 5 13 inches 4900 10700 RB day o CENTRIVIRT G01 0000 5 1 3 inches 4400 1 2000 RR fdan i i pee r r gt Te ai Sel SS T E st St Bi x oe Figure 125 Selecting pump PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 143 From the available pumps let us select the REDA SN8500 model Next we will select a motor for this pump as shown below ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched PYT Cancel Main Help Flot Input Dat Head Required 3524 89 feet Purnp Intake Pressure 654 655 psig Average Downhole Rate 1O437 9 RB Aday Pump Intake Rate 11754 4 RE day Total Fluid Gravity 0 96992 sp gravity Pump Discharge Pressure 2182 66 psig Free GOR Below Pump J 166 74 ect STB Pump Discharge Aate 101233 4 AB day Total GOR Above Pump 39200 sof STB Pump Mass Flow Rate 3182987 bm day Purnp Inlet Temperature 204 534 deg F Average Cable Temperature 196 853 deg F Select Pump REDA SN8500 5 38 inches 6000 11000 AB day bd Select Motor Select Cable Sm Heda 540 90 0 Int 400HP 2116 1134 H Eda 1 ERRED z mE E Centrilift 544 375HF 2109x 105A Centrilift 562 390HF 2770 1054 Power Required ODI F0KM300 E 396HF 22504 1044 Reda 540_90 0_Int 400HP 2116W 1134
18. 7860 9 o Z 868 __ Casing 81693 o o 68B _ Casing 86877 Z 3 All roughness of tubing casing 0 0006 in DOWHHOLE EQUIPMENT ESPG OUT Cancel Main Help Insert Delete Copy Cut Paste All Import Export Report Input Data lameter Roughness Diameter Roughness Diameter Roughness feet finches finches finches finches finches finches o E ee eee eee ee eee pm e f LLL y T T p e e y y T o fring pe e e S y T in a y y T o fring pe e roe Ooooiii m e e pe pa l T o Measured Tubing Tubing Tubing Tubing Casing Casing Rate Depth Inside Inside Outside Outside Inside Inside Multiplier D Poo f oop oy ep oo an pa ayia eee cate ee m Figure 110 Downhole equipment The data regarding tubing outside diameter will be used further on when the ESP option will be selected Next we want to specify the geothermal gradient and the overall heat transfer coefficient as we are doing temperature predictions as well JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 130 208 Tutorial Guide Geothermal Gradient It is given the Geothermal gradient as follow Measured depth ft Formation temperature degree F 8687 7 205 Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 BTU hr ft2 F GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT untitkd Cancel Main Help Import Flot _ Insert Delete Lopy Cut Paste All Input Dat Formation Formation Overall He
19. Figure 108 Choose the correlation After finishing the PVT match i e providing the model with an adequate fluid description we have to specify our well bore To do so in the main screen select the System Equipment Tubing etc menu item and input the equipment data as follows JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 128 208 Tutorial Guide Deviation Survey It is given the deviation survey as follow Measured depth ft True vertical depth ft ee ee 463 3 463 3 DE YIATION SURYEY ESPG OUT Done Cancel Main Help Import Flot Insert J io Copp Cut Paste All degrees ea a4 oF 10 3482 S08 246 32 2405 1761 45 45 3291 2171 05 48 1055 3365 51 44 fof 3740 06 42 4 65 reol 4040 51 14 0645 D m Calculate Figure 109 Deviation survey This survey is taken as the basis for calculating true depths in the model It is recommended to use zero of this survey as the reference depth for all further entries If we use the zero of deviation survey as the reference depth then it is easier to enter PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 129 well bore data as all the depths indicated in the well bore data refer to deviation survey Once we have supplied the deviation survey the well bore details are entered as follows Down hole equipment It is given the down hole equipment as follow X mastree 594 oo o o o SSSV_ D 23 gt o o Restriction 23 o o o Casing
20. Figure 90 IPR section Hit on Calculate to plot both the tuned VLP and IPR on the same plot and compare them to the test data PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 113 F LPAIPR MATCHING K ipm350 samples Worked Examples GLIFTG1 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Help VLP IPR MATCHING 06 Aug 02 10 54 12000 LIQUID RATE STB da i i i Calculated Difference 5886 9 asaceaasaccaansannaananacanaaaannashLasasannacanaananananannananacnaaobaaanaaanannnaanneaanannnancnnansadanannonannnnannonnnanonannannaoe TTT TT a eT E aT E rr ee eer Eee eT TET ee ECC T E EE BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE __ psig Calculated Difference p2 w a D 5 n w D an 3479 20 3465 04 1 2 Figure 91 Comparison of the current IPR model with the test data The square box is the test point The VLP and IPR should be intersecting at that point The errors are displayed on the right of the screen We can now adjust the IPR model to reduce the errors There is no fixed method to adjust the IPR It depends on the conditions For instance if we are uncertain about the reservoir pressure we can adjust the reservoir pressure If we think that the value of skin has changed we can adjust the skin value In this exercise we are going to change the reservoir pressure Click on Finish to close the plot window Change the reservoir pressure in the IPR main screen
21. Optimiser finished Code 1 Variable Well W1 rate reduction value 0 752779 Solver solution reached in 0 iterations Max Pressure Drop Difference 0 000595901 Max Flow Balance Difference 3 0821 3e 007 Differences within tolerance Running simulation for MBAL model tank_1 End of Prediction Step 16 Saving results for MBAL model tank_1 Prediction finished Time taken 6 920 secs CPU time 6 869 secs Log Constraints BEEZ Errors Solver Optimiser Prediction Last Error Last Guess Current Step Iteration Iteration Step Mode C No Optimisation Optimise and honour constraints C Optimise no constraints Calculate Potential Back Main Help Settings Figure 81 Material Balance Prediction Calculation Screen As soon as the calculation is finished select Main and return to the main GAP window PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 85 To inspect the results double click on the tank and select MBAL Results This enables accessing the global prediction results for the tank To check that the constraint on the water injection rate as been respected select Plot Variables and choose the variables you want to display on the plot here Average Water Injection Rate Vs Time Plot Vanables Figure 82 Selection of the Variables displayed on the Plot Select Done and the plot is displayed It is then noticeable that the constraints on the water injection rate set previously as been fulfilled JANUA
22. Peda FAN ANN Io ANP 216 1134 Cea Moram Result Pump Efficiency Ca pee et a eee Figure 126 Selecting motor From the motor selection let us select the Reda 540 90 0 Int 400HP 2116V 113A motor Next we will select a cable from the possible ones ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched P T Cancel Main Help Flot Input Dat EEE Head Required 3524 89 feet Pump Intake Pressure 054 655 psig Average Downhole Rate 10437 9 BB day Pump Intake Rate 117544 RB day Total Fluid Gravity 0 56992 sp gravity Pump Discharge Pressure 2182 66 psig Free GOR Below Pump 166 74 scf STB Pump Discharge Rate 101334 RB day Total GOR Above Pump 392 sch STE Pump Mass Flaw Fate 3182997 lbm day Pump Inlet Temperature 204 534 deg F Average Cable Temperature 156 853 deg F Select Pump REDA SN8500 5 36 inches 6000 11000 FB day select Motor Reda 540 90 0_Int 400HP 21164 1134 Select Cable Bagh Hi Copper 26 Volts niir e a Result Number Of Stages 126000 Motor Efficiency Power Required 360 069 he Power Generated Pump Efficiency E percent Motor Speed Purp Outlet Temperature 20913 degF Curent Used 100 527 amps Figure 127 Selecting cable JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 144 208 Tutorial Guide Based on the selection available we select 1 Copper as our cable This stage completes the ESP design and the results are disp
23. Tubing Pressure At Valve 1592 50 psig Casing Pressure At Valve 2124 18 psig Temperature At Valve 233 09 deg F GOR 499 97 scf STB GOR Free 0 sef STB dP Across Valve 368 98 psi Cale Casing Head Pressure 1618 08 psig Draw Down 363 64 psi Equivalent Calculated PI 16 94 STB day psi Cale Critical Flow Rate 5 551 MMsef day Critical Flow Rate 73 86 percent Fitted Thermal Coefficient 8 0000 BT Ush fi2 F True Vertical Depth feet Figure 101 QuickLook calculation plot 2 The tubing curves now overlap Next let us see how pressure traverse curves compare in the casing above the orifice The calculated upward casing traverse is now smaller than the measured one This suggests that the pressure drop across the orifice for some reason like scaling has increased So in order to match the two gradients a smaller orifice diameter can be chosen Let us decrease it to 22 64 and re perform QuickLook calculations the plot then looks like below JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 122 208 Tutorial Guide i QUICKLOOK DIAGNOSTIC C Peppe Program testing Worked Examples GLIFTG3 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options TestData Help QuickLook 19 Aug 03 15 24 X Tubing Casing Measured Theoretical INPUT DATA Tubing Head Pressure 264 00 psig Tubing Head Temperature 160 70 deg F Liquid Rate 6161 0 STB day Water Cut 20 300 percent Total Gas Rate 6 55
24. W Clear Figure 72 Linking Production and Water Injection Models Click OK Both the production and injection models are going to appear in the GAP main window One way of visualising both systems in the GAP main window go to Window Tile Vertically JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 80 208 Tutorial Guide Pile gba vee Oat iura Gee pisma Ae l Ale l gie eia ala oe ll lell A Pe lcs E airea A YO Fara TORAL GAF LLEF AT At hohe teat edon Dagia Bapa Windies Linn Hap Figure 73 Schematic Diagram of both Production and Water Injection Network It is now possible to make modifications on each model using the same GAP session Use File Save As to save the work done this far to a GAP file Each model will be saved separately as shown by the following screen Click Continue if you wish to save the production and water injection models in the same directories chosen previously If this is not the case simply alter the file path name in the saving screen File Save AS Production System C Documents and Settings frederic PETEX Desktop Manual TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE GAP e Water Injection System C Documents and Settingsfrederic PETES D esk top Manually aterlnj gap a e SN PEREN A A a 14s INECHON SiE File Hames Foot C Documents and Settings Mrederic PE TEAD esktop M anual cae Figure 74 Saving Both Production and Water Injection Systems PETROLE
25. as well as the expected data ranges Near the bottom of the screen select Oilfield for both input and output units and then select Done UNITS SYSTEM A vere Merl Help ES Report Input Measurements Output C Casing weight Ibft palz cp Meci day Darcy coethicient pseudo 1 month Decline Aate Ibft3 Density Depth Dilfield Save Save as Save as G hift O Winimum blasimum Shift 0 Wilt jo 360 Wilt Precision li Save as Default Precision f Figure 41 Oilfield Units for Input and Output JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 46 208 Tutorial Guide 2 3 2 STEP 2 Initialise MBAL Method Options In this section the type of reservoir fluid and tank model that MBAL will use will be defined Their detailed specification will be entered later This example has a dry gas reservoir Select Options to display the System Options screen This screen allows MBAL to guide you through the model set up by only presenting the relevant screens as it is constructed Set the options shown in the figure below and then select Done System Options Tool Options User Information Reservoir Fluid Gas bt Tank Model Single Tank Abnomal Pressure Company Field Location Production History Compositional Model Mo Platform EOS Model EQS Optimisation More Reference Time m 70171900 date dimy User Comments DateStamp Ctrl Enter for new line ah Analyt
26. aw i I gt no labe s Relative Permgfbility a Collector v Tie One rediction Fractional Flow Ael Perm From Tank Model IFR Match TS Tie Two w a WH GLI ly d Ly ih Shift Rel Perm to Breakthrough Mo F mae F I Correction for Mobility No Ly GL Ld Ti Breakthroughs and Perforation Depths Gas Saturation et Gaz Contact Water Saturation p Water Contact a Bottom Perf Depth a Top Perf Depth EE RGR Layer 1 4 More Grid View j Si if gt Control 4 IPR Constraints Gaslift Gas 4 Coning 4 Tanks Downtime Mark Mark All oe all Summar BA Results Previous Next OF Cancel Help Il Revert Validate Calculate Plot Report From MBAL Figure 68 Schematic Diagram of the Production Model The production model is then set in order to run a material balance prediction Use File Save As to save the work done this far to a GAP file TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE GAP in a suitable directory 2 4 8 2C reate the Water Injection Model The first step is to create an independent GAP model to model the water injection system Go to File New to create a new GAP file In order to set the model to water injection go to Options Method and select Water Injection in the system type scroll bar As this model is going to be linked with a production model and as a material balance prediction is going to be run select On in the prediction scrollbar Click OK to validate the data JANUA
27. identical for each node and have overlying curves JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 24 208 Tutorial Guide Equipment Type Gate Valve Separator Group well l Jue Manifold 1 Jine Choke Inline Choke Invert Figure 18 Select nodes to plot Click on Plot and a plot window will appear Select Variables and look at the plot for Gas rate by highlighting it and selecting OK Plot the Water rate Reservoir pressure and Cum Gas Production graphs PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 25 GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 Prediction Results Figure 19 Results Gas rates The initial peak gas rate should be 70 MMscf day and the peak water rate should be 43 STB day This water is the vaporised and connate water released as the reservoir depressurises and the water and formation rocks contract Select Main to return the main GAP window No constraints have been entered for this system and it is recommended that none are entered until the potential of the system has been established At this point the user should consider design options potential problems and possibly sensitivity analysis Now save the GAP file by clicking on El and selecting Yes to the overwrite confirmation JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 26 208 Tutorial Guide 2 1 8 STEP 8 Constraints In this section a constraint will be applied to the maximum flow rate that can be passed through the separator One of the wells will initially have to be choked back to
28. 49 eee ee ee ee ee er Ce TCC CC CCC CCC CCC CCCP IC TIT COT PEELE CLT ree Min operating range Head feet Best Efficiency Line 70 4791 Max operating range 16000 20000 Operating rate RB day Figure 129 ESP pump plot The point on this plot shows the design operating point on the pump performance plot This finishes a new ESP design JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 146 208 Tutorial Guide 3 2 4 Using ESP QuickLook as a Diagnostic Option to check an Existing ESP Design 5 Note In this section we are going to use the QuickLook option as a diagnostic tool We will see how we can monitor the performance of an ESP for an intermediate water cut that has been designed on the basis of 60 future water What we have is reliable down hole measured data for pump intake and discharge pressure in this case A liquid rate of 6523 STB day with a well head pressure of 345 psig has been observed for this well We will start by selecting the menu option Matching QuickLook The measurements indicate a water cut of 60 The pump is same as designed in the previous section We will assume that the pump runs at 60 Hz still has no wear factor On the basis of these measurements we can supply the data as shown below Tubing head pressure 345 psig Liquid rate 6523 stb day Water cut 60 Produced GOR 392 scf stb Static bottom hole pressure 2468 psig Pump depth 7660 ft Operating frequency 60 Hz Length of cable 7710 ft Gas
29. 950 CENTRILIFT E12 1 5 13 60 2550 5700 CENTRILIFT F35 1 5 13 60 800 1650 CENTRILIFT FC1200 1 60 900 1550 CENTRILIFT FC1600 1 60 1000 2100 CENTRILIFT FC2200 1 60 1500 2800 CENTRILIFT FC2700 1 60 1500 3800 CENTRILIFT FC300 1 60 200 450 CENTRILIFT FC320 1 60 150 460 CENTRILIFT FC4300 1 60 3200 5400 CENTRILIFT FC450 1 60 200 625 CENTRILIFT FC470 1 60 350 575 CENTRILIFT FC6000 1 60 3600 6800 CENTRILIFT FC650 1 60 450 800 CENTRILIFT FC925 1 60 700 1150 ee ee 2 eRe e e e e e ee Re e R eRe e e Re e e ee ee ee ee Figure 124 Editing the pump database On this screen use Import Append to import a pump database There are some databases provided with the program in the samples PROSPER directory You can load the motor and cable databases in a similar fashion The design screen will select from the database the equipment that can do the job We will select one combination out of these In the first selection we select the pump then the motor and finally the cable ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched PYT Cancel Main Help Plot Input D at ee Head Required 3524 89 feet Pump Intake Pressure B64 655 psig Average Downhole Rate 104379 RB day Pump Intake Rate 11 754 4 RE day Total Fluid Gravity 0 86992 sp gravity Pump Discharge Pressure 2162 66 psig Free GOR Below Pump 166 74 scfSTBE Pump Discharge Aate 101 33 4 RErday Total GOR Above Pump 392 sch STEB Pump Mass Flow Rate
30. E Pipe Tie Two Input Screen Platform A GLI A GLZ a uw ib ollecter ee Inside Diameter Figure 59 TieTwo Description Now click on Ok to complete this JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 68 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 6 Step 6 Allocating the Amount of Gas Available We are now in a position to allocate gas lift for optimum production In this step we want to determine given a total quantity of available gas the optimum amount of gas to be injected in each well In order to perform an optimisation click on Solve Network and then enter different amount of gas lift gas available Separator Injection Manifold pressures Production System MM SC Gay Figure 60 Specifying cases with different gas lift gas available Gas available MMscf d oo ee oo 6 Click on Next For the platform pressure enter 250 psig PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 69 Separator Injection Manifold pressures Production System Figure 61 Specifying the separator pressure Click on Next Calculate Make sure that the Optimise and Honour Constraints check box is ticked before the calculation is started GAP is going to allocate the available gas to the wells to maximise the oil production When the calculation is finished click on Main to go back to the main screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 70 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 7 Step 7 Analysing the results To see the effec
31. Eae 15200 250 E Figure 74 Geothermal gradient Note There is no surface equipment Hence we can leave the surface equipment section alone Also leave the heat capacities to the default values Click on Done to exit to the main screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 98 208 Tutorial Guide Next click on System Inflow Performance and select the IPR model and enter the basic parameters Reservoir model Mechanical Geometrical skin Reservoir pressure Reservoir temperature Water cut Total GOR Relative permeability Inflow Performance Relation IFF Select Model Fetkovitch Multrate Fetkowitch Jones Multirate Jones Transient Hidraulically Fractured well Horizontal Well Mo Flow Boundaries Horizontal Well Constant Pressure Upper Boundary MultiLayer Reservoir External Entry Horizontal Well dP Friction Loss In WrellBore MultLayer dP Loss In wellbore Skindide ELF Dual Porosity Horizontal Well Transverse Vertical Fractures Darcy Enter by hand 3844 psig 250 degree F 20 3 500 No Select Model Input Data Enter Skin By Hand Locke MacLeod Karakas T ariq Figure 75 Select reservoir model PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 99 Then enter the IPR data as follow Reservoir Permeability 100 md Reservoir thickness 100 ft Drainage area 100 acres Dietz shape factor 31 6 Well bore radius 0 354 ft Figure 76 Entering parameters for the reservoir model
32. Fed Location Po Compositional Model No Platforrn Po Analyst Po EQS Optimisation More Reference Time m 70171995 date dimy User Comments DateStamp Ctrl Enter for new line h Figure 157 Setting the option In this screen you have defined oil as the main fluid selected a simple tank model and will enter the production history by tank You also do not want to do compositional tracking for this reservoir Then again on the menu bar go to PVT Fluid Properties and supply the following data JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 174 208 Tutorial Guide Cal Back Oil Data Input A dere Mert Help ah HE Table 2 ot LH Exp si F Calc Inout Parameters Separator Single St z Formation GOR 500 sct STB Single Stage E Oil gravity E API Correlations Gas gravity 0 798 sp gravity Pb Aiz Bo Gl Water salinity li ooog ppr ee Mole percent H25 E percent Uil Viscosity E et al Mole percent coz fo percent Sa Mole percent H2 E percent _ Use Tables _ Use Matching Controlled Miscibility Figure 158 PVT input In this section we have specified the Black oil properties of the oil as given in the PVT data available section We also have specified water salinity and indicated that the produced gas has no CO2 H2S or N2 in it In the previous screen we also have indicated that we want the PVT behaviour to be predicted by Glaso and Beggs et al correlations Since we do have laboratory measured data
33. GOR Once this change is made the test data point does fall on the right of the Fancher Brown correlation and we can proceed with the use of this test data The next step in building the model will be matching a correlation to the test data that we have and then use the matched correlation in the analysis We will try to use data point two for this purpose as defined at the start of this example If we use data point two in a similar way to data point one in the Correlation Comparison dialog and perform the correlation comparison calculation we can check how this test data point compares to the standard correlations The plots are PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 107 di Tubing Correlation comparison plot K ipm350 samples Worked Examples GLIFTG1 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Help Pressure V Measured Denth 06 Ana 02 10 47 O LE EL OEE ARLE BO SWOT NN CANE SN CNET A EET Figure 84 Results of Data point 2 The test data point lies to the right of the Duns and Ross Modified DRM correlation Like Fancher Brown FB the DRM correlation represents the other extreme of the pressure drop i e maximum pressure loses Thus if a point lies to the right of the DRM we are expecting pressure drops greater than DRM The other point to note is that for the same well head pressure and IPR with gas lift we are getting lower flow rates than
34. Output Window Input Axis Help Figure 171 History Matching Plot At this stage if you look at the analytical plot we can see that the match we are getting is quite good On this plot the model selected and the history entered seem to be in good agreement with each other But on the other hand the model we have selected does not fit well on the Campbell plot where ideally we should get a horizontal straight line This is the reason that we recommended at the start that while doing history match all the screens should be used simultaneously and a model that fares well according to all different methods be used At the end of this step we are very close to representing the reservoir behaviour and we can fine tune it by doing a regression analysis To activate regression analysis button we have to click on the analytical plot and in the menu bar of the above screen select Regression which will activate the following screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 187 Figure 172 Regression In all of the variables we can change on the above screen we select the parameters that influence aquifer behaviour and the OIP itself This is a good choice for this case because from the energy plot we see that these are the two major components of the energy of the system We do not change the compressiblity because we believe the correlations do a good job for this case At the end of regression we get the following best match JANUARY 2004 T
35. Parameter 2 O153002 omaa ona 0149812 aa Parameter 3 ee i Po Parameter 4 0 616091 omea Oe16074 O818872 OSn4e w T i amp Reset Reset Reset Reset Reset Dil Pee IIMU UMMI Glaso Standing Lasater Vazquez Beggs Petrosky et al Farameter 1 1 04577 0 970762 0 950514 Parameter 2 0 027675 0 020494 0 062385 Oil Viscosit Beal et al Beggs et al Petrosky et al Std deviation Reset Reset Reset Figure 107 Match parameters PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 127 Based on the these regression parameters parameter 1 which is multiplier and parameter 2 which is a shift factor and standard deviation select the best model Ideally the std deviation should be very small parameter 1 should equal 1 0 and parameter 2 should equal zero In this case we select Beggs et al correlation for viscosity modelling and Standing for all other proprties Once this is done click the Main button to go back to the main window Please set the correlations in the main PVT screen see below PYT INPUT DATA untitkd Oj Black Oi Done Cancel Tables Match Data Calculate F Save Recall Correlations Composition Help Input Parameter Correlation Solution GOR 392 scl STE PERSEO Standing dilara 27 85 em Veo Beost Gas Gravity f 045 sp gravity Water Salinity 242229 pam Impurities a SO Mole Percent H25 f percent
36. Parameters Properties S aturations ermeabilit Infl Volume Transmigs me Pat Figure 166 Tank input summary This finishes our setting up of basic tank model It is advisable to save the file at this point Next step would be to fine tune the model in terms of identifying and quantifying its various drive mechanisms JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 182 208 Tutorial Guide 3 4 3 Matching to Production History data in MBAL The first thing to do is to see whether our production history data is consistent with our PVT data In the PVT section we indicated that the bubble point was 2200 psig and the solution GOR was 500 Scf STB If we go to the production history screen in the tank input data we can click on the option Work with GOR at the bottom of the dialog and the gas rates are converted into producing GOR values Tank Input Data Production History A dere Keres Help 2 inot A Flat Tank Water Rock Pore Volume Parameters Infus Compress v Time Reservoir Cum Qil Cum Wat Cum Gas Cum wat Pressure Produced GOR Produced Injected Injected moasspoo e bo be T Too o E wo fo f a marissa e0675 _osscrsn aaa fo sid nsss 647 76 rasan ooo fo dt aas esi si ems onan fo lt i SS o c C Co 1 12 1998 3502 16 3 09282 1011999 347113 3 39831 500 001 1402 1999 3442 89 a70051 499 999 w Work with GOR lt lt Prior Ment p gt m zaslal a i Figure 167 Checking c
37. Parameters to display the matched parameters Figure 151 Select Finish Yes to save the matched Corey coefficients PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 167 Relative Permeability Matching Parameters Water Breakthrough TE fraction Corey Functions End Point Exponent Water 0 8 2 96609 Gas 10 113945 2 64504 Figure 151 Matched Fw Parameters It is now desirable to perform a material balance predition to check that the fraction flow of water is sufficiently well characterised by the matched relative permeability model A prediction calculation in its simplest form requires a history of oil or gas production rates copied from the simulation calculation from which everything else is calculated Of particular interest will be the predicted WGR Water Gas Ratio Select History Matching Run Simulation Report and check report to Clipboard with the Tab delimited format Re porting Options A oore Keres Help Ea oa Y Set Lin Praos Report to Format gt Printer Tab Delimited Comma Delimited gt Fitted Format gt Display Figure 152 Reporting data Select Layout Hide All and then highlight Time and Average Gas Rate JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 168 208 Tutorial Guide Wariable Sebkction A dere t S Help Time Tank Pressure las Recovern Factor Average Oil Rate Sorted List Show All Hide All Average Water Aate Average Gas Injection Aate fe Gas
38. Regression button and then the Match All button The program does a regression analysis on all JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 126 208 Tutorial Guide the entered data with all standard black oil correlations that are available in PROSPER PYT Match Real Data untitled Oil Black Oi All None _ Bubble Point Pb Ais bo Glazo Salina Parameter Parameter 2 T 0 39894 1 44394 _ Gas Oil Ratio 0 057 7356 1 04361 16 2839 Dil Viscosity _ Dil FF 0 1 14812 0 153802 Beal et al Sbove Bubble Faint 0 616891 _ Oil Viscosity 0 1 04577 0 027675 Figure 106 PVT matching To display the regression parameters and standard deviations for all the correlations click on Parameters PY T Correlation Parameters untitthkd Oil Black Oil matched Done Cancel Main Reset all Help Glaso Standing Lasater Vazquez Beggs Petrosky et al Parameter 1 0 998941 1 04187 1 18683 0 940617 q 12rr Parameter 2 1 44394 D2 5249 184 355 31 8135 138 057 Std deviation 00 Bubble Foin Farameter 1 1 04361 O20 4 0 71422 1 16908 1 59551 Parameter 2 E eE 5 1 2035 0 RANEE 392 364 Std deviation 0 0577356 1 76193e 5 O57 735 Reset Reset Reset Reset Reset solution GOUR nee IIIN Glaso Standing Lasater Vazquez Beggs Petrogky et al Parameter1 114812 oa ora 114941 oee
39. Relative Permeability Tank Prediction Fractional Flow Rel Ferm From Rel Perm 1 Edt Figure 13 Relative Permeability screen Click on the drop down menu and select the option From Tank Model in order to validate it Now save the GAP file by clicking on and selecting Yes to the overwrite confirmation JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 20 208 Tutorial Guide 2 1 6 STEP 6 Solve the GAP Network This section describes the solving of the Network by the allocation of a separator pressure from which an unconstrained flow can be calculated This is a precursor to the material balance calculation in which the reservoir pressure reduces as the reservoir fluid is produced Double click the left hand mouse button within the Well on the main GAP display area Notice that all of the Data Summary flags are green and the Well has a green tick next to it in the list of components on the right side of the Equipment Data Entry screen If this is not the case then the VLP and IPR have not been calculated correctly and STEP 5 should be repeated carefully Before the Network solver can be performed the pipe must be defined Double click the left hand mouse button over the pipe on the main window and select Input at the bottom of the screen followed by the Description tab leaving the default Environment properties Enter the following pipe data Length 10000 ft TVD downstream 0 ft TVD upstream 0 ft Inside diameter 6 ins
40. a a ka Eal CL CL Replace Remove Figure 198 Save Results screen Select Done Done to complete this Step 10 Second case Choose Production Prediction Production and Constraints and enter the new data for Case 2 Prediction Production and Constraints ace Na E ror E ld Slope Slope Slope Slope Slope Time Man Pres Min Gas Max Gas Max Man Rate Rate Water Liquid date d my psig MMsof day MMscf day STB day STBYdoy co a mm i ne i oo Lo fe Cc co eeek AAA LEE Figure 199 Prediction Production and Constraints Select Done to complete this Step 11 Generating the production profile Choose Production Prediction Run Prediction Calculate Save Add and name this stream Case 2 PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 207 Save Results Data Streams History ad Simulation 24 h Paa rediction Fs F 2 cet ca E EE a i a a kal E ob CL CL Replace Remove Figure 200 Save Results screen After clicking on Done and then Plot Variables make the following selections for instance Plot Yarables A dere Mecorcel Help Stream Plat Versus Aquiter Influx Average Gas Injection Aate Average Gas Aate Average Oil Rate Average Water rection Aate Average Water Rate CGR Cumulative Gas Injection Cumulative Gas Production Cumulative Oil Production Cumulative Water Injection Cumulative Water Pr
41. amount of gas injected the lighter will be the fluid column However as the amount of gas injected increases we also will be increasing the other component of pressure drop i e the friction A stage reaches in injection when any further increase in gas injection will increase friction component more than it will decrease gravity component After this stage any increase in gas injection will decrease production rates Thus the PC curve will go up and then come down as shown above and will have a maximum oil production rate and the gas injection required corresponding to this rate will be optimum If we look at the performance curve we see that at a gas lift rate of 6 MMscf day the oil production is around 4440 stb day The maximum oil production of 4600 stb day occurs for gas lift rate of approximately 9 3 MMscf day From this plot PROSPER determines the gas lift required for maximum oil production This is the optimum gas lift rate for this well In case the available gas is higher than the optimum gas required the program will only inject the optimum gas into the well which is 9 3 MMscf day in this case In case the available gas is less than optimum gas the actual available gas value will be used If we proceed with design at this stage by pressing the Design on the following screen PROSPER will design this case using 6 0 MMscf day of gas Gas Lift Design Calculated Rate GLIFTG3_0UT Matched PVT Calculated Rate
42. ep gray Sh hdul MMact Shhul MMschday SheMul enf STR Cheha Output Mech day paiz STBYMMsct 17kg mole MM US dollars Amp pair M sct dan Brita B TUIb mole BTUIb mole A ft sec fraction Hertz US MMact sp gray MM act MMsch day achfSTR Input Validation Shi Minimum Shih ul OOO0000 Shh ul Shul Sh kdul Shul Shul Shehu Sh Mul Sh hdul Shh ul al a ee ee es ea wn ES She Mul Shul ShMul Gh dhdi A Save Currency Controls Figure 3 Oilfield Units for Input and Output Precigion M axinnium U000000 1000 1000 621690 547263 1000000 100000 Te 020 1000000 1000000 1TO0000000 1200 1 150 1000000 z 10000000000 100000 1000n he Reset to manufacturer s default TUTORIAL GUIDE 10 208 Tutorial Guide 2 1 2 STEP 2 Initialise GAP Method Options In this section the scope of calculations that GAP will be asked to perform will be defined This example has a dry gas reservoir feeding a delivery pipeline 10000 ft away No production history is available but the extent and composition of the reservoir has been estimated allowing a material balance prediction to be performed Select Options Method to set the GAP calculation method Cancel Report Help System type Production bi Optimisation method Production Track Compositions No Prediction None Prediction method Pressure and temperature Figure 4 Setti
43. for this fluid at bubble point conditions as given in available PVT data section we will match the lab data to the correlations that we are selecting In the PVT Input dialog press the Match button and the following screen appears and we can enter measured data at bubble point as indicated in the following screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 175 Oil Hack Oil Matching on mac on maenna dc inl q aea e wee a Temperature 200 deg F 200 gt Free gt Free gt Free Bubble Foirit 2200 psig o Tice Pressure Gas Oil Oil Oil las laas Ratio FF Viscosity FF Viscosity Seeseevemse n Figure 159 Entering PVT match data After we have entered the data if we click on Match Calc this will start the matching process Before you hit Calc ensure that the Match all option as shown in the screen below is ticked This will make the program match the lab data to all the correlations available in MBAL JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 176 208 Tutorial Guide Oil Black Oik Matching Pom Her mo Match on Match Statistics All None Std Deviation Parameter 1 Parameter 2 Bubble Point o Eoo Gas Dil Ratio i OW FVF oo Eoo Eoo Above Bubble Point i Dil Viscosity fo a OO _ Gas PYF i SS Poo _ Gas Viscosity f fo fo Correlations PbAsBo asa i Dil viscosity Beggs eta F Match All Figure 160 PVT matching Once this is done click the Match Pa
44. honour the constraints then Well 2 will be choked back as long as the potential of the system is greater than the constraint set X 30 1 1 2009 Prediction Results Y 93 Figure 28 Well results Save the GAP file using and select Yes to overwrite the current file JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 32 208 Tutorial Guide 2 2 PROSPER Gas Well Example This tutorial example is designed to provide a step by step introduction to the PROSPER program The emphasis is on the data entry required to model a dry gas producing well for inclusion into a GAP model See the GAP Gas Network Example for further details Since it is hoped that this example will be used as a phase in the GAP Gas Network Example it is anticipated that PROSPER will have been loaded from within GAP However if that is not the case this example can be run using the standalone version of PROSPER PROSPER is a single well characterisation program Its output is principally Inflow Performance Relations IPRs and Vertical Lift Performances VLPs These relations respectively describe the inflow to the well sandface from the reservoir and the outflow from the well sandface to a manifold or well head at the top of the well These pressure and flow correlations are heavily reliant on the PVT Pressure Volume and Temperature characteristics of the produced fluid Using Inflow and Outflow we know the behaviour of the well in terms of the flow rates vs bottom hole pres
45. not select any well yet Click on All to select all the valid wells in the model in this case only one IPR Generation E sere ow tee Figure 10 Select wells message The screen above shows you the selected wells Click on Generate to proceed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 18 208 Tutorial Guide Enter Layer Indices You are about to import total IFPR data from PROSPER into multi layer PR model wells Select the layer to which the data will be written for each well Layer Indes Layer 1 Tank Figure 11 Select layer message In GAP you can model multilayer well Each layer can have their own IPR In this screen you are going to tell GAP about the IPR that it is about to read belongs to which layer If you have a single layer well just leave the layer index as it is layer 1 Click OK to continue The IPR generation will begin and when it finishes you will see the message GENERATE IFA Generate finished Figure 12 IPR generation finish message Click OK to go back to the main screen Double click on the Well icon to bring up the well summary screen Notice that the colour of the box next to the word IPR is still red This indicates that although the IPR generation has been completed the Fractional Flow relative permeability set is still invalid PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 19 E Well Well Input Screen ta Manifold 1 e Manifold 2 fT lt no label
46. satisfy the separator constraint Select the well AN Icon and add a new well next to the current well The already defined well properties VLPs IPR PVT etc can be copied to the new well by holding the Ctrl key down while selecting the first well with the left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the new well Add a link between the new well and the Manifold 2 using the link icon and then deselect the link icon Eile Ontions View Edit _Constraints__Generate__ Ach Figure 20 Adding a second well Enter the Summary Data Entry screen for the second well by double clicking on the icon with the left hand mouse button Change its label to Well 2 in the top left of the screen and then click on the green area next to dP Control in the lower part of the screen These buttons are accelerators to different screens of equipment input data Set the dP Control box to Yes and the Delta P Choice to Calculated This will simulate the presence of a well head choke that allows GAP to reduce the flow from the well and meet any constraints imposed on the system PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 27 E Well Well 2 Input Screen 4 Separator v Manifold 1 Calculated lt z Manifold 2 lt n label gt se Tank Figure 21 Setting the well to controllable choke Select OK The potentially choked controllable well will have a ring around it GAP 75 0 IPM v40 C Work Marusais Worted Exam
47. to 3876 psig and hit on Calculate again We will see that the error has been reduced to a very small value and we have matched the IPR This finishes our matching of test data and data quality section Go back to the main screen and save the file as GliftG 1 out JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 114 208 Tutorial Guide 3 1 3 Designing a New Gas Lift Well Note we will design for water cut of 50 The gas available is 6 MMscf day 1900 psig injection pressure at the top node Select the Design Gas Lift New Well menu item Supply the following input data We are asking for the gas lift valves to be casing sensitive We also have selected the valves to be designed in such a way that they open at casing pressure Design rate method Maximum liquid rate Maximum gas available Maximum gas during unloading Flowing top node pressure Unloading top node pressure Operating injection pressure Kick off injection pressure Desired dP across valve Maximum depth of injection Water cut Minimum spacing Static gradient of load fluid Minimum transfer dP Maximum port size Safety for closure of last unloading valve Valve type Min CHP decrease per valve Valve settings Dome pressure correlation above 1200 psig Check rate conformance with IPR Vertical lift correlation Surface pipe correlation Use IPR for unloading Orifice sizing on PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Calculate from max production 20000 stb day 6 MMscf day 6 MMscf day 25
48. try to use data set 1 defined at the start of the tutorial At this point let us recall that for ESP models for standard traverse calculations PROSPER takes the sand face as the first node for calculations But in our test data we have a wellhead pressure as reference and do not know our bottom hole pressure The other fact is that our test point is above the ESP and for flow correlations in the tubing above ESP the flow is like natural flow but with a higher bottom hole pressure This is why when building the basic model we did not select the ESP pump option After matching we can revert to ESP option Always considering no artificial lift by selecting the None option for the Artificial Lift Method in the Options dialog the first step would be to check how this test point compares to the gradient plot Select the Matching Correlation Comparison Tubing menu item and supply the following data selecting correlations as highlighted JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 134 208 Tutorial Guide Tubing Correlation comparpon data entry untitled Matched PYT come owe Ee eee i een fie Duns and Aos Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Mukerjee Brill Beggs and Brill Petroleur Experts oa Orkiszevski te lype Liquid Rates Petroleum Experts 2 ipeline Correlation Beggs and Brill Duns and Ros Original Petroleum Experts 3 GRE modified by PE Petroleurn Experts 4 Figure 115 Correlation comparison Once we p
49. using judgment and non linear regression The drive mechanisms within the reservoir and the Original Gas In Place OGIP will be estimated The History Matching starts considering no aquifer is present So the Tank Input data screen we choose No Aquifer It is suggested that the MBAL window is made full screen to aid viewing Select History Matching All Three screens appear graphically illustrating the fit of the material balance model to the production data and reservoir pressure MBAL Program Material Balance gasres2_mbi Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Method Best Fit Sampling Help ER Eneroy Plt 01x kalin Wini Wio Oole Hee eela leol Figure 140 History matching plots The material balance model is defined by the correlations and parameters entered in the Input Tank Data screens All of these may be altered at any time to improve the fit but only the OGIP and the aquifer model parameters may be modified by non linear regression This reflects the observation that these are generally the least well known variables It is very important that a systematic methodology is followed based on an understanding of the material balance model rather than a series of regressions It should be understood that the regression solutions are not necessarily unique and work better if their values prior to regression are not too far from a solution Therefore the interpretation of the graphical represe
50. will calculate the dome pressure settings for you GasLift Design RESULTS GLIFTG3 0UT Done Main Cancel Report Export Help Input Farameter Calculated Parameter eN Measured s Tubing a oes Dome e Opening Closing Depth ma Pressure poong osing Pressure paning CHF CHF Deoth Pressure Pressure Pressure id Valve Valve Type Mumber L a a a a ft vave 4539 42 3365 17 1000 94 243s 2324 isos fisnes fiso isses a 2 M ae ea 6a7e 75 159223 a20 aae soe 155216 180 1a7aat a 1 fowce iusse5 ecozss ooasa a a E S Sl o ee eee ee ee ee eee eee eee E E ee A e A A A A y o oS I A o a ee ee ee eee eee eid fd ed E E T OO O OOO OOO OOO OOO Valve Detail Valve Type Manufacturer Type Specification P Casing Sensitive Baker ye Figure 96 Gas lift design results JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 118 208 Tutorial Guide This finishes the gas lift design Go back to the main screen and save the file as GliftG 2 out 3 1 4 Using QuickLook as a Diagnostic Option to Check the Gas Lift Design Note In this section we are going to use the QuickLook option as a diagnostic tool and see if the existing gas lift set up is performing as per design We will use the design of the previous section selected on the basis of a 50 future water cut and try to do the study for 20 3 current water cut We will start from the Matching QuickLook menu option To start with let us say we h
51. 0 psig 250 psig 1900 psig 1900 psig 200 psi 13500 ft 50 500 ft 0 45 psi ft 25 32 64 ths inch O psi Casing sensitive 20 psi All valves Pvo gas pressure Yes Yes Petroleum Experts 2 Dukler Flannigan No Calculated dP at orifice Tutorial Guide 115 GasLift Design NEW WELL GLIFTG3 _OUT Matched PVT Current Valve Type GasLift Valve Database a valvel 9 McMurneMacco Done Cancel Report Export Help Design Rate Method Calculated From Max Production Valve Type Casing sensiva ae elie Min CHP Decrease Valve 20 psi E Normal Ea W Carbide Figure 92 Gas lift design Once the valve type has been selected press Done Then generate the gas lift performance curve by clicking the Get Rate button and then the Plot button at the top of the screen This generated performance curve is as shown Gas Lift Design Performance curve Plot 06 Aug 02 10 57 Oil Produced STB day 0 4 8 12 16 Gas Injected MMscfiday Figure 93 Gas lift performance curve JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 116 208 Tutorial Guide The performance curve of a gas lift design plots the oil rate produced with increased gas injection rates To understand the shape of this curve we will appeal to the notion that we do gas lift to decrease the pressure loss in the tubing string by decreasing the gravity component of pressure drop The greater is the
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53. 3 5 Performing a Production Prediction starting from a history matched model 193 PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 5 1 Introduction This document contains tutorials for the Peroleun Exes software PROSPER MBAL and GAP The tutorials will lead you through a number of program examples If you are relatively new to the software then these will allow you to use the software immediately and will provide a good overview of the programs functionality The tutorials are split into two sections The first set of tutorials is for beginners and focuses on the dexterity skills needed to use the programs The second set focuses on the physics and engineering issues relating to the programs 1 1 About This Guide The guide assumes you are familiar with basic Windows operations and terminology The screen displays used in this guide are taken from the examples provided with the software On occasion the data files may vary from the examples shown as updates to the program are issued Where major amendments or changes to the program require further explanation the corresponding documentation will be provided What is in this guide e Chapter 2 Dexterity Examples lists tutorials that concentrate on basic use of the programs but do not emphasise the physics of the engineering problems concerned e Chapter 3 Physics Examples lists tutorials that assume the user understands the basics of the programs but concentrat
54. 4 Step 3 Describing the wells By the end of this step we want to have each network well modelled accurately It is recommended that the system is described from the wells to the top node There are various quality checking functions that can be performed at the well level prior to building the whole system These will be demonstrated in the following chapters TIP note on entering equipment data The basic means of entering data is from the equipment data entry screen This can be accessed by double clicking on any equipment icon The data entry screen consists of a data entry area and a list of network equipment Descriptions of several pieces of equipment can be entered in one edit session by clicking on the entries in the equipment list to bring up different entry screens 2 4 4 1Entering Well Data Well GL1 To enter the equipment data entry screen double click on the Well GL1 icon This will lead you to the Well Data Entry Summary screen for this well Enter the following data e Label GL1 This has already been set when the icon was created e Mask Include In System e Well Type Oil Producer Gas Lifted e Well file Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM 4 0 Samples Worked Examples GL 1 out Wells can be modelled using Petroleum Expets PROSPER package as in this example Enter the above PROSPER well file in this field either typing it directly or using the Browse button to invoke a file browser e M
55. 470572003 f2991 28 235165 206228 286228 216138 209948 89948 243433 320797 _losasraa _ aasaar loon ___ aaas74 00605453 1 03976 14 12 2003 2956 92 30 5423 280 006 28 0006 250 67 283 621 28 3621 248 036 3174 41 o 643102 jo 356898 800 8 74532 0 00611825 1 0399 raraavao04 232323 forssa _fevasve 273948 fessor foran rza s2518 inas fosas3 fo3s9a7 eoo fo10071 fo 00618231 f1 04002 13705 2004 021 25258 28037 286037 259239 _leriare az1a72 255674 a10074 0538007 0361393 e00 laagan Yaara oon lan onn aea lann oe Te mc Net ie OOT A i me bevy my n etal acena ee ee eee aama d Figure 194 Run Production Prediction Click on Plot Variables and make the following choices Plot Yariables y Done Kian Het Stream Plot Versus History Aquifer riflus Cumulative Gas Production Shen Average Gas Injection Rate Cumulative Oil Production a il Tee Average G as Fate Cumulative Water Injection slaves Average Oil Rate Cumulative Water Production Average Water Injection Aate Formation Compressibility Average Water Fate Gas Density CGR las PYF Cumulative Gas Injection las Rate Cumulative Gas Production Gat Recovery Factor Cumulative Oil Production las Relative Perm Cumulative Water Injection Gat Saturation Cumulative Water Production Las Viscosity Formation Compressibility Manifold Pressure Gas Density Mole Percent CO las FF Mole Percent H25 Gas Rate Mole Percent N2 Gat Recovery Factor Num
56. 5 MMsefiday Gas Injection R ate P i 4 1 00 sctidavi Figure 102 QuickLook calculation plot 3 These results are good and based on this we can predict the oil flow rates and gas injection rates fairly This method also can be used to trouble shoot and check the performance of operating wells if we have down hole and reliable flow measurements available Save the file as GliftG3 out PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 123 3 2 PROSPER ESP Example 124 208 Tutorial Guide 3 2 1 Setting up the Basic Model Run PROSPER and go to the Option menu in PROSPER and select the following options System Summary ESPG_OUT Cancel Report Export Help Datestamp Datestamp Comments Fluid Description Calculation Ti Fluid Oil and Water Predict Pressure and Temperature offshore Method Black Qil Model Rough Approximation Range Full System Separator Single Stage Separator Output Show calculating data Emulsions No Hidrates Disable Warning Water Viscosity Use Default Correlation Viscosity Model Newtonian Fluid we al Completion e Flow Type Tubing Flow Type Cased Hole well Type Producer Gravel Pack No Artifichal Lift I Method None Inflow Type Single Branch Gas Coning No User informator Comments Critl Enter for new line Company Field Location Wiel ps PlatiomP eem Date Figure 103 Setting the model opti
57. A stan O S E E Petroleum Experts inbox C Tutorial fi Tutorial 2003_07_30 doc E GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 Bl Gy 1055 Figure 15 Check solution If a pressure is allocated to the Separator then the flow within the network can be calculated by GAP tracing back through the component PCs from the separator towards the well Now the results can be viewed Select Results Detailed All Items and note the gas production rate of 70 MMscf day Select OK to return to the main GAP window Now save the GAP file by clicking on El and selecting Yes to the overwrite confirmation JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 22 208 Tutorial Guide 2 1 7 STEP 7 Material Balance Prediction In this section a tank model is defined using MBAL and a material balance prediction of flow and pressure decline is undertaken Go to the MBAL Gas Reservoir Example now see Section 2 3 The standalone version of MBAL must be used to generate the tank model Double Click on the tank and then select Run MBAL in the Summary Screen If MBAL has been accessed from GAP upon returning to GAP from MBAL the path of the MBAL file should be displayed in the Tank Summary Screen of GAP However if you prepare the MBAL file by running MBAL independently then you have to specify the file path of the MBAL model for GAP manually To do this double click the left hand mouse button over the Tank within the main display and select Browse to locate the MBA
58. D Tutorial Guide 151 At this point it is possible to re select the ESP Artificial Lift Method from the Option menu and go to the QuickLook section Click on Calculate Calculate then Plot The following QuickLook plot is displayed Temperature deg F 20 Aug 03 16 57 168 176 184 192 200 208 3 INPUT DATA WellHead Pressur845 00 psig Liquid Rat6523 0 STB day Water Cuf0 000 percent Frequency60 00 Hertz Gas Separator Efficiency O percent Gas Oil Rati892 00 scf STB Reservoir Pressu2668 00 psig Pump Depth Measuredj660 0 feet Number Of Stages 126 Pump REDA SN8500 veere el ele ae Pt Ee lelal i Leelee ve raw ei RESULTS Pump Power Requiredid5 90 hp Motor Power Required28 42 hp Motor Efficient5808 fraction Surface Volta 640 15 Volts Pump Intake Pressulr 62 90 psig Pump Discharge Press 95 47 psig t 372 7 RB day Current Surface Voltage Power gy From Static BHP 2800 3500 4 Fixed Top Node Pressure 0 700 1400 2100 Pressure psig Figure 136 ESP QuickLook plot Temperature As it is shown now the discharge pressure point on the measured downward gradient is matched Now the pump inlet pressure must be matched Figure 136 shows that the dP across the pump calculated in the downward gradient is bigger than the measure one given by the distance between the two blue squares The reason of this could be for example the pump wear which decreases the pump per
59. D Tutorial Guide 161 From the Graphical Method screen top right of Figure 144 it is clear that the aquifer that has been added is too strong it is providing too much energy to the system The extrapolation of the Cole curve to the Y axis suggests a possibly reduced OGIP N Look at the WD function Plot screen top left of Figure 144 This shows a dimensionless time tD and dimensionless aquifer inflow volume Q The elbow of this curve occurs at the point where the aquifer cannot supply additional water the boundary of the aquifer has been felt Recall that the initial Cole curve suggested this occurred between data points 5 and 10 Move the cursor within the WD function Plot screen and double click left This alters the Outer Inner Radius parameter of the aquifer model altering the displays in the other Method screens In particular notice that the Analytical Method gas production pressure curve moves By double left clicking in the WD function plot screen try to select an aquifer Outer Inner Radius parameter that shows a reasonable fit to the production displayed in the Analytical Method screen An Outer Inner Radius of about 2 1 works quite well but the elbow on the WD function Plot is not between data points 5 and 10 Highlight the Analytical Method window and select Regression from the toolbar Set the Outer Inner Radius to 2 1 in the start left column and select Done to view the results Figure 145 Mod
60. Depth Temperature Transter ideg Fi Coefficient BTuyhyte F 3 Figure 34 Geothermal Gradient For Average Heat Capacity we use the default values Click on Done to accept the values We are now back to the main Equipment Entry screen Select Summary Draw Downhole to view a schematic of the downhole equipment that has been entered Select Main to save the input data and return to the main PROSPER window PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 39 F Deviation Survey untitled Gas Black Oil O x Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Help X 10 6 2 90937 MD 17249 9 feet EE EE EE EEL EE BN AN NY N A f 5 4 i N f MD 17350 feet Figure 35 Downhole equipment sketch The data required to calculate VLPs has been defined although the VLP correlation function has not yet been entered Now the reservoir inflow must be characterised by defining an IPR In PROSPER main screen select System Inflow Performance to open the IPR Input screen Highlight the Petroleum Experts Reservoir Model and Enter Skin By Hand for the Mechanical Geometrical Skin Set the following data in the lower right of the screen e Reservoir Pressure 11500 psig e Reservoir Temperature 230 degrees F e Water Gas Ratio 0 STB MMscf e Condensate Gas Ratio 0 STB MMscf JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 40 208 Tutorial Guid
61. Directory GAP and MBAL Data Directory options are set to point to directories that are exclusively used to store data files created with the current software versions When GAP is started a new file is initialised unless otherwise specified in the preferences If you wish you can ensure initialisation by selecting File New or the toolbar accelerator to start a new file It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout particularly when data generated by PROSPER and MBAL are incorporated into a GAP model Oilfield units will be used for this example Select Options Units to view the units used by PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 9 GAP for input and output the data validation ranges and output precision Near the top of the screen within the table heading select Oilfield for both input and output units as shown in Figure 3 and then select OK GAP Unit System Unit System Unit Mame Ho Dimension E CGA WGR Critical Yolume Currency Current Darcy Coetficients Gas Density Enthalpy Entropy Fluid velocity Fraction Frequency Gas Cost lat Gravity Gas Yolume Gas Rate BOR lA con Hes JANUARY 2004 Unit Selections Input Shy Mu Po Sh Mach daypsi2 SheMul STB MMact SheMul 17kg mole Sh hdul MM US dollars Sh Mu Amps SheMu psi2 Mechday Sh Mul Ibvf Sh hul BTUlb mole Sh hdul BTUlb mole R Sh tiul ft sec SheMu fraction Sh hul Hertz Shu US MMact SheMul
62. Figure 180 Well Input Data roi Clicking on the gt button a well is created with the default name Well1 that can be overwritten Here we will overwrite the default well name with Producer 1P Make sure that the well type is correct Here the well type is Dry Gas Producer This is how the screen looks like JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 196 208 Tutorial Guide Well Input Data Well Parameters Y Done Me cance Help Well Producert 1 P xX Disabled Setup Inflow More Outflow Performance Inflow Performance Well Type Dry Gas Producer Z Figure 181 Well Input Data Select the Next button to proceed to the Inflow section Step 4 Inflow Performance Tab Once entered the Inflow tab screen make the following changes Well Input Data Well Type Definition i e F Match y Done Mcancel Help 4 Report pps IPR ies Well Producer 1 F aia x Disabled Producer P More Outflow Inflow Performance Layers Well Tope Dr Gas Producer Layer Disabled Inflow Performance E and n Gastank Frac Flow Rel Ferns HAES Inflow Performance E jO 02 Mech day psi2 Maxinum Drawdown IPR dP Shito Psi fF Permeability Correction F I Correction for Mobility lt lt Prior Next gt Validate Figure 182 Well Inflow Data PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 197 To assign the relative permeabilities derived during the fr
63. L file GASRES MBI Notice that the Tank component now has green tick beside its name in the right side of the Equipment Data Entry screen 8 Tank Tank Summary Screen Label Mame Tark Comments x Model Type Material Balance Gas MBAL Results MBAL File C Awork iM anuale worked Examples Gashes gasres mbi vaia Browse Number of Tanks Tank ID Start of Production End of History f i ark an 0172005 an 0172005 Data Summary click item to activate Tank Parameters Ee E Mark Mark All Unmark al Previous Next Figure 16 Tank summary screen The material balance tank model is now in place and a prediction can be performed A straightforward prediction will be run first with no constraints or events occurring during the production This is essentially the same as the Solve Network calculation performed previously except that a material balance calculation is performed after each time step to update the reservoir pressure and PVT properties Select Prediction Run Prediction and set the following time control data e Start Date 01 01 2005 PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 23 End Date 01 01 2020 Step Size 1 Year s Select Next Next and allocate a Separator pressure of 1300 psig Select Next Calculate and allow the Solve Network cycle to be performed for each of the 15 time steps requested Running simulation for MBAL model gasres End of Predictio
64. MCES ccccseececcseeeeeceeseeeceesseecseaeeessseeessneeesseess 53 2 4 3 Step 2 Drawing the system icc cicctencti Soticccee a cecestenes Geese teeta eae ee asco ene 54 243 1 Adding Wells cscesiter ties cote ial cehaceeePeneed eid vaca ei ei Sea ceieee 54 243 2 TieDACKS ta wen isis Sa oat isce aia ordi abla al ato scolar 55 2439 The PlafoM ascinsori a N ete elatet 56 24 394 Pipes ONKS ge ree een ee E 56 2 4 3 9 Other Drawing OPON Saesson E cl ecie tens 58 2 4 4 Step 3 Describing the welllS cccccccssseccessscecceeeeecseseeecsesseecseuseeessseesssageees 59 ZAAA Entering VV GU LAA secs tematenanse ni Auieu lente aued dents antusactaadatindeods 59 2 4 4 2 Generating IPRs From Existing PROSPER Well Models ccseeceeeeees 60 2 4 4 3 Importing Existing Lift tables to the Well Models cccccccesseeeeeeeeeeeeaees 63 2 4 5 Step 4 Describing the Network ccccccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeesaeeeeesaeeeees 64 2451 Riser Descriptio Meiera aac teeure a toes eee oo gia eee 64 2 4 5 2 Description of the tie Dack TieOne cc cecccceeccseeceeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeseeeenes 66 2 4 5 3 Description of the tie Dack Ti TWO cccccccccceececseeeeeaeeeeseeeeseeeeeseeeesseeeenes 67 JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 4 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 6 Step 6 Allocating the Amount of Gas Available cccccccseeceesseeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeees 68 2 4 7 Step 7 Analysing the results
65. Minimum WGR calculated in the PVT screen vaporized water If matching had been performed the correlations would have been chosen and fitted using non linear regression As it is unmatched correlations will be used Select Continue Continue Calculate and allow PROSPER to perform the calculation Confirm the end of the calculation by clicking OK Scroll right towards the bottom of the screen within the Results display until the dP Friction and dP Gravity columns are shown Notice that for moderate and large gas flow rates the frictional pressure drop within the well dominates the gravitational pressure drop to such an extent that these flow rates are unlikely to ever be achieved suggesting that perhaps a larger diameter well should be considered Select Plot to display the results PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 43 F SYSTEM Plot untitled Gas Black Oil o x Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Test Data Help Inflow v Outflow Curves 30 Jul 03 10 31 51 2 13575 E 8 g 7 2 a PVT Method Black Oil Top Node Pressure 1500 00 psig Inflow Type Single Branch Fluid Gas Water Gas Ratio 0 STB MMscf Completion Cased Hole Flow Type Tubing Bottom Measured Depth 17350 0 feet Gravel Pack No Well Type Producer Bottom True Vertical Depth 17350 0 feet Gas Coning Artificial Lift Lift Type Predicting Pressure and Temperature offshore Temperature Model Rough Approximation Solutio
66. OSPER and then select Done If PROSPER was being run from GAP select GAP and return to the GAP Gas Network Example documentation otherwise select File Exit If you are following the example for building a GAP PROSPER MBAL model you have been directed to jump to this Section 2 2 from Section 2 1 4 pg 14 You have now completed Section 2 2 Go back to pg 14 now JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 44 208 Tutorial Guide 2 3 MBAL Gas Reservoir Example This tutorial example is designed to provide a step by step introduction to the MBAL program The emphasis is on the data entry required to model a dry gas reservoir for inclusion into a GAP model See the GAP Gas Example 2 1 for further details This example should be run using the standalone version of MBAL MBAL is a reservoir analysis tool that uses the production history of a reservoir and the PVT characteristics of the production fluid to perform mass balance calculations to estimate the Stock Tank Original Oil In Place STOOIP and identify the driving mechanisms within the reservoir fluid expansion formation expansion and aquifer inflow Good PVT characterisation and production history are usually an essential input to an MBAL calculation but for this tutorial example a minimum of input data is required With respect to the GAP Gas Example the purpose of the MBAL model is to define the reservoir characteristics so that material balance prediction calculations can be performe
67. Petroleum Experts IPM Tutorials IPM 4 0 J anuary 2004 Tutorial Examples 2 208 TUTORIAL GUIDE The information in this document is subject to change as major improvements and or amendments to the program are done When necessary Petroleum Experts will issue the proper documentation The software described in this manual is furnished under a licence agreement The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement It is against the law to copy the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement No part of this documentation may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or information storage and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser s personal use unless express written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited All names of companies wells persons or products contained in this documentation are part of a fictitious scenario or scenarios and are used solely to document the use of a Petroleum Experts product Address Registered Office Petroleum Experts Limited Petroleum Experts Limited Spectrum House Spectrum House 2 Powderhall Road 2 Powderhall Road Edinburgh Scotland Edinburgh Scotland EH7 4GB EH7 4GB Tel 44 131 474 7030 Fax 44 131 474 7031 Email edinburgh petex com Web www petroleumexperts com PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD TUTORIAL GUIDE 3 208
68. RY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 76 208 Tutorial Guide System Options Cancel Repot Help System type Meat a tela Prediction On Y Prediction method Pressure and temperature Figure 69 Water Injection Model Settings The next step is to implement the elements constituting the model reservoir water injection wells injection lines and injection manifold In the main GAP screen click on the icon and add a tank Using the A icon add a well Using the icon add a water injection manifold Using a A icon add two joints in between the water injection manifold and the well Using the icon link all the elements together The network described on the following figure is obtained PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 77 Figure 70 Schematic Diagram of the Water Injection Network Use File Save As to save the work done this far to a GAP file WaterInj GAP in a suitable directory We need now to specify the physical properties of the different elements constituting the system The procedure has been explained in detail for each element when the production network has been created The tank needs to be described as the same tank used in the production model Select Browse to locate the MBAL file TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE_TANK MBI The water injection well needs to be created using the same procedure described for the production wells IPR and VLPs must be generated as for any other type of wel
69. RY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 86 208 Tutorial Guide ime 7 aj miim crs a Le Ta F o n E aha em rk h Figure 83 Average Water Injection Rate Vs Time 2 4 8 5Associated Gas Injection Model A similar procedure can be followed to set up GAP surface network model associated with a Gas Injection System as shown on the following screenshots system Options Cancel Report Help System tupe aimee Optimisation Method Production Track Compositions Ves a Prediction On we Prediction method Pressure and temperature ted Injection Models m cear Gas Injection Comected_G amp P_Inj gap Ki W Clear Figure 84 Associated Gas Injection Model Settings PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 87 M ca TAES ee lt iAl iniaigita pleia ajaj xi wl e asaan at i i ed i Bi wi nT NE pik wv aw ad Ga A A Figure 85 Associated Gas Injection Model Example JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 88 208 Tutorial Guide 3 Physics Examples This section contains the following tutorials PROSPER Gas Lift Example This example builds a PROSPER well model including a gas lift system It also shows how to design the gas lift system PROSPER ESP Example This example builds a PROSPER well model including an ESP and shows how to design the ESP MBAL Gas History Matching Example This example shows how to run the history matching section It also includes Fw matching and verification of the
70. Results Summary All Wells Select Gas Injection from the spin box at the top of the screen to display how the amount of gas injection to each well varies with total amount available You may click on Plot for a graphical view Select as variables e Gas available MMscft d e Y axis variable Oil produced JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 72 208 Tutorial Guide Cancel Help Ases valables s axis variable Y axis variable 0 0000 MMsch day Gas injected 3 0000 MMschiday 6 0000 MMsctida Gas produced 10 0000 MMectday Water produced 20 0000 MMectday Liquid produced Operating Pressure dP Choke Figure 64 Select variable to plot GA v5 0 IPM v4 0 SUMMARY RESULTS PLOT FOR ALL WELLS TOTAL GAS AVAILABLE 0 0000 Mhisci day fab Man Scales Labels Herit Vanabies Gupt Colours pors annotate Mge SUMMARY RESULTS PLOT FOR ALL WELLS TOTAL GAS AVAILABLE 10 0000 5563 5 Figure 65 Oil produced from each well TIP You can view and plot allocation results for any node in the system by entering its data entry screen in the usual manner and then clicking on the Results button The first tab displays the Allocation results Press Plot to obtain a plot of these results PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 73 2 4 8 Step 8 Associated Water Gas Injection Model In this section a water injection model will be linked to the previously build production model A materal balance prediction will be run on this model 2 4 8 1
71. Roughness 0 0006 ins Select OK to return to the main screen O Pipe Input Screen 4 Separator 5 t Insid egmen nside Z A Wel Tee Length THO Eie Roughness feet feet inches inches Downstream 0 Line pipe 10000 0 4 0 0006 Manifold 2 Swap Nodes aasal loo aem Manifold 1 Upstream SS eee N ee r ee ee ne ee eee 4 J Figure 14 Pipe Data Input PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 21 Perform the Solve Network from the main menu and put Pressure 1 Separator Pressue at 1300 psig Select Next Calculate when the calculation is finished select Main Provided that the pipe line is not a bottle necked the pipe icon will stay blue If there is a bottle neck the icon would turn red The results can be seen by hovering the mouse over each node The following information will be seen Pressure Temp Qo Qg Qwat Qginj and dP for the exit point of that item FE GAP v5 0 IPM v4_0 C Work Manuals Worked Examples GasRes GasRes_gap Production System View xd File Options View Edt Constraints Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Units Help 5 x olele Ash SO alane elg aa x al ele loll pal pr ils 2 Manifold 1 Manifold 2 Separator Qoil 0 00 STB day Qwat 0 00 STB day Oliq 0 00 STB day E Qgas 70 2062 MMscf day f Qginj 0 0000 MMscf day 0 000 psig T 89 804 deg F Well p 0 000 i gt QM Ready
72. S et the Production Model The production model used is the gas lifted production model previously created to which a reservoir has been added in order to be able to run a material balance prediction The procedure to add a reservoir has been described in the first GAP example developed in the tutorial ie Deed Vee St Core Geter bee Goh lee Prien Beki Sapat Midas Lin Pp Biri ABE iF Weara eo ede aa et aa lc E Sank a ice ey erase sie al Tezda hie ne Fa Gar i ee 7 i 7 00 PS 20 Fi aoge 6 in Figure 66 Schematic Diagram of the Production Model In order to be able to run a material balance prediction we need to set the model to be a predictive model To do so go to Options Method and select On with the scrollbar related to Prediction JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 74 208 Tutorial Guide System Options Cancel Report Help System type feral ite tea Optimisation Method Prod itis esting No Prediction On tion method Pressure and temperature Associated Injection Models LIT _Ges LIT _Glesr Figure 67 System Option Setting Screen The relative permeabilities corresponding to the reservoir have been described in the tank model Double click on the well go to Input IPR More and set Prediction Fractional Flow Rel Perm to From Tank Model PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 75 E Well GLi input Screen oT wie Platform Layer Layer 1 OF z
73. Sampling Help X 0 450875 Y 0 793125 Fw Matching Tank Water End Point 0 8 Water Exponent 3 57664 Gas End Point 0 0192132 Gas Exponent 0 01002 Breakthrough Sat0 2 Match Points Status off i X Medium Water Breakthrough Fractional Flow Water Saturation A Document Microsoft W fg MBAL Program Material pl Fw Matching N Microsoft Excel GASRE Bl fy 1541 Figure 150 Fw matching screen Stant 3 S E E Petroleum Experts Inbox fi Tutorial 2003_07_30 doc Within this screen the fractional water flow is plotted as a function of water saturation The water breakthrough point can be set by a double left click at an appropriate saturation a dashed green line is shown at the new breakthrough saturation Note that a breakthrough point below the connate water saturation indicated by a grey line is not possible Additionally parameter values can be entered by selecting Parameters Leave the water breakthrough saturation at the connate water saturation 0 2 A region of the display can be enlarged by holding down the left mouse button and dragging it to select the desired region The original display can be redrawn by selecting Redraw Production history data points may be selected by holding down the right mouse button and dragging it to select the desired points The weighting of the selected points may be altered or excluded from use in the regression Select Regress then
74. Saturation ater Saturation ater Gas Ratio las FF ater PYF Gas Viscosity ater Viscosity Gas Density ater Compressibility Formation Conmpressibility Cumulative Oil Production Cumulative Gas Production Cumulative Water Production Cumulative Gas Injection Cumulative Water Injection Aquifer Influs Figure 153 Selecting items to report Select Done Report to save the results to the clipboard Select Done to return to the main MBAL window and open EXCEL and paste the the contents of the clipboard into it The simulation average gas rates are recorded at the end of each time step From within MBAL select Production Prediction Prediction Setup and set the prediction method as shown in Figure 154 and select Done Ensure that Use Relative Permeabilities is checked and the Prediction End is set to End of Production History PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 169 Prediction Cakculation Setup te Predict Reservoir Pressure only from Production Schedule with Options _ Water Injection v Use Relative Permeabilities Gas Injection _ Calculate Field Potential _ Water Recycling Use DCO and Swing factor Aquifer Production Breakthroughs Water Saturation O35 fraction Prediction Step Size Automatic recommended UserDefined 15 days Prediction Start Prediction End gt Start of Production Automatic gt End of Production History End of Production History gt User Defin
75. Sturctin 145 frantic Dense hter Saturn 1 45 fratio Haber Couessibility Uee Bury Ilgi Hiter Cagwessibility Ube Oy I psi Pontin Coguessibility 3 306lle F psi Yunetion Coguessibility 3 216lle F psi Initial as Cap Initial Gas Cap nil in Pla 11F HST P IHES Oil in Plae AIF HST Podotin Sat MINNIS dite dluly Podtion Sat MMIII date dlls FAR AL Oil in Plae 118 185 MENB t 8 15 Figure 168 History matching Note that in the graphical methods the plot shown in the screen above is the Campbell plot You may not get this initially You should click on the graphical method screen and in the menu bar of the above screen as shown appears Select Method Campbell Plot The first plot is called the energy plot It indicates contribution of various drive mechanisms towards production with time The second plot is the Campbell plot which is a graphical technique used to find oil in place given a production history and known drive mechanisms diagnostics The last plot is the analytical plot On the y axis of the analytical plot is the tank pressure and on the x axis is the primary phase production in this case oil The data points are the actual pressures with oil production that we have entered in the history The blue line indicates the response of the model according to the data entered in the Tank Data screen Based on the response of the Campbell plot the presence of an aquifer is very likely source of energy Therefore an aqui
76. Tutorial Guide 2 4 3 Step 2 Drawing the system By the end of this step we want to have a basic schematic set up on the main screen The equipment data can be entered once the network is in place 2 4 3 1Adding Wells To create the wells icon click on the Add Well icon A from the toolbar One may now click on anywhere on the screen and a well icon will be created at that point Whenever an equipment icon is created a label can be entered Click OK once the well name is entered The first well will be labelled GL 1 and the second well GL 2 Users are encouraged to use real well names as labels for their wells If you want to move a well icon from one place to another on the screen then hold down the Shift key point the cursor to the well icon and then move it to the desired place Alternatively select the Move tool from the toolbar and drag the item to the new location A well icon can be deleted by clicking on the Delete button on the toolbar and then clicking on the well icon that needs to be deleted If a piece of equipment needs to be removed from the system temporarily then it is preferable to Mask the item select the Mask tool from the toolbar to achieve this PS GAP v50 1PM v4 0 Prockuction System View x El Ble Q ons Yew Edt Constants Genremte Actus Solve Network Pedion Rents Repot Window Unts Hep 2 8 x osal AS pawa la fa egli Plo t a alaj x kl ele ml er voici 2 Randy Figure 47 Two
77. UM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 81 2 4 8 4Running the Material Balance Prediction A material balance prediction can now be run Using the bl icon start the material balance prediction process The first screen enables the selection of the prediction starting date ending date and step size Tank Name MBAL Statof End of history Target Gas Voidage Voidage Water Gas Gas Fixed rate Fixed rate Model production ressure Injection repl repl Gas recycling recycling recycling Water Gas Tip OK 01201 2000 No history O O oO hss os os sos sos os Conv Pastel _Al Inver Start Date 01 01 2000 End Date 01 01 2004 Step Size 3 Month s Back Main Help wels igure 75 Predicuon Screen Settings Several options are available in order to control the water injection i e or gas injection target pressure input this will control the water injection so that the reservoir pressure never goes under the target pressure entered Voidage replacement input this will control the water injection taking in account a voidage replacement scheme defined by a percentage of voidage replacement entered by the user Water recycling this option enables to inject a defined percentage of the produced water Fixed Rate this option enables to inject a defined rate of water In order to respect these constraints the injection well needs to be set as controllable To do so select Main what will enable you to come b
78. UTORIAL GUIDE 188 208 Tutorial Guide Regression Figure 173 Transferring the regressed data Once the regression is finished the best fit data should transferred to start column by clicking on the transfer button which is the arrow button between the Start and Best Fit text After transferring the data if we click on Done we get the following plots PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 189 L Program Material Balance oilres mbi Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Regression Sampling Show Help WD function Plot j loj x Graphical Method E loj x QItO versus tO kadial Aquifer bethad P e Dt verma P Canpbell LLLI ELLI PL a F F 3 a i 3 i i i i i i i LELE LID LD 1 1 au a ait ann Tank Tenpecatuce 2501 deo P Sqeifer bad l Berat ven Dverdinjen Haditied Tank Preagore HEE pail Miler Syster Radial Aquifer Tank Porosity 1 23 Ceacticn Ovter limee kadina 4 26962 Comate Water Saturation 1 25 feactian Tncraachnent Angle 235 653 deoreeal 1 5 15 22 5 3i Mater Conpressibility Ose Corr pail Cale Miler Volw 293401 3 BCLS FPomatian Carpressibility 3 32611e 6 pai tqvifer Peowesbility 5 9552 jad Initial Gaa Cap 1 Tank Thickraa 251 feet Oil in Place 193 63 HASTE Tank Racing ISIN Cest P be Prodection Start NINNI date diat yl Dil in Place 193 63 MASTE i ou Analytical Method Drive Wechaniad Analytical bethad a Pleid Irp
79. ack to GAP main window Go in the water injection model window right click on the well and select Controllable A red circle will appear around the well which confirms that the well can be choked back by the software Come back into the prediction run by using again the icon il then set a fixed water injection rate of 3000 STB d JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 82 208 Tutorial Guide Prediction Tank Name MBAL Start of End of history _Target _ Gas Voidage Voidage Water l K Gas Fiete Fixed rate u z Ee U EE ee N Figure 76 Prediction Screen Settings Click Next to go to the next prediction screen It summarises the input data for the tank chosen Prediction Tank Name Starting Starting Starting Starting Starting Starting Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Cum Oil Cum Gas Cum Water Cumulative Cumulative Reservoir Delta Oil DeltaGas Delta Reservoir DeltaGas Delta Prod Prod Prod Gas Water pressure Production Production Water pressure Injection Water Injection Injection Production Injection eee eo oe M 0 0 4000 19 3523 9652 38 0 000425713114 35 0 3 92889 System Totals Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Prod Oil Prod Gas Prod Water Inj Gas Inj Water ifs eae 9652 3822 0 0004 0 0000 3 9289 Back Main Restart Report Plat Tanks Plat Nodes Plat Water Ini Figure 77 Prediction Screen Select Next and allocate the amount of g
80. actional flow matching select Edit Copy In this way a list of all permeability tables available in the MBAL model is displayed Data Transfer Copy from Maternal Balance Tank GasTank1 Maternal Balance Well Producer 1 Maternal Balance Well Producer 2 Maternal Balance Well Producer 3 Figure 183 Relative Permeability Data Transfer Here select the appropriate one and then select Copy and then the Corey parameters are assigned to the well Now click on Done MBAL will ask if the water breakthrough saturation is to be copied Water Breakthrough a Figure 184 Water Breakthrough copy Now select Yes to continue with Next Next skipping the More Inflow Note How to derive relative permeability curves by fractional flow matching After running a simulation select History Matching Fw Matching from the main menu toolbar The follow plot is displayed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 198 208 Tutorial Guide Foa Meatecshorng i i l RA Emih Bedes Damy Dusu Tonk Well Reger Cove Papeete Sampling Help a 0 7 Y 0 90525 Fa Matching Tank Water End Point 0 269049 Water Exponent 0 599319 Gas Bnd Point o 8 Gas Exponent 1 10192 Breakthrough Sat 0 296407 Match Points Status Water Breakthrough onal Flow Fracth Water Saturation Figure 185 Fw Matching plot From the menu toolbar of the plot screen select Well and then the well to match for example Produce
81. amp a Relative No Figure 112 Selecting the IPR model We have selected the simple PI model for the Inflow Performance For this model to supply input data if we click on the Input Data button of this screen we get the following screen and we can enter a PI of 7 19 STB day psi JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 132 208 Tutorial Guide Inflow Performance Relation IFF Input Data Pone Validate _Caluate _ Repot _ Transfer Data _Eancel Rest __ Pot __Emon _ Save Resuts Hr eF Mechtseom Skin DewPP Skin Gravel Pack Relative Perm Figure 113 Entering PI value Click the Calculate button this should plot the following IPR PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Select Model Input Data Tutorial Guide 133 IPR plot PI Entry 06 Aug 02 11 23 AOF 13426 8 STB day iu te il il an nine at AN nt ian ool ll meen ji i neem nk inl li a ioe jr nemo ita le an nace ee ll ise il a na Lecewsnceeraceseeeseses N E T memes Sc eatancess aheceseconesoccecc ese ecs 6 N eS Se eescees ceesicees come ceese cee eee Socee eee ee scerectec sce a E S Pressure psig SSCS SSR ORe SS cece cc eee See eee ee SC eee Sees cece sce e ccc cece ee eeceeee ec cceeeeee Seeder c ccs cece cee See TLT C TT LLAT TTA 0 4000 8000 12000 16000 Rate STB day Figure 114 IPR plot 3 2 2 Matching Test Data and Data Quality Check Methods The first thing that we will do is to try to quality check our data Let us
82. anaian PY Conpressibility Meter Influx with Aquifer Influx withost Aquifer nilu Match Pointa Statwa orc A Eigh E bkdim F o 1 5 Tank Prettore peig 1 NRN 12701673959 LETELTRL LI ELTLETELIE LETLLTELLES Tine date diay Calculated Oil Pradoctian HASTE Tank Tenpecatuce 251 deg Pl Miler bad l Burat van Iverdimgen todified Tank Tenpecatore 25h deo PI Miler bad l Burat wan Dverdingen tadified Tank Peeasore IIE oaiol demiter Systen Radial sqviter Tank Preazore UE pail dqmiter Syston Radial Aquifer Tank Porosity 1 23 Ceacticn Ovtec Ive Kadina 4 26962 Tank Porosity 1 23 fractian Ovter Ivee Fadina 4 16562 Comate Water Saturatian 1 25 Cracticn Thcraacinent Angle 225 653 deoreeal Conmmte Water Saturation 1 25 fractian Thcrascinant Angle 235 653 degreeal Mater Canpreasibility Os Core pai Cale Aquifer Volov 253401 3 BCLS Water Canpreasibility Ox Core pail Calc Aquifer Wlar 253401 3 HCL Pormation Carpreaaibility 3 32611e 6 pai Miler Peeteability 5 09592 jadi Fomatian Compreaaibility 3 32611e 6 pai Miler Peemeability 5 0952 jadi Initial Gaa Cap I Tank Thickrmaa 258 Ceet Initial Gaa Cap Tank Thickrmaa 251 feet Oil in Place 153 63 WHSTE Tank Kadina 2500 feet Oil in Place 193 63 WHSTE Tank Radiva IStl esti Peocection Start NNN date dia yl Pradectian Start NNN date dia yl Figure 174 History matching done The model got at this stage in terms of OIP and various d
83. ank Input Data Water Influx Vo Hors Yon Water Relative Leali pe Tarrio Darmo shilik Production Hinka Figure 142 Initializing an aquifer model Also note that the rise of the Cole curve does not continue but levels out and then starts to fall at later times This can be interpreted as the aquifer inflow slowing at around data point 5 and stopping near data point 10 This means that around this time the outer boundary of the aquifer has been felt At early times the well will not see the aquifer Therefore the early values on the Cole curve indicate minimum values for N Select Display Scales and set the Y axis bottom value to 600 Bscf and select Done An extrapolation of the Cole curve towards the Y axis is difficult emphasising the importance of early data recording However an extrapolation to the Y axis would suggest a value for N larger than 600 Bscf perhaps nearer 750 Bscf Next the value for N shall be updated to 750 Bscf and the aquifer model will be started Highlight the Analytical Method window and select Regression from the menu toolbar JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 160 208 Tutorial Guide Regression Vw Kons Qoe E Z ALLELER Figure 143 Modified OGIP and Outer Inner Radius Set the Gas in Place to 750 Bscf and the Outer Inner Radius to 5 and select Done to display the recalculated material balance Figure 144 History matching plots PETROLEUM EXPERTS LT
84. as available for gas lift purposes PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 83 Gaslift Gas Available Production System a Gas available 1 3 Back Main Help Figure 78 Gas Lift Gas Allocation Select Next and allocate a separator pressure of 250 psig Figure 79 Separator Pressure Allocation Select Next and allocate a injection manifold pressure of 2000 psig JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 84 208 Tutorial Guide Separate jc cu ald pressures Water Injection System r IM1 Pressure 1 2000 Back Main Help Figure 80 Water Injection Manifold Pressure Allocation Select Optimise and Honour Constraints and Calculate This allows the Solve Network cycle to be performed for each of the 15 time steps requested while respecting the constraints implemented Prediction Variable Well GL2 injected gas value 2 56867 Optimiser finished Code 2 Variable Well GL1 rate reduction value 1 Variable Well GL1 injected gas value 0 431329 Variable Well GL2 rate reduction value 1 Variable Well GL2 injected gas value 2 56867 Solver solution reached in 1 iterations Max Pressure Drop Difference 0 003881 46 Max Flow Balance Difference 4 35967e 007 Differences within tolerance Running simulation for MBAL model tank_1 Variable Well w1 rate reduction value 0 758758 Variable Well W1 rate reduction value 0 752779 Variable Well W1 rate reduction value 0 746799 Variable Well W1 rate reduction value 0 752779
85. at Measured Depth Temperature Transter feet degrees F Coefficient r7 Figure 111 Geothermal gradient Note There is no surface equipment Leave the heat capacities to default values PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 131 After specifying the well bore we will want to build an inflow model into the well bore So next select the System Inflow Performance menu item and select the IPR model and enter the IPR data as shown in the following dialogs Reservoir model PI Entry Reservoir pressure 2468 psig Reservoir temperature 205 degree F Water cut 6 Total GOR 392 Relative permeability No Inflow Performance Relation IFF Select Model Validate Calculate Report Cancel Heset Flot Export Help aet Select Madel Save Results T GAF Model and Global Varable Selectia Deviation and Fartial Reservoir Model Mechanical Geometrical Skin Penetration Skin Locke MacLeod Karakas T arg Fetkovitch Multirate Fetkowitch Jones Multirate Jones Transient Hidraulically Fractured well Horizontal Well Mo Flow Boundaries Horizontal Well Constant Pressure Upper Boundary MultiLayer Reservoir External Entry Reservoir Pressure 2468 psig Honzontal Well dP Friction Loss In WellBore i MubLaver dF een a a Reservoir Temperature 205 pst _ degrees F Skindide ELF Water Cut percet Dual Porosity _ ae Horizontal Well Transverse Vertical Fractures Total GF o
86. ave current flowing conditions as per data set one defined at the start of the tutorial To start with let us say we have the following oil rate water cut pressure lift gas rate and temperature data for the well Tubing head pressure 264 psig Tubing head temperature 160 7 degree F Liquid rate 6161 stb day Water cut 20 3 Total gas rate 6 555 MMscf day Gas injection rate 4 1 MMscf day Casing head pressure 1750 psig QUICKLOOK DIAGNOSTIC GLIFTGS 0UT Done Cancel Downhole i Calculate Report Export Results Help Surace Measurements Minin bi asimum Tubing head pressure 264 psig Tubing head temperature m deg Liquid rate E161 STB day Water cut pi percent Total gas rate p MMechday Gas injection rate 4 MMechday Casing head pressure i700 psig Gas injection data Orifice diameter 24 B ths tach Injection depth Measured 104225 feet Vertical Flow Correlation lt lt lt Fetroleum Experts 2 0 99 0 92 Dome Pressure Correction above 1200 psig Yes Figure 97 QuickLook entry screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 119 To enter the valve data press the Valves button on the above screen The following screen appears GQuickLook Yabe Data Input Glitz out Cancel Main Help Transfer Report Export Reset Gaslitt Yalve Detail Measured Dome Opening Closing Valve Tubing Gas Valve Type Depth P
87. ber of Producers Gas Relative Perm Oil Rate Gas Saturation Pye Las Viscosity Reservoir Injection Manifold Pressure Reservoir Yoidage Mole Percent CO Reservoir Yoidage Balance Figure 195 Plot Variables PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 205 Afterwards click on Done The following plot is displayed Finish Redraw Display Output Variables Help X 24 06 2012 Yi 55 5225 Production Prediction GasTankl Average Gas Rate H simulation Prediction cf day H Figure 196 Average Gas Rate Plot Now starting from this model it is possible to make forecasts on multiple field scenarios Step 9 Saving a case a stream within MBAL From the plot toolbar choose Finish It is possible to save the results of each prediction so that they can be reviewed later and compared to other scenarios In the Run Prediction screen click on Save Run Production Prediction ore Keresi Help E ren Pros Pigi Stream Frediction Time Tank as Oil as Water Avg Ayvglaas Avg Figure 197 Save Prediction Then click on Add and overwrite the stream name as suggested below JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 206 208 Tutorial Guide Save Results Data Streams History Simulation 24 Prediction 7 Caze 71 EE S i
88. d by GAP 2 3 1 STEP 1 Initialise MBAL Start the MBAL program by running MBAL EXE which can be found in the Petroleum Exes directory default C Program Files Petretean Experts PM 4 0 See the MBAL manual for more details on how to start MBAL If you are starting from GAP double click on the tank and select Run MBAL button at the top of the screen MBAL Program untitled File Tool GAP Units Help Figure 40 MBAL main screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 45 Check that the current version of MBAL has been loaded Select Help About MBAL Package to check the version number Select File New to start a new file and then select Tool Material Balance to start an MBAL material balance session The command options File Tool Options etc at the top of the MBAL window are laid out in a logical order left to right that reflects the order in which operations will usually be performed Note that files saved with this version of MBAL will not be readable by previous versions It is therefore recommended that the File Data Directory option is set to point to a directory that is exclusively used to store data files created with the current software version It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout particularly when data generated by MBAL may be incorporated into a GAP model Oilfield units will be used for this example Select Units to view the units used by MBAL for both input and output
89. e Inflow Performance Relation IPR Select Model Bone Validate _Coloulete_ _Bepon _ TransferData_ _Gencel_ Reset Bot _ Epon _ Seve Results __ Help sap Back Pressure Candn orizontal Vell No Flow Boundaries MultiLayer Reservoir Horizontal Well dP Friction Loss In WellBore SkinAide ELF Dual Porosity Horizontal Yell Transverse Vertical Fractures MultiLayer dP Loss In WellBore Figure 36 Inflow performance model selection Select the Input Data button at the top right of the screen and enter the following data within the Reservoir Model tab e Reservoir Permeability 20 md e Reservoir Thickness 100 feet e Drainage Area 2900 acres e Dietz Shape Factor 31 6 e Wellbore Radius 0 354 feet e Perforation Interval 30 feet e Time 100 days e Reservoir Porosity 0 2 e Swe 0 2 Select the Mech Geom Skin tab and enter a value of 2 Select Calculate An IPR plot showing the inflow to the well as a function of the well s sandface pressure will be shown An AOF of 143 MMscf day is shown as the cutoff maximum flow PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 41 F7 IPR Plot untitled Gas Black Oil O x Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Test Data Results Help IPR plot Petroleum Experts 30 Jul 03 10 05 X 29 9735 Pressure psig 0 40 80 120 160 Rate MMscf da Figure 37 Inflow performance relation pl
90. e Rate 101334 RB day Total GOR Above Pump 392 scl STB Purp Mass Flow Rate 3192997 jbrn day Pump Inlet Temperature 204 534 deg F Average Cable Temperature 196 85543 deg F Select Purnp REDA SN8500 5 38 inches 6000 11000 AB day Select Motor Select Cable Result Number OF Stages zz Motor Efficiency percent Power Required 360 069 hp Power Generated Pump Efficiency 65 7747 percent Motor Speed rprn Purp Outlet Temperature 20913 deg F Current Used Sa amps Figure 123 Selecting the suitable pump motor and cable Note that you should have built your pump motor and cable database by now If you have not go to Design ESP Pump database and you will get the following screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 142 208 Tutorial Guide Artificial Lift Databases ESPG OUT Pumps Motors Cables REDA GN7000 1 513 60 5000 9000 ALNAS 5450 1 3 62 60 185 550 ALNAS 700 1 3 62 60 420 900 ALNAS 1000 1 3 62 60 770 1280 ALNAS M1900 1 4 05 60 1400 2600 ALNAS M3000 1 4 05 60 2200 3425 ALNAS M3800 1 4 05 60 3125 4400 ALNAS L6050 1 4 48 60 4000 7250 CENTRILIFT A177 1 6 75 60 4000 8300 CENTRILIFT B11W 1 4 60 250 475 CENTRILIFT D2256 1 5 13 60 4800 10700 CENTRILIFT DC1000 1 3 38 60 600 1300 CENTRILIFT DC1250 1 3 38 60 950 1700 CENTRILIFT DC2200 1 3 38 60 1000 2760 CENTRILIFT DC2500 1 3 38 60 1200 3100 CENTRILIFT DC2600 1 3 38 60 1500 3100 CENTRILIFT DCs800 1 3 38 60 550
91. e can see that we are reporting a GOR of 432 scf stb at a reservoir pressure of 3844 psig whereas the solution GOR is 500 scf stb and the bubble point is 2200 psig One of the items of data is incorrect However in this case we know the PVT data are correct so the reported GOR must be wrong Hence we change the GOR and redo the calculation PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 105 Duns and Aos Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Mukerjee Brill Beggs and Brill Petroleurn Experts Rate Type ae Orkiszewski Liquid Fates Petroleum Experts 2 Beggs and Brill Duns and Ros Original Petroleum Experts 3 GRE modified by PE Petroleum Experts 4 PEEP EEE Figure 82 Change GOR We will see the following results JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 106 208 Tutorial Guide ti Tubing Correlation comparison plot K ipm350 samples Worked Examples GLIFTG1 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Help Pressure V Measured Depth 06 Aug 02 10 40 Duns and Ros Modified Petroleum Experts 3 Fluid Oil Flow Tubing Type Producer Lift Gas Lift No Friction Loss In Annulus Comp Cased Hole Corrln Duns and Ros Modified et D D tS a D A B D 5 w fa D z w First Node Pressure 264 00 Bottom Measured Depth15200 0 Bottom True Vertical Depth11500 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Pressure psig Figure 83 Results of Changing
92. eated used to create and modify components on the network schematic Note that when they are selected they remain active until they are unselected The exception to this is the Delete icon which must be selected for each deletion To identify an icon hold the mouse cursor over it until a yellow box appears with a short description of the icon function Select the Separator icon and click the left hand mouse button in the main GAP display area towards the top right Give the resulting node the name Separator when requested The name is just a label and is not required but it is generally a good idea to identify the nodes in this way A separator is considered by GAP to be the end of the production chain and will be allocated a pressure at a later stage It does not have to actually be a separator rather a convenient delivery point where a known pressure exists Next select the Joint A icon and add a joint Name this Manifold 1 Place the manifold to the left of the separator Place a second Manifold 2 to the left of this A joint is any manifold or intersection where pipes converge Every pipe must have both ends connected to joints 7A Select the Well icon and add a well below the Manifold 2 Name this Well Select the Tank icon and add a Tank named Tank below the well Finally link the components together by selecting the Link Ed icon and dragging the left hand mouse button between two compo
93. ected The last data that we have to supply is the production history of the reservoir as shown in the following screen Note that this can be copied from the Excel file OILRES1 XLS JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 180 208 Tutorial Guide Tank Input Data Production History A dere Keres Help a st ZA Plat Ea Report EN Copy Tank Water Rock Pore Volume Relative Production Parameters Influas Compress vs Depth Permeability History Time Reservoir Cum Qil Cum Gas Cum wat Cum Gas Cum wat Pressure Produced Produced Produced Injected Injected mimes oo pT imarisse eae 7S assert loss fo i nss leaz haso osama fo d 2073 h r oo o SS Ce es Ce S C es gt a aE DJ hu ae re iu 170971995 1710719985 171171958 171271995 170171999 170271959 aa J5 14209 i i hu 1 EA E _4 Ea 6 8 01 08 1998 3647 76 9 forvogrig9e 3602 54 10 n 12 13 14 D i lt lt Prior Werte Figure 165 Tank input screen History matching At this stage we have specified all the input data to the reservoir and we should check if everything is in order To do so if we go to the main screen menu and select Input System summary the following screen appears and tells us if we have any missing or invalid data entry In this case everything is okay PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 181 Input Summary Tank Fock Residual Relatiwe Water Pore
94. ection GASRES MBI Immediately save this as a new file GASRES2 MBI using File Save As 3 3 2 STEP 2 Add Production History Data Production history data is entered and an aquifer model is initialised in this section Enter the production history shown below in Table 1 by selecting Input Tank Data and selecting the Production History tab This data is also contained in an EXCEL spreadsheet named GASRES2 XLS and the data select cells A5 F25 may be copied and pasted into MBAL using a right mouse click to select Copy within EXCEL and then Paste in MBAL Alternatively the standard shortcuts Ctrl C and Ctrl V may be used to copy and paste data After evaluating the possibility of the existence of an aquifer the following data can be used as a starting point Model Hurst van Everdingen Modified System Radial Aquifer Reservoir thickness 100 ft Reservoir radius 5000 ft Outer Inner radius ratio 5 Encroachment angle 360 degree Aquifer permeability 20 md JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 156 208 Tutorial Guide 3 3 3 STEP 3 Material Balance Introduction A very brief introduction to the material balance method is included here The governing principal is mass conservation as the reservoir is produced This may be restated as The volume of material removed by production at reservoir conditions is replaced by fluid formation expansion and possibly aquifer inflow The equation below represents this volume material balance at rese
95. ed f date dmy User Defined fF date dimy Figure 154 Prediction Setup Screen Select Production Prediction Production and Constraints and copy the production gas history by selecting Copy into the production constraint screen Figure 155 and select Done JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 170 208 Tutorial Guide Prediction Production and Constraints Step Step NS Time Avg Gas Max Ja T date d m y MMscf day STB day 01 01 2000 1 04 2000 24 065 12 511 120172001 202 222 1 04 2001 193 066 120772001 184 315 1 10 2001 175 946 0170172002 187 3 60 67 53 804 47 217 40 967 1 04 2003 134 945 1 07 2003 129 174 23 5 M o o o o oa AE Oo TH re oOo oOo co co ee ee ee 1 10 2003 1 01 2004 118 132 ojo 1 04 2004 1 07 2004 1 10 2004 1 01 2005 13 121 08 413 03 859 03 859 Oo T f CEER RCERREEEEEECEECEREERGEE AUT AUT AUT TT AUT TTT ATT AUT ATT TTT ATT AUT TTT Prediction from 01 01 2000 date d m y Figure 155 Production Prediction Screen Select Production Prediction Reporting Schedule Here we need to specify how frequent do we need MBAL to report the results We can set to automatic Hence click on Done to accept automatic reporting Then hit on Prediction Run Prediction Calc and OK Plot when the calculation has completed Select Variables and highlight streams Simulation and Predict
96. erform calculations by clicking the Calculate button and then the Calculate button again on the next dialog and plot the results by clicking the Plot button we get the following plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 135 Fa Tubing Correlation comparison plot K ipm350 samples Worked Examples ESPG OUT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Help Pressure V Measured Depth 06 Aug 02 11 26 Duns and Ros Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 Figure 116 Gradient plot Figure 116 shows that in the region at the bottom right of the plot the test data point lies on the right of the Pressure traverse generated by the Duns and Ros Modified DRM correlation Now DRM correlation gives maximum pressure drop as already discussed in the previous gas lift example But since the plot indicates that our test point requires higher pressure drop than DRM there is something wrong This means that the PVT model we have and the test data are in conflict One of the two sets of information is incorrect However in this case let us say we know that our PVT data is correct so there are inconsistencies in the test point The first thing that we can do is go back to the source of the test data and check again for the numbers In this case we are reporting a water cut of 6 which is quite low for normal cases where we are thinking
97. es on the physics of the engineering problems 1 2 How to use this guide If you have not used Petrotean Ergert software before you should work through all the examples in Chapter 2 before moving on to Chapter 3 If you are comfortable with using the Petrolean Experte software you may still find the tutorials in Chapter 3 useful JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 6 208 Tutorial Guide 1 2 1 Symbols and conventions Throughout the user guide special fonts and or icons are used to demonstrate specific steps instructions and procedures in the program PETEX program ALL CAPS Italics Keycap Menu Command D 7 PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD The term PETEX program is used when the comment is applicable to MBAL or GAP Represent DOS directories file names and commands Used to highlight certain points of information Bold fonts are used to indicate a specific action to be taken For example Click Done to exit the window To avoid repeating the phrase Click the File menu and choose the Open command we use the File Open convention instead Emphasises specific information to be entered or be aware of This keyboard icon marks step by step instructions This symbol is a reminder to click the RIGHT mouse button Clicking the right mouse button performs specific functions in MBAL depending on the active dialogue box or plot If you do not have a right mouse button holding down the SHIFT key while you click the mou
98. eturn to the main window Now click on the System Equipment Tubing etc menu option and input the equipment data PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 95 Deviation Survey It is given the deviation survey as follow DEVIATION SURVEY WELL1 0UT Cancel Main Help Import Flot Insert Delete Copy Cut Faste All il ek Inout Data Measured True VYerical Cumulative Angle Depth Depth Displacement feet feet feet degrees 0o P i mw jo 525 333 20 5009 e500 83224822 43 1764 9397 87 447557 a BADD lt gt TA A Calculate Figure 72 Deviation survey JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 96 208 Tutorial Guide Down hole Equipment It is given the down hole equipment as follow Measured depth ft Internal diameter in Roughness in Xmasstree 0 o o 14500 0 0006 15200 eo 00 dll on ut Paste Delete TE z p ath mine Rie ath al Figure 73 Downhole equipment PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 97 Geothermal Gradient It is given the Geothermal gradient as follow Measured depth ft Formation temperature degree F 15200 Overall heat transfer coefficient 8 BTU hr ft2 F GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT untitkd Cancel Main Help Import Flot Insert Delete Copy Cut Paste All Input Data Formation Formation Overall Heat Measured Depth Temperature Transfer feet degrees F Coefficient ooo o o
99. fer model can be selected in the tank data section JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 184 208 Tutorial Guide Tank Input Data Water Influx ASE Pamies mim oupas oenen Permaebliy Risen Hurst van E verndingen Moditied Radial Aquifer kd Figure 169 Initialising an aquifer model Going back to History Matching All PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 185 MBAL Program Material Balance oilres mbi Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Asis Help WD function Plot OF x Graphical Method 7 lol x X 1 351566 Y 2 254009 QItO verma tO kadial squite bethad P e Dt verma P Canpbell Pe Dt JSTE Figure 170 History matching plots If we look at the analytical plot it indicates that with the current aquifer model we are predicting production rates higher than those actually observed Thus we may have a weaker aquifer We can decrease the strength of the aquifer either by accessing on the tool bar of the previous screen Input Tank data and decreasing the aquifer inner to outer radius ratio rp We can accomplish the same in the WD plot of the above screen if we double click at a the smaller rp value of 4 0 as indicated in the plot below so that on the analytical plot the actual history points and the solid line come closer as shown below JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 186 208 Tutorial Guide MBAL Program Material Balance oilres mbi Finish Redraw Display
100. formance So let s choose a pump wear factor of 0 11 to be entered in the QuickLook main screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 152 208 Tutorial Guide ESP QUICKLOOK ESPG1 Out 11 i e C a Petroleum Experts 2 1 02 1 00 REDA SN8500 5 38 inches 6000 11000 RB day Reda 540 90 0_Int 280HP 4204 40 54 1 Copper 0 26 volts1 OUD 115 amp mas Figure 137 ESP QuickLook main screen Then Calculate Calculate and Plot The following QuickLook plot is displayed PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 153 Temperature deg F 20 Aug 03 16 59 168 176 184 192 200 208 INPUT DATA WellHead Pressur845 00 psig Liquid Rat6523 0 STB day Water Cuf0 000 percent Frequency60 00 Hertz Gas Separator Efficiency O percent foie 27 EBS All Patia NO fecfiSTRy es ag hl L Figure 138 ESP QuickLook plot The downward gradient is now matched All what we have to do now is to match the upward gradient to this The upward gradient is calculated starting from the bottomhole pressure given by the IPR So it depends on the inflow In order to match the upward calculated gradient let us go to the IPR section and decrease the PI to 6 3 STB day psi Then back in the QuickLook section calculate and display again the QuickLook plot JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 154 208 Tutorial Guide Temperature deg F 20 Aug 03 17 01 168 176 184 192 200 208 O k T E
101. he file For this we click on File Save As and name the file as GLIFTG OUT for instance in your working directory PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 103 3 1 2 Matching Test Data and Data Quality Check Methods The first thing that we will do is to quality check our data Let us try to use data set one as defined at the start of the tutorial The first step would be to check on Data Set 1 For this Select the Matching Correlation Comparison Tubing menu option and enter the following data selecting correlations as highlighted Well head pressure 264 0 psig Water cut 20 3 Liquid rate 6161 0 stb day GOR 432 scf stb GOR free O scf stb Gas Lift gas rate 0 MMscf day Injection depth 13000 ft Pressure 14800 ft 3382 0 psig Correlations Duns and Ros Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 Tubing Correlation comparpon data entry SLIFT Gout Matched PHTI Goa Done Cancel Export Report Help Input Parameters Correlations S A First Node Pressure eb4 m psig Water Cut Cut 20 3 percent Liquid 616 STB day GOR 439 sciSTB Duns and Rios Modified Hagedorn Brown Mukerjee Brill Beggs and Brill Petroleur Experts Orkiszewski Petroleum Experts Duns and Aos Orgs Petro leum Exoerts GRE modified by PE Fetroleum Experts 4 OOR Free sel ca ach STEB Fancher B rowr MMsct day MMsct day Gaslitt Gas Aate Depth OF Injec
102. heck Methods cccceeeeeseeeeeeees 133 3 2 3 Designing an ESP for this Problem ccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaeeeesseeeeeesaeeeeeeas 139 3 2 4 Using ESP QuickLook as a Diagnostic Option to check an Existing ESP Design 146 3 3 MBAL Gas History Matching Example ccccccecccesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseesaeeeeessaees 155 3 3 1 STEP 1 Initialise MBAL ccccccccccccseeseeccesseeeceeseeceeuseeessaeesssageeesseeseesens 155 3 3 2 STEP 2 Add Production History Data sonici aaia 155 3 3 3 STEP 3 Material Balance Introduction c cccccseeeceesseeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeseeeeeens 156 3 3 4 STEP 4 Material Balance Matching ccccccccccseeeceeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeas 157 3 3 5 STEP 5 Relative Permeability Matching ccccceccccsseeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeesaeeeeeas 165 3 4 MBAL Oil History Matching Example cccccccsceeceecseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeesaeesesseeeeeeeaees 172 Seeds PVF Dea ie cathesce ase 8 I ae co ences che ead ape ce lade etecaa eee de 172 Saleh Produccion Gala ctu nsmriiedac miciea a a a eel toxseetateaies 172 34 2 Seting Up the Basic MOG I sxiuctcetea lars a a 173 3 4 3 Matching to Production History data in MBAL cccseccecseeeecseeeeeeeeeeeeeens 182 3 4 4 Running Sensitivity Analysis on the Tank Model ccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeens 190 3 4 5 Using Simulation Option to Quality check the History Matched Model 192
103. his click on the Match button of the description entry screen and follow the instructions detailed in the on line help or the user manual TIP If you do not enter pipe data then the pipe will be treated as a simple logical connection between two nodes and zero pressure drop will be modelled across it GAP does not insist that you enter pipe data Click on Ok to complete this or navigate to the next pipe JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 66 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 5 2Description of the tie back TieOne The above process detailed for the riser is repeated for the other system pipes Correlation Petroleum Experts 4 Correlation Coefficients 1 and 1 default Environment default The pipeline description ts Enter 500 ft for the downstream end Collector Select Line pipe in the first cell in the second row in the Segment Type column Length 1500 ft TVD 500 ft ID 5 Roughness 00006 default Figure 58 Tie One Description Navigate to the final pipe PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 67 2 4 5 3Description of the tie back TieTwo e Correlation Petroleum Experts 4 e Correlation Coefficients 1 and 1 default e Environment default The pipeline description ts e Enter 500 ft for the downstream end Collector Select Line Pipe in the first cell in the second row in the Segment Type column Length 1500 ft TVD 500 ft ID 5 Roughness 00006 default
104. ified Outer Inner Radius JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 162 208 Tutorial Guide MBAL Program Material Balance gasres2_mbi x Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Regression Sampling Show Help IER WD function Piot 0 gt I Graphical Method lolx Q t verses tD Radial Aq ifer r es E Cee ap 2 ER ERRE ED OG D o Aqsifer Modal Esrst van Everdingen Mo1di2ies Aqaifer System Radial Aq sifer a pE Aqaifer Model Sarst wan Everdingen Nodities Bqaifer Syster Radial Aqsifer Oster Inmer Radics 2 1 Enesos Figure 146 History matching plots The data points at very early times may only be reflecting responses from regions in the vicinity of the well and don t necessarily show responses of the entire reservoir therefore the material balance would not be expected to show the complete OGIP until the pressure signal from the producing well has had time to permeate the entire reservoir It is possible that the Graphical Method screen is showing this effect at early times The signal time to permeate the reservoir can be estimated from the diffusivity and reservoir dimensions The diffusivity D k puc ft2s 1 relates the radial pressure response at a distance r and time t from the well source by the equation Pxexp r2 4Dt For this example the first data point shown point 2 is one year after the start of production and can probably be expected to reflect the whole reservoir s response suggesting that the a
105. ilfield units will be used for this example Ensure that Input Units and Output Units box have Oilfield selected Select Done to return to the main PROSPER window PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 33 ___ Dialog Font _ Choose Reset _ Stets Screen On z L Fontet voaiea E Screen Font __ Choose Figure 29 Preferences screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 34 208 Tutorial Guide 2 2 2 STEP 2 Initialise PROSPER Method Options In this section the type of well and reservoir fluid that PROSPER will use are defined Their detailed specification will be entered later This example has a dry gas producing well Select Options Options to display the System Summary screen This screen is primarily used so that PROSPER can provide only the relevant screens as the model is constructed Set the options shown below and click Done ro Done Cancel Report Export i J Datestamp Datestamp Comments Fluid Description Calculation Type Fluid Dry and Wet Gas Predict Pressure and Temperature offshore Method Black Oil Model Rough Approximation Range Full System Separator Single Stage Separator Output Show calculating data Hydrates Disable Warning Water Viscosity Use Default Correlation Water Vapour Calculate Condensed Water Vapour Well Well Completion Flow Type Tubing Flow Type Cased Hole Figure 30 Completed System Summa
106. ion and plot Pressure then select Done to view the plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 171 W Run Production Prediction lof x Finish Redraw Display Output Variables Help X 04 12 1999 Y 10513 Production Prediction s 12000 Tank Pressure Ar Prediction 10000 8000 Tank Pressure psig 01 01 1998 25 04 1999 16 08 2000 08 12 2001 01 04 2003 Time date d m y Start e 8 gt Petroleum Experts inbox fi Tutorial 2003_07_30 doc F Document Microsoft W ffs MBAL Program Material Run Production Pred X Microsoft Excel GASRE Bl G2 1545 Figure 156 Comparing simulation and prediction results For this example the prediction is very good and some confidence in future predictions can be expected If the prediction does not model the fractional productions well then the fractional flow can be rematched using different data point weightings or Corey parameters altered by hand Select Finish Done File Save to complete this tutorial example JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 172 208 Tutorial Guide 3 4 MBAL Oil History Matching Example This example presumes that the user is familiar with setting up single tank models in MBAL In this exercise the objectives are e Quality check the production data that is available This quality check is based on what is possible physically Based on the checked data build MBAL model and identify various drive mechan
107. ion psig STB MMscf ft3 scf RB STB maons fo psss pess o O TO TO ss oen pa T pomo poea vanse esraer fossa farze farsa o lasos ass o oera foroa foz a ___Joonararaa fose imarisee 3sri a6 eer aoas foao fo farrea fearren o hoar faros foams Mo foonaeors fosse Rate Saturation Saturation FVF FVF E ow varies eves son frs faas o foar feaoer fo __ sodas _Jo7oerer fozas o oomesses f nae76 ones fae2s16 fazsoss fao fo prees bor joss fo fesser fozoses foz Jo foomeoes fi nace maaa lamaa lezz f0 fo ferar o jo fres foss omas foz OO onaz _ oooasests forn onssa laraz zee275 feo fo fars w farar fees ossee Joana fossas fooosmste fi 03728 1 07 1999 1 10 1999 1 01 2000 1 04 2000 Q9 670 81 621 4 574 12 11 9603 373 451 37 3451 114 176 529 156 mo fuas ea274 fosssese oaos finisz oousnv2zs aaras sama feseaza areae oes2552 ozor 220612 _ anosr2aa7 r o37e3 25 _fioazes szasa foes _Jasioes 272723 ooos18579 fia77e rast i147 ames foeesiet osise 205732 ooos2a132 aaraa 92 359 82 315 73 451 Q oo OG oo 382315 1707 2000 f 356348 o662978 _ oa17024 237207 000523678 rosea 1 10 2000 3442 08 j15 934 348 87 34 887 jiai63 356 804 35 68604 132 28
108. iquid rate 6161 0 stb day GOR 432 scf stb Gas Lift 0 MMscf day Injection depth 13000 ft Pressure 14800 ft 3382 0 psig Data Set 2 Well head pressure 264 0 psig Water cut 20 3 Liquid rate 1100 0 stb day GOR 500 scf stb Gas Lift 1 0 MMscf day Injection depth 8000 0 ft Pressure 1500 ft 500 0 psig JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 90 208 Tutorial Guide 3 1 1 Setting Up the Basic Model We are going to set up a model with the following options Fluid Oil and water Method Black oil Separator Single stage Emulsions No Hydrates Disable warning Water viscosity Use default correlation Flow type Tubing flow Well type Producer Artificial lift method Gas lift Type No friction loss in annulus Predict Pressure and temperature offshore Model Rough approximation Range Full system Output Show calculating data Well completion type Cased hole Gravel pack No Inflow type Single branch Gas coning No Doe Cancel Report Export Help Datestamp Datestamp Comments Fluid Descriptio Calculation Type a Fluid Oil and water Predict Pressure and Temperature offshore f Method eack H Model Rough Approximation Range Ful System ststs s i SY Separator Single Stage Separator Oupa Show cacultingdta Emulsions No Hydrates Disable Waning O H Water Viscosity Use Default Conelation Viscosity Model Newtonian Fluid Wiel il Completion SS Flow Type T
109. ir will be undersaturated and will have no gas cap The program on the basis of the tank temperature pressure and the PVT section will determine whether the reservoir is undersaturated or not In case it is not you will also require an initial estimate of the gas cap JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 178 208 Tutorial Guide You also will be required to enter an initial estimate of Oil in Place obtained from geological surveys for example The screen also requires entering a start production date for this reservoir Next information to be supplied is the aquifer support to the field As there are yet no evidence to suggest the presence of an aquifer this will be left to None for the time being The next information about the tank that we will have to enter is the rock properties We can enter rock compressibility by hand we can use the correlations to evaluate rock compressibility for us or we can enter compressibility as a function of pressure in table form if we have the data In this example we select to use correlations Tank Input Data Rock Properties W Done Mecance Help Tank Water Rock Relative Production Parameters Influas Compress Permeability History Rock Compressibility Variable ve Pressure User Specified lt Prior Next gt gt Figure 163 Tank input screen Rock compressibility The next data you have to enter is the relative permeability data The relative permeability data is used i
110. isms and fine tune Oil in place OIP estimates using History matching techniques Quality check the fine tuned MBAL model selected after history match using techniques available in MBAL software Methodology The oil reservoir model will be built step by step At each step if any laboratory or field data is available its quality will be checked and then it will be used in the model The available data is described in the following sections 3 4 1 PVT Data 250 deg F Bubble point P 2200 psig Solution GOR 500 SCF STB FVF P 1 32 RB STB Oil Visc Pp 0 4 cP Oil gravity 39 API Gas grav 0 798 Water Salinity 100 000 PPM 3 4 1 1Production data This data is contained in an Excel file OILRES1 XLS Later in this chapter a description on how to transfer the data from Excel into MBAL will be provided PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 173 3 4 2 Setting up the Basic Model Note If you comfortable with setting up basic MBAL single tank models you can skip this section and go to the next section The basic tank model that this section is used to set up is under the file name res1 mbi e Start MBAL and select the menu option File New e On the menu bar go to Tools and click on Material Balance e On the menu bar go to Options and following screen appears Fill the screen with the following details System Options Tool Options User Information Reservoir Fluid oh Company PC
111. kiszensk Petroleum Experts 2 0 99 0 92 Duns and Ros Original Petroleurn Experts 31 00 1 02 GRE modified by PE Petroleum Experts 4 ee ee ee a ane ate Figure 88 Calculate the BHFP The purpose of this screen is to calculate the bottomhole flowing pressure for the test conditions First we make sure that the right tubing correlation is selected In our case we are going to use Petroleum Exgets 2 Then hit on Calculate to start the calculation The results of the calculation will be shown and the calculated bottomhole flowing pressure will be shown PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 111 YLP MATCHING ADJUST IPR untitled Matched PYT jGaleilete plot _IPR Export Done Main Help Comments On Piot No z ma m T Figure 89 Calculated BHFP for the test rate We can now hit on IPR to go to the IPR section JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 112 208 Tutorial Guide Inflow Performance Relation IFF Select Model Select Model Input Data c Karakas T ariq Fetkovitch Multirate Fetkowitch Jones Multirate Jones Transient Hidraulically Fractured well Horizontal Well Mo Flow Boundaries Horizontal Well Constant Pressure Upper Boundary MultiLayer Reservoir External Entry Horizontal Well dP Friction Lass In WellBore MultiLayer dP Loss In wellbore Skindide ELF Dual Porosity Horizontal Well Transverse Yertical Fractures
112. l The injection flow line can be characterised by implementing some pipe data pipe length pipe inside diameter pipe inlet and outlet TVD as normal The following network can then be set up JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 78 208 Tutorial Guide ee Cp Vee Pot Corian Geter Bei Doh iter Priced Sie Dapa iid Lin Pp pisma Alpe tA a il Be Sie a eel ee a pr ef e el 1 Zoom in Figure 71 Schematic Diagram of the Water Injection Network The red circles around the tank and the well are not present anymore confirming the validity of the data input on each element of the system Use File Save As to save the work done this far to a GAP file WaterInj GAP in a suitable directory 2 4 8 3Link the Production and the Injection System The next step is to link the production model and the water injection model To do so open the production model file in GAP Go to Options Method and tick the box corresponding to Associated Injection Models Water Injection The browsing box will then be available Browse the water injection model previously built The path corresponding to this file will appear PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 79 System Options OK Cancel Report Help System type Production x Optimisation Method Production Track Compositions Now Prediction Dn Prediction method Pressure and temperature gt Associated Injection Models Water Injecton Ww atelni gap
113. layed in the same screen in terms of current required etc as shown below ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched PYT Cancel Main Help Flot Input Dat ee Head Required 3524 89 feet Pump Intake Pressure 254 655 psig Average Downhole Rate 10437 9 Bday Pump Intake Rate 117544 AB day Total Fluid Gravity 0 56992 sp gravity Pump Discharge Pressure 2192 66 me Free GOR Below Pump 166 74 sct STE Pump Discharge Rate 101 33 4 AB day Total GOR Above Pump 392 sof STE Pump Mass Flow Rate 3182987 bm day Pump Inlet Temperature 204 554 deg F Average Cable Temperature 156 853 deg F Select Pump REDA SN8500 5 38 inches 6000 11000 AB day Select Motor Reda 540 90 0 Int 400HP 2116 1134 Select Cable Eoaea Result Number OF Stages 126000 Motor Efficiency 84 3515 percent Power Required 360 069 hp Power Generated 360 069 hp Pump Efficiency S577 percent Motor Speed 3456 76 ipm Pump Outlet Temperature 20913 deg F Voltage Drop Along Cable 250 869 Volts Curent Used 100 527 amps Voltage Required At Surface 2366 87 Volts ag Figure 128 ESP design details We have selected a REDA SN8500 pump with 126 stages to do the job If we click on the Plot button it display the pump performance curve also indicating the limits of operation of this pump PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 145 REDA SN8500 126 STAGE S 19 Aug 03 17
114. lect Done when the data has been entered With no production history no history matching is possible Select File Save As to save the MBAL data Enter the file name GasRes MBI in a suitable directory remembering not to overwrite a file generated with an earlier version of MBAL If MBAL was being run from GAP select GAP Otherwise select File Exit PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 49 If the GAP Gas Example is being followed then return to the GAP documentation otherwise the MBAL Oil History Matching Example in the Physics section may be used to demonstrate the history matching features available in MBAL If you are following the example for building a GAP PROSPER MBAL model you have been directed to jump to this Section 2 3 from Section 2 1 7 pg 22 You have now completed Section 2 3 Go back to pg 22 now 2 4 GAP Gas Lifted System The main objective of this example is to show how GAP can be used to optimize the gas lift allocation to gas lifted wells in a simple production system and hence optimize the total oil production from the field 2 4 1 Introduction This tutorial not only offers a step by step guide to the setting up of the problem but also gives an overview of other GAP functionality that can be used alongside in addition to or instead of the given approach These points will be made in the body of the text It is advised that the step by step guide is followed on the computer entering data as req
115. llowing changes Well Schedule Adore Merc Help wy sl Start End Number well Type Down Time Time Time of wells Definition Factor date d m y dated m y OO O O h poer J A S Producerf3P Ee Se eae Prediction from 15 06 2003 to 01701 2015 date demy Figure 192 Well Schedule Click on Done to validate the screen Step 7 Reporting schedule For this example select Production Prediction Reporting Schedule and make the following changes PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 203 Reporting Schedule y o Defined f month gt User List User Date List dedame Figure 193 Reporting Schedule The Keep History button allows to have the full history stream along with the prediction stream for comparison purposes Keep Automatic Reporting Frequency and click on Done to exit the screen Step 8 Running the prediction Choose Production Prediction Run Prediction Calculate then Ok The results of the calculation are displayed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 204 208 Tutorial Guide Run Production Prediction A dere Kiros Help ES Report Blom iA Plot aii cave Stream Prediction x Time Tank Gas Oil Gas Water Avg Dil vg Gas Avg Water P Z Gas Water Man Pres WGR Gas Water Pressure Recovery Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate Factor date d m y psig percent STB day MMscf day STB day STB day MMscf day STB day psig fraction fract
116. mance Tubing Performance Curves Edit Eror Extrapolate TPC s Minimum Masimum oee E A O a a a a E E E E EE E ts Se a EET ees co ee mm Figure 188 Well Outflow Data In this screen click on the Edit button and then select Import Using the browser import the TPD file provided TPD files are lift tables files for Petroleum Experts applications GAP REVEAL MBAL Open i ES Look in E temp ey Eg History E Deskto P GazT ank well Lift tables tod My Documents T k My Computer l ace File name gastank well litt tables tod A w cs Files of type Petroleum Experts PROSPER tpd Cancel My Network F Help ERE Figure 189 TPD file import Clicking on Open a statistics about the flow tables is shown PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 201 IMPORT va Reading 20 GAS values Reading 1 CGR values Reading 10 GR values Reading 10 WHF values Reading 2000 FRHF values Finished Figure 190 TPD file import Select Done and this completes the setup of this well Repeat the same process for all the 3 wells This is how the main screen will look like MBAL Program Material Balance gastank 1 mbi Figure 191 MBAL final model JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 202 208 Tutorial Guide Step 6 Well scheduling In order to schedule the wells select Production Prediction Well Schedule and make the fo
117. mance Relation IPR and Vertical Lift Performance VLP data can now be generated automatically by batch calls to PROSPER Select Generate Generate Well VLPs All Data to specify the ranges of data for which data should be generated PROSPER is called to load the values it already has stored Select the Edit button next to the Well label Enter the following data ranges Manifold pressure MMscf day psig STB MMscf STB MMsct 1300 0 0 8 8421 2266 67 5 55556 16 6842 3233 33 11 1111 24 5263 4200 16 6667 32 3684 5166 67 22 2222 40 2105 6133 33 27 7778 48 0526 7100 33 3333 55 8947 8066 67 38 8889 63 7368 9033 33 44 4444 71 5789 10000 50 SA 20 4744 Figure 7 VLP Data Ranges Note that the Populate buttons can be used to create the tables rather than the data being entered manually This table covers the range of possible gas production rates manifold well head pressures and water to gas ratios WGR that may occur Since the gas is a dry gas the condensate to gas ratio CGR will always be 0 Select OK and then Generate to perform the calculations using PROSPER this may take some time Select OK OK when the calculations have completed Go back to the main screen Double click on the Well icon to bring up the well summary screen Notice that the colour of the box next to the word VLP has turned green This indicated that the VLP generation has bee
118. mole A 100000000 2 Frequency Hertz Sh Mul Hertz 150 2 Gas Cost USt MMsct USd MMsct 1000000 2 Baz Gravity sp gray sp gray ommal 0 54 a z Gas Volume MdMsct MM sct TOOOOOU0000 2 Gas Rate MMachday MMschday 10000 GOR 7 GLA zci STE ij zct STE 1 000000 Heat transfer coefficient BTU h F Shemo BTU fte F GhrMul 12 006 100 2 Interracial ensinan une rm TARANI Dune rm TRAI 1 e 0NF TAANANN A OF Cancel Help Save Currency Controle Reset to manufacturer s defauit Figure 45 Setting up unit system Click on Ok to complete this step PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 53 2 4 2 4S etting Gas Injection Sources If you have gas injection in your system either for gas lifted wells or for gas injection into a reservoir during a prediction run then it is convenient to set the gas injection parameters at this stage GAP maintains a list of gas injection sources with different gas gravities and impurity levels and compositions if compositional tracking is enabled These can be edited by selecting Options Injection fluids When a new file is created a default entry is supplied with a specific gravity of 0 7 and no impurities You may edit this entry or add your own in the table E injection Sources Figure 46 Gas lift gas properties setting When you set up your gas lifted well models you will be able to apply any source in the list to the well in question JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 54 208
119. mposition No GAP allows fluid compositions to be tracked from the well or reservoir level to the top node In this example only black oil properties will be reported System Options oe cres ee fo Production X Production F Noo None A Pressure and temperature Figure 44 System options The Ok button can now be clicked to finish this step JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 52 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 2 3Setting up the units To set up the input and output units click on Options Units and select the unit system you want to use Clicking on the cell below the Input or Output column header defaulted to Oilfield will yield a selectable list of available units systems This example will be worked in oilfield units throughout For more information please refer to the online help or the GAP manual GAP Unit System x Unit System Unit Selections Input Validation y Precision Unit Hame Input ShM Output Shy Mu Minimum Masimu Oilfield Dilfiel Ho Dimension ML cm Mul 20000000 Q000000 E Machiday pst Hal Mech dan paiz 1000 2 CGA 7 wGR STB MMsct Sh Mul STE AMMsct 1000 2 Critical Yolume talb mole GRMU 3b mole 10000 z Currency US dollars SheMul US dollars 1000000 2 Current Amps Skul Amps 100000 2 Darcy Coefficients Gas paia Machida i psi2 Msch da 12 006 Te 020 2 Density bta Grem Ib ft3 1 000000 2 Enthalpy BT UI mole BT U Ib mole Sh Mul 1 00000 1000000 2 Entropy BT Ub mole A BT Ub
120. n Node Bottom Node Reservoir Pressure 11500 00 psig Left Hand Intersection DisAllow Reservoir Temperature 230 00 deg F Surface Equipment Correlation Dukler Flannigan Reservoir Model Petroleum Experts Vertical Lift Correlation Petroleum Experts 2 M amp G Skin Model Enter Skin By Hand Figure 39 IPR and VLP Curves The X axis shows the produced gas flow rate and the Y axis shows the well sandface pressure The reservoir pressure has been set to 11500 psig and the well head pressure to 1500 psig For these pressures the IPR blue curve and VLP red curve intersect at a well sandface pressure of 8564 psig and flow rate of 73 MMscf day these being the flow conditions that the well would actually achieve i e the unique flow pressure solution that lies on both the IPR and VLP curves If the mouse cursor is moved within the plot the X and Y coordinate values are displayed at the top right of the screen The relatively steep gradient of the VLP curve compared with the IPR curve indicates that most of the available pressure drop from the reservoir to the well head will be within the well as a consequence of its large frictional resistance Select Finish and note that the solution values are displayed on the right of the Calculation Output screen Select Main and File Save As to save the PROSPER data Enter the file name Gasres OUT in a suitable directory remembering not to overwrite a PROSPER file generated with an earlier version of PR
121. n Step 13 Start of Prediction Step 14 Date 01 01 2018 Solver solution reached in 0 iterations Max Pressure Drop Difference 7 006 76 008 Maz Flow Balance Difference 0 Differences within tolerance Running simulation for MBAL model gasres Solver solution reached in 0 iterations Maz Pressure Drop Difference 7 0067e 008 Mas Flow Balance Difference 0 Differences within tolerance Running simulation for MBAL model gasres Running simulation for MEAL model qasres End of Prediction Step 14 Start of Prediction Step 15 Date 01 01 2019 Solver solution reached in 0 iterations Max Pressure Drop Difference 7 0067e 008 Max Flow Balance Difference 0 Differences within tolerance Running simulation tor MEAL model gasres Running simulation tor MEAL model gasres End of Prediction Step 15 Saving results for MBAL model gasres Prediction finished Time taken 2593 secs CPU time 2 353 secs Log Script Errors Copy Prediction Current Step 15 of 15 Step 0170172019 Solver Last Error Iteration a i No Cotimisation iC Ootimise and honour constraints C Optimise no constraints Figure 17 Calculation screen When the run is complete select Back Back The results from the material balance prediction can be viewed by selecting Plot Nodes and highlighting the Separator Manifold 1 and 2 and Well nodes from the resulting list Since the components are all in series the flow parameters should be
122. n completed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 16 208 Tutorial Guide E Well Well Summary Screen Label Name Mask wel Included In system Comments Manifold 1 w Manifold 2 f O no label xA Tank well Type Model Gas Producer VLF r IPRA intersection PROSPER well File C Wwork M anuals Worked Examples G asResG asres Out valid Browse Data Summary click item to activate Tank Conn O oe dF Control Not Set_ Downtime _ None Coning None Schedule None Mak Mak All Unmark Al Previous Next Figure 8 VLP in well screen showing OK The inflow performance relationship IPR of the well has been described in the PROSPER well model We need to transfer the IPR from PROSPER to GAP For gas wells while importing the IPR from PROSPER to GAP GAP will take three points from the PROSPER IPR and fit the three points with either Forcheimer or C amp n IPR method Defined by user in the IPR screen of the well in GAP In GAP when selecting Generate Transfer IPRS From PROSPER means open the PROSPER file read three points from PROSPER IPR and fit the points with the selected IPR method in GAP To transfer the IPR for this well click on Generate Transfer well IPRs from PROSPER in the main GAP window You will see a screen as below PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 17 GENERATE error E Figure 9 Generate error message This is because we have
123. n prediction calculations only It is used to find WC and producing GOR which are basically water fractional flow and gas fractional flow and depend on the water and gas saturation in the tank If we have an initial gas cap and we are producing from it we should use the total reservoir volume including that of gas cap to find saturation If this is the case it should be selected in the screen of Tank Parameters The relative permeability data can be entered as a table or as a Corey function If you click on the Rel Perm from combo box both these options are REVEALed In this case we enter the Corey functions PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 179 Phase Residual Saturation End Point Exponent fraction ee Oil 015 O15 a o Tank Input Data Relative Permeabilitres of Dore Mecance Help A Plat Copy FEA Calc Tank Waker Rock Relative Production Parameters Infus Compress Permeability History Rel Perm from Corey Functions Water Sweep Eff percent Hysteresis No E Gas Sweep Eff percent Modified No Residual End Point Esponent Saturation fraction fraction lt Prior Next gt gt WARNING Enter saturations relative to total system Figure 164 Tank input screen Relative permeability You also enter water and gas sweep efficiency values in this screen These values are used to find the velocity at which the OWC and GOC contact move when the monitor contacts option is sel
124. n this method we calculate well pressure traverses in two directions one beginning from the well head and going to the sand face and the other going from the sand face up all the way to the wellhead In case our assumptions about the pump depth and oil flows etc are correct the two pressure traverses should be identical and overlap If not we have to change these assumptions until we get identical traverses To start the process of diagnosis we can think of the pump as a tie point for the system where the inflow up to the pump and the lift above the pump are tied with each other For a given wellhead pressure the pump discharge pressure depends only on the weight and frictional loss of the fluid above the pump In our case we see that for the measured well head pressure the pump discharge pressure we got is slightly lower than that measured as indicated by the circle area on the above plot The section of the well can be considered as a naturally flowing well with bottomhole pressure equal to the pump discharge pressure So in order to match the downward discharge pressure point with the measured one we can go back to the simple well configuration choosing No Artificial Lift from the Option screen and tune the flow correlations using the measured data at the pump discharge as test data Tubing Head Pressure 345 psig Tubing Head Temperature 174 deg F Water Cut 60 Liquid Rate 6523 STB day Gauge Depth 7660 ft Gauge Pressure 2 25
125. nents Connect the Tank to its Well and the Well to its Manifold 2 then manifold 2 to 1 for the pipe finally connect the Manifold 1 to the Separator Note that a pipe component has been inserted between the two Manifolds No pipe components have been entered between the Tank Well and Manifold 2 since any piping between these components is assumed to be implicitly defined by the Well Deselect the Link icon to prevent adding more links JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 12 208 Tutorial Guide The basic model layout has been specified additional components can easily be added or deleted as the model is refined later The GAP screen display should look something like the following image Manifold 1 Manifold 2 Separator OR Figure 5 Schematic Network Diagram Use File Save As to save the work done this far to a GAP file Gasres GAP in a suitable directory PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 13 2 1 4 STEP 4 Define the Well In this step we specify the physical characteristics of the well and perforation interval that will define the flow from the reservoir to the wellhead Manifold in this example Although data may be entered directly into GAP PROSPER will be used to enter the well properties The advantage of using PROSPER is principally that the VLPs and IPRs can be generated later by automatic batch calls to PROSPER from GAP VLPs and IPRs are elements that describe the performance of a well We recommend the
126. ng the options Set Prediction type to On This tells GAP how to update reservoir pressures during a Prediction calculation A constant reservoir pressure can be specified by selecting None in which case no prediction calculations are performed in this case the model represents the system at an instant in time and no tank models are required Optimisation may be performed for both predictive depleting reservoir and non predictive constant reservoir calculations Set System type to Production Prediction method to Pressure and temperature Optimisation method to Production and Track Compositions to No The completed PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 11 method screen is shown above This completes the GAP calculation method set up Select OK to return to the main GAP window 2 1 3 STEP 3 Define GAP Model Schematically In this section the components required to model a simple gas production network are specified The properties of the components and reservoir fluids are entered at a later stage using PROSPER and MBAL The model will consist of a reservoir tank a gas production well and a pipeline connecting the well manifold to the delivery pipeline It is recommended that the GAP model be specified from the separator delivery pipeline end towards the reservoir allowing the complexity to develop naturally as the model is entered Since this example is very simple it makes little difference in what order the components are cr
127. ng the water saturation within the tank model resulting from a material balance simulation Select History Matching Run Simulation Calc to run a material balance simulation of the production history Select OK when the calculation has completed Run History Simulation o done Meare Help 7 Repot EE Lauout A Plot Fy Cale FEM seve Stream Simulation x Time Tank Gas Avg 0il AvaGas Avg Water AvgGas Avg Water P Z Gas Water WGR Vaporised Gas Water Gas Pressure Recovery Rate Rate Rate Inj Rate Inj Rate Saturation Saturation WGRA F F F F Viscosity Factor date d m y psig percent STB day MMscfiday STB day MMscf day STB day psig fraction fraction STB MMscf STB MMscf ft3 scf RB STB centipoise T T T R pe posee foses a 10862 3 16456 256 767 7448 7 0 794972 0 205028 0 642614 0 00261683 1 01284 0 0341854 862 fare peeve iC rere oaos 0 __Jossamialocnamrens forza _locamrasa_ 3 eee a ad eur a oO na p a a oO Pals N rs bod i Biith gt a 7 ans toe Q S25 n MARAA TRPA Ja a i a oO AAA aT a Figure 149 Simulation results Return to the main MBAL display by clicking Done Next select History Matching Fw Matching to display the matching screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 166 208 Tutorial Guide B Fw Matching O x Finish Redraw Display Output Regress Save Parameters
128. nt then Main when the calculation has finished As you have two wells and one is selected with dP control using optimise the solver will control Well 2 to achieve the constraint set at the Separator Go to Results Detailed All Wells The Gas production for the two wells can then be noted Use Next to move to Well 2 and not that the production has been choked back to 33 MMscf day to achieve to constraint at separator Notice that the pipe icon has changed colour from blue to red This indicates that this pipeline is bottlenecking the system ERGAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 C Work Manuals Worked Examples GasRes GasRes_gap Production System oles xq File Options View Edit Constraints Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Units 2 x 0 cea asii oa lt Frrr rrr xix slelrlx m Pr wlc 2 Manifold 1 i Separator Manifold 2 gt p Figure 26 Bottle neck pipeline Double click on the pipe and select Results Network Solver tab screen and note that the Bottle Neck flag shows Choked From this we see that the combined flow from the two wells can be greater but the pipe between the Manifold 2 and Manifold 1 is bottlenecking the system PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 31 E Pipe Results Screen 4 Separator z A well s A wel2 Prod _ Ye Manifold 1 eee 4 Manifold 2 ees a ee Figure 27 Bottle neck flag If a prediction is now done selecting to
129. ntations of the material balance model must be used to refine the model before regression should be used JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 158 208 Tutorial Guide An aquifer model is present but is providing no water We 0 Highlight the Graphical Method window by clicking the left mouse button within its title bar and select Method Cole F We Et Recall the material balance equation F We Et N F Et N when We 0 If the material balance model was well fitted to the production data then the Cole plot should be a horizontal line with a value equal to N OGIP MBAL Program Material Balance gasres2 mbi Graphical Method la x Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Method Best Fit Sampling Help lej x Method Cole F We Et F We Bt Bscf 850 Gp Bscf Gas in Place 600 025 Bscf Figure 141 Graphical Method showing Cole Plot The initial rise indicates an increasing apparent value for N The expansion Et of the reservoir fluids formation alone is not sufficient to maintain the reservoir pressure There is more energy in the reservoir than the current material balance calculation is predicting These equivalent statements imply the reservoir pressure is being maintained by another mechanism the likely candidate is an aquifer An aquifer model can be added to the model based on the initial estimates given in the introduction PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 159 T
130. o model flow in the tubing Select the menu item Matching Matching IPR VLP Quality Check and enter test data 1 in the screen as shown below note that we will now use 34 for the water cut rather than the 6 in the original data PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 137 YLPZIPR MATCHING untitled Matched PYT Done Cancel Help Insert Enable Export Import IP Cut Cope Paste Delete Disable Report Rate Type Liquid A ates Estimate U Value Correlation Comparison Match Dat Match Point Comment Tubing Head Tubing Head Water Cut Liquid Rate Gauge Depth Gauge Gas Oil Ratio GOR Free Pressure Temperature Pressure Figure 118 VLP IPR matching data Then perform matching by clicking the Match button Select the following correlations from the list e Hagedorn Brown Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 Then click the Match button again to calculate the match parameters Once we have performed the match calculations the new match parameters seen by pressing the Statistics button are JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 138 208 Tutorial Guide Correlation Match Parameters ESPG_OUT Matched PYT Figure 119 VLP matched parameters We are USING Petrolean Expewts 2 as the vertical lift correlation note that we will make the selection later in the tutorial so make a note of which one to use This finishes our matching test data and data quality check secti
131. odel VLP IPR intersection Click on Ok to complete this step or navigate directly to the next well Well GL2 The above comments apply also to Well GL2 Enter the following data Label GL2 Mask Include In System Well Type Oil Producer Gas Lifted Well file Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM 4 0 Samples Worked Examples GL 2 out e Model VLP IPR intersection Click on Ok to complete this step JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 60 208 Tutorial Guide Note All the data here was entered on the summary screen Note that the data entry screen is divided into three parts as indicated from the toggle buttons at the bottom right of the screen Summary Input and Results Click on the input and results buttons and have a look at the various categories of data that are available for entry or viewing for example the first tab on the input screen allows you to set up the gas lift injection source for the well 2 4 4 2Generating IPRs From Existing PROSPER Well Models By entering a well model file on the summary screen we have associated this well with a PROSPER well model stored on disk We can now import IPR data for the well directly from PROSPER When IPRs are transferred GAP receives three points that lie on the PROSPER IPR along with PVT parameters and reservoir pressure GAP then performs a match to this data to obtain the PI To transfer the well IPRs from the existing PROSPER well models click now on Generate
132. oduction Formation Cormpressibility Gas Density Gas PYF Gas Rate Gas Recovery Factor Gas Relate Perm Gas Saturation las Viscosity Manifold Pressure Mole Percent CO Mole Percent H25 Mole Percent H2 Cumulative Gas Production Cumulative Oil Production Cumulative Water Injection Cumulative Water Production Formation Cornpressibility Gast Density las PYF las Rate Gas Recovery Factor Gas Relatiwe Perm Gas Saturation Gas Viscosity Manifold Pressure Mole Percent CO Mole Percent H25 Mole Percent NW Number of Producers Oil Rate Pre Reservoir Injection Reservoir Yoidage Reservoir Yoidage Balance Tank Pressure Figure 201 Plot Variables Then Done and the following plot is displayed JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 208 208 Tutorial Guide Run Production Prediction yx Finish Redraw Display Output Variables Help Production Prediction GasTankl Average Gas Rate Average Gas Rate MMscf day JIS UoTJINporg seg asATIeTHUMD Ob 01 10 1997 23 01 2002 17 05 2006 08 09 2010 01 01 2015 Time date d m y Figure 202 Average Gas Rate Plot for Case 1 and 2 This plot shows a comparison between Case 1 and Case 2 The example is now terminated PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
133. of going to artificial lift As a matter of fact the water cut in this example is 34 If we make this change to the input data of the Tubing Correlation Comparison and repeat the correlation comparison we get the following plot JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 136 208 Tutorial Guide Fa Tubing Correlation comparison plot K ipm350 samples Worked Examples ESPG OUT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Help Pressure V Measured Depth 06 Aug 02 11 27 Duns and Ros Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 Fluid Oil Flow Tubing Type Producer Lift None Comp Cased Hole Corrln Duns and Ros Modified et D D 2 t a D A D D 5 nN ha D z w First Node Pressure334 00 Bottom Measured Depth8687 7 Bottom True Vertical Depth 280 2 0 800 1600 2400 3200 Pressure psig Figure 117 Gradient plot 2 Once this change is made the test data point does fall on the left of DRM correlation and we can proceed with the use of this test data point The next step in building the model will be matching a correlation to the test data that we have The matching process consists in reproducing the test data point by matching the two components of pressure drop i e gravity and friction by using multipliers parameter 1 and parameter 2 for each correlation The correlation that matches best will be selected t
134. on In this screen we have specified e The handled fluid is an oil e PVT behavior will be modeled as a Black oil with a single stage separation scheme e This is an offshore well e We want to do temperature predictions using rough approximation method e The fluid flows through the tubing e No emulsion forms e For the moment we have no ESP in the system the reason will be given further on e tis acased hole with no gravel pack e We also do not have gas coning and the inflow is simple and not multilateral Next in the main screen go to the PVT Input Data and fill in the PVT data as indicated in the available data section PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 125 PYT INPUT DATA funtitted Ol Black Oi Input Parameters Correlations eo 0 Ce us sp gravity Impuritie Mo fo percent Figure 104 PVT input data Since we do have lab data we should match them to the existing Black oil Correlation Enter the PVT match data that we have by clicking the Match Data button on the above screen Enter the match data as follows PYT Match Data untitled Oil Black Oi Main Cancel Beset Cop Ci Import PYTP Import Tranefe Pa Help oe F psig psig ech STB RESTE centipoize 392 Figure 105 PVT match data Once you have entered measured data go back to the previous dialog by clicking the Done button and perform the matching calculation by clicking on the
135. on At the end of this save the file as espg out At this stage remember to change the lift method to ESP in the option screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 139 3 2 3 Designing an ESP for this Problem Note We will design for a water cut of 60 and a delivering a design rate of 9000 STB day against a wellhead pressure of 100 psig We want the pump placed at a depth of 7660 feet A cable roughly around 7710 feet will be needed to go up to the pump Select on the main screen menu Design ESP Design After entering the tubing outside diameters in the Downhole Equipment screen supply the following input data We will start with the assumption that no gas separation is needed at the pump inlet Pump depth Operating frequency Maximum OD Length of cable Gas separator efficiency Design rate Water cut Top node pressure Motor power safety margin Pump wear factor Pipe correlation Tubing corrlation 7660 ft 60 Hz 6 in 7710 ft 0 9000 stb day 60 100 psig 0 0 Beggs and Brill Petroleum Experts 2 ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched P T re Design Done Cancel Report Export Help Input Data Pump depth Measured TEEL feet Operating Frequency r meoo Hertz Maximum OD Length OF Cable frig Gas Separator Efficiency o Design Rate Design Rate 9000 Water Cut 60 Top Node Pressure 100 Motor Power Safety Margin Pump Wear Factor finches i feet
136. on is done following the guidelines given by the PROSPER manual Now back in the VLP IPR screen we click on Match choose the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation and click on Match again LP IPR MATCHING ESPG1_Out Matched P T E Report Export Main Done Help aa EA Statistics gt Correlation Faint Depth M easure d Calculated Dune and Ros Modified feet psig Hagedorn Brown EEO Fancher Brown Mukerjee Brill Beggs and Brill Iteration Fetroleum Experts Orkiszewski j Standard Deviation Petroleum Experts 2 Duns and Ros Original o Parameter 1 bee Petroleum Experts 3 Parameter 2 GRE modified by FE a Petroleum Experts 4 Hydro 3P Internal SE POUR EE EEE N Figure 134 VLP IPR Matching The match parameters are calculated Clicking on Statistics the match parameters are displayed Correlation Match Parameters ESPG1_Out Matched P T Cancel Main Reset all Report Export Help Correlation Parameter 1 Parameter 2 S Duns and Ros Modified f fi Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown f Mukeree Brill li Beggs and Brill iT Petroleum Experts Orkiszewsk l Petroleum Experts 2 i igt 4 ae f l tf f f Duns and Aos Original fi Petroleum Experts 3 GRE modified by PE ooo Fetroleum Experts 4 li Hydro 3P Internal ifi a_i l L i l Figure 135 Match parameters PETROLEUM EXPERTS LT
137. onsistency of data In the production history if you scroll down on this screen you will see that the reservoir pressure is always above 2200 psig Thus there is no free gas in the tank and hence the producing GOR should be the one coming from solution Indeed in this case all the gas rates covert into GOR values which are nearly 500 SCF STB Thus the data is consistent with the PVT In case it is not so we need to go back to PVT or source of production data and try find the reason for the anomaly Once we are sure that the production history data is consistent with the PVT the next step is to see how the model that we have set up compares to the history data At this stage it is important to note that we are after a model which performs well on each method and not only on some Thus we should start with History Matching All This produces the following plots PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 183 MBAL Program Material Balance oilres mbi Finish Redraw Display Output Window Input Versus Help Biel Es 15 x Energy Plot 15 x Drive Hadyn Wedind Eel lg verae P arbell Poalytioal betind CU HISSEEBESBOA EH 1 16 15 11121188 LES MIMIN HN rie dt dhilyl eella T Tak Taperne 151 lxt Hailes hlel Hine 151 lxt Yailer Hoel Hine Tak Presse MU pig ipile Sten Radial pier Tak Bese MI pial Yiler pte Radial dquifer Tak sity 1 43 frantic Tak sity 1 13 fratio Doke titer
138. ork M anuals orked Examples Gas LiftyglH1 vlp valid Browse t Export t ee impot aun ast Force left hand side intersection solver M Allow left hand side intersection optimiser Safe LPVIFR intersection much slower oO Tie Two YLP Information Well Type Oil Producer Gas lifted Sensitivity Yarables Liquid rate GLA injected Water cut GOR Manifold pressure Calculated Yarables FEH pressure Temperature Downtime aK Mark All Unmark Al Co J i Co g Summa MT Results Previous Hest OF Cancel Help Revert Validate Calculate Flot Report Figure 56 Assign the VLP files to the well Repeat for the second well with file Program Files Petroleum Experts Samples Worked Examples GL 2 VLP JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 64 208 Tutorial Guide Lift curves can be plotted or inspected by clicking on the Plot buttons of the VLP screen Click on Ok to complete this step Note In this case we are simply assigning pre calculated VLP files to the lift curve entries of the wells In general use you would have to create these files Once a PROSPER file has been assigned to the well lift curves can be calculated by PROSPER by selecting Generate Generate Well VLPs Alternatively GAP can import TPD files generated by PROSPER to make VLP files To do this click on Import on the VLP screen and select the required import file 2 4 5 Step 4 Describing the Netwo
139. ort Size R Value Pressure Pressure Pressure Temperature Pressure Pressure Cu EE el e o e aa Figure 98 Valve depth specification We can transfer the valve data from the design we have just done by pressing Transfer on the above screen and pressing Gas Lift Design on the screen below Note that this is the gas lift design got for the case when we fixed oil production to 4000 stb day in the previous section TRAPE FER WALYE DETAILS flittt 2 out Cancel Main Help From GasLift Design Figure 99 Transfer valve data Next click on Done Calculate Calculate OK Plot to get the following diagnostic plot JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 120 208 Tutorial Guide ti QUICKLOOK DIAGNOSTIC C Peppe Program testing Worked Examples GLIFTG3 O0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels FReplot Output Colours Options TestData Help OuieckTook 19 Ana AR TOO 22 x a Figure 100 QuickLook calculation plot To analyze this plot let us examine the QuickLook principle In this method we calculate well pressure traverses for both tubing and casing pressure in two directions one beginning from the wellhead and going to the sand face and the other going from the sand face up to the wellhead To change the assumptions we must understand the factors that affect these traverses The downward gradients are based on measured data THP CHP gas and liquid flow rates WC GOR while
140. os O sp gravity las viscosity Separator pressure fico psig Lee et al Condensate to gas ratio jo STB MMM act Condensate gravity so AFI Water salinity foon ppm Mole ercent H25 ercerit J J i _ Use Tables Mole percent COZ E percent Ej eacha Mole percent M2 E percent v Model Water Yapour Figure 43 PVT Data Screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 48 208 Tutorial Guide 2 3 4 STEP 4 Initialise Tank Parameters This step defines the physical properties of the reservoir required for material balance calculations From MBAL main screen select Input Tank Data to input the tank properties Add the following parameters to each of the available tabs within the Tank Input Data screen Use the Validate button at the bottom of the screens to validate the data input 2 3 4 1Tank Parameters e Tank Type Gas e Temperature 230 degrees F e Initial Pressure 11500 psig e Porosity 0 2 fraction e Connate Water Saturation 0 2 fraction e Water Compressibility Use Corr 1 psi e Original Gas In Place 600 Bscf e Start of Production 01 01 2005 2 3 4 2Water Influx e Model None 2 3 4 3Rock Properties e Check the From Correlation button 2 3 4 4Relative Permeabilities e Rel Perm From Corey Functions e Water Sweep Eff 100 percent Note that the residual saturation for the water relative permeability corresponds to the connate water saturation There is no Pore Volume vs Depth or Production History data to be entered Se
141. ot When building field models and the answer for AOF is 150 MMscf day then note the y axis minimum pressure is likely not be at O zero This is not maximum flow Check the limits for maximum AOF Select Main and then select File Preferences and tab Limits Note the Maximum AOF for GAS and change it to say 2000 Select Done System Inflow Performance Calculate the displayed AOF will now be OK The y axis minimum pressure will be O zero i e maximum flow Select Main to save the data and return to the main PROSPER window There is no production history to match data with so we will move on to the calculation phase to check that the IPR and VLP that had been defined appear reasonable Select Calculation System IPR VLP and enter the following data e Top Node Pressure 1500 psig e Water Gas Ratio 0 STB MMscf e Vertical Lift Correlation Petroleum Experts 2 e Solution Node Bottom Node e Rate Method Automatic Linear JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 42 208 Tutorial Guide Calculation SYSTEM untitled Cance Bepor Export Help Input Data Top Node Pressure hso sig Water Gas Ratio a o TBM sct surface Equipment Correlation DuklerFlannigan H Vertical Litt Correlation PetoleumExpers 2 O H solution Node Bottom Mode Rate Method Automatic Linear H LettHand Intersection DisAllow Figure 38 System calculation entry screen Please note that although a WGR of O was entered the program will use the
142. ount of gas available Analysing the results 2 4 2 Step 1 Setting up the System At the end of this step we want to have initialised GAP ready for construction of the network The steps are Start a new file Set up the optimisation method Set up the units Set up the gas injection source 2 4 2 1Starting a New File To start a new file choose File New This option clears the current screen display and resets the program workspace to initial values 2 4 2 2Setting up the Optimisation Method To set up the optimisation method choose Options Method Select as Input Parameters e Prediction None One can run predictive models in GAP either using a simple decline curve model or by linking to Petroleum Experts MBAL program to perform Material Balance calculations Connectivity to Petroleum Expert s REVEAL numerical simulator can also be done e System type Production Water and gas injection systems can also be modelled When performing a prediction run these injection systems can be associated with a production system to provide voidage replacement for example into the producing reservoirs PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 51 e Prediction Method Pressure and temperature This allows GAP to perform pressure and temperature drop calculations in pipeline models e Optimisation Method Production You can also optimise with respect to revenue in which case you must enter value parameters here e Track co
143. ple the Hurst van Everdingen aquifer constant contains the product of porosity reservoir thickness encroachment angle and the square of the original reservoir radius If a regression is performed on pairs of these parameters then the regression will not converge easily particularly if the initial values are not close to a solution JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 164 208 Tutorial Guide MBAL Prporam Materjal Balance ansres mbi worm a A a Figure 148 History matching plots The match now is very good Figure 148 the aquifer model and OGIP are consistent with the production history Note however that although the actual values calculated for the aquifer model taken together describe the aquifer well the individual parameter values do not in themselves necessarily correspond to reality These parameters are not a unique set that characterise the aquifer Select Finish File Save PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 165 3 3 5 STEP 5 Relative Permeability Matching In this section the effective relative permeability of water will be obtained by matching the fractional water flow obtained from the production history to the fluid saturations calculated by a material balance simulation Relative permeabilities were not used during the material balance matching and are not used during the simulation calculation since the produced water and gas are input as part of the production history The simulation is merely providi
144. ples Gases VGasHes gap Production System View mei a x oleials Alsie Sd LAL lela lola Ale x fel xii bli mal fer wiles 2 Manifold 1 Manifold 2 Separator Figure 22 Controllable well has a thin red circle around it Enter the Separator data entry screen by double clicking the left hand mouse button over the separator icon Navigate to the Constraints data entry by clicking on the Constraints accelerator in the lower half of the Equipment Data Entry screen Enter a Max gas production of 100 MMscf day and then select OK JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 28 208 Tutorial Guide E Separator Separator Input Screen w Manifold 1 Manifold 2 no label gt a Tank Figure 23 Setting constraint at separator The separator constraint is shown on the display as two inward pointing arrows as shown in the figure below PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 29 Figure 24 Schematic Diagram with Controllable Well and Constrained Separator Select Solve Network Next click on the Optimise and Honour Constraints option Loading MBAL model gasres Solver solution reached in 3 iterations Mas Pressure Drop Difference 00580421 Max Flaw Balance Difference 96222e 007 Differences within tolerance Time taken 0 80 secs CPU time 0 80 secs Figure 25 Calculation screen showing Optimise checkbox JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 30 208 Tutorial Guide and Calculate to solve the system with constrai
145. psig PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 149 GOR 392 scf STB GOR free 0 scf STB Enter these data in the VLP IPR Matching screen LP IPR MATCHING ESPG1 Out Hatched PYT wn CD one Cancel Help Insert Enable Export Import IFE Cut Copy Paste Delete Disable Report ee O OOOO r aae tee arran E __ temmeuvae K _ coseenconoaicon J U y fA Match Dat Match Point Comment Tubing Head Tubing Head Water Cut Liquid Rate Gauge Depth Gauge Gas Oil Ratio GOR Free Pressure Temperature Pressure PSY pst deg F percent STB day feet psig zct TB zct STEB mo oo fm o or ee a L Figure 132 VLP IPR Matching screen Then perform the Correlation Comparison to quality check the test data The test data point is within the limits given by the Duns and Ros Modified and Fancher and Brown correlations as shown in the following plot Pressure V Measured Depth 20 Aug 03 16 51 Duns and Ros Modified Fancher Brown PVT Method Black Oil Fluid Oil Flow Type Tubing Well Type Producer Artificial Lift None Predicting Pressure and Temperature Model Rough Appras Bottom Measured De First Node Pressure Bottom Measured Depth Bottom True Vertical Depth First Node 1 Last Node 1 0 00 1400 2100 2300 3900 Pressure psig Figure 133 Correlation Comparison JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 150 208 Tutorial Guide The choice of the correlati
146. quifer model still requires some fine tuning Note also that the elbow of the WD Function Plot is not reflecting correctly the time at which the aquifer energy is exhausted However recognising the points noted above the material balance model is now not too far from being consistent with the production data and non linear regression may be used to refine the model parameters Highlight the Analytical Method window and click on Regression Check the Gas in Place Outer Inner Radius Encroachment Angle and Aquifer Permeability boxes to regress on PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 163 Regression Reg resson eee Wor Mee alah a Regress on Start qs Best Fit v Outer Inner Radius 2 4 _ Reservoir Radius 5000 4 feet k Encroachment Angle 360 4d degrees _ Reservoir Thickness fioo q feet Porosity joz2 q fraction Aquifer Permeability jooo 4 E md _ Formation Compressibility 4 1 fps Iteration Ho Standard Deviation Figure 147 Select variables to regress on Select Calc to start the regression When it finishes copy the Best Fit values to the Start values by clicking the left pointing arrows Figure 147 You may select the left pointing arrow between the Start and Best Fit headings to copy all of the regressed values Select Done to view the changes Do not regress on combinations of parameters that are simply multiplied by each other in the aquifer model For exam
147. r 1 iw Matching Fw Matching Well Producer 1 Water Bnd Point 0 119458 Water Exponent 0 998483 Gas Bnd Point 0 8 Gas Exponent 4 Breakthrough Sat 0 296407 Match Points Status off A High X Medium V Low Water Breakthrough ctional Flow Fra Water Saturation Figure 186 Fw Matching plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 199 In the plot area double click on a point corresponding to the desired breakthrough water saturation for example the minimum water saturation which is 0 29 in this case After that click on Regress so that the program can perform a regression to fit the points calculated by the simulation and a set of Corey function parameters are calculated which give the same fractional flow 5 x Fw Matching Finish Redraw Display Output Tank Well Regress Save Parameters Sampling Help Fw Matching Well Producer 1 Water End Point 0 220072 Water Exponent 1 16426 Gas End Point 0 8 Gas Exponent 2 85098 Breakthrough Sat 0 296407 Match Points Status off A High X Medium Vi Low Water Breakthrough Fractional Flow Water Saturation Figure 187 Fw Matching plot while performing regression Step 5 Lift tables import JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 200 208 Tutorial Guide Well Input Data Well Type Definition Adore Kers Help 2 Repot Hi Calc Well Producer P x _ Disabled Producer 1P Inflow More Well Type Dry Gas Producer Outflow Perfor
148. r Facta Intake Pressure psig 1 4 Gas Liquid Ratio V V Figure 122 Sensitivity plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 141 The different lines on the Dunbar plot are for different levels of gas separation efficiency at pump intake The separation efficiency assumed is okay for this criterion if it the point of operation falls above the Dunbar line In this case the pump operating point with zero separation at inlet Shown by the square symbol falls above the Dunbar line which implies that we do not need a gas separator at the pump inlet In case it was otherwise we should use a separation efficiency in the ESP Design input dialog above and repeat the pump calculations until we get the pump intake point above the Dunbar line After checking for gas separation requirements we proceed with the design by pressing the Finish button on the plot the Done button followed by the Design button and we should be in the following dialog The design at this stage consists in determining an adequate pump motor and cable that can handle this load ESP Design ESPG OUT Matched P T Cancel Main Help Flot Input Dat a Head Required 3524 893 feet Purp Intake Pressure 204 655 psig Average Downhole Rate 10437 9 AB Aday Purp Intake Fate 11 754 4 AB day Total Fluid Gravity 0 96992 sp gravity Pump Discharge Pressure 2182 66 psig Free GOR Below Pump 166 74 sof STB Pump Discharg
149. ram button to look at parameters of each of the correlations and the standard deviation to see which of them does the best job In this case we select Glaso for bubble point GOR and FVF calculations and Beggs for viscosity calculation Dil Black OR Correlations Oil A oe Kine P ies M Heset E Plot Bubble Point Parameter 1 UD be Figure 161 Matched parameters PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 177 At this stage you have finished specifying the PVT properties of the fluid of your tank Now the next step is building your tank model In the main menu bar go to Input Tank Data and supply the following information This is the basic information about the reservoir that you must have Tank type Oil Tank name Tank01 Temperature 250 degree F Initial pressure 4000 psig Porosity 0 23 Connate water saturation 0 25 Water compressibility Use Corr Initial gas cap 0 Original oil in place 206 MMSTB Start of production 01 01 1998 Figure 162 Tank input screen tank parameters In this screen we have said that we have a reservoir which has oil as its primary fluid it is at a temperature of 250 deg F the initial pressure of this reservoir was 4000 psig The average porosity within the reservoir is 23 The connate water saturation is 25 Note that the initial gas cap field is not available to be edited This is because in PVT section we specified that at 250 F the bubble point was 2200 psig and at 4000 psig the reservo
150. required associated files is initialised Start the GAP program by running GAP EXE which can be found in the Petrotean Experts directory default C Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM 4 0 See the GAP manual for more details on how to start GAP The version of GAP being used may be checked by selecting Help About GAP JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 8 208 Tutorial Guide 5 Index Hela a a Using Help Web Home Page Web User Area Technical Support 4 Te de ma pr Figure 1 About GAP version and build information The command options File Options etc at the top of the GAP window are laid out in a logical order left to right that reflects the order in which operations will usually be performed Check that File Directories and check that they point to the current versions of PROSPER and MBAL respectively It is recommended that you always use the default Same as GAP The PROSPER and MBAL applications can also be found in the Perroteam Experts directory Directory Setup GAP Data director C Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM 3 545 amples 5 MBAL Data director Same at GAP gt X Same as GAP MBAL Executable Same as GAF T Same as GAP PROSPER Executable Same as GAP Same as GAP Figure 2 Directories settings Note that files saved with these versions of GAP PROSPER and MBAL will not be readable by previous versions It is recommended therefore that the File
151. rive mechanisms seems to satisfy all the methods and is thus acceptable Save the file as Oilres mbi JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 190 208 Tutorial Guide 3 4 4 Running Sensitivity Analysis on the Tank Model Once at the end of history matching we have selected a model in terms of OIP and various drive mechanisms it is important that we do some sort of analysis on the figures we have arrived at check our confidence in these figures This is allowed by doing a sensitivity analysis on the model In sensitivity analysis what we do is that we try to see how sensitive is our model to the change in parameters that we have fixed by history match If we go to the main menu and select History Match Sensitivity the following screen appears In this case we want to study the effect of changing the OIP place only We are trying to see the effect of changing it between the values of 180 and 250 Sensitivity oore Keres Help w esa Varable Steps Minimum Ml xin t Dil in Place 30 180 250 MMSTB Quterelnner Radius _ Reservoir Radius ALLS LUT WUE Encroachment Angle degree _ Reservoir Thickness tt _ Porosity fraction Aquifer Permeability md _ Formation Compressibility p i Figure 175 Sensitivity On this screen if the Plot button is selected the following plot is obtained PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 191 Sensitivity Analysis OF x Finish Redraw Display Output Help KX 227 7 0 115238
152. rk At the end of this step all the remaining network equipment will be modelled In the following discussion we enter true vertical depths TVDs with respect to the platform Thus we define the platform to be at zero ft TVD such that the collector and tiebacks are at 500 ft TVD 2 4 5 1Riser Description To describe the riser click on the pipeline icon between the collector and the platform labelled Riser This will lead to the Pipe Data Entry Summary Screen Enter the following data e Correlation Petroleum Experts 4 e Correlation Coefficients 1 and 1 default Now go to the input screen by clicking on the Input button and enter the following e Environment default This can be used to set up special pipe environmental quantities such as ambient temperature or heat capacities The default entries are suitable for our requirements Finally we enter the physical description of the pipe Go to the Description tab and enter the following e Enter 0 ft for the downstream TVD Platform e Point the cursor to the first cell in the second row in the Segment Type column and select Line pipe Length 500 ft TVD 500 ft ID 10 Roughness 00006 default PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 65 s Platform Figure 57 Riser description 5 TIP f you have real data for your pipeline flows then it is a good idea to match the correlation that you are using to this data To do t
153. rvoir conditions pressure and temperature F N Et We F is the produced fluid volume at reservoir conditions Good production history and PVT is required to estimate this quantity N is the original oil gas volume in place which can be estimated by geological investigations Et is the expansion of the reservoir fluid and water and formation rock compaction following the depressurisation of the reservoir as it is produced Good reservoir pressure history and PVT is required to estimate Et Note that for oils good PVT Bo above the bubble point is especially important since the compressibility of undersaturated liquid oils is relatively small We is the volume of aquifer water entering the initial reservoir volume In general if good PVT and production history is available F and Et are reasonably well known Also an initial estimate of N can usually be made The question then is to refine correlations for We and the value of N to match the production data The material balance equation above can be rearranged to perform non linear regression on N and aquifer model parameters The quality of the PVT and production history data is vital to the material balance calculations However for simplicity this example uses an unmatched Black Oil PVT and a fictitious production history PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 157 3 3 4 STEP 4 Material Balance Matching The production history data will be matched to a material balance model
154. ry Screen PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 35 2 2 3 STEP 3 Initialise PVT Data This simple example will use an unmatched Black Oil PVT to characterise the reservoir fluid Select PVT Input Data to enter the PVT data Notice the options to match correlations to data or to use lookup tables of PVT data Enter the following data and select Done Gas gravity 0 59 Separator pressure 100 psig Condensate to Gas Ratio 0 STB MMscf Condensate gravity 50 API Water to Gas ratio 0 STB MMscf Water salinity 10000 ppm Mole Percent H2S 0 Mole Percent CO2 0 Mole Percent N2 0 Reservoir Pressure 11500 psig Reservoir Temperature 230 deg F PVT INPUT DATA untitled Gas Black Oil Figure 31 PVT Data Screen The condensate gravity of 50 API will not be used for a dry gas however a value greater than 5 is required by default See the PROSPER manual on details of how to change unit range defaults JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 36 208 Tutorial Guide 2 2 4 STEP 4 Initialise Well Inflow and Equipment This step defines the properties of the reservoir and well that will determine the flow rate of the produced fluid for a given reservoir pressure and well head pressure Select System Equipment Tubing etc to input the well properties Select All and then Edit Enter the following deviation survey data describing a vertical well profile down to a depth of 17350 ft Click Done when the deviation survey data has been entered
155. se button performs the required function Tutorial Guide 7 2 Dexterity Examples This section contains the following tutorials GAP Gas Network Example This example builds a simple gas network system and runs a production prediction It uses PROSPER to model the wells in the system and MBAL to model the tanks PROSPER Gas Well Example This example is used within the GAP Gas Network example to show how to set up the well models required in the gas network system It can also be run in isolation MBAL Gas Reservoir Example This example is used within the GAP Gas Network example to show how to set up the tanks in the gas network system It can also be run in isolation GAP Gas Lift Example This self contained example builds and optimises an oil production system using gas lift 2 1 GAP Gas Network Example This tutorial example is designed to provide a step by step introduction to the GAP program The emphasis is on the data entry required to model and analyse the production potential of a dry gas producing reservoir no condensates The actual data is of little importance for clarity it has been chosen to be minimal However the systematic method used to generate the GAP model using PROSPER and MBAL is an important element of the tutorial The PROSPER and MBAL phases are separate modules referenced from within this GAP tutorial 2 1 1 STEP 1 Initialise GAP This section describes how GAP is started and how the location of the
156. separation efficiency 0 Number of stages 126 Pump wear factor O fraction Downhole data Pump discharge pressure MD 7660 ft 2725 psig Pump suction pressure MD 7660 ft 1025 psig PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 147 Figure 130 ESP QuickLook Once we have given the measured pressure data and the flow rates through the pump to start QuickLook press the Calculate button the Calculate button again and then the Plot button You should get the following plot JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 148 208 Tutorial Guide Temperature deg F 20 Aug 03 16 47 168 176 184 192 200 208 INPUT DATA WellHead Pressur845 00 psig Liquid Rat6523 0 STB day Water Cuf0 000 percent Frequency60 00 Hertz Gas Separator Efficiency 0 percent Gas Oil Rati892 00 scf STB Reservoir Pressu2668 00 psig Pump Depth Measuredj660 0 feet Number Of Stages 126 Pump REDA SN8500 FT el ela ae Pt EALAN lD EATA laL TAr raw ei RESULTS Pump Power Required55 98 hp Motor Power Required28 20 hp Motor Efficiency 5599 fraction Surface Voltag 40 09 Volts Pump Intake Pressulr 71 75 psig Pump Discharge Pressut 05 07 psig Downhole Rat 370 8 RB day SURFACE DATA Current Surface Voltage Power y From Static BHP 2800 3500 4 Fixed Top Node Pressure 0 700 1400 2100 Temperature Pressure psig Figure 131 ESP QuickLook plot To analyse this plot let us examine the QuickLook principle I
157. sig degrees F percent STB day feet psig lch STB ch STB MMectday feet a E epe p pep y Figure 85 Entering the match data Then click the Match button and select the following correlations on the next dialog e Hagerdorn Brown Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 WLP IPR MATCHING GLIFT Gout Matched FYT Statistics Report Export Main Done Help Correlations S Match Statistics A Match Data Point Depth M EALE d C Calculated feet psig psig 14800 J382 Correlation Dune and Aos Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Mukerjee Brill Beggs and Brill Iteration ll Petroleum Experts Orkiszewski Standard Deviation ll Petroleum Experts 2 Duns and Ros Original Parameter 1 Petroleum Experts 4 Parameter 2 GRE modified by PE a Fetroleum Experts 4 a pope ee tHe Figure 86 Selecting correlations to match Then click on Match button to perform the matching calculation Once we have performed the match calculations the new match parameters seen by pressing the button Statistics are PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 109 Correlation Match Parameters untitled Matched P T Cancel Main Reset al Report Export Help o Codin Parameter 1 Parameter 2 Standard ison Deviation Duns and Ros Modified hr Hoo Hagedorn Brown 1 00892 1 13987 0 00170898 00170895 Fancher Brown M
158. ssure to 100 psig from 01 01 2004 Input Data Well Inflow Data In this example the well Inflow is represented by the C amp n model Any sophisticated IPR model can be collapsed to the C amp n method For more details on Inflow models please refer to PROSPER the well bore modelling package Well Name C factor Msc f d psi N Exponent _ _ Producer 1 0 027 Producer 2 0 002 09 Producer 2 0 Producer 3 0 005 Generic Well Outflow tables In this example it will be assumed that all wells have the same lift tables Lift tables can be generated with PROSPER and then imported in MBAL They have already been prepared and can be found in C Program Files Program Files Petroleum experts IPM4 0 Samples MBAL Gas Tank Well Lift Tables TPD Cases to study Case 1 WHFP 800 psig Case 2 WHFP is reduced to 100 psig from 01 01 2004 by installing a compressor in the field Step by Step procedure for a prediction run with MBAL Step 1 Prediction set up In order to perform a prediction select Production Prediction Prediction Setup and make the following changes JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 194 208 Tutorial Guide Prediction Calculation Setup
159. sures for a given mean reservoir pressure In addition PROSPER has tools to match known correlations to observed production history and perform detailed sensitivity analyses 2 2 1 STEP 1 Initialise PROSPER If PROSPER has not been started from with GAP then start the PROSPER program by running PROSPER EXE which can be found in the Petroteam Experts directory default C Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM 4 0 See the PROSPER manual for more details on how to start PROSPER Check that the current version of PROSPER has been loaded The version of PROSPER being used can be seen in the title bar The command options File Options etc at the top of the PROSPER window are laid out in a logical order left to right that reflects the order in which operations will usually be performed Select File New to start a new file if required If this option is not available then PROSPER has already started a new file Note that files saved with this version of PROSPER will not be readable by previous versions Select File Preferences followed by the File tab It is recommended that the Default Data Directory field is set using the Browse button to point to a directory that is exclusively used to store data files created with the current software version Now select the Units tab It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout particularly when data generated by PROSPER may be incorporated into an MBAL or GAP model O
160. t of the optimised injection of increasing amount of lift gas click on Results Detailed All Separators and a screen similar to this is displayed RESULTS Label Platform Optimization Method Production Hame Fipeline prediction Pressure and temperature Gas Available Gas injected Oil produced Ga produced Wi ater Gas Oil Ratio Water Cut Oil gravity as gravity produced Mhechdan Witieehiday S Evgeny iach day SEnday zehe lE pencen AE p gravity E EN Ton 165357 EA E E E EEE Figure 62 Allocation results The natural flow production of this production network system is about 4000 BOPD With 6 MMscf day of gas injection an optimal allocation would increase the production to around 4900 BOPD We also see from these results that increasing the total gas injection beyond 10 MMscf day does not increase the amount of production The maximum production available from this system is nearly 5000 BOPD A plot of oil production against lift gas injection can be displayed by clicking on Plot PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 71 E GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 RESULTS PLOT for Separator Platform Finish Main Scales Labels Replot Variables Output Colours Options Annotate Help X 8 22 RESULTS PLOT for Separator Platform Y 4737 Oil Produced STB day 0 6 12 18 24 Gas Available MMscf day Figure 63 Allocation results The optimal contribution distribution between the wells can be viewed by clicking on
161. the Regression button and then the Match All button Match On Match Statistics aA Correlations gt All None Standard Fb As Bo Deviation _ Bubble Point 1 00245 p 36459 _ Gas Oil Ratio 1 07809 12 0169 Oil Viscosity _ OW FYF 1 05635 0 0615716 Parameter Parameter 2 Figure 69 PVT matching After finishing the PVT match click the Parameters button to view the statistics and select the best correlation for PVT modeling Based on the theses regression parameters parameter 1 which is multiplier and parameter 2 which is a shift factor and standard deviation select the best model Ideally the std deviation should be very small parameter 1 should equal 1 0 and parameter 2 should equal zero PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 93 PY T Correlation Parameters untithkd Oil Black Oil matched Figure 70 Matching parameters Based on the results we might want to use the Beggs et al correlation for viscosity modelling and Glaso for all other properties Click on Done Done to go back to the main PVT screen Select the correlations to use in the main PVT screen JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 94 208 Tutorial Guide PVT INPUT DATA WELL1_OUT Oil Black Oil matched Done Concel Tables Match Data Regression Coneleons Calculate Seve Becan Compostion He D D Figure 71 Select the correlation used Once this is done click the Done button to r
162. the upward gradients depend on the inflow in the case of the tubing pressure and on the pressure drop across the orifice as regards the casing pressure If our assumptions about the gas lift rates oil flows etc are correct the two pressure traverses should be identical If not we have to change these assumptions until we get identical traverses In Figure 100 we see that the tubing traverse calculated starting from the flowing bottomhole pressure is higher than the measured tubing traverse This suggests that the inflow potential is too high so the reservoir pressure should be lower than considered Let s decrease the reservoir pressure down to 3050 psi The QuickLook calculated is now PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 121 F QUICKLOOK DIAGNOSTIC C Peppe Program testing worked Examples GLIFTG3 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options TestData Help QuickLook 19 Aug 03 15 15 x Tubing Casing Measured Theoretical INPUT DATA Tubing Head Pressure 264 00 psig Tubing Head Temperature 160 70 deg F Liquid Rate 6161 0 STB day Water Cut 20 300 percent Total Gas Rate 6 555 MMscf day Gas Injection Rate 4 100 MMscf day l Casing Head Pressure 1750 00 psig CIO Orifice Diameter 24 64ths inch Injection Depth 10422 5 feet SBHP and BHFP From Inflow Performance Injection Depth RESULTS Flowing BHP 2686 36 psig Static BHP 3050 00 psig
163. tion Rate Type Liquid Rates Pipeline Correlation Beggs and Brill Measured Data Point Depth Pressure Match Data Data leet psig Transter ewe fi 4600 3382 ola iini ih i m l l Figure 80 Correlation comparison JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 104 208 Tutorial Guide Then click the Calculate button and the Calculate button again on the next dialog Once we perform the calculations and plot the results we get the following plot Fa Tubing Correlation comparison plot K lpm350 samples Worked Examples GLIFTG1 0UT Oil Black Oil matched Finish Main Annotate Scales Labels Replot Output Colours Options Variables Help Pressure V Measured Depth 06 Aug 02 10 39 ee Duns and Ros Modified Hagedorn Brown Fancher Brown Petroleum Experts Petroleum Experts 2 Petroleum Experts 3 Fluid Oil Flow Tubing Type Producer leasured Depth feet Figure 81 Correlation comparison plot If we notice the bottom right hand corner of the plot the test data point lies to the left of the pressure traverse generated by the Fancher Brown correlation But the Fancher Brown correlation is a non slip correlation so it predicts least pressure drops However the plot indicates that our test point requires lesser pressure drops than Fancher Brown so there is obviously something wrong This means that the PVT model we have and the test data are in conflict If we look at the test data itself w
164. tion should be required When it finishes you will have to minimise PROSPER in order to see the message GENERATE IFA Generate finished Figure 55 IPR generation finish message Click OK to go back to the main screen Double click on the Well icon to bring up the well summary screen Notice that the colour of the box next to the word IPR has turned green This indicated that the IPR generation has completed PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 63 Now save the GAP file by clicking on EN save the file as Tutorial Gas Lift Example GAP Note IPR parameters can be entered by hand and matched from the IPR input screen From the well data entry screen select the input button and navigate to the IPR tab As you will note this has been filled in automatically by the above process 2 4 4 3lmporting Existing Lift tables to the Well Models A well is basically defined by an inflow and an outflow the inflows IPRs have been already transferred to the wells in the above procedure In order to import assign the VLP to the well GL 1 double click on the GL 1 well icon click on the VLP item should be red if not valid and using the Browse button select the file Program Files Petroleum Experts Samples Worked Examples GL 1 VLP Note clicking on the VLP item on the summary screen is equivalent to selecting the Input button followed by the VLP tab E Well GLT Input Screen YLP Details YLF File Hame C w
165. ubing Flow Type Cased Hole well Type Producer Gravel Pack No bd Atiga LAF ER OS Method Gas Lift Inflow Type Single Branch Type No Friction Loss In Annulis Gas Coning Mo g User infomation Comments Cntl Enter tor new line Company Field P Location Well Platform FO Analyst Date Figure 66 Setting up the options Select the Option menu in PROSPER and select the following options PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 91 Then select PVT Input Data and enter the following data Solution GOR 500 scf stb Oil gravity 39 API Gas gravity 0 798 Water salinity 100000 ppm no impurities no gas PYT INPUT DATA juntitled Oil Black Gif 2 E E ae Cancel Tables Match Match Datel Calculate Save Recall i PE Composition Help _ Use Tables Figure 67 Entering PVT parameter Click the Match Data button on the above dialog and enter the PVT match data that we have Temperature 250 degree F Bubble point 2200 psig GOR bubble point 500 scf stb Oil FVF bubble point 1 32 rb stb Oil viscosity bubble point 0 4 cp JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 92 208 Tutorial Guide Figure 68 Entering PVT lab data Click Done on the above dialog to go back to the PVT input dialog Then perform the match calculation by clicking
166. uested We would encourage browsing around the system as you proceed through the guide this can be a useful way of learning about other features of GAP that are not described here For more detail on a particular feature please refer to the main GAP manual Menu commands are described in this tutorial using for example the following scheme File Exit means select the Exit option from the File drop down menu item 2 4 1 1Definition of the Problem The system that we are to set up is as follows e An oilfield has two gas lifted wells well GL 1 and well GL 2 e Each well is tied back to the riser base via a 1500 ft flowline e Each flowline has an ID of 5 inches e The riser is 500 ft long and has an ID of 10 inches e The platform is at 500 ft above the seabed The seabed is assumed to be flat JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 50 208 Tutorial Guide 2 4 1 2Step by Step Approach We summarise here the standard steps taken in building a network model from scratch Although the actual steps taken in building a model will vary depending on the model the following list gives an indication of the amount of work that needs to be done to set up an accurate field reproduction The steps to be followed are Setting up the system Drawing the system Setting up the well models Describing the surface network Generating the inflow performances from existing well models Generating lift curves for the wells Allocating optimally the am
167. ukerjee Brill 1 Beggs and Erill Petroleum Experts Orkiszewsk Petroleum Experts 2 0 59384 31892 can U 001 95313 Duns and Aos Original f Petroleum Experts 3 1 00793 1 02346 a 000455281 GRE modified by PE f Fetroleum Experts 4 f Figure 87 Matched parameters We will use Petroleum Experts 2 as the vertical lift correlation We have now matched VLP to the test data We should next look at the IPR We must make sure that the IPR can supply the rate that we are getting We can first use the tuned VLP correlation to calculate the bottomhole flowing pressure for the same conditions as the test data same rate water cut GOR well head pressure etc Since IPR is a plot of bottom hole flowing pressure vs liquid rate we have a test point on the IPR now which is the test liquid rate vs the calculated bottomhole flowing pressure using the tuned VLP correlation All these can be done in the VLP IPR matching section From the correlation matched parameters screen click on Done Done you will go back to the VLP IPR matching main screen From there click on the button IPR JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 110 208 Tutorial Guide YLP MATCHING ADJUST IPR untitled Matched P T Calculate Plot IFR Export Main Help Comments On Plot No Result Solutio Duns and Ros Modified Hagedorn Brown 1 01 1 14 Fancher Brown Mukeree Brill Beggs and Brill Petroleum Experts Or
168. use of VLP IPR Intersection as the well model Please refer to the GAP manual for more details on well models and available options Additionally matching to production history and sensitivity analysis of the well can be performed using PROSPER Double click the left hand mouse button within the Well component on the GAP display screen An Equipment Data Entry screen is then displayed All of the model components can be seen in the right window and data entry for any component can be made by selecting the required component with a left mouse click The red crosses show where insufficient data has been entered Within the Well data entry screen change the Well Type to Gas Producer which changes the well colour from green to red Select the Model as VLP IPR Intersection E Well Well Summary Screen Label Mame Mask wel Included In system Comments Manifold 1 w Manifold 2 f O no label xA Tank well Type Model VLP IPRA intersection PROSPER well File Missing Browse Data Summary click item to activate Tank Conn E dF Control Not Set_ IPF Downtime None YLP Coning None Constraints None Schedule None Mark All _LUnmark All EE Input Results _Frevious_ __ Next OF Cancel Help Revert Validate Calculate Flat Report Figure 6 Equipment Data Entry Screen immediately before starting PROSPER JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 14 208 T
169. utorial Guide Select the Run PROSPER button and wait for PROSPER to load Check that the correct version of PROSPER has loaded otherwise check File Directory from within GAP Go to the PROSPER Gas Well Example See Section 2 2 below to set up the PROSPER model Go to the PROSPER Gas Well Example now Section 2 2 Once the PROSPER exercise is complete return to GAP from PROSPER by selecting GAP It is recommended that any changes made to a PROSPER file are saved before returning to GAP On returning to GAP after creating a PROSPER file enter its file name in the PROSPER Well File field of the Equipment Data Entry screen Use the Browse button to locate the file The output e g Gasres OUT PROSPER file should be used in preference to the input Gasres SIN and analysis Gasres ANL files If the full drive and path to the PROSPER file are not entered in the Well File field then GAP will look for the PROSPER file in the directory defined by File Directories Notice that the status of the Well File field has changed from Invalid to Valid To further check that the PROSPER file is properly located select Run PROSPER and then return to GAP by selecting GAP once the PROSPER file has loaded Select OK to return to the GAP main window Now save the GAP file by clicking on El and selecting Yes to the overwrite confirmation PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 15 2 1 5 STEP 5 Calculate the Well IPR and VLP The Inflow Perfor
170. water cut using the production prediction It is a continuation of the MBAL gas example in the dexterity section MBAL Oil History Matching Example This example builds an MBAL tank model and shows how to perform the history matching 3 1 Gas Lift Example This example assumes that the user is already familiar with setting well models in PROSPER Objective In this model the objective is 1 Quality check the test production data that is available This quality check is based on what is possible physically 2 Based on the checked data we select and build our PVT and flow models 3 Design a new gas lift system for this well 4 Use QuickLook option of PROSPER for performance diagnosis Methodology The single well model will be built step by step and at each step any available test production data available will be used to validate the model Also as we progress through the example new test data will be added and checked against data previously entered In case of conflicts reasoning on what is possible physically will be used to RESOLVE this conflict PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 89 Data Available PVT Data Temperature 250 0 deg F Bubble Point Pb 2200 0 psig GOR at Pb 500 scf stb Oil FVF at Pb 1 32 rb stb Oil viscosity at Pb 0 4 cp Oil gravity 39 0 API Gas gravity 0 798 Water Salinity 100 000 ppm Gradient Data Data Set 1 Well head pressure 264 0 psig Water cut 20 3 L
171. wells have been added to the system See the GAP manual for more details on user interface functionality PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 55 TIP Buttons such as Add Well can be selected by clicking the right hand mouse button in the window area to create a drop down menu Alternatively the tools are also selectable from the toolbar buttons 2 4 3 2TIe backs Joints are needed to hook up the wells to the tiebacks Joints or manifolds are used as connection tools in GAP To create a joint icon select the Add Joint option from the toolbar Click on the screen at the position where you would like the icon to be placed above each well icon for instance The joint to be connected to the well GL 1 will be labelled WH1 GL 1 and the second joint will be labelled WH2 GL 2 Again users are encouraged to use real joint names as labels for their manifolds We will also need to create a third joint that will gather the production from the tiebacks This will be labelled Collector We will also need to create a fourth joint that represents the riser top This will be labelled Riser top These joints will be connected together with pipes at a later stage FA GAP v5 0 IPM v4 0 Production System View lt q File Options View Edit Constraints Generate Actual Solve Network Prediction Results Report Window Units Help 8 x pelma As F S a CL AL Ne Gl lH lO ajaj x el slej a er wiji 2
172. without gas lift as indicated by data point one It could be that the data point is wrong or the PVT data are incorrect However we already know that our PVT data are correct so the data point must be incorrect Since we already have another test data point Data set 1 we will match the correlations to that data point The matching process consists in reproducing the test data point by matching the two components of pressure drop i e gravity and friction by using multipliers parameter 1 and parameter 2 for each correlation The correlation that matches best will selected to model flow in the tubing Select the Matching Matching IPR VLP Quality Check and enter test data point 1 in the screen as shown below Well head pressure 264 0 psig Tubing head temperature 132 8 degree F Water cut 20 3 Liquid rate 6161 0 stb day GOR 500 scf stb GOR free O scf stb Gas Lift gas rate 0 MMscf day Injection depth 13000 ft Pressure 14800 ft 3382 0 psig JANUARY 2004 TUTORIAL GUIDE 108 208 Tutorial Guide YLPZIPR MATCHING untitled Matched PYT Done Cancel Help Insert Enable Export Import IP Cut Cope Paste Delete Disable Report Rate Type Liquid A ates Estimate U Value Correlation Comparison Match Dat Match Point Comment Tubing Tubing Water Cut Liquid ate Gauge Gauge Gas Oil GOR Free GaslittGas Injection Head Head Depth Pressure Ratio Rate Depth Pressure Temperature p
173. you hit Plot the following plot appears Run History Simulation Finish Redraw Display Output Variables Help X 21 05 2000 Y 3488 6 Production Simulation Tank Pressure H History Simulation pressure psig Tall f li f H i Figure 177 Comparison between simulation and history This plot has the pressure with time plotted both from simulation and production history data In this case both are identical and thus the match attained is good Note The model is not ready at this stage to go ahead with predictions and study various development alternatives Fractional flow matching in order to create pseudo relative permeability curves should be done and also the verification of these as demonstrate in the previous example PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD Tutorial Guide 193 3 5 Performing a Production Prediction starting from a history matched model The following example shows how to perform prediction runs with MBAL The file GasTank1 mbi has already been history matched In order to follow this example first you would need to launch MBAL and then recall the MBAL file C Program Files Petroleum Experts IPM4 0 Samples MBAL Gas Tank1 mbi Statement of the problem An MBAL model has been created and history match performed It will be used to generate production predictions for two cases Case 1 Follow the current production pattern WHFP 800 psig Case 2 Reduce the well head pre

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